BDT Voquocbacanphamthihang Eng

Chuyn
Bt ng thc hin i
V Quc B Cn-Phm Th Hng
ii
Mc lc
Li ni u
1 Tm ti mt s k thut gii ton

1.1 i lng (a b)(b c)(c a) . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Nhng kiu li gii c bit bng AM-GM . . . .
1.3 K thut pqr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1 Li ni u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2 Nhng ng thc cn nh . . . . . . . . .
1.3.3 Bt ng thc Schur . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.4 i lng (a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2 . . . . .
1.3.5 Lm mnh hn na . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.6 pqr hon v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 The CYH techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1 Li ni u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2 Bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz v Holder.
1.4.3 Mt s k thut cn ch . . . . . . . . .
1.5 The Hyberbolic functional technique . . . . . . .
1.5.1 Li ni u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.2 Mt s v d m u . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.3 t vn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.4 Gii quyt vn . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.5 Mt s m rng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6 Cc dng tng bnh phng . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7 Hm li, hm bc nht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8 Quy np . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Sng to bt ng thc
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1
1
12
22
22
23
23
28
42
55
70
70
70
72
143
143
143
146
152
164
179
186
196
201
A Mt s bt ng thc thng dng

343
A.1 Bt ng thc trung bnh cng-trung bnh nhn-trung bnh iu ha
(AM-GM-HM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
iii
iv
MC LC
A.2
A.3
A.4
A.5
A.6
Bt
Bt
Bt
Bt
Bt
ng
ng
ng
ng
ng
thc
thc
thc
thc
thc
AM-GM suy rng . . . . . .

trung bnh ly tha . . . . .
trung bnh ly tha suy rng
Bernoulli . . . . . . . . . . .
Cauchy Schwarz . . . . . . .
A.7 Bt ng thc Holder . . .

A.8 Bt ng thc Minkowski .
A.9 Bt ng thc Chebyshev .
A.10 Khai trin Abel . . . . . . .
A.11 Bt ng thc Maclaurin .
A.12 Bt ng thc Schur . . . .
A.13 Hm li, hm lm . . . . .
A.14 Bt ng thc Jensen . . .
A.15 Tng, tch hon v-i xng
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343
343
344
344
344
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344
345
345
345
345
346
346
346
346
Li ni u
Bt ng thc l mt trong nhng vn hay v kh nht ca chng trnh ton ph
thng bi n c mt trn hu khp cc lnh vc ca ton hc v n i hi chng ta
phi c mt vn kin thc tng i vng vng trn tt c cc lnh vc. Mi ngi
chng ta, c bit l cc bn yu ton, d t d nhiu th cng tng au u trc
mt bt ng thc kh v cng tng c c mt cm gic t ho phn khch m
mnh chng minh c bt ng thc . Nhm kch hot nim say m bt ng
thc trong cc bn, chng ti thc hin quyn sch Chuyn bt ng thc hin
i.
Sch gm 2 chng. Chng I chng ti xin c gii thiu n cc bn nhng k
thut (xin ch gi l k thut) m chng ti tm ti tch ly c trong sut thi gian
hc tp ca mnh. Do tt c cc k thut m chng ti cp y u c mi lin
h khng kht vi nhau (ci ny b tr ci kia v ngc li) nn chng ti xin c
php trnh by theo kiu tng bi chuyn nh, mi chuyn l mt k thut.
Tuy nhin, lnh vc bt ng thc hin nay rt pht trin (pht trin nht ca ton
hc s cp hin nay), cho nn chng ti khng th cp ht cc k thut (phng
php) c, cc k thut (phng php) tng xut hin cc sch, chng ti s
khng nhc li y, cc bn c th tm c chng da vo cc ti liu m chng ti
t phn ti liu tham kho. V cc k thut m chng ti s gii thiu trong sch,
hu ht chng l nhng k thut mnh v c dng gii nhng bi ton kh (n
rt kh) nn i khi (vic gii cc bi ton kh) th c th gp phi nhng tnh ton,
bin i phc tp, y l iu khng th trnh khi. Nhng cc bn hy yn tm, v
cc bi ton xut hin trong cc k thi hc gii (quc gia, olypimpic 30/4, thm ch
thi ton quc t) thng ch l nhng bi rt n gin, bnh thng nn vic s dng
cc k thut ny rt nh nhng v n gin. Chng hn nh bi ton thi IMO 2006
sau
Bi ton 0.1 Tm hng s nh nht sao cho bt ng thc sau ng vi cc s thc
a; b; c
ab(a2 b2 ) + bc(b2 c2 ) + ca(c2 a2 )
k(a2 + b2 + c2 )2 :
Li gii ca p n l mt li gii rt di v phc tp (s dng bt ng thc AMGM), i hi ngi lm phi rt kho lo, nhng vi li gii bng k thut nh
v
vi
LI NI U
gi cc bt ng thc hon v, chng ta ch nhn c mt li gii ngn gn 1/3 so

vi li gii gc ban u.
Chng II ca sch l tuyn tp nhng bi ton m chng ti (theo quan nim ca
bn thn) l hay v rt kh. Chng ti ch yu tuyn chn nhng bi bt ng thc
cha cn hoc nhng bi khng mu mc v chng ta khng th dng nhng bin
i thng thng gii chng v nh th th mi thc y chng ta sng to c.
Trong chng ny, phn ln chng ti u gii bng cch s dng bt ng thc
Cauchy Schwarz-Holder (CYH techniques) v bt ng thc Schur (bc 3, bc 4).
Thc t l i vi mt s bi ton th khng ch c mt li gii duy nht m cn c
nhiu li gii khc na, nhng y chng ti chn li gii bng cc bt ng thc
trn, v chng ti mun cc bn ha nhp vo quan im ca chng ti l Ci n
gin nht l ci mnh nht! Trong chng ny, c mt s bi ton kh, li gii m
chng ti tm c rt phc tp, chng ti rt mong cc bn s suy ngh v chng v
tm c mt li gii n gin hn.
Chng ti thc hin quyn sch ny vi mong mun cung cp thm cho cc bn thm
mt ngun bi tp (kh) v bt ng thc c th luyn tp thm k nng gii ton
ca mnh. Mc d rt c gng nhng khng c iu g l tuyt i c, nn kh
trnh khi nhng thiu st, sai lm. Mong cc bn thng cm v gp cho chng ti
c th quyn sch c th c chnh sa v hon thin hn. Xin chn thnh cm
n.
Xin gi tng quyn sch ny n ngi con gi ti yu qu nht, bn Phm Th Hng,
hc sinh chuyn ton K34, trng THPT Chuyn Phan Bi Chu, thnh ph Vinh,
tnh Ngh An.
V Quc B Cn
SV lp YY0647A1, trng HYD Cn Th
S nh C65 khu dn c Ph An, phng Ph Th, qun Ci Rng, tp. Cn Th
E-mail: can_hang2007@yahoo.com
Chng 1
Tm ti mt s k thut gii
ton
1.1
i lng (a
b)(b
c)(c
a)
Vi nhng bt ng thc hon v vng quanh, vic x l chng kh hn cc bt ng

thc i xng rt nhiu. Tuy nhin, mt im ng ch cc dng bt ng thc
ny, chng ta c th bin i chng thnh dng "bn i xng" nh sau
t f (a; b; c) chnh l biu thc hon v vng quanh bi, ta c th vit li f (a; b; c)
nh sau
1
1
f (a; b; c) = [f (a; b; c) + f (c; b; a)] + [f (a; b; c) f (c; b; a)]
2
2
Khi , c mt im ng ch l f (a; b; c) + f (c; b; a) l mt biu thc i xng
theo a; b; c v f (a; b; c) f (c; b; a), ta c th tch ra mt i lng kh c bit l
(a b)(b c)(c a): T , vic nh gi bi ton tr nn n gin hn nhiu.
Sau y l mt vi v d
V d 1.1 Cho cc s dng a; b; c: Chng minh rng
ab
bc
ca
+ 2
+ 2
3a2 + b2
3b + c2
3c + a2
3
:
4
(Dng c Lm)
Li gii. Bt ng thc tng ng vi

X (a
cyc
b)(3a b)
3a2 + b2
1
CHNG 1. TM TI MT S K THUT GII TON

,
(a
b)
cyc
X (a
cyc
X a2
b2
a2 + b2
cyc
a+b
a2 + b2
2(3a b)
3a2 + b2
2
b) (3a2 2ab + 3b2 )

(a2 + b2 )(3a2 + b2 )
Y a2
b2
a2 + b2
cyc
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c

X (a
cyc
b) (3a2 2ab + 3b2 )

(a2 + b2 )(3a2 + b2 )
Nn ta ch cn chng minh
v
uY
u (a
3
3t
cyc
v
uY
u (a
3
3t
cyc
b) (3a2 2ab + 3b2 )

(a2 + b2 )(3a2 + b2 )
b) (3a2 2ab + 3b2 )

(a2 + b2 )(3a2 + b2 )
Y a2
b2
a2 + b2
cyc
2
b) (3a2 2ab + 3b2 ) Y (a2 b2 )3
(a2 + b2 )(3a2 + b2 )
(a2 + b2 )3
cyc
cyc
Y
Y
, 27 (3a2 2ab + 3b2 )(a2 + b2 )2
(a b)(a + b)3 (3a2 + b2 )
Y (a
, 27
cyc
cyc
Bt ng thc ny c chng minh nu ta chng minh c bt ng thc sau vi

mi x; y > 0
3(3x2
2xy + 3y 2 )(x2 + y 2 )2
jx
yj (x + y)3 (3x2 + y 2 )
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c

x2 + y 2
1
(x + y)2
2
3(3x2
2xy + 3y 2 )(x2 + y 2 )
2 x2
y 2 (3x2 + y 2 )
Bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng do

x2 + y 2
x2
y2
v
3(3x2
2xy + 3y 2 )
2(3x2 + y 2 ) = 3x2
Bt ng thc c chng minh xong.

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c:
6xy + 7y 2 = 3(x
y)2 + 4y 2
0:
1.1. I LNG (A
B)(B
C)(C
A)
V d 1.2 Cho a; b; c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic nhn. Chng minh rng
a2
b3
c3
a3
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
+b
b +c
c + a2
a2
b2
c2
+
+
:
a+b b+c c+a
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. Trc ht, ta hy ch rng

X b3
cyc
a3
a2 + b2
X (b
a)(a2 + ab + b2 ) X
(a
=
a2 + b2
cyc
cyc
X ab(b
b) +
cyc
a)(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
ab(b
a2
a)
b2 )
cyc
(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )

!
!
P 2 2
P
P
a b
ab(b a) + abc c3 (a
cyc
cyc
(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )
(a
b)(b
c)(c
a)
a2 b2 + abc
cyc
X a2
X
b2
=
(a
a+b
cyc
cyc
(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )
cyc
b)
cyc
b) = 0
T , ta c th vit li bt ng thc nh sau

X a3 + b3
cyc
X
cyc
a2
b2
X a2 + b2
cyc
ab(a b)2
(a + b)(a2 + b2 )
X b3
a+b
(a
cyc
b)(b
a2
c)(c
a3 X a2 b2
+
+ b2
a+b
cyc
a)
2 2
a b + abc
cyc
(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )
cyc

X
cyc
ab(a b)2
(a + b)(a2 + b2 )
33
a2 b2 c2 (a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2

(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )
Ta cn chng minh
s
33
a2 b2 c2 (a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2

(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )
(a
b)(b
c)(c
a)
a2 b2 + abc
cyc
cyc
(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )

,
27a2 b2 c2 (a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2

(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )
(a
b) (b
c) (c
a)
2 2
a b + abc
cyc
cyc
(a2 + b2 )3 (b2 + c2 )3 (c2 + a2 )3
!3
,27a2 b2 c2 (a2 + b2 )2 (b2 + c2 )2 (c2 + a2 )2

2
(a
b )(b
c )(c
a )
2 2
a b + abc
cyc
cyc
!3
Do a; b; c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic nhn nn ta d dng chng minh c

a2 b2 c2
(a2
b2 )(b2
c2 )(c2
Ngoi ra, ta cng c

2
(a + b )(b + c )(c + a ) =
cyc
8
9
X
cyc
!
2
a2 )
2 2
a b
cyc
X
cyc
2 2
a b
a2 b2 c2
!
v
!3
u
X
8u
t3
2
2
a b
9
cyc
v
P 13
u 0P 2 2
a b + abc a
u
u
8 t @ cyc
cyc
A
3
9
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
) (a + b ) (b + c ) (c + a )
8
27
X
cyc
2 2
a b + abc
X
cyc
!3
Nhn tng ng v vi v cc bt ng thc ny, ta thu c bt ng thc trn.

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c hoc a = b; c = 0 v cc hon v.
1.1. I LNG (A
B)(B
C)(C
A)
V d 1.3 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; khng c 2 s no cng bng 0: Chng minh

rng
p
3(a2 + b2 + c2 )
b3
c3
a3
+ 2
+ 2
:
2
2
2
2
a +b
b +c
c +a
2
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. Vit li bt ng thc nh sau
s X
X a3 + b3
a+b
3
a2
2 + b2
a
2
cyc
cyc
,
X (a
cyc
(a
b)(b
cyc
c)(c
cyc
X b3
cyc
(a b)2
r P
P
3 a2 +
a
cyc
a)
cyc
a2 b2 + abc
a nn ta ch cn chng minh c
b)2 (a + b)
2(a2 + b2 )
X (a
cyc
(a
b)2
P
+
2 a
(a
b)(b
c)(c
a)
a2 b2 + abc
cyc
b)2
cyc
1
a+b+c
a+b
a2 + b2
b)(b
c)(c
a)
2 2
a b + abc
cyc
b)2
cyc
(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )

(a
cyc
(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )
cyc
cyc
2(a
cyc
(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )
a3
+ b2
a2
cyc
X (a
cyc
cyc
a+
cyc
+
r P
Do 3 a2
b)2 (a + b)
2(a2 + b2 )
2ab + ac + bc
a2 + b2
2(a
b)(b
c)(c
a)
cyc
a2 b2 + abc
cyc
(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )
cyc

X
b)2
2ab + ac + bc
a2 + b2
(a
b)2 (b
(a
cyc
33
c)2 (c
a)2 (2ab + ac + bc)(2bc + ab + ac)(2ac + bc + ba)

(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )
Ta phi chng minh

s
33
(a
2(a
b)2 (b
c)2 (c
b)(b
a)2 (2ab + ac + bc)(2bc + ab + ac)(2ac + bc + ba)

(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )
!
!
P
P 2 2
P
a)
a
a b + abc a
c)(c
cyc
cyc
cyc
(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )

"
#"
#
Y
Y
2
2 2
, 27
(2ab + ac + bc)
(a + b )
cyc
"
cyc
Y
8
(a
cyc
b)
X
cyc
!3
cyc
Y
(a2 + b2 )2
cyc
64
81
!2
a2
cyc
X
cyc
!3
!3
ab
cyc
a b + abc
cyc
V
Y
(2ab + ac + bc)
2 2
a2 b2
cyc
!2
nn ta ch cn chng minh c
16
3
X
cyc
!3
ab
X
cyc
"
!2
Y
(a
cyc
X
cyc
b)
2 2
a b
!2
X
cyc
!3
X
cyc
2 2
a b + abc
X
cyc
!3
1.1. I LNG (A
By gi, ch rng
!2
X
2 2
8
a b
cyc
= 8
B)(B
a b
cyc
= A
!2
ab
cyc
2 2
!2
2 2
a b
C)(C
a b + abc
2 2
a b + 2abc
+ 12abc
a2 b2
!2
"
cyc
cyc
!3
cyc
X
cyc
2 2
cyc
cyc
abc
A)
2 2
a b + abc
cyc
!3
cyc
trong
A=5
a2 b2
cyc
!2
cyc
X
cyc
+ 3a2 b2 c2
cyc
!2
Ta cn phi chng minh

X
ab
cyc
cyc
Y
(a
b)
cyc
X
cyc
!3
Chun ha cho a + b + c = 1: t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc th ta c

p
(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2
(a b)(b c)(c a)
p
=
q 2 4q 3 + 2(9q 2)r 27r2
Ta phi chng minh
Nu 9q
2q(1
2 th
p
2q)2
Do
2q)2
2(1
Nu 9q
p
q2
2q)2
2q(1
2 th
p
q2
4q 3
q2
4q 3 + 2(9q
p
1
+ 2(9q
4q =
2)r
4q 3 + 2(9q
27r2
2)r
p
1
27r2
4q
1
2
4
(1
27
r
4
(1
27
2)r
27r2
h
q 2(1
2q)2
1
+ [2(1
4
3q)3
3q)3
4q
4q)2 + 1]
1
(27r
27
9q + 2)2

)2q(1
2q)2
q2
2q(1
2q)2
2q(1
2q)2
4q 3 + 2(9q 2)r 27r2

r
p
4
2
(1 3q)3 = 2q(1 2q)2
(1 3q) 3(1 3q)
27
9
2
8
46
(1 3q) =
(9q 2)(81q 2 63q + 13) +
> 0:
9
729
729
Bt ng thc c chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c:

V d 1.4 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn
gic. Xc nh hng s k nh nht sao cho
a
b
c
+
+
2
2
b+c
c+a
a + b2
1 1 1
a; b; c
l di 3 cnh ca mt tam
c
a b
+ +
b
c a
a
b
c
+ 2+ 2
2
b
c
a
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. Cho a = b = c, khi bt ng thc tr thnh
3
a+1
9k
a
a
1
=
3(a + 1)
3
,k
1
3(a + 1)
1
Cho a ! +1, ta c k
3 . Ta s chng minh y chnh l gi tr m ta cn tm,
tc l
a
b
c
1 a b
c
a
b
c
+
+
+ +
+ 2+ 2
b + c2
c + a2
a + b2
3 b
c a
b2
c
a
X b
X a
X a2 X a
+
+
3
,
3
2
b
bc cyc a
b + c2
cyc
cyc
cyc
Do
cyc
a
b+c2
cyc
a
c2
X a2
cyc
b3
X a
X b
+
bc cyc a2
cyc
X a2
cyc
b3
X a
bc
cyc
X a
c2
cyc
X b
a2
cyc
t x = a1 ; y = 1b ; z = 1c , khi x; y; z l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic. Bt ng

thc tr thnh
X y 3 X yz
X x2
+
2
0
2
x
x
y
cyc
cyc
cyc
1.1. I LNG (A
B)(B
2y 2
x
y3
+y
x2
cyc
X
cyc
X (x
A)
X yz
cyc
x+2
cyc
2(x
X x2
X y2
cyc
y)(y
cyc
z)(z
x)
cyc
xyz
2(x
y) (2y + zx)
2x2 y
cyc
y
z
+
x2
2xy
y)2
(x
C)(C
y)(y
z)(z
x)
cyc
xyz

X (x
y) (2y + zx)
2x2 y
cyc
rQ
(x
33
y)2
cyc
(2x2 + yz)
cyc
2xyz
Ta cn chng minh
rQ
(x
33
y)2
cyc
(2x2 + yz)
cyc
2(x
y)(y
x)
cyc
2xyz
Y
, 27 (2x2 + yz)
z)(z
xyz
64(x
y)(y
z)(z
x)
cyc
X
cyc
!3
chng minh bt ng thc ny, trc ht ta s chng minh

Y
9 (2x2 + yz)
cyc
X
cyc
!3
X
cyc
xy
Do tnh thun nht, ta c th chun ha cho x+y+z = 1. t q = xy+yz+zx; r = xyz,

khi ta c 31 q 14 v
Y
(2x2 + yz) = 27r2 + 2(1
9q)r + 4q 3
cyc
Bt ng thc tr thnh
243r2 + 18(1
9q)r + 36q 3
10

5q 1 1
,
18
y l mt hm lm theo r v vi ch rng r
243r2 + 18(1
9q)r + 36q 3
5q 1
18
243
=
1
(16q
4
ta c
1)(1
+ (1
8q)(5q
3q)2
1) + 36q 3
Tip theo, s dng bt ng thc trn, ta ch cn chng minh

!
!
X
X
3
x
xy
64(x y)(y z)(z x)
cyc
cyc
t x = m + n; y = n + p; z = p + m (m; n; p > 0), bt ng thc ny tng ng

vi
!
!
X
X
X
2
3
m
m +3
mn
32(m n)(n p)(m p)
cyc
cyc
cyc
T y, gi s p = minfm; n; pg, v t m = p + u; n = p + v (u; v

X
m = 3p + u + v u + v
0), ta c
cyc
m2 + 3
cyc
mn = 12p2 + 8(u + v)p + u2 + 3uv + v 2
u2 + 3uv + v 2
cyc
(m
n)(n
p)(m
p) = uv(u
v)
3(u + v)(u2 + 3uv + v 2 )
, 3u3
, 3u u
32uv(u
20u2 v + 44uv 2 + 3v 3
10
v
3
v)
0
32 2
uv + 3v 3
3
0:
hin nhin ng. Vy ta c pcm.

V d 1.5 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; khng c 2 s no ng thi bng 0: Chng
minh rng
(a
b)(13a + 5b) (b
+
a2 + b2
c)(13b + 5c) (c
+
b2 + c2
a)(13c + 5a)
c2 + a2
0:
(V Quc B Cn)
1 y
chnh l bt ng thc Schur bc 3
1.1. I LNG (A
B)(B
C)(C
A)
11

X 4(a
b)2 + 9(a2
a2 + b2
cyc
,4
,4
X (a
cyc
a2
X (a
b)2
a2 + b2
cyc
b)
+ b2
b2 )
X b2
cyc
a2
a2 + b2
9(a
b )(b2 c2 )(c2 a2 )
2
(a + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM,

4
X (a
cyc
b)2
2
a + b2
12 3
(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2

(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )
Ta cn chng minh
s
(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2
43 2
(a + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )
3(a2 b2 )(b2 c2 )(c2 a2 )

(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )
Bt ng thc ny l h qu ca bt ng thc sau vi mi x > y

4(x2 + y 2 )2
Nu x
6y th
x4
Nu x
, x4
3(x2
y 2 )(x + y)2
6x3 y + 8x2 y 2 + 6xy 3 + 7y 4
6x3 y + 8x2 y 2 + 6xy 3 + 7y 4 = x3 (x
6y) + 8x2 y 2 + 6xy 3 + 7y 4
3y)2 + xy 2 (6y
0:
6y; ta c
x4
6x3 y + 8x2 y 2 + 6xy 3 + 7y 4 = x2 (x
x) + 7y 4
Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c:

minh rng
ab
bc
ca
3
:
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
2
2
a + 4b
b + 4c
c + 4a
5
minh rng
(a b)(3a b)
(b c)(3b c)
(c a)(3c a)
+ 2
+ 2
3a2 + 2ab + 3b2
3b + 2bc + 3c2
3c + 2ca + 3a2
0:
(Thomas Mildorf)
12
1.2
Nhng kiu li gii c bit bng AM-GM
V d 1.8 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha a + b + c = 3: Chng minh rng

r
r
r
3
a3
b3
c3
+
+
:
2
2
2
2
2
2
a + 3b
b + 3c
c + 3a
2
(Phan Thnh Vit)
Li gii. S dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
r
X
X
a3
a2
p
=
6
a2 + 3b2
4a(a + b + c) 3(a2 + 3b2 )
cyc
cyc
6
X
cyc
X
cyc
a2
4a(a + b + c) + 3(a2 + 3b2 )
a2
7a2 + 9b2 + 4ab + 4ca
Mt khc, theo bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz th

!"
#
X
X
a2
2
2
2
(c + 2a) (7a + 9b + 4ab + 4ca)
7a2 + 9b2 + 4ab + 4ca
cyc
cyc
"
#2
!2
X
X
X
2
a(c + 2a) = 2
a +
ab
cyc
cyc
cyc
Nn ta ch cn chng minh c
8 2
a2 +
cyc
X
cyc
a4 +
X
cyc
!2
ab
a2 b2 + 3
cyc
(c + 2a)2 (7a2 + 9b2 + 4ab + 4ca)
cyc
X
cyc
a3 b
ab3
cyc
Gi s a = min fa; b; cg ; t b = a + x; c = a + y (x; y

thnh
6(x2
xy + y 2 )a2 + (4x3 + 9x2 y
Ta c
4x3 + 9x2 y
2abc
0) th bt ng thc tr
9xy 2 + 4y 3 )a + x4 + 3x3 y + x2 y 2
9
9xy 2 + 4y 3 = 4x3 + y(2x
4
cyc
7
y)2 + y 3
4
3xy 3 + y 4
1.2. NHNG KIU LI GII C BIT BNG AM-GM

x4 + 3x3 y + x2 y 2
3xy 3 + y 4 =
13
3
x2 + xy
2
y2
3
+ x2 y 2
4
0:
Nn bt ng thc trn hin nhin ng. Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi va

ch khi a = b = c = 1:
minh rng
5(a + b + c)
p
p
p
4a2 + bc + 4b2 + ca + 4c2 + ab :
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s a
thc AM-GM, ta c
p
2 4a2 + bc
p
2 4b2 + ca
)2
Xp
cyc
c, khi theo bt ng
2a + c +
c(b 2a)
4a2 + bc
= 4a + c +
2a + c
2a + c
2b + c +
4b2 + ca
c(a 2b)
= 4b + c +
2b + c
2b + c
p
2 4c2 + ab
4a2 + bc
b+
c 2(ab + 4c2 )
+
2
2b + c
5
2(ab + 4c2 )
4a + 5b + c +
+c
2
2b + c
b 2a a 2b
+
2a + c
2b + c
Ta cn chng minh
5
a+ c
2
,
2(ab + 4c2 )
+c
2b + c
c(2a + 10b 11c)

2(2b + c)
,
2a + 10b 11c
2(2b + c)
,
b 2a a 2b
+
2a + c
2b + c
b 2a a 2b
+
2a + c
2b + c
b 2a a 2b
+
2a + c
2b + c
14b 11c 2a b
+
2(2b + c)
2a + c
0:
hin nhin ng v a b c:
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b; c = 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
14

minh rng
p
p
p
a a2 + 3bc + b b2 + 3ca + c c2 + 3ab 2(ab + bc + ca):
(Vasile Cirtoaje)

X a(b + c)(a2 + 3bc)
X p
p
a a2 + 3bc =
2
cyc (b + c) a + 3bc
cyc
X a(b + c)(a2 + 3bc)

a2 + 3bc + (b + c)2
cyc
Do , ta ch cn chng minh c
,2
,
X a(b + c)(a2 + 3bc)

a2 + 3bc + (b + c)2
cyc
X a(b + c)(a2
b2 c2 + bc)
s + 5bc
cyc
,
,
,
X a(b + c)(a2 + 3bc)

a2 + 3bc + (b + c)2
cyc
X a3 (b + c)
X ab(a2
X ca(c2
cyc
cyc
cyc
b2 )
s + 5bc
X ab(a2
b2 )
s + 5bc
, 5abc
cyc
a(b + c)
cyc
(s = a2 + b2 + c2 )
a(b3 + c3 )
s + 5bc
cyc
ab
cyc
a2 )
s + 5bc
X ab(a2
b2 )
s + 5ca
X (a b)(a2 b2 )
(s + 5bc)(s + 5ca)
cyc
0:
hin nhin ng.

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c hoc a = b; c = 0 hoc cc hon v tng
ng.
Nhn xt 1 Chng ta cng c mt cch khc gii bi ton ny nh sau
Vit li bt ng thc nh sau
X p
X
X
a
a2 + 3bc a
2
ab
a2
cyc
cyc
cyc

, 3abc
X
cyc
a+
1
a2 + 3bc
ab
cyc
15
a2
cyc
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c

X
cyc
a+
1
a2 + 3bc
a+
cyc
9
Pp
v
u
u
P
a + t3
a2 + 3bc
cyc
cyc
3
!2 = P a
P
cyc
a
9
v
u
u
P
a + t4
cyc
9
P
cyc
a2 + 3
cyc
bc
cyc
Vy nn ta ch cn chng minh c
9abc
P
a
cyc
ab
cyc
a3 + 3abc
cyc
a2
cyc
ab(a + b):
cyc
y chnh l bt ng thc Schur bc 3 nn ta c pcm.
V d 1.11 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c, khng c 2 sn o ng thi bng 0: Chng

minh rng
b+c
c+a
a+b
p
+p
+p
3:
3ab + c2
3bc + a2
3ca + b2
(Michael Rozenberg)
X
cyc
a+b
3ab + c2
X
cyc
X
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
X
cyc
6(a + b)(a + b + c)
p
2(a + b + c) 3 3ab + c2
12(a + b)(a + b + c)
4(a + b + c)2 + 9(3ab + c2 )
12(a + b)(a + b + c)
4(a + b + c)2 + 9(3ab + c2 )
16

,
X 8a2 + 8b2
cyc
X (a
11ab + 4c(a + b)
4s2 + 27ab + 9c2
c)(16a
cyc
X
cyc
(b
13c2
11b + 13c) + (b c)(16b

4s2 + 27ab + 9c2
(s = a + b + c)
11a + 13c)
16c 11a + 13b

16b 11a + 13c
2
2
4s + 27ab + 9c
4s2 + 27ca + 9b2
X
,
x(b c)2 (4s2 + 27bc + 9a2 ) 0
c)
cyc
trong
x = 99a2
150(b + c)a + 48b2 + 87bc + 48c2 + 4s2
v y; z tng t.
t t = b+c
2 , ta c
x = 99a2
= 99a2
99a2
150(b + c)a + 48b2 + 87bc + 48c2 + 4s2

9
300at + 4(a + 2t)2 + 183t2 + (b c)2
4
300at + 4(a + 2t)2 + 183t2
= 103a2 284at + 199t2

1
=
[(103a 142t)2 + 333t2 ]
103
Tng t, ta c y; z 0.
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c.
r
r
r
a
b
c
+
+
2:
2a2 + bc
2b2 + ca
2c2 + ab
(V Quc B Cn)
Xr
X
a
a
p
=
2
2a + bc
a(a + b + c) (2a2 + bc)
cyc
cyc
X
a
2
a(a + b + c) + 2a2 + bc
cyc
X
a
= 2
2 + ab + bc + ca
3a
cyc
17
t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc, ta cn chng minh

X
cyc
,
, 9abc
a(3b2 + q)(3c2 + q)
a2 (b + c) + q 2
cyc
, 9qr + 3q(q
q2
(3a2 + q)(3b2 + q)(3c2 + q)
27a2 b2 c2 + 9q
cyc
3r) + q 2
, [q 2
Ch rng r
cyc
ab + 3q
cyc
a
3a2 + q
a2 b2 + 3q 2
cyc
27r2 + 9q(q 2
4q 3 + 2(9q
2)r
2r) + 3q 2 (1
27r2 ] + 4r
a2 + q 3
cyc
2q) + q 3
0 v
4q 3 + 2(9q
27r2 = (a
2)r
b)2 (b
c)2 (c
a)2
0:
Nn bt ng thc cho hin nhin ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi (a; b; c) =

1 1
2; 2; 0 :
Nhn xt 2 T bi ton ny, ta suy ra kt qu rt kh sau, hin ch mi nhn c
mt li gii ca chng ti trn mathlinks
r
r
r
p
a
b
c
2:
+
+
2
a2 + bc
b2 + ca
c2 + ab
V d 1.13 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 1: Chng minh rng

p
p
p
a + b2 + b + c2 + c + a2 2:
(Phan Thnh Nam)
Li gii. Ta c
p
p
p
a + b2 + b + c2 + c + a2
X p
,
a + b2 b
1
cyc
X
cyc
a
a + b2 + b
18
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM,

X
X
a
p
=
a + b2 + b
cyc
cyc
2(a+b) a+b2
2(a+b)
2a2
cyc
Do , ch cn chng minh c
X
cyc
,4
,4
a4 b2 + 3
cyc
a3 b2 c
19
4 2
a b
a b c
cyc
a2 b3 c + 16
3a b c
cyc
1
X
a4 bc
12a2 b2 c2
3 2
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
+ 15
a bc
cyc
cyc
2 3
cyc
cyc
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c =

v tng ng.
cyc
1
3
3a2 b2 c2 :
cyc
hoc a = 1; b = c = 0 hoc cc hon

minh rng
1
1
1
4
p
+p
+p
:
a+b+c
4a2 + bc
4b2 + ca
4c2 + ab
(Phm Kim Hng)
X
cyc
1
4a2 + bc
X
cyc
X
cyc
X
cyc
3
2a
3
2a
1
2b
+ 12 b + 12 c
p
+ 12 c 4a2 + bc
3
2a
+ 12 b + 12 c
4a2 + bc +
3
2a
+ 12 b + 12 c
3a + b + c
16a2 + 4bc + (3a + b + c)2
a b c
cyc
Bng cch s dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta thy ngay c

X
X
X
X
X
X
a4 b2
a2 b3 c;
a3 b2 c a2 b2 c2 ;
a4 bc
a2 b3 c;
a4 bc
cyc
cyc
cyc
+b
a(a + b)
+ 5ab + 4b2 + ca
+3
2 2 2
a bc
+b
cyc
2 3
(a+b)2 +a+b2
cyc
2(a+b)
a(a + b)
2a2 + 5ab + 4b2 + ca
cyc
cyc
19
Cui cng, ta ch cn chng minh

X
cyc
,
,
X
cyc
X
cyc
,2
,
1
a+b+c
3a + b + c
16a2 + 4bc + (3a + b + c)2
(3a + b + c)(a + b + c)
16a2 + 4bc + (3a + b + c)2
3(3a + b + c)(a + b + c)
16a2 + 4bc + (3a + b + c)2
X b2 + c2 8a2 + 3a(b + c)
16a2 + 4bc + (3a + b + c)2
cyc
X (c + 4a)(c
cyc
16a2
a) (b + 4a)(a b)
+ 4bc + (3a + b + c)2
(c + 4a)(c a)
16a2 + 4bc + (3a + b + c)2
(b + 4a)(a b)
16a2 + 4bc + (3a + b + c)2
16b2
(a + 4b)(a b)
+ 4ca + (3b + c + a)2
(b + 4a)(a b)
16a2 + 4bc + (3a + b + c)2
cyc
cyc
,7
(a
b)2 (7a2 + 7b2
cyc
[16a2
cyc
cyc
(a b)2 (7a2 + 7b2 c2 + 34ab 6ca 6bc)

+ 4bc + (3a + b + c)2 ][16b2 + 4ca + (3b + c + a)2 ]
c2 + 34ab
6ca
6bc)[16c2 + 4ab + (3c + a + b)2 ]
cyc
,
Gi s a
Sc (a
b)2
cyc
c; khi d thy Sb ; Sc
a2 [16b2 + ca + (3b + c + a)2 ]
0. Ta c
b2 [16a2 + bc + (3a + b + c)2 ]
(7b2 + 7c2 a2 + 34bc 6ca 6ab) + (7c2 + 7a2

= 6(a b)2 + 28c(a + b) 0
) a2 Sb + b2 Sa
b2 + 34ca
6ab
6bc)
20
Suy ra
X
Sc (a
b)2
c)2 + Sb (c
Sa (b
a)2
Sa (b
cyc
(b
c)2
b2
(a2 Sb + b2 Sa )
c)2 +
a2
Sb (b
b2
c)2
0:
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b; c = 0 hoc

cc hon v tng ng.
r
r
r
p
(b c)2
(c a)2
(a b)2
a+
+ b+
+ c+
3:
8
8
8
(V Quc B Cn)
r
p
p
X
16a + 2(b
1 X 3(a + 1)
(b c)2
p
=
a+
8
a+1
4 3 cyc
cyc
c)2
1 X 3(a + 1)2 + 16a + 2(b c)2

p
a+1
8 3 cyc
"
#
X 16a + 2(b c)2
1
p 12 +
a+1
8 3
cyc
"
#
X 8a + (b c)2
1
p 6+
a+1
4 3
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
X 8a + (b
c)2
a+1
[8a + (b
X
, 2 a3
cyc
Do
c)2 ](b + 1)(c + 1)
ab(a + b) +
cyc
bc(b
cyc
X
cyc
ab(a + b)
6
6(a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1)
X
c)2 + 4 ab + 18abc
cyc
6abc

X
X
2 a3 + 12abc +
bc(b
cyc
X
c)2 + 4 ab
cyc
X
X
, 2 a3 + 12abc +
bc(b
cyc
X
c) + 4 ab
X
X
, 2 a3 + 12abc +
bc(b
X
ab(a + b)
c)2
ab(a + b)
6abc
cyc
a (b + c) + 6
cyc
X
2 a2
a2
cyc
cyc
2
X
6abc
cyc
!2
cyc
cyc
,2
,2
c)2
cyc
cyc
cyc
X
X
, 2 a3 + 12abc +
bc(b
cyc
cyc
cyc
21
ab(a
cyc
b)2
cyc
cyc
2 2
a b
cyc
ab(a
b)2
cyc
X
8abc a:
cyc
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng theo bt ng thc AM-GM nn ta c pcm.

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 31 :
minh rng
a
b
c
3
p
:
+p
+p
2
2
2
2
ab + 3c
bc + 3a
ca + 3b
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
X
cyc
a
ab + 3c2
=
=
Ta cn chng minh
X
a(c + a)
a(c + a)
p
2
2 + ab + 3c2
2
(c
+
a)
cyc (c + a) ab + 3c
cyc
X
a(c + a)
2
2 + ab + 2ca + 4c2
a
cyc
X
2
a(c + a)
2 + ab + 2ca + 4c2
a
cyc
3
2
22
Bng bin i tng ng, ta thy bt ng thc ny tng ng vi

X
X
X
X
X
4 ab5 + 12 a2 b4 + 16 a4 b2 24 a3 b3 + 18 a4 bc
cyc
cyc
cyc
X
+39 a2 b3 c
X
17 a3 b2 c
cyc
Ta c
144a2 b2 c2
24
cyc
cyc
cyc
X
a3 b3 = 12 a2 b2 (a
cyc
17
cyc

X
4 ab5
b)2
cyc
X
X
X
X
4 ab5 + 4 a4 b2 + 18 a4 bc + 39 a2 b3 c
cyc
cyc
cyc
X
X
12 a2 b4 + 12 a4 b2
cyc
cyc
a3 b2 c + 144a2 b2 c2
cyc
12a2 b2 c2
cyc
X
4 a4 b2
12a2 b2 c2
cyc
a4 bc
3a2 b2 c2
cyc
X
17 a4 bc
cyc
39
a2 b3 c
17
a3 b2 c
cyc
117a2 b2 c2 :
cyc
Cng tng ng v vi v cc bt ng thc trn, ta suy ra pcm. ng thc xy ra

khi v ch khi a = b = c:
1.3
1.3.1
K thut pqr
Li ni u
K thut pqr l mt trong nhng k thut hay, hu ch v hiu qu nht i vi bt

ng thc 3 bin. Phn ln cc bi ton trong sch, chng ti u chn k thut pqr
gii, v vy, vic h thng li mt s kin thc cn bit v chng l khng th thiu
c. Bn s thy c nhng iu ngc nhin, l lm khi m khng ch c nhng bi
ton i xng mi c th c gii quyt theo pqr m thm ch c nhng bi ton
dng hon v vng quanh, ta cng c th dng n gii trong khi nhng phng
php, nhng k thut khc li khng kh nng thc hin iu ny. Sau khi xin
c bt u bi vit ca chng ti "K thut pqr".
1.3. K THUT P QR
1.3.2
23
Nhng ng thc cn nh
Vi 3 bin bt k a; b; c; ta t p = a+b+c; q = ab+bc+ca; r = abc (p2

Khi , chng ta c nhng ng thc sau
a2 + b2 + c2
a3 + b3 + c3
ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a)
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
a4 + b4 + c4
a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2
a3 (b + c) + b3 (c + a) + c3 (a + b)
a3 (b2 + c2 ) + b3 (c2 + a2 ) + c3 (a2 + b2 )
a4 (b + c) + b4 (c + a) + c4 (a + b)
a5 + b5 + c5
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
p2
p3
pq
pq
p4
q2
p2 q
pq 2
qp3
p5
3q; q 2
2q
3pq + 3r
3r
r
4p2 q + 2q 2 + 4pr
2pr
2q 2 pr
(2p2 + q)r
3pq 2 + (5q p2 )r
5p3 q + 5pq 2 + 5(p2
3pr):
q)r
Cn rt nhiu nhng ng thc khc na, cc bn hy t xy dng cho mnh thm

nh, chng s rt c ng dng v sau.
1.3.3
Bt ng thc Schur
nh l 1.1 (Bt ng thc Schur) Cho cc s khng m a; b; c: Khi , vi mi

r > 0; ta c bt ng thc sau
ar (a
b)(a
c) + br (b
c)(b
a) + cr (c
a)(c
b)

ng.
Chng minh. Do tnh i xng, gi s a b c: Khi , ta vit bt ng thc li
nh sau
(a b)[ar (a c) br (b c)] + cr (a c)(b c) 0
Ta c
a
0;
ar
br
Nn bt ng thc ng. Bt ng thc Schur c chng minh.

Chng ta c 2 trng hp c bit thng hay c ng dng gii ton l r = 1
v r = 2: Khi , chng ta c nhng bt ng thc tng ng l
H qu 1.1 (Bt ng thc Schur bc 3) Cho cc s khng m a; b; c: Khi ,
bt ng thc sau ng
a3 + b3 + c3 + 3abc
ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a)
24

, abc
(a + b
c)(b + c
a)(c + a
b):

ng.
H qu 1.2 (Bt ng thc Schur bc 4) Cho cc s khng m a; b; c: Khi ,
bt ng thc sau ng
a4 + b4 + c4 + abc(a + b + c)
a3 (b + c) + b3 (c + a) + c3 (a + b):

ng.
Dng pqr tng ng ca 2 bt ng thc trn l
9
(4q
p2 )
p(4q
p2 )(p2
6p
q)
Nhng do 4q p2 c th khng dng m r th lun lun khng m nn chng ta hay

dng c 2 bt ng thc trn dng sau (s rt hiu qu)
r
max 0;
max 0;
p2 )
p(4q
(4q
9
p2 )(p2
6p
q)
i khi bn s gp phi trng hp gi thit bi ton l a; b; c l di 3 cnh ca

mt tam gic (khi ta c 4q p2 ), khi ta thy a + b c; b + c a; c + a b l
nhng s khng m, vy nn theo bt ng thc Schur, ta c
X
(b + c a)[(b + c a) (c + a b)][(b + c a) (a + b c)] 0
cyc
(b + c
,r
Tng t, ta c
a)(a
b)(a
c)
cyc
X
cyc
(b + c
p(5q p2 )
18
a)2 (a
b)(a
c)
1.3. K THUT P QR
25
p4
,r
7p2 q + 13q 2
9p
Vy chng ta c cc nh gi
p(5q p2 ) p4
;
18
min
7p2 q + 13q 2
9p
p2 )(p2
6p
(4q
max 0;
q) p(4q
;
p2 )
9
Chng ta thng dng bt ng thc Schur gii bt ng thc trong trng hp

bt ng thc c nhng ng thc ti cc im a = b = c hoc a = b; c = 0 hoc
trong trng hp a; b; c l di 3 cnh tam gic th l a = 2; b = c = 1:
V d 1.17 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn ab + bc + ca = 3: Chng minh rng
a3 + b3 + c3 + 7abc
10:
(Vasile Cirtoaje)

10r + p3
Nu p
10
2 3 th ta c
p3
p
Nu 2 3
9p
9p
10
3p
10
p
6 3
10 > 0
3 th theo bt ng thc Schur bc 3, ta c

r
p2 )
p(12
9
Do
10r + p3
9p
10
30
p2
10(p(12
9
M
3p
30
p2 )
+ p3
p
2 3
9p
10 =
1
(p
9
p
3 2 3 = 18
3)(30
p2
3p)
p
6 3 > 0:
Nn bt ng thc cn chng minh ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b =

c = 1:
V d 1.18 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 3: Chng minh rng
abc +
12
ab + bc + ca
5:
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
26

r+
12
q
S dng bt ng thc Schur bc 3, ta c

4q
9
3
Do
r+
12
q
4q
9
3
12
q
3)2
4(q
5=
0:
3q
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1:

V d 1.19 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; khng c 2 s no ng thi bng 0 tha
mn a2 + b2 + c2 = 1: Chng minh
b2
a3
+ 2
bc + c2
c
b3
+ 2
ca + a2
a
c3
ab + b2
2:
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. Bt ng thc tng ng

X a3 (b + c)
cyc
,
,
Ta c
b3 + c3
X a3 (b + c)
+b+c
b3 + c3
cyc
a3
cyc
X
cyc
a2
X
cyc
a2
a+
P
9 a3
cyc
P
P
2 a2
ab
cyc
cyc
9
a2
X
cyc
a+
cyc
cyc
cyc
1
ab + b2
1
ab + b2
ab
cyc
a+
1.3. K THUT P QR
27
t p = a + b + c; q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc ) q =
1 p
2
2
Nu p
1 p
2
2
p
7p2 + 6 2p
5 + 27r
=
Bt ng thc tng ng
5 + 27r
p(4q p2 )
9
2 theo bt dng thc Schur, ta c r

p
7p2 + 6 2p
p2 1
2 :
p(p2 2)
;
9
do
p
1 p
2 p 7p2 + 6 2p
2
p
1
p
2 (5 p2 ) 0
2
5 + 3p(p2
2)
p
Nu 2 p th bt ng thc trn hin nhin ng.
Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khia = b = p12 ; c = 0 v cc hon v tng ng.
mn a2 + b2 + c2 = 3: Chng minh rng
p
2
b+c
2
c+a
2
a+b
(Phm Kim Hng)

Li gii. Ch l cc biu thc trong cc du ngoc u dng v
2+
b+c
2+
c+a
2+
p p
2 2
2+1
a+b
Nn
p p
2+1
2 2
Y
cyc
2
p
b+c
"
1
=
T gi thit ta suy ra p2
2+
b+c
cyc
(4
#"
Y
cyc
2
p
b+c
b c)(4 c a)(4 a
p
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
b)
2q = 3: Do theo bt ng thc Schur bc 3, ta c

r
p2 )
p(4q
9
p(p2 6)
9
28
Khi , ta c
(4
b c)(4 c a)(4 a
p
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
b)
=
=
4(4
p)2 + (4 p)q + r
p
pq r
(4
p)(p2 8p + 29) + 2r
p
2[p(p2 3) 2r]
(4
p)(p2 8p + 29) + 2p(p9

r h
i
2
2 p(p2 3) 2p(p9 6)
6)
561p + 108p2 7p3

p
= f (p)
3 2p(7p2 15)
p
p
3; 3 nn f (p) f (3) = 2 2; do
D thy f (p) l hm nghch bin trn
1044
p p
2 2
2+1
Y
cyc
Y
cyc
2
b+c
p
1
2
b+c
p
2 2
1
p
Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1:
1.3.4
i lng (a
b)2 (b
c)2 (c
a)2
i vi nhng bt ng thc rt cht v ng thc xy ra ti nhng im khng c

bit nh bt ng thc Schur (chng hn ng thc xy ra ti a = 3; b = 2; c = 2) th
vic s dng bt ng thc Schur gii chng l iu hin nhin khng thc hin
c, do chng ta cn tm mt nh gi khc ph hp hn v hiu qu hn
gii chng. i lng
P = (a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2 0
l i lng trung gian khc m chng ta chn y. Ti sao ta li chn n? V hu
ht cc bt ng thc i xng u xy ra ng thc khi c t nht 2 bin bng nhau
m biu thc P xy ra du ng thc, ta cng ch cn a = b hoc b = c hoc c = a
l , cho nn ta c th thy P rt cht. V vy, ta s khai thc xem P c ng dng
g khng? Khai trin ra theo pqr ta c
P = p2 q 2
4q 3 + 2p(9q
2p2 )r
27r2
Ta hy xem y l mt tam thc bc 2 theo r, khi gii ra ta c nghim

p
p
p(9q 2p2 ) 2(p2 3q) p2 3q
p(9q 2p2 ) + 2(p2 3q) p2
r
27
27
3q
1.3. K THUT P QR
29
n y, c l cc bn vn cha thy c g ngoi s cng knh ca bt ng thc

trn. ng vi nn lng bn , bit u s c mt php mu no y. V thc s l
nh vy, ta hy t
p
p
p 2 p2 3q
p + p2 3q
; v0 =
u0 =
p3
p3
2
p
p
3q
p + 2 p2 3q
u1 =
; v0 =
3
3
Khi , ta thu c mt iu c bit l
8
< 2u0 + v0 = 2u1 + v1 = p
u2 + 2u0 v0 = u21 + 2u1 v1 = q
: 02
u0 v0 r u21 v1
Ngoi ra, trong trng hp a; b; c l cc s khng m, ta thy u0 ; u1 ; v1 l nhng s

khng m v v0 0 nu 4q p2 v v0 0 nu p2 4q:
Nh vy, ta thu c mt kt qu ht sc c bit sau khi chng minh mt bt ng
thc. Khi a bt ng thc v dng pqr c dng f (r) 0 th
1) Nu f (r) l hm ng bin, khi ta ch cn chng minh
f (u20 v0 )
tc l ta ch cn xt n trong trng hp c 2 bin bng nhau l .

