Wireless Patient Monitoring System

Wireless Patient Monitoring System
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter gives the brief description about the need for wireless patient
monitoring system and its importance. This chapter also gives the brief description about
scope of the project and design methodology.
Patient Monitoring System is a process where a surgeon can continuously
monitor more than one patient at a time in remote place.

1.1 Proposed Work
Some severe diseases and disorders e.g. heart failure needs close and continual
monitoring procedure after diagnosis, in order to prevent mortality or further damage as
secondary to the mentioned diseases or disorders. Monitoring these types of patients,
usually, occur at hospitals or healthcare centers. Heart arrhythmias for instance, in many
cases, need continual long-term monitoring. However, the patients are often too early
released, owing to need of hospital bed for another patient on the waiting list, who needs
to be hospitalied immediately.
1.2 Scope of the Work
!ong waiting time for hospitaliation or ambulatory patient monitoring"treatment,
are other well-#nown issues for both the healthcare institutions and the patients. This
project provides healthcare authorities to ma$imie the %uality and breadth of healthcare
services by controlling costs. &s the population increases and demand for services
increases, the ability to maintain the %uality and availability of care, while effectively
managing financial and human resources, is achieved by this project. The use of modern
communication technology in this conte$t is the sole decisive factor that ma#es such
communication system successful.
Dept. of ECE, GSSSIETW, Mysore. 1
1.3 Desi! "ethodo#o$
'n transmitter circuit the Temperature is sensed by a Temperature sensor and Heat
(eat is measured by !)* and !*+, then it is applied to the microcontroller, which
displays it over an !,* display and sends it to encoder. The encoder will encode it and
transmit using &M transmitter. 'f the measured temperature or heart beat is not within the
normal range, buer is switched -..
The receiver circuit receives the signal by &M receiver, then it is applied to the
decoder. The decoder decodes the signal and sends it to the microcontroller. The
microcontroller will display it over an !,* display. 'f the received signal is not within
the normal range, buer is switched -..
1.% Or&!i'&tio! of the Report
The coming chapters provide literature survey that includes matters from
papers"journals and other sources. The System description includes bloc# diagram of both
transmitter and receiver. Hardware description includes features of each component used
in this system and detailed e$planation about the circuit diagram implemented practically.
Software description includes flowcharts for transmitter and receiver. System
implementation includes the P,( layouts for transmitter and receiver. The +esult
obtained is tabulated and analyed for different conditions of patient. /inally conclusion
has been done with respect to e$isting result.

CHAPTER 2
(ITERATURE SUR)E*
2.1 "icroco!tro##er +&sed EC, "o!itori! S$ste-
The project aims at solving the ),0 problem using a microcontroller, giving a
1System on a ,hip2 implementation of an ),0 Monitoring System. This project gives a
brief overview of the heart and its pumping operation, and then describes the advantages
of a microcontroller based ),0 monitoring system over the traditional analogue filter
based ),0 monitoring system. 3456 ,ode &rchitecture is used in this system.
2.2 Re-ote P&tie!t "o!itori!
This project details with design, construction, and theory behind a wireless
electrocardiogram 7),08. This system is arranged in such a manner as to follow a
patient9s cardiac signal from its initial detection by the ),0 amplifier, its progression
through the various subsystems, and ultimately culminating in its final wireless
transmission to a P,.
'n this project, wireless transmission of the digital heart signal to a computer is
done through (luetooth. & serial-to-(luetooth adapter from &ir ,able was used to
complete this tas#. &"* ,onverter has been used.
2.3 +#ood Press.re "o!itor
This project is developed using software in , by just interfacing &*, 43:6.
2.% Wire#ess E#ectroc&rdior&- "o!itor
The wireless ),0 monitor was able to detect and transmit the basic elements of
an ),0 waveform, such as the ;+S-comple$ and the T-wave. This project employs a
multichannel digital transmission to transmit data. Sigma delta converter is used to
convert voltage to fre%uency.
2./ I-p#e-e!t&tio! of Wire#ess Protoco# for P&tie!t "o!itori! S$ste-
'n spite of the improvement of communication lin# and despite all progress in
advanced communication technologies, there are still very few functioning commercial
wireless monitoring systems, which are most off-line, and there are still a number of
issues to deal with.
Therefore, there is a strong need for investigating the possibility of design and
implementation of an interactive real-time wireless communication system. 'n this
connection, a generic real-time wireless communication system has been designed for
short and long term remote patient-monitoring, using wireless protocol. The primary
function of this system is to monitor the temperature and Heart (eat of the Patient. The
*ata collected by the sensors are sent to a Microcontroller at the transmitting end. The
Microcontroller feeds the signal to encoder then it is transmitted via &M transmitter over
the air.
