Planets

Mercury
Mercury's orbit is highly eccentric; at perihelion it is only 46 million km from
the Sun but at aphelion it is 70 million. The position of the perihelion precesses
around the Sun at a very slow rate. 19th century astronomers made very careful
observations of Mercury's orbital parameters but could not adequately explain
them using Newtonian mechanics. The tiny
differences between the observed and predicted values
were a minor but nagging problem for many decades. It was thought that
another planet (sometimes called Vulcan) slightly closer to the Sun than
Mercury might account for the discrepancy. But despite much effort, no
such planet was found. The real answer turned out to be much more
dramatic: Einstein's General Theory of Relativity! Its correct prediction of
the motions of Mercury was an important factor in the early acceptance of the theory.
Venus
Venus' rotation is somewhat unusual in that it is both very slow (243 Earth days
per Venus day, slightly longer than Venus' year) and retrograde. In addition, the
periods of Venus' rotation and of its orbit are
synchronized such that it always presents the
same face toward Earth when the two planets
are at their closest approach. Whether this is a
resonance effect or merely a coincidence is
not known.
Mars
Mars' orbit is significantly elliptical. One result of this is a temperature variation of
about 30 C at the subsolar point between aphelion and
perihelion. This has a major influence on Mars' climate. While
the average temperature on Mars is about 218 K (-55 C, -67 F),
Martian surface temperatures range widely from as little as 140
K (-133 C, -207 F) at the winter pole to almost 300 K (27 C, 80
F) on the day side during summer