Nu bt ng thc yu cu chng minh vi cc s khng m th ta ch cn chng
minh
f max 0; u20 v0
0
tc l ta ch cn chng minh n ng trong trng hp c 2 bin bng nhau v trong
trng hp p2 4q th f (0) 0:
2) Nu f (r) l hm nghch bin, khi ta ch cn chng minh
f (u21 v1 )

3) Nu f (r) l hm lm (f 00 (x) 0), khi ta ch cn chng minh
min f (u21 v1 ); f (u20 v0 )

Nu bt ng thc yu cu chng minh vi cc s khng m th ta ch cn chng
minh
min f (u21 v1 ); f max 0; u20 v0
0
tc l ta ch cn chng minh n ng trong trng hp c 2 bin bng nhau v trong
trng hp p2 4q th f (0) 0:
30

r
b2
c2
3 5 a5 + b5 + c5
a2
+
+
:
b+c c+a a+b
2
3
(Michael Rozenberg)
Li gii. S dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c
X a2
b+c
cyc
cyc
"
a2
+ b + c 2a
b+c
#2
X (b + c
a)2
b+c
cyc
a)2
(b + c
cyc
a)2
(b + c)(b + c
cyc
Chun ha cho a + b + c = 1 v t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc: Ta c

X
X
X
X
X
(b + c a)2 =
(1 2a)2 = 3
4 a + 4 a2 = 3
cyc
cyc
(b + c)(b + c
a)2
cyc
cyc
(1
cyc
2a)2 = 3
a)(1
cyc
=
X
a5
cyc
a3
cyc
X
a + 8 a2
cyc
2 + 8(1
X
a2
cyc
2q)
4(1
cyc
= (1 3q + 3r)(1 2q) (q 2
= 5(1 q)r + 1 5q + 5q 2
cyc
3q + 3r) = 2(1
8q
cyc
a2 b2
cyc
2r) + qr
2q
X
4 a3
cyc
6r)
X
+ abc ab
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
(3 8q)2
1 2q 6r
, f (r) = 81(1
2q
6r)5 [(5
5(1
q)r + 1
3
5q + 5q 2
5q + 5q 2 ]
5q)r + 1
(3
8q)10
Ta c
f 0 (r) = 405(1
Nu 1
2q
6r)4 [36(q
1)r + (1
4q)(7q
5)]
4q th ta c
36(q
1)r + (1
4q)(7q
5)
(1
4q)(7q
5)
1.3. K THUT P QR
Nu 4q
36(q
31
(4q 1)(1 q)
;
6
1 th theo bt ng thc Schur bc 4, r

1)r + (1
Vy nn f 0 (r)
thc
4q)(7q
5)
6(q 1)(4q
= (1 3q)(2q
ta c
1)(1 q) + (1 4q)(7q
1)(4q 1) 0
5)
0; tc f (r) nghch bin, t ta suy ra chng minh bt ng

"
(b + c
a)
cyc
(b + c)(b + c
#2
a)2
cyc
3
2
r
5
a5 + b5 + c5
3
ta ch cn xt n trong 2 trng hp sau l : b = 0; c = 1 hoc b = c = 1:

Trng hp 1. b = c = 1; khi bt ng thc tr thnh
r
5
(4 4a + 3a2 )2
5 a + 2
3
2
3
4 4a + 2a + a
3
, g(a) =
(4 4a + 3a2 )10
(a5 + 2)(4 4a + 2a2 + a3 )5
Ta c
g 0 (a) =
10(a
81
1)3 (7a5 + 5a4 + 16)(4 4a + 3a2 )9

(a5 + 2)2 (4 4a + 2a2 + a3 )6
g 0 (a) = 0 , a = 1
T y, ta d dng kim tra c

g(a)
g(1) = 81
Trng hp 2. b = 0; c = 1; khi bt ng thc tr thnh

r
5
(3a2 2a + 3)2
5 a + 1
3
2
(a + 1)(a + 1)
3
, h(a) =
Ta c
h0 (a) =
(a2
(3a2 2a + 3)10
+ 1)5 (a + 1)5 (a5 + 1)
81
5(a 1)k(a)(3a2 2a + 3)9

(a2 + 1)6 (a + 1)5 (a5 + 1)2
vi
k(a) = 7a6
4a5 + 7a4
12a3 + 7a2
4a + 7
32
Ta s chng minh
k(a) > 0 , 7 a3 +
t t = a +
1
a
1
a3
4 a2 +
1
a2
+7 a+
1
a
12 > 0
2 th bt ng thc tr thnh
7(t3
3t)
4(t2
2) + 7t
12 > 0
, 7t3 > 4t2 + 14t + 4

14 4
4
, 3 + 2 + <7
t
t
t
Ta c
4
14 4
+ 2 +
t3
t
t
4
14 4
+ 2 + =6<7
23
2
2
T y, ta c
h0 (a) = 0 , a = 1
V t
h(a)
h(1) = 512 > 81:

V d 1.22 Cho tam gic ABC: Chng minh rng
p
la lb + lb lc + lc la 3 3S:
(Walther Janous)
Li gii. y l mt bi ton rt kh trn tp ch Crux Mathematicorum, hin nay
theo chng ti c bit vn cha c c mt li gii no cho n. Li gii sau (kh
phc tp), chng ti tm c sau mt thi gian di c gng tm li gii cho n
t x = p a; y = p b; z = p c; ta c
p
p
2 bcp(p a)
2 x(x + y + z)(x + y)(x + z)
la =
=
b+c
2x + y + z
p
p
S = p(p a)(p b)(p c) = xyz(x + y + z)
Do , bt ng thc tng ng
!
p
P
xy
x (x + y) xy(z + x)(z + y)
X
cyc
4
(2x + y + z)(2y + z + x)
cyc
s
X
3 3xyz
x
cyc
1.3. K THUT P QR
,4
33
r
(2x + y + z)
cyc
p Q
3 3 (2x + y + z)
cyc
v
!
!
u
u P
Q
t
x
(x + y)
y+z
x
cyc
,8
X
Xp
x(y + z) + 4
cyc
cyc
cyc
p Q
3 3 (2x + y + z)
cyc
v
!
!
u
u P
Q
t
x
(x + y)
(y + z)3
x
cyc
S dng bt ng thc Holder, ta c

"
X
cyc
(y + z)3
x
X
cyc
#2 "
x(y + z)
cyc
(y + z)3
x
cyc
"
(y + z)
cyc
#3
v
u"
#3
u P
u
2
(y + z)
u
u cyc
u P
t
x(y + z)3
cyc
Li c
Xp
x(y + z)
cyc
v"
#2 s
u
u Xp
X
Xp
t
=
x(y + z) = 2
xy(z + x)(z + y)
xy + 2
cyc
cyc
cyc
s X
s X
Xp
X p
p
xy + 2
xy + 2
z xy
2
xy (z + xy) = 4
cyc
cyc
s X
p
xy + 6 3 x2 y 2 z 2
4
cyc
cyc
v
u X
18xyz
u4
xy + P
t
x
cyc
cyc
cyc
v
u"
#3
u P
u
2
(y + z)
v
u
u X
u cyc
18xyz
u
u
8t4
xy + P + 4t P
x
x(y + z)3
cyc
cyc
cyc
p Q
3 3 (2x + y + z)
cyc
v
!
!
u
u P
Q
t
x
(x + y)
cyc
cyc
34
Chun ha cho x + y + z = 1; t xy + yz + zx = q; r = xyz; bt ng thc tr thnh

p
p
p
(9r + 2q)(q r)
(1 q) (1 q)(q r)
3 6
p
+
f (r) =
r+q+2
16
(r + q + 2) 5r + q 2q 2
Ta c
3q 2 + 14q (36 + 25q)r

p
f (r) =
2(r + q + 2)2 (9r + 2q)(q r)
0
Ta chng minh
p
2 (1
0
f (r) 0 ,
p
(1
q)3 [6q + 2q 2 3q 3 + (q 2 + 7q)r 5r2 ]

p
(r + q + 2)2 (q r)(5r + q 2q 2 )3
q)3 [6q + 2q 2 3q 3 + (q 2 + 7q)r

p
(5r + q 2q 2 )3
5r2 ]
3q 2 + 14q (36 + 25q)r

p
(9r + 2q)
Ta d dng chng minh
5r + q
2q 2
1
2
>p
9r + 2q
9r + 2q
do ta ch cn chng minh
2(1
q)[6q + 2q 2 3q 3 + (q 2 + 7q)r
5r + q 2q 2
, g(r) = 5(34 + 25q)r2
5r2 ]
3q 2 + 14q
10q(2 + 6q + 5q 2 )r + 12q
(36 + 25q)r
10q 2 + 19q 3 + 6q 4
Ta c
0
g
5q(408
60q + 276q 2 + 399q 3
150q 4
125q 5 )
nn hin nhin g(r) 0: Do f 0 (r) 0 nn f (r) nghch bin, nh vy ta ch cn

xt bt ng thc trong trng hp c 2 bin bng nhau l . Cho y = z = 1; bt
ng thc tr thnh
s
r
p
3
18x
[2(x + 1)2 + 4]
3 3(2x + 2)(x + 3)2
p
+4
8 4(2x + 1) +
x+2
2(x + 1)3 + 8x
2(x + 2)(x + 1)2
r
r
p
2(4x2 + 19x + 4)
(x2 + 2x + 3)3
3 6(x + 3)2
p
,8
+8
x+2
x3 + 3x2 + 7x + 1
x+2
s
p
p
2(4x2 + 19x + 4)
(x2 + 2x + 3)3 (x + 2)
3 6
, h(x) =
+
(x + 3)2
(x + 3)4 (x3 + 3x2 + 7x + 1)
8
1.3. K THUT P QR
35
Ta c
h0 (x)
=
=
p
(x2 + 2x + 3)(x2 1)(7x3 + 37x2 + 103x + 105)
(x 1)(8x + 41)
p
p
+
(x + 3)3 8x2 + 38x + 8
2(x + 3)3 (x + 2)(x3 + 3x2 + 7x + 1)3
"p
#
(x2 + 2x + 3)(x + 1)(7x3 + 37x2 + 103x + 105)
2(8x + 41)
x 1
p
p
2(x + 3)3
8x2 + 38x + 8
(x + 2)(x3 + 3x2 + 7x + 1)3
Ta chng minh
p
(x2 + 2x + 3)(x + 1)(7x3 + 37x2 + 103x + 105)
p
(x + 2)(x3 + 3x2 + 7x + 1)3
2(8x + 41)
8x2 + 38x + 8
D thy
p
(x2 + 2x + 3)
(x + 2)(x3 + 3x2 + 7x + 1)
p
8
2 2
p
> p
2
2
8x + 38x + 8
3 8x + 38x + 8
4(x + 1)(7x3 + 37x2 + 103x + 105)
3(x3 + 3x2 + 7x + 1)
, 4x4
19x3 + 23x2
53x + 297
8x + 41
0:
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng, do

h0 (x) = 0 , x = 1: T y bng cch lp
p
bng bin thin, ta thy h(x) h(1) = 3 8 6 : Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi
v ch khi x = y = z; tc ABC u.
Khai thc thm na (vi a; b; c khng m), ta c
p
27r
p(9q 2p2 ) + 2(p2 3q) p2 3q
p
2(p2 3q) p2 32 q p p2 3q
2
= p(9q 2p ) +
p p2 32 q
h
i
2
(p2 3q) p2 32 q + p2 (p2 3q)
p(9q 2p2 ) +
p p2 32 q
=
27q 2 (p2 q)
2p(2p2 3q)
V ta thu c
r
q 2 (p2
2p(2p2
q)
3q)
36
C th thy c bt ng thc ny cht hn bt ng thc bit sau (m ta vn

hay dng)
q2
r
3p
Tng t, ta cng c
27r
p(9q
2p2 )
2(p2
p
3q) p2
3q
p
3q)(p
2q)p p2 3q
= p(9q 2p )
p(p2 2q)
2(p2 3q) (p2 2q)2 + p2 (p2
p(9q 2p2 )
p(p2 2q)
2
4
2
2
(4q p )(4p
10p q + 3q )
=
p(p2 2q)
2
2(p
3q)
V ta cng thu c
r
max 0;
(4q
p2 )(4p4
p(p2
10p2 q + 3q 2 )
2q)
C th thy bt ng thc ny cht hn 2 bt ng thc Schur bc 3 v bc 4.

p
p
p
a(a + bc)
b(b + ca)
c(c + ab)
+
+
b + ca
c + ab
a + bc
1
p
:
2 abc

"
X
cyc
a(a + bc)
b + ca
#2
"
#2
p
a(a + b)(a + c)
=
(b + c)(b + a)
cyc
"
#2
p
X
a(a + c)
p
=
(b + c) a + b
cyc
"
#
!
X
Xa+c
a
(a + b)(b + c)
b+c
cyc
cyc
P 2 P
!
a +
ab
Xa+c
cyc
cyc
=
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) cyc b + c
X
1.3. K THUT P QR
37
Li c
Xa+c
cyc
b+c
X1
X b
b X 1
=
b+c
b + c cyc b + c
cyc
cyc
!2
P
a
X 1
cyc
P 2 P
b+c
a +
ab
cyc
cyc
P
6
6X 1
6
6
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 6 cyc b + c
4
a2 +
cyc
ab
cyc
1
q
q
r
1+q
q r
cyc
!2
7
7
P 2 P 7
7
a +
ab 7
5
cyc
cyc
a
cyc
1
1
1
4abc
1
4r
4(1 q 2 )
q r
,
4
q r
r
4(1 q 2 ) q
,
3
q r
r
Ta c
4(1
q
q2 )
r
q
r
4(1
q
q2 )
q 2 (1 q)
2(2 3q)
2
q
q 2 (1 q)
2(2 3q)
8(1 q )(2 3q) 2(2 3q)

q(4 7q + q 2 )
q(1 q)
2(2 3q)(3 5q + 4q 2 )
=
(1 q)(4 7q + q 2 )
q(1 3q)(5 7q)
= 3
3:
(1 q)(4 7q + q 2 )
Bt ng thc c chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 31 :

r
r
r
2
2
2
2
2
2
a+b+c
3 b + c
3 c + a
3 a + b
p
+
+
:
3
2
2
2
a + bc
b + ca
c + ab
abc
(Phm Hu c)
38
Li gii. S dng bt ng thc Holder, ta c

X
cyc
r
3
b2 + c2
a2 + bc
!3
"
(b2 + c2 )
cyc
cyc
1
a2 + bc
=6
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
cyc
X
cyc
!3
cyc
1
2
a + bc
a2
!3
cyc
a2
X
cyc
cyc
+6
X
cyc
cyc
a2
!3
cyc
abc
abc
+ bc
a2
a3
+ bc
cyc
X
cyc
a3
a2 + bc
a2
cyc
!2
a(a2 + bc)
cyc
a2
cyc
= P
!2
a3 + 3abc
cyc
Vy nn ta ch cn chng minh c
P
!3
cyc
a2
cyc
6
+P
cyc
a3
!2
+ 3abc
p2
2q
6(p2 2q)2
p3 3pq + 6r
6p
Chun ha cho p = 1; khi bt ng thc tr thnh

1
1
2q
6(1 2q)2
1 3q + 6r
cyc
cyc
p3
a2
X
cyc
1
a2 + bc
1.3. K THUT P QR
39
Ta c
1
1
2q
6(1 2q)2
1 3q + 6r
1
1
=
=
2q
2q)2
6(1
1
3q +
3q 2 (1 q)
2 3q
2
1
6(1 2q) (2 3q)
+
1 2q 2 9q + 12q 2 3q 3
14 99q + 264q 2 315q 3 + 144q 4
(1 2q)(2 9q + 12q 2 3q 3 )
Li c
14
99q + 264q 2
315q 3 + 144q 4
, (2
6(1
9q + 12q 2 )(1
9q + 12q 2
2q)(2
3q)2
3q 3 )
0:
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng. Do ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch

khi a = b = c:
1 1 1
+ + + 48(ab + bc + ca)
a b
c
25:
Li gii 1. Bt ng thc tng ng vi

q
+ 48q
r
25
y l mt hm nghch bin theo r nn ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc trong

1
trng hp c 2 bin bng nhau l , gi s a = b ) a
2a; khi bt
2; c = 1
ng thc tr thnh
2 1
+ + 48(a2 + 2ac) 25
a c
,
2
1
+
+ 48[a2 + 2a(1
a 1 2a
,
2(1
3a)2 (1 4a)2
a(1 2a)
2a)]
25
0:
Hin nhin ng. Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c =

hoc a = 12 ; b = c = 14 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
1
3
40
Li gii 2. Ta c
27r
9q
=
p
3q) 1
2 + 2(1
9q
2+
2(1
3q) 1
1
h
3q) 1
(1
9q
=
3q
12
5 q
12
5 q
2+
2
12
5 q
12
5 q
+1
3q
3q
27q 2 (7 16q)
5(5 12q)
)r
q 2 (7
5(5
16q)
12q)
Do
q
+ 48q
r
25
5(5
q(7
12q)
+ 48q
16q)
25 =
(1
3q)(5 16q)2
q(7 16q)
0:
Bt ng thc c chng minh.

V d 1.26 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c: Chng minh rng
s
(a2 + b2 )(a2 + c2 )
+
(a + b)(a + c)
(b2 + c2 )(b2 + a2 )
+
(b + c)(b + a)
(c2 + a2 )(c2 + b2 )
(c + a)(c + b)
a + b + c:
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. t a = x2 ; b = y 2 ; c = z 2 (x; y; z
c
0): S dng bt ng thc Holder, ta
(x4 + y 4 )(x + y)2
)VT =
X
cyc
x4 + y 4
x2 + y 2
(x2 + y 2 )3
(x2 + y 2 )2
(x + y)2
(x4 + y 4 )(x4 + z 4 )
(x2 + y 2 )(x2 + z 2 )
X (x2 + y 2 )(x2 + z 2 )
cyc
(x + y)(x + z)
1.3. K THUT P QR
41
Do
X (x2 + y 2 )(x2 + z 2 )
VT
(x + y)(x + z)
cyc
(x + y)(x + z)
cyc
X [(x + y)2
cyc
X xy(z + x)
(x + y)(x + z)
cyc
X zx(x + y)
+
x+y
"
z+x
cyc
X xy(x + y + 2z)
cyc
x+y
cyc
2xy][(x + z)2
(x + y)(x + z)
2xz]
X
4x2 yz
(x + y)(x + z)
cyc
4x2 yz
(x + y)(x + z)
cyc
x
=
(x + y)(x + z) 2
xy + 4xyz
(x
+
y)(x
+ z)
cyc
cyc
cyc
!
P 2 P
4xyz
x + xy
X
X
cyc
cyc
=
x2 +
xy
(x
+
y)(y
+
z)(z
+ x)
cyc
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
X
4xyz
xy
cyc
x2 +
cyc
xy
cyc
(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
1
x
+
y
cyc
Chun ha cho p = 1; bt ng thc tr thnh

q(q
r)
, q2
4r(1
(4
Ta c
q2
(4
3q)r
q2
(4
3q)
q)
3q)r
q 2 (1 q)
q 3 (1
=
2(2 3q)
2(2
3q)
3q)
0:
Bt ng thc c chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c

hoc a > 0; b = c ! 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
8
1 1 1
+ +
a b
c
+9
10(a2 + b2 + c2 ):
(Vasile Cirtoaje)

8q
+ 20q
r
81
42
y l mt hm nghch bin theo r nn ta ch cn xt bt ng thc trong trng

hp c 2 bin bng nhau l . Gi s a = b ) a 32 v c = 3 2a; khi bt ng
thc tr thnh
16
8
+
+ 9 20a2 + 10(3 2a)2
a
3 2a
3(2a
1)2 (10a2 25a + 16)

a(3 2a)
0:
Hin nhin ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = 21 ; c = 2 hoc cc hon v

tng ng.
1.3.5
Lm mnh hn na
i vi cc bi ton thng thng, chng ta c th lm theo cch trn gii, nhng

i vi nhng bi ton c cha cn thc, ly tha tng qut,... R rng cc cch trn
l bt kh thi. Do , chng ta cn lm mnh k thut ca chng ta hn na lm
sao n c th gii quyt c cc dng ton . Chng ta xut pht t b sau y
B 1.1 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha a b c; khng c 2 s no ng thi
bng 0; ta c nh a + b + c = p; abc = r: Khi tn ti 2 s khng m a0 a1 sao
cho a 2 [a0 ; a1 ]. Ngoi ra, nu a = a0 th b = c v nu a = a1 th a = c.
Chng minh. Theo bt ng thc AM-GM, p3
27r. T gi thit, ta c b + c =
p a; bc = ar nn theo nh l Viet, b; c l cc nghim ca phng trnh f (x) =
x2 (p a)x + ar = 0. Do c b a nn ta phi c
8
< f 0
f (a) 0
: b+c
p a
2 = 2
8
<(p
, a2
:p
3
Ta c g 0 (a) = (p
a)(p
4r
a)2
a
(p a)a +
a 0
8
<g(a) = a(p
, h(a) = 2a3
:p
a 0
3
3a)
g(0) =
r
a
a)2 4r
pa2 + r
0
0
0 nn g ng bin. Mt khc,
4r
0;
p
4(p3 27r)
=
3
27
1.3. K THUT P QR
43
nn tn ti duy nht a0 2 [0; p3 ] sao cho g(a0 ) = 0, nhng do g(a)

Tng t, h0 (a) = 2p(3a p) 0 nn h nghch bin. Mt khc
h(a0 ) = 2a30
pa20 + r = 2a30
pa20 +
3a0 )2
a0 (p
0;
0 nn a
27r p3
p
=
3
27
a0 .
nn tn ti duy nht a1 2 [a0 ; p3 ] sao cho h(a1 ) = 0, nhng h(a) 0 nn a a1 . Mt

khc, nu a = a0 th b = c v nu a = a1 th a = c. B c chng minh.
nh l 1.2 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; khng c 2 s no ng thi bng 0; ta c
nh a + b + c = p; abc = r: Khi vi mi hm f kh vi trn [0; +1) tha mn
k(x) = f 0 x1 l hm li th
P (a; b; c) = f (a) + f (b) + f (c)
t gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht (nu c) khi c 2 bin bng nhau.
Chng minh. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a b
c
8
p
p a
(p a)2 4r
<
a
b = b(a) =
p 2 2 4r
p
a+
(p
a)
:c = c(a) =
a
c, t b trn, ta suy ra
T , ta c
1
0
b (a)
=
=
c (a)
=
=
a p+ a2r2
(p a)2
4r
a
2
2b
2(c
2bc
a
b)
1+ p
b(a
a(c
(p a)2
2c
c(b
=
b)
a(c
2(c
(b+c)+ 2bc
a
p a 2b
(b+c)+ 2bc
a
c b
c)
b)
a p+ a2r2
2
2bc
a
4r
a
1+
(b+c)+ 2bc
a
p a 2b
1+
(b+c)+ 2bc
a
c b
a)
b)
Suy ra
0
Pa0 (a; b; c) = (f (a) + f (b(a)) + f (c(a)))

= f 0 (a) + b0 (a) f 0 (b(a)) + c0 (a) f 0 (c(a))
b(a c) 0
c(b a) 0
f (b) +
f (c)
a(c b)
a(c b)
b)f 0 (a) + b(a c)f 0 (b) + c(b a)f 0 (c)
a(c b)
0
0
b)(f (a) f (b)) + c(b a)(f 0 (c) f 0 (b))
a(c b)
= f 0 (a) +
=
=
a(c
a(c
44
Do k(x) = f 0
1
x
l hm li nn
1
a
f0
f0
1
a
, f0
, f0
f0
1
c
k0
1
b
1
a
1
b
1
c
1
b
+ k0
1
b
1
a
1
b
k0
1
b
f0
1
b
+ k0
1
b
f0
1
c
f0
1
b
1
b
1
b
1
c
1
b
Do
a(c
b)[f 0 (a)
f 0 (b)] + c(b
a)[f 0 (c)
b)k 0
a(c
= k0
Vy nn Pa0 (a; b; c)
dng suy ra pcm.
1
b
f 0 (b)]
1
a
1
b
a(c
b)
1
b
1
a
+ c(b
1
b
+ c(b
a)k 0
a)
1
b
1
c
1
c
1
b
1
b
=0
0; tc P (a; b; c) = Pa (a; b; c) l hm ng bin, v t y, ta d
H qu 1.3 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; khng c 2 s no ng thi bng 0; ta c

nh a + b + c = p; abc = r: Khi vi mi hm f kh vi trn [0; +1) tha mn
k(x) = f 0 x1 l hm lm th
P (a; b; c) = f (a) + f (b) + f (c)
t gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht (nu c) khi c 2 bin bng nhau.
B 1.2 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha a b c; khng c 2 s no ng thi
bng 0; ta c nh a + b + c = p; ab + bc + ca = q. Khi tn ti 2 s khng m a0 a1
sao cho a 2 [a0 ; a1 ]. Ngoi ra, nu a = a0 th b = c hoc a = 0, v nu a = a1 th
a = b.
Chng minh. Theo bt ng thc AM-GM, p2
3q. T gi thit trn, ta c
b + c = p a; bc = q a(p a) nn theo nh l Viet, b; c l cc nghim ca phng
trnh f (x) = x2 (p a)x + q a(p a) = 0. Do c b a nn
8
< f 0
f (a) 0
: b+c
p a
a
2 = 2
1.3. K THUT P QR
45
8
<(p
, a2
:p
3
a)2 q a(p a)
(p a)a + q a(p
a 0
a)
8
<g(a) = 3a2 + 2ap + p2 4q 0
, h(a) = 3a2 2pa + q 0
:p
a 0
3
p
p
8
p 2 p2 3q
p+2 p2 3q
>
a
<
3 p
3 p
p 2 p2 3q
p+2 p2 3q
,
_a
>
3
3
:ap
a
0
3
(
)
p
p
p 2 p2 3q
p + 2 p2
, max 0;
a
3
3
t a0 = max 0;
p 2
p2 3q
3
, a1 =
th a = b v nu a = a0 th khi p2
chng minh.
p+2
p2 3q
,
3
th ta c a0
4q th b = c, khi p2
3q
a1 v nu a = a1
4q th a = 0. B c
nh l 1.3 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; khng c 2 s no ng thi bng 0; ta c

nh a + b + c = p; ab + bc + ca = q. Khi vi mi hm f kh vi trn [0; +1) tha
mn k(x) = f 0 (x) l hm li th
P (a; b; c) = f (a) + f (b) + f (c)
t gi tr ln nht (nu c) khi c 2 bin bng nhau v gi tr nh nht (nu c) khi
c 2 bin bng nhau hoc c mt bin bng 0.
Chng minh. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a b c, khi , t b trn ta
c
8
p
p a
(p a)2 +4a(p a) 4q
<
b = b(a) =
2
p
:c = c(a) = p a+ (p a)2 +4a(p a) 4q
2
Do
1
0
b (a) =
c (a) =
p 3a
(p a)2 +4a(p a) 4q
2
1+ p
p 3a
(p a)2 +4a(p a) 4q
b+c 2a
p a 2b
2
1+
b+c 2a
p a 2b
b+c 2a
c b
2
1+
b+c 2a
c b
a
c
c
b
b
c
a
b
46
Suy ra
Pa0 (a; b; c) = (f (a) + f (b(a)) + f (c(a)))

= f 0 (a) + b0 (a) f 0 (b(a)) + c0 (a) f 0 (c(a))
b a 0
a c 0
f (b) +
f (c)
= f 0 (a) +
c b
c b
0
0
(c b)f (a) + (a c)f (b) + (b a)f 0 (c)
=
c b
(c b)(f 0 (a) f 0 (b)) + (b a)(f 0 (c) f 0 (b))
=
c b
Do k(x) = f 0 (x) l hm li nn
f 0 (a)
f 0 (b)
k 0 (b)(a
b);
f 0 (c)
f 0 (b)
k 0 (b)(c
b)
V do
(c
b)(f 0 (a)
Vy nn Pa0 (a; b; c)
dng suy ra pcm.
f 0 (b)) + (b
a)(f 0 (c) f 0 (b))

k 0 (b)[(c b)(a b) + (b
a)(c
b)] = 0
0; tc P (a; b; c) = Pa (a; b; c) l hm ng bin v t y, ta d
H qu 1.4 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; khng c 2 s no ng thi bng 0; ta c

nh a + b + c = p; ab + bc + ca = q. Khi vi mi hm f kh vi trn [0; +1) tha
mn k(x) = f 0 (x) l hm lm th
P (a; b; c) = f (a) + f (b) + f (c)
t gi tr ln nht (nu c) khi c 2 bin bng nhau hoc c mt bin bng 0 v gi
tr nh nht (nu c) khi c 2 bin bng nhau.
V d 1.28 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; k tha mn khng c 2 s no ng thi
bng 0: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P (a; b; c) = (ab + bc + ca)k
1
1
1
+
+
2k
2k
(a + b)
(b + c)
(c + a)2k
(Phm Sinh Tn)

Li gii. C nh a + b + c = p; ab + bc + ca = q, xt hm s k(x) =
c
k 00 (x) =
4k(k + 1)(2k + 1)
(p x)2k+3
Do , theo nh l trn, ta ch cn xt cc trng hp sau l
1
(p x)2k
. Ta
1.3. K THUT P QR
47
Trng hp 1. b = c; khi biu thc P c vit li l

P (a; b) = (2ab + b2 )k
1
2
+
(a + b)2k
(2b)2k
Chun ha cho b = 1, xt hm s
f (a) = (2a + 1)k
Ta c
2
1
+
2k
(a + 1)
(2)2k
k(2a + 1)k 1 [(a + 1)2k+1 22k+1 a]

22k 1 (a + 1)2k+1
2
a=1
0
2k+1
2k+1
4
a 6= 1
f (a) = 0 , (a + 1)
=2
a,
ap 1
g(a) = 2k+1
a
f 0 (a) =
2=0
T y, ta c th d dng chng minh c f 0 (x) = 0 c 2 nghim dng l 1 v

6= 1; t , bng cch lp bng bin thin, ta c th thy
f (a)
min ff (0); f (1); f ( )g = min
3k+1
1 (2 + 1)k+1
;
2
+
;
22k
22k
22k
Trng hp 2. a = 0; khi biu thc P c vit li l

P (a; b; c) = (bc)k
1
1
1
+ 2k + 2k
(b + c)2k
b
c
do tnh i xng v thun nht nn ta c th gi s 0

h(c) = (c)k
Ta c
h0 (c) =
1
1
+ 1 + 2k
(1 + c)2k
c
1) = c2k (c
2
c=1
,4 0 c<1
k(c) = (2k + 1) ln(c + 1) + ln(1
k 0 (c) =
2 kck+2
b = 1; xt hm s
k (c + 1)k+1 (c2k 1) c2k (c

(c + 1)2k ck+1
h0k+1 (c2k
1)
22k )
(k + 1)c2k+1 + (k + 1)c
c(1 c2 )(1 c2k )
1)
2k ln c
k
c(1
ln(1
2l(c)
c2 )(1
c) = 0
c2k )
48

l0 (c) = (k + 1) 2kc2k+1
(2k + 1)c2k + 1
Suy ra l(c) ng bin, m

l(0) =
0;
0 8c 2 [0; 1) ) k 0 (c)
l(1) = 0 ) l(c)
0 8c 2 [0; 1)
Nn k(c) nghch bin vi mi c 2 [0; 1), suy ra k(c) c ti a 1 nghim thuc [0; 1).
Do h0 (c) c ti a 2 nghim l 1 (lun l nghim) v (ty trng hp m tn ti
hay khng). Bng cch lp bng bin thin, ta c th thy h(c) maxfh( ); h(1)g.
T y, ta d dng i n kt lun ca bi ton.
Nhn xt 3 Mt s kt qu c
? Vi k = 1, ta c bt ng thc Iran 1996
(ab + bc + ca)
1
1
1
+
+
(a + b)2
(b + c)2
(c + a)2
9
4
? Vi k = 12 ; ab + bc + ca = 1; ta c
1
1
1
+
+
(a + b) b + c c + a
5
2
? Vi k = 14 ; ab + bc + ca = 1; ta c
p
1
1
1
+p
+p
c+a
a+b
b+c
1
2+ p :
2
V d 1.29 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; k tha mn a + b + c = 1. Tm gi tr ln

nht ca biu thc
P (a; b; c) = (ab)k + (bc)k + (ca)k :
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Li gii. Ta c
1
1
1
+ k + k
k
a
b
c
P (a; b; c) = (abc)k
Nn nu ta c nh abc = r th P (a; b; c) s c dng nh l ca ta, xt hm s

f (x) = x1k ; ta c
f 0 (x) =
k
) k(x) = f 0
xk+1
1
x
kxk+1 ) k 002 (k + 1)xk
Do f (x) l hm s tha mn iu kin ca h qu nh l , nn P (a; b; c) s t

gi tr ln nht (nu c) khi c 2 bin bng nhau. Cho b = c; ta c
P (a; b; c) = 2ak bk + b2k =
2ak bk + b2k
2xk + 1
=
= g(x)
2k
(a + 2b)
(x + 1)2k
x=
a
b
1.3. K THUT P QR
49
Ta c
g 0 (x) =
2k(xk 2xk 1 + 1)
(x + 2)2k+1
D thy g 0 (x) c ti a 2 nghim l 1 (lun l nghim) v

bng cch lp bng bin thin, ta c
g(x)
max fg(0); g(1)g = max
1
32k 1
( 2 [0; 1]) nn t y
1
4k
Bi ton c gii quyt.

b2
c2
a2
+
+
5a + 1 5b + 1 5c + 1
1
p
:
8 3(ab + bc + ca)
Li gii. C nh ab + bc + ca = q, xt hm s f (x) =
k(x) = f 0 (x) =
x(5x + 2)
) k 00 (x) =
(5x + 1)2
x2
5x+1 ;
(Bi Vit Anh)
ta c
30
<0
(5x + 1)4
Do , ta ch cn xt bi ton trong 2 trng hp sau l

Trng hp 1. Nu b = c ) a = 1 2b v b 21 . Bt ng thc tng ng vi
2b2
(1 2b)2
+
5b + 1 2(3 5b)
,
(1
1
p
8 3b(2
3b)
3b)2 (256b4 128b3 71b2 + 18b + 9)

192b(2 3b)(3 5b)2 (5b + 1)2
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng do b 21 .

Trng hp 2. Nu a = 0 ) c = 1 b. Bt ng thc tng ng vi
b2
(1
+
5b + 1
6
,
(1
b)2
5b
1
p
8 3b(1
b)
2b)2 (1 + 4b 4b2 )(527 + 1278b 1278b2 ) + 49

3072b(2 3b)(6 5b)2 (5b + 1)2
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng do 0 < b

a = b = c = 31 .
1. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
50

minh rng vi k = ln 3ln 3ln 2 , ta c
a2
2
b + bc + c2
1=k
b2
2
c + ca + a2
1=k
1=k
c2
2
a + ab + b2
2:
(Phm Sinh Tn)

# "
#
"
1=k k X
X
a2
a(b2 + bc + c2 )
2 + bc + c2
b
cyc
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
!k+1
X 3
a k+1
2k+1
cyc
"
cyc
a(b2 + bc + c2 ) = 2k+1
cyc
3
k+1
cyc
!k+1
ab
cyc
C nh a + b + c = p; ab + bc + ca = q v xt hm s f (x) = x k+1 ; ta c
k(x) = f 0 (x) =
2 k
3(2k 1)(k 2)
3
x k+1 ) k 00 (x) =
x
k+1
(k + 1)3
3k
k+1
>0
Do , ta ch cn xt bi ton trong 2 trng hp sau

Trng hp 1. a = 0 , chun ha cho b c = 1, khi bt ng thc tng ng
vi
k+1
3
a k+1 + 1
2k b(b + 1)
k+1
, g(t) =
Ta c
g 0 (t) =
t3 + 1
tk+1 (tk+1 + 1)
(t =
(k + 1)(t3 + 1)k (tk+4 3tk+1

tk+2 (tk+1 + 1)2
g 0 (t) = 0 , tk+4
, t3
2k
1 + t3 t
k+1
2
3tk+1
+ 2tk+1 t
k+1
1)
2t3 + 1)
2t3 + 1 = 0
5
k
2
1 =0,t=1
k
T y, bng cch lp bng bin thin, ta d thy g(t) g(1)
p = 2 8t 1.
Trng hp 2. b = c; chun ha cho b = c = 1 v t x = k+1 a, khi bt ng thc
tr thnh
(x3 + 2)k+1
h(x) = k+1
2k
(x
+ 2)(2xk+1 + 1)
1.3. K THUT P QR
51
Ta c
h0 (x) =
2(k + 1)x2 (x3 + 2)k (x2k+2 5x2k 1 + 5xk+1

(xk+1 + 2)2 (2xk+1 + 1)2
x=0
x2k+2
h0 (x) = 0 ,
,
x=0
u(x) =
u0 (x) =
5x2k
+ 5xk+1
x2k+2 5x2k 1 +5xk+1 +3

5xk 2
2k+2
2k 1
(k + 4)x
(k + 1)x
5xk
u0 (x) = 0 , v(x) = (k + 4)x2k+2

0
v 0 (x)
(k + 1)xk
k+1
2(k + 4)xk+1
0
= 2xk0
> 2((k +
2
3
trong
< x0 =
2(k 2)(2k 1)
(k+1)(k+4)
0
1=0
+ 3)
+3=0
(x > 0)
+ 15x
3k + 6
1
1
+ 15xk+1
k 2
4(2k
1)x
4(2k
1)xk0
((k + 1)x30
1)x30
k+1
(k + 1)x2k
v (x) = (k + 1)(2(k + 4)x

D thy
5xk
5xk
2(2k
2(2k
3k + 6 = 0
+ 15)
+ 15
1)) + 15
1)) + 15 > 0
< 1.
Suy ra u (x) ng bin, li c u (0) = 3(2 k) < 0; u0 (1) = 3(7 2k) > 0 nn n
c duy nht mt nghim x1 2 (0; 1) do u(x) ng bin trn [x1 ; +1) v nghch
bin trn (0; x1 ]; do u(1) = 0 nn u(x1 ) < 0 m lim u(x) = +1 nn u(x) c ng 2
x!0
nghim l x2 2 (0; x1 ) v 1. T y, bng cch lp bng bin thin, ta c

h(x)
minfh(0); h(1)g = 2k :
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c hoc

a = b; c = 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
minh rng
k
k
k
a
b
c
3
+
+
min 2; k :
b+c
c+a
a+b
2
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Li gii. Nu k
1; ta c
1 X ak
3 cyc (b + c)k
1X a
3 cyc b + c
!k
1
2k
52

)
Nu k
X
cyc
ak
(b + c)k
3
2k
1; s dng bt ng thc Holder, ta c

#"
#k
"
X
X ak
a(b + c)
(b + c)k
cyc
cyc
X
cyc
ak
(b + c)k
2k
k+1
cyc
"
Ta cn chng minh
P
!k
!k+1
2k
k+1
cyc
#k =
2k
min 2;
3
2k
a(b + c)
!k+1
2k
k+1
cyc
!k+1
cyc
2k
k+1
cyc
2k
!k+1
!k
ab
cyc
ab
cyc
2k
C nh a + b + c = p; ab + bc + ca = q v xt hm s f (x) = x k+1 ; ta c
f 0 (x) =
2k 11+kk
2k kk+11
4k(1 k)
x
x
x
) k(x) =
) k 00 (x) =
k+1
k+1
(k + 1)3
k+3
k+1
>0
Do , ta ch cn xt bi ton trong 2 trng hp sau l

Trng hp 1. a = 0; ta cn chng minh
2k
2k
k+1
b k+1 + c k+1
2k bk ck
min 2;
3
2k
Bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng theo bt ng thc AM-GM.

1
Trng hp 2. b = c; chun ha cho b = c = 1 v t t = a k+1 ; ta cn chng minh
(t2k + 2)k+1
2k (2tk+1 + 1)k
, g(t) =
Ta c
g 0 (t) =
2kt2k
(t2k + 2)k+1
(2tk+1 + 1)k
min 2;
3
2k
min 2k+1 ; 3
(k + 1)(t2k + 2)k (tk+1

(2tk+1 + 1)k+1
2t1
+ 1)
1.3. K THUT P QR
53
g 0 (t) = 0 , tk+1
2t1
+ 1 = 0 , h(t) =
h0 (t) =
2ktk+1 + k
t2 k
tk+1 + 1
t1 k
2=0
T y d thy h0 (t) c ti a mt nghim thuc (0; 1], suy ra c ti a 2 nghim

thuc (0; 1], trong lun c mt nghim l 1. Bng cch cch lp bng bin thin,
d thy
g(t) min fg(0); g(1)g = min 2k+1 ; 3 :
Bi ton c gii quyt xong.
V d 1.33 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a + b + c + abc = 1: Chng minh
rng
(2 + abc)(1 + 2abc)
ab + bc + ca
:
7 abc
Li gii. Ging nh cc bi trc, bi ny ta cng ch cn xt a = b l . Khi ,
ta c c = 11+a2a2 ) a 12 ; bt ng thc tr thnh
(2 + a2 c)(1 + 2a2 c)
7 a2 c
a2 + 2ac
,
, a(1
a(1
a)(2 + a)
a2 + 1
(2 + 3a2 2a3 )(1 a)(4a2 + a + 1)

(2a3 + 6a2 + 7)(a2 + 1)
a)(2 + a)(2a3 + 6a2 + 7)

, 2(a3 + 3a
(2 + 3a2
1)2
2a3 )(4a2 + a + 1)
0:
Vy ta c pcm.
V d 1.34 Cho cc s dng x; y; z tha mn xyz = 8: Chng minh rng
y2
z2
+p
+p
(x3 + 1)(y 3 + 1)
(y 3 + 1)(z 3 + 1)
(z 3 + 1)(x3 + 1)
x2
4
:
3
(APMO 2005)
q
p
p
Li gii. t x = 2 3 ab ; y = 2 3 ac ; z = 2 3 cb ; bt ng thc tr thnh
X
cyc
b1=6
a7=6
(8a + b)(8c + a)
1
3
54

"
#6 "
#3
X
X
a7=6
p
(8a + b)(8c + a)
1=6
(8a + b)(8c + a)
cyc b
cyc
Do ta ch cn chng minh
!10
X
6
4=5
3
a
cyc
!"
ab
cyc
ab
cyc
ab
cyc
4=5
cyc
!10
#3
(8a + b)(8c + a)
cyc
a2 + 73
cyc
!3
ab
cyc
Do
X
cyc
ab
a + 73
cyc
X
cyc
!3
ab
ab
cyc
9
!
ab
cyc
a + 72
cyc
X
cyc
a +8
cyc
X
cyc
!3
ab
!3
ab
nn ta ch cn chng minh
X
4=5
cyc
!10
ab
cyc
a +8
cyc
X
cyc
!3
ab
n y, s dng kt qu ca ta, d dng suy ra c ta ch cn xt cc trng hp

a = 0 hoc b = c.
Trng hp 1. a = 0; gi s b c = 1; bt ng thc tr thnh
(b4=5 + 1)10
, f (b) =
f 0 (b)
=
=
b(b2 + 8b + 1)3
(b4=5 + 1)10
b(b2 + 8b + 1)3
(b4=5 + 1)9 (b14=5
7b2 + 32b9=5 32b + 7b4=5

b2 (b2 + 8b + 1)4
(b4=5 + 1)9 (b2=5 1)m(b)

b2 (b2 + 8b + 1)4
1)
trong
m(b) = b12=5 + b2
6b8=5 + 32b7=5
6b6=5 + 32b
6b4=5 + b2=5 + 1 > 0
1.3. K THUT P QR
55
) f (b)
f (1) =
128
>1
125
Trng hp 2. b = c; gi s b = c = 1; bt ng thc tr thnh

(a4=5 + 2)10
, g(a) =
g 0 (a)
=
=
2(a4=5 + 2)9 (a3
(2a + 1)(a2 + 16a + 10)3
(a4=5 + 2)10
(2a + 1)(a2 + 16a + 10)3
14a11=5 + 65a2 134a6=5 + 110a

a1=5 (2a + 1)2 (a2 + 16a + 10)4
68a1=5 + 40)
2(a4=5 + 2)9 (a1=5 1)h(a1=5 )

a1=5 (2a + 1)2 (a2 + 16a + 10)4
Trong
h(x)
= x14 + x13 + x12 + x11 13x10 + 52x9 + 52x8 + 52x7 + 52x6

+28x3 + 28x2 + 28x 40
82x5 + 28x4
D thy h(x) ng bin, v h(0) h(1) < 0 nn tn ti duy nht nghim x0 2 (0; 1)
ca h(x), suy ra g 0 (a) c ng 2 nghim l 1 v x50 2 (0; 1). T y, bng cch lp
bng bin thin d thy
g(a)
min fg(0); g(1)g = min
128
;1
125
= 1:
Bt ng thc c chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c , x = y =

z = 1:
Nhn xt 4 y l bi ton thi Olympic ton Chu -Thi Bnh Dng 2005 (APMO).
1
Cch gii p n rt hay v p mt nh s dng kt qu px13 +1
x2 +2 . Hin nay,
ngoi li gii p n v li gii ca chng ti ra cha c mt li gii no khc cho
bt ng thc ny.
1.3.6
pqr hon v
Vi cc kin thc b sung trn, ta gii c kh nhiu cc bi ton dng i xng.

Nhng cn cc dng hon v th sao? K thut ny liu c dng c cho n khng?
Cu tr li l c. iu kh khn ln nht khi gp phi cc dng ny l ta khng
bit lm sao biu din cc biu thc dng hon v sang pqr: C mt cch lm rt
th v chuyn cc dng ny sang pqr l dng tam thc bc 2. Chng ta c kt qu
56
c bn sau (nh l o ca nh l Viet): Vi 2 s thc u; v tha u + v = S; uv = P

(S 2 4P ) th u; v l nghim ca phng trnh bc 2: X 2 SX + P = 0: Da trn
c s ny, ta c th d dng biu din cc biu thc hon v vng quanh cho 3 bin
a; b; c theo p; q; r. V sau khi biu din v dng ny, ta ch vic xt mt hm mt bin
theo r (hoc q) khi c nh p = const. Nh vy, c th ni bn cht ca k thut
ny chng qua ch l tam thc bc 2 v kho st hm s.
V d 1.35 Biu din a2 b + b2 c + c2 a; ab2 + bc2 + ca2 theo p; q; r:
x = a2 b + b2 c + c2 a
. Khi , ta c
y = ab2 + bc2 + ca2
Li gii. t
x+y =
ab(a + b) =
cyc
xy
a b
cyc
= q
a3 b3 +
cyc
ab
cyc
2
3pqr + 3r + r(p
ab
cyc
cyc
3abc = pq
3r
a4 bc + 3a2 b2 c2
cyc
3pq + 3r) + 3r2 = 9r2 + p(p2
6q)r + q 3
Vy nn x; y l cc nghim ca phng trnh X 2 (pq 3r)X+9r2 +p(p2 6q)r+q 3 = 0:

Gii phng trnh ny, ta c
8
p
pq 3r+ p2 q 2 4q 3 +2p(9q 2p2 )r 27r 2
<
X1 =
2
p
: X = pq 3r p2 q2 4q3 +2p(9q 2p2 )r 27r2
2
Cc nghim ny lun tn ti v ta lun c p2 q 2 4q 3 + 2p(9q p2 )r 27r2 0 (bi

x = X1 ; y = X2
v n bng (a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2 !). Do
: Ty theo trng hp
x = X2 ; y = X1
m ta c th la chn p s, chng hn nh trong trng hp a b c th x y
nn ta phi c x = X1 ; y = X2 :
Li gii. t
x+y =
X
cyc
x = a3 b + b3 c + c3 a
: Khi , ta c
y = ab3 + bc3 + ca3
2
ab(a + b ) =
X
cyc
X
cyc
ab
abc
X
cyc
a = (p2
2q)q
pr
1.3. K THUT P QR
xy
a b
cyc
X
cyc
+abc
=
a2 b2
"
57
!2
ab
cyc
7p2 r2 + p(p4 + q 2
a4 b4 + abc
cyc
2a2 b2 c2
cyc
X
2
a2 + a2 b2 c2
cyc
a5 + a2 b2 c2
cyc
cyc
X
cyc
ab
2 2
a b
cyc
5p2 q)r + q 4
ab
cyc
cyc
+ abc
ab
cyc
Do x; y l cc nghim ca phng trnh

X2
[(p2
2q)q
pr]X + 7p2 r2 + p(p4 + q 2
Gii phng trnh ny, ta c

8
p2 q 2q 2
<
X1 =
: X = p2 q 2q2
2
Do , ta c
pr+p
5p2 q)r + q 4 = 0
p2 q 2 4q 3 +2p(9q 2p2 )r 27r 2

2
p2 q 2 4q 3 +2p(9q 2p2 )r 27r 2
2
pr p
x = X1 ; y = X2
:
x = X2 ; y = X1

Li gii. Thc hin tng t nh trn, ta d dng tm c
8
p
(5q p2 )r+pq(p2 3q) (p2 q) p2 q 2 4q 3 +2p(9q
< 4
a b + b4 c + c4 a =
2
p
: ab4 + bc4 + ca4 = (5q p2 )r+pq(p2 3q) (p2 q) p2 q2 4q3 +2p(9q
2p2 )r 27r 2
2p2 )r 27r 2
V d 1.38 Biu din a3 b2 + b3 c2 + c3 a2 ; a2 b3 + b2 c3 + c2 a3 theo p; q; r:

Li gii. Thc hin tng t nh trn, ta d dng tm c
8
p
pq 2 (2p2 +q)r q p2 q 2 4q 3 +2p(9q
< 3 2
a b + b3 c2 + c3 a2 =
2
p
: a2 b3 + b2 c3 + c2 a3 = pq2 (2p2 +q)r q p2 q2 4q3 +2p(9q
2p2 )r 27r 2
2p2 )r 27r 2
V d 1.39 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 1: Tm gi tr ln nht

ca biu thc
P = a2 b + b2 c + c2 a + abc:
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
58
Li gii. Gi s a
2
c; ta c
3r +
= a b + b c + c a + abc =
p
q r + q 2 4q 3 + 2(9q
=
2
Ta c
0
f (r) =
9q
q2
f (r) = 0 ) r = r0 =
2)
p
3q) 7(1
(1
7(9q
2)r
4q 3 + 2(9q
3q); ta c f 0 (r)
+r
27r2
2)r
27r2
2)r
p
(1 3q) 7(1
189
2)
27r2
= f (r)
4q 3 + 2(9q
Nu 7(9q
4q 3 + 2(9q
2
27r2
2)r
27r
p
2 q2
p
q2
3q)
0; suy ra
2
p
1 x2
p
+ x(1 4 x )
q + q 1 4q
(1 + x)(1 x2 )
4
f (r)
f (0) =
=
=
x= 1
2
2
8
(3x 1)2 (3x + 5)
4
4
=
+
216
27
27
p
Nu 7(9q 2) (1 3q) 7(1 3q); bng cch lp bng bin thin, ta c
f (r)
f (r0 ) =
=
r0 +
r0 + (9q 2
h2
2 7(9q
=
=
Do 7(9q
5q
3(1
2)
p
q2
4q 3 + 2(9q
2
27r0 )
2)
= 5q
(1
14r0
p
3q) 7(1
27
p
2 7t3
2)r0
27r02
1
i
3q)
9q + 1 + 2(1
p
p
t2 ) + 1 + 2 7t3
3t2 + 4
t= 1
=
27
27
p
p
7(1 3t2 ) ) t
(1 3q) 7(1 3q) ) t3
p
2 7t3
Tm li, ta c max P =
4
27
4q
p
3q) 7(1
27
3q
3
p
;
2 7
p
t2 2 7t 3 + 4
3t2 + 4
4
=
27
27
27
2
a = b = c = 31
6 a = 2; b = 1; c = 0
3
3
t c khi 6
4 a = 1 ; b = 0; c = 2 :
3
3
a = 0; b = 32 ; c = 13
do
3q)
1.3. K THUT P QR
59
Nhn xt 5 Chng ta c mt vi im cn ch
7(9q 2) (1 3q)
189
Tht ra, khi gii phng trnh f 0 (r) = 0 ta c n 2 nghim l

nhng cc nghim phi tha mn iu kin l r 0 v 9q 2 p27r
7(9q 2) (1 3q) 7(1
so li vi h iu kin ny th ch c nghim r0 =
189
p
7(9q 2) (1 3q) 7(1 3q)
7(1 3q)
0: Nhng khi
3q)
tha khi
Do ta phi xt 2 trng hp nh li giiptrn.

