Dynamic Energy Conversion in Space

Carnot Principles-Sadi Carnot (1824)

1.) Concept of Reversibility
Heat transfer occurs from the heat source
to the working fluid with zero temperature
difference
2.) Concept of Maximum Efficiency
No engine can produce more work for the
same amount of heat added and the same heat
source and sink temperature than one operating
on a reversible cycle.
(see 2nd Law of Thermodynamics)
=========================================
Two Temperature Heat Engine ( Figure)
some useful work
= -----------------------
energy expended to achieve
that effect
=
T
H
T
L
( )
T
H
= 1
T
L
T
H

Q Q
Q
in out
in

Examples of Irreversible Processes

Heat transfer through a T
Chemical reaction
Friction
Electric load through a resistive load
Magnetization
Inelastic deformation
Power System Conversion Efficiency
Carnot Cycle and Engine-2 figures
See Carnot Efficiency-Figure
Need to include the parameters of idealized
turbines, compressors, and pumps.
Note Figure of 1D steady Flow

PCS th Device
=
Variation of Carnot Efficiency With Heat Rejection Temperature
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Hot Leg Temperature -C
C
a
r
n
o
t

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
-
%
T
cold
= 0 C
T
cold
= 100 C
200 C
300 C

Where W is the shaft work

m =mass flow rate
e = specific energy content of fluid
(includes internal, kinetic, and potential energy)
p = working fluid pressure
v =specific volume of working fluid
pv = is the flow work
note provision for potential energy
--------------------------------------------
Turbine (figure)
Compressor (figure)
Pumps (Figure)
(v constant)
W Q m e p v e p v 0

2 2 2 1 1 1
+ + +
( )
+
( )
[ ]
=
W = m (h - h )
shaft

1 2
W = m (h - h )
in

2 1
W = mv (P - P )
in

2 1
Rankine Cycle
William Rankine (1820-1872)
Figure-Ideal

th
=
h
1
h
2
( ) h
4
h
3
( )
h
1
h
4
( )
----------------------
Figure - Superheat
---------------------
Figure- Reheat
---------------------
Figure- Regeneration
--------------------------------------
Figure K Rankine Cycle

th
turbine pump
work out work in
heat added
=