&t the receiving end a receiver is used to receive the data and it is decoded and fed
to another Microcontroller, which is then displayed over the !,* display. 'f there is any
deviation in any parameter in the patient<s status, an alarm is sounded to alert the
concerned doctor or the attendant.
'n our project the following changes are implemented
=ireless communication using software protocols.
&T3>,?456 Microcontroller (ased System.
Heart (eat, Temperature and pulse parameters are monitored.
.o manual operator is re%uired.
(luetooth and converters are not re%uired.
CHAPTER 3
S*STE" DESCRIPTION
3.1 INTRODUCTION
)mbedded systems are one of the emerging technologies which are touching every
noo# and corner of the mind. 1't is impossible to live without these embedded gadgets2-
says )!),T+-.',S magaine. /rom the above statement, the liveliness of embedded
system can be understood. *ata communications is one of the most rapidly growing
commercial mar#et areas today, especially 1wireless communications2. 'n the past few
years, wireless data communications has grown from an obscure and e$pensive curiosity
into a practical and affordable communication and networ#ing technology.
The convenience of wireless is very appealing as not to deal with running cables
to and from devices in order to interconnect them, and wireless devices can be moved to
any location within the transmission range, while still being able to communicate and
broadcast data. *ue to this, it is e$pected that wireless data communications will become
even more popular and more e$tensively used in the medical field. ,urrently the most
popular method of wireless communications is radio fre%uency transmission. &s these
devices have a very low power consumption and power output, perhaps more importantly
devices can achieve good data transmission rates.
3.2 +(OC0 DIA,RA"
SENSORS "ICROCONTRO((ER TRANS"ITTER
RECEI)ER "ICROCONTRO((ER DISP(A*
1i.re 3.12 +#ock Di&r&-
'n the bloc# diagram shown above, the microcontroller &T3>,?456 receives the
signal from the sensors and is transmitted through the transmitter. The receiver then
receives the transmitted signal and is fed to the microcontroller. Microcontroller displays
the received signal. Here &M is used for transmission and reception of signals. The
sensors include temperature sensor and heart beat sensor. !,* display is used for
displaying the data.
3.3 TRANS"ITTER SECTION
1i.re 3.22 Tr&!s-itter +#ock Di&r&-
3.3.1 HEART +EAT SENSOR
HEART +EAT
SENSOR
TE"PERATURE
SENSOR
"ICRO
CONTRO((ER
(CD
DISP(A*
ENCODER
A"
TRANS"ITTER
This bloc# is used to sense the heart beat with the help of an !)* and an !*+. &
continuous light from the !)* should fall on the !*+ and the finger of the patient is to
be placed in between the !)* and !*+.
The slight variation in the s#in due to the heart beat is read by the !*+. The !*+
output is fed to an operational amplifier to the digital level 74 and 58 which is then fed in
to the microcontroller.
3.3.2 TE"PERATURE SENSOR
This sensor is used to read the temperature of the patient9s body. This is done by
using a temperature sensor ', which incorporates a temperature sensor, an &nalog-to-
*igital converter and a serial converter.
3.3.3 "ICROCONTRO((ER
& microcontroller reads the pulses from the heart beat sensor and temperature
from the temperature sensor. These two parameters are displayed over an !,* display as
well as transmitted to a distant location.
3.3.% ENCODER
This bloc# is used to convert the data signals 7digital signals8 from the
microcontroller to an analog stream.
3.3./ A" TRANS"ITTER
This module gets an analog signal from the encoder and transmits it over a
fre%uency of @:: MH.
3.3.3 (CD DISP(A*
& display consists of two polariing transparent panels and a li%uid crystal surface
is sandwiched in between. The Aoltage is applied to certain areas, causing the crystal to
turn dar#. & light source behind the panel transmits through transparent crystals and is
mostly bloc#ed by dar# crystals. 't can display 6B characters per line and it has two lines.
3.%. RECEI)ER SECTION
1i.re 3.32 Recei4er +#ock Di&r&-
3.%.1 A" RECEI)ER
This is used to receive an &M signal of fre%uency @:: MH and to produce the
output to the decoder circuit.
3.%.2 DECODER
The decoder gets an analog signal from the receiver and converts it into digital
data which is fed into the microcontroller.
3.%.3 "ICROCONTRO((ER
The microcontroller &T3>,?456 is used to get the data from the decoder and
displays the data over an !,* display.
3.%.% (CD DISP(A*
& display consists of two polariing transparent panels and a li%uid crystal surface
is sandwiched in between. The Aoltage is applied to certain areas, causing the crystal to
turn dar#. & light source behind the panel transmits through transparent crystals and is
A"
RECEI)ER DECODER "ICRO
CONTRO((ER
(CD
DISP(A*
A(AR"
mostly bloc#ed by dar# crystals. 't can display 6B characters per line and it has two lines.