7(9q 2) (1 3q) 7(1 3q)
Trong trng hp nghim r0 =
tha th chc hn cc bn cng
189
rt ngi khi thay vo biu thc ban u, bi l ton l cn thc (cn trong cn),
tnh
p ton rt phc tp. Nhng chng ta c mt mo nh y l 9q 2 27r0 =
2
4q 3 + 2(9q 2)r0 27r02 , do khi thay r0 vo biu thc f (r); ta hy thay
pq
q 2 4q 3 + 2(9q 2)r0 27r02 bi 9q 2 27r0 ri hy thay trc tip gi tr ca r0
vo, tnh ton s tr nn n gin rt nhiu!
V d 1.40 Cho cc s thc a; b; c: Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P =
ab(a2
b2 ) + bc(b2 c2 ) + ca(c2
(a2 + b2 + c2 )2
a2 )
:
(IMO 2006)
Li gii. Chun ha cho p = 1; khi , ta c

p
q 2 4q 3 + 2(9q 2)r 27r2
j(a b)(b c)(c a)j
=
P =
(1 2q)2
(1 2q)2
q
q
3
p
2
4(1 3q)3
27 r 9q27 2 + 4(1 273q)
2(1 3q) 3(1 3q)
27
=
=
= f (q)
(1 2q)2
(1 2q)2
9(1 2q)2
Ta c
0
f (q) =
p
(6q + 1) 3(1 3q)
9(1 2q)3
f 0 (q) = 0 ,
q=
q=
1
3
1
6
Bng cch lp bng bin thin, ta thy

f (q)
8
1
>
< a= 3
1
b= 3+
Mt khc, cho
>
: c= 1
3
2
p2
2
2
1
6
th P =
p
9 2
=
8q
32
p
9 2
32
1
:
3
nn max P =
p
9 2
32 :
60
Nhn xt 6 Bi ton ny l bi ton trong thi ton quc t nm 2006, cch gii
trn ngn gn hn cch gii p n rt nhiu.
V d 1.41 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; d: Chng minh rng

(a
b)(a
c)(a d)(b c)(b

(a + b + c + d)6
d)(c
1
:
1728
d)
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s d = min fa; b; c; dg ; t a
y; c d = z (x; y; z 0); khi ta c
(a
b)(a
c)(a d)(b c)(b

(a + b + c + d)6
Chun ha cho p = 1 ) r
xyz j(x
y)(x z)(y
(x + y + z)6
1
27 ;
d)(c
d)
d = x; b
xyz(x y)(x z)(y z)

(x + y + z + 3d)6
xyz j(x y)(x z)(y z)j
(x + y + z + 3d)6
xyz j(x y)(x z)(y z)j
(x + y + z)6
ta c
z)j
=r
p
q2
4q 3 + 18qr
27r2 = r
4r
Ta li c
p
f (q)
f 0 (q) = 2(q
6q 2 + 9r)
p
1 + 216r + 1
0
f (q) = 0 , q =
12
Bng cch lp bng bin thin, ta thy
p
1 + 216r + 1
(216r + 1)3=2
f (q) f
=
27r2
12
216
5
1
r+
2
216
Do
r
q2
4q 3 + 18qr
27r2
4r
(216r + 1)3=2
216
27r2
5
1
r+
2
216
t t2 = 216r + 1 1 ) r = t2161 , t y ta c th thy

r
p
(t2 1)(3 t) (t + 1)(3
(216r + 1)3=2
5
1
2
p
r
27r
r+
=
216
2
216
5184 3
t)
= h(t)
d=
1.3. K THUT P QR
61
Ta c
0
h (t) =
p
t) (t + 1)(3
p
1296 3
t(2
t)
h0 (t) = 0 , t = 2
nn bng cch lp bng bin thin, ta thy
h(t)
h(2) =
1
:
1728
8
a = 2t cos2 18
>
>
<
b = 1 sin 18 t
v
T y ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
c
> = sin 18 2 sin 18 + 1 t
>
:
d=0
cc hon v tng ng.
V d 1.42 Cho cc s thc a; b; c. Chng minh rng
(a2 + b2 + c2 )2
3(a3 b + b3 c + c3 a):
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Li gii. Chun ha cho p = 1; khi ta ch cn xt bt ng thc trong trng

hp a b c l , suy ra
p
X
q 2q 2 r + q 2 4q 3 + 2(9q 2)r 27r2
= f (r)
a3 b =
2
cyc
Ta c
0
f (r) =
9q
27r
p
2 q2
f 0 (r) = 0 , r = r0 =
Lp bng bin thin, ta c f (r)
f (r0 )
=
=
=
=
2q 2
2q 2
5q
q2
1 + 9q
q2
4q 3 + 2(9q
4q 3 + 2(9q
7(9q
2)
2)r
27r2
p
(1 3q) 7(1
189
27r2
2)r
3q)
f (r0 ) 8r: Mt khc, ta li c

p
r0 + q 2 4q 3 + 2(9q 2)r0 27r02
2
r0 + 9q 2 27r0
= 5q q 2 1 14r0
2h
i
p
2 7(9q 2) (1 3q) 7(1 3q)
1
p 27
27q 2 + 2(1 3q) 7(1 3q)
27
62
Ta cn chng minh
(1 2q)2
p
, 1 + 9q 27q 2 + 2(1 3q) 7(1 3q) 9(1 2q)2
i
h
p
0
, (1 3q) 8 21q 2 7(1 3q)
3f (r0 )
(1
21q)2 28(1 3q)]

p
21q + 2 7(1 3q)
3q)[(8
8
3q)(2 7q)2
p
21q + 2 7(1 3q)
9(1
8
0:
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng nn ta c pcm.

V d 1.43 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 1 v ab + bc + ca = q
(1 3q): Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P =
b2
c2
a2
+
+ :
b
c
a
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta ch cn xt a b c. Ta c

P 3
p
ab
2
2
2
q 2q 2 r
q 2 4q 3 + 2(9q 2)r 27r2
a
b
c
cyc
+
+
=
=
= f (r)
b
c
a
abc
2r
p
q 2 4q 3 + (9q 2)r + (2q 2 1) q 2 4q 3 + 2(9q 2)r 27r2
0
p
f (r) =
2r2 q 2 4q 3 + 2(9q 2)r 27r2
i
h
p
q 3 9q 2 2q + (1 3q) (1 2q)(1 3q)
f 0 (r) = 0 ) r = r0 =
27q 4 27q 3 + 27q 2 9q + 1
T y, bng cch lp bng bin thin, d thy f (r) f (r0 ) 8r, li c
p
q 2q 2 r0
q 2 4q 3 + 2(9q 2)r0 27r02
f (r0 ) =
2r0
=
=
q
(2q
2q 2
2
r0
q 2 4q 3 +(9q 2)r0
1 2q 2
2r0
9q + 1)r0 + q + 2q 3
2r0 (1 2q 2 )
T y, d dng i n kt lun bi ton.
3q 2 + 4q 4
1.3. K THUT P QR
63
Nhn xt 7 Chng ta c mt vi im kh th v, khng ch cho bi ny ni ring

m cn cho tt c cc bi khc ni chung. Xin phn tch r hn bi ny, cc
bi khc, ta c th ly tng tng t. Sau khi thay xong biu thc f (r0 ) =
(2q 2 9q+1)r0 +q+2q 3 3q 2 +4q 4
= g(r0 ), chng ta thy c g y? g(r0 ) l mt hm
2r0 (1 2q 2 )
n iu theo r0 ; c th l n nghch bin, iu ny c ngha rt ln, cc bn t
hn cn nh kt qu sau trong bt ng thc ba bin (xem bi vit trc)
p
p
p(9q 2p2 ) 2(p2 3q) p2 3q
p(9q 2p2 ) + 2(p2 3q) p2 3q
r
27
27
p+
,
p
2 p2
p2
3q
27
p
p2
3q
r
3q
27
p
p + 2 p2
3q
y, ta cng s c
p+
p
p2
p
2 p2
3q
p
27
p
p2
3q
r0
3q
27
p
p + 2 p2
3q
v ta c
q2
4q 3 + (9q
) [q 2
q
1) q 2
2)r0 +(2q 2
4q 3 + (9q
2)r0 ]2 = (1
4q 3 + 2(9q
2q 2 )2 [q 2
27r02 = 0
2)r0
4q 3 + 2(9q
2)r0
27r02 ]
Do , ta phi c
q2
p+
,
p
p2
3q
p
27
4q 3 + 2(9q
p
2 p2
2)r0
3q
27r02
p
r0
p
p2
0
2
3q
27
p
p + 2 p2
3q
Nh vy, chng ta s c
f (r)
f (r0 )
B p
g@
p2
3q
27
p
p + 2 p2
3q C
A
Ci li ca kt qu cui ny ch i vi nhng bt ng thc khng cht lm

m dng c mt kt qu khng
! l l f (r0 ) gii th qu l bt tin, nhng vi
p 2
p
2
p
p 3q
p+2 p2 3q
g
th mi vic s tr nn n gin hn rt nhiu, chng
27
ta s khng phi tnh ton vi cn thc (v nu ta t 3q = p2
x2 (x
0) th
64

p
p2 3q
p+2
p2 3q
27
l mt biu thc khng cha cn). R hn, chng ta
ly v d n gin sau
a2
b2
c2
+
+
+a+b+c
b
c
a
6(a2 + b2 + c2 )
a+b+c
Bt ng thc ny tng ng
a2
b2
c2
+
+
5
b
c
a
n 2
Nh vy, nu ta chng minh f (r0 ) = min ab +
12q:
b2
c
c2
a
12q th bi ton c
gii quyt xong. V y l bt ng thc 1 bin theo nn ta tin chc l s lm c

nu c mt k thut tnh ton tt, nhng vi mt bi ton khng qu cht nh th ny
th vic dng f (r0 ) th c v l hi qu tay, chng ta hy th dng
0
p
p2
B p
g@
27
x2 ) 1
t 3q = 1
g
3q
p
p + 2 p2
x
2
3q
27
g
(1
1
3q C
A=g
3q
p
1+2 1
3q
27
0, khi ta c
!
p
1 + 2 1 3q
x) (1 + 2x)
27
=
5
7 + 7x + 32x2 + 16x3 + 5x4 + 28x5 8x6

(1 x)(1 + 2x)(7 + 4x2 2x4 )
6x7
12q = 1 + 4x2
7 + 7x + 32x2 + 16x3 + 5x4 + 28x5 8x6
(1 x)(1 + 2x)(7 + 4x2 2x4 )
6x7
1 + 4x2
Rt n gin, bng bin i tng ng, bn c th bt ng thc trn tng ng

vi
x2 (14 16x + 55x2 + 14x3 + 28x4 + 2x5 16x6 ) 0:
Nhng bt ng thc ny li hin nhin ng do 1
0:
1.3. K THUT P QR
65

r
a2
b2
c2
a4 + b4 + c4
:
+
+
3
b
c
a
a2 + b2 + c2
(Nguyn Vn Thch)
Li gii. Theo bi trn, ta c
X a2
cyc
7 + 7x + 32x2 + 16x3 + 5x4 + 28x5 8x6

(1 x)(1 + 2x)(7 + 4x2 2x4 )
6x7
Li c
r
a4 + b4 + c4
a2 + b2 + c2
3
=
4r + 2q 2 4q + 1
1 2q
4
27 (1
x)2 (1 + 2x) + 2q 2
1 2q
4q + 1
1 + 12x2 + 8x3 + 6x4

1 + 2x2
7 + 7x + 32x2 + 16x3 + 5x4 + 28x5 8x6
(1 x)(1 + 2x)(7 + 4x2 2x4 )
6x7
1 + 12x2 + 8x3 + 6x4

1 + 2x2
Ch l
3 + 13x2 7x4
7 + 7x + 32x2 + 16x3 + 5x4 + 28x5 8x6 6x7
2
4
(1 x)(1 + 2x)(7 + 4x
2x )
3(1 x2 )
x2 (14 62x + 63x2 + 99x3 + 101x4 + 40x5 25x6 14x7 )
=
0
3(1 x2 )(1 + 2x)(7 + 4x2 2x4 )
)
7 + 7x + 32x2 + 16x3 + 5x4 + 28x5 8x6

(1 x)(1 + 2x)(7 + 4x2 2x4 )
6x7
3 + 13x2 7x4
3(1 x2 )
3 + 13x2 7x4
3(1 x2 )
,
x2 (6
1 + 12x2 + 8x3 + 6x4

1 + 2x2
72x + 436x2 + 144x3 + 72x4 72x5

9(1 x2 )2 (1 + 2x2 )
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng do 1

ra khi a = b = c:
369x6 + 98x8 )
0: Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy
66
Nhn xt 8 Bt ng thc
a2
b2
c2
+
+
b
c
a
3 + 13x2 7x4
3(1 x2 )
C dng tng ng l
P
P
P 2 2
3 x4 + 13 x3 (y + z)
x y
2
Xx
cyc
cyc
cyc
!
!
y
P
P
cyc
3
x
xy
cyc
xyz
cyc
8x; y; z
cyc
Chng ta c th dng kt qu ny chng minh kt qu sau (hin vn unsolved trn

mathlinks)
r
6
6
6
b2
c2
a2
6 a + b + c
+
+
3
:
b
c
a
3
(V Quc B Cn)

p
a b
c
3
+ + + 3 4
b
c a
ab + bc + ca
a2 + b2 + c2
p
3
3 4 + 1:
Li gii. R rng ta ch cn xt bt ng thc trong trng hp a

Chun ha cho p = 1; khi , ta c
p
q 3r
q 2 4q 3 + 2(9q 2)r 27r2
c
a b
+ + =
b
c a
2r
q
ab + bc + ca
=
2
2
2
a +b +c
1 2q
Nn bt ng thc tng ng vi
p
q 3r
q 2 4q 3 + 2(9q
2r
Xt hm s
f (r) =
Ta c
0
f (r) =
q2
3r
2)r
p
q2
27r2
p
334 2 q
+
1 2q
4q 3 + 2(9q
2r
2)r
p
3
3 4+1
27r2
p
4q 3 + (9q 2)r q q 2 4q 3 + 2(9q 2)r
p
2r2 q 2 4q 3 + 2(9q 2)r 27r2
27r2
c l .
1.3. K THUT P QR
67
f 0 (r) = 0 , r = r0 =
h
q 2 9q 2
Lp bng bin thin, ta c th thy f (r)

f (r0 )
=
=
=
2q + (1
27q 2
p
3q) q(1
9q + 1
f (r0 ) 8r > 0. Ta li c
p
q2
q
4q 3 + 2(9q 2)r0 27r02
=
2r0
3
2q + (1 6q)r0
2q 2
1
=
+
6
qr0
r0
q
1
2(27q 2 9q + 1)
p
+
6
9q 2 2q + (1 3q) q(1 3q) q
3r0
i
3q)
3r0
q 2 4q 3 +(9q 2)r0
q
2r0
Nh vy, hon tt yu cu ca bi ton, ta ch cn chng minh c

p
p
334 2 q
3
f (r0 ) +
3 4+1
1 2q
p
p
334 2 q
1
2(27q 2 9q + 1)
3
p
+ +
3 4+7
,
2
1 2q
9q
2q + (1 3q) q(1 3q) q
Bng khai trin trc tip, ta thy
2(27q 2
9q 2
p
p
334 2 q
1
3
3 4
+ +
1 2q
3q) q
(1 3q)A
h
i
p
2q) 9q 2 2q + (1 3q) q(1 3q)
9q + 1)
p
3q) q(1
2q + (1
=
q(1
p
p
Vi A = [3(k+6)q 2 (k+11)q +1] q(1 3q) q 2 [2k+9 9(k+2)q]; k = 3 3 4 2:
Do 2k + 9 9(k + 2)q nn nu 3(k + 6)q 2 (k + 11)q + 1 0 th hin nhin A 0
nn bt ng thc ca ta ng. Ngc li, nu 3(k + 6)q 2 (k + 11)q + 1 0 th ta
c
p
A 0 , q 2 [2k + 9 9(k + 2)q]
[3(k + 6)q 2 (k + 11)q + 1] q(1 3q)
, q 4 [2k + 9 9(k + 2)q]2 [3(k + 6)q 2 (k + 11)q + 1]2 q(1 3q)
p
p
p 2
p
9 3 16 + 6 3 4 + 4 q(27q 2 9q + 1) 20q 4 3 16
8q + 2 3 16
,
800
Do 3(k + 6)q 2
(k + 11)q + 1
q
0 nn
k + 11
k 2 + 10k + 49
6(k + 6)
68
Suy ra
8q + 2
p
3
16
=
=
=
Do k >
5
2
p
k 2 + 10k + 49
3
16
+2
3(k + 6)
p
4 k + 11
k 2 + 10k + 49
12
+2
3(k + 6)
k+2
p
2
2
2 5k + 32k 28 2(k + 2) k + 10k + 49
3(k + 2)(k + 6)
3k(7k 2 + 46k 152)
p
3(k + 2) 5k 2 + 32k 28 + 2(k + 2) k 2 + 10k + 49
4 k + 11
nn
7k 2 + 46k
152 > 7
5
2
5
2
+ 46
152 =
27
> 0 ) A > 0:
4
Bi ton c gii quyt xong.

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c hoc
8
q
pp
p
p
p
p
3
3
>
3
3
3
4
1
2
1
>
+3
4 + 8 2 11 cos 3 arccos 17 203 4
> a= 3+ 2
3
>
<
c=t
q
>
p p
p
p
>
p
p
3
3
>
3
3
2
1
2 3
>
2 3 sin 3 arccos 27+27 202 27 4
t
: b= 3 4+ 3 3 4
t
2
v cc hon v tng ng.
p
V d 1.46 Cho cc s dng a; b; c: Chng minh rng vi k = 3 3 2
a b
c
+ + +k
b
c a
3; ta c
3(k + 3)(a2 + b2 + c2 )
:
(a + b + c)2
(V Quc B Cn, Bch Ngc Thnh Cng)
Li gii. Chun ha cho p = 1; theo kt qu trn, ta c

Xa
cyc
2(27q 2
9q 2
2q + (1
Ta phi chng minh

2(27q 2
9q 2
2q + (1
9q + 1)
p
3q) q(1
3q)
9q + 1)
p
3q) q(1
+
1
q
6+k
3q)
1
q
3(k + 3)(1
2q):
1.3. K THUT P QR
69
Ta c
VT
VP =
q
Trong
A = [6(k + 3)q 2
Do 4k + 21
15)q + 1
li 2k+15
A
(1
9q 2
3q)A
p
2q + (1 3q) q(1
p
(2k + 15)q + 1] q(1
18(k + 3)q nn nu ta c q
i
3q)
3q) + q 2 [4k + 21
2k+15
4k2 +36k+153
12(k+3)
0 th A
p
18(k + 3)q]:
, 6(k + 3)q 2
(2k +
0 nn bt ng thc hin nhin ng, trong trng hp ngc

4k2 +36k+153
q 13 : Ta c
12(k+3)
p
0 , q 2 [4k + 21 18(k + 3)q]
[6(k + 3)q 2 (2k + 15)q + 1] q(1 3q)
, q 3 [4k + 21 18(k + 3)q]2 [6(k + 3)q 2 (2k + 15)q + 1]2 (1 3q)
p
p
p 2
3
4(27q 2 9q + 1) 12q + 1 3 4 12q 2 3 4
,
0
12
Do q
2k+15
p
4k2 +36k+153
12(k+3)
nn
12q + 1
p
3
4 > 0:
Vy bt ng thc cn chng minh ng.

minh rng
r
a + 2c b + 2a
c + 2b
5(a2 + b2 + c2 )
+
+
+ 4:
a + 2b
b + 2c
c + 2a
ab + bc + ca
(V Quc B Cn)
V d 1.48 Cho cc s
khng
m a; b; c; khng c 2 s no ng thi bng 0: Chng
p
p
3(3 3 3+ 3 9+1)
minh rng vi k =
th
8
ab2 + bc2 + ca2
a2 + b2 + c2
+k 2
ab + bc + ca
a b + b2 c + c2 a
k + 1:
(Bch Ngc Thnh Cng)

mn a + b + c = 1: Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
a b
b c
c a
P (a; b; c) = p
+p
+p
:
c+a
a+b
b+c
(Phm Kim Hng)
70
Mt iu hn ch ca k thut ny l mc d rt mnh nhng n i hi chng ta

phi tnh ton nhiu. Nhng cc bn , cc bi ton y chng ti a ra u l
nhng bi ton rt kh, ng thc ca chng hu ht xy ra ti nhng im lch
nhau. iu ny rt kh cho chng ta tm c 1 li gii p mt cho n ngoi nhng
li gii nh th ny. Tuy nhin, chng ta c th thy mt iu l nu dng k thut
ny gii nhng bi ton thi quc gia, quc t th chng ta li thu c nhng li
gii gn p v rt nh nhng bi l cc bi ton y u l nhng bi ton "rt lng".
V vy, chng ti vit v k thut ny vi mong mun thit lp cho chng ta mt k
thut, mt phng php chng ta c th gii c nhng bi ton y khi "chm
trn" chng trong cc k thi.
1.4
1.4.1
The CYH techniques

Li ni u
Ngay t khi cn hc mi trng THCS, chng ta c lm quen vi bt ng

thc Cauchy Schwarz v khi bc sang THPT, chng ta c lm quen thm vi bt
ng thc Holder, c 2 bt ng thc ny u rt thng c s dng, ngay c
trong cc k thi hc sinh gii quc gia, quc t. C th ni chng v bt ng thc
trung bnh cng-trung bnh nhn (AM-GM) l nhng bt ng thc c in thng
dng nht hin nay, nhng vic s dng chng nh th no l hiu qu? Bi vit nh
ny, chng ti xin c chia s vi cc bn mt vi k thut thng dng, mong nhn
c kin ng gp ca cc bn.
1.4.2
Bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz v Holder.
Trc khi bt u bi vit, chng ta hy nhc li vi nt v bt ng thc Cauchy

Schwarz v Holder.
nh l 1.4 (Bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz) Vi mi s thc (a1 ; a2 ; :::; an )
v (b1 ; b2 ; :::; bn ); ta c
(a1 b1 + a2 b2 +
+ an bn )2
(a21 + a22 +
+ a2n )(b21 + b22 +
+ b2n ):
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ai : aj = bi : bj 8i; j 2 f1; 2; :::; ng :

Chng minh bt ng thc trn c rt nhiu cch nhng cch ngn gn nht l s
dng ng thc Lagrange
(a21 + a22 +
+ a2n )(b21 + b22 +
+ b2n )
(a1 b1 + a2 b2 +
+ an bn )2 =
X
i6=j
(ai bj
aj bi )2
1.4. THE CYH TECHNIQUES
71
H qu 1.5 Vi mi s thc (a1 ; a2 ; :::; an ) v (b1 ; b2 ; :::; bn ); bi > 0 8i = 1; 2; :::; n;

ta c
a21
a2
+ 2+
b1
b2
a2n
bn
(b1 + b2 +
+ bn )
(a1 + a2 +
+ an )2

nh l 1.5 (Bt ng thc Holder) Cho cc s dng xij (i = 1; m; j = 1; n):
Khi vi mi ! 1 ; :::; ! n 0 tha ! 1 +
+ ! n = 1; ta c
0
1! j
!
n
m
n
m
Y
X
Y
X
!
j
@
xij :
xij A
i=1
i=1
j=1
j=1
Chng minh bt ng thc ny bng cch dng bt ng thc AM-GM tng qut
nh sau
m
P
Gi s
xij = 1 8i = 1; n (ta lun c th gi s c iu ny! Ti sao?), khi
j=1
bt ng thc trn tr thnh
m
n
X
Y
j=1
!
xijj
i=1

m
n
X
Y
j=1
i=1
xijj
m
n
X
X
j=1
! j xij
i=1
n
X
i=1
0
1
m
X
@
! j xij A
j=1
0
1
n
m
n
X
X
X
xij A =
! j = 1:
!j @
=
i=1
j=1
j=1
Bt ng thc Holder c chng minh.

Mt trng hp c bit thng gp ca bt ng thc Holder l khi n = 3; ta c
(a3 +b3 +c3 )(m3 +n3 +p3 )(x3 +y 3 +z 3 )
(
a
b
c
m = n = p
b
c
a
x = y = z
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
(a3 + b3 + c3 )(m3 + n3 + p3 )2
(amx+bny+cpz)3 8a; b; c; m; n; p; x; y; z
a
m
: V khi (m; n; p)
(x; y; z) th
(am2 + bn2 + cp2 )3 8a; b; c; m; n; p

b
n
= pc :
72
1.4.3
Mt s k thut cn ch
Tham s ha
y l k thut c bn nht trong cc k thut c trnh by y, cc bn hy
xem xt k n trc khi sang phn khc.
V d 1.50 Cho cc s khng m x; y; z tha mn 2x + 3y + z = 1: Tm gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc
P = x3 + y 3 + z 3 :
(x3 + y 3 + z 3 )(a3 + b3 + c3 )(m3 + n3 + p3 )
) P = x3 + y 3 + z 3
(a3
(xam + ybn + zcp)3 8a; b; c; m; n; p
(xam + ybn + zcp)3

+ b3 + c3 )(m3 + n3 + p3 )
Ta hy chn a; b; c; m; n; p sao cho gi thit 2x + 3y + z = 1 c tn dng trit ,

cp
bn
t theo l t nhin ta c th chn a; b; c; m; n; p tha am
2 = 3 = 1 = 1: Hn na,
do ta cn tm min P nn ng thc bt ng thc ny phi xy ra, tc l
y
x
z
a = b = c
y
x
z
m = n = p
2x+3y+z
z
1
= 3y
3b = c = 2a+3b+c = 2a+3b+c
2ax = 3by = cz
8
a
< x = 2a+3b+c
b
y = 2a+3b+c : T phng trnh th 2 suy ra
T phng trnh th nht suy ra
:
c
z = 2a+3b+c
2x
2a
2a2
3b2
c2
=
=
, 2a2 = 3b2 = c2
2a + 3b + c
2a + 3b + c
2a + 3b + c
p
p
T y, ta chn c a = p12 ; b = p13 ; c = 1 ) m = 2 2; n = 3 3; p = 1, t theo
2ax = 3by = cz ,
trn, ta c
P
p1
2
p1
3
(2x + 3y + z)3
h p 3
3
p
+1
2 2 + 3 3
36
p
p
36 + 4 3 + 9 2 1 + 81 3 + 16 2
p
i
+1

8
< x=
y=
ng thc xy ra khi
:
z=
min P =
73
a
2a+3b+c
b
2a+3b+c
c
2a+3b+c
8
1
< a = p2
b = p13 : Vy nn
vi
:
c=1
36
p
p :
36 + 4 3 + 9 2 1 + 81 3 + 16 2
p
V d 1.51 Cho cc s khng m x; y tha mn x3 + y 3 = 1: Tm gi tr ln nht

ca biu thc
P = x + 2y:
(x3 + y 3 )(a3 + b3 )(m3 + n3 ) (xam + ybn)3 8a; b; m; n
p
3
) xam + ybn
(x3 + y 3 )(a3 + b3 )(m3 + n3 )
L t nhin, do yu cu ca bi ton nn ta phi chn a; b; m; n sao cho biu thc

bn
xam + ybn P; tc l cc s a; b; m; n phi tha am
1 = 2 = 1: Ngoi ra, cng nh
v d trn, ta cn tm gi tr ln nht ca P nn bt buc ng thc bt ng thc
trn phi xy ra, tc l
y
x
a = b
y
x
m = n
,
x+2y
= 2y
2b = a+2b =
ax = 2by
8
a
< x = a+2b
b
,
y = a+2b
:
ax = 2by
8
a
>
< x = a+2b
b
y = a+2b
,
>
: a2 = 2b2
a+2b
a+2b
8
a
< x = a+2b
,
y= b
: 2 a+2b
a = 2b2
8
a
x = a+2b
>
>
<
b
y = a+2b
p
)
>
a= 2
>
:
b=1
x
a
1
a+2b
74

8
a
x = a+2b
>
>
>
b
>
y = a+2b
>
>
p
<
a= 2
)
b=1
>
>
>
1
>
>
> m = p2
:
n=2
Do theo trn, ta c
P = x + 2y
p
3
(x3 + y 3 )(a3 + b3 )(m3 + n3 ) =
s
3
p
2 2+1
1
p +8
2 2
ng thc lun xy ra nn
max P =
s
3
p
2 2+1
1
p +8 :
2 2
i vi nhng bt ng thc m khng c ng thc xy ra th ta chn tham s l

nhng s m ng thc ca bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz hoc Holder gii l
ln cn bng ca bt ng thc ban u.
V d 1.52 Cho cc s dng a1 ; a2 ; :::; an : Chng minh rng
1
2
+
+
a1
a1 + a2
n
a1 + a2 +
+ an
1
1
+
+
a1
a2
<2
1
an
Li gii. S dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, 8k = 1; n; bi > 0 8i = 1; n; ta c

b21
b2
+ 2 +
a1
a2
)
k
a1 + a2 +
b2k
ak
+ ak
)
n
X
k=1
(a1 + a2 +
k
(b1 + b2 +
k
a1 + a2 +
+ ak )
(b1 + b2 +
b21
b2
+ 2 +
a1
a2
+ bk )2
+ ak
+ bk )2
b2k
ak
n
X
ci
a
i=1 i
Vi
ck =
kb2k
(k + 1)b2k
+
+
2
(b1 + b2 +
+ bk )
(b1 + b2 +
+ bk+1 )2
nb2k
(b1 + b2 +
+ bk+1 )2
75
Chn bk = k; ta c
ck
k3
k
P
k 2 (k + 1)
k+1
P
i=1
4k 2
4k 2
< 4k 2
=
4k 2
4k 2
k2 n
n
P
i
i=1
i=1
1
1
1
+
+
+
k(k + 1)2
(k + 1)(k + 2)2
n(n + 1)2
1
1
1
1
+
+
k(k + 1)
n(n + 1) (k + 1)2
(n + 1)2
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+
2 k2
(k + 1)2
2 n2
(n + 1)2
(k + 1)2
(n + 1)2
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+ 2
2k 2
2(n + 1)2
(k + 1)2
n
(k + 1)2
(n + 1)2
1
1
< 2 8k = 1; n
2k 2
2(n + 1)2
Nn t y hin nhin ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh ng.

V d 1.53 Cho cc s thc a1 ; a2 ; :::; an : Chng minh rng
4(a21 + a22 +
+ a2n )
a21 +
a1 + a2
2
a1 + a2 +
n
+ an
Li gii. S dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, 8k = 1; n; bi > 0 8i = 1; n ta c

a21
a2
+ 2+
b1
b2
a1 + a2 +
k
a2k
bk
+ ak
n
X
k=1
(b1 + b2 +
+ bk )
b 1 + b2 +
k2
a1 + a2 +
k
+ ak
+ bk
(a1 + a2 +
a21
a2
+ 2+
b1
b2
n
X
+ ak )2
a2k
bk
ck a2k
k=1
Vi
ck =
b 1 + b2 +
+ bk
b 1 + b2 +
+ bk+1
+
+
k 2 bk
(k + 1)2 bk
b 1 + b2 +
+ bn
n2 bk
76
Chn bk =
ck
=
=
k + 1; ta c
b1 + b 2 +
+ bk
b1 + b2 +
+ bk+1
b1 + b 2 +
+ bn
+
+
+
k 2 bk
(k + 1)2 bk
n 2 bk
1
1
1
1
p
+
+
+ 3=2
p
(k + 1)3=2
n
k
k 1 k 3=2
2 0
1
0
13
1
1
1
1
1
42 @ q
A+
A5
p
q
q
+ 2 @q
p
1
1
1
1
k
k 1
k 2
k+ 2
n 2
n+ 2
1
0
2
1
1
A< q
@q 1
p
q
p
p
p
k
k 1
k 12
n + 12
k 12
k
k 1
p p
p
2 2
k+ k 1
p
4
2k 1
Nn bt ng thc hin nhin ng.

0; x3 + y 3 = 1: Chng minh rng
r
5
p
p
p
6
5
x+2 y
1+2 2 :
V d 1.54 Cho cc s x; y
V d 1.55 Cho cc s a; b; c
biu thc
0; a2 + b2 + c2 = 1: Tm gi tr ln nh nht ca
P = a3 + 3b3 + 2c3 :
Hng dn. Dng bt ng thc Holder

(a3 + 3b3 + 2c3 )2 (m3 + n3 + p3 )
p
p
3
3
a2 m + b2 n 9 + c2 p 4
0; a + b + c = 3: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

P = a4 + 2b4 + 4c4 :
Hng dn. Dng bt ng thc Holder

(a4 + 2b4 + 3c4 )3 (m4 + n4 + p4 )
p
p
4
4
a3 m + b3 n 8 + c3 p 27
77
V d 1.57 Cho cc s thc x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn : Chng minh rng

x21 + (x1 + x2 )2 +
+ xn )2
+ (x1 + x2 +
4 sin2
(x21 + x22 +
+ x2n ):
2(2n+1)
Hng dn. Dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz,

n
k
X
X
k=1
i=1
xi
!2
n
X
k=1
"
k
X
ci
i=1
k
X
x2
i
ci
i=1
!#
n
X
k=1
"
Sk
k
X
x2
i
i=1
ci
!#
Chn cc s ci sao cho

S1 + S2 +
c1
+ Sn
) ci = sin
S2 +
i
2n + 1
+ Sn
c2
sin
Sn
=k
cn
(i 1)
:
2n + 1
r
P =
0; a + b + c = 1: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

r
r
1
1
1
a2 + 2 + b2 + 2 + c2 + 2 :
b
c
a
Hng dn. D on ng thc

Cauchy Schwarz,
s
1
a2 + 2
b
s
1
b2 + 2
c
s
1
c2 + 2
a
xy ra ti a = b = c = 31 : S dng bt ng thc
(m2 + n2 )
ma +
n
b
(m2 + n2 )
mb +
n
c
(m2 + n2 )
mc +
n
:
a
"S khng m"

i vi cc bt ng thc dng ab11 + ab22 + + abnn
k m ta cha chc ai 0 8i = 1; n
hay khng, ch bit rng bi 0 8i = 1; n thi th vic thm vo l mt k thut cn
78
thit. tng n gin nh sau, cng cc tham s mi vo tuong ?ng

ai + mi bi 0 8i = 1; n; khi a bt ng thc v dng
n
X
a0
i=1
k+
bi
n
X
ai
bi
sao cho
mi
i=1
Vi a0i ; bi
0 8i = 1; n: T y ta c th s dng bt ng thc Cauchy SchwarzHolder mt cch t nhin m khng phi lo ngi na.
V d 1.59 Cho cc s thc a; b; c; d tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 1: Chng minh
rng
1
1
1
16
1
+
+
+
:
1 ab 1 bc 1 cd 1 da
3
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. Trc ht, ta hy vit bt ng thc v dng
X
1
ab
X k(1
ab)
ab
cyc
,
V 1 = a2 + b2 + c2 + d2
cyc
a2 + b2
k(1
ab)
16
3
1
4k
16
3
2ab, suy ra
1
1
2
k 1
1=
k
2
Ta cn chn k > 0 sao cho k(1 ab) 1 0. T trn, ta ch cn chn k 2, v vi

k = 2, bt ng thc k(1 ab) 1 0 c ng thc ti a = b = p12 ; c = d = 0. Do
ta hy th s dng Cauchy Schwarz vi k = 2. Bt ng thc tr thnh
X1
cyc
2ab
ab
8
3
X1
cyc
2ab
1 ab
"
2ab)
cyc
(1
cyc
(1
#2
2ab)(1
ab)
4[2 (a + c)(b + d)]2

3(a + c)(b + d) + 2(a2 + c2 )(b2 + d2 )
79
3[2
(a + c)(b + d)]2
, 3(a + c)2 (b + d)2

, 3[1
3(a + c)(b + d) + 2(a2 + c2 )(b2 + d2 )]
2[4
6(a + c)(b + d) + 4
2
(a + c)(b + d)] + 1
4(a2 + c2 )(b2 + d2 )
4(a + c )(b + d )

4(a2 + c2 )(b2 + d2 )
(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 )2 = 1:
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = d =
1
2.
V d 1.60 Cho cc s thc a; b; c: Chng minh rng

a2 bc
b2 ca
c2 ab
+
+
a2 + 2b2 + 3c2
b2 + 2c2 + 3a2
c2 + 2a2 + 3b2
0:
(Nguyn Anh Tun)

X
4(a2 bc)
a2 + 2b2 + 3c2
cyc
,
,2
X
cyc
a2
X
cyc
4(a2 bc)
+1
a2 + 2b2 + 3c2
X
(b c)2
5a2 + c2
+
2
2
2
+ 2b + 3c
a + 2b2 + 3c2
cyc
V
2
X
cyc
a2
(b c)2
+ 2b2 + 3c2
X
cyc
a2
5a2 + c2
+ 2b2 + 3c2
Nhng bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng theo bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz

!
!
"
#2
X
X
X
5a2 + c2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(5a + c )(a + 2b + 3c )
(5a + c )
a2 + 2b2 + 3c2
cyc
cyc
cyc
!2
X
2
= 36
a
cyc
80
v
12
X
cyc
a2
!2
(5a2 + c2 )(a2 + 2b2 + 3c2 ) = 4
cyc
a4
cyc
a2 b2
0:
cyc

5
3ab 5 3bc 5 3ca

+
+
1+c
1+a
1+b
ab + bc + ca:
(Vasile Cirtoaje)

X 9(5
3ab)
1+c
cyc
X 9(5
,5
cyc
ab
cyc
3ab) + 7ab(1 + c)
1+c
cyc
X9
16
ab
cyc
X 1
4ab
+ 7abc
1+c
1+c
cyc
16
ab
cyc
S dng bt dng thc AM-GM, ta c

9 = (a + b + c)2
(a + b)2
4ab
Do , s dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c

!2
"
#2
P
P
27 4 ab
(9 4ab)
X 9 4ab
cyc
cyc
P
P
=
1+c
(9 4ab)(1 + c)
54 4 ab 12abc
cyc
cyc
cyc
X
cyc
1
1+c
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
5 27
54
4
P
cyc
9
3
=
(1 + c)
2
cyc
ab
!2
ab
12abc
21
abc
2
16
X
cyc
ab
81
n
max 0; (4q
t q = ab+bc+ca; r = abc, theo bt ng thc Schur bc 4, ta c r

Bt ng thc tr thnh
5(27 4q)2
21
+ r
54 4q 12r
2
Nu 9
4q th
21
5(27 4q)2
+ r
54 4q 12r
2
Nu 4q
16q
9)(9 q)
18
5(27
54
16q
4q)2
4q
16q =
9(9
4q)(45 4q)
2(27 2q)
9 th
5(27 4q)2
21
+ r
54 4q 12r
2
16q
21(4q 9)(9
5(27 4q)2
+
2
36
54 4q 3 (4q 9)(9 q)
(4q 9)(3 q)(36 7q)
=
0:
12(6 q)
q)
16q
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1 hoc a = b = 32 ; c = 0 hoc cc hon

v tng ng.
V d 1.62 Cho a; b; c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng
b(b c)
c(c a)
a(a b)
+
+
a2 + 2bc b2 + 2ca c2 + 2ab
0:
(V Quc B Cn)

X a(a b)
+1
a2 + 2bc
cyc
,
X 2a2
cyc
a2
ab + 2bc
+ 2bc
Do a; b; c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic nn c

2a2
ab + 2bc
2a2
ab + 2b(b
3
b
a) = 2(a
a, t
b)2 + ab
o
.
82
Suy ra, theo bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c
X 2a2
ab + 2bc
2
a + 2bc
cyc
"
(2a
#2
ab + 2bc)
cyc
(2a2
ab + 2bc)(a2 + 2bc)
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
"
(2a
#2
cyc
,7
a3 b + 4
cyc
ab + 2bc)
X
ab3
(2a2
ab + 2bc)(a2 + 2bc)
cyc
cyc
a4 + 3
cyc
a2 b2 + 6
cyc
a2 bc
cyc
Li doa; b; c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic nn tn ti x; y; z > 0 sao cho

a = y + z; b = z + x; c = x + y. Bt ng thc tr thnh
X
X
X
X
X
2
x4 + 2
xy(x2 + y 2 ) + 3
xy 3 6
x2 y 2 + 3
x2 yz
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
Nhng bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng theo bt ng thc AM-GM v

X
X
X
X
X
2
x4 + 2
xy(x2 + y 2 ) 6
x2 y 2 ; 3
xy 3 3
x2 yz:
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc

minh rng
2a2 bc
2b2 ca
2c2 ab
+
+
3:
b2 bc + c2
c2 ca + a2
a2 ab + b2
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
X
cyc
2a2 bc
+1
b2 bc + c2
X 2a2 + (b
cyc
b2
c)2
bc + c2
83
X 2a2 + (b
cyc
c)2
bc + c2
b2
"
#2
[2a + (b
c) ]
cyc
[2a2 + (b
c)2 ](b2
bc + c2 )
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
"
[2a + (b
c) ]
cyc
,2
a4 + 2abc
cyc
,2
#2
a2 (a
c)2 ](b2
bc + c2 )
cyc
a+
cyc
[2a2 + (b
ab(a2 + b2 )
cyc
b)(a
c) + 3
cyc
a2 b2
cyc
ab(a
b)2
0:
cyc
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng theo bt ng thc Schur bc 4. ng thc xy

ra khi v ch khi a = b = c hoc a = b; c = 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
V d 1.64 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; tt c khng ng thi bng 0: Chng minh
rng
3a2 bc
3b2 ca
3c2 ab
+
+
2a2 + b2 + c2
2b2 + c2 + a2
2c2 + a2 + b2
3
:
2
(Vasile Cirtoaje)

X
cyc
,3
X
cyc
2(3a2 bc)
2a2 + b2 + c2
X 3b2 + 2bc + 3c2

cyc
2a2 + b2 + c2
X
(b c)2
bc
+8
2
2
2 + b2 + c2
+b +c
2a
cyc
2a2
84
Nu (a b)2 + (b c)2 + (c a)2 = 0, bt ng thc l hin nhin. Nu (a

(b c)2 + (c a)2 > 0; khi theo bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c
!2
P
2
(b c)
X (b c)2
cyc
P
2a2 + b2 + c2
(b c)2 (2a2 + b2 + c2 )
cyc
cyc
4
= "
a2
cyc
c)2
(b
cyc
!2
ab
cyc
a2
cyc
a2
cyc
ab
cyc
a2 (b
a2
!2
ab
cyc
a2
cyc
c)2
cyc
cyc
b)2 +
b2 c2
cyc
a2 bc
cyc
X
cyc
bc
2a2 + b2 + c2
!2
bc
cyc
bc(2a2 + b2 + c2 )
cyc
bc
cyc
bc
cyc
!2
a2
cyc
a2 bc
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
6
cyc
cyc
a2
cyc
ab
!2
ab
cyc
a2
cyc
b2 c2
cyc
8
P
+
a2 bc
cyc
bc
cyc
bc
cyc
!2
a2
cyc
Do tnh thun nht, ta c th chun ha cho a + b + c = 1. t q =
cyc
cyc
khi bt ng thc tr thnh

(1
3(1 3q)2
3q)(1 2q) + q 2
,
(1
3r
4q 2
q(1 2q) + r
(3r + q 4q 2 )2
5q + 7q 2 3r)(q 2q 2 + r)
0:
6
a2 bc
bc; r = abc,
85
hin nhin ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c hoc

a
b
c
1 = 0 = 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
a
1
b
1
c
0
hoc
a2 bc
b2 ca
c2 ab
+p
+p
a2 + 2b2 + 3c2
b2 + 2c2 + 3a2
c2 + 2a2 + 3b2
0:
(Nguyn Anh Tun)

X
cyc
"
8(a2
bc)
p
+b+c
6(a2 + 2b2 + 3c2 )
X 8(a2
cyc
X 8(a2
cyc
p
bc) + (b + c) 6(a2 + 2b2 + 3c2 )
p
6(a2 + 2b2 + 3c2 )
bc) + (b + c)(a + 2b + 3c)

p
6(a2 + 2b2 + 3c2 )
X 8a2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca + 2(b
p
=
6(a2 + 2b2 + 3c2 )
cyc
c)2
X 8a2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca
p
6(a2 + 2b2 + 3c2 )
cyc
X 8a2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca
p
a2 + 2b2 + 3c2
cyc
p X
2 6
a
cyc

X 8a2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca
p
a2 + 2b2 + 3c2
cyc
!2 "
(8a + c + ab + bc + ca)(a + 2b + 3c )
cyc
27 3
X
cyc
a +
X
cyc
!3
ab
86
Do tnh thun nht, ta c th chun ha cho a+b+c = 1. t q = ab+bc+ca; r = abc,

khi theo bt ng thc Schur bc 3, ta c r 4q9 1 . T y, ta c
X
(8a2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca)(a2 + 2b2 + 3c2 )
cyc
= 6
ab
cyc
= 6
v
3
cyc
ab
cyc
= 53q 2
a2
cyc
38q + 11
a2 +
cyc
(8a2 + c2 )(a2 + 2b2 + 3c2 )
cyc
+ 11
a2
cyc
42r
ab = 3
!2
+ 21
a2 b2
cyc
5q
cyc
Ta phi chng minh

5q)3
27(3
911q + 1601q 2
, 155
Ta c
155
24(53q 2
911q + 1601q 2
38q + 11
42r)
1125q 3 + 336r
1125q 3 + 336r
155
911q + 1601q 2
1
(1
3
3q)(1125q 2
4q
1125q 3 + 336
1226q + 353)
1
9
0:

a(b + c)
b(c + a)
c(a + b)
+
+
a2 + 2bc b2 + 2ca c2 + 2ab
2:
(V Quc B Cn)

X
a(b + c)
a2 + 2bc
X a(a
b) + (2b
a2 + 2bc
cyc
cyc
1
a)c
87
Ta s ch ra rng
a(a
Tht vy, nu 2b
a(a
Nu a
b) + (2b
a)c
a, ta c
b) + (2b
a)c
a(a
b) + (2b
a)(b
b)2
a) = 2(a
2b, ta c
a(a
b) + (2b
a)c
a(a
a)(a + b) = 2b2
b) + (2b
T y, s dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c

#"
"
#
X a(a b) + (2b a)c X
2
[a(a b) + (2b a)c](a + 2bc)
a2 + 2bc
cyc
cyc
"
#2
X
[a(a b) + (2b a)c]
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
"
X
[a(a b) + (2b
#2
a)c]
cyc
[a(a
b) + (2b
a)c](a2 + 2bc)
cyc
b)2
ab(a
0:
cyc
hin nhin ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c hoc a = b; c = 0 hoc

cc hon v tng ng.
b
c
ab + bc + ca
a
+
+
+
b + c c + a a + b a2 + b2 + c2
5
:
2
(Phm Kim Hng)

X
cyc
ab
1 cyc
+P 2
2
a
a
b+c
cyc
Xb+c
cyc
b+c
cyc
!2
cyc
a2
88

!
!
"
#
!
X
Xb+c a
X
Xb+c a
2
2
a
=
(b + c)(b + c a)
b+c
b+c
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
"
#2
!2
X
X
(b + c a) =
a :
cyc
cyc

ng.
V d 1.68 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; d; khng c 3 s no ng thi bng 0: Chng
minh rng
ab
bc
cd
da
+
+
+
a+b+c b+c+d c+d+a d+a+b
1
(a + b + c + d):
3
(Park Doo Sung)

X
4ab
a+b+c
a+b
cyc
X ac + bc + (a
b)2
a+b+c
cyc
2X
a
3 cyc
2X
a
3 cyc

"
#2
P
[ac + bc + (a b)2 ]
X ac + bc + (a b)2
cyc
P
a+b+c
[ac + bc + (a b)2 ](a + b + c)
cyc
cyc
Ta c
X
[ac + bc + (a
cyc
[ac + bc + (a
b)2 ] =
a2 + (a + c)2 + (b + d)2
(a + c)(b + d)
cyc
b)2 ](a + b + c) = 2
cyc
a3 +
cyc
a2 b + 3ac(a + c) + 3bd(b + d)
cyc
a + 3ac(a + c) + 3bd(b + d)
cyc
= 3(a + c)(a2 + c2 ) + 3(b + d)(b2 + d2 )
89
"
#2
a2 + (a + c)2 + (b + d)2
(a + c)(b + d)
cyc
(a + c)(a2 + c2 ) + (b + d)(b2 + d2 )
Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s b + d
cyc
a + c. t
2x = a + c
2y = b + d
(a + c)2
= 2x2
2
t = a2 + c2
A = b2 + d2 + (a + c)2 + (b + d)2
(a + c)(b + d) = b2 + d2 + 4x2 + 4y 2
B = (b + d)(b2 + d2 ) = 2y(b2 + d2 )
Bt ng thc tr thnh
f (t) =
(t + A)2
2xt + B
Ta c
f 0 (t) =
v
xt + B
2(2x + 2y)
2(t + A)(xt + B xA)

(2xt + B)2
xA = xt + 2y(b2 + d2 )
3
x(b2 + d2 + 4x2 + 4y 2
2x + 2y(b + d )
2
= (b + d )(2y
2
2y (2y
= 2(y
Nn f 0 (t)
x) + 4x y
x) + 4x y
x)(2y
x(b + d + 4x + 4y
2x
2x
2
xy + x )
4xy
4xy
4xy)
2
4xy)
0. Do f (t) ng bin, v v th ta ch cn chng minh c

f (2x2 ) =
Ta c
g 0 (bd) =
(3x2
(3x2
2xy + 4y 2 bd)2
x3 ybd + 2y 3
4(x + y) = g(bd)
2xy + 4y 2 bd)[ybd x(2x2

(x3 ybd + 2y 3 )2
g 0 (bd) = 0 , bd =
x(2x2
3xy + 2y 2 )]
3xy + 2y 2 )
y
4xy
90
Do x

y nn
x(2x2 3xy+2y 2 )
y
g(bd)
y 2 , khi ta d dng kim tra c

x(2x2
3xy + 2y 2 )
y
x)3
4(y
y2
0:
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = d:

1
2
V d 1.69 Cho cc s a1 ; a2 ; a3
tha a1 a2 a3 = 1: Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+
+
a1 + 2a2
a2 + 2a3
a3 + 2a1
Li gii. t a1 = xy ; a2 = xz ; a3 =
y
z
1:
vi x; y; z > 0 v do a1 ; a2 ; a3
8
<2x
2y
:
2z
1
2
nn
y
z
x
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh

X
cyc
8
<2x
Do 2y
:
2z
x2
X 2x2
cyc
xy
+ 2yz
2
3
cyc
x2
xy
x2 + 2yz
3xy + 4yz
+ 2yz
y
z nn
x
2x2
3xy + 4yz
2x2
3xy + 2xy = x(2x
Do , s dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c

!"
X 2x2 3xy + 4yz
X
(x2 + 2yz)(2x2
2
x
+
2yz
cyc
cyc
X
X
2 x2 +
xy
cyc
y)
3xy + 4yz)
!2
91
X
X
2 x2 +
xy
cyc
cyc
!2
X
3 (x2 + 2yz)(2x2
X
X
, 13 x3 y + 4 xy 3
cyc
8
<x
0 v y
:
z
X
Mz (x
cyc
Mz (3a
2b
y)
X
a)2 + 4 Mz (a
Mz (c
cyc
Mz (a
cyc
Mz (x
cyc
c)2
b)2 +
Mz (a
cyc
= 6
cyc
y)2
cyc
= 4
cyc
8
<2x y = 7a
26xy 13x2 v Mx ; My tng t. t 2y z = 7b th ta c
:
2z x = 7c
= 4a + 2b + c
= 4b + 2c + a ; thay vo bt ng thc trn, ta c
= 4c + 2a + b
vi Mz = 5y 2 +
a; b; c
X
X
2 x4 + 15 x2 y 2
cyc
3xy + 4yz)
cyc
X
b)2 + 3 Mz (c
a)2
cyc
(a
b) (3Mx
(a
b)2 (41z 2 + 78yz
b)(a
c)
cyc
Mz (b
c)2
cyc
2My + 6Mz )
cyc
X
cyc
= 343
(a
9y 2
b)2 (143b2 + 180c2
88x2
52zx + 156xy)
127a2 + 254ab + 288bc + 144ca)
cyc
X
X
X
= 1372 4 a4 + 199 a3 b + 28 ab3
cyc
cyc
cyc