3.%./ A(AR"
'n a microcontroller program, a set value for heart beat and body temperature is
given. The &larm is used to give an audio sound, when the heart beat or body
temperature goes beyond a preset value.
CHAPTER %
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
%.1 "ICROCONTRO((ER
The &T3>,?456 is a ?4 pin *'P, low-voltage, high-performance ,M-S 3-bit
microcomputer with ? Cbytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory
7P)+-M8.
%.1.1 1e&t.res of AT56C27/1
,ompatible with M,S-56 Products
? Cbytes of +eprogrammable /lash Memory
)nduranceD 6,444 =rite")rase ,ycles
?.E A to B A -perating +ange
/ully Static -perationD 4 H to ?@ MH
Two-!evel Program Memory !oc#
6?3 $ 3-(it 'nternal +&M
65 Programmable '"- !ines
Two 6B-(it Timer",ounters
Si$ 'nterrupt Sources
Programmable Serial F&+T ,hannel
*irect !)* *rive -utputs
-n-,hip &nalog ,omparator
!ow Power 'dle and Power *own Modes
%.1.2 Descriptio!
The device is manufactured using &tmel9s high density nonvolatile memory
technology and is compatible with the industry Standard M,S-56 instruction set and pin
out. (y combining a versatile 3-bit ,PF with flash on a monolithic chip, the &tmel
&T3>,?456 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly fle$ible and cost
effective solution to many embedded control applications.
%.1.3 1#&sh "e-or$
/lash memory is a type of ))P+-M, which has a grid of columns and rows with
a cell that has two transistors at each intersection. & thin o$ide layer separates the two
transistors from each other. -ne of the transistor is #nown as the floating gate and other
as the control gate.
The floating gate9s only lin# to the row, or Gword line9, is through the control gate.
&s long as this lin# is in place, the cell has a value of G69. This value can be changed to
G49 using the /owler-.ordheim tunneling process.
Tunneling is used to alter the placement of electrons in the floating gate. &n
electrical charge, usually 64-6: volts, is applied to the floating gate. The charge comes
from the column, or bit line, which enters the floating gate and drains to ground. This
charge causes the floating gate transistor to act li#e an electron gun. The e$cited electrons
are pushed through and trapped on the other side of the thin o$ide layer, giving it a
negative charge. These negatively charged electrons act as a barrier between the control
gate and the floating gate.
& special device called cell sensor monitors the level of the charge passing
through the floating gate. 'f the flow through the gate is greater than 54 percent of the
charge, it has a value of G69. =hen the charge passing through the gate drops below the 54
percent threshold, the value changes to G49. & blan# )P+-M has all of the gates fully
open, giving each cell a value of G69.
The electrons in the cells of a flash memory chip can be returned to the normal G69
state by application of an electric field 7a higher-voltage charge8. /lash memory uses in-
circuit wiring to apply the electric field to the entire chip or to the predetermined sections
#nown as bloc#s. The targeted area of the chip is erased, which can be rewritten. /lash
memory wor#s much faster than traditional ))P+-Ms because instead of erasing one
byte at a time, it erases a bloc# or the entire chip and then rewrites it.
&n ideal memory sub-system is one which has high density, can be read fast and
preserve data in non-volatile condition, and is easy to program"reprogram and cost-
effective. *ifferent memory technologies meet one or more of these re%uirements very
well, but have certain limitations that prevent the product from becoming a genuine
solution, especially in newer applications.
/lash memory is a non-volatile memory combining the advantages of
)P+-M"))P+-M, +-M, and *+&M. There may be differences between the specific
technologies used by different manufacturers but their basic principle is same. /or
e$ample, 'ntel /lash memory use .-+ gates, while Samsung memory uses .&.* gates.
The technology used by 'ntel is further classified based on the core memory cell.
The first technology is the original single-bit"cell flash memory which allows a single bit
of information to be stored in each cell 76Herased and 4Hprogrammed8.
The second and the most recent technology uses a multi-level cell structure, for
e$ample, 'ntel Strata /lash memory. This technology allows two bits of information to be
precisely stored in a single transistor. Programming a cell 7charge placement8 and reading
7sensing8 must be precisely controlled in order to have four states within a single
transistor. &ccording to 'ntel, the multi-level cell flash memory employs a reliable .-+-
based architecture and is ideally suited for high-density applications.
%.1.% Pi! Co!fi.r&tio!
1i.re %.12 Pi! co!fi.r&tio! of AT56C27/1
%.1./ +#ock Di&r&-
1i.re %.22 +#ock Di&r&- of AT56C27/1
%.1.3 Pi! Descriptio! of AT56C27/1
)CC
Supply voltage.
,ND
0round.