X
4 a4
cyc
X
4abc a
cyc
cyc
X
X
28 a3 b + 28 ab3
cyc
X
33 a2 b2
cyc
X
56 a2 b2
cyc
!
X
199abc a
cyc
92

X
171 a3 b
X
171abc a
X
23abc a
cyc
23
a2 b2
cyc
cyc
cyc
Cng ln lt v vi v 4 bt ng thc ny, ta thu c

4
X
cyc
X
X
a4 + 199 a3 b + 28 ab3
cyc
33
cyc
X
199abc a
a2 b2
cyc
0:
cyc
Bt ng thc c chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a1 = a2 =

a3 = 1:
i khi, ta khng nht thit phi thm vo chuyn t s thnh s khng m v
n l mt s khng m nhng "kh ln", ta s s bt i 1 vi gi tr bin n
thnh s khng m nhng c gi tr "ln va phi"
V d 1.70 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c, khng c 2 s no ng thi bng 0: Chng

minh rng
1
1
1
+
+
a2 + bc b2 + ca c2 + ab
3(a + b + c)2
:
2(a2 + b2 + c2 )(ab + bc + ca)
(Phm Hu c)
X a2 + b2 + c2
cyc
,3+
cyc
a2 + bc
X b2 + c2
cyc
a2 + bc
!2
ab
cyc
3
bc
cyc
cyc
!2
ab
93

#2
"
P 2
2
(b + c
bc)
X b2 + c2 bc
cyc
P 2
a2 + bc
(b + c2 bc)(a2 + bc)
cyc
cyc
2
=
2
3+
ab
cyc
cyc
a2
cyc
cyc
a2 +
cyc
ab
cyc
ab
ab
cyc
!2
ab
!2
cyc
ab
cyc
cyc
4abc
!2
cyc
4abc
2
a
cyc
3
P
ab
cyc
cyc

3+
Nu 1
5q)2
4r
3
2q
q2
4q, ta c
3+
Nu 4q
(2
(2
q
5q)2
q 2 4r
3
2q
3+
(2
q
5q)2
q2
3
(5 11q)(1 4q)
=
2q
2q(1 q)
1, s dng bt ng thc Schur bc 3, ta c r

3+
(2
q
5q)2
q 2 4r
3
2q
3+
=
3(1
(2
q
q2
4q 1
9 ,
5q)2
4(4q 1)
9
do
3
2q
3q)(4q 1)(11 4q)

2q(4 7q 9q 2 )
0:

minh rng
5a2
1
+ 2
ab + 5b2
5b
1
+ 2
bc + 5c2
5c
1
ca + 5a2
a2
1
:
+ b2 + c2
94

(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Hng dn.
5(a2 + b2 + c2 )
5a2 ab + 5b2
1=
5c2 + ab
ab + 5b2
5a2
0:
V d 1.72 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 = 1: Chng minh rng

bc
ca
ab
+ 2
+ 2
+1 b +1 c +1
a2
3
:
4
(Phm Kim Hng)
Hng dn.
1
1 + a2 2bc
3a2 + (b c)2
2bc
=
=
a2 + 1
a2 + 1
a2 + 1
0:
V d 1.73 Cho cc s thc a; b; c tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 = 1: Chng minh rng

1
3 + a2
2bc
1
1
+
3 + b2 2ca 3 + c2 2ab
9
:
8
(Vasile Cirtoaje, Wolfgang Berndt)

Hng dn.
1
2
3 + a2
2bc
1 + a2
3 + a2
2bc
3a2 + (b c)2
=
2bc
3 + a2 2bc
0:

minh rng
a b
b c
c d
d a
+
+
+
a + 2b + c b + 2c + d c + 2d + a d + 2a + b
Hng dn.
2(a b)
3a + c
+1=
a + 2b + c
a + 2b + c
0:
0:

minh rng
a2 bc
b2 ca
c2 ab
+
+
2b2 3bc + 2c2
2c2 3ca + 2a2
2a2 3ab + 2b2
0:
(Vasile Cirtoaje)

Hng dn.
95
a2 + 2(b c)2
a2 bc
+
1
=
2b2 3bc + 2c2
2b2 3bc + 2c2
0:
i xng ha
Trong ton hc, bao gi cng c mt quan nim l i xng d gii hn hon v. K
thut ny cng da trn nn tng , t mt bt ng thc cha i xng, chng ta
s tm cch s dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz hoc Holder a n tr v i
xng, ri gii.
minh rng
r
r
r
a
b
c
3
p :
+
+
a+b
b+c
c+a
2
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Xr a
a+b
cyc
!2
"
X
cyc
#"
(a + c)
X
cyc
Suy ra
#
4
a
ab
cyc
cyc
a
=
(a + b)(a + c)
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
Mt khc, theo bt ng thc AM-GM th

!
!
X
X
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) =
a
ab
cyc
abc
cyc
Xr a
a+b
cyc
!2
8
9
X
cyc
X
cyc
ab
9
:
2

r
r
r
a
b
c
+
+
4a + 4b + c
4b + 4c + a
4c + 4a + b
1:
(Phm Kim Hng)
96

Xr
cyc
a
4a + 4b + c
!2
"
X
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
(4a + 4b + c)(4b + 4c + a)(4c + 4a + b)
Ta cn chng minh
!
!
X
X
X
2
9
a
a +8
ab
cyc
a
(4a + 4b + c)(4a + b + 4c)
!
P 2
P
a + 8 ab
(4a + b + 4c)
9
=
(4a + 4b + c)(4b + 4c + a)(4c + 4a + b)
cyc
,7
a3 + 3
cyc
ab(a + b)
39abc:
cyc
Bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng theo bt ng thc AM-GM. ng thc xy ra

khi v ch khi a = b = c:
minh rng
r
r
r
r
a
b
c
d
4
p :
+
+
+
a+b+c
b+c+d
c+d+a
d+a+b
3
(Phm Vn Thun)
Xr
cyc
"
a
a+b+c
!2
#"
(a + b + d)(a + c + d)
cyc
X
cyc
a
(a + b + c)(a + b + d)(a + c + d)
2[2(a + b + c + d) + (a + c)(b + d)][(a + c)(b + d) + ac + bd]

(a + b + c)(b + c + d)(c + d + a)(d + a + b)
Ta cn chng minh
P (a; b; c; d) = 8(a + b + c)(b + c + d)(c + d + a)(d + a + b)
[2(a + b + c + d)2 + (a + c)(b + d)][(a + c)(b + d) + ac + bd]
97
y l mt hm bc nht theo ac; bd, nn ta d dng kim tra c

P (a; b; c; d)
P (a + c; b; 0; d)
P
a+c
a+c
; b;
;d
2
2
min P (a + c; b; 0; d); P
min P (a + c; b + d; 0; 0); P
a+c
a+c
; b;
;d
2
2
a+c
a+c
; b + d;
;0 ;P
min P
2
2
a + c;
b+d
b+d
; 0;
2
2
a+c b+d a+c b+d

;
;
;
2
2
2
2
Do , ta ch cn xt cc trng hp sau l
Trng hp 1. c = d = 0, bt ng thc tr thnh
8ab(a + b)2
3ab(2a2 + 5ab + 2b2 )
, ab(2a2 + ab + 2b2 )
hin nhin ng.

Trng hp 2. a = c; d = 0, bt ng thc tr thnh
16a(2a + b)(a + b)2
6a(a + b)(a + 2b)(4a + b)
, 2a(a + b)(4a2
3ab + 2b2 )
hin nhin ng.

Trng hp 3. a = c; b = d, bt ng thc tr thnh
8(2a + b)2 (a + 2b)2
12(2a2 + 5ab + 2b2 )(a2 + 4ab + b2 )
, 4(a + 2b)(2a + b)(a
b)2
hin nhin ng.

ng thc xy ra khi v chi khi a = b = c = d:
minh rng
r
r
r
a2
b2
c2
+
+
1:
4a2 + ab + 4b2
4b2 + bc + 4c2
4c2 + ca + 4a2
(Bin Zhao)
98

X
cyc
"
a2
4a2 + ab + 4b2
!2
#"
(4a2 + ac + 4c2 )
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
"
#"
X
X
2
2
(4a + ac + 4c )
cyc
cyc
X
cyc
a2
(4a2 + ab + 4b2 )(4a2 + ac + 4c2 )
a2
(4a2 + ab + 4b2 )(4a2 + ac + 4c2 )
Bng khai trin trc tip, ta thy bt ng thc ny tng ng vi

X
X
X
8
a3 b3 + 8
a4 bc + 3abc
ab(a + b) 66a2 b2 c2 :
cyc
cyc
cyc
hin nhin ng theo bt ng thc AM-GM. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a =

b = c hoc c = 0; ab ! 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
i bin c th s dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz-Holder
Bt ng thc c rt nhiu nt l v c o. Mt bt ng thc dng ny, ta
khng th s dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz-Holder gii m khi i bin th
li gii c bng chng! iu ny cng gp phn to nn v p li cun ca bt
ng thc.
a3
b3
c3
+
+
a3 + abc + b3
b3 + abc + c3
c3 + abc + a3
1:
(Nguyn Vn Thch)
Li gii. t x = ab ; y = ac ; z =
c
b
) x; y; z > 0; xyz = 1 v bt ng thc tr thnh
x3 +
1
x3 + x2 z + 1
cyc
cyc
1
x
y
+1

,
99
X
cyc
x2
yz
+ yz + zx
X
cyc
yz
2
x + yz + zx
cyc
yz
!2
yz(x2 + yz + zx)
= 1:
cyc
ng tc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c hoc c ! 0; ab ! 0 hoc cc hon v tng

ng.
r
r
r
a2
b2
c2
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
a + 7ab + b
b + 7bc + c
c + 7ca + a2
1:
(L Hu in Khu)
Li gii. t x = ab ; y = cb ; z =
a
c
) x; y; z > 0; xyz = 1 v bt ng thc tr thnh

p
cyc
1
x2 + 7x + 1
Li do x; y; z > 0; xyz = 1 nn tn ti m; n; p > 0 sao cho x =

m2 n2
p4 , bt ng thc c vit li thnh
X
cyc
m4
p
m8 + 7m4 n2 p2 + n4 p4
n2 p2
m4 ; y
p2 m2
n4 ; z

!2
!
X
X
m4
p
m(m8 + 7m4 n2 p2 + n4 p4 )
8 + 7m4 n2 p2 + n4 p4
m
cyc
cyc
X
cyc
m3
!3
Ta cn chng minh
X
cyc
sym
m3
!3
(5m6 n3 + 2m3 n3 p3
m(m8 + 7m4 n2 p2 + n4 p4 )
cyc
7m5 n2 p2 ) +
(m6 n3
m4 n4 p)
0:
sym
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng theo bt ng thc AM-GM. ng thc xy ra

khi v ch khi a = b = c hoc c ! 0; ab ! 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
100

1
1
1
+
+
a(a + b) b(b + c) c(c + a)
p
3
2 a2 b2 c2
Li gii. Do tnh thun nht, ta c th chun ha cho abc = 1, khi tn ti

x; y; z > 0 sao cho a = xy ; b = xz ; c = yz . Bt ng thc tr thnh
X
cyc
x2
y2
+ yz
3
2
y2
2
x + yz
!2
y3 z =
cyc
Mt khc
X
y2
cyc
X
cyc
y2
!2
cyc
x2 y 2 +
cyc
!2
y3 z
cyc
x2 y 2 =
cyc
cyc
1X 2
(x
2 cyc
1X 2
(x
2 cyc
z2
y 2 )2
2xy + yz + zx)2
Do
X
cyc
y2
2
x + yz
cyc
x2 y 2 +
cyc
!2
cyc
y3 z
cyc
1
3
cyc
y2
!2
!2
1
3
cyc
y2
!2 =
3
:
2

Nhn xt 9 Chng ta thng t a = xy ; b = yz ; c = xz nhng y ta li t
a = xy ; b = xz ; c = yz . Tht ra c 2 php t trn l tng ng nhng chng ta nn
c gng t lm sao biu thc trn t cng c lp vi cc bin khc th cng d nhn
hn, s thun li hn cho chng ta khi gii ton. C th, nu t a = xy ; b = yz ; c = xz
P y2 z
3
th bt ng thc tr thnh
x(y 2 +zx)
2 : R rng l kh nhn hn php t kia.
cyc
101

1
1
1
p
+ p
+ p
a a+b b b+c c c+a
3
:
2abc
(Phan Thnh Nam)
Li gii. Do tnh thun nht, ta c th chun ha cho abc = 1, khi tn ti

x; y; z > 0 sao cho a = xy ; b = xz ; c = yz . Bt ng thc tr thnh
X
cyc
p
y y
p
x(x2 + yz)
3
p
2
X
cyc
v
Xp
xy(x2 + yz)
cyc
Suy ra
p
y y
p
x(x2 + yz)
Pp
cyc
!2
xy(x2 + yz)
cyc
v
!
!
u
X
X
u X
t
xy
x2 +
xy
cyc
cyc
cyc
v
!
!
u
X
X
X
1 u
xy
x2 +
xy
= p t 2
2
cyc
cyc
cyc
!
!2
X
X
X
1
2
2
p
p
x +3
xy
x
2 2 cyc
3 2 cyc
cyc
X
cyc
p
y y
x(x2
+ yz)
3
p :
2

V d 1.84 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn abc = 1: Chng minh rng
a2
1
+
a + 1 b2
1
+
b + 1 c2
1
c+1
3:
(V nh Qu)
102
Li gii. Trc ht, ta s chng minh rng vi mi x; y; z > 0 tha mn xyz = 1 th

x2
1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
+x+1 y +y+1 z +z+1
Tht vy, do x; y; z > 0; xyz = 1 nn tn ti cc s m; n; p > 0 sao cho x =

pm
mn
n2 ; z = p2 . Bt ng thc trn c vit li l
X
cyc
m4
m4 + m2 np + n2 p2
np
m2 ; y
T
sPdng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz v bt ng thc quen thuc
P y,
n 2 p2
m2 np, ta c
cyc
cyc
X
cyc
m4
4
2
m + m np + n2 p2
cyc
!2
(m4 + m2 np + n2 p2 )
cyc
cyc
m4 + 2
cyc
!2
n 2 p2
cyc
Tr li bi ton ban u, s dng bt ng thc trn ta c

X
1
cyc a4
,
,
,
,
1
a2
a4
+ a2 + 1
X 2(a2 + 1)
a4 + a2 + 1
cyc
cyc
a4
X (a2 + a + 1) + (a2
cyc
X
cyc
(a2
a2
+1
+a+
1)(a2
a + 1)
a + 1)
X
1
+
+ a + 1 cyc a2
Li s dng bt ng thc trn mt ln na, ta c
1
4
a+1
P
1
cyc
X
cyc
a2
1
a+1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1:
3:
a2 +a+1
1, v v th
=1
103
V d 1.85 Cho cc s dng x; y; z: Chng minh rng

y
z
x
+
+
y(x2 + 2y 2 ) z(y 2 + 2z 2 ) x(z 2 + 2x2 )
3
:
xy + yz + zx
(Dng c Lm)
Li gii. t a = x1 ; b = y1 ; c =
1
z
ab3
2a2 + b2
cyc
3abc
a+b+c
b2
c(2a2 + b2 )
cyc
3
a+b+c

"
#"
#
X
X
b2
2
2
2
b c(2a + b )
c(2a2 + b2 )
cyc
cyc
!2
X
2
a
cyc
a5 +
cyc
X
cyc
cyc
cyc
ab +
cyc
X
cyc
cyc
a b
cyc
3 2
a b +
2 3
(ab + c a )
cyc
2 3
a b
cyc
X
X
2 a4 b + 6 a2 b2 c
cyc
cyc
2 3
X
cyc
cyc
a (b + c )
cyc
a4 b
cyc
X
2 a2 b2 c
cyc
cyc
!2
cyc
X
X
ab4 + 2 a3 b2 + 2 a2 b3
cyc
b2 c(2a2 + b2 )

X
X
X
a5 +
a3 b2 =
a3 (a2 + b2 )
X
X
2 a3 bc
cyc
X
2 a2 b2 c
cyc
Cng tng ng v vi v 3 bt ng thc trn, ta suy ra c pcm. ng thc xy

ra khi v ch khi x = y = z:
1
1 1
+ +
x y z
x2
x
y
z
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2yz
y + 2zx z + 2xy
:
(Dng c Lm)
104
Li gii. t a = x1 ; b = y1 ; c =
a+b+c
,
3a
3abc
2a2 + bc
,3
+ 3b
1
z
3abc
3abc
3abc
+
+
2a2 + bc 2b2 + ca 2c2 + ab
3abc
2b2 + ca
+ 3c
3abc
2c2 + ab
a3
b3
c3
+ 2
+ 2
+ bc 2b + ca 2c + ab
2(a + b + c)
a+b+c
2a2

a3
b3
c3
+
+
2a2 + bc 2b2 + ca 2c2 + ab
=
(a2 + b2 + c2 )2
a(2a2 + bc) + b(2b2 + ca) + c(2c2 + ab)
(a2 + b2 + c2 )2
2(a3 + b3 + c3 ) + 3abc
Ta cn chng minh
3(a2 + b2 + c2 )2
(a + b + c)[2(a3 + b3 + c3 ) + 3abc]
Chun ha cho a + b + c = 1: t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc th bt ng thc tr

thnh
3(1 2q)2 2(1 3q + 3r) + 3r
, (1
3q)2 + 3(q 2
3r)
0:
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng nn ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

x = y = z:
V d 1.87 Cho cc s khng m x; y; z; khng c 2 s no ng thi bng 0: Chng
minh rng
r
r
r
r
p
x
y
z
xyz
+
+
+2 2 2 3
2:
y+z
z+x
x+y
(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
(Dng c Lm)
Li gii. t x = a2 ; y = b2 ; z = c2 (a; b; c
0), ta phi chng minh

p
X
2 2 2 3 abc
a
p
+p
2
2
2
2
b +c
(a + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )
cyc

!2 "
#
X
X
a
2
2
p
a(b + c )
b2 + c2
cyc
cyc
X
cyc
!3
105
cyc
v
u
!3
u
P
u
a
u
u
u P cyc
t a(b2 + c2 )
a
+ c2
b2
cyc
Mt khc, theo bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz,

X
cyc
v
X
b2
cyc
Suy ra
2
cyc
2 2
a b
cyc
a2 b2
cyc
2 2
a b
cyc
!2
ab2
!2
a b
cyc
X
cyc
a b
cyc
1
2
!2
a b+
cyc
ab
cyc
ab
cyc
!2
!2
T , bt ng thc AM-GM cho ta

2
(a + b )(b + c )(c + a )
8
9
X
cyc
2 2
a b
cyc
"
#2
2 X 2
a (b + c)
9 cyc
Ta cn chng minh
v
u
!3
u
P
u
a
u
p
u
2 2 2 3 abc
u P cyc
t a(b2 + c2 ) + v
#2
u "
u P
cyc
t2
a2 (b + c)
9
cyc
ab; r = abc,
cyc
khi theo bt ng thc Schur bc 3 v bt ng thc Newton, ta c
q2
3
106
max 0; 4q9
. Bt ng thc trn tr thnh

p
,q
3r
,
2q
p
3 4 3 2 r
+
q 3r
3r
1
q
p
q
3r
p
9 2
h
, f (r) = 2q
2q
2 r
9 2
9 2
i2
2
2 r
(v 2q
2 r
i2
+ 3r
Do f (r) l hm li nn
n
2
o
2
f (r) max f q3 ; f (0)
4
n
o
2
f (r) max f q3 ; f 4q9 1
Ta c
f
Nu 1
q2
3
p
2 2 q(3q
= 3
4q, ta c
1)
0)
nu 1
4q
nu 4q
1
i
2q)
1, ta c
4q
f
Suy ra, nu 1
1
9
17
p
12 2
(4q
3
1)(3q
1)
4q, th
f (r)
Nu 4q
2 r
h
p
1) 6q 2 + 3 + 2 2 (1
f (0) = q(4q
Nu 4q
9 2
max f
q2
3
q2
3
;f
; f (0)
1, th
f (r)
max f
4q
1
9
0:
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z hoc

x = y; z = 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
Nhn xt 10 Mt iu rt l l vi bi ton ny, nu ta dng Holder trc tip
!2 "
#
!3
Xr x
X
X
2
x (y + z)
x
y+z
cyc
cyc
cyc
107
Ri i n chng minh kt qu
v
u
!3
u
P
u
x
u
u
p
u P cyc
t x2 (y + z) + 2 2 2
cyc
xyz
(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
nhng bt ng thc ny li khng ng.

Th nhng sau khi ta dng php t n x = a2 ; y = b2 ; z = c2 th ta li c th p
dng Holder mt cch kh hiu qu.
V d 1.88 Cho cc s x; y; z
p
2x2
0; xyz = 1: Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+p
+p
2
2
+ 6x + 1
2z + 6z + 1
2y + 6y + 1
1:
(Nguyn Vn Thch)
Hng dn. t x =
bc
a2 ; y
X
cyc
ca
b2 ; z
ab
c2
(a; b; c
0); bt ng thc tr thnh
a2
a4 + 6a2 bc + 2b2 c2
S dng bt ng thc Holder
X
cyc
a2
p
a4 + 6a2 bc + 2b2 c2
!2
cyc
!3
a2 (a4 + 6a2 bc + 2b2 c2 )
cyc
V d 1.89 Cho cc s a; b; c; d > 0: Chng minh rng

X
abc
(a
+
d)(b
+ d)(c + d)
cyc
1
:
2
(Nguyn Vn Thch)
Hng dn. t a = x1 ; b = y1 ; c = z1 ; d = 1t ; bt ng thc tr thnh

X
cyc
x3
(x + y)(x + z)(x + t)
1
2
108
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz
X
cyc
x3
(x + y)(x + z)(x + t)
x2
cyc
!2
x(x + y)(x + z)(x + t)
cyc
V d 1.90 Cho cc s x; y; z; k > 0; xyz = 1: Chng minh rng

r
r
r
3
x
y
z
4
4
p
+
+ 4
:
4
y+k
z+k
x+k
k+1
(V Quc B Cn)
Hng dn. t x =
a5
b5 ; y
X
cyc
c5
a5 ; z
b5
c5
(a; b; c > 0); bt ng thc tr thnh
a5=2
p
b5=4 4 c5 + ka5
p
4
3
k+1
S dng bt ng thc Holder

X
cyc
a5=2
p
4 5
5=4
b
c + ka5
!4 "
cyc
+3
X
cyc
(c + ka )
cyc
Hy chng minh b
X a2
X a2
cyc
!5
P
15 a2
cyc
P
:
a
cyc
The CYH technique

K thut CYH3 l k thut quan trng nht m chng ti mun gii thiu n cc
bn trong bi vit ny. N ch yu c dng gii cc dng ton cn thc, mt
dng ton rt kh gii. tng ca n cng ging nh k thut tham s ha nhng
thay v chn nhng tham s c nh, ta s chn nhng tham s chy. tng ca
k thut ny, chng ti xut pht t vic gii bi ton sau ca Jack Garfunkel, mt
nh ton hc M, ng l tc gi ca nhiu bt ng thc kh m hin nay vn cha
c li gii
3 Cn
yu Hng
109

minh rng
b
c
5p
a
p
+p
+p
a + b + c:
4
c
+
a
a+b
b+c
(Jack Garfunkel)
!2 "
#"
#
X
X
X
a
a
p
a(5a + b + 9c)
(a + b)(5a + b + 9c)
a+b
cyc
cyc
cyc
!2 "
#
X
X
a
= 5
a
(a + b)(5a + b + 9c)
cyc
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
X
cyc
!"
X
cyc
a
(a + b)(5a + b + 9c)
5
16
Nhng bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng v

!"
#
X
X
5
a
A+B
a
=
16
(a
+
b)(5a
+
b
+
9c)
C
cyc
cyc
trong
A =
X
cyc
B = 243
ab(a + b)(a + 9b)(a

X
cyc
a3 b2 c + 835
X
cyc
3b)2
a2 b3 c + 232
a4 bc + 1230a2 b2 c2
cyc
C = 16(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)(5a + b + 9c)(5b + c + 9a)(5c + a + 9b) > 0:

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a3 = 1b = 0c hoc cc hon v tng ng.
Chng ta hy phn tch li gii trn, tng cng ging nh k thut tham s ha,
chng ta s thm vo cc b s c dng ma + nb + pc; mb + nc + pa; mc + na + pb vi
m; n; p 0 khi s dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz
#
!2 "
#"
X
X
X
a
a
p
a(ma + nb + pc)
(a + b)(ma + nb + pc)
a+b
cyc
cyc
cyc
Ch l bt ng thc ban u c ng thc xy ra ti im a = 3; b = 1; c = 0
(chng ta bit c iu ny l do nh chng ti ni, i vi mt bt ng thc
110
hon v vng quanh th gn nh im nhy cm lun c dng (x; y; 0)). Do bt

ng thc Cauchy Schwarz m ta p dng trn cng phi xy ra ng thc ti y,
ngoi ra nh bit l ng thc xy ra bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz xy ra khi
v ch khi
p
p
p
a(ma + nb + pc)
b(mb + nc + pa)
c(mc + na + pb)
q
= q
= q
a
(a+b)(ma+nb+pc)
c
(c+a)(mc+na+pb)
b
(b+c)(mb+nc+pa)
Mc tiu ca chng l chn cc s m; n; p sao cho im (3; 1; 0) tha mn phng

trnh ny, tc l
p
3 (3 m + 1 n + 0 p)
q
=
3
(3+1)(3 m+1 n+0 p)
p
p
1 (1 m + 0 n + 3 p)
q
1
(1+0)(1 m+0 n+3 p)
0 (0 m + 3 n + 1 p)
q
0
(0+3)(0 m+3n+1
_
p)
, 2(3m + n) = m + 3p
Hn na, t dng
, 5m + 2n = 3p
!
P 2
P
P
m a + (n + p) ab
cyc
mt nhn xt l nu biu thc m
cyc
cyc
cyc
a + (n + p)
a
(a+b)(5a+b+9c)
cyc
, chng ta rt ra
ab c dng k
cyc
!2
th bt
ng thc sau khi s dng Cauchy Schwarz s d chng minh hn, t ta rt ra

tng l chn m; n; p sao cho 2m = n + p: T y, kt hp vi phng trnh trn,
ta rt ra c m = 95 p; n = 19 p; t ta chn c m = 5; n = 1; p = 9.
Nhn xt 11 Chng ta khng th dng k thut tham s ha y c v sau khi
s dng Cauchy Schwarz-Holder xong th bt ng thc khng cn i xng hay hon
v g c, bt ng thc s cng kh chng minh hn. tng tham s chy c xut
pht t y.
minh rng
1
1
1
9
(ab + bc + ca)
+
+
:
2
2
2
(b + c)
(c + a)
(a + b)
4
(Iran MO 1996, Ji Chen)
111
Li gii. iu
P 1g gi m cho ta vic s dng Cauchy Schwarz bi ny? Chnh l
biu thc
(b+c)2 ; n c dng tng ca cc bnh phng nn ta hy th gii bi
cyc
ton ny bng Cauchy Schwarz xem sao

"
#"
#
X
X
1
2
(ma + nb + nc)
(b + c)2
cyc
cyc
X ma + nb + nc
b+c
cyc
!2

ma + nb + nc
1
b+c
mb + nc + na
1
c+a
mc + na + nb
1
a+b
bt ng thc ban u, ta thy ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1 v a = b =

1; c = 0 nn phi chn $m,n$ sao cho phng trnh trn cng tha mn c iu
ny. Hin nhin l n tha khi a = b = c = 1 nn ta ch cn xt im th 2 l (1; 1; 0),
ta phi c
m+n
m+n
2n
=
= 1 , m = 3n ) m = 3; n = 1
1
1
2
T y, li gii ca ta cho bt ng thc trn nh sau
#
"
#"
#
!"
X
X
X
X
X
1
1
=
(3a + b + c)2
11
a2 + 14
ab
2
(b
+
c)
(b + c)2
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
!2
X 3a + b + c
b+c
cyc
!2
X a
= 9 1+
b+c
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
4 1+
X
cyc
a
b+c
!2
11
P
a2 + 14 ab
cyc
cyc
P
ab
cyc
Do tnh thun nht, ta c th chun ha cho a + b + c = 1, t q =
ab; r = abc,
cyc
khi theo bt ng thc Schur bc 3, ta c r max 0; 4q9

thnh
2
1+q
11 8q
4
2
q r
q
. Bt ng thc tr
112
Nu 1
4
4q th
1+q
q r
Nu 4q
11
8q
1+q
q
11
8q
q
(4
3q)(1
q2
4q)
1 th
1+q
q r
11
8q
q
=
(1
1+q
q
4q 1
9
!2
11
8q
q
3q)(4q 1)(11
q(5q + 1)2
17q)
0:

ng.
Nhn xt 12 Bt ng thc trn l mt bt ng thc rt ni ting v v p cng
nh kh ca n. Hin nay c rt nhiu li gii cho n nhng li gii bng cch s
dng Cauchy Schwarz nh th ny th cha c cp trong bt c ti liu no c.
Cc bn thy khng, ci n gin nht nhng li c th tr thnh ci mnh m nht!

1
q
a + (b
c)2
4
+q
b+
(c a)2
4
1
+q
2
c + (a 4b)
5:
(Walther Janous)
Li gii. Mc tiu ln nht ca ta khi gii bt ng thc cha cn lun l tm cch
loi b cn thc, v trong bi ny cng vy. V ta ny sinh tng bnh phng 2
v, ri s dng bt ng thc Holder nh sau
2
X
1
4
q
cyc
a + (b
c)2
4
32 "
5
(ma + nb + nc)
a+
cyc
"
X
cyc
#3
(ma + nb + nc)
c)2
(b
4
= (m + 2n)3

h
(ma + nb + nc)3 a +
q
113
(b c)2
4
a+
(b
c)2
4
h
(mb + nc + na)3 b +
(a b)2
4
b+
(c
a)2
4
h
(mc + na + nb)3 c +
(c a)2
4
c+
(a
b)2
4
Ngoi ra, ng thc bi ton ban u xy ra khi a = 1; b = c = 0 (i vi cc bi

ton i xng, thng thng chng ta c 2 im nhy cm l (x; x; y) v (x; y; 0), cc
bn hy xt th 2 trng hp ny th s tm c ng thc nh trn) nn ta phi
chn m; n; p sao cho im (1; 0; 0) tha mn phng trnh trn, tc l
n3 1
n3 1
m3
= 1 4 = 1 4
p1
p1
1
4
, 2m = n ) m = 1; n = 2
V li gii ca ta nh sau
2
X
1
4
q
cyc
a + (b
Ta cn chng minh
5
c)2
4
32 "
5
(a + 2b + 2c)
"
#3
(a + 2b + 2c)
cyc
(a + 2b + 2c)3 a +
cyc
t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc, khi ta c q 2

3q 2
4
5q
a+
cyc
c)2
(b
4
= 125
c)2
(b
4
3r. Bt ng thc tr thnh
3r 11
q
4
Ta c
5q
3q 2
4
3r 11
q
4
5q
3q 2
4
q 2 11
q
1
= q(20
4
4
47q + q 2 )
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = 1; b = c = 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
0:
114
Nhn xt 13 Vi cc bi ton dng cn thc th ny, ta khng bit nn bt u t

u gii chng nhng t by gi vi k thut ny, chng ta hon ton c th c t
tin gii chng!
V d 1.94 Cho cc s x; y; z > 1; x1 +

p
1+
1
y
1+
+
p
1
z
= 2: Chng minh rng

p
x + y + z:
Li gii. Vi bi ton ny, thng thng chng ta s p dng Cauchy Schwarz theo
li t nhin l
p
p
p
p
x 1+ y 1+ z 1
3(x + y + z 3)
Ri i n vic chng minh
p
3(x + y + z
3)
,x+y+z
x+y+z
9
:
2
Nhng bt ng thc ny li ngc chiu v cng theo bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz,

ta c
9
9
x+y+z
1
1
1 = 2:
+
+
x
y
z
Do li i ny khng c hiu qu, chng ta ny sinh tng thm cc tham s vo
s dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz nh sau
r
r
r
p
p
p
x 1
y 1
z 1
x 1+ y 1+ z 1 =
a
+ b
+ c
a
b
c
s
x 1 y 1 z 1
(a + b + c)
+
+
a
b
c
T y, nu ta n iu kin bi ton mt t, ta c th chn c
y; c = z v khi
s
s
x 1 y 1 z 1
x 1 y
(a + b + c)
+
+
=
(x + y + z)
+
a
b
c
x
y
s
1
1
=
(x + y + z) 3
x y
p
=
x+y+z
a = x; b =
1
z
1
z
115
Bi ton c gii. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 23 :

Do cc biu thc dng tuyn tnh ma + nb + pc; mb + nc + pa; mc + na + pb d dng
chn c cc gi tr ca m; n; p hn cc biu thc khc nn ta thng dng chng
gii, nhng i khi trong mt vi trng hp vic s dng chng khng mang li
hiu qu m ta phi s dng cc biu thc ph khc (vic chn cc biu thc ny
khng c mu mc m phn ln da vo kinh nghim ca ngi lm ton)
minh rng
p
1
1
1
+p
+p
a2 + bc
b2 + ca
c2 + ab
1
1
1
+
+
b+c c+a a+b
(V Quc B Cn)
!2
"
#"
#
X
X (a + b)(a + c) X
1
1
p
a2 + bc
(a + b)(a + c)
a2 + bc
cyc
cyc
cyc
!
P
!
2
a
X a(b + c)
cyc
+3
=
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) cyc a2 + bc
Ta cn chng minh
2
cyc
X a(b + c)
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
X a(b + c)
cyc
a2 + bc
X a(b + c)
cyc
X
cyc
(a
a2 + bc
b)(a
cyc
+3
a2 + bc
+3
a2 + 3
cyc
cyc
1
a+b
!2
ab
cyc
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
cyc
cyc
a4
a2 b2
cyc
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
cyc
c)
!2
1
1
+
a2 + bc (b + c)(a + b + c)
116
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a

(c
a)(c
b)
0)a
a
b (b
c)
1
1
+
c2 + ab (a + b)(a + b + c)
0: Khi
v
1
1
+
+ bc (b + c)(a + b + c)
1
1
+(b a)(b c) 2
+
b + ca (c + a)(a + b + c)
(a b)(b c)
a
a
b
+
2
2
b
a + bc (b + c)(a + b + c) b + ca
c(a b)2 (a + b)(b c)[(a b)2 + ab + bc + ca]
=
0:
(a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)(b + c)(c + a)(a + b + c)
(a
b)(a
c)
a2
b
(c + a)(a + b + c)
Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c:

minh rng
p
p
p
3(a + b + c) 2
a2 + bc + b2 + ca + c2 + ab :
(Phm Kim Hng)

!2
"
#
X
X
Xp
2
2
a + bc
(3a + 4bc + ab + ac)
cyc
cyc
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
,8
a4 (b2 + c2 )
cyc
!2
X
cyc
3a2
a2 + bc
+ 4bc + ab + ac
a2 + bc
3
2 + 4bc + ab + ac
3a
4
cyc
X
X
X
16
a3 b3 11abc
a3 + 43abc
a2 (b + c) + 18a2 b2 c2
cyc
Y
, 8 (a
cyc
cyc
a2 + bc
2
3a + 4bc + ab + ac
!
b) + abc
cyc
X
cyc
cyc
X
cyc
a + 22
X
cyc
ab
0:
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b; c = 0

hoc cc hon v tng ng.
117
Nhn xt 14 tng ca li gii ny nh sau

Chng ta thy l ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b; c = 0, khi c mt im c
bit l
a2 + bc = b2 + ca = c2 + ab
Do , khi ta dng Cauchy Schwarz kh cn
!2
Xp
a2 + bc
"
cyc
#"
g(a; b; c)
cyc
X a2 + bc
g(a; b; c)
cyc
Ta cn chn g(a; b; c); g(b; c; a); g(c; a; b) sao cho ng thc trong bt ng thc ny
cng t ti a = b; c = 0. Vi ch trn, ta thy l nu ta chn g(a; b; c) c dng
a2 + bc + k(mt i lng i xng vi a; b; c) th r rng ng thc ban u vn c
m bo (cc i lng i xng ny cng n gin cng tt, s thun li hn cho
chng ta trong vic chng minh bt ng thc sau, chng ta c th chn cc i lng
nh (a + b + c)2 ; a2 + b2 + c2 ; ab + bc + ca). Ngoi ra, ta thy bn v tri ca bt
2
ng thc ban u c s xut hin ca (a + b +
Pc) nn bt ng thc sau khi s dng2
g(a; b; c) cng c dng m(a + b + c)
Cauchy Schwarz s d chng minh hn nu
cyc
t , ta d dng thy c mt trng hp hin nhin tha l k = 31 v i lng

i xng thm vo l ab + bc + ca: T dn n li gii kh c sc nh trn.

minh rng
(b + c)2
(c + a)2
(a + b)2
+
+
6:
a2 + bc
b2 + ca
c2 + ab
(Darij Grinberg)
"
X (b + c)2
cyc
a2 + bc
#"
"
!2
(b + c) (a + bc)
cyc
(b + c)
cyc
#2
=4
a +
cyc
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
2
a +
cyc
,2
X
cyc
a4 + 2abc
X
cyc
X
cyc
ab
a+
X
cyc
(b + c)2 (a2 + bc)
cyc
ab(a2 + b2 )
X
cyc
a2 b2
!2
ab
118
Bt ng thc ny c suy ra t bt ng thc Schur bc 4

X
X
X
2
a4 + 2abc
a 2
ab(a2 + b2 )
cyc
cyc
v
3
cyc
ab(a2 + b2 )
cyc
a2 b2 :
cyc
vi bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng theo bt ng thc AM-GM. ng thc xy

ra khi v ch khi a = b = c hoc a = b; c = 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
a+b
b+c
c+a
+
+
ab + 1 bc + 1 ca + 1
9
:
5
(Michael Rozenberg)

X (1 + a)(1 + b)
cyc
1 + ab
, (1 + a)(1 + b)(1 + c)
X
cyc
24
5
1
(1 + c)(1 + ab)

#"
#
"
X
X
1
2
(3 c) (1 + c)(1 + ab)
(1 + c)(1 + ab)
cyc
cyc
"
24
5
(3
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
40(1 + a)(1 + b)(1 + c)
(3
c)2 (1 + c)(1 + ab)
cyc
t q =
ab; r = abc. Ta c
cyc
(1 + a)(1 + b)(1 + c) = 2 + q + r
X
(3
c)2 (1 + c)(1 + ab) = (8
2q)r + 26 + 16q
cyc
Bt ng thc tr thnh
(16 + 6q)r + 2
8q
#2
c)
= 64
119
Nu 1 4q, bt ng thc l hin nhin. Nu 4q

q)
bc 4, ta c r (4q 1)(1
, do
6
(16 + 6q)r + 2
8q
(16 + 6q)
=
1
(4q
3
(4q
1)(1

v tng ng.
1
3
1, s dng bt ng thc Schur

1)(1
6
q)
+2
3q)(q + 2)
8q
0:
hoc a = b = 12 ; c = 0 hoc cc hon
V d 1.99
Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha a + b + c = 1: Chng minh rng vi
p
3
k=1
,
ta
c
2
p
p
p
p
a + k(b c)2 + b + k(c a)2 + c + k(a b)2
3:
(Phan Thnh Nam)

v
2
32
u
p !
Xu
3
ta + 1
4
(b c)2 5
2
cyc
"
#
#"
p
X
Xa+ 1
32 (b c)2
1
a+ p
a + p13
3
cyc
cyc
"
#
p
X
p
a
2
3 X (b c)2
3+1
+
=
2
a + p1
a + p1
cyc
cyc
3
Ta cn chng minh
p
3+1
"
X
cyc
#
p
a
2
3 X (b c)2
+
2
a + p13
a + p13
cyc
t q = ab + bc + ca =; r = abc, khi ta c q 2 3r. Bt ng thc tr thnh

p
p
9 2 + 3 r q 6q + 3
0
Ta c
9 2+
3 r
q 6q +
3 2+
3 q2

v tng ng.
1
3
q 6q +
3 =
3q(3q
1)
0:
120
V d 1.100 Cho cc s dng a; b; c; d tha (a + b + c + d)

Chng minh rng
1
1
1
1
+ 2+ 2+ 2
a2
b
c
d
(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 )
1
a
1
b
1
c
1
d
= 20:
36:
(Phm Kim Hng)

X 1
a2
cyc
!"
(b + c + d
a)2
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
4
a2
cyc
Xb+c+d
cyc
!2
= 144
a)2
(b + c + d
cyc
,0
0:
hin nhin ng.

minh rng
b+c
c+a
a+b
6
+
+
:
2a2 + bc 2b2 + ca 2c2 + ab
a+b+c
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
X
cyc
b+c
2a2 + bc
!"
(b + c) (2a + bc)
cyc
"
(b + c)
cyc
#2
Ta cn chng minh
2
X
cyc
a +
!2
ab
cyc
cyc
(b + c)3 (2a2 + bc)
cyc
Chun ha cho a + b + c = 1. t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc, khi theo bt ng thc

Schur bc 3, ta c r max 0; 4q9 1 . Ta c
X
cyc
a +
X
cyc
!2
ab
X
cyc
= (1
q)2

X
121
(b + c)3 (2a2 + bc) = q + 2q 2 + 12qr
11r
cyc
Bt ng thc tr thnh
q)2
2(1
, 3(11
Nu 1
3(q + 2q 2 + 12qr
12q)r + (q + 2)(1
4q, bt ng thc l hin nhin. Nu 4q

3(11
12q)r + (q + 2)(1
4q)
4q)
1, ta c
3(11
12q)
5
(4q
3
1)(1
11r)
4q
1
9
3q)
+ (q + 2)(1
4q)
0:

ng.
r
s
X
(b c)2
1X
a+
3+
(b c)2 :
4
2
cyc
cyc
(Phan Thnh Vit)
"
X
cyc
a+
c)2
(b
4
#2
"
=
#"
(a + 1)
cyc
X 4a + (b
Xa+
(b c)2
4
a+1
cyc
c)2
a+1
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
X 4a + (b
a+1
cyc
(b
c)2
cyc
X
cyc
c)2
(b
1
2
c)2
3+
1
a+1
1X
(b
2 cyc
+3
c)2
X 4a
a+1
cyc
X 1 3a
a 1
+
2(a + 1) cyc 1 + a
122
Ta c
X1
cyc
3a X b + c 2a X
=
=
(b
1+a
1+a
cyc
cyc
1
1+c
c)
1
1+b
X
cyc
(b c)2
(b + 1)(c + 1)
Do , bt ng thc tng ng vi
X
cyc
X
(b c)2
+
(b
(b + 1)(c + 1) cyc
c)2
a 1
2(a + 1)
1
a 1
+
(b + 1)(c + 1) 2(a + 1)
X
,
x(b c)2 0
c)2
(b
cyc
cyc
trong x = 2(a + 1) + (a
Do tnh i xng, gi s a
x
2(a + 1) + (a
1 3
(a
=
4
1)(b + 1)(c + 1) v y; z tng t.

b c, khi a 31 c; 21 b, ta c
1) 1 +
7a2 + 23a
1)
b+c
2
= 2(a + 1) + (a
1) 1 +
y = 2(b + 1) + (b2
1)(a + c
b + 1) + (1
2(b + 1) + (b
1)(a + c
b + 1)
= 2(b + 1) + (b
1)(2
2b) = 2b(b + 1)(2
b)(a
b)
b)(b
c)
y + z = 2(b + c + 2) + (a + 1)[(b 1)(c + 1) + (c 1)(b + 1)]

= 2(3 a) + 2(a + 1)(bc 1) 2(3 a) 2(a + 1) = 4(1
X
)
x(b c)2 (y + z)(a b)2 0:
a)
cyc

v tng ng.
1
3
Nhn xt 15 Chng ta c mt kt qu tng t nh sau

r
r
r
(b c)2
(c a)2
(a b)2
a+
+ b+
+ c+
4
4
4
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a b c: Xt 2 trng hp sau
Trng hp 1. b 61 ) a = 1 b c 1 2b 23 ; khi ta c
r
r
p
(b c)2
2
a+
a
4
3
3
2

r
b+
a)2
(c
4
c+
123
r
b)2
(a
4
)
Trng hp 2. b
cyc
a+
b+
=
X
(2a
1)2
(3a
a+
c)2
(b
2
+
3
4
r
b
4
r
c)2
(9a
b+c+
4)(3a
12
2) + 7
3
7
>
12
2
1
6;
bnh phng 2 v, ta c bt ng thc tng ng l

s
X
1X
(b c)2
(a c)2
5
2
(a b) + 2
a+
b+
4 cyc
4
4
4
cyc

s
X p
X
(a c)2
1
(b c)2
b+
2
2
ab + j(a
a+
4
4
4
cyc
cyc
b)(a
1X
(a
4 cyc
b)2 + 2
Xp
ab +
cyc
, (a
c)2 + 2
1X
j(a
2 cyc
Xp
cyc
5
4
c)j
5
4
ab
cyc

X
Xp
p
ab = 2
2
(a + b + c) ab
cyc
b)(a
p
(a + b) ab
cyc
ab
cyc
(a
, (a
,
1
(a
4
c)2 + 4(ab + bc + ca)
b + c)(5b
5
4
c)2 + 4(ab + bc + ca)
c)
0,
1
(a
4
5
(a + b + c)2
4
b + c)(6b
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng. Vy ta c pcm.
1)
0:
c)j
(2a
b
4
r
c)2
7
12
124

minh rng
p
1
1
1
+p
+p
4a2 + bc
4b2 + ca
4c2 + ab
2
:
ab + bc + ca
(V Quc B Cn)

X
cyc
1
4a2 + bc
!2 "
(b + c)3 (4a2 + bc)
cyc
"
#3
(b + c)
cyc
=8
!3
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
X
2
X
cyc
!3
cyc
ab
cyc
ab(a3 + b3 )
(b + c)3 (4a2 + bc)
cyc
a2 b2 (a + b) + 14abc
cyc
ab(a
cyc
a2
cyc
b)2 (a + b) + 14abc
a2
0:
cyc
hin nhin ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b; c = 0 hoc cc hon v tng

ng.
rng
(a + b)2
(b + c)2
(c + a)2
3
+
+
:
a2 + 2b2 + 3c2
b2 + 2c2 + 3a2
c2 + 2a2 + 3b2
2
(Dng c Lm, V Quc B Cn)
#"
#
"
X
X
(a + b)2
2 2
2
2
(2a + b) (a + 2b + 3c )
a2 + 2b2 + 3c2
cyc
cyc
"
#2
!2
X
X
X
2
(a + b)(2a + b) = 9
a +
ab
cyc
cyc
cyc
125
Ch rng
X
(2a + b)2 (a2 + 2b2 + 3c2 )
cyc
= 6
a4 + 4
cyc
a3 b + 8
cyc
a +8
cyc
ab3 + 24
cyc
ab(a + b ) + 24
cyc
a2 b2 + 12
cyc
2 2
a b + 12
cyc
a2 bc
cyc
a2 bc
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
3
X
cyc
a +
X
cyc
!2
ab
,2
a4 + 4
cyc
ab(a2 + b2 )
ab(a2 + b2 ) + 12
cyc
cyc
,2
X
3
b)2 +
cyc
a2 b2 + 6
cyc
a2 b2 + 6
cyc
ab(a
a2 bc
a2 bc
cyc
cyc
a2 b2 + 6
cyc
a2 bc
0:
cyc
hin nhin ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

ng.
a
1
b
0
c
0
hoc cc hon v tng

rng
b2
c2
2
a2
+
+
:
2a2 + (b + c)2
2b2 + (c + a)2
2c2 + (a + b)2
3
(Darij Grinberg)
X
2a2
2a2 + (b + c)2
(b + c)2
2a2 + (b + c)2
cyc
cyc
5
3
5
3

"
#"
#
X
X
(b + c)2
2
2
2
(a + 3b + 3c) [2a + (b + c) ]
2a2 + (b + c)2
cyc
cyc
"
#2
X
(b + c)(a + 3b + 3c)
cyc
126
Ta cn chngm inh
3
"
#2
(b + c)(a + 3b + 3c)
cyc
(a + 3b + 3c)2 [2a2 + (b + c)2 ]
cyc
Chun ha cho a + b + c = 1. t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc, ta c

X
(b + c)(a + 3b + 3c) = 6 4q
cyc
(a + 3b + 3c)2 [2a2 + (b + c)2 ] =
cyc
2a)2 (3a2
(3
cyc
= 12
a4
44
cyc
a3 + 55
cyc
84r + 24q 2
2a + 1)
X
a2
cyc
26q + 20
Bt ng thc tr thnh
3(6
4q)2
5( 84r + 24q 2
, 210r + (1
4q)(4 + 9q)
Nu 1 4q, bt ng thc l hin nhin. Nu 4q

bc 3 ta c r 4q9 1 , do
210r + (1
4q)(4 + 9q)
4q
210
1
9
26q + 20)
+ (1
1, s dng bt ng thc Schur
4q)(4 + 9q) =
1
(4q
3
1)(58
27q)
0:

rng
a2
b2
c2
1
+ 2
+ 2
:
2
2
2
5a + (b + c)
5b + (c + a)
5c + (a + b)2
3
(V Quc B Cn)
X
cyc
X
cyc
!"
X
cyc
4a2
5a2 + (b + c)2
5
3
#
X
1
bc
+2
2
2
2 + (b + c)2
5a + (b + c)
5a
cyc
5
3
127

"
1
2
5a + (b + c)2
cyc
"
#2
(a + 3b + 3c)
cyc
(a + 3b + 3c)2 [5a2 + (b + c)2 ]
cyc
49
= P
!2
cyc
(a + 3b + 3c)2 [5a2 + (b + c)2 ]
cyc
X
cyc
bc
2
5a + (b + c)2
cyc
!2
bc
bc[5a2 + (b + c)2 ]
cyc
bc
cyc
!2
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
49
P
cyc
a2
!2
cyc
(a + 3b + 3c)2 [5a2 + (b + c)2 ]
bc
cyc
cyc
!2
5
3
cyc
Chun ha cho a + b + c = 1. t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc, ta c

X
(a + 3b + 3c)2 [5a2 + (b + c)2 ] = 23
20q + 48q 2
144r
cyc
Bt ng thc tr thnh
23
Nu 1
49(1 2q)
+ 2q
20q + 48q 2 144r
5
3
4q, ta c
23
49(1 2q)
+ 2q
20q + 48q 2 144r
5
3
49(1 2q)
5
+ 2q
23 20q + 48q 2
3
8(4 3q)(1 4q)(1 + 3q)
=
3(23 20q + 48q 2 )
128
Nu 4q
23
4q 1
9 .
1, s dng bt ng thc Schur bc 3 ta c r

5
3
49(1 2q)
+ 2q
20q + 48q 2 144r
Suy ra
49(1 2q)
23 20q + 48q 2 16(4q
8(1 3q)(4q 1)(2 q)
=
3(13 28q + 16q 2 )
1)
+ 2q
5
3
0:

ng.
minh rng
r
r
r
p
3 6
a2 + ab + b2
b2 + bc + c2
c2 + ca + a2
+
+
:
c2 + ab
a2 + bc
b2 + ca
2
(Nguyn Vn Thch)
X
cyc
!"
a2 + ab + b2
c2 + ab
Ta cn chng minh
X
16
27
16
,
27
Do a2 + ab + b2
cyc
3
4 (a
16
27
16
,
27
X
cyc
!3
cyc
cyc
a2 + ab + b2
X (a + b)(a2 + 2ab + b2 )(c2 + ab)
!3
a2 + ab + b2
X (a + b)3 (c2 + ab)
!3
cyc
cyc
!3
cyc
16
,
27
X (a + b)3 (c2 + ab)
a2 + ab + b2
cyc
ab(a + b) +
cyc
X ab(a + b)(c2 + ab)

cyc
a2 + ab + b2
+ b)2 , nn ta ch cn chng minh c

X
cyc
!3
!3
ab(a + b) +
cyc
cyc
ab(a + b) +
4 X ab(c2 + ab)
3 cyc
a+b
X c
4 X a2 b2
4
+ abc
3 cyc a + b 3
a+b
cyc

Li do
4a2 b2
a+b
16
27
129
ab(a + b), nn ta ch cn chng minh

!3
X
X
X c
1X
4
a
2
ab(a + b) +
ab(a + b) + abc
3 cyc
3
a+b
cyc
cyc
cyc
16
,
9
X
cyc
!3
ab(a + b) + 4abc
cyc
X
cyc
c
a+b
Chun ha cho a + b + c = 1. t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc, khi theo bt ng thc

2
q)
r (4q 1)(1
. Bt ng thc tr thnh
Schur v bt ng thc Newton, ta c q3
6
16
9
7(q
1+q
q r
3r) + 4r
, f (r) = 297r2 + (52
16q + 63q 2
324q)r
V f (r) l hm li nn
f (r)
max f
q2
3
;f
(4q
1)(1
6
q)
Mt khc, ta c
f
f
(4q
1)(1
6
q2
3
=
q)
1
q(3q
3
=
1)(33q 2
1
(3q
12
1)(528q 3
v
528q 3
280q 2 + 29q + 5 = q 3
= q3
q
97q + 48)
"
5
29
+ 2
q3
q
1
3
q
1
q
= q 3 29
3
1
q
280q 2 + 29q + 5)
280
+ 528
q
5
44
+
148 + 84
q2
q
!
#
5
44
148 + 84
2 + 1
1
3
3 + 84
0:
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c.