Port 1
Port 6 is an 3-bit bidirectional '"- port. Port pins P6.? to P6.E provides internal
pull-ups. P6.4 and P6.6 re%uires e$ternal pull-ups. P6.4 and P6.6 also serves as the
positive input 7&'.48 and negative input 7&'.68, respectively, of the on-chip precision
analog comparator. The Port 6 output buffers can sin# ?4 m& and can drive !)* displays
directly. =hen 6s are written to Port 6 pins, they can be used as inputs. =hen pins P6.? to
P6.E are used as inputs and are e$ternally pulled low, they will source current because of
the internal pull-ups. Port 6 also receives code data during /lash programming and
program verification.
Port 3
Port : pins P:.4 to P:.5, P:.E are seven bidirectional '"- pins with internal pull-
ups. P:.B is hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-chip comparator and is not
accessible as a general purpose '"- pin. The Port : output buffers can sin# ?4 m&.
=hen 6s are written to Port : pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups
and can be used as inputs. &s inputs, Port : pins that are e$ternally being pulled low will
source current because of the pull-ups. Port : also serves the functions of various special
features of the &T3>,?456 as listed in the table 66.6 Irefer &ppendi$J. Port : also
receives some control signals for /lash programming and programming verification.
RST
+eset input. &ll '"- pins are reset to 69s as soon as +ST goes high. Holding the
+ST pin high for two machine cycles, while the oscillator is running will reset the device.
)ach machine cycle ta#es 6? oscillator or cloc# cycles.
8TA(1
'nput to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal cloc# operating
circuit.
8TA(2
-utput from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
%.2 TE"PERATURE SENSOR
The Temperature Sensor used here is *S63?4. 't is a 6B pin *'P ', but only : pins
are used for ma#ing connections 7A**, *; and 0.*8.
%.2.1 DS1527
The *S63?4 *igital Thermometer provides >Kbit temperature readings, which
indicates the temperature of the device. 'nformation is sent to"from the *S63?4 over a 6K
=ire interface, so that only one wire 7and ground8 needs to be connected from a central
microprocessor to a *S63?4. Power for reading, writing, and performing temperature
conversions can be derived from the data line itself with no need for an e$ternal power
source. (ecause each *S63?4 contains a uni%ue silicon serial number, multiple *S63?4s
can e$ist on the same 6K=ire bus. This allows for placing temperature sensors in many
different places. 't finds wide applications in HA&, environmental controls, sensing
temperatures inside buildings, e%uipment or machinery, and in process monitoring and
control.
%.2.2 1e&t.res of DS1527
Fni%ue 6K=ire interface re%uires only one port pin for communication.
Multidrop capability simplifies distributed temperature sensing applications.
+e%uires no e$ternal components.
,an be powered from data line.
Lero standby power re%uired.
Measures temperatures from K55M, to N6?5M, in 4.5M, increments. /ahrenheit
e%uivalent is KBEM/ to N?5EM/ in 4.>M/ increments.
Temperature is read as a >Kbit digital value.
,onverts temperature to digital word in ?44 ms 7typ.8.
FserKdefinable, nonvolatile temperature alarm settings.
&larm search command identifies and addresses devices whose temperature is
outside of programmed limits 7temperature alarm condition8.
&pplications include thermostatic controls, industrial systems, consumer products,
thermometers, or any thermally sensitive system.
%.2.3 Pi! Co!fi.r&tio!
1i.re %.32 Pi! Di&r&- of DS1527
%.2.% Det&i#ed Descriptio!

1i.re %.%2 +#ock Di&r&- of DS1527
The /igure @.@ shows the bloc# diagram of *S63?4.'t consists of three main data
components. They areD
68 B@Kbit lasered +-M
?8 Temperature sensor, and
:8 .onvolatile temperature alarm triggers TH and T!.
The device derives its power from 6K=ire communication line by storing
energy on an internal capacitor during periods of time when the signal line is high and
continues to operate off this power source during the low times of 6K=ire line until it
returns high to replenish the parasite 7capacitor8 supply. &s an alternative, the *S63?4
may also be powered from an e$ternal 5 volts supply. The communication to the *S63?4
is done via a 6K=ire port. =ith 6K=ire port, the memory and control functions will not
be available before the +-M function protocol has been established.
The master must provide one of the five +-M function commandsD
68 +ead +-M
?8 Match +-M,
:8 Search +-M
@8 S#ip +-M or
58 &larm Search.
These commands operate on B@Kbit lasered +-M portion of each device and can
single out a specific device if many are present on 6K=ire line as well as to indicate the
(us Master how many and what types of devices are present. &fter a +-M function
se%uence has been successfully e$ecuted, the memory and control functions are
accessible and the Master may then provide any one of the si$ memory and control
function commands. -ne control function command instructs the *S63?4 to perform a
temperature measurement. The result of this measurement will be placed in the *S63?49s
scratchpad memory, and may be read by issuing a memory function command, which
reads the contents of the scratchpad memory. The temperature alarm triggers TH and T!,
consists of one byte ))P+-M each.
'f the alarms search command is not applied to the *S63?4, these registers may
be used as general purpose user memory. =riting TH and T! is done using a memory
function command. +ead access to these registers is through the scratchpad. &ll data is
read and written with least significant bit first.
%.2./ Oper&tio!

1i.re %./2 Te-per&t.re -e&s.ri! circ.itr$
The *S63?4 measures temperature through the use of an onKboard proprietary
temperature measurement techni%ue.
& bloc# diagram of temperature measurement circuitry is shown in /igure @.@.
The *S63?4 measures temperature by counting the number of cloc# cycles that an
oscillator with a low temperature coefficient goes through during a gate period
determined by a high temperature coefficient oscillator. The counter is preset with a base
count that corresponds to K55M,. 'f the counter reaches ero before the gate period is
over, the temperature register, which is also preset to the K55M, value, is incremented,
indicating that the temperature is higher than K55M,. &t the same time, the counter is then
preset with a value determined by the slope accumulator circuitry.
This circuitry is needed to compensate for the parabolic behavior of the oscillators
over temperature. The counter is then cloc#ed again until it reaches ero. 'f the gate
period is still not finished, then this process repeats. The slope accumulator is used to
compensate for the nonKlinear behavior of the oscillators over temperature, yielding a
high resolution temperature measurement. This is done by changing the number of counts
necessary for the counter to go through for each incremental degree in temperature. To
obtain the desired resolution, therefore, both the value of the counter and the number of
counts per degree , 7the value of the slope accumulator8 at a given temperature must be
#nown. 'nternally, this calculation is done inside the *S63?4 to provide 4.5M, resolution.
The temperature reading is provided in a 6BKbit, signKe$tended two9s complement
reading. Table @.6 describes the e$act relationship of output data to measured
temperature. The data is transmitted serially over 6K=ire interface. The *S63?4 can
measure temperature over the range of K55M, to N6?5M, in 4.5M, increments. /or
/ahrenheit usage, a loo#up table or conversion factor must be used. .ote that temperature
is represented in *S63?4 in terms of a 4.5M, !S(, yielding the following >Kbit formatD
MS( !S(
6 6 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 H K?5M,
The most significant 7sign8 bit is duplicated into all of the bits in the upper MS(
of the twoKbyte temperature register in memory. Higher resolutions may be obtained by
the following procedure. /irst, temperature is read, and 4.5M, bit 7the !S(8 from the read
value is truncated. This value is T)MPO+)&*. The value left in the counter may then be
read. This value is the count remaining 7,-F.TO+)M&'.8 after the gate period has
ceased. The last value needed is the number of counts per degree , 7,-F.TOP)+O,8 at
that temperature. The actual temperature may then be calculated by the user using the
followingD
T)MP)+&TF+) H T)MPO+)&* K 4.?5O
7,-F.TOP)+O, K ,-F.TO+)M&'.8
,-F.TOP)+O,
T&9#e %.12 Te-per&t.re d&t& re#&tio!ship
%.3 2
12
SERIES O1 ENCODERS :HT12E;
The HT6?) encoder is a 63 pin *'P ',. The ?
6?
encoders are a series of ,M-S
!S's for remote control system applications.
%.3.1 1e&t.res
-perating voltage
o ?.@AP6?A for the HT6?)
!ow power and high noise immunity ,M-S technology
!ow standby currentD 4.6O& 7type.8 at A**H5A
Minimum transmission word
/our words for the HT6?)
(uilt-in oscillator needs only 5Q resistor
*ata code has positive polarity
Minimal e$ternal components
Pair with Holte#9s ?
6?
series of decoders
63-pin *'P, ?4-pin S-P pac#age
%.3.2 App#ic&tio!s
(urglar alarm system
Smo#e and fire alarm system
0arage door controllers
,ar door controllers
,ar alarm system
Security system
,ordless telephones
-ther remote control systems
%.3.3 ,e!er&# Descriptio!
They are capable of encoding information which consists of . address bits and
6?O. data bits. )ach address"data input can be set to one of the two logic states. The
programmed addresses" data are transmitted together with the header bits via an +/ or an
infrared transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal.
The capability to select a T) trigger on the HT6?) or a *&T& trigger on the
HT6?) further enhances the application fle$ibility of the ?
6?
series of encoders.
%.3.% Pi! Di&r&- of HT12E
1i.re %.32 Pi! Di&r&- of HT12E
%.% 2
12
SERIES O1 DECODERS :HT12D;
The HT6?* decoder is a 63 pin *'P ',. The ?
6?
decoders are a series of ,M-S
!arge Scale 'ntegrations for remote control system applications. They are paired with
Holte#9s ?
6?
series of encoders.