V d 1.108 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c: Chng minh rng
a2
b2
c2
+
+
a2 + b2 + ab + ca b2 + c2 + bc + ab c2 + a2 + ca + bc
3
:
4
(Michael Rozenberg)
130

!"
#
X
X
a2
2
2
2
(2a + c) (a + b + ab + ca)
a2 + b2 + ab + ca
cyc
cyc
"
#2
!2
X
X
X
2
a(2a + c) = 2
a +
ab
cyc
cyc
cyc
4 2
a +
cyc
,4
!2
a2 b2 +
ab
cyc
a4 + 6
cyc
(2a + c) (a2 + b2 + ab + ca)
cyc
cyc
a3 b
cyc
ab3
3abc
cyc
cyc
S dng bt ng thc Vasile, ta c

8
ab
cyc
8
3
8
3
cyc
!2
4
a +6
cyc
2 2
a b +
cyc
a b
cyc
cyc
4X 4 2X 2 2 X 3
a +
a b +
a b
3 cyc
3 cyc
cyc
!2
3abc
3abc
cyc
cyc

4X 4
a
3 cyc
2
a2 b2
4X 2 2
a b
3 cyc
2abc
cyc
X
cyc
cyc
a3 b
abc
a:
cyc
Cng tng ng v vi v 3 bt ng thc trn, ta thu c bt ng thc trn.

Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c:
131

2b3
b
c
a
+ 3
+ 3
2
2
+ c a 2c + a b 2a + b2 c
a2
3
:
+ b2 + c2
(Dng c Lm)

!"
#
"
#2
X
X
X
a
a(a + c)2 (2b3 + c2 a)
a(a + c)
2b3 + c2 a
cyc
cyc
cyc
X
a +
cyc
!2
X
X
2
a +
ab
cyc
cyc
cyc
Bng khai trin trc tip, ta d thy

X
a(a + c)2 (2b3 + c2 a)
cyc
a4 (b2 + c2 ) + 4
cyc
X
cyc
a4 (b2 + c2 ) + 4
cyc
X
cyc
a4 (b2 + c2 ) + 4
cyc
!2
ab
cyc
X
3 a(a + c)2 (2b3 + c2 a)
cyc
X
X
a3 b3 + 2 a3 b2 c + 4 a2 b3 c
cyc
cyc
X
X
a3 b3 + 2abc a2 (b + c) + 2abc a3
cyc
a3 b3 + 2abc
cyc
X
cyc
a2
cyc
cyc
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a + b + c = 1 v t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc th ta

c
!
!
X
X
X
X
4 2
2
3 3
2
a (b + c ) + 4 a b + 2abc
a
a
cyc
X
cyc
2 2
a b
!
2
cyc
X
cyc
cyc
cyc
!
!
X
X
X
3 3
2
+ 4 a b + 2abc
a
a
= (1 2q)(q
2r) + 4(q
2
3
= q + 2q
12qr + 9r2
cyc
cyc
3qr + 3r ) + 2r(1
cyc
2q)
3r2
3a2 b2 c2
132
Ta cn chng minh
(1
q)2
2q)(1
3(q 2 + 2q 3
4q + 2q 2
,1
8q 3 + 36qr
, (1
12qr + 9r2 )
4q)(1 + q ) + 2(9q + 2)r + [q
27r2
4q + 2(9q
27r2 ]
2)r
Ta c
q2
4q 3 + 2(9q
2)r
27r2 = (a
(4q 1)(1 q)
6
v theo bt ng thc Schur bc 4 th r

(1
4q)(1 + q 2 ) + 2(9q + 2)r
c)2 (c
a)2
1
(4q
3
1)2 (1
nn
4q)(1 + q 2 ) + 2(9q + 2)
(1
=
b)2 (b
3q)
(4q
1)(1
6
q)
0:

hoc a = b; c = 0 v cc hon v.
a
b
c
+
+
2b2 + ca 2c2 + ab 2a2 + bc
3
:
a+b+c
(V Quc B Cn)

X
a
2
2b + ca
cyc
!"
a(a + c) (2b + ca)
cyc
X
cyc
a +
!2
ab
cyc
Bng khai trin trc tip, ta c

X
cyc
a(a + c) (2b + ca)
"
#
X
X
1 X 4
3 2
2
a (b + c) + 5 a (b + c ) + 12abc ab
2 cyc
cyc
cyc
X
1
+ (a b)(b c)(c a) a2
2
cyc
Do a; b; c l di 3 cnh tam gic nn ta d dng chng minh c

X
X
(a b)(b c)(c a)
a3 + 3abc
a2 (b + c)
cyc
cyc

)
133
a(a + c)2 (2b2 + ca)
cyc
"
#
X
X
1 X 4
3 2
2
a (b + c) + 5 a (b + c ) + 12abc ab
2 cyc
cyc
cyc
"
#
!
X
X
1 X 3
a + 3abc
a2 (b + c)
a2
+
2 cyc
cyc
cyc
1
=
2
2
X
cyc
!
X
X
X
3 2
2
2
a + 5 a (b + c ) + 3abc a + 10abc ab
5
cyc
14 X 3
a
=
2
cyc
cyc
X
cyc
a2
+4
a2 b2
cyc
cyc
cyc
+ 3abc
cyc
Chun ha cho a + b + c = 1; v t ab + bc + ca = q; r = abc )

X
cyc
cyc
+4
2 2
a b
cyc
X
cyc
+ 3abc
1
3
!2 3
a 5
1
4,
ta c
!2
cyc
= (1 2q)(1 3q + 3r) + 4(q 2

= 1 5q + 10q 2 2(1 + 3q)r
2r) + 3r
Ta cn chng minh
2(1
q)2
3[1
5q + 10q 2
, 6(1 + 3q)r + (4q

Theo bt ng thc Schur bc 4, ta c 6r
6(1 + 3q)r + (4q
1)(1
7q)
1)(1
(4q
(1 + 3q)(4q
= (1 3q)(4q
2(1 + 3q)r]
7q)
1)(1
0
q) nn
1)(1 q) + (4q
1)(q + 2) 0:
1)(1
7q)

hoc a = b; c = 0 v cc hon v.
V d 1.111 Cho cc s dng a; b; c. Chng minh rng vi mi k
s X
Xp
X
2
2
a + kab + b
4
a2 + (3k + 2)
ab:
cyc
cyc
2, ta c
cyc
(Michael Rozenberg)
134

!2
"
#
!
X
X a2 + kab + b2
Xp
a2 + kab + b2
(a + b)
a+b
cyc
cyc
cyc
!
!
X
X a2 + kab + b2
= 2
a
a+b
cyc
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
a+b
cyc
,2
X a2 + kab + b2
(a + b) + 2(k
,2
P
a2 + (3k + 2) ab
cyc
cyc
P
a
cyc
X ab
2)
a+b
cyc
cyc
,2
X
cyc
cyc
ab
a
cyc
a+b
, 2abc
a+
P
2) ab
cyc
P
a
cyc
X ab(a + b + c)
cyc
3(k
cyc
X ab
a+b
cyc
ab
cyc
1
a+b
ab
cyc

2abc
X
cyc
1
a+b
2abc
X1
cyc
1 1
+
a b
ab:
cyc
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c:

r
p
p
p
2
2
2
2
a b + 3c + b c + 3a + c a + 3b
:
3
Li gii. Ta c b sau
2
X
cyc
ab + 5
X
cyc
a2 b
11
9
135
Tht vy, bt ng thc tng ng vi

X
X
11
a3 + 15
ab2 + 12abc
cyc
30
cyc
xy + y 2 )c + 11x3
cyc
Gi s c = minfa; b; cg, t a = c + x; b = c + y (x; y

18(x2
a2 b
0), bt ng thc tr thnh
30x2 y + 15xy 2 + 11y 3
Ta cn chng minh
f (x) = 11x3
30x2 y + 15xy 2 + 11y 3
Ta c
f 0 (x) = 33x2
60xy + 15y 2
p
p
10 + 3 5 y
10 3 5 y
f (x) = 0 , x =
_x=
11
11
0
T y, ta d dng kim tra c

f (x)
!
p
p
10 + 3 5 y
9 109 30 5 y 3
=
11
121
Tr li bi ton ca ta, s dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c

X p
a b + 3c2
cyc
!2
"
=
#"
a(1 + c)
cyc
1+
ab
cyc
1+
X
cyc
cyc
cyc
1+c
X
X ab
+3
ab
1+c
cyc
cyc
!6
6X ab
X
6
ab 6
+3
ab
6 cyc 1 + c
cyc
4
X ab
X
=
ab
1+c
cyc
cyc
X
X a(b + 3c2 )
a2 b
abc
X
cyc
11
45
1
c+1
2X
5
cyc
X
cyc
ab
ab
!
X ca
3
1+c
cyc
!2 3
P
7
3
ab
7
cyc
P
P 2 7
7
ab +
a b7
5
cyc
cyc
9
abc
4
136
Ta cn chng minh
1+
X
cyc
!6
6 X
6
ab
ab 64
6 cyc
4
3
9
abc
4
7
7
7
P 7
3
+5
ab 7
5
cyc
ab
cyc
11
45
!2 3
2
3
t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc, th bt ng thc ny tr thnh

4q
9
r
4
2
3(q + 1)
3q 2
3
11
5 q + 45
2
3(q + 1)
9
135q 2
4q + r +
4
27q + 11
(4q 1)(1 q)
.
6
Theo bt ng thc Schur bc 4, ta c r
Suy ra
9
135q 2
2
4q + r +
3(q + 1)
4
27q + 11
2
9 (4q 1)(1 q)
135q 2
4q +
+
3(q + 1)
4
6
27q + 11
2
3
2
7 60q 87q
36q
135q
=
+
24(q + 1)
27q + 11
(1 3q)(324q 3 57q 2 240q + 77)
=
24(q + 1)(27q + 11)
324q 3
57q 2
240q + 77
y l mt hm gim theo q nn
324q 3
57q 2
240q + 77
324
1
33
57
1
32
240
1
8
+ 77 = > 0:
3
3
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 31 :

a
b
c
+
+
2
2
b+c
c+a
a + b2
9
:
3+a+b+c
(Trn Quc Lut)
137

X
cyc
a
b + c2
!"
a(b + c )(2a + 2b + c)
cyc
a +3
cyc
!2
ab
cyc
2
a +3
cyc
!2
ab
cyc
3+
cyc
a(b + c2 )(2a + 2b + c)2
cyc
Bt ng thc ny c suy ra t cc bt ng thc sau

2
a +3
cyc
ab
cyc
a +3
cyc
!2
!2
ab
cyc
ab(2a + 2b + c)2
cyc
cyc
c2 a(2a + 2b + c)2
cyc
a) Trc ht, ta s chng minh
a +3
cyc
!2
ab
cyc
ab(2a + 2b + c)2
cyc
Do tnh thun nht, ta c th gi s a + b + c = 1: t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc th

ta c
!2
X
X
2
2
a +3
ab
= (2 q)2
cyc
ab(2a + 2b + c)2 =
cyc
cyc
ab(2
(2
q)2
c)2 =
cyc
ab(4
4c + c2 ) = 4q
11r
cyc
Bt ng thc tr thnh
3(4q
, 33r + 4
11r)
16q + q 2
Theo bt ng thc Schur, ta c nn

33r + 4
16q + q 2
33
4q
1
9
+4
16q + q 2 =
1
(1
3
q)(1
3q)
138
b) Tip theo, ta s chng minh

2
a +3
cyc
!2
ab
cyc
cyc
c2 a(2a + 2b + c)2
cyc
y cng l mt bt ng thc thun nht nn ta cng c th chun ha cho a+b+c =

1 v t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc tng t nh trn, khi ta c
!2
!
X
X
X
2
2
a +3
ab
a = (2 q)2
cyc
cyc
cyc
V
X
c2 a(2a + 2b + c)2
cyc
c2 a(2
c)2 =
cyc
a b
cyc
M
X
a3 b =
cyc
a2 b
cyc
a b
cyc
X
3
a b
(1
q)
cyc
cyc
cyc
a2 b
c2 a(4
cyc
a b+
abc
cyc
a2 b2
cyc
a b
+ (1
cyc
q 2 + (1 + q)r
a4 b
cyc
a=
cyc
4c + c2 )
a2 b
q2 + r
cyc
ab
cyc
+ abc
ab
cyc
cyc
Nn
X
c2 a(2a + 2b + c)2
cyc
= 4
a b
cyc
= (1
q)
a b
q +r
cyc
a b + 3q + (q
q)
a2 b
q 2 + (1 + q)r
cyc
3)r
cyc
S dng kt qu quen thuc
4
27
a2 b
cyc
(2
q)2
9 (1
q)
r; ta ch cn chng minh c
4
27
r + 3q 2 + (q
3)r
139
, 9(2
Nu 1
q)r +
8
q
3
26q 2
4q th ta c
8
3
Nu 4q
9(2
8
3
8
q
3
26q 2
1 th theo bt ng thc Schur, ta c 9r
q)r +
8
3
8
q
3
26q 2
(2
q)(4q
1) +
8
3
8
q
3
4q
1 nn
26q 2 =
2
(17q
3
2)(1
3q)
0:

a2
b2
c2
+
+
b + 27c3
c + 27a3
a + 27b3
1
:
4
(V Quc B Cn)

X
a2
b + 27c3
hX
i
(2a + b)2 (b + 27c3 )
a2 +
ab
t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc th ta c
2
27
b(2a + b)2 =
c3 (2a + b)2
a3 + 4
a2 +
ab
a2 (b + c) = 1
= (2
3q)2
3q + 3r + 4(q
3r) = 1 + q
9r
i
X
X
a2 b2 (a + b) + 4abc
a2 + 3
a3 b2
h X
i
X
X
X
X
= 27
a
a2 b2 + 4abc
a2 abc
ab + 3
a3 b2
h
i
X
= 27 q 2 2r + 4(1 2q)r qr + 3
a3 b2
h
i
X
= 27 q 2 + (2 9q)r + 3
a3 b2
27
hX
140
v
X
a3 b2
ab
a2 b
abc
a2
X
a2 b (1 q)r = q
a
X
X
X
= q
a3 b +
a2 b2 + abc
a
= q
X
abc
ab
X
a2 b
(1
(1
q)r
X
1 X 2 2 X 2 2
+
a b + abc
a
(1
a
3
1
1
= q (1 2q)2 + q 2 r
(1 q)r = q(1
3
3
q)r
) 27
c3 (2a + b)2
27 q 2 + (2
=
9q)r + q(1
q)r
4q + 7q 2 )
4q + 7q 2 )
3r
3q + 7q 2 )]
27[ (9q + 1)r + q(1
Do ta ch cn chng minh c
3q)2
4(2
1+q
9r + 27[ (9q + 1)r + q(1
, 9(4 + 37q)r + 15
76q + 117q 2
4q
3q + 7q 2 )]
189q 3
1 nn
9(4 + 37q)r + 15 76q + 117q 2 189q 3

(4 + 27q)(4q 1) + 15 76q + 117q 2
= (1 3q)2 (11 21q) 0:
189q 3

0; a + b + c = 3: Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+
+
ab2 + 8 bc2 + 8 ca2 + 8
1
:
3
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Hng dn. S dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz,

X
cyc
1
ab2 + 8
X
cyc
(ab + 8)(a + 2c + 5)
"
X
cyc
#2
(a + 2c + 5)
= 576:

141
0: Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+
+
2a2 + bc 2b2 + ca 2c2 + ab
6
:
a2 + b2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Hng dn. S dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz
X
cyc
1
2a2 + bc
1
4a2
+ bc
#2
(b + c)
cyc
(b + c)2 (2a2 + bc)
cyc
p
"
+p
0: Chng minh rng

1
1
+p
2
+ ca
4c + ab
4
:
a+b+c
4b2
(Phm Kim Hng)

Hng dn. S dng bt ng thc Holder
X
cyc
1
4a2 + bc
p
2a2
!2
"
#3
(b + c)
cyc
(b + c)3 (4a2 + bc)
cyc
0: Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+p
+p
2
2
+ ab + bc
2b + ca + ab
2c + ca + ab
9
:
2(a + b + c)

X
cyc
1
p
2
2a + ab + bc
!2
cyc
27(a + b + c)3
:
(b + 2c)3 (2a2 + ab + bc)
142

r
b
c
a
3
p
+p
+p
(a + b + c)
2
c+a
a+b
b+c
(V Quc B Cn)
Hng dn. S dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz,
X
cyc
a
p
a+b
!2
"
b2
a(a + b + 2c)
cyc
p
#"
X
cyc
#
a
:
(a + b)(a + b + 2c)
0: Chng minh rng
a
b
c
+p
+p
2
2
+ 15ca
c + 15ab
a + 15bc
3
:
4
(Park Doo Sung)
X
cyc
a
p
b2 + 15ca
p
b2
!2
"
#3
a(a + 2b)
cyc
a(a + 2b)3 (b2 + 15ca)
cyc
0: Chng minh rng
a
b
c
+p
+p
2
2
2
2
+ 3c
c + 3a
a + 3b2
3
:
2
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
X
cyc
a
p
b2 + 3c2
!2
cyc
"
cyc
#3
a(2a + b)
a(2a + b)3 (b2 + 3c2 )
1.5. THE HYBERBOLIC FUNCTIONAL TECHNIQUE

p
143
0: Chng minh rng
b
c
a
+p
+p
2
2
+ ca
3c + ab
3a + bc
3b2
3
:
2
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
X
cyc
1.5
1.5.1
a
p
3b2 + ca
!2
"
cyc
#3
a(a + c)
a(a + c)3 (3b2 + ca)
cyc
The Hyberbolic functional technique

Li ni u
K thut ny c v l kh mi m nu cc bn ch xem tn ca k thut thi nhng

thc ra n tng c gii thiu rt nhiu ln trn cc din n, cc tp ch vi
ci tn phng php tip tuyn chng minh bt ng thc (chng hn nh [5]).
Nhng, trong cc bi vit , cc tc gi u cha khai thc tht trit cc tnh
cht ca tip tuyn k thut tr nn mnh hn v c s dng nhiu hn trong
chng minh bt ng thc. y, trong bi vit ny, chng ti xin c gii thiu
cng cc bn mt s tm ti ca mnh trong vic lm mnh k thut trn.
1.5.2
Mt s v d m u
chng minh mt bt ng thc f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) +

+ f (xn ) 0; m vic nh
gi f (x) gp nhiu kh khn th chng ta s tm mt hm g(x) d nh gi hn sao
cho f (x) g(x) v ta ch cn vic phi chng minh bt ng thc cn li cht hn
nhng d hn l
g(x1 ) + g(x2 ) +
+ g(xn ) 0:
minh rng
b
c
3
a
+
+
:
b+c c+a a+b
2
(Nesbitt)
144
Li gii. Chun ha cho a + b + c = 3; bt ng thc tr thnh

a
3
Vi mi x
b
3
c
3
3
2
3; ta c
4x
3
x
3(x
,
3
Do
4a
3
4b
3
4c
3
(3a
3x
1)2
x
0:
1) + (3b
1) + (3c
1) = 6

V d 1.124 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; tt c khng i bng 0: Chng minh rng
(2a + b + c)2
(2b + c + a)2
(2c + a + b)2
+
+
2a2 + (b + c)2
2b2 + (c + a)2
2c2 + (a + b)2
8:
(USAMO 2003)
Li gii. Chun ha cho a + b + c = 3; bt ng thc tr thnh

(3 + a)2
(3 + b)2
(3 + c)2
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
+ (3 a)
2b + (3 b)
2c + (3 c)2
2a2
,
Vi mi x
X a2 + 6a + 9
cyc
a2
2a + 3
24
3; ta c
x2 + 6x + 9
4x + 4
x2 2x + 3
(4x + 3)(x 1)2
,
0
x2 2x + 3
Do
X a2 + 6a + 9
cyc
a2
2a + 3
(4a + 4) = 24
cyc

p
p
p
p
a2 + 1 + b2 + 1 + c2 + 1
2(a + b + c):
(Gabriel Dospinescu)

Li gii. Xt hm s f (x) =
f 0 (x) =
x2 + 1
x+
p1
2
145
ln x vi x > 0; ta c
i
h
p
x) 1 x + 2x2 + 2x2 2(1 + x2 )
p
p
p
x 2(x2 + 1) 2x2 + x2 + 1
(1
f 0 (x) = 0 , x = 1
T y d thy
f (x) f (1) = 0 8x > 0
p
p
1
) x2 + 1
2x p ln x
2
Do
p
p
p
a2 + 1 + b2 + 1 + c2 + 1
2(a + b + c)
p
1
p (ln a + ln b + ln c) = 2(a + b + c)
2

Cu hi t ra l lm sao chng ta c th chn c cc hm g(x) thch hp?
Tht ra, y hm g(x) c la chn da vo iu kin rng buc cc bin ca bi
ton, chng hn nh nu iu kin l x1 + x2 +
+ xn = n th g(x) = k(x 1); nu
xn = 1 th g(x) = k ln x
x21 + x22 +
+ x2n = n th g(x) = k(x2 1), v nu x1 x2
vi k l hng s m ta s chn sau. ( y ta gi s bt ng thc c ng thc xy
ra ti x1 = x2 =
= xn = 1). y nu f c o hm v lin tc li x = 1 th
k = f 0 (1): Nhng trong mt vi trng hp, ta khng cn phi tnh o hm lm g
m vn c th d dng chn bng php bin i tng ng, chng hn nh bt
ng thc Nesbitt, chng ta cn chn sao cho
x
3
x
, (x
k(x
1)
1) +
1
2
3
2(3
x)
8x 2 (0; 3)
k
bt ng thc ny khng i du khi x chy qua gi tr 1 th ta phi chn k sao

cho
3
k=0
2(3 x)
c nghim x = 1 (nu khng th bt ng thc s khng ng), t suy ra k = 43 :
V d 1.126 Cho cc s thc a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 6: Chng minh rng
a4 + b4 + c4
2(a3 + b3 + c3 ):
146

p
p
p
a + b + c ab + bc + ca:
(Russia MO 2002)
Hng dn.
2(ab + bc + ca) = 9
a2
b2
c2 :

a
b
c
+
+
1 + bc 1 + ca 1 + ab
Hng dn.
bc
9
:
10
(b + c)2
(1 a)2
=
:
4
4

a2 + b2 + c2 + 9(ab + bc + ca)
10(a + b + c):
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
V d 1.130 Cho cc s dng a; b; c. Chng minh rng

(b + c a)2
(c + a b)2
(a + b c)2
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
2
a + (b + c)
b + (c + a)
c + (a + b)2
3
:
5
(Japan MO 1997)
1.5.3
t vn
i vi nhng bi ton khng cht, cch lm trn t ra rt hiu qu nhng i vi

nhng bi ton tng i cht th chng ta kh lng dng n gii quyt, bi v
bt ng thc f (x) g(x) lc ny khng phi lun ng na m n ch ng trong
mt s trng hp. Chng hn nh vi bi ton sau
V d 1.131 Cho cc s thc a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 1: Chng minh rng
a
b
c
+
+
a2 + 1 b2 + 1 c2 + 1
9
:
10
147
Bng cch tng t, chng ta thit lp c bt ng thc

36x + 3
50
x
x2 + 1
3
4
Nhng tic thay bt ng thc ny ch ng trong trng hp x

36x + 3
50
x
(4x + 3)(3x 1)2
=
x2 + 1
50(x2 + 1)
trong khi gi thit li yu cu chng ta chng minh bi ton vi cc s thc ty .

V th, cch lm ny khng pht huy c tc dng.
Nhng chng ta cng c th gii quyt bi ton bng cch chia thnh tng trng
hp nh gii.
Vi bi ton trn, chng ta c th gii quyt n nh sau
3
Li gii. Trng hp 1. Nu min fa; b; cg
4 ; khi s dng bt ng thc
36x + 3
50
x
x2 + 1
3
4
8x
Ta d dng suy ra kt qu bi ton.

Trng hp 2. Gi s tn ti mt s trong ba s a; b; c nh hn
Khi , s dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
b
+1
1
2
a
a2 + 1
2
5
b2
3
4;
chng hn c <
3
4:
Nn bt ng thc ca ta s ng nu
,a
Do , ta ch cn xt trng hp 2
trng hp 2 a; b 12 ; khi ta c
1
_a 2
2
1
a
2 : Hon ton tng t, ta ch cn xt
3
>c=1
4
)
Do
a2
c2
c
+1
a
b
c
+ 2
+ 2
+1 b +1 c +1
3
10
1 1
+
2 2
3
7
9
=
<
:
10
10
10
148

3a2
1
+ (a
1)2
3b2
1
+ (b
1)2
3c2
1
+ (c
1:
1)2
(L Hu in Khu)
Li gii. Xt hm s f (x) =
1
3x2 +(x 1)2
f 0 (x) =
1
3
2
3
ln x; ta c
2(x 1)(16x3 1)
3x(4x2 2x + 1)2
T y d thy f 0 (x) = 0 khng phi ch c mt nghim x = 1 m cn c thm mt

1
nghim na l x = 2 p
nn chc chn rng bt ng thc f (x) 0 m ta ang mong
3
2
i s khng phi lun ng. Vy ta hy xem xt xem n ng trong trng hp no?
Bng kim tra trc tip, ta thy c f (x) 0 8x 21 : T y, dn n li gii nh
sau
Nu min fa; b; cg 12 khi ta c
X
cyc
By gi, ta gi s a
X
cyc
3a2
3a2
1
2;
1
+ (a
1
+ (a
1)2
X
cyc
1
3
2
ln a
3
= 1:
khi ta c
1)2
3a2
1
+ (a
1)2
1
2a(2a
1:
1) + 1
nn bt ng thc cho lun ng. Ta c pcm.

minh rng
V d 1.134
a2
b2
c2
+
+
5a2 + (b + c)2
5b2 + (c + a)2
5c2 + (a + b)2
1
:
3
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. Gi s
a+b+c=1
a b c)a
1
3
6a2
cyc
, bt ng thc tr thnh
a2
2a + 1
1
3

1
8;
Nu c
khi ta c
27
1
3
X
cyc
6a2
a2
2a + 1
X (1
cyc
1
8;
1
6
12q
27a2
6a2 2a + 1
cyc
=
Nu c
149
3a)2 (8a 1)
6a2 2a + 1
ta c
X
cyc
6a2
a2
2a + 1
1 2b
6c2
2a
+ 2
2
2a + 1 6b
2b + 1 6c
2c + 1
b+c a
a+c b
6c2
=
+
6a2 2a + 1 6b2 2b + 1 6c2 2c + 1
1
2(a b)2 (2 3c)
+c
+
=
(6a2 2a + 1)(6b2 2b + 1)
6a2 2a + 1 6b2
1
1
6c
c
+
6a2 2a + 1 6b2 2b + 1 6c2 2c + 1
1
1
c
+
1
6a2 2a + 1 6b2 2b + 1
6a2
1
2b + 1
6c2
6c
2c + 1
Do , ta ch cn chng minh
6a2
1
+
2a + 1 6b2
1
2b + 1
Nu b 13 th bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng, nu b

Cauchy Schwarz
6a2
1
+
2a + 1 6b2
1
2b + 1
th theo bt ng thc
4
+
2(a + b) + 2
2
3(a2 + b2 ) (a + b) + 1
2(a + b + c)2
3(a2 + b2 ) + c(a + b + c)
6(a2
1
3
b2 )
Ta cn chng minh
2(a + b + c)2
3(a2 + b2 ) + c(a + b + c)
150
Do b
1
3
3(a2 + b2 )
, (a + b + c)(2a + 2b + c)
nn 3b
a; suy ra
2(a + b)2 = 3(a2 + b2 ) + b(a
(a + b + c)(2a + 2b + c)
b) + a(3b
a)
3(a2 + b2 ):
Bt ng thc c chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c hoc a =

b; c = 0 v cc hon v.
V d 1.135 Cho cc s khng m x; y; z tha mn x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3: Chng minh
rng
x5 x2
y5 y2
z5 z2
+
+
0:
x5 + y 2 + z 2
y 5 + z 2 + x2
z 5 + x2 + y 2
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
X
cyc
1
x5 + y 2 + z 2
,
X
cyc
3
x2 + y 2 + z 2
1
x2 + 3
x5
1:

x5 =
2x6
x2 + 1
x6
x
t a = x2 ; b = y 2 ; c = z 2 ) a + b + c = 3 th ta ch cn chng minh
X
2a3
cyc a+1
,
,
2a3
cyc
X (a
cyc
a+3
a+1
a2 + 2a + 3
1)2 (3 + 3a 2a2 )
a2 + 2a + 3
2a3
Gi s a b c ) a 1 c: Xt 2 trng hp
Trng hp 1. b + c 1 ) a 2; khi ta c
3 + 3a
2a2
Nn bt ng thc ng.
0;
3 + 3b
2b2
0;
3 + 3c
2c2

Trng hp 2. b + c
2a3
a2 + 2a + 3
1)a
151
2; ta c
= 2a3
5(a + 1)
a2
a3 2
)
2a3
2 = a3 2
3a
1
2
2
23
c+1
c2 + 2c + 3
4
5
3
22
1
a
3
a2
2
a3
1 3
a >0
2
1
5
a+1
a2 + 2a + 3
b+1
+
b2 + 2b + 3 2c3
2b3
Nhng bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng v vi mi ta c
Nu x
4x3
1
2
2
5
x+1
x2 + 2x + 3
2x3
, 4x3
(x + 1)(2x
1)
1
2;
th bt ng thc hin nhin ng, nu x

(x + 1)(2x
1)
4x3
2(2x
1)
2x2
ta c
2(2x
1) = 2(x
1)2
0:

p
a2
1
1
1
+p
+p
2
2
3a + 3
b
3b + 3
c
3c + 3
3:
(Nguyn Vn Thch)
Li gii. Chng ta thit lp c bt ng thc sau

p
Gi s a
c)a
x2
2
3x + 3
c: Nu c
cyc
Xt trng hp ngc li, c
a2
p
x + 1 8x
p
5 1
2
2
3a + 3
5 1
2 ;
5 1
2
th ta c
X
(a + 1) = 6
cyc
ta xt 2 trng hp nh
152
Nu b
1; ta c
a2
3a + 3 =
b2
c2
1
3a + 3
Nu b
1)2
1; xt hm s f (x) =
cyc
a2
f "(x) =
8x2
4(x2
3
4
3
4
b)(1 b) + 1 1
!2
p
p
5 1
5 1
16
+2
= p
2
2
5+1
p
5+1
2
p +1+
<3
2
3
c)2 + 2
3c + 3 = (1
3b + 3 = (2
3
2
1
x2 3x+3
vi x 2 [1; 2]; ta c
24x + 15
< 0 8x 2 [1; 2]
3x + 3)3=2
Nn t y, theo bt ng thc Jensen, ta c

f (a) + f (b)
2f
a+b
2
= 2f (t) = p
t2
2
3t + 3
Ta cn chng minh
p
t2
2
+p
3t + 3
(3
,p
,
36(t
1)2 (36t6
t2
1
2t)2
3(3
2t) + 3
2
1
+p
2
3t + 3
4t
6t + 3
252t5 + 749t4 1202t3 + 1099t2

(t2 3t + 3)2 (4t2 6t + 3)2
3
546t + 117)
0:
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng. Vy ta c pcm.

Cch chia nhng trng hp v i n nhng nh gi khi qut nh cc v d rt
hay v c o nhng rt kh thc hin. V vy, chng ta cn tm mt con ng
khc gii quyt bi ton tt hn khi m chng ta khng th tm c mt nh
gi no c.
1.5.4
Gii quyt vn
Cch gii quyt vn ca chng ta y hon ton tng t nh trn. Trc ht,
chng ta s tm iu kin bt ng thc f (x)
g(x) c tha mn vi mi
x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn . Trong trng hp ngc li, tn ti mt bin xn sao cho f (xn ) g(xn );
chng ta s tm mt hm g 0 (x) sao cho f (x) g 0 (x) vi mi x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn 1 (cch tm
153
hm g 0 (x) cng phi da trn gi thit ca bi ton a ra). Khi , chng ta s a

bi ton v chng minh
g 0 (x1 ) + g 0 (x2 ) +
+ g 0 (xn
1)
+ f (xn )
T y, chng ta s da trn mi quan h rng buc gia x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn gii quyt

bi ton.
Mt iu cn lu l s tn ti rt nhiu hm g 0 (x) tha mn f (x) g 0 (x): Vy ta
lm th no chn c hm g 0 (x) thch hp? Chng ti s khng ni r ra iu
ny, cc bn hy xem xt tht k cc v d di y s hiu ra ngay cch lm ca
chng ta.
V d 1.137 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+
+
2a2 + 3 2b2 + 3 2c2 + 3
3
:
5
(V Quc B Cn)

Trng hp 1. Nu c 14 , ta c
5
+3
2x2
4
1 + (x
5
)
)
Trng hp 2. Nu c
15
2
2x + 3
cyc
1
4,
4
(x
5
5
+3
2a2
cyc
0 8x
1
4
1
4
1) 8x
4
(a
5
c. Xt 2 trng hp
1) = 3
ta c
4
2 + (2x
5
)
5
+3
2(4x 1)(x 1)2

5(2x2 + 3)
1) =
2x2
3) =
(4x + 1)(2x 3)2

5(2x2 + 3)
4
2 + (3
5
15
+3
2x2
15
15
+
2a2 + 3 2b2 + 3
4
4 + (6
5
2x) 8x
2a
Ta cn chng minh
15
8
+ c
+3 5
2c2
0 8x
0
8
2b) = 4 + c
5
154
hin nhin ng v
15
8
+ c
2
2c + 3 5
5=
2c[8c2 + 23c + 12(1

5(2c2 + 3)
4c)]
0:
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1 hoc a = b = 32 ; c = 0 hoc cc hon

v tng ng.
V d 1.138 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; d tha mn a + b + c + d = 2: Chng minh
rng
1
1
1
16
1
+
+
+
:
3a2 + 1 3b2 + 1 3c2 + 1 3d2 + 1
7
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Li gii. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a
1
Trng hp 1. Nu d 12
, ta c
7
3x2 + 1
4+
24
(2x
7
1) =
7
3x2 + 1
X
7
)
)
Trng hp 2. Nu d
7
2
3x + 1
1
12 ,
)
)
3a2 + 1
cyc
3+
d, ta xt 2 trng hp
3(12x 1)(2x 1)2

7(3x2 + 1)
1
12
0 8x
24
1
(2x 1) 8x
7
12
X
24
(2a 1) = 16
4
7
cyc
ta c
12
(3x
7
2) =
7
+1
3x2
3+
7
7
7
+
+
3a2 + 1 3b2 + 1 3c2 + 1
(12x + 1)(3x 2)2

7(3x2 + 1)
12
(2
7
9+
3x) 8x
12
(6
7
3a
0 8x
0
3b
3c) = 9 +
36
c
7
Ta cn chng minh
7
36
+ d
3d2 + 1
7
hin nhin ng v
7
36
+ d
+1
7
3d2
7=
3d[36d2 + 95d + 12(1

7(3d2 + 1)
12d)]
0:
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = d =

hoc a = b = c = 23 ; d = 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
1
2
155

rng
b2
c2
2
a2
+ 2
+ 2
:
2
2
2
2a + (b + c)
2b + (c + a)
2c + (a + b)2
3
(Darij Grinberg)
Li gii. Chun ha cho a + b + c = 1 v gi s a b
thnh
X
2
a2
2
3a
2a
+
1
3
cyc
Ta xt 2 trng hp
Trng hp 1. Nu b
1
6,
3x2
3x2 2x + 1
)
)
c, khi bt ng thc tr
ta c
4
(2x
3
1) =
3x2
3x2 2x + 1
3a2
3b2
+
3a2 2a + 1 3b2 2b + 1
(6x 1)(2x 1)2

3(3x2 2x + 1)
4
(1
3
2
2x) 8x
4
(2
3
2a
1
6
2b) = 2
Mt khc
3c2
2c + 1
3c2
)
X
cyc
1
6
Trng hp 2. Nu
3x2
2+
c)a=1
x2
2x + 1
)
3b2
c[(1
3c2
2c + 1
3c2
8
c=
3
3c)(17 24c) + 7]
9(3c2 2c + 1)
3c2
3c2
2c + 1
2
3,
8
c
3
3x2
x2
2x + 1
0 8x
2
x 8x
9
b2
c2
+ 2
2b + 1 3c
2c + 1
3a2
2
a
9
2
2
(b + c) =
9
9
4
9
1
6
1
6
Ta cn chng minh
a2
2a + 1
ta c
2
x(6x 1)(2 x)
x=
9
9(3x2 2x + 1)
1
6
0 8x
2
a
9
8
c
3
156
hin nhin ng v
3a2
a2
2a + 1
2
a
9
4
=
9
2)(6a2 + 3a 4) + 4
27(3a2 2a + 1)
(3a
0:
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b; c = 0 hoc

cc hon v.
rng
b2
c2
1
a2
+
+
:
5a2 + (b + c)2
5b2 + (c + a)2
5c2 + (a + b)2
3
(V Quc B Cn)
thnh
X
a2
1
2
6a
2a
+
1
3
cyc
Ta xt 2 trng hp
Trng hp 1. Nu c
6x2
1
8;
9x2
2x + 1
1
8,
6x2
2x + 1
(8x 1)(3x 1)2

3(6x2 2x + 1)
1) =
9x2
2x + 1
9a2
6a2 2a + 1
cyc
)
)
4
(3x
3
6x2
Trng hp 2. Nu c
6x2
th
c, khi bt ng thc tr
4
(1
3
X
1
cyc
1
8
3x) 8x
4
(1
3
1
8
0 8x
3a) = 3
th
6x2
2
(2x
3
1) =
6x2
2x + 1
6a2
6b2
+
6a2 2a + 1 6b2 2b + 1
(6x + 1)(2x 1)2

3(6x2 2x + 1)
2
(1
3
2x) 8x
2
(2
3
Ta cn chng minh
6c2
6c2
2c + 1
4
c
3
2a
0 8x
0
2b) = 2
4
c
3
157
hin nhin ng v
6c2
6c2
2c + 1
2c[12c2 + 3c + 2(1 8c)]

3(6c2 2c + 1)
4
c=
3
0:

V d 1.141 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; d tha mn a + b + c + d = 4. Chng minh
rng
(a2 + 1)(b2 + 1)(c2 + 1)(d2 + 1) (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1)(d + 1):
(Phan Thnh Vit)
b
ng vi
X
[ln(a2 + 1) ln(a + 1)]
d. Bt ng thc tng
cyc
Ta xt 2 trng hp
Trng hp 1. Nu a
x 2, ta c
2, xt hm s f (x) = ln(x2 + 1)
f 0 (x) =
T y, ta d dng kim tra c f (x)

[ln(a2 + 1)
x=
ln(a + 1)]
X1
cyc
g 0 (x) =
(a
2. Suy ra
1) = 0
b c d, xt hm s g(x) = ln(x2 + 1)
2, ta c
(3x
1) vi
minff (1); f (2)g = 0 8x
cyc
Trng hp 2. Nu a 2 ) 2
7
1) 65
(3x 2) ln 13
15 with x
1
2 (x
(x 1)(3 x2 )
2(x2 + 1)(x + 1)
f 0 (x) = 0 , x = 1
X
ln(x + 1)
ln(x +
2)(43 + 10x 7x2 )

65(x2 + 1)(x + 1)
g 0 (x) = 0 , x =
T y, ta d dng kim tra c g(x)
2
3
2
3
= 0 8x
2. Suy ra
[ln(b2 + 1) ln(b + 1)] + [ln(c2 + 1) ln(c + 1)] + [ln(d2 + 1)

7
13
21
13
(3b + 3c + 3d 6) + 3 ln
=
(2 a) + 3 ln
65
15
65
15
ln(d + 1)]
158
Ta cn chng minh
h(a) = ln(a2 + 1)
Ta c
ln(a + 1) +
21
(2
65
a) + 3 ln
13
15
2)(43 + 10a 7a2 )

65(a2 + 1)(a + 1)
p
5 + 326
0
h (a) = 0 , a =
7
h0 (a) =
(3a
T y, ta d thy h(a) minfh(2); h(4)g > 0 8a 2.

Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = d = 1.
minh rng
r
r
r
48a
48b
48c
1+
+ 1+
+ 1+
15:
b+c
c+a
a+b
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
thnh
r
X 1 + 47a
15
1 a
cyc
Ta xt 2 trng hp
Trng hp 1. Nu c
1 + 47x
1 x
Trng hp 2. Nu c
1 + 47x
1 x
2
27 ,
c, khi bt ng thc tr
th
2
54
7
12(27x 2)(3x 1)2
x+
=
0 81
5
5
25(1 x)
r
1 + 47x
54
7
2
)
x+
81 x
1 x
5
5
27
r
X 1 + 47a X 54
7
)
x+
= 15
1
a
5
5
cyc
cyc
2
27 ,
2
27
th
2
96
1
48(48x + 1)(2x 1)2
x+
=
7
7
49(1 x)
r
1 + 47x
96
1
)
x+
81 x
1 x
7
7
0 81
0
1 + 47a
+
1 a
Ta cn chng minh
1+47c
1 c
= t2 (t
1 + 47b
1 b
r
11
5
0) )
96
2
(a + b) + = 14
7
7
1 + 47c
1 c
1+
96
c
7
96
c
7
1, bt ng thc tr thnh
t
96(t2 1)
7(t2 + 47)
1+
1)(7t2
, (t
159
96t + 233)
0:
hin nhin ng do 11
t 1:
5
V d 1.143 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 1. Chng minh rng
1 4a2
1 4b2
1 4c2
+
+
2
2
1 + 3a 3a
1 + 3b 3b
1 + 3c 3c2
1:
(Michael Rozenberg)

Trng hp 1. Nu c 91 , th
1 4x2
1 + 3x 3x2
1
3
3
(1
5
)
X
cyc
Trng hp 2. Nu c
1 4x2
1 + 3x 3x2
1 4a2
1 + 3a 3a2
1
9,
(1 9x)(1
15(1 + 3x
1 4x2
1 + 3x 3x2
c. Ta xt 2 trng hp
3x)2
3x2 )
1 3
+ (1
3 5
0 8x 2
1
;1
9
3x)
X 1 3
+ (1
3 5
cyc
3a) = 1
th
8
(1
7
)
3x) =
2x) =
(12x + 1)(2x 1)2

7(1 + 3x 3x2 )
1 4x2
1 + 3x 3x2
1 4a2
1 4b2
+
1 + 3a 3a2
1 + 3b 3b2
8
(1
7
8
(2
7
0 8x 2 [0; 1]
2x)
2a
2b) =
16
c
7
160
Ta cn chng minh
1 4c2
16
1
c+
7
1 + 3c 3c2
c(48c2 41c + 5)
,
0:
7(1 + 3c 3c2 )
hin nhin ng do c 91 :
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c =
a = b = 12 ; c = 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
1
3
hoc
V d 1.144 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; d tha mn a + b + c + d = 1. Chng minh

rng
(1 + 2a)(1 + 2b)(1 + 2c)(1 + 2d)
125
:
(1 a)(1 b)(1 c)(1 d)
8
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Li gii. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a b
tng ng vi
X
[ln(1 + 2a) ln(1 a)]
d)d
3 ln
5
2
cyc
1
4.
Bt ng thc
Ta xt 2 trng hp
Trng hp 1. Nu c x0 vi x0 l nghim thuc (0; 0:09) ca phng trnh ln(1 +
9
2x) ln(1 x) 10
(3x 1) ln 52 = 0, xt hm s f (x) = ln(1 + 2x) ln(1 x)
9
5
1) ln 2 with x x0 , ta c
10 (3x
f 0 (x) =
3(6x 1)(3x
10(1 + 2x)(1
1
_
6
min f
1)
x)
f 0 (x) = 0 , x =
T y, ta d dng kim tra c f (x)
1
3
; f (x0 ) = 0 8x
x=
1
3
[ln(1 + 2a) ln(1 a)] + [ln(1 + 2b) ln(1 b)] + [ln(1 + 2c)
9
5
27
5
(3a + 3b + 3c 3) + 3 ln =
c + 3 ln
10
2
10
2
Ta cn chng minh
g(d) = ln(1 + 2d)
Ta c
g 0 (d) =
ln(1
d)
3(6d 1)(3d
10(1 + 2d)(1
27
d
10
1)
d)
x0 . Suy ra
ln(1
c)]
161
1
6
T y, ta d dng kim tra c g(d) min g(0); g 41 = 0.
Trng hp 2. Nu x0
c d, xt hm s h(x) = ln(1 + 2x) ln(1
1) 2 ln 2 vi x 0, ta c
g 0 (d) = 0 , d =
h0 (x) =
x)
3
2 (2x
3x(2x 1)
(1 + 2x)(1 x)
h0 (x) = 0 , x = 0
T y, ta d dng kim tra c h(x)
_
1
2
x=
1
2
= 0 8x
0. Suy ra
[ln(1 + 2a) ln(1 a)] + [ln(1 + 2b) ln(1 b)]

3
(2a + 2b 2) + 4 ln 2 = 3c 3d + 4 ln 2
2
Ta cn chng minh
k(c) + k(d)
0
3
2
trong k(x) = ln(1 + 2x) ln(1 x) 3x + 2 ln 2

chng minh c k(x) 0 8x x0 . Ta c
k 0 (x) =
Suy ra k(x) nghch bin vi mi x
k(x)
3x(2x 1)
(1 + 2x)(1 x)
=
>
x0 , do o
k(x0 ) = ln(1 + 2x)

=
ln 52 . V v th, ta ch cn
ln(1
x)
3x + 2 ln 2
3 5
ln
2 2
9
5
3 5
(3x0 1) + ln
ln
3x0 + 2 ln 2
10
2
2 2
3
9
1 5
x0 + 2 ln 2
ln
10
10 2 2
3
9
1 5
0:09 + 2 ln 2
ln
0:0011 > 0:
10
10 2 2
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 31 ; d = 0

V d 1.145 Let a; b; c; d be nonnegative real numbers such that a + b + c + d = 2.
Prove that
a2
b2
c2
d2
16
+
+
+
:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(a + 1)
(b + 1)
(c + 1)
(d + 1)
25
(Ji Chen)
162

Trng hp 1. Nu 12d3 + 11d2 + 32d 4, th
X
cyc
a2
(a2 + 1)2
24
(2a
125
=
Trng hp 2. Nu 4
x2
(x2 + 1)2
X (12a3 + 11a2 + 32a

125(a2
cyc
24 X
(2a
125 cyc
a2
(a2 + 1)2
12d3 + 11d2 + 32d
1) +
x2
(x2 + 1)2
540
2197
1
8,
32d ) d
b2
c2
d2
+
+
(b2 + 1)2
(c2 + 1)2
(d2 + 1)2
2
3
1)2
ta c
2)2
36
169
540
(b + c + d
2197
4)(2a
1)2
16
16
=
25
25
540
2
36
x
2197
3
169
(60x3 + 92x2 + 216x + 27)(3x
=
2197(x2 + 1)2
)
d. Ta xt 2 trng hp
4
25
1)
cyc
8x
2) +
0 8x
0
108
=
169
540
108
a+
2197
169
Ta cn chng minh
(a2
a2
+ 1)2
540
108
a+
2197
169
169a2
(a2 + 1)2
540
a
13
16
25
4
25
Ta c
169a2
(a2 + 1)2
540
a
13
4
25
540
4
169a2
4
169a2
a
=
36a
(a2 + 1)2
15
25
(a2 + 1)2
25
4 + 900a 4217a2 + 1800a3 + 4a4 + 900a5
=
25(a2 + 1)2
2
4 + 8 900a
4217a2 + 1800a3 + 4a4 + 900a5
25(a2 + 1)2
2
4 + 2983a + 1800a3 + 4a4 + 900a5
=
< 0:
25(a2 + 1)2
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = d = 12 :

V d 1.146 Cho cc s khng m a1 ; a2 ; :::; an (n
n. Chng minh rng
1)(a31 + a32 +
(n
+ a3n ) + n2
163
2) tha mn a1 +a2 +
1)(a21 + a22 +
(2n
+an =
+ a2n ):
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Li gii. Nu n = 2, bt ng thc tr thnh ng thc. Nu n = 3, t q =

a1 a2 + a2 a3 + a3 a1 ; r = a1 a2 a3 , bt ng thc tr thnh
2(27
9q + 3r) + 9
, 3r + 9
5(9
4q
2q)
y chnh l bt ng thc Schur bc 3.