%.%.1 1e&t.res
-perating voltageD ?.@AP6?A
!ow power and high noise immunity ,M-S technology
!ow standby current
,apable of decoding 6? bits of information
(inary address setting
+eceived codes are chec#ed : times
&ddress"*ata number combination
HT6?*D 3 address bits and @ data bits
(uilt-in oscillator needs only 5Q resistor
Aalid transmission indicator
)asy interface with an +/ or an infrared transmission medium
Minimal e$ternal components
Pair with Holte#9s ?
6?
series of encoders
%.%.2 ,e!er&# Descriptio!
& pair of encoder"decoder with the same number of addresses and data format
should be chosen for proper operation. The decoders receive serial addresses and data
from a programmed ?
6?
series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using an +/ or
an '+ transmission medium. They compare the serial input data three times continuously
with their local addresses. 'f no error or unmatched codes are found, the input data codes
are decoded and then transferred to the output pins.
The AT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission. The ?
6?
series of
decoders are capable of decoding information that consists of . bits of address and 6?O.
bits of data. -f this series, the HT6?* is arranged to provide 3 address bits and @ data
bits.
%.%.3 Pi! Di&r&- of HT12D
1i.re %.<2 Pi! Di&r&- of HT12D
%./ WIRE(ESS TRANS"ITTER "ODU(E T81=%33.62"H>
The =ireless Transmitter is a @ Pin ,ompact sie module. 't can be directly
used on P,(, with /i$ed ,ode and +olling ,ode )ncoders or directly with
microcontrollers.
%./.1 1e&t.res
,omplete +/ Transmitter Module, no e$ternal components and no tuning
re%uired.
High Performance S&= (ased &rchitecture with a Ma$imum +ange of 644 feet
at @344 bps data rate.
'nterface directly to )ncoders and Microcontrollers with ease.
!ow Power ,onsumption suitable for battery operated devices.
%./.2 Pi! Di&r&- of the Tr&!s-itter "od.#e
1i.re %.52 Pi! Di&r&- of the Tr&!s-itter "od.#e
%./.3 Pi! Det&i#s of the Tr&!s-itter "od.#e
PIN 1 R1 OUT
PIN 2 DATA IN
PIN 3 ,ROUND
PIN % )CC
T&9#e %.22 Pi! Di&r&- of Tr&!s-itter "od.#e
%.3 RECEI)ER "ODU(E :R8=337%;
This is the radio fre%uency receiver module, which can facilitate the -)M
designers to design their remote control applications in remote control in the %uic#est
way. The circuit is designed with SM* components and the module sie is small enough
to be able to be fitted in almost any application.
%.3.1 Pi! Di&r&- of Recei4er "od.#e
1i.re %.62 Pi! Di&r&- of Recei4er "od.#e
%.3.2 Pi! Det&i#s of Recei4er "od.#e
P'. 6D 0.*
P'. ?D *igital -utput
P'. :D !inear -utput 7/or Testing8
P'. @D A,, 75A *,8
P'. 5D A,, 75A *,8
P'. BD 0.*
P'. ED 0.*
P'. 3D &.T

%.< TRANS"ITTER CIRCUIT
1i.re %.172 Tr&!s-itter Circ.it
Dept. of ECE, GSSIETW, Mysore. 26
%.<.1 CIRCUIT E8P(ANATION
The Microcontroller &T3>,?456 is used to sense the heart (eat R the body
temperature. The temperature was sensed by using a temperature sensor ', *S6B?6S it
has an inbuilt temperature sensor circuitry and analog to digital converter. The
Microcontroller also displays the Heart beat R (ody temperature on an !,* display. The
(ody temperature and heart beat was splitted into nibbles and fed to the encoder ',. The
encoder ', will send the data to the transmitter.
Two sensors are used for sensing heartbeat and temperature.!)* and !*+ are
used as Heartbeat sensing in the circuit .
The +ed high intensity light emitted by led initially falls on !*+ .This is the
condition where the heartbeat is calibrated to ero using resistor +
6B.
=hen a patient
places his finger in between !)* and !*+ the light is restricted by the finger .The
intensity of light penetration decreases if the blood is pumped into the finger .'f the blood
is not pumped then the light intensity is high .This high and low light intensity helps to
measure heartbeat .&ctually light falling on !*+ cuts due to blood movement .The
duration of light disturbed is measured which gives the time duration of each heart beat
pulse ,inverse of this time gives the heartbeat count per minute .This signal is amplified in
two stages using dual operational amplifiers.+
6E
resistor is used to adjust the s%uare wave
pulse obtained, ,
@
is used as feedbac# capacitor .The output after amplification is
obtained at pin number E of -P-&MP and fed to microcontroller.