Suy ra, ta ch cn xt trng hp n 4. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a1
an . Ta xt 2 trng hp
1
Trng hp 1. Nu an
n 1 , ta c
(n
1)x3
1)x2 + (n + 1)(x
(2n
1)x3 + n
) (n
)
n
X
1)x3
n
X1
n
X
1)a3i + n]
[(n
i=1
(n
[(2n
1)a2i
1)x
1]
0 8x
1) 8x
(n + 1)(ai
1)]
(2n
n2
n
1)a2i +
i=1
n
X1
i=1
i=1
n(n 2)
n2
[(n
1)x
n]
+
(n 1)2
n 1
2
[(n 1)x n] [(n 1)x + 1]
=
(n 1)2
1)x2 +
1)
n
X
1) a2i
ta c
1)x2 +
1)a3i
(2n
i=1
n 1,
(2n
, (n
(n + 1)(x
n
X
1) a3i + n2
(2n
1)x3
1)2 [(n
i=1
Trng hp 2. Nu an
) (n
1)x2
(2n
, (n
(n
1) + n = (x
a2
a3i
(2n
n(n 2)
[n
(n 1)2
1
n2
n
1
n
X1
1)
i=1
(n
1)x] 8x
n 1
n(n 2) X
[n
(n 1)2 i=1
a2i + n2
0 8x
(n
n(n 2)
an
n 1
0
0
1)ai ]
164
Ta cn chng minh
(n
,
an [(n
1)a3n
1)a2n +
(2n
1)(2
an )[1
1)an ] + n2
(n
n
n(n 2)
an
n 1
4n + 2]
0:
hin nhin ng do n 4:
1.5.5
Mt s m rng
M rng th nht
1
9
ab
1
9
bc
1
9
3
:
8
ca
Li gii. Bi ton ny c c im gn ging dng ca cc v d trn nhng chng ta

khng th dng cch ca cc bi trn gii n v cc bin trong bt ng thc dng
f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + f (x3 ) 0 khng phi l a; b; c lin quan n gi thit ca bi ton
m l ab; bc; ca. Mt l do na l khi ta c gng thit lp bt ng thc f (x) g(x)
trong g(x) c dng k(x 1) th bt ng thc ny b ngc chiu (cc bn hy
kim tra). Tuy nhin, chng ta c th dng dng sau gii bi ton ny, l thit
lp g(x) c dng m(x2 1) + n(x 1), chng ta ch vic thit tm cc tham s m; n
sao cho f (x) g(x) c tha mn. C th, bi ny, chng ta s tm m; n sao cho
8
9
, (x
m(x2
1) + n(x
1) m(x + 1) + n
1) + 1
1
9
Ging nh cc bi trc, ta s chn m; n sao cho phng trnh m(x + 1) + n 9 1 x = 0

c mt nghim l 1, t ta suy ra c n = 18 2m, thay vo bt ng thc trn
v phn tch ra, ta c bt ng thc tng ng l
(x
1)2 (72m
8mx)
By gi hy ch rng 3 > max fab; bc; cag v a; b; c 0 nn ta ch cn tm m sao

cho bt ng thc trn ng vi mi x 2 [0; 3] l (nu cn ta c th dng nh gi
mnh hn l 94 max fab; bc; cag, tc l tm bt ng thc ng vi mi x 2 0; 49
nhng v bi ny khng cht nn ta khng cn phi nh gi qu cht nh th). Cho
x = 0 ) m > 0, do
72m
8mx
72m
24m = 48m
165
1
1
T y, r rng nu ta chn m = 48
) n = 12
th bt ng thc ng. Vy
1
1
m = 48 ; n = 12 v ta thit lp c bt ng thc
8
9
1 2
(x
48
1) +
V li gii ca ta nh sau
D dng chng minh c 9 8 x
ny vi ch l max fab; bc; cag
X
cyc
1
48
ab
1 2
(x + 4x + 3)
48
1) + 1 =
1
2
48 (x + 4x + 3)
9
4 < 3; ta c
8
9
1
(x
12
8x 2 [0; 3]. S dng bt ng thc
a2 b2 + 4
cyc
ab
cyc
43
16
X
a2 b2 + 4
cyc
t x = ab + bc + ca ) x
Nu 4x 9; ta c
X
cyc
Nu 4x
a2 b2 + 4
max 0; 4x3
ab = x2 + 4x
15
9
x2 + 4x
6abc
cyc
9; ta c
X
X
a2 b2 + 4
ab = x2 + 4x
cyc
ab
cyc
3; abc
x2 + 4x
6abc
225
< 15
16
2(4x
9)
cyc
(x
1)(x
3) + 15
15

V d 1.148 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha a4 + b4 + c4 = 3: Chng minh rng
1
4
ab
1
4
bc
1
4
ca
1:
(Moldova TST 2005)
Li gii. D dng chng minh c vi mi x

3
4
3
2
th
1
(2x2 + x + 12)
15
166

q
Ch l max fab; bc; cag

X
cyc
3
2
<
nn
1
15
3
4
3
2
ab
2 2
a b +
cyc
ab + 36
cyc
Mt khc, ta c
X
a2 b2
cyc
a4 = 3;
cyc
s X
3
a2 b2
ab
cyc
cyc
T y d dng suy ra pcm.

V d 1.149 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; d tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 4: Chng
minh rng
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
2:
3 abc 3 bcd 3 cda 3 dab
(Phm Kim Hng)
8
p
3 3
Li gii. D thy max fabc; bcd; cdag
thc
2
3
D thy n =
1
2
m(x2
1)2 (6m
2mx
Ta cn c
6m
)m
p
3>
5
3
1) + 1
2mx)
6m
16
p m
3 3
0; suy ra
6m
Do
1) + n(x
2m; khi bt ng thc tng ng

(x
D thy m
nn chng ta cn thit lp bt ng
16
p m 0
3 3
1
p
6 316
3
nn ta ch cn chn sao cho

m
1
6
16
5
)m=
=
5
14
5
14

)n=
167
3
14
Nh vy, ta thit lp c bt ng thc

5x2
2
3
3x + 12
14
8x
8
p
3 3
S dng cc bt ng thc ny ln lt, ta suy ra ta ch cn chng minh

X
X
5
a2 b2 c2 3
abc 8
cyc
cyc
Chng minh bt ng thc ny bng cch dng k thut hm li.

M rng th hai
i vi nhng bt ng thc i xng, chng ta c th lm nh cc cch trn, phn
ln u gip chng ta i n kt qu. Nhng i vi cc bt ng thc hon v, li
cha cn thc th mi chuyn li khng n gin nh th. Chng ta khng th thit
lp nhng hm s trung gian bc nht hay bc hai ri da vo chng chng minh
bi ton ban u c. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, ta c th tm cc hm
phn thc trung gian (trong mt s trng hp, ta cng c th thit lp hm bc 2)
nh gi cc biu thc trong cn nhm gip ta loi b cn thc, iu ny gip
ta d dng hn trong vic gii bi ton. thit lp c cc hm phn thc ny,
chng ta c rt nhiu cch, nhng tt hn ht l ta hy i t bt ng thc suy
ra bt ng thc, chng hn t bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c
p
2x2 + 2y 2 x + y 8x; y 0
Nh vy, ta c
p
2x2 + 2y 2
(x y)2
y=p
2x2 + 2y 2 + x + y
(x y)2
2(x + y)
V nh vy, ta thit lp c bt ng thc

p
2x2 + 2y 2
x+y+
(x y)2
3x2 + 2xy + 3y 2
=
2(x + y)
2(x + y)
V n gip ta gii c bi ton rt kh sau

p
p
p
x+ y+ z
x
y
z
p
p
+p
+p
:
x+y
y+z
z+x
2
(Walther Janous)
168
Li gii. Ch rng vi mi x; y
0, ta c
p
2(x2 + y 2 )
3x + 2xy + 3y 2
2(x + y)
Tht vy, ta c
(3x2 + 2xy + 3y 2 )2 8(x + y)2 (x2 + y 2 ) = (x y)4 0

p
p
p
Tr li bi ton, t a = x; b = y; c = z. Bt ng thc tr thnh
X
cyc
1X
a
2 cyc
a2
2(a2
b2 )
S dng bt ng thc trn, ta ch cn chng minh c

X
cyc
X
cyc
,
t x =
3c b
3b2 +2bc+3c2
4a2 (a + b)
3a2 + 2ab + 3b2
8a2 (a + b)
3a2 + 2ab + 3b2
X (a
cyc
3a2
cyc
3a + b
b)2 (3b a)
+ 2ab + 3b2
v y; z tng t. Ta phi chng minh

X
x(b c)2 0
cyc
Trng hp 1. Nu a
c, khi ta c y
2
0. Ta s chng minh
a y + 2b x
v
x + 2z
Tht vy, bt ng thc th nht tng ng vi

a2 (3a c)
2b2 (3c b)
+ 2
2
+ 2ac + 3c
3b + 2bc + 3c2
3a2
Nu 3c b, bt ng thc l hin nhin. Nu b

mt hm nghch bin theo b; do
a2 (3a c)
2b2 (3c b)
+ 2
2
+ 2ac + 3c
3b + 2bc + 3c2
3a2
3c, ta c th kim tra c y l
a2 (3a c)
2a2 (3c a)
+ 2
2
+ 2ac + 3c
3a + 2ac + 3c2
2
a (a + 5c)
=
0
2
3a + 2ac + 3c2
=
3a2
169
Bt ng thc th 2 tng ng vi
2(3b a)
3a c
+ 2
3a2 + 2ac + 3c2
3a + 2ab + 3b2
y l mt hm nghch bin theo c nn

3a c
2(3b a)
+ 2
3a2 + 2ac + 3c2
3a + 2ab + 3b2
3a b
2(3b a)
+ 2
3a2 + 2ab + 3b2
3a + 2ab + 3b2
a + 5b
=
0
2
3a + 2ab + 3b2
Ch rng
(a
a2
(b
b2
c)2
c)2 ;
c)2
(a
(a
b)2
Nn
2
x(b
c)2 = [2x(b
c)2 + y(a
c)2 ] + [y(a
c)2 + 2z(a
b)2 ]
cyc
2x(b
=
a2
(b
b2
c)2 + y
a2 y + 2b2 x
(b
b2
c)2 + [y(a
c)2 + (a
b)2 + 2z(a
b)2 (y + 2z)
b)2 ]
Trng hp 2. Nu c b a, th ta c x; z
0. Nu y
0, bt ng thc l hin
nhin. Nu y 0, tc l c 3a, xt nhng trng hp nh sau
i) Nu 2b c + a, ta s chng minh
z(a
,
b)2 + y(a
c)2
(a b)2 (3b a) (a c)2 (3a c)

+ 2
3a2 + 2ab + 3b2
3a + 2ac + 3c2
y l mt hm ng bins theo b nn
(a b)2 (3b a)
3a2 + 2ab + 3b2
a+c 2
2
a+c
2
3a2 + a(a + c) + 3
a
a+c 2
2
(a c)2 (a + 3c)
2(19a2 + 10ac + 3c2 )
Mt khc
(a c)2 (3a c)
(a c)2 (a + 3c)
+ 2
2
2
2(19a + 10ac + 3c )
3a + 2ac + 3c2
(a c)2 (3a + c)(39a2 2ac + 3c2 )
=
2(3a2 + 2ac + 3c2 )(19a2 + 10ac + 3c2 )
170
)
ii) Nu a + c
b)2 + y(a
) z(a
2
x(b
2b v c
c) = x(b
cyc
2b
c)2
c) + [z(a
0
2
c)2 ]
b) + y(a
p
3 + 2 3 a, ta s chng minh
z + 3y
3
x+ y
2
Bt ng thc th nht tng ng vi
3a2
3(3a c)
3b a
+ 2
2
+ 2ab + 3b
3a + 2ac + 3c2
y l mt hm ng bin theo c nn
3a c
3a2 + 2ac + 3c2
3a (2b a)
3a2 + 2a(2b a) + 3(2b
a)2
2(a2
2a b
2ab + 3b2 )
Mt khc, ta c
3(2a b)
3b a
+
2(a2 2ab + 3b2 ) 3a2 + 2ab + 3b2
16a3 + 13a2 b 6ab2 + 9b3
=
2(a2 2ab + 3b2 )(3a2 + 2ab + 3b2 )
Bt ng thc th hai tng ng vi

3(3a c)
2(3c b)
+ 2
3b2 + 2bc + 3c2
3a + 2ac + 3c2
y l mt hm ng bin theo a nn
Nu c 2b, ta c
2(3c b)
3(3a c)
+ 2
3b2 + 2bc + 3c2
3a + 2ac + 3c2
Nu 2b
2(3c b)
3(3 0 c)
+
3b2 + 2bc + 3c2
3 02 + 2 0 c + 3c2
3c2 4bc 3b2
0
=
c(3b2 + 2bc + 3c2 )
c, ta c
3b2
2(3c b)
3(3a c)
+ 2
2
+ 2bc + 3c
3a + 2ac + 3c2
2(3c b)
3[3(2b c) c]
+
3b2 + 2bc + 3c2
3(2b c)2 + 2(2b c)c + 3c2
15b3 + 44b2 c 13bc2 6c3
=
0
2(3b2 2bc + c2 )(3b2 + 2bc + 3c2 )
171
Tip theo, s dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c

c)2
(a
(a
b)2 + (b
(a
b)2 + (b
(a
b)2 + (b
=
Ta c
x(b
3
b)2 + (b
2
3(a
c)2
(b
cyc
b)2 + z(b
c)2
3
c)2 x + y + (a
2
p
iii) Nu a + c 2b v 3 + 2 3 a
Schwarz, ta c
x(c
c)2 + 2(a b)(b c)

p
1
2(a b) p (b c)
c)2 + 2
2
1
c)2 + 2(a b)2 + (b c)2
2
a)2
2b
[(c
b
4,
a)a
b) + (b
1
1
x + z
b)2 (z + 3y)
s dng bt ng thc Cauchy
a)]2
xz(c a)2
x+z
Ta cn chng minh
xz
+y 0
x+z
, xy + yz + zx 0
X
X
X
3
, f (c) = 9
ab + 22
a2 bc 12
a2 b2
cyc
cyc
cyc
a3 b
cyc
D dng kim tra c f (c) l hm ng bin, suy ra

f (c)
f (b) = 2b(3a3
a2 b + 25ab2
3b3 )
0:
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z:

Nhn xt
ta p
cng c mt li gii khc rt hay ca Peter Scholze nh sau
p 16 Chng
p
t a = x; b = y; c = z v bnh phng 2 v, ta c bt ng thc tng ng
X
cyc
X
a4
a2 b2
p
+
2
a2 + b2
(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )
cyc
S dng bt ng thc sp xp li cho 2 dy

p
a2 b2
b2 c2
c2 a2
;p
;p
a2 + b2
b2 + c2
c2 + a2
1
2
X
cyc
!2
172
v
p
ta c
X
cyc
a2 b2
a2 + b2
1
1
1
;p
;p
a2 + b2
b2 + c2
c2 + a2
p
1
2
b + c2
X
cyc
a2 b2
a2 + b2
1
+ b2
a2
X a2 b2
=
a2 + b2
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
X
cyc
X 2a2 b2
a4
+
a2 + b2
a2 + b2
cyc
X 4a2 b2
+
a2 + b2
a2 + b2
cyc
X a4 + b4
,2
,
!2
cyc
cyc
X 4a2 b2
2a4
+
a2 + b2
a2 + b2
cyc
X
cyc
!2
1
2
X
cyc
X
cyc
X 2a2 b2
a +
a2 + b2
cyc
2
a2 + b2
2
cyc
cyc
X
cyc
2a2 b2
a2 + b2
!2
!2
!2
0:
hin nhin ng.
Mt cch khc thit lp hm phn thc trung gian l s dng bt ng thc

AM-GM, chng hn ta c
p
p
2(Ax + By) 8x2 + y 2
(Ax + By)2 + 8x2 + y 2
2 8x2 + y 2 =
8A; B; x; y 0
Ax + By
Ax + By
Chng ta s thit lp mt bt ng thc c ng thc xy ra khi x = y; khi ta
phi c A + B = 3. Ngoi ra, bt ng thc ny c cht th chng ta nn chn
A; B sao cho bt ng thc ny c ng thc ti 2 im. V ta cn dng bt ng
thc ny gii cc bi ton hon v cha cn thc (ch l cc bt ng thc ny
thng c nhng im "nhy cm" l (x; y; 0)) nn tt hn ht l chng ta s chn
173
A; B sao cho bt ng thc trn c ng thc ti x = 1; y = 0 hoc x = 0; y = 1: Nu

p
ta chn A; Bpsao cho bt ng thc c ng thc ti x = 1; y = 0 th ta c A = 2 2
v B = 3 2 2; nhng gi tr ny l v s gy tr ngi cho cc tnh ton ca ta. Nu
ta chn A; B sao cho bt ng thc ti x = 0; y = 1 th ta c A = 2; B = 1 v ta
thit lp c bt ng thc
p
8x2 + y 2
(2x + y)2 + 8x2 + y 2

6x2 + 2xy + y 2
=
2(2x + y)
2x + y
V ta gii c bi ton sau (cng rt kh)

minh rng
p
p
p
(a + b + c)2 a 8b2 + c2 + b 8c2 + a2 + c 8a2 + b2 :
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. Ch rng
(6b2 + 2bc + c2 )2
(2b + c)2
)
(8b2 + c2 ) =
4b2 (b c)2
(2b + c)2
6b2 + 2bc + c2
= 3b + c
2b + c
8b2 + c2
3bc
2b + c
X
!2
cyc
, 3abc
X
cyc
3bc
2b + c
a 3b + c
cyc
X
1
+
a2
2b + c cyc
X
cyc

X
cyc
1
2b + c
3
P
bc
cyc
9abc X 2
P +
a
a
cyc
cyc
cyc
bc
174

,
a3 + 3abc
cyc
bc(b + c):
cyc
y chnh l bt ng thc Schur bc 3.

Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c.
i khi chng ta cng c th bt u t vic s dng lin phn s, chng hn xut
pht t bt ng thc hin nhin sau
p
4x2 + y 2 2x + y 8x; y 0
Ta c
p
4x2 + y 2
2x
=
=
4xy
p
2
4x + y 2 + 2x + y
4xy
2(2x + y) p 2 4xy
2
4x +y +2x+y
=
Chng hn, ta s s dng ng thc
p
4x2 + y 2 2x y =
kt hp vi
2(2x + y)
4xy
p
4xy
4x2 +y 2 +2x+y
p
4x2 + y 2 2x + y; ta thit lp c
p
4xy
4x2 + y 2 2x y =
2(2x + y) p
4xy
4x2 +y 2 +2x+y
4xy
2(2x + y)
p
4x2 + y 2
4xy
2(2x+y)
2xy(2x + y)
4x2 + 3xy + y 2
2xy(2x + y)
4x2 + 3xy + y 2
(2x + y)(4x2 + xy + y 2 )
4x2 + 3xy + y 2
2x + y
=
Ta gii c bi ton sau

minh rng
p
p
p
3
(a + b + c)2 a 4b2 + c2 + b 4c2 + a2 + c 4a2 + b2 :
4
(V Quc B Cn)
175
Li gii. Ch rng
(2b + c)2 (4b2 + bc + c2 )2
(4b2 + 3bc + c2 )2
p
4b2 + c2
4b2
(2b + c)(4b2 + bc + c2 )
= 2b + c
4b2 + 3bc + c2
!2
X
3 X
a 2b + c
a
4 cyc
cyc
, 8abc
4b3 c3
(4b2 + 3bc + c2 )2
c2 =
2bc(2b + c)
4b2 + 3bc + c2
2bc(2b + c)
4b2 + 3bc + c2
X
2b + c
+
3
a2
4b2 + 3bc + c2
cyc
cyc
bc
cyc
chng minh bt ng thc ny, ta ch cn chng minh c

8
X
cyc
4b2
27
P
a
2b + c
+ 3bc + c2
cyc
khi , bt ng thc trn l mt h qu ca bt ng thc Schur v

X
27abc
P +3
a2
a
cyc
bc
cyc
cyc
a3 + 3abc
cyc
bc(b + c)
cyc
Do , tt c chng ta phi lm by gi l chng minh

8
X
cyc
,64
a5 b + 32
cyc
4b2
ab5 + 68
ab(16a2
a2 b4
128
cyc
a + 147
cyc
,4
27
P
a
cyc
cyc
+ abc 132
2b + c
+ 3bc + c2
X
cyc
ab
243
cyc
ab + 8b2 )(a
a4 b2 + 60
cyc
a b
cyc
b)2 + 4
cyc
a2 b2 (a2
+ abc 132
cyc
a + 147
X
cyc
ab
243
X
cyc
a3 b3
!
396abc
11ab + 34b2 )
cyc
a b
396abc
176

,4
ab(16a2
ab + 8b2 )(a
b)2 +
cyc
a2 b2 (2a
11b)2 + 15
cyc
+ abc 132
a + 147
cyc
a2 b4
cyc
ab
243
cyc
a b
396abc
cyc

X
a2 b4
abc
cyc
a2 b
cyc
v
X
a2 b2 (2a
11b)2 =
cyc
1X 2 2
[a b (2a 11b)2 + b2 c2 (2b
2 cyc
X
ab2 c(2a 11b)(2b 11c)
11c)2 ]
cyc
= abc 121
a b+4
cyc
ab
22
cyc
66abc
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
121
a2 b + 4
cyc
ab2
22
cyc
+ 132
, 107
X
cyc
a + 147
ab
a3 + 151
ab2
cyc
a b
a2 b
cyc
a2 b
396abc
cyc
107
cyc
243
cyc
cyc
66abc + 15
cyc
cyc
, 110
a3
a2 b
462abc
cyc
X
cyc
a + 151
X
cyc
ab
462abc
0:
hin nhin ng theo bt ng thc AM-GM.

Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b; c = 0 hoc cc hon v tng
ng.
minh rng
p
p
p
a2 + b2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca a 3b2 + c2 + b 3c2 + a2 + c 3a2 + b2 :
177
Li gii. Ch rng
(2b2 + bc + c2 )2
(b + c)2
)
Ta cn chng minh
a2 +
cyc
ab
cyc
, 2abc
c2 =
b2 (b c)2
(b + c)2
2b2 + bc + c2
= 2b + c
b+c
3b2 + c2
3b2
cyc
cyc
2bc
b+c
2bc
b+c
a 2b + c
X
1
+
a2
b + c cyc
ab
cyc

X
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
1
b+c
ab
cyc
a3 + 3abc
cyc
cyc
cyc
9abc X 2
P +
a
a
cyc
,
9
P
bc(b + c):
cyc
hin nhin ng v y chnh l bt ng thc Schur bc 3.

Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c:
Nhn xt 17 Mt cch tng qut, ta c kt qu sau vi mi k > 0
2
a + b + c + ab + bc + ca
k+1
2
p
p
p
a kb2 + c2 + b kc2 + a2 + c ka2 + b2
(V Quc B Cn, Vasile Cirtoaje)

Tht vy, s dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c
X p
a kb2 + c2
cyc
!2
X
cyc
!"
X
cyc
a(kb + c )
178
T y, ta thy bt ng thc trn c suy ra t 2 bt ng thc sau

!2
!
!
X
X
X
X
2
2
a +
ab
4
a
a b
cyc
cyc
a +
cyc
cyc
!2
ab
cyc
X
cyc
cyc
ab
cyc
Ta s chng minh bt ng thc th nht, bt ng thc thc 2 c chng minh

tng t. Ta c bt ng thc tng ng
X
X
X
X
a4
a2 b2 + 2
ab3 2
a3 b 0
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
Gi s c = min fa; b; cg ; t a = c + x; b = c + y vi x; y
tr thnh
4(x2
xy + y 2 )c2 + 4[x(x
y)2 + y 3 ]c + (x2
0 th bt ng thc ny
xy
y 2 )2
0:
Bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng nn ta c pcm.

Chng ta c kt qu tng qut ca bt ng thc
!2
!
!
X
X
X
X
a2 +
ab
4
a
a2 b
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
l
[(q + r)a + (r + p)b + (p + q)c]2
4(p + q + r)(pbc + qca + rab)
vi p; q; r l cc s khng m v a; b; c l cc s thc ty . Chng minh bt ng thc

ny nh sau
Gi s a = maxfa; b; cg, khi ta c
[(q + r)a + (r + p)b + (p + q)c]2
= [(q r)a + (r + p)b
Cho a; b; c
4(p + q + r)(pbc + qca + rab)

(p + q)c]2 + 4qr(a b)(a c)
0 v p = bk ; q = ck ; r = ak ; ta c
"
#2
!
!
X
X
X
k
k
k+1
a (a + b)
4
a
a
b
cyc
cyc
Vi k = 1; ta thu c bt ng thc trn.

Vi k = 1; ta c
s
c a
b
+ + + 3 2 (a + b + c)
a b
c
cyc
1 1 1
+ +
:
a b
c
1.6. CC DNG TNG BNH PHNG
179

minh rng
r
r
r
p
p
p
a3
b3
c3
a+ b+ c
p
+
+
:
a2 + ab + b2
b2 + bc + c2
c2 + ca + a2
3
(L Trung Kin)
Hng dn. S dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
p
p
2 3(x4 + x2 y 2 + y 4 ) = 2 (x2 + xy + y 2 ) 3(x2 xy + y 2 )
(x2 + xy + y 2 ) + 3(x2 xy + y 2 )
= 2(2x2 xy + 2y 2 )
v ta thit lp c bt ng thc
2x2
1.6
xy + 2y 2
p
3(x4 + x2 y 2 + y 4 ):
Cc dng tng bnh phng
K thut ny da trn mt kt qu hin nhin ca bt ng thc l x2 0 8x 2 R;

n c th gip ta gii c nhng bi ton m nu dng k thut thng thng th
rt kh (thng thng y l cc bt ng thc bc 4). Chng ta c nh l sau
nh l 1.6 Xt bt ng thc sau vi cc bin thc a; b; c
X
X
X
X
X
m
a4 + n
a2 b2 + p
a3 b + g
ab3 (m + n + p + g)
a2 bc
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
khi bt ng thc ny ng nu
m>0
3m(m + n)
Chng minh. Vit li bt ng thc nh sau

!
X
X
X
m
a4
a2 b2 + (m + n)
a2 b2
cyc
cyc
cyc
+g
ab3
cyc
Ch rng
X
cyc
a4
X
cyc
a2 bc
cyc
a2 b2 =
cyc
p2 + pg + g 2
X
cyc
a2 bc
1X 2
(a
2 cyc
b2 )2
+p
X
cyc
a3 b
X
cyc
a2 bc
180

X
a3 b
cyc
a2 bc =
cyc
b3 c
cyc
a2 bc =
cyc
ab3
cyc
a2 bc =
cyc
bc(a
cyc
cyc
b2 )(ab + ac
ca3
ab2 c =
cyc
ca(a2
ca(a2
b2 )
cyc
b2 )
1X 2
(a
3 cyc
b2 )
2bc)
X
1
(ab + bc + ca)
(a2
3
cyc
cyc
b2 )
1X 2
(a
3 cyc
X
bc(a2
X
1
(a2
b ) + (ab + bc + ca)
3
cyc
cyc
b2 )(ab + bc
b2 )
2ca)
Do , bt ng thc trn tng ng vi

mX 2
(a
2 cyc
b2 )2 +
1X 2
(a
3 cyc
b2 )[(p
+(m + n)
g)ab
(2p + g)bc + (p + 2g)ca]
2 2
a b
cyc
cyc
a bc
Mt khc
X
a2 b2
cyc
a2 bc =
cyc
6(p2
X
1
[(p
2
+ pg + g ) cyc
g)ab
(2p + g)bc + (p + 2g)ca]2
Bt ng thc c vit li thnh

mX 2
(a
2 cyc
b2 )2 +
+
6(p2
1 X
[3m(a2
18m cyc
+
1X 2
(a
3 cyc
b2 )[(p
X
m+n
[(p
2
+ pg + g ) cyc
b2 ) + (p
g)ab
g)ab
g)ab
(2p + g)bc + (p + 2g)ca]

(2p + g)bc + (p + 2g)ca]2
(2p + g)bc + (p + 2g)ca]2
3m(m + n) p2 pg g 2 X
[(p
18m(p2 + pg + g 2 )
cyc
g)ab
(2p + g)bc + (p + 2g)ca]2
181
m>0
3m(m + n)
ng thc trn hin nhin ng. nh l c chng minh.
T y, ta c th d dng kim tra c vi
th bt
p2 + pg + g 2

(a2 + b2 + c2 )2
3(a3 b + b3 c + c3 a):
(Vasile Cirtoaje)

X
X
a4 + 2
a2 b2
cyc
cyc
T y, ta c m = 1 > 0; n = 2; p =
3m(m + n)
p2
a3 b
3; g = 0, ta c
g 2 = 3 1 (1 + 2)
pg
cyc
( 3)2
( 3) 0
02 = 0:
Do , theo nh l ca ta, bt ng thc c chng minh.

p 3
p
3 1 abc(a + b + c)
3(a b + b3 c + c3 a):
a4 + b4 + c4 +
(V Quc B Cn)
p
Li gii. Ta c m = 1 > 0; n = 0; p =
3m(m + n)
p2
3; g = 0 v
p
g 2 = 3 1 (1 + 0)
pg
02 = 0:
Do bt ng thc cn chng minh ng.

7(a4 + b4 + c4 ) + 10(a3 b + b3 c + c3 a)
0:
(Phm Vn Thun)
Li gii. Ta s chng minh kt qu mnh hn l

7
X
cyc
, 86
X
cyc
a4
51
X
cyc
a + 10
a b
cyc
a2 b2 + 101
X
cyc
a3 b
17
27
34
X
cyc
X
cyc
!4
ab3
102
X
cyc
a2 bc
182

8
m = 86 > 0
>
>
<
n = 51
)
p = 101
>
>
:
g = 34
Mt khc, ta c
3m(m + n)
p2
g 2 = 3 86 (86
pg
1012
51)
( 34)2 = 1107 > 0:
101 ( 34)

V d 1.158 Cho cc s thc a; b; c tha mn abc = 1: Chng minh rng
a2
1
+
a + 1 b2
1
+
b + 1 c2
1
c+1
3:
(V nh Qu)
Li gii. Do abc = 1 nn tn ti cc s x; y; z sao cho a = xy ; b = yz ; c =

thc tr thnh
X
x2
3
2
x
xy + y 2
cyc
,
,
X
cyc
4
X
cyc
(x
x2
2y)2
xy + y 2
bt ng
3x2
xy + y 2
x2
cyc
3x2
xy + y 2
x2
x
z

"
X
cyc
(x
x2
2y)2
xy + y 2
#"
(x
2y)2
#2
2y) (x
"
xy + y )
cyc
(x
2y)
cyc
#2
Ta cn chng minh
"
, 10
X
cyc
(x
cyc
x4 + 39
X
cyc
x2 y 2
(x
2y)2 (x2
xy + y 2 )
cyc
25
X
cyc
x3 y
16
X
cyc
xy 3
X
cyc
x2 yz

T y, ta c m = 10 > 0; n = 39; p =
3m(m+n) p
183
25; g =
16 v
( 25) ( 16) ( 16)2 = 189 > 0:
pg g = 3 10 (10+39) ( 25)

(c + a b)2
(a + b c)2
(b + c a)2
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
2
a + (b + c)
b + (c + a)
c + (a + b)2
3
:
5
(Japan MO 1997)
Li gii. t x = b + c
a; y = c + a
X
b; z = a + b
c; bt ng thc tr thnh
(y +
cyc
,2
z)2
X
cyc
x2
4x
+ (2x + y + z)2
3
5
x2
+ (x + y + z)2
3
5
X
cyc
x2
x2 + (x + y + z)2
,4
x4 + 14
cyc
cyc
!2
x2 y 2
cyc
T y, ta c m = 4 > 0; n = 14; p =
3m(m + n)
p2
pg
cyc
!2
x2 [x2 + (x + y + z)2 ]
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
10
x2 [x2 + (x + y + z)2 ]
cyc
x3 y
cyc
6; g =
g 2 = 3 4 (4 + 14)
xy 3
6xyz
cyc
cyc
6 v
( 6)2
( 6) ( 6)
( 6)2 = 108 > 0:

(2a + b + c)2
(2b + c + a)2
(2c + a + b)2
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
2
2a + (b + c)
2b + (c + a)
2c + (a + b)2
8:
(USA MO 2003)
184

X
(2a + b + c)2
2a2 + (b + c)2
cyc
,
t x = b + c
a; y = c + a
X
cyc
X (b + c a)2
2a2 + (b + c)2
cyc
b; z = a + b
2(y +
z)2
1
1
2
c; khi bt ng thc tr thnh
x2
+ (2x + y + z)2
1
8
X
cyc
x2
2
2(y + z) + (2x + y + z)2
Ta cn chng minh
X
cyc
,2
x4 + 5
cyc
!2
p2
x2 y 2
!2
x2 [2(y + z)2 + (2x + y + z)2 ]
x2 [2(y + z)2 + (2x + y + z)2 ]
cyc
pg
cyc
cyc
x3 y
cyc
T y, ta c m = 2 > 0; n = 5; p =
3m(m + n)
2; g =
g 2 = 3 2 (2 + 5)
xy 3
cyc
3xyz
cyc
2 v
( 2)2
( 2) ( 2)
( 2)2 = 30 > 0:

p
0; a + b + c = 1: Chng minh rng
a
b
c
+p
+p
2
2
4a + 5b
4b + 5c
4c + 5a2
3
p :
17
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. S dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz,

!2
!
!
X
X
X
X
a
a
a
p
a
=
2
2
4a
+
5b
4a
+
5b2
4a
+
5b
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc

nn ta ch cn chng minh
X
cyc
185
9
17
a
4a + 5b2
X
cyc
b2
4a + 5b2
3
17
Li theo bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c

!2
!2
P 2
P 2
b
a
X
cyc
cyc
b2
!
!
P 2
=
b (4a + 5b2 )
4a + 5b2
P
P 2
P
cyc
cyc
4
a
ab + 5 a4
cyc
cyc
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
17
X
cyc
!2
a4 + 11
p2
pg
cyc
12
X
cyc
X
cyc
a2 b2
cyc
ab3
cyc
ab
+ 15
a4
cyc
a2 bc
cyc
T y,
m=1>0
3m(m + n)
g 2 = 3 1 (1 + 11)
02
( 6)2 = 0
0 ( 6)
nn bt ng thc trn ng. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 31 :

a4 + b4 + c4 + a3 b + b3 c + c3 a
2(a3 b + b3 c + c3 a):
(Vasile Cirtoaje)

a(a + b)3 + b(b + c)3 + c(c + a)3
8
(a + b + c)4 :
27
(Phm Vn Thun, V Quc B Cn)

1
a4 + b4 + c4 + (ab + bc + ca)2
3
2(a3 b + b3 c + c3 a):
(Phm Kim Hng)
186
1.7
Hm li, hm bc nht
Hm li c nhng tnh cht rt c bit m c th gip chng ta gii ton mt cch

hiu qu. Di y l mt s tnh cht m chng ti cho l cn thit v ph hp vi
chng trnh ton THPT
nh l 1.7 Nu f (x) li trn [a; b] th
f (x)
max ff (a); f (b)g
f (x)
min ff (a); f (b)g :
Nu f (x) lm trn [a; b] th
Tnh cht ny c suy ra t nh ngha ca hm li. T tnh cht ny, ta suy ra

chng minh mt bt ng thc
f (x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn )
Vi f (x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn ) li trn [a; b] cho tng bin x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn v x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn 2 [a; b];
ta ch cn xt bt ng thc ti
x1 =
= xk = a
xk+1 =
= xn = b
(k = 0; 1; :::n)
Tng t nu f (x) l hm lm.

nh l 1.8 Nu f (x) l hm li v kh vi cp 2 trn khong I th
f (x)
f (y) + f 0 (y)(x
y)
8x; y 2 I
Nu f (x) l hm lm v kh vi cp 2 trn khong I th

f (x)
f (y) + f 0 (y)(x
y)
8x; y 2 I:
Tnh cht ny ta c th chng minh d dng bng nh l Lagrange. Tnh cht 2

c dng chng minh cc bt ng thc dng
f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) +
+ f (xn )
f (y1 ) + f (y2 ) +
+ f (yn )
kt hp vi k thut nhm Abel, hoc cc bt ng thc dng

m1 f (x1 ) + m2 f (x2 ) +
+ mn f (xn )
m1 f (y1 ) + m2 f (y2 ) +
trong ta c
m1 f 0 (y1 ) = m2 f 0 (y2 ) =
= mn f 0 (yn )
x1 + x2 +
+ xn = y1 + y2 +
+ yn
T tnh cht th hai, chng ta suy ra c h qu sau
+ mn f (yn )
1.7. HM LI, HM BC NHT
187
H qu 1.6 Nu f (x) li v kh vi cp 2 trn khong I th vi mi x; y; z 2 I tha

x y z; ta c
f (x) + f (z) f (y) + f (x + z y)
Nu f (x) lm v kh vi cp 2 trn khong I th vi mi x; y; z 2 I tha x
c
f (x) + f (z) f (y) + f (x + z y):
z; ta
Chng minh. Ta s chng minh kt qu ny trong trng hp f (x) l hm li

(trng hp hm lm chng minh tng t).
Nu y x + z y; theo tnh cht 2, ta c
f (x)
f (z)
) f (x) + f (z)
Nu x + z
f (x + z
= f (x + z
f (y) + f 0 (y)(x
y) + f 0 (x + z
y) f 0 (x + z
f (y) + f (x + z
f (y) + f (x + z
y)
y)[z
y)(x
y) + [f 0 (y)
y)
(x + z
y)
y)]
f 0 (x + z
y)](x
y)
y; theo tnh cht 2, ta c

f (x)
f (x + z
= f (x + z
f (z)
) f (x) + f (z)
y) + f 0 (x + z
y) + f 0 (x + z
y)[x
y)(y
f (y) + f 0 (y)(z
f (y) + f (x + z
f (y) + f (x + z
(x + z
z)
y)]
y)
y) + [f 0 (x + z
y)
y)
f 0 (y)](y
z)
H qu ca ta c chng minh xong.

C th thy nhng tnh cht ny c pht biu rt n gin v nh nhng, nhng
ng dng ca chng th li rt ln. Chng ta xt 1 vi v d
V d 1.165 Cho cc s a; b; c 2 [1; 2]: Chng minh rng
a3 + b3 + c3
5abc:
(Ton hc tui tr)
188
Li gii. Xt P (a; b; c) = a3 + b3 + c3 5abc, r rng P (a; b; c) l hm li ln lt

theo cc bin a; b; c; do ta ch cn xt cc trng hp sau l
Trng hp 1. a = b = c = 2; ta c P (a; b; c) = 16 < 0:
Trng hp 2. a = 1; b = c = 2; ta c P (a; b; c) = 3 < 0:
Trng hp 3. a = b = 1; c = 2; ta c P (a; b; c) = 0:
Trng hp 4. a = b = c = 1; ta c P (a; b; c) = 2 < 0:
Do bt ng thc cn chng minh ng. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = 1; c = 2
v cc hon v.
k
P
V d 1.166 Cho dy dng x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn tha
xi
i=1
minh rng
x21 + x22 +
1
4
+ x2n
1+
1
+
2
k 8k = 1; 2; :::; n: Chng
1
n
:
(Titu Andreescu)
Li gii. R rng hm s f (x) = x2 l hm li, nn theo tnh cht 2, ta c

h
i
p
p
p
p
p
p
i
i 1 + f0
i
i 1 xi
i
i 1
8i = 1; 2; :::; n
f (xi ) f
Do
n
X
n h
X
x2i
i=1
1 + f0
i=1
n
X
n
X
1 +
i=1
f0
xi
i=1
i
p
xi
ii
1
S dng k thut nhm Abel, ta c

n
X
f0
i=1
n
X1 h
f0
+f 0
n
X1 h
n
p
f0
n
p
f0
i=1
"
xi
+f 0
2
i
p i X
xj
i 4
j=1
n
X
xj
i=1
n
X
n
X
i=1
i=1
f0
i+1
i+1
i=1
xj
0
i
p i X
i @
xj
j=1
i
X
p
j=1
iA
p
j
1 5

Do
1>
n
X1 h
f0
i+1
p
i=1
n
X
x2i
i=1
i=1
>
i 8i = 1; 2; :::; n v f (x) li nn ta c
0
1
i
i X
p
p
p
1
f0
i+1
i @
iA
xj
j=1
T y, ta c
n
X
189
n
X
p
p
i+
p
p
1 =
1
n
X
p
i=1
i=1
4i
i=1
n
X
4i
4i
1X1
:
4 i=1 i

minh rng
p
p
p
3(a + b + c) 2
a2 + bc + b2 + ca + c2 + ab :
(Phm Kim Hng)
Li gii. Nu abc = 0; gi s c = 0 th d thy bt ng thc hin nhin ng. Nu

abc > 0; ta chun ha cho abc = 1 v gi s a b c; khi tn ti cc s thc
x y z sao cho a = ex ; b = ey ; c = ez tha
p x + y + z = 0; bt ng thc tr thnh
f (x) + f (y) + f (z) 0 vi f (t) = 3et 2 et + e t : Ta c
f "(t) =
6e3t=2 (e3t + 1)3=2 4e6t 14e3t

2e2t (e2t + e t )3=2
f "(t) = 0 , 6e3t=2 (e3t + 1)3=2 = 4e6t + 14e3t + 1

, 36e3t (e3t + 1)3 = (4e6t + 14e3t + 1)2
, 36(e
3t
+ 1)3 = (4 + 14e
2 2
, 36(u + 1) = (4 + 14u + u )
, g(u) = u4
3t
+e
6t 2
(u = e
3t
9u3 + 96u2 + 4u
> 0)
20 = 0
R rng g(u) l hm ng bin, li c g(0) = 20 < 0; g(1) = 73 > 0; nn tn ti duy

nht u0 2 (0; 1) tha mn g(u0 ) = 0; suy ra f "(t) c ng mt nghim t0 , t y d
thy f (t) li trn [t0 ; +1) v lm trn ( 1; t0 ]:
Trng hp 1. Nu y t0 ; khi s dng bt ng thc Jensen, ta c
f (x) + f (y)
2f
x+y
2
190
Ta cn chng minh
x+y
+ f (z) 0
2
q
p
p
p
, 6 ab + 3c 4 ab + c ab + 2 c2 + ab
q
2
p
2
p
p
, 6 ab + 3c
4 ab + c ab + 2 c2 + ab
r
p
p
2
, 15ab + 20c ab + 5c
ab + c ab (c2 + ab)
16
2f
2
p
p
c2 + ab + 3c 4 ab c
0
p
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng do ab c:
Trng hp 2. Nu t0 y; khi ta c t0 y y + z t0 nn theo h qu ca ta
,8
p
ab + c ab
f (y) + f (z)
f (t0 ) + f (y + z
t0 )
Mt khc, theo bt ng thc Jensen th

f (x) + f (t0 )
2f
x + t0
2
N n ta ch cn chng minh
2f
x + t0
2
+ f (y + z
t0 )
0:
y chnh l trng hp 1 m ta xt trn. Bi ton c gii quyt xong. ng

thc xy ra khi v ch khi 2 trong 3 s bng nhau, s cn li bng 0.
rng
1
1
1
1
4
+
+
+
:
48 11abc 48 11bcd 48 11cda 48 11dab
37
(V Quc B Cn)
( 2
( 2
z
z
x
0
42
4 =x,a=b .
Li gii. t x = ab; y = cd; z = a+b; t = c+d )
;
vi
t
t2
y 0
4
4 =y ,c=d
Bt ng thc tng ng
f (x; y)
=
=
=
96 11xt
96 11yz
+
2304 528xt + 121x2 y 2304 528yz + 121xy 2
1
1
96 11yz
+
+
48 11xc 48 11xd 2304 528yz + 121xy 2
1
1
96 11xt
+
+
48 11ya 48 11yb 2304 528xt + 121x2 y
4
37
191
C th kim tra c f (x; y) l hm li cho tng bin x; y; chng hn

242d2
2(96 11yz)
242c2
+
+
0
(48 11xc)3
(48 11xd)3
(2304 528yz + 121xy 2 )
2 2
t2
z
42 = x; 4 = y
6 z
6
= x; y = 0
Do , ta ch cn xt cc trng hp sau l 6 4
. C th thy vic
2
4 x = 0; t = y
4
x=y=0
xt cc trng hp ny tng ng vi vic xt cc trng hp di y
4
4
Trng hp 1. a = c = 0; bt ng thc tr thnh 48
37 :
Trng hp 2. a = b; c = 0; bt ng thc tr thnh
f "x (x; y) =
1
+
16 48
1
11abd
4
37

1
+
16 48
1
11abd
Trng hp 3. a = b; c = d ) c = 2
1
+
16 48
1
11
4
:
37
a; bt ng thc tr thnh
2
2
+
2
1 a c 1 ac2
Thay c = 2
a+b+d 3
3
4
37
a vo v thu gn, ta c bt ng thc tng ng

44(a 1)2 (48 22a 33a2 + 44a3 11a4 )
37(48 22a2 + 11a3 )(48 44a + 44a2 11a3 )
0:
Bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng do a

2: Ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi
a = b = c = d = 1 hoc ba trong bn s a; b; c; d bng 34 ; s cn li bng 0.
V d 1.169 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 3: Tm gi tr nh nht
ca biu thc
P = a3 + 2b3 + 3c3 :
Li gii. R rng hm f (x) = x3 l hm li, do
f (a)
f (A) + f 0 (A)(a
A)
f (b)
f (B) + f 0 (B)(b
B)
f (c)
f (C) + f 0 (C)(c
C)
192

f (A) + 2f (B) + 3f (C) + f 0 (A)(a
)P
A) + 2f 0 (B)(b
B) + 3f 0 (C)(c
C)
f (A) = 2f (B) = 3f (C)

:
A+B+C =3
tng ca ta l chn cc s dng A; B; C sao cho

Khi , ta s c
P
f (A) + 2f (B) + 3f (C)
Nh vy, vic ca ta cn li ch l gii h phng trnh
f 0 (A) = 2f 0 (B) = 3f 0 (C)

:
A+B+C =3
H ny rt d gii nn xin c dnh cho cc bn.

(a21
(a1 + a2 +
+ an )2
2
+ 1)(a2 + 1)
(a2n + 1)
(n
1)n
nn 2
:
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Li gii. B . Cho f l mt hm lm trn [a; b], khi vi mi x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn 2 [a; b]

tha mn x1 + x2 +
+ xn (n 1)a b ta c
f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) +
+ f (xn )
(n
1)f (a) + f (x1 + x2 +
+ xn
(n
1)a)
Chng minh. Ta s chng minh bng quy np theo n: Nu n = 1; bt ng thc l

hin nhin. Gi s khng nh ng vi n; ta s chng minh n cng ng vi n + 1:
Tht vy, gi s xn+1 = max fx1 ; xn ; :::; xn+1 g ; khi theo gi thit quy np, ta c
f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) +
+ f (xn )
(n
1)f (a) + f (x1 + x2 +
+ xn
(n
1)a)
Ta cn chng minh
f (xn+1 ) + f (x1 + x2 +
+ xn
(n
1)a)
f (a) + f (x1 + x2 +
+ xn+1
na)
Ta c
b
x1 + x2 +
+ xn+1
na
x1 + x2 +
+ xn
(n
1)a
Nn theo h qu ca ta
f (xn+1 ) + f (x1 + x2 +
+ xn
(n
1)a)
f (a) + f (x1 + x2 +
B c chng minh.
Tr li bi ton ca ta, bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
!
n
n
X
X
f (ai ) 2 ln
ai + (n 2) ln n (n 1) ln(n
i=1
i=1
+ xn+1
1)
na) :
193
vi f (x) = ln(1 + x2 ): Ta c
f 00 (x) =
2(1 x2 )
(1 + x2 )2
nn f (x) li trn (0; 1] v lm trn [1; +1): Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s an
an 1
a1 : Nu tn ti m sao cho am > 1; khi gi k l ch s nh nht sao
cho ak > 1; ta c an an 1
ak > 1 ak 1
a1 : Theo b trn, ta
c
f (ak ) + f (ak+1 ) +
+ f (an )
(n
k)f (1) + f (ak + ak+1 +
+ an
Nn ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc cho trong trng hp 1

khi theo bt ng thc Jensen, ta c
f (a1 ) + f (a2 ) +
+ f (an
1)
a1 + a2 +
nf
an
+ an
(n
1
1)n
nn
(x2 + 1)n
a1 ;
V t y, ta suy ra c ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc khi a1 = a2 =

an 1 = x; tc l
(n
k))
(a2n + 1)
1)x + an ]2
[(n

(n
1)n
(x2 + 1)n
1)2 x2 + 1]
[(n
n
n 2
[(n
1
n
+n
n
n
2
1
n 1
2 2
1) x + 1]
Li c
[(n
1)2 x2 + 1](a2n + 1)
[(n
1)x + an ]2 :
Nn bt ng thc cn chng minh ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a1 = a2 =

= an = 1:
V d 1.171 Cho x; y; z 2 [0; 1]: Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P = 2(x3 + y 3 + z 3 )
x2 y
y2 z
z 2 x:

rng
abc + bcd + cda + dab + a2 b2 c2 + b2 c2 d2 + c2 d2 a2 + d2 a2 b2 8:
(Phan Thnh Nam)
194
V d 1.173 Cho tam gic nhn ABC: Chng minh rng

cos
B
C
A
+ cos + cos
2
2
2
4
p
3
1 + sin
A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2
:
(Jack Garfunkel)
V d 1.174 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn a + 3b + 4c = 1: Tm gi tr ln nht

ca biu thc
p
p
p
3
P = 3 a + 4 b + 3 c:
V d 1.175 Cho tam gic nhn ABC: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P = tan A + 2 tan B + 5 tan C:
(VMEO 2005)
V d 1.176 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn 21ab + 2bc + 8ca 12: Tm gi tr
nh nht ca biu thc
1 2 3
P = + + :
a b
c
(Vietnam TST 2001)
V d 1.177 Cho dy dng a1 ; a2 ; :::; an tha mn
k
P
ai
i=1
Chng minh rng

1
1
+
+
a1
a2
1
an
n
:
n+1
k
P
i=1
i(i + 1) 8k = 1; 2; :::; n:
(Ton hc tui tr)

a1 + a2 +
2
(a1 + 1)(a22 + 1)
+ an
(a2n + 1)
(2n 1)n
2n nn 1
1
2
:
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Tip theo, ta s i n mt tnh cht c bn ca hm tuyn tnh bc nht, l

mi hm bc nht u n iu. ngha ca iu ny l g? Chng ta hy xt mt
trng hp c th, xt hm f (x) = ax + b vi x 2 [c; d]; nu a 0; th r rng f (x)
l hm ng bin, do f (c) f (x) f (d): Nu a 0 th f (x) l hm nghch bin,
cho nn f (d) f (x) f (c): Nh vy, ta c
nh l 1.9 Cho hm f (x) = ax + b (vi a; b l cc s thc ty ); khi vi mi
x 2 [c; d]; ta c
min ff (c); f (d)g f (x) max ff (c); f (d)g :
195
Tnh cht ny rt n gin nhng li kh hiu qu trong vic gii ton. N gip ta
thu gn khong xt t[c; d] n vic xt 2 im cc bin l x = c v x = d:
V d 1.179 Cho cc s khng m x; y; z tha mn x + y + z = 1: Chng minh rng
x3 + y 3 + z 3 +
1
:
4
15
xyz
4
Li gii. Bin i bt ng thc v dng tng ng

f (yz) =
27
x
4
1
1 yz + (1
4
2x)2
D thy y l mt hm bc nht theo yz, hn na d thy

(y + z)2
4
yz
Da trn nh l trn, ta ch cn xt bt ng thc ti yz =

yz = 0 l . Ta c
f (0) =
1
(1
4
2x)2
0;
x)2
(1
3
x(1
16
(y+z)2
4
3x)2
(1 x)2
4
0:
Nn bt ng thc cn chng minh hin nhin ng.