*S63?4 is the temperature sensor .'t uses onboard proprietary temperature
measurement techni%ue for temperature measurement. =hen a patient holds his finger
around *S63?4 the temperature is sensed in ?44ms and that temperature is converted into
its e%uivalent current and fed to microcontroller.
Microcontroller uses program which helps to display the heartbeat and
temperature over an !,*. !,* displays both temperature and heartbeat in ? lines.
+esistor +
?
used for brightness control of !,*.
Microcontroller uses capacitor ,6 and resistor +6 for resetting the
microcontroller. The ,rystal oscillator used here with ? capacitors F6,F? is of
66.4>5?MHL. Microcontroller also chec#s for data within the range heartbeat7B5 to 35 8
and temperature 7?5 to @4
4
,8.'f the condition is not satisfied the buer of 6?A is
switched -. using a driver transistor. Microcontroller sends the data of Temperature and
heartbeat to HT6?) for encoding data and transmitting. The (ody temperature and heart
beat was splitted into nibbles and fed to the encoder ', .Then &M transmitter uses this
signal in parallel form and convert into serial form . This serial data is transmitted via
&ntenna to +eceiver where &ntenna is an &rial.
%.5 RECEI)ER CIRCUIT
1i.re %.112 Recei4er Circ.it
%.5.1 CIRCUIT E8P(ANATION
&t the receiver end the &M receiver will receive the data signal and it was fed to
the decoder ',. The decoder ', decodes the data into digital .ibbles 7@ bits8. This data is
fed to the microcontroller. The Microcontroller will get these signals through the ports
and display the heart beat R temperature over the !,* display.
The microcontroller will also compare the heart beats and temperature with the
predefined values and if any one of them goes abnormal the buer is switched on until
the reset button is pressed.
This serial data is received via &ntenna at +eceiver where &ntenna is an &rial.
This gives the serial data converted into parallel ones .then fed to the decoder HT6?*.
The decoder ', decodes the data into digital .ibbles 7@ bits8. The *ecoding ta#es place
and fed to the microcontroller.
&gain at receiver a program is stored which chec#s whether the data is within the
specified range .'f the +eading is out of this range a buer switched -. with the help of
a driver transistor . the need for this drive transistor is because the voltage supplied to the
buer is 5A but actually the buer needs 6?A.Hence a *river transistor is needed. The
same data is displayed over an !,* *isplay using !,* .The potentiometer is placed to
vary the intensity of the !,*. &s at Transmitter, receiver also include +
@
resistor and ,
6
,apacitor for resetting microcontroller. 66-45>?MHL fre%uency is provided by crystal
oscillator.
R
1
2
D
1
RED LED
High Intensity
8
7
3
2
4
5
6
1
LM 358
IC2
C4
100n
220E
R
1
0
1
0
K
R
1
1
4
7
0
n
C
5
4
7
K
R
1
3
1
K
R
1
4
1
0
0
K
R
1
5
100K
R16
100K
R17
D
2
3
3
0
E
R
1
8
D3
330E
R5
F
i
n
g
e
r
+5
1
D
%.6 HEART +EAT SENSOR
1i.re %.122 He&rt +e&t Se!sor
The heart beat is sensed with help of an !)* and !*+ arrangement. The !)* is a
high intensity type !)*. Here the !*+ is the sensor. &s Sensor, a photo diode or a photo
transistor can be used. The s#in may be illuminated with visible 7red8 or infrared !)*s
using transmitted or reflected light for detection. The very small changes in reflectivity or
in transmittance caused by the varying blood content of human tissue are almost invisible.
1i.re %.132 P.#se Di&r&-
The various noise sources may produce disturbance signals with amplitudes e%ual
or even higher than the amplitude of the pulse signal. Aalid pulse measurement therefore
re%uires e$tensive preprocessing of the raw signal. The new signal processing approach
presented here combines analog and digital signal processing in a way that, both parts can
be #ept simple but in combination, they are very effective in suppressing disturbance
signals.
The setup described here, uses a red !)* for transmitted light illumination and a
!*+ as detector. =ith only slight changes in the preamplifier circuit the same hard- and
software could be used with other illumination and detection concepts. The detectors
photo current 7&, Part8 is converted to voltage and amplified by an operational amplifier
7!M:538.
%.17 POWER SUPP(*
230!0"12
L1
#C
230
1$4007
D1
1$4007
D4
1000%F!25
C1
LM7805
1
2
3
IC1
47%F!16
C2
1$4007
D3
1$4007
D2
+12
+5
1i.re %.1%2 Po?er S.pp#$
The ?:4 A from the ac mains is converted into 6? A by using a step down
transformer. The output of the transformer is converted into dc by the bridge rectifier and
is given to the voltage regulator .The voltage regulator 7!ME3458 is used to maintain a
constant output voltage of 5 A which is applied to the circuit.
CHAPTER /
SO1TWARE DESCRIPTION
/.1 1(OWCHART 1OR TRANS"ITTER
1i.re /.12 1#o?ch&rt of Tr&!s-itter circ.it
/.2 1(OWCHART 1OR RECEI)ER
1i.re /.22 1#o?ch&rt of Recei4er circ.it
CHAPTER 3
S*STE" I"P(E"ENTATION
3.1 Tr&!s-itter PC+ (&$o.t
1i.re 3.12 PC+ #&$o.t of Tr&!s-itter
3.2 Recei4er PC+ (&$o.t
1i.re 3.22 PC+ #&$o.t of recei4er
CHAPTER <
RESU(T
=ireless Patient Monitoring System measures Heart (eat and Temperature of a patient.
&long with measuring, a variation in the reading is alarmed. 'mplementing this system through
&, mains is not a tedious job because ?:4 volts power supply is easily available. &long with
this, the conversion of ?:4volts to 5volts is done which prevents haardous harm to human
beings.
Temperature is measured using *S63?4, which gives temperature to current conversions
in ?44ms and it does not re%uire any e$ternal circuitry. Hence it is simple and easy to measure
temperature. This measured temperature is displayed over an !,* display via microcontroller.
Heart (eat is measured by passing an high intensity red light through a finger which is collected
by !*+, amplified and displayed over an !,* display via microcontroller.
These two measured parameters are encoded and transmitted via &M transmitter. The &M
+eceivers receives the signals, decoder decodes these signals and displays it over an !,*
display through microcontroller.
CHAPTER 5
CONC(USION
(iomedical engineering 7(M)8 is the application of engineering principles and
techni%ues to the medical field. 't combines the design and problem solving s#ills of engineering
with medical and biological sciences to improve patient9s health care and the %uality of life of
individuals.
& medical device is intended for use in the diagnosis of disease, or in the cure, treatment,
or prevention of diseases.
Thus in 'mplementation of =ireless Protocol for Patient Monitoring System, the heart
beat and body temperature are successfully sensed. Temperature is measured using *S63?4,
where it follows onboard proprietary temperature measurement techni%ue. Heart beat is
measured using !)*, !*+ and H&E6:53 dual operational amplifier. Hence both parameters are
displayed on a !,* display. Then both the parameters are transmitted and displayed in a distant
location via &M Transmission.
This project will eventually reduce man power in the very near future.
CHAPTER 6
1UTURE SCOPE
))0, ),0 and other health parameters can also be monitored.
,ontinuous monitoring and future diagnosis can be performed via the same system
7T)!)M)*','.)8.
More than a single patient at different places can be monitored using single
system.
CHAPTER 17
RE1ERENCES
@ 1A THE 80! MI C"#C#$T"#%%E" &"CHI TECT'"E,
P"#G"&MMI $G &$D &PP%I C&TI #$S(. 0ENNETH . B. A*A(A
7 Second )di t i on8 .
@ 2A THE 80! MI C"#C#$T"#%%E" &$D EM)EDDED S*STEMS(
"UHA""AD A(I "A>IDIC BANICE ,I((ISPIE "A>IDI C
7 /our t h )di t i on8 .
WE+SITES
www.al l dat asheet s. com
www.at mel . com
www.el ect roni cforu. com
www.345?. com
CHAPTER 11
APPENDI8
11.1 Pi! Det&i#s of AT56C27/1 Port3
T&9#e 11.12 Pi! det&i#s of AT56C27/1 Port3
11.2 Pi! Descriptio! of HT12D
T&9#e 11.22 Pi! Descriptio! of HT12D
11.3. Pi! Descriptio! of HT12E
T&9#e 11.32 Pi! Descriptio! of HT12E
11.% Specific&tio!s of Wire#ess Tr&!s-issio! "od.#e
PARA"ETER "INI"U" T*PICA( RAN,E UNITS
Modulation method -.--// C)T)* 7--C8 Modulation
Aoltage ?.E : 5.?A *,
Supply ,urrent 5 5.5 m&
Stand by ,urrent : micro &
-utput power into
54ohms
-? 4 4 d( m
-verall fre%uency
accuracy
-?54 ?54 CH
*ata input low 4 4.3 Aolts
*ata input High U4.3 Acc Aolts
-perating temp. range 4 E4 *eg. ,el
-perating fre%uencies @::.BE @::.>? @:@.6E MHL
Ma$. *ata rate ?@44 (ps
&ntenna )$ternal6"@ =ave =hip, Helical or P,( Trace
Pac#age SM*
T&9#e 11.%2 Specific&tio!s of Wire#ess Tr&!s-issio! "od.#e
11./ Pi! Descriptio! of DS1527
T&9#e 11./2 Pi! Descriptio! of DS1527
Ch&pter 12
INSTRUCTION SET

Wireless Patient Monitoring System

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