V d 1.180 Cho cc s khng m x; y; z tha mn x + y + z = 1: Chng minh rng
xy + yz + zx
2xyz
7
:
27
V d 1.181 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; d: Chng minh rng

r
a
+
a+b+c
b
+
b+c+d
c
+
c+d+a
d
d+a+b
4
p :
3
(Phm Vn Thun)
a
b
c
+
+
1 + bc 1 + ca 1 + ab
9
:
10
196
1.8
Quy np
Quy np l mt trong nhng k thut rt hay ca bt ng thc. tng rt n

gin nh sau, chng minh mt bt ng thc cho n bin, chng ta s chng minh
bt ng thc cho mt trng hp c th, ri gi nh rng n ng trong trng
hp n = k; khi ta s chng minh n ng cho n = k + 1; da trn c s ny chng
ta c kt lun n ng vi mi n:
V d 1.183 Cho cc s dng x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn > 0 (n
n
X
i=1
x2i
x2i + xi+1 xi+2
3): Chng minh rng
trong xn+1 = x1 ; xn+2 = x2 :

Li gii. Trc ht, ta s chng minh bt ng thc ng khi n = 3; tht vy, ta
cn chng minh
X x2
2
x2 + yz
cyc
X yz
1
,
x2 + yz
cyc
X
cyc
yz
2
x + yz
X
cyc
yz
2
2x + yz
yz
cyc
!2
yz(2x2 + yz)
=1
cyc
Tip theo, ta gi s bt ng thc ng khi n = k (k

ng khi n = k + 1; tc l
k+1
X
x2i
k
2
x + xi+1 xi+2
i=1 i
3), ta s chng minh n cng
Gi s xk+1 = max fx1 ; x2 ; :::; xk+1 g : S dng gi thit quy np, ta c

k
X
i=1
x2i
x2i + xi+1 xi+2
Nn chng minh bt ng thc trn, ta ch cn chng minh

x2k+1
x2k
+ 2
+ 2
2
xk+1 + x1 x2
xk + xk+1 x1
xk
x2k 1
1 + xk xk+1
x2k
2
xk + x1 x2
x2k
x2k 1
1 + xk x1
1.8. QUY NP
,
197
x2k+1
x2k+1 + x1 x2
+x2k
,
x2k
+ x2k
x2k
1
+
xk x1
1
1
+ x1 x2
x2k
1
+ xk+1 x1
x2k
1
+
xk xk+1
1
x1 x2
x2k x1 (xk+1 x2 )
+
+
x2k+1 + x1 x2
(x2k + x1 x2 )(x2k + xk+1 x1 ) (x2k
x2k 1 xk (xk+1 x1 )
2
1 + xk x1 )(xk 1 + xk xk+1 )
0:
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng. T y ta c pcm.

V d 1.184 Cho cc s dng a1 ; a2 ; :::; an tha mn a1 a2
rng
1
1
1
+
+
+
n 1 + a1
n 1 + a2
n 1 + an
an = 1: Chng minh
1:
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Li gii. Ta chng minh kt qu tng qut hn

1
1
+
+
mn + a1
mn + a2
1
mn + an
1 8mn
Vi n = 1 th bt ng thc hin nhin ng. Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n = k;

khi ta s chng minh bt ng thc cng ng cho n = k + 1: Tht vy, gi s
p
ak+1 = max fa1 ; a2 ; :::; ak+1 g ) b = k a1 a2
ak 1: t bi = abi 8i = 1; 2; :::; k )
mk+1
b1 b2
bk = 1: Ch l b
mk+1 n > n 1 nn theo gi thit quy np, ta c
1
mk+1 + a1
1
=
b
mk+1 + a2
mk+1 + ak
1
1
+ mk+1
+
+
mk+1
+ b1
+ b2
b
b
k
k
=
mk+1
mk+1 + b
b
+1
b
1
mk+1
b
+ bk
k
1
+
mk+1 + b mk+1 + ak+1
,
, (b
k
mk+1 + b
1)2
k
X1
bk
bk mk+1 + 1
[mk+1 (k + 1)
n
mk+1 + 1
n
mk+1 + 1
i(mk+1 + 1)]bk
i=1
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng do mk+1

minh ng. Ta c pcm.
n do bt ng thc cn chng
198
V d 1.185 Cho cc s dng a1 ; a2 ; :::; an (n

minh rng
a21 + a22 +
+ a2n
p
n
(n
2) tha mn a1 a2
2n
1)n
(a1 + a2 +
an = 1: Chng
+ an
n):
Li gii. Ta s chng minh kt qu tng qut hn

a21 + a22 +
+ a2n
mn (a1 + a2 +
+ an
n) 8mn
Vi n = 2; bt ng thc tr thnh
a21 + a22
m2 (a1 + a2
1
a21
m2 a1 +
, a21 +
,
1)2 [(a1 + 1)2

a21
(a1
1
a1
22
(2 1)2
2n
1)n
2)
2
m2 a1 ]
Bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng v m2
p
n
(n
0
= 4:
Gi s bt ng thc ng khi n = k (k 2); ta s chng minh bt ng thc ng

p
khi n = k + 1: Tht vy, gi s ak+1 = min fa1 ; a2 ; :::; ak+1 g ) b = k a1 a2
ak 1:
ai
t bi = b 8i = 1; 2; :::; k ) b1 b2 bk = 1: Ta c mk mk+1 ; tht vy vi k = 2; 3;
bt ng thc hin nhin ng, xt vi k > 3; ta c
2k
p
k
1)k
(k
,1+
,
1+
k2
kk
1
=
k+1
(k 1)
k 1
T y, ta c
mk+1
b
1+
mk+1
b21 + b22 +
p
k
+ b2k
k(k+1)
1
k2
2k
(k 1)k
>2
1
1+
k
k 1
kk
(k 1)k+1
1
k
p
k
k(k+1)
Do k > 3 nn
1+
k+1
1
k2
mk+1
k 1
1
k
<
e
k
1+
nn theo gi thit quy np
mk+1
(b1 + b2 +
b
+ bk
k)
1
k
<2
1.8. QUY NP
199
, a21 + a22 +
,
a21
a22
+ a2k
+
a2k
kb2
mk+1 (a1 + a2 +
mk+1 (a1 + a2 +
+ ak )
+ ak
kb)
kmk+1 b
kb
Do ta ch cn phi chng minh

kb2
kmk+1 b + a2k+1
, kb2 + a2k+1
, kb2 + a2k+1
, f (b) = kb2 +
1
b2k
mk+1 (ak+1
mk+1 (ak+1 + kb
2(k + 1)
p
k+1
k
1)
2(k + 1)
p (ak+1 + kb
k+1
k
1
k
1
+ kb
bk
1)
k
1)
k
1)
0:
D dng chng minh c bt ng thc ny, t ta c pcm.

V d 1.186 Cho cc s dng a1 ; a2 ; :::; an tha mn a1 + a2 + + an = n: Chng
minh rng
1
1
1
8(n 1)
(1 a1 a2
an ):
+
+
+
n
a1
a2
an
n2
(Phm Kim Hng)
Li gii. Tng t cc bi trc, ta cng chng minh kt qu tng qut hn
1
1
+
+
a1
a2
1
an
mn (1
a1 a2
an ) 8mn
8(n
1)
n
Vi n = 1;bt ng thc hin nhin ng. Gi s bt ng thc ng vi ta s chng

minh n cng ng khi n = k + 1: Tht vy gi s ak+1 = max fa1 ; a2 ; :::; ak+1 g )
+ak
b = a1 +a2 +
1: t bi = abi 8i = 1; 2; :::; k ) b1 + b2 +
+ bk = n: Ch l
k
mk+1 bk+1 ak+1
mk+1 bk ak+1
= mk+1 =
ak+1 + kb
k+1
8(k 1)
k2
k+1
mk+1
8k
(k + 1)2
Do , s dng gi thit quy np, ta c

1
1
+
+
b1
b2
1
1
+
+
a1
a2
1
1
,
+
+
a1
a2
,
1
bk
(mk+1 bk+1 ak+1 )(1
b1 b2
bk )
1
k
a1 a2
ak
mk+1 bk ak+1 1
ak
b
bk
1
k
+
+ mk+1 a1 a2
ak+1
+ mk+1 bk ak+1
ak
b
+
200
Cui cng ta phi chng minh

k
1
+ mk+1 bk ak+1 +
b
ak+1
,
,
1
k
+
b
ak+1
mk+1 (1
mk+1 [1
1
k
+
b
k+1
kb
, mk+1
b(k + 1
Bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng v

8
>
< mk+1
b 1
>
: b(k + 1
mk+1
ak+1 bk )
kb)bk ]
(k + 1
n(n + 1)
kb)(1 + 2b +
+ kbk
1)
8k
(k+1)2
:
kb)
(k+1)2
4k
Vy ta c pcm.

minh rng
1
1
3 2
1
(a + a22 +
+ a2n n):
+
+
+
n
a1
a2
an
n 1
(Phm Kim Hng)
minh rng
(n 1)(a21 + a22 +
+ a2n ) + na1 a2
an n2 :
V d 1.189 Cho cc s dng a1 ; a2 ; :::; an tha mn a1 a2
2n 1
rng vi mi 0 < kn
(n 1)2 ; ta c
p
1
1
+p
+
1 + kn a1
1 + kn a2
+p
1
1 + kn an
an = 1: Chng minh
n
:
1 + kn
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Chng 2
Sng to bt ng thc
Bi ton 2.1 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 3: Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+
+
a3 + b2 + c b3 + c2 + a c3 + a2 + b
1:
(Dng c Lm)

X
1
3 + b2 + c
a
cyc
a + b2 + c3
(a3 + b2 + c)(a + b2 + c3 )
cyc
P
P
3 + a2 + a3
2
3
X a+b +c
cyc
cyc
=
!2
2
2
2
2
(a + b + c )
P 2
cyc
a
cyc
X
cyc
!2
3+
a2 +
cyc
a3
cyc
t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc th bt ng thc ny tng ng vi

(9
2q)2
, 3(r
3 + (9
1) + (q
2q) + (27
3)
4(q
9q + 3r)
3)2
0:

a = b = c = 1:
201
202
CHNG 2. SNG TO BT NG THC
Bi ton 2.2 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng

a
b
c
+
+
3a2 + abc + 27 3b2 + abc + 27 3c2 + abc + 27
3
:
31
Li gii. S dng bt ng thc Schur, ta c

3abc
4(ab + bc + ca)
X
cyc
,
,
,
vi s =
a
3a2 +
X
cyc
9a2
cyc
4(ab+bc+ca) 9
3
+ 27
3
31
3a
+ 4(ab + bc + ca) + 72
9a2
3
31
31a(a + b + c)
+ 4(ab + bc + ca) + 72
X 9a2 + 4(ab + bc + ca) + 8(a + b + c)2
31a(a + b + c)
a2 + s
cyc
4(ab+bc+ca)+72
:
9
X (7a + 8c + 10b)(c
cyc
,
,
(a
b)
cyc
X
cyc
(a
b)2
a) (7a + 8b + 10c)(a
a2 + s
8a + 7b + 10c
b2 + s
7a + 8b + 10c
a2 + s
b)
8a2 + 8b2 + 15ab + 10c(a + b) + s

(a2 + s)(b2 + s)
0:
Bt ng thc c chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1:
Bi ton 2.3 Cho cc s dng a; b; c: Chng minh rng

a + 2b
b + 2c
c + 2a
+
+
c + 2b
a + 2c b + 2a
a
b
c
+
+
b+c c+a a+b
(Dng c Lm)
203
X a + 2b
c + 2b
cyc
2
,
Do 2
a3
cyc
a2 b
cyc
cyc
ab(a + b)
X
"
X
3 a2 b
0 v
cyc
X
2 a3
cyc
a + 3abc
"
ab(a + b)
X
, 2 a3
cyc
ab2 +
cyc
cyc
(2a + b)(2b + c)(2c + a)

(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
2 nn ta ch cn chng minh c
X
2 2 a3
cyc
ab(a + b)
cyc
cyc
X
3 a2 b
cyc
a3
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
(2a+b)(2b+c)(2c+a)
(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)
cyc
(2a + b)(2b + c)(2c + a)
cyc
a3 + 3abc
cyc
X
, 2 a3 + 3abc
P
X a
2
b+c
cyc
a2 b
ab(a + b)
cyc
3abc
3abc
0:
cyc
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c

X
2 a3
cyc
X
2 ab2
cyc
0;
a2 b
cyc

Bi ton 2.4 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn (a + b + c)
minh rng
p
p
p
7+8 2 5 5
a b
c
7+5 5
+ +
2
b
c a
2
1
a
1
b
p
8 2
1
c
= 10: Chng
(Phm Kim Hng, V Quc B Cn)

Li gii. Do tnh thun nht, khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a + b + c = 1; t
q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc th ta c q = 10r: Ta c
a b
c
ab2 + bc2 + ca2
+ + =
b
c a
abc
204
Do , chng minh bt ng thc bn tri, ta ch cn xt n trong trng hp

c b a l , t
p
q 3r + q 2 4q 3 + 2(9q 2)r 27r2
c
ab2 + bc2 + ca2
a b
+ +
=
=
b
c a
abc
2r
v
u
q 2
q
q 2 4q 3 + 2(9q 2) 10 27 10
7 1u
=
+ t
q 2
2 2
10
s
q
p
1
7 1
7 1
253 40 10q +
253 80 10
=
+
+
2 2
q
2 2
p
p
7+8 2 5 5
=
2
Tip theo, ta s chng minh bt ng thc bn phi, r rng ta ch cn xt n trong
trng hp a b c l , khi
p
q 3r
q 2 4q 3 + 2(9q 2)r 27r2
c
ab2 + bc2 + ca2
a b
+ +
=
=
b
c a
abc
2r
v
u
q 2
q
2
4q 3 + 2(9q 2) 10 27 10
7 1u
tq
=
q 2
2 2
10
s
q
p
1
7 1
7 1
253 40 10q +
253 80 10
=
2 2
q
2 2
p
p
7+5 5 8 2
=
:
2
Bt ng thc c chng
minh
xong.
ng
thc btp ngp thc
bn tri xy
p
p
p
p
p
2 2 5
10
10
10 5 2+2 5
;
b
=
;
a
=
v cc hon
ra khi v ch khi c = 10 10+5
20
10
20
v tng
ng.
ng
thc
bt
ng
thc
bn
phi
xy
ra
khi
v
ch
khi a =
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
10+5 2 2 5
10
10 5 2+2 5
10
10
; b = 10 ; c =
v cc hon v tng ng.
20
20
p
p
p
a4 + b4 + c4 + 4
ab + bc + ca
15:
(Dng c Lm)
Li gii. Trc ht, ta s chng minh rng
P
P
a
a
X 1
cyc
cyc
P + P 2
a+b
ab 2 a
cyc
cyc
cyc
205
X c(a + b) + ab
a+b
cyc
cyc
a+
cyc
X ab
,
a+b
cyc
ab
cyc
a2
cyc
cyc
ab
cyc
a2
cyc
X ab
a+b
cyc
!2
ab
cyc
ab(a + b)
cyc
2
cyc
ab
cyc
cyc
b)2
ab(a
!"
ab(a + b)
cyc
cyc
Tr li bi ton ca ta, s dng bt ng thc GM-HM, ta c

Xp
ab
cyc
X ab
a+b
cyc
X
X ab
a4 + 8
a+b
cyc
cyc
,
,
Theo trn, ta c
X
cyc
X
cyc
a4 +
a4 +
15
8 X ab(a + b + c)
3 cyc
a+b
X 1
8X
8
ab + abc
3 cyc
3
a+b
cyc
1X 1
3 cyc a + b
1
1
P + P 2
ab 2 a
cyc
cyc
15
15
206
X
a4 +
cyc
8X
3 cyc
1 C
B 1
ab + 8abc @ P + P 2 A
ab 2 a
X
a4 = 81
15
cyc
cyc
36q + 2q 2 + 12r
cyc
33
Nu 9
50
12r(3 + 4q q 2 )
q + q2 +
3
q(9 2q)
4q th ta c
50
q + q2
3
33
nn bt ng thc ng.
Nu 4q 9 th theo bt ng thc Schur bc 4, ta c r
chng minh
2(4q 9)(9 q)(3 + 4q
50
q + q2 +
33
3
3q(9 2q)
, (99
50q + 3q 2 )q(9
, (q
2q) + 2(4q
9)(9
(4q 9)(9 q)
18
q2 )
q)(3 + 4q
3)(2q + 11q
117q + 162)
117q + 162
, f (q) = 2q + 11q
nn ta ch cn
0
q2 )
D thy f (q) l hm li nn
f (q)
max f (3); f
9
4
= max
36;
729
32
< 0:

Bi ton 2.6 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn a b + c: Chng minh rng
s
a
b
c
abc
+
+
+
2:
b+c c+a a+b
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
(Dng c Lm)
207
Li gii. Do a
b + c nn
(a + b)(a + c)(b + c)
abc
b+c
bc
a+b+c+
bc
a
b+c
bc
(a b c)(ab + ac bc)
2b + 2c +
+
bc
b+c
a(b + c)
b+c
bc
2(b + c)2
2b + 2c +
=
+1 9
bc
b+c
bc
=
=
) (a + b)(a + c)(b + c)
9abc
Do
VT
X a
+
=
b+c
cyc
p
abc(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
X a
3abc
+
b + c (a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
cyc
(a
b c)(a + b c)(a b + c)
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
2
0:
Bt ng thc c chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b; c = 0

hoc a = c; b = 0 hoc a = 2b = 2c:
Bi ton 2.7 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c, khng c 2 s no ng thi bng 0: Chng
minh rng
r
r
r
2
2
2
1
3 a + bc
3 b + ca
3 c + ab
+
+
2+ p
:
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
b +c
c +a
a +b
2
(V Quc B Cn)
r
3
a2 + bc
+
b2 + c2
r
3
b2 + ca
c2 + a2
b c; ta s chng minh
( r
)
2
2
3 4(a + b )
max 2;
c2 + ab
Ch rng
(a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)
(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
nn
r
3
a2 + bc
+
b2 + c2
r
3
b2 + ca
c2 + a2
(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
=1
(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
s
26
(a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)

(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
208
Ta cn chng minh
r
r
2
2
2
a2 + bc
3 4(a + b )
3 b + ca
+
2
2
2
2
2
b +c
c +a
c + ab
s
!
r
r
2
2
2
2
a2 + bc b2 + ca
3 b + ca
3 a + bc
3 (a + bc)(b + ca)
+ 2
+3
+
, 2
b + c2
c + a2
(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
b2 + c2
c2 + a2
r
3
4(a2 + b2 )
c2 + ab
Li c
b2 + ca
b2 + c2
a2 + bc
c(a
=
a2 + c2
b)(a2 + b2 + c2 + ab ac
(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
b2 + ca
a2 + bc
1
b2 + c2
a2 + c2
Do , theo bt ng thc AM-GM,
s
!
r
r
2
2
2
2
3 a + bc
3 b + ca
3 (a + bc)(b + ca)
3
+
(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
b2 + c2
c2 + a2
bc)
(a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)

(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
6(a2 + bc)
a2 + c2
T , ta ch cn chng minh c
a2 + bc b2 + ca 6(a2 + bc)
+ 2
+ 2
b2 + c2
c + a2
a + c2
, f (c) + g(c)
trong
f (c) = (a + 7b)c5 + 3(a2

3
g(c) = (a
b)(3b + 2ab + 4a b
4(a2 + b2 )
c2 + ab
b2 )c4 + 2(a + b)(a + 3b)bc3

3
2 3
2 3
3a )c + (b a + 6b a + a b )c + ab(a
b)4
Ta s chng minh rng g(c)

0. Nu 3b3 + 2ab2 + 4a2 b 3a3
0, iu ny l
3
2
2
hin nhin. Nu 3b + 2ab + 4a b 3a3 0, khi do g(c) l hm lm theo c nn
g(c) min fg(0); g(b)g, m
g(0) = ab(a
b)4
0;
g(b) = b
1
(a
4
b)[(2a2
6ab
b2 )2 + 43b4 ] + 8b5
Khng nh c chng minh. Tr li bi ton ca ta, c 2 trng hp xy ra

2
2
+b2
1
Nu ac2 +ab
2 , ac 2+ab
+b2
2 , khi t khng nh trn, ta d dng i n kt lun.
Nu
a2 +b2
c2 +ab
2, khi t khng nh trn, ta ch cn chng minh

r
r
2
2
2
1
3 4(a + b )
3 c + ab
+
2+ p
3
c2 + ab
a2 + b2
2
209
p
p
3
2.
Bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng do hm 3 4x + x1 l hm tng vi mi x
Bt ng thc c chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b; c = 0
hoc cc hon v.
Bi ton 2.8 Cho a; b; c l cc s khng m tha mn a + b + c = 3. Chng minh
rng
3
a2 b + b2 c + abc 4:
2
(Vasile Cirtoaje, V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. Nu a
2b th
(a + c)2 b
a2 b
bc(a
3
abc =
2
b2 c
3
) a2 b + b2 c + abc
2
(a + c)2 b = 4
a+c
2
4
Nu 2b
a+c
2
2b + 2c)
2
a+c a+c
b
2
2
3
+b
=4
a, bt ng thc tng ng vi
f (c) = 4(a + b + c)3
Ta c
27a2 b
27b2 c
81
abc
2
3
[8(a + b + c)2 9b(3a + 2b)]
2
3 p
f 0 (c) = 0 , c = p
b(3a + 2b) a b
2 2
f 0 (c) =
Do 2b
f (c)
3
p
a nn
f
2 2
b(3a + 2b)
3 p
p
b(3a + 2b)
2 2
a + b, v ta d dng kim tra c
2b)2 (2a + b)
q
3
4 a2 + 5ab + 2b2 + b(3a+2b)
2
27ab(a
0:
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = 2; b = 1; c = 0

hoc a = 0; b = 2; c = 1.
Bi ton 2.9 Cho a; b; c l cc s khng m, khng c 2 s no ng thi bng 0.
Chng minh rng
a2
1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
+ ab + b
b + bc + c
c + ca + a2
9
:
(a + b + c)2
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
210
Li gii. Bt ng thc c vit li nh sau

X (a + b + c)2
a2 + ab + b2
cyc
,
,
X
cyc
X
cyc
X c(a + b + c) + ab + bc + ca
cyc
c
2
a + ab + b
a2 + ab + b2
!
!
X
X
+
ab
2
cyc
cyc
6
1
2
a + ab + b2
X
cyc
X
cyc
c
2
a + ab + b2
!2
cyc
1
a2 + ab + b2
cyc
c(a2 + ab + b2 )
cyc
cyc
ab
= P
!2
c2 (a2 + ab + b2 )
cyc
=
P
!2
ab
cyc
cyc
!2
cyc
ab
cyc
cyc
!2
P
a
cyc
cyc
ab
3abc
cyc
ab
cyc
!2
!2
3abc
cyc
Do tnh thun nht, ta c th gi s a + b + c = 1. t q =
ab; r = abc, bt ng
cyc
thc tr thnh
q
1
+ 2
q
2q
3r
S dng bt ng thc Schur bc 4, ta c r

1
q
+ 2
q
2q
3r
1
+
q
2q 2
6
(4q 1)(1 q)
,
6
q
(4q 1)(1 q)
2
6=
nn
(1 3q)(4q 1)2
q(8q 2 5q + 1)
0:
211
Bi ton 2.10 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; khng c 2 s no ng thi bng 0:
Chng minh rng
b4
c4
a4
+
+
a2 + ab + b2
b2 + bc + c2
c2 + ca + a2
a3 + b3 + c3
:
a+b+c
(Phan Thnh Vit)
Li gii. Ta c
a3 + b3 + c3
= a2 + b2 + c2
a+b+c
ab
bc
ca +
3abc
a+b+c
Nn bt ng thc cho tng ng vi

X
a2
cyc
a4
+ ab
+ ab + b2
X
cyc
a2
3abc
a+b+c
a2
ab3
+ ab + b2
3abc
a+b+c

!
!
X
X a2 + ab + b2
ab3
cyc
a2 + ab + b2
ab
cyc
cyc
!2
X
cyc
,
,
!2
3abc X a2 + ab + b2
a + b + c cyc
ab
X
cyc
X
cyc
!3
c(a2 + ab + b2 )
cyc
X
cyc
a2
X
cyc
ab
0:
iu ny hin nhin ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c hoc c = 0; ab ! 0

Bi ton 2.11 Cho a; b; c; d l cc s khng m tha mn a + b + c + d = 1: Chng
minh rng
a
b
c
d
3
p
+p
+p
+p
:
2
a+b
b+c
c+d
d+a
(Mircea Lascu)
212
Li gii. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s a + c

S dng bt ng thc Jack Garfunkel, ta c
p
5p
5p
a+b+c=
1
4
4
b
c
a
+p
+p
c+a
a+b
b+c
a
b
+p
a+b
b+c
c
d
a
p
+p
+p
a+c
c+d
d+a
d
c
+p
)p
c+d
d+a
)p
b+d ) x = a+c
5p
1
4
5p
c
c+a
5p
a+c+d=
1
4
4
5p
a
1 b p
4
a+c
d
1
2:
Suy ra
X
cyc
5 p
1
4
a
a+b
=
b+
p
5p
2(2 b d)
c+a
4
p
p
p
( x 1) (17 x 7)
3
3
p
x= p
+
:
p
p
2
2
2 2 5 x + 1 + 2 (2 x + 3)
5p
2(x + 1)
4
a+c
Bt ng thc c chng minh xong. ng thc khng xy ra.

Bi ton 2.12 Cho a; b; c; d l cc s khng m, khng c 3 s no ng thi bng
0: Chng minh rng
p
a
b
c
d
+p
+p
+p
a+b+c
b+c+d
c+d+a
d+a+b
5p
a + b + c + d:
4
Li gii. Gi s d = minfa; b; c; dg v t x = a + c; khi ta d thy

p
a
d
+p
a+b+c
d+a+b
p
a
d
x
+p
=p
a+b+d
d+a+b
x+b
b
b+c+d
b
b+c
p
x
b
c
+p
+p
x+b
b+c
c+d+a
,p
x
b
c
+p
+p
c+x
x+b
b+c
5p
a+b+c+d
4
5p
x+b+d
4
y chnh l bt ng thc Jack Garfunkel nn bt ng thc cho c chng

minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a3 = 1b = 0c = d0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
213
Bi ton 2.13 Cho a; b; c l cc s dng. Chng minh rng
2(a + b + c)(bc + ca + ab)
a2 + b2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca
((2a + b)(2b + c)(2c + a)) 3 :

(Sung Yoon Kim)
Li gii 1. S dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c a2 b + b2 c + c2 a

(ab+bc+ca)2
. Suy ra
a+b+c
) (2a + b)(2b + c)(2c + a)
= 2(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca) + 3abc + 2(a2 b + b2 c + c2 a)

2(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca) + 3abc +
2(ab + bc + ca)2
a+b+c
Ta cn chng minh
2(a + b + c)(bc + ca + ab)
a2 + b2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca
2(ab + bc + ca)2
2(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca) + 3abc +
a+b+c
1
3
Do tnh thun nht, ta c th chun ha cho a+b+c = 1: t q = ab+bc+ca; r = abc;

khi theo bt ng thc Schur bc 3, ta c r
max 0; 4q9 1 . Bt ng thc
tr thnh
1
2q
(3r + 2q 2 + 2q) 3
1 q
Nu 1
4q; th
(2q 2 + 2q) 3
(3r + 2q 2 + 2q) 3
v
2q 2 + 2q
Nu 4q
8q 3
(1 q)3
4q 2 + 2q 3
(1 q)3
2q(1 3q)
0
(1 q)3
2q(1
q4 )
2q
2q(1 2q 4q 2 )
(1 q)3
1; th
2
(3r + 2q + 2q)
v
6q 2 + 10q
3
1
3
2q + 2q +
8q 3
(1
=
(1 q)3
4q
1
3
3q)(2q 4
1
3
6q 2 + 10q
3
2q 3 + 3q 2 + 10q
(1 q)3
1)
1
3
0:
214

Li gii 2. S dng bt ng thc Holder, ta c
[(a + b + c)(bc + ca + ab)]3
= [(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) + abc]3
[(a + b)3 + a3 ][(b + c)3 + b3 ][(c + a)3 + c3 ]
= (2a + b)(2b + c)(2c + a)(a2 + ab + b2 )(b2 + bc + c2 )(c2 + ca + a2 )
Ta cn chng minh
8(a2 + ab + b2 )(b2 + bc + c2 )(c2 + ca + a2 )
(a2 + b2 + c2 + bc + ca + ab)3
Bt ng thc ny c th c chng minh bng php khai trin.

Li gii 3. Ta s chng minh kt qu mnh hn l
a + 2b
b + 2c
c + 2a
+
+
a + 2c b + 2a
c + 2b
3(a2 + b2 + c2 )
ab + bc + ca
Cng 3 vo hai v, ta vit c bt ng thc trn dng

2(a + b + c)
1
1
1
+
+
a + 2c b + 2a c + 2b
3(a2 + b2 + c2 )
+3
ab + bc + ca
T y, s dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c th suy ra bt ng thc ban u ca

bi ton.
Do (a + b + c)2 = (a + 2b)(a + 2c) + (b c)2 nn
a+b+c
a + 2b
(b c)2
=
+
a + 2c
a + b + c (a + 2c)(a + b + c)
Xa+b+c
cyc
a + 2c
=3+
X
cyc
(b c)2
(a + 2c)(a + b + c)
Do , bt ng thc trn tng ng vi

6+2
X
cyc
(b c)2
(a + 2c)(a + b + c)
, x(b
vi x =
3(a+b+c)
4(ab+bc+ca)
1
a+2c
c)2 + y(c
3(a2 + b2 + c2 )
+3
ab + bc + ca
a)2 + z(a
b)2
v y; z tng t.
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s b l s hng nm gia a v c; tc l (b a)(b c)
0:
215
T , ta c (a b)(a c)
3(ab + bc + ca) + (a b)(a
3(ab + bc + ca)
= a + 2b
a + 2c
nn x
Nu a
0 v (c a)(c
c), ta c
(a
b)(a c)
a + 2c
b)
0: Ch rng (a + 2b)(a + 2c) =
a + 2b
2(a + b + c)
0: Tng t, ta cng c z 0:
b c; khi d thy y 0 do
1
b + 2a
1
a+b+c
a+b+c
3(ab + bc + ca)
3(a + b + c)
4(ab + bc + ca)
nn bt ng thc ng.
Nu c b a v nu y 0 nn bt ng thc ng. Gi s y
x + 2y =
do
9(a + b + c)
4(ab + bc + ca)
2
4a + b + 4c
1
+
=
a + 2c b + 2a
(a + 2c)(b + 2a)
v
z + 2y =
do
9(a + b + c)
4
9(a + b + c)
4(ab + bc + ca)
2
2a + 5b + 2c
1
+
=
c + 2b b + 2a
(c + 2b)(b + 2a)
c)2 + y(c
2
b + 2a
2(a + b + c)
ab + bc + ca
1
c + 2b
2(a
b)2 + 2(b
a)2 + z(a
b)2
(x + 2y)(b
0
9(a + b + c)
4(ab + bc + ca)
2
b + 2a
2(a + b + c)
ab + bc + ca
c)2
T y, vi ch rng (a
x(b
1
a + 2c
0; khi ta c
0
9(a + b + c)
4(ab + bc + ca)
c)2 ; ta c
c)2 + (z + 2y)(a
b)2
0:

3(a2 + b2 + c2 )
a+b+c
a(a + b) b(b + c) c(c + a)

+
+
:
a+c
b+a
c+b
(Phm Hu c)
Li gii 1. Ch rng
X a(a + b)
cyc
a+c
X ac
a+c
a+c
cyc
cyc
!
!
X
X a
X ab
=
a
a+c
a+b
cyc
cyc
cyc
!
!
X
X c
X ab
=
a
3
a+c
a+b
cyc
cyc
cyc
=
X a(a + b + c)
216
Ta c th vit li bt ng thc nh sau

P
!
!
3 a2
X
X c
X ab
cyc
P
+
a
+
a+b
a+c
a
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
X ab
a+b
cyc
!2
ab
cyc
ab(a + b)
cyc
cyc
c
a+c
!2
c(a + c)
a2
cyc
cyc
3abc
!3
!2
cyc
ab
cyc
cyc
3abc
!2
ab
cyc
ab
!2
ab
cyc
cyc
cyc
!2
cyc
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
P
cyc
ab
cyc
!2
cyc
cyc
v
X
3
ab
cyc
cyc
Do tnh thun nht, ta c th chun ha cho a+b+c = 1: t q = ab+bc+ca; r = abc;

khi theo bt ng thc Schur bc 3, ta c r 4q9 1 . Bt ng thc tr thnh
3(1
,
Ta c
q2
1
+
q 3r 1 q
6q
2q) +
1
q2
+
q 3r 1 q
q2
1
+
q 3r 1 q
q2
q
4q 1
3
6q
1
1
6q =
(1 3q)2
1 q
0:
217
Li gii 2. Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
X a(a + b)(a + b + c)
3(a2 + b2 + c2 )
a+c
cyc
X ab(a + b)
a+c
cyc
X
cyc
Gi x; y; z l mt hon v ca a; b; c sao cho x

xy(x + y)
a2
ab
cyc
xz(x + z)
z; khi vi ch rng
yz(y + z)
S dng bt ng thc sp xp li, ta c

X ab(a + b)
cyc
xy(x + y) yz(y + z) zx(z + x)

+
+
y+z
y+x
z+x
a+c
xy(x + y) yz(y + z)
+
+ xz
y+z
y+x
By gi, ta thy
xy(x + y) yz(y + z)
+
y+z
y+x
xy(x z) yz(z x)
+
y+z
x+y
y(x z)2 (x + y + z)
=
(x
(x + y)(y + z)
(xy + yz) =
z)2
T y, ta c
X ab(a + b)
cyc
a+c
(x
z)2 + (xy + yz + xz)
2(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
(xy + yz + zx):

Bi ton 2.15 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; khng c 2 s no cng bng 0: Chng
minh rng
r
r
r
a
b
c
3
+
+
:
b + 3c
c + 3a
a + 3b
2
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
2
b
a
c
= z4 ; c+3a
= y4 ; b+3c
=
Li gii. t a+3b
, ta d dng kim tra c ng thc sau
x2
4 ;
vi x; y; z l cc s khng m. Khi
16 = 7x2 y 2 z 2 + 3(x2 y 2 + x2 z 2 + y 2 z 2 )
218
v ta cn chng minh
x+y+z
Gi s x + y + z < 3; khi tn ti k > 1 sao cho kx + ky + kz = 3. t kx = u; ky =

v; kz = w th u + v + w = 3 v
16 =
3(u2 v 2 + u2 w2 + v 2 w2 )
7u2 v 2 w2
+
< 7u2 v 2 w2 + 3(u2 v 2 + u2 w2 + v 2 w2 )
6
k
k4
Nhng ta d dng chng minh c

16
7u2 v 2 w2 + 3(u2 v 2 + u2 w2 + v 2 w2 )
vi mi u; v; w
0 tha mn u + v + w = 3; iu ny dn n mu thun nn bt
ng thc cn chng minh ng.
p
p
p
3
3
3
(a + b)2 (b + c)2 (c + a)2
(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2 + 4 a2 b2 c2 :
(Sung Yoon Kim)

s
s
b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2
a2 b2 c2
3 (a
+43
2
2
2
2
(a + b) (b + c) (a + c)
(a + b) (b + c)2 (a + c)2
s
s
2 (b
2 (c
2
(a
b)
c)
a)
ab
bc
= 3
+43
(a + b)2 (b + c)2 (c + a)2
(a + b)2 (b + c)2
1 X (a b)2
4X
ab
+
2
3 cyc (a + b)
3 cyc (a + b)2
=
ca
(c + a)2
4ab
1 X (a b)2
+
= 1:
3 cyc (a + b)2
(a + b)2

Bi ton 2.17 Cho a; b; c l cc s dng tha mn a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 = 3: Chng
minh rng
r
r
r
a + bc2
b + ca2
c + ab2
3
+
+
:
2
2
2
abc
(Sung Yoon Kim)
219
Li gii. S dng bt ng th AM-GM, ta c
X
cyc
a + bc2
2
X
cyc
1
4
ab
1X
2 cyc
!
1 ab + b2 c2
b
2
1 ab + b2 c2
+
b
2
X1 X
+
ab + 3
a cyc
cyc
v
1X 2 2
(a b + 1) = 3
2 cyc
cyc
P
ab
X1
cyc
)
=
a
abc
cyc
Do
X
cyc
a + bc2
2
1
4
6
+6
abc
3
abc
3
3
+
2abc 2
3
:
abc

Bi ton 2.18 Cho k > 0 l mt hng s cho trc. Tm hng s ln nht sao
cho vi mi a b c d 0 tha a + b + c + d = 1; bt ng thc sau ng
a b
b c
c d
d a
+
+
+
k+a+b k+b+c k+c+d k+d+a
(a
b)(b
c)(c
d):
(Shalex)
Li gii. Cho a =
tr thnh
1
4
+3 ;b =
2
Cho
! 0+ , ta c
1
4
+ ;c =
(2k + 1)3
1
4
;d =
64
64(2k + 1)
64
(2k + 1)3
1
4
3 vi
! 0+ , bt ng thc
220
Mt khc, t x = a
b; y = b
c; z = c
d ) x; y; z
0, ta c
a b
b c
c d
d a
+
+
+
k+a+b k+b+c k+c+d k+d+a
a b
c d
b c
d a
=
+
+
+
k+a+b k+c+d
k+b+c k+d+a
= [k(a
b+c
d) + (a2
b2 + c2
d2 )]
1
1
(k + a + b)(k + c + d) (k + b + c)(k + c + d)
[(k + a + b)x + (k + c + d)z](x + y)(y + z)
=
(k + a + b)(k + b + c)(k + c + d)(k + d + a)
p
8xyz (k + a + b)(k + c + d)
(k + a + b)(k + b + c)(k + c + d)(k + d + a)
8xyz
= p
(k + a + b)(k + c + d)(k + b + c)2 (k + d + a)2
64
xyz:
(2k + 1)3
vi bt ng thc cui ng theo bt ng thc AM-GM v gi thit a + b + c + d = 1:
T , ta i n kt lun
64
:
max =
(2k + 1)3
n
P
Bi ton 2.19 Cho x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn l cc s dng tha mn
xi = 1: Chng minh
i=1
rng
n q
X
x2i + x2i+1
2
2
i=1
1
n
P
i=1
x2i
xi+1
Li gii. Bt ng thc cho tng ng

n
X
xi + xi+1
n
X
x2i
i=1
q
x2i + x2i+1
x2i
i=1 x
i+1
+ xi +
xi
xi+1
x2i
x2i+1
2
2
1
n
P
i=1
x2i
xi+1
1
n
P
x2i
2 + 2 xi+1
i=1
221
1"
0
#
n
n
q
2
2
X
X
x
x
x
i
i
i
2
2
A
@
q
+ xi +
xi + xi+1
x2i
xi
xi+1
xi+1
2 + x2
+
x
+
x
i=1
i=1 x
i
i+1
i
xi+1
i+1
!2
n
X
xi
=1
i=1
Ta cn chng minh
n
X
i=1
xi q 2
xi + x2i+1
xi+1
,
n
X
i=1
Do
xi xi+1
x2i
xi+1
x2i + x2i+1 + xi
q
x2i + x2i+1
xi + xi+1
p
2
n
X
i=1
n
X
i=1
xx
p i i+1
1 + 2 xi + xi+1
xx
p i i+1
1 + 2 xi + xi+1
,
n
X
i=1
p
2
n
X
i=1
2
2
!
p
p
2 1
2 2
xi +
xi+1
2
2
1 (xi xi+1 )2
p
1 + 2 xi + xi+1
0:
Bt ng thc c chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x1 = x2 =

= xn = n1 :
Bi ton 2.20 Cho cc s thc a; b; c; d: Chng minh rng
!
!
X
X
5X 4 X 2 2
3
a +
a b
a
a + (a b)(b c)(c
2 cyc
sym
cyc
cyc
d)(d
a):
(Phm Minh Khoa)
222
Li gii. Do
5X 4 X 2 2
a +
a b
2 cyc
sym
X
cyc
cyc
cyc
b2 )2
!2
1X 2
(a
2 sym
b)2
cyc
!2
Nn ta c th vit li bt ng thc nh sau

X
1X 2
b2 )2
(a
ab(a b)2 + (a
2 sym
sym
,
1X
(a
2 sym
1
2 (a
Ch rng a2 + b2
1X
(a
2 sym
b)2 (a2 + b2 )
(a
ab(a
sym
b)(b
b)(b
c)(c
c)(c
d)(d
d)(d
a)
a)
b)2 , nn
1X
(a
4 sym
b)2 (a2 + b2 )
b)4
1
[(a b)4 + (b c)4 + (c d)4 + (d
4
j(a b)(b c)(c d)(d a)j
(a b)(b c)(c d)(d a):
a)4 ]

Bi ton 2.21 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha a2 + b2 + c2 = 3: Chng minh rng
r
r
r
p
a2
b2
c2
+
+
3:
2
2
2
a +b+c
b +c+a
c +a+b
Li gii. Theo bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c a + b + c 3. T
!2
!
!
r
X
X
X
a2
a
a
a2 + b + c
a2 + b + c
cyc
cyc
cyc
!
!
X
X
a
a
a2 + 31 (b + c)(a + b + c)
cyc
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
X
cyc
X
cyc
a
a2 + 31 (b + c)(a + b + c)
223
Bt ng thc ny thun nht nn ta c th b qua gi thit a2 + b2 + c2 = 3 v
chun ha cho a + b + c = 1; khi bt ng thc tr thnh
X
cyc
Ta c
X
cyc
3a
3a2 a + 1
3a2
3=
3a
a+1
X
cyc
3a2
3a
a+1
2a
X (2a + 1)(3a
cyc
3(3a2
1)2
a + 1)
1
3
0:

Bi ton 2.22 Cho a; b; c l cc s dng. Chng minh rng
a
b
c
+
+
b + c2
c + a2
a + b2
1
4
a
b
c
+ 2+ 2
c2
a
b
a b
c
+ +
b
c a

b
c
a
+
+
b + c2
c + a2
a + b2
a
c
b
p + p + p
2
ca
2
ab
2 bc
p p
p p
p
1
a
a
b
b
c
p
=
+p
+p
2
c a
a
b c
s
1
a
b
c
a b
+ +
+ 2+ 2
2
2
c
a
b
b
c
p !
c
b
c
:
a

r
r
r
a b
c
a2 + c2
b2 + a2
c2 + b2
+ +
+
+
:
2
2
2
2
b
c a
b +c
c +a
a2 + b2
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii 1. Bnh phng 2 v, ta c th vit li bt ng thc nh sau
!
r
X a2
2b a2 + c2
b2 + c2
+
2
0
b2
a
b2 + c2
a2 + c2
cyc
224
Suy ra, ta ch cn chng minh

2b
a2
+
b2
a
,
a2 + c2
b2 + c2
b2 + c2
a2 + c2
r
a3 c2 + 2b5 + 2b3 c2 ab2 c2

ab2 (b2 + c2 )
0
b2 + c2
a2 + c2

a3 c2 + 2b3 c2
) a3 c2 + 2b5 + 2b3 c2
3ab2 c2
ab2 c2
Ta cn phi chng minh
b3 + ac2
a(b2 + c2 )
2b2 (b3 + ac2 )
b2 + c2
a2 + c2
Nhng bt ng thc ny hin nhin v

(b3 + ac2 )2 (a2 + c2 )
a2 (b2 + c2 )3 = c2 (a
b)2 (a2 c2 + 2b3 a + 2c2 ab + b4 )

Li gii 2. Trc ht, ta s chng minh bt ng thc sau
r
r
b
a
a2 + c2
b2 + c2
+
+
2
2
b
a
b +c
a2 + c2
r
r
a
b
a2 + c2
b2 + c2
, +
2
+
2
2
2
b
a
b +c
a2 + c2
p
p
2
a2 + c2
b2 + c2
(a b)2
p
,
ab
(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
(a2 b2 )2
p
p
p
2
(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 ) a2 + c2 + b2 + c2
p
p
p
2
, (a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
a2 + c2 + b2 + c2
ab(a + b)2
,
(a
b)2
ab
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng v

p
p
a2 + c2 + b2 + c2 a + b;
T , ta c
Xa
cyc
Xb
+
b
a
cyc
X
cyc
(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
a2 + c2 X
+
b2 + c2
cyc
b2 + c2
a2 + c2
a2 b2
0:
225
Gi s
cyc
a
b
<
P q a2 +c2
b2 +c2
cyc
, khi ta c
cyc
Xa
cyc
,
Do
cyc
b
a
>
<
X
cyc
b
a
>
P q b2 +c2
cyc
a2 +c2 .
cyc
a2 +c2
Xb
X
X a2 + c2
+
2
+
2
<
b2
a
b2 + c2
cyc
cyc
cyc
b2 + c2
a2 + c2
nn
X a2
cyc
iu ny mu thun v
Nhng
a2 + c2
b2 + c2
X a2
P q b2 +c2
cyc
b2
X a2
cyc
b2
<
X a2 + c2
cyc
b2 + c2
X a2 + c2
cyc
b2 + c2
Tht vy, gi s c = minfa; b; cg, th bt ng thc ny tng ng vi

1
a2 b2
1
(a2 b2 )2
(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
1
1
(a2
+ 2 2
a c
(a2 + b2 )(a2 + c2 )
c2 )(b2
c2 )
hin nhin ng. Vy nn ta phi c

Xa
cyc
X
cyc
a2 + c2
:
b2 + c2
Bi ton 2.24 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 1: Chng minh rng

p
p
p
p
a + (b c)2 + b + (c a)2 + c + (a b)2
3:
(Phan Thnh Nam)
Li gii. Bnh phng 2 v, bt ng thc cho c th c vit li nh sau

X
Xp
(b c)2 + 2
[a + (b c)2 ][b + (a c)2 ] 2
cyc
cyc
226

Xp
X
Xp
[a + (b c)2 ][b + (a c)2 ]
ab +
j(a
cyc
cyc
X
Xp
X
(b c)2 + 2
ab + 2
j(a
cyc
cyc
c)(b
c)j
cyc
c)(b
c)j
cyc
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a b c; khi

X
Xp
X
(b c)2 + 2
ab + 2
j(a c)(b c)j 2
cyc
cyc
cyc
= 4(a
c)
2 1
Xp
cyc
ab
p
p 2
+
b
c
h
i
p
p 2
p 2
p 2
p
p
4(a c)2 2 a
c =2 a
c
2 a+ c
1
p 2
p
p 2
p
c [2(a + c) 1] = 2 a
c (a b + c) 0:
2 a
= 4(a
c)2
Bt ng thc c chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c =

hoc a = b = 21 ; c = 0 hoc cc hon v.
1
3
Bi ton 2.25 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha a + b + c = 3: Chng minh rng

a
b
c
+
+
2b + 1 2c + 1 2a + 1
1
:
abc
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi

3
a
2b + 1
+ 3
b
2c + 1
+ 3
c
2a + 1
1
abc
7b + c 7c + a 7a + b
1
+
+
+
9
2b + 1 2c + 1 2a + 1 abc
c 1
a 1
b 1
2
1
1
1
+
+
+
+3 5
+
+
2b + 1 2c + 1 2a + 1
abc
2a + 1 2b + 1 2c + 1
,
,2
Nn chng minh bt ng thc cho, ta ch cn chng minh 2 bt ng thc sau

a 1
b 1
c 1
+
+
2b + 1 2c + 1 2a + 1
227
2
+3
abc
1
1
1
+
+
2a + 1 2b + 1 2c + 1
a) Trc ht, ta s chng minh

c 1
a 1
b 1
+
+
2b + 1 2c + 1 2a + 1
, 2(a2 + b2 + c2
ab
bc
ca) + 4(a2 b + b2 c + c2 a)
, a3 + b3 + c3 + 12(a2 b + b2 c + c2 a)
,
6(ab2 + bc2 + ca2 ) + 21abc
a3 + b3 + c3 + 3(a2 b + b2 c + c2 a + ab2 + bc2 + ca2 )

6(ab2 + bc2 + ca2 a2 b b2 c c2 a)
, (a + b + 7c)(a b)2 + (b + c + 7a)(b

18(a b)(b c)(c a)
21abc
c)2 + (c + a + 7b)(c
T y, gi s a = min fa; b; cg v t b = a + x; c = a + y (x; y

dng bin i bt ng thc v dng tng ng l
9(x2
12
xy + y 2 )a + x3 + 3x2 y + y(3x
y)2
a)2
0); ta c th d
Nn bt ng thc hin nhin ng.

b) Tip theo, ta s chng minh
2
+3
abc
1
1
1
+
+
2a + 1 2b + 1 2c + 1
1
1
1
4q + 15
+
+
=
2a + 1 2b + 1 2c + 1
8r + 4q + 7
3r + 2
r
,
2(1
5(4q + 15)
8r + 4q + 7
r)(4q + 7 12r)
r(8r + 4q + 7)
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng v 3

ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1:
0:
3r: Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy
228
Bi ton 2.26 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha a
c v abc = 1: Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+ 3:
+
a b2
c
a + b2 + c3
(Rachid)
Li gii. T gi thit, ta suy ra c
1
c3
, (c3 a
Do c3 a
c2 ba
1=c
1: Bt ng thc cho tng ng

1
a
1
b2
b2
1
1
+ 3
a c
b4
+ c3
1)
0 nn nu b
(c3 a
Nu 1
1; bc
1)
b2
1 th bt ng thc hin nhin ng v
1
1
+
a c3
b4
b2
b; ta c
c3 a + b4
1
a
a(c3 + b3 )
1
b2
abc(b + c)
) c3 a
2=b+c
b4
bc
,b
a th bt ng thc hin nhin ng. Xt trng hp ngc
Nn nu
li a b2 ; khi ta c
c3 a
c(1
b4 )
c3 b2 + cb4 c 1
= c3 b2 + cb4 c (abc)4=3 (abc)5=3
c3 b2 + cb4 c (b2 c)4=3 (b2 c)5=3
= b2 c(c2 + b2 b4=3 c2=3 b2=3 c4=3 ) 0
) c3 a
c(1
b4 )
Li c
c
1
b2 c a
b a
=
0:
2
2
a b
ab
ab2
Bi ton 2.27 Cho cc s dng x; y; z tha x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1: Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+ 2+ 2
x2
y
z
2
xyz
p
6 3:
(Ji Chen)
229
yz
zx xy
+
+
x
y
z
,
yz
zx xy
+
+
x
y
z
zx
t a = yz
x ;b = y ;c =
ng thc tr thnh
xy
z
p
6 3 xyz
2+9
2
p
3
1 xyz
2
p
3
2+9
1 abc
2
p
3
1 abc
=
2+
(2
p)
(2
p)
2
p
3
2
p
3
2
p
3
3; bt
Nu p
2 th bt ng thc hin nhin ng. Nu 2
thc Schur bc 3, ta c 9abc p(4 p2 ); suy ra
2+9
v p = a + b + c th ta c ab + bc + ca = 1 v p
p
3 th theo bt ng
p2 )
1 p(4
1 p(p + 2)
3+2
1 = 0:
Bt ng thc c chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z =

p1 :
3
Bi ton 2.28 Cho cc s dng x; y; z: Tm hng s k > 0 ln nht sao cho
3yz +
z)2
(y
k
3zx +
x)2
(z
k
3xy +
y)2
(x
k
xyz(x + y + z)3 :
(Ji Chen)
Li gii. t a = x1 ; b = y1 ; c =
3ab +
b)2
(a
k
1
z
3bc +
th ta c a; b; c > 0 v bt ng thc trn tr thnh

c)2
(b
k
3ca +
a)2
(c
k
(ab + bc + ca)3
Cho c ! 0; a = b = 1 th bt ng thc tr thnh

3
k2
1,k
Tip theo, ta s chng minh rng

27 ab +
(a b)2
p
3 3
bc +
(b c)2
p
3 3
ca +
(c a)2
p
3 3
(ab + bc + ca)3
230

1
p
3 3
t t =
th ta c
ab +
cyc
(a b)2
p
3 3
b)2
ab + t(a
cyc
= [ab + t(a b)2 ][t2 (b c)2 + tbc(c a)2 + tca(b c)2 + abc2 ]
Y
X
X
= t3 (a b)2 + t2
bc(a b)2 (a c)2 + tabc
c(a b)2 + a2 b2 c2
cyc
t2
cyc
b)2 (a
bc(a
c)2 + tabc
cyc
cyc
b)2 + a2 b2 c2
c(a
cyc
"
1 X
bc(a
=
27 cyc
X
p
c) + 3 3abc
c(a
b) (a
2 2 2
b) + 27a b c
cyc
v
X
!3
27a2 b2 c2
ab
cyc
a3 b3
cyc
3a2 b2 c2
!"
ab
cyc
bc(a
+ 3abc
"
ab(a + b)
c) + 3abc
cyc
6abc
cyc
b)(a
b)2
c(a
cyc
X
bc(a
b)2 (a
cyc
bc(a
X
p
c(a
c)2 + 3 3abc
cyc
!"
c)(a2
2ab
X
b)(a
ab
b)2
cyc
bc(a
b)(a
c) + 3abc
cyc
2ac) + 3
c(a
b)2
cyc
1 abc
c(a
b)2
b)(a
c)
cyc
cyc
Ta c
3
1 abc
X
cyc
c(a
b)2
2abc
X
cyc
c(a
b)2 = 2
X
cyc
(b + c)(a
231
V
X
bc(a
c)(a2
b)(a
cyc
abc
2ab
2ac) + 2abc
(b + c)(a
b)(a
c)
cyc
a(a
b)(a
c)
0:
cyc
Bt ng thc c chng minh xong. Ta i n kt lun

p
kmax = 3:
Bi ton 2.29 Cho cc s x; y; z > 0: Chng minh rng

y
z
x
+ +
x y
z
x2
y2
z2
+
+
x2 + 2yz
y 2 + 2zx z 2 + 2xy
:
(Dng c Lm)
Li gii. Ta s s dng kt qu sau

B . Vi mi a; b; c > 0; ta c
9(a2 + b2 + c2 )
(a + b + c)2
c
a b
+ +
b
c a
(V Quc B Cn)
Chng minh. Bt ng thc tng ng
X
cyc
X a2
cyc
X a2
X
cyc
X
cyc
cyc
(a
Xa
cyc
X ab
cyc
b)2
X ab
cyc
1
c
+
b 2ab
a2
cyc
cyc
9
a
cyc
a2
cyc
cyc
cyc
3
a+b+c
a2
cyc
X
cyc
cyc
232

,
3c
t z = 2a
b + b +
, khi ta c
x=
c
a
cyc
c2
ab
(a
b)2
c
c2
2a 3c
+
+ +
b
b
a ab
4 v x; y tng t. R rng ta ch cn xt a
2b 3a a a2
+
+ +
c
c
b
bc
2+3+1+1
4=3>0
y+z
2y + z
b2
c2
2a 3b b 3c 3c
+
+ +
+
+
+
8
b
a
c
b
a
ca ab
2a 3b b 3c 3c
b2
b2
c2
=
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
b
a
c
b
a
2ca 2ca ab
3 b
2a 3b b 3c 3c
+
+ +
+
+ p
8
3
b
a
c
b
a
4 a
2a
9b
b 3c 3c
+
+ +
+
8
b
2a c
b
a
a
b
3c
a
9b
2b 3c
=
+
+
+
+
+
+
b
3c
a
b
2a
3c
b
p
p
p
3+3 2+2 2 8=5 2 5>0
=
2a 6b 2b 3c 5c 2b2
c2
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
b
a
c
b
a
ca
ab
2a 6b 2b 3c 5c
b2
b2
c2
=
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
b
a
c
b
a
ca ca ab
2a 6b 2b 3c 5c 3b
+
+
+
+
+
12
b
a
c
b
a
a
2a 9b 2b 3c 5c
=
+
+
+
+
12
b
a
c
b
a
a
b
5c
a 9b
9b 3c
=
+
+
+
+
+
+
b
5c
a
b
a
5c
b
r
r
3
3
3+6+6
12 = 6
3>0
5
5
12
12
c l
233
x + 2y
Do
Nu y
0 th ta c
X
z(a
2b2
a 6b 4b 3a 4c a2
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
b
a
c
c
a
bc
ca
a 6b 4b 3a 4c
a2
2b2
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
b
a
c
c
a
b a b a
2a 8b 4b 3a 4c
=
+
+
+
+
12
b
a
c
c
a
c
a 4b
4b
a
c
+
= 2
+
+
+3
+
12
b
a
c
c
a
a
8 + 4 + 6 + 0 12 = 6 > 0
=
b)2
y(a
c)2 + z(a
b)2
x(b
c)2 + y[2(b
(y + z)(a
b)2
cyc
Nu y
0 th ta c
X
z(a b)2
c)2 + 2(a
b)2 ] + z(a
b)2
cyc
c)2 + (z + 2y)(a
(x + 2y)(b
B c chng minh xong.

Tr li bi ton ca ta, t a = x1 ; b = y1 ; c =
Xa
cyc
Xa
cyc
X
cyc
+6
1
z
bc
2a2 + bc
9
X
cyc
a2
2a2 + bc
a2 +
cyc
Mt khc, theo b trn, ta c

Xa
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
!2
cyc
0:
a2
2a2 + bc
cyc
b)2
a2
!2
bc
234
cyc
t t =
cyc
bc
!2
1
3
!2 +
!2
cyc
a2 +
cyc
cyc
cyc
a2
bc
cyc
3(1
2t) +
2
2t) + t
2(1
3t)2
3t
2(1
2
0:

x = y = z:
Chng minh rng
a3
a4
b4
c4
+ 3
+ 3
3
3
+b
b +c
c + a3
a+b+c
:
2
(Vasile Cirtoaje)

X
a4
a3 + b3
cyc
!"
a (a + b )
cyc
cyc
!2
Ta cn chng minh
cyc
!2
X
cyc
!"
X
cyc
a (a + b )
235
S dng bt ng thc Vasile
ab
cyc
X
cyc
1
3
cyc
!2
, ta c
!
!
ab
X
X
X
3
2
2
2
a (a + b ) =
a + P
ab +
a b
abc
a
a cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
P 2
3
!2
!
ab
X
X
X
X
1
cyc
5
2
2
2
2
a
+
a b 5 abc
a + P 4
a
a 3 cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
2
cyc
cyc

khi ta c
P 2
3
!2
!
ab
X
X
X
X
1
cyc
a2
+
a2 b2 5 abc
a2
a5 + P 4
a 3 cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
1
[3(4
3
v
X
a3
cyc
!2
14q + 11q 2 + 7q 3 ]
5q)r + 3
3q + 3r)2
= (1
Ta phi chng minh

2(1
3q + 3r)2
, 54r2 + 3(8
1
[3(4
3
5q)r + 3
22q + 43q 2
28q)r + 3
4q 1
9

28q)r tng vi mi r 4q9 1 , ta c
f (r) + 3
22q + 43q 2
7q 3
9qr
b)2 (b
r
c)2 (c
1 h
9q
27
a)2
7q 3
9qr
1
+3
9
22
49
q + q2
3
3
22q + 43q 2
7q 3
0, ta suy ra c
2 + 2(1
v ch rng f (r) = 54r2 + 3(8
4q
f
= 1
T bt ng thc (a
14q + 11q 2 + 7q 3 ]
p
3q) 1
3q
9qr
7q 3
9qr
236
1
22
49
q + q2
3
3
7q 3
1 h
q 9q
3
2 + 2(1
p
3q) 1
3q
p
1
0
(1 3q) 7q 2 11q + 3 2q 1 3q
3
p
7q 2 11q + 3 2q 1 3q 7q 2 11q + 3 (q 2 + 1 3q) = 2(1
q)(1
3q)
0:

p
p
p
3
3
3
(a + b)2 (b + c)2 (c + a)2
(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2 + 4 a2 b2 c2 :
(Sung Yoon Kim)

s
s
b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2
a2 b2 c2
3 (a
+43
2
2
2
2
(a + b) (b + c) (a + c)
(a + b) (b + c)2 (a + c)2
s
s
2 (b
2 (c
2
(a
b)
ab
c)
a)
bc
= 3
+43
(a + b)2 (b + c)2 (c + a)2
(a + b)2 (b + c)2
ab
4X
1 X (a b)2
+
2
3 cyc (a + b)
3 cyc (a + b)2
=
ca
(c + a)2
1 X (a b)2
4ab
+
= 1:
3 cyc (a + b)2
(a + b)2

Bi ton 2.32 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn abc = 1: Tm hng s k ln nht
sao cho bt ng thc sau ng
1
1
1
+
+
a(1 + bc)2
b(1 + ca)2
c(1 + ab)2
k
3
+
(1 + ab)(1 + bc)(1 + ca) 4
k
8
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii 1. Cho a = 2; b = 1; c = 21 ; ta c k 4: Ta s chng minh y l gi tr
m ta cn tm, tc l
X
1
16
4
1+
2
a(1
+
bc)
(1
+
ab)(1
+
bc)(1 + ca)
cyc
237
,4
t x =
1 a
1+a ; y
X
cyc
1 b
1+b ; z
(1
a
(a + 1)2
1 c
1+c ;
x)(1
1+
16
(1 + a)(1 + b)(1 + c)
th ta c x; y; z 2 [ 1; 1] v
y)(1
z) = (1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z)
) x + y + z + xyz = 0
Bt ng thc tr thnh
X
(1
x2 )
1 + 2(1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z)
cyc
, x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2(xy + yz + zx) + 2(x + y + z + xyz)

, (x + y + z)2
hin nhin ng.

Bt ng thc c chng minh. Vy ta i n kt lun
kmax = 4:
Li gii 2. Tng t nh trn, ta cn phi chng minh

4
X
cyc
1
a(1 + bc)2
1+
16
(1 + ab)(1 + bc)(1 + ca)
V a; b; c > 0; abc = 1 nn tn ti cc s x; y; z > 0 sao cho a =

ng thc tr thnh
X
cyc
xy
(x + y)2
1
4xyz
+
4 (x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
x
y;b
= yz ; c =
z
x.
Bt
238
Ta c
4xyz
(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
2[(x + y)(y + z)(z + x) xy(x + y) yz(y + z) zx(z + x)]
=
(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
P 2
(x + yz)(y + z)
cyc
= 2
(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
!
X x
X y
x
z
= 2
+
x+y x+z
x+y x+z
cyc
cyc
!
!
#
"
X y
X x
X x
y
= 2
x+y
x+z
x+y x+y
cyc
cyc
cyc
!
!
X x
X y
X
xy
= 2
+
x+y
x+z
(x + y)2
cyc
cyc
cyc
Bt ng thc tng ng vi
X
cyc
x
x+y
X
cyc
y
x+z
9
4

X
cyc
x
x+y
X
cyc
y
x+z
1
4
X
cyc
X y
x
+
x+y
x+y
cyc
!2
9
:
4
Bi ton 2.33 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 = 1: Tm gi tr

ln nht ca biu thc
P = (a
b)(b
c)(c
a)(a + b + c):
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. Nu a
P = (c
b(c
b
b)(b
c
a)(c
0; th P
0: Nu c
0; th
b)(b a)(c2 + bc a2
1
1
bc)(b2 + bc)
(b2 + c2 )2 =
4
4
a)(a + b + c) = (c
b)(c2 + bc) = (c2
ab)
239
Mt khc, cho a = 0; b = sin 8 ; c = cos 8 ; ta c P = 14 : Vy nn
max P =
1
:
4
Bi ton 2.34 Cho cc s dng a; b; c; d: Chng minh rng

b(a + c) c(b + d) d(c + a) a(d + b)
+
+
+
c(a + b) d(b + c) a(c + d) b(d + a)
4:
(V Quc B Cn)

b
d
+
c(a + b) a(c + d)
(a + c)
, (abc + abd + acd + bcd)

1 1 1 1
+ + +
a b
c d
c
a
+
d(b + c) b(d + a)
+ (b + d)
a+c
b+d
+
ac(a + b)(c + d) bd(b + c)(d + a)
!
1
1
1
1
a + c
b + d
1
1 + 1
1
1
1
1
1
a + b
c + d
b + c
d + a
4
4
1
a
1
a
1
b
1
c
1
c
1
d
1
b
1
b
1
c
1
d
1
d
1
a
4
+
1
a
1
a
1
a
1
b
1
c
1
b
+ 1c + d1
4
:
+ 1c + d1
1
b
4
1
a
1
b
1
c
1
d
1 2
d
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = c v b = d:

a2 + bc
b2 + ca
c2 + ab
+
+
a2 + (b + c)2
b2 + (c + a)2
c2 + (a + b)2
18 a2 + b2 + c2
:
5 (a + b + c)2
(Phm Hu c)
Li gii. Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi

X (b + c)2 bc
18 a2 + b2 + c2
+
2
2
a + (b + c)
5 (a + b + c)2
cyc
240
Do (b + c)2
4bc, nn ta ch cn chng minh c

X
cyc
(b + c)2
6 a2 + b2 + c2
+
4[a2 + (b + c)2 ] 5 (a + b + c)2

X
cyc
(b + c)2
+ (b + c)2 ]
4[a2
(a + b + c)2
(a + b + c)2
P 2
=
2
2
2
[a + (b + c) ]
2(a + b + c2 ) + (a + b + c)2
cyc
Chun ha cho a + b + c = 1. t x = a2 + b2 + c2 ) 3x
1
6x
+
2x + 1
5
, x(3x
0:
1)
1, ta phi chng minh

Bi ton 2.36 Cho cc s dng a; b; c; d: Chng minh rng
(a + b)(a + c)(a + d)(b + c)(b + d)(c + d)
4(abc + bcd + cda + dab)2 :

(V Quc B Cn)

(abc + bcd + cda + dab)2
(ac + bc + ad + bd)(ab2 c + bcd2 + ac2 d + a2 bd)

= (a + b)(c + d)(ab2 c + bcd2 + ac2 d + a2 bd)
(abc + bcd + cda + dab)2
(bc + bd + ac + ad)(a2 bc + bc2 d + acd2 + ab2 d)

= (a + b)(c + d)(a2 bc + bc2 d + acd2 + ab2 d)
Cng tng ng v vi v 2 bt ng thc trn, ta c

2(abc + bcd + cda + dab)2
(a + b)(c + d)(ab2 c + bcd2 + ac2 d + a2 bd + a2 bc + bc2 d + acd2 + ab2 d)
= (a + b)2 (c + d)2 (ab + cd)
Tng t, ta cng c
(a + c)2 (b + d)2 (ac + bd)
(a + d)2 (b + c)2 (ad + bc)
241
Nhn tng ng v vi v, ta c
(ab + cd)(ac + bd)(ad + bc)
(a + b)2
sym

4(ab + cd)(ac + bd)
(ab + cd + ac + bd)2 = (a + d)2 (b + c)2
Tng t,
4(ab + cd)(ad + bc)
(a + c)2 (b + d)2
4(ac + bd)(ad + bc)
(a + b)2 (c + d)2
Do
64(ab + cd)2 (ac + bd)2 (ad + bc)2
(a + b)2
sym
, (ab + cd)(ac + bd)(ad + bc)

Kt hp vi bt ng thc 8(abc+bcd+cda+dab)6
1 Y
(a + b)
8 sym
(ab+cd)(ac+bd)(ad+bc)
(a+
sym
b)2 , ta suy ra c
"
#"
#
Y
1 Y
1 Y
(a + b)
(a + b)2 =
(a + b)3 :
8 sym
8
sym
sym
T y, ta suy ra pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = d:

s
a b
c
1 1 1
3+ + +
2 (a + b + c)
+ +
:
b
c a
a b
c
(Phm Hu c)
Li gii. t x3 = a; y 3 = b; z 3 = c. S dng bt ng thc Schur bc 3, ta c
3+
c
x y z
x3
y3
z3
a b
+ +
= 3
+ 3 + 3 + 3
b
c a
y z x y
z
x
=
X x2
cyc
yz
X xz
cyc
y2
X x2
cyc
y2
y
z
+
z
x
242

X x2
cyc
yz
X xz
cyc
y2
x3 + y 3 + z 3
(xz)3 + (yx)3 + (zy)3
+
xyz
(xyz)2
s
(x3 + y 3 + z 3 )(x3 z 3 + y 3 x3 + z 3 y 3 )
2
x3 y 3 z 3
s
1
1
1
+ 3+ 3
= 2 (x3 + y 3 + z 3 )
x3
y
z
s
1 1 1
= 2 (a + b + c)
+ +
:
a b
c

Bi ton 2.38 Cho cc s dng a; b; c. Chng minh rng
abc + 2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 8
5(a + b + c):
(Trn Nam Dng)
Li gii. S dng bt ng thc AM-GM v bt ng thc Schur bc 3, ta c

6abc + 12(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 48
30(a + b + c)
2
= 3(2abc + 1) + 12(a + b2 + c2 ) + 45 5 2 (a + b + c) 3
p
3
9 a2 b2 c2 + 12(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 45 5[(a + b + c)2 + 9]
9abc
= p
+ 7(a2 + b2 + c2 ) 10(ab + bc + ca)
3
abc
27abc
+ 7(a2 + b2 + c2 ) 10(ab + bc + ca)
a+b+c
3[4(ab + bc + ca) (a + b + c)2 ] + 7(a2 + b2 + c2 ) 10(ab + bc + ca)
= 4(a2 + b2 + c2
ab
bc
ca)
0:

Bi ton 2.39 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn ab + bc + ca + 6abc = 9: Tm
hng s k nh nht sao cho bt ng thc sau ng
a + b + c + kabc
k + 3:
(V Quc B Cn)
243
Li gii. Cho a = b = 3; c = 0, ta c k 3. Ta s chng minh y l gi tr m ta
cn tm, tc l
a + b + c + 3abc 6
t p = a + b + c; q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc th ta c q + 6r = 9. S dng bt ng
thc AM-GM, ta c p2 3q 9. Bt ng thc tr thnh
p + 3r
, 2p
Nu p
Nu 6
6
q
6, bt ng thc l hin nhin.

p 3 v nu p2 4q, th
2p
Nu6 p
Do
3 v nu p2
(p
p2
=
4
2p
2)(6
4
p)
+3
4q, theo bt ng thc Schur bc 3, ta c r

27 = 3q + 18r
) 2p
2p
0.
p2 )
3q + 2p(4q
p(4q p2 )
9
2p3 + 27
8p + 3
Ta cn chng minh
2p
2p3 + 27
8p + 3
, (p + 1)(p
3)(p
3
6)
0:
hin nhin ng. Vy ta i n kt lun

kmin = 3:

3(a4 + b4 + c4 ) + a2 + b2 + c2 + 6
6(a3 + b3 + c3 ):
(Vasile Cirtoaje)

X
3a4 6a3 + a2 + 4a
cyc
X
cyc
(a
1)2 (3a2
2)
244

X
,
,
c)2 (3a2
(2a
2)
b)(a
c)(4a2 + b2 + c2
cyc
(a
4)
cyc

4a2 + b2 + c2
0; khi ta d dng kim tra c
4b2 + c2 + a2
4c2 + a2 + b2
Mt khc
4c2 + a2 + b2
4c2 +
(a + b)2
2
4=
1)2
(3c
Do
4a2 + b2 + c2
4b2 + c2 + a2
4c2 + a2 + b2
T y, vit li bt ng thc nh sau

(a
c)(4a2 + b2 + c2
b)[(a
4)
+ (c
(b
c)(4b2 + a2 + c2
2
a)(c
4)]
b)(4c + a + b
4)
0:
Ta thu c kt qu cn chng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1 hoc

a = b = 34 ; c = 13 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
Bi ton 2.41 Cho a; b; c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng
c+a
a+b
b+c
+
+
a2 + bc b2 + ca c2 + ab
3(a + b + c)
:
ab + bc + ca
(V Quc B Cn)

X
cyc
,
,
b+c
a2 + bc
1
a
X (a
(a
cyc
b)(a c)
a(a2 + bc)
b)(a
c)
cyc
X (a
cyc
X1
a
cyc
3(a + b + c)
ab + bc + ca
X bc(a b)(a c)
abc(ab + bc + ca)
cyc
1
a(a2 + bc)
1
a(ab + bc + ca)
b)(a c)(b + c
a2 + bc
a)
245
Gi s a
c; do a; b; c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic nn

a
Do a
b(a
b)
c
c nn
X (a
b)(a c)(b + c
a2 + bc
cyc
(b
(b
= (a
(a
=
(a
a)
c)(b
a)(c + a b) (c a)(c b)(a + b c)

+
b2 + ca
c2 + ab
c)(b a)(c + a b) b(a b)(b c)(a + b c)
+
b2 + ca
c(c2 + ab)
b(a + b c) c + a b
b)(b c)
c(c2 + ab)
b2 + ca
b(c + a b) c + a b
b)(b c)
c(c2 + ab)
b2 + ca
3
3
b)(b c)(c + a b)(b
c )
0:
c(c2 + ab)(b2 + ca)

ng.
a
2
b
1
c
1
hoc cc hon v tng
Bi ton 2.42 Chng minh rng vi mi a; b; c 2 R v a2 + b2 + c2 = 9; ta c

3 min fa; b; cg
abc + 1:
(Virgil Nicula)
Li gii. Gi s c
a; bt ng thc tr thnh
abc + 1
Nu a
3a
0; s dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
abc + 1
3a
a(b2 + c2 )
+1
2
Nu a
0; v c
b
p
nhin. Nu 3 a
3a =
a2 )
a(9
2
+1
3a =
(a + 1)2 (2
2
a)
p
1
a; ta c 3
a
0: Nu a
3 ; bt ng thc l hin
1
;
ta
c
th
d
dng
kim
tra
c
3
p
p
bc a b2 + c2 a2 = a 9 2a2
Do , ta phi chng minh
a2
p
9
2a2 + 1
3a
246
Nu 1
1
3;
, f (a) = 2a6
6a + 1
ta c
2f (a) = a2 (a 1) 4a(a
p
Nu 3 a 1; th
f (a)
9a4 + 9a2
2a6
1)2 + 12a2
9a4 + 9a2
18a + 7 + (1
5 = (a2
1)(2a4
3a)(7a2
7a2 + 2)
6a + 3)
3<0
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a =

1; b = c = 2
Bi ton 2.43 Cho cc s khng m x; y; z tha mn x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1. Chng minh

rng
r
r
r
p
x
y
z
+
+
2 2:
3
3
3
x + yz
y + zx
z + xy
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. t x2 = bc; y 2 = ca; z 2 = ab (a; b; c 0) th ab + bc + ca = 1 v bt ng
thc tr thnh
p
1
1
1
p
+p
+p
2 2
a + bc
b + ca
c + ab
Do tnh i xng, ta c th gi s a
Nu a
p1 :
3
0; khi ta c a
2; ta s chng minh rng

p
v
p
1
1
+p
b + ca
c + ab
p
trong t = (a + b)(a + c)
Tht vy, ta c
(a + t2 )
1
a + bc
1
a + t2
2
t(a + 1)
0 ) t2 + 2at = 1:
(a + bc) = a
a+b
a+c

p
1
1
+p
b + ca
c + ab
Suy ra ta ch cn chng minh

t2 (a + 1)2
2
p
4
(b + ac)(c + ab)
(b + ac)(c + ab)
247
Ta c
t2 (a + 1)2
(b + ac)(c + ab) = a(a + 1)2

a(b
c)2
=
Mt khc
p
a+
1
a+
a
!2
a+b+
a+c
a(b c)2
p
p
2
(a + 1)2
a+b+ a+c
p
p
2
a+b+ a+c
a+b
a+c
bc
a
v
p
(a + 1)
a+
1
a+
a
!2
Tip theo, ta phi chng minh
Do a
p
1
2 a2 + 1
a
p
p
a2 + 1
a2 + 1 2
=
= a2 + 1
p
p
22 + 1
22 + 1
p
1
2
p
+p
2 2
a + t2
t(a + 1)
r
2
t
,p
+
2
3
2
2t
t2 + 1
1 + 2t t
!2
r
t
2
4
, p
+
2t3 t2 + 1
1 + 2t t2
p
p
, 4 (1 + 2t t2 )(2t3 t2 + 1)
t(7 6t 7t2 + 20t3
2)1
t2 )(2t3
t2 + 1) = 1 + t4 (5
7 6t 7t2 + 20t3 8t4 = 7

p
p
) 4 (1 + 2t t2 )(2t3 t2 + 1)
t(7
a
p1 ;
3
p
4 5
>0
2
8t4 )
4t, do
(1 + 2t
Nu 2
1
a
1
9
=
2
2t) + 2t(1
6t
t2 (7
6t
7t2 + 20t3
20t)
t)
8t4
8t4 )
s dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
1
1
1
+p
+p
a + bc
b + ca
c + ab
3
p
6
(a + bc)(b + ca)(c + ab)
p
7 t
248
729
512
(a + bc)(b + ca)(c + ab)

t p = a + b + c; r = abc
p 2
p
p
Mt khc, ly u =
3
2u + v = p;
0; khi t a 2; ab + bc + ca = 1; ta suy ra 52
p
3
p+2 p2 3
v v =
; ta d dng kim tra c
3
p
5 + 2 13
6
u + 2uv = 1;
1
p
3
13
u2 v
3:
Ta c
(a + bc)(b + ca)(c + ab) = r2 + (p2
2p
1)r + 1 = f (r)
D thy f (r) l hm li nn
f (r)
max f (0); f (u2 v) = max 1; f (u2 v)
Ta cn phi chng minh

f (u2 v)
729
512
, v 2 (u + 1)2 (v + u2 )
, g(u) =
u2 )2 (2u3
u
(1 + 2u
729
512
u2 + 1)
729
64
Ta c
g 0 (u) =
(1
) g(u)
3u2 )(1 + 2u
p
6
13
u2 )(4u3
u2
=
14141
7u2 + 2u
1)
p
559 13
729
<
:
1458
512
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y =
p1 ; z
2
=0

Bi ton 2.44 Cho cc s khng m x; y; z tha mn xy + yz + zx = 1: Chng minh
rng
p
1
1
1
2 6
p
+p
+p
:
3
2x2 + 3yz
2y 2 + 3zx
2z 2 + 3xy
249
Li gii. t a = yz; b = zx; c = xy (a; b; c 0), khi t xy + yz + zx = 1; ta c
a + b + c = 1. Bt ng thc tr thnh
p
Xr
2 2
a
r P
3a2 + 2bc
3 a
cyc
cyc
Ta s chng minh
X
cyc
X
cyc
a
3a2 + 2bc
4
P
cyc
ab
(3a2 + 2bc)(3b2 + 2ca)
4
P
cyc
Tht vy, ta c
X
cyc
X
cyc
a
3a2 + 2bc
4
P
18
a
(b
cyc
cyc
(3a2
4
9
cyc
18
=
(b
c)2 + 15
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
!2
!3
!2
Q
Q
c)2 + 21 a(b + c) + 7 a2
cyc
cyc
!
P
Q
3
a
(3a2 + 2bc)
cyc
ab
+ 2bc)(3b2 + 2ca)
!2
a + 36
cyc
a(b + c) + 22
cyc
(3a2
a2
cyc
+ 2bc)
cyc
Mt khc, vi mi m; n; p 0; ta c
p
m+n+p =
m2 + n2 + p2 + 2(mn + np + pm)
q
p
=
m2 + n2 + p2 + 2 m2 n2 + n2 p2 + p2 m2 + 2mnp(m + n + p)
q
p
m2 + n2 + p2 + 2 m2 n2 + n2 p2 + p2 m2
q
q
q
a
b
c
S dng bt ng thc ny vi m = 3a2 +2bc
; n = 3b2 +2ca
; p = 3c2 +2ab
; ta c
Xr
cyc
a
2
3a + 2bc
v
uX
u
t
cyc
s
X
a
ab
+
2
2
2
3a + 2bc
(3a + 2bc)(3b2 + 2ca)
cyc
250
T 2 bt ng thc ch ra trn, ta c
v
s
uX
Xr
X
u
a
a
ab
t
+
2
2
2
2
3a + 2bc
3a + 2bc
(3a + 2bc)(3b2 + 2ca)
cyc
cyc
cyc
v
v
p
u
u
u 4
2 2
4
u P + 2u
!2 = r P :
u
u3 a
u
u
3 a
P
t
t cyc
9
a
cyc
cyc

Bi ton 2.45 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 3: Chng minh rng
q
q
q
q
p
p
p
p
2
2
2
2
2
2
a+ b +c + b+ c +a + c+ a +b
3
2 + 1:
(Phan Hng Sn)
Li gii. Sau khi bnh phng 2 v v thu gn, ta c th vit li bt ng thc nh

sau
r
p
p
Xp
X
p
a + b2 + c2 b + a2 + c2
a2 + b2 + 2
9 2+6
cyc
cyc

X
cyc
p
a + b2 + c2
1 X
= p
2 cyc
1 X
p
2 cyc
p
b + a2 + c2
X
cyc
1 a+3
1
ab + 3 =
b+c
a+ p
2
a+c
b+ p
2
1 b+3
2 1 Xp
9
p
ab + p
2 cyc
2
Do , ta cn chng minh
Xp
a2 + b2 + 2
cyc
Xp
ab
cyc
chng minh bt ng thc ny, ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc sau vi mi

x; y 0
p
p
x4 + y 4 + 2
2 xy x2 + y 2
251
Tht vy, ta c
p
2(x4 + y 4 ) + 2
= (x
y)2
(x
1 xy
y)
p
2(x2 + y 2 )
(x + y)2
2(x4 + y 4 ) + x2 + y 2
(x + y)2
2(x2 + y 2 )2 + x2 + y 2
y)2
1 xy(x
x2 + y 2
2+1
2+1
0:

bc2
ca2
ab2
+
+
+a+b+c
c2
a2
b2
6(a2 + b2 + c2 )
:
a+b+c

"
#
"
#"
#
#"
X ab2 X
X a(b2 + c2 ) X
X
1
1
=
+
a
c2
a(b2 + c2 )
c2
a(b2 + c2 )
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
!2
X1
a
cyc
Suy ra, ta ch cn chng minh c
X
cyc
Nu
1
c
cyc
,
2(a+b)
ab ;
X (a
cyc
X1
a
cyc
X1
a
cyc
2
b)
ab
!2
!2
X
cyc
X1
9
a
cyc
a2
!"
X
cyc
X
cyc
1
a(b2 + c2 )
2a
b2 + c2
1 1 1
3(a + b)(c2 ab)
+ + + 2
a b
c (a + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
X1
a
cyc
th
1 1 1
3(a + b)(c2 ab)
+ + + 2
a b
c (a + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
1 1 1
+ +
a b
c
3(a + b)
ab
252
Nu
2(a+b)
ab
1
c
,c
ab
2(a+b) ;
abc(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
th
1 1 1
3(a + b)(c2 ab)
+ + + 2
a b
c (a + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
= c4 (ab + bc + ca) + abc2 (a2 + b2 ) + (a + b)(a2 + b2 + 3ab)c3

+ a3 b3
2a2 b2 c(a + b)
abc2 (a2 + b2 ) + (a + b)3 c3 + a3 b3
2a2 b2 c(a + b)
a3 b3 (a2 + b2 )
+ (a + b)3 c3 + a3 b3 2a2 b2 c(a + b)
4(a + b)2
9
9
(a + b)3 c3 + a3 b3 + a3 b3 2a2 b2 c(a + b)
16
16
r
81 2 2
3
3
a b c(a + b) 2a2 b2 c(a + b) 0:
256
Bi ton 2.47 Cho cc s thc a; b; c khc 0 tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 = (a
c)2 + (c a)2 : Chng minh rng
P (a; b; c) =
1
12
Q(a; b; c) =
c
a b
+ +
b
c a
b)2 + (b
a2 b + b2 c + c2 a
(a + b + c)3
5
:
36
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. Nu tn tai 2 trong 3 s a; b; c, chng hn a; b < 0, ta c th thay a; b; c bi

a; b; c; khi ta c th thy iu kin bi ton v 2 biu thc P Q vn khng
thay i, do ta ch cn xt bi ton trong trng hp trong 3 s a; b; c, tn ti t
nht 2 s dng, chng hn a; b > 0. Nu c < 0 th
b)2 + (b
(a
c)2 + (c
a)2
(a2 + b2 + c2 ) = (a
b)2 + c2
2c(a + b) > 0
Do , ta phi c c > 0. T y, vi gi thit a = maxfa; b; cg, ta c

0 = (a
=
b)2 + (b c)2 + (c a)2 (a2 + b2 + c2 )

p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
a+ b+ c
a+ b
c
b+ c
)
a=
b+
c+
253
Do , bt ng thc tr thnh
p
b+
c
+
b
p
1
12
t t =
b
c
b+
c
p
b
+ p
c
c
b+
b + b2 c + c2
b+
c
p
b+
5
36
+b+c
> 0; ta phi chng minh

(t + 1)2
1
+ t2 +
2
t
(t + 1)2
2
3
(t + 1)4 t2 + t4 + (t + 1)2
(t2 + t + 1)3
10
9
Nhng chng hin nhin ng v

(t + 1)2
1
+ t2 +
t2
(t + 1)2
2
3
5 , (t3 + t2
(t + 1)4 t2 + t4 + (t + 1)2
, (t3 + 3t2
(t2 + t + 1)3
(t + 1)4 t2 + t4 + (t + 1)2
(t2 + t + 1)3
10
, (t3
9
3t2
1)2
2t
1)2
6t
0
1)2

Bi ton 2.48 Cho cc s dng a; b; c; n: Chng minh rng
a2 + bc
b+c
b2 + ca
c+a
c2 + ab
a+b
an + bn + cn :
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. Do tnh i xng, ta c th gi s a

a2 + bc
a(b + c)
c > 0, khi ta c
v
(a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)
ab(a + c)(b + c) = c(a
b)2 (a + b)
254

n
a2 + bc
a(b + c)
a2 + bc
a(b + c)
b2 + ca
b(c + a)
b2 + ca
b(c + a)
(a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)

ab(a + c)(b + c)
c2 + ab
c(a + b)
n=2
Do
x
vi x =
a +bc
a(b+c)
0;
1; y =
x+y
0;
x+y+z
b +ca
b(c+a)
c +ab
c(a+b)
1; z =
1.
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi

an x + bn y + cn z

an x + bn y + cn z = (an
bn )x + (bn
cn )(x + y) + cn (x + y + z)
0:
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c hoc n ! 0:

Bi ton 2.49 Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P =
a
b
c
d
+ + +
c
d a
b
abcd
(ab + cd)2
a
b
trong a; b; c; d l cc s thc phn bit tha mn

(Phm Vn Thun)
Li gii. t x =
do
a
b
= dc ; y =
b
c
t)2 =
(4
a
d
b
c
v t = y+ y1 , suy ra jtj
x+
)t
)t
1
x
= x2 +
2_t
c
d
d
a
= 4 v ac = bd:
2; th ta c x+ x1 +t = 4;
1
+2
x2
2_t=2_t
Ta c
P =
a
b
c
d
+ + +
c
d a
b
= t(4
t)
a2
d2
abcd
=
x+
(ab + cd)2
1
= t(4 t)
2
+ 1 cb2 + 1
Nu y > 0; th t 2 v do t
phi c t 6; suy ra
P =
(t
1
x
y+
1
y
b2 d 2
(a2 + d2 )(b2 + c2 )
1
t2
6 hoc t = 2; nhng do a; b; c; d phn bit nn ta
6)(36t3 + 72t2
36t2
6)
433
36
433
36
255
Nu y < 0; th t
P =
2; suy ra
49
49
433
<
4
4
36
p
p
2 2; b = 3 + 2 2; c = 1; d = 1; ta c
(t + 2)[ (t + 2)(9 2t)(7

4t2
433
Do P
36 : Mt khc, cho a =
433
P = 36 : Vy ta i n kt lun
2t) + 124]
433
:
36
max P =
Bi ton 2.50 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; khng c 2 s no ng th bng 0:

Chng minh rng
p
p
p
a2 + bc + b2 + ca + c2 + ab :
3(a + b + c) 2
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii 1. Bnh phng 2 v, bt ng thc tng ng vi

X
Xp
X
a2 + 14
ab 8
5
(a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)
cyc
cyc
cyc

s X
Xp
(a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)
3
(a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)
cyc
cyc
5
a + 14
cyc
!2
ab
cyc
24
(a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)
cyc
ab; r = abc,
cyc
khi theo bt ng thc Schur bc 3, ta c r

thnh
384r + (25 52q)(1
Nu 1
4q, bt ng thc l hin nhin. Nu 4q
384r +(25 52q)(1 4q)
384
4q
1
9
max 0; 4q9
4q)
. Bt ng thc tr
1 th
+(25 52q)(1 4q) =
1
(4q 1)(156q +53)
3
0:
256

Li gii 2. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s a b c, khi theo bt
ng thc AM-GM, ta c
p
2 a2 + bc
p
2 b2 + ca
a+c+
a2 + bc
c(b a)
= 2a + c +
a+c
a+c
b+c+
b2 + ca
c(a b)
= 2b + c +
b+c
a+c
p
p
) 2 a2 + bc + 2 b2 + ca
p
2 ab + c2
2a + 2b + 2c +
b+c+
c(a b)2
(a + c)(b + c)
ab + c2
b+c
3(a + b + c)
2a + 3b + 3c +
ab + c2
b+c
,a
,
c(a b)2
(a + c)(b + c)
c(a b)2
(a + c)(b + c)
c(a c)
b+c
, (a
ab + c2
c(a b)2
+
b+c
(a + c)(b + c)
(a
b)2
0:
a+
c
2
c)(a + c)

a+c
Li gii 3. Gi s a
c. V
p
a2 + bc
p
p
b2 + ca + c2 + ab
p
2(b2 + c2 + ab + ac)
p
2 2(b2 + c2 + ab + ac)
, a2
2(b + 2c)a + b2
a + 3b + 2c
4c2 + 12bc
257
, (a
hin nhin ng.
Li gii 4. Gi s a
2c)2 + 8c(b
V (a
b+c
2
2s)2
p
2(b2 + c2 + ab + ac)
p
p
a2 + bc + 2(b2 + c2 + ab + ac)
(s
0:
c. Ta c
p
p
b2 + ca + c2 + ab
t s =
c)
3
(a + b + c)
2
a) v p = bc, bt ng thc tr thnh
p
p
2 a2 + p + 4 2s2 p + as 3(a + 2s)
p
p
, 4 2s2 p + as 3(a + 2s) 2 a2 + p
h
i2
p
, 16(2s2 p + as)
3(a + 2s) 2 a2 + p
p
, 12(a + 2s) a2 + p 13a2 + 20as + 4s2 + 20p
p
, 12(a + 2s)
a2 + p a
(a 2s)2 + 20p
0 v
p
a2 + p
INn ta ch cn chng minh
p
a= p
2
a +p+a
p
2a
6(a + 2s)p
20p
a
, p(6s 7a) 0:
hin nhin ng.
Bi ton 2.51 Cho x; y; z 2 [ 1; 1] tha mn x + y + z = 0. Chng minh rng
p
p
p
1 + x + y 2 + 1 + y + z 2 + 1 + z + x2 3:
(Phan Thnh Nam)
Li gii. Bnh phng 2 v, ta c th vit li bt ng thc nh sau

X
Xp
x2 + 2
(1 + x + y 2 )(1 + y + z 2 ) 6
cyc
cyc
258

Xp
X
Xp
(1 + x + y 2 )(1 + y + z 2 )
(1 + x)(1 + y) +
jyzj
cyc
cyc
Xp
cyc
(1 + x)(1 + y)
cyc
yz
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
X
x2
cyc
xy + 2
cyc
Xp
(1 + x)(1 + y)
cyc
t a2 = 1 + x; b2 = 1 + y; c2 = 1 + z (a; b; c 0) ) a2 + b2 + c2 = 3. Bt ng thc
tr thnh
X
X
X
X
a4 2
a2 b2 + 2
a2 + 2
ab 9 0
cyc
cyc
,
,3
cyc
2 2
2 2
a b +
a2 bc +
a2 (a
b)(a
cyc
cyc
ab
ab
a2
cyc
cyc
a4 +
X
cyc
cyc
cyc
a b +2
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
ab(a2 + b2 )
cyc
cyc
a2 b2
b)2
0:
0
0
cyc
c) + 2
cyc
ab(a
cyc
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng theo bt ng thc Schur bc 4. ng thc xy

ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 0:
a2
bc + (a
b2
+p
1)2
ca + (b
1)2
c2
+p
ab + (c
1)2
(Phan Hng Sn)
X
cyc
a2
bc + (a
1)2
cyc
cyc
a2
3:
!2
bc + (a
1)2
259
v
X
cyc
a2
1)2 =
bc + (a
Xp
p
abc + a(a
a3
cyc
v
!"
u
X
u X
3
t
a
[abc + a(a
cyc
cyc
cyc
q2
ab; r = abc th ta c 9
1)2 ]
cyc
!"
!4
X
X
X
2
3
9
a
[abc + a(a
a
t q =
1)2
1) ]
cyc
cyc
(9
Ta c
(9
2q)4
2q)4
9(27
9(27
9q + 3r)(12
9q + 3r)(12
4
= (9
2q)
(9
2q)
(81
(81
5q + 6r)
27q + 9r)(36
2
27q + q )(36
q)2 [14q 2 + 135(3
= (3
5q + 6r)
q)]
15q + 18r)
15q + 2q 2 )
0:

Bi ton 2.53 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 = 1: Chng minh
rng
p
a
b
c
1
+
+
2:
1 + bc 1 + ca 1 + ab
(Faruk Zejnulahi)
Li gii. Vi mi x 2 0; 21 , ta c
1
2
x
3
1
x(1 2x)
=
1+x
3(1 + x)
2
x
3
1
1
1+x
T y, ch rng maxfab; bc; cag 21 , ta c
)
X
cyc
a
1 + bc
X
cyc
a 1
2
bc
3
X
cyc
2abc = a(1
p
[a2 + (b + c)2 ][(1 2bc)2 + 1]
p
=
2(2b2 c2 2bc + 1)(1 + 2bc)
p
p
=
2[1 2b2 c2 (1 2bc)]
2
2bc) + b + c
260
Mt khc, ta c
X
cyc
a
1 + bc
!2
cyc
3abc
cyc
cyc
cyc
=
v
!2
cyc
a + 3abc
cyc
v
X
1
6
!2
!2
X
cyc
cyc
cyc
X
cyc
1
3
1
6
cyc
cyc
ab
cyc
!2
!2
X
a 4
a
cyc
cyc
15
0:
1: Bt ng thc c chng minh xong.
cyc
Bi ton 2.54 Cho cc s dng a; b; c; d tha mn (a + c)(b + d)

minh rng
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
ab(1 + c) bc(1 + d) cd(1 + a) da(1 + b)
4abcd. Chng
32
:
(1 + a)(1 + b)(1 + c)(1 + d)
(Phm Kim Hng)
Li gii. t x = a1 ; y = 1b ; z = 1c ; t = d1 , th ta c x; y; z; t > 0 v (x + z)(y + t)

Bt ng thc tr thnh
xz
y
t
+
1+z
1+x
+ yt
x
z
+
1+y 1+t
32xyzt
(1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z)(1 + t)

xz
y
t
+
1+z
1+x
x
z
+
1+y 1+t
s
y
t
x
z
2 xyzt
+
+
1+z
1+x
1+y 1+t
s
xyzt(x + z + xt + yz)(y + t + xy + zt)
= 2
(1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z)(1 + t)
+ yt
4.
261
(x + z + xt + yz)(y + t + xy + zt)
Nu u4 = xyzt
256xyzt
(1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z)(1 + t)
1 th ta c
(x + z + xt + yz)(y + t + xy + zt)
= (x + z)(y + t) + (x + z)(xy + zt) + (y + t)(xt + yz) + (xy + zt)(xt + yz)
p
p
4 xyzt + 2 (x + z)(y + t)(xy + zt)(xt + yz) + 4xyzt
p
4 xyzt + 8(xyzt)3=4 + 4xyzt = 4u2 + 8u3 + 4u4 = 4u2 (u + 1)2
(1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z)(1 + t)
1 + (xyzt)1=4
= (1 + u)4
v
4u2 (1 + u)6
Nu u4 = xyzt
256u4
= 4u2 [(u + 1)6 64u2 ] = 4u2 [(u + 1)3 8u][(u + 1)3 + 8u]
= 4u2 (u 1)(u2 + 4u 1)[(u + 1)3 + 8u] 0
1 th ta c
(x + z + xt + yz)(y + t + xy + zt)
= (x + z)(y + t) + (x + z)(xy + zt) + (y + t)(xt + yz) + (xy + zt)(xt + yz)
p
4 + 2 (x + z)(y + t)(xy + zt)(xt + yz) + 4xyzt
p
4 + 8 xyzt + 4xyzt = 4(u2 + 1)2
(1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z)(1 + t)
= 1 + (x + z) + (y + t) + (x + z)(y + t) + xz
+ yt + xz(y + t) + yt(x + z) + xyzt
p
p
p
5 + 2 (x + z)(y + t) + 2 xyzt + 2 xyzt(x + z)(y + t) + xyzt
p
p
2
9 + 6 xyzt + xyzt = 3 + xyzt = (3 + u2 )2
v
4(u2 + 1)2 (u2 + 3)2
256u4
= 4[(u2 + 1)2 (u2 + 3)2 64u4 ]

= 4[(u2 + 1)(u2 + 3) 8u2 ][(u2 + 1)(u2 + 3) + 8u2 ]
= 4(3 u2 )(1 u2 )[(u2 + 1)(u2 + 3) + 8u2 ] 0:
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = d = 1:
262

Chng minh rng
r
r
r
r
a2 + bc
b2 + ca
c2 + ab
2(a2 + b2 + c2 )
1
+
+
+p :
2
2
2
2
2
2
b +c
c +a
a +b
ab + bc + ca
2
(V Quc B Cn)
vP
0v
12
P
u 2 P a2
u a2
2 a2
u
u
1 C
1
cyc
cyc
u cyc
Bu P
P
p
t
tP
+
+
2
+
=
@
A
ab
ab
ab 2
2
cyc
cyc
1
2+ p
2
cyc
a2
cyc
ab
cyc
X
cyc
a2 + bc
b2 + c2
!2
X a2 + bc
cyc
b2
c2
1
2+ p
2
+2
X
cyc
(a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)

(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
2+
cyc
ab
1
2
cyc
Gi s a
c, ta s chng minh rng

r
r
a2 + c2
b2 + c2
+
2
2
b +c
c2 + a2
,
,
a2 + c2
b2 + c2
+ 2
+2
2
2
b +c
a + c2
a2 + c2
b2 + c2
+
b2 + c2
a2 + c2
(a2 b2 )2
(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
4c2
+ (a
c2 + ab
b)2
2(a2 + b2 )
c2 + ab
2(a2 + b2 )
c2 + ab
2(a2 + b2 )
c2 + ab
2(a
b)2 4c2
c2 + ab
(a + b)2
(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
c2
2
+ ab
4c2
(a b)2 (ab c2 )(a2 + b2 + 2c2 )
+
0
c2 + ab
(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )(ab + c2 )
r
r
r
r
r
a2 + bc
b2 + ca
a2 + c2
b2 + c2
2(a2 + b2 )
)
+
+
b2 + c2
c2 + a2
b2 + c2
c2 + a2
c2 + ab
,
2+
1
2
263
Mt khc
s
(a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)

(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
Do
X
cyc
(a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)

=
(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
+
c2 + ab
a2 + b2
a2 + bc
+
b2 + c2
(a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)

(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
b2 + ca
c2 + a2
2+1
Ta cn phi chng minh

X a2 + bc
b2 + c2
cyc
X a + bc
b2 + c2
cyc
2
,
Nu
a2
cyc
b2
cyc
1
2+ p
2
a2
cyc
ab
cyc
5
2
1
2+ p
2
P
a2 2 ab
cyc
cyc
P
ab
cyc
ab, bt ng thc l hin nhin v
a2 + c2
b2 + c2
ab
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
b +c
a + c2
a + b2
5
2
c2
Nu
3
2+
2
cyc
X a2 + bc
cyc
a2
(2a2
ab + 2b2 )(a
2ab(a2 + b2 )
ab th ta c a
b+
b)2
5
2
a
b
ab
+ + 2
b
a a + b2
b + 3c v do 2 +
cyc
cn chng minh c
X a2 + bc
cyc
b2 + c2
5
2
5
2
P
a2 6 ab
cyc
cyc
P
ab
cyc
p1
2
< 3, nn ta ch
264
Ta c

X a2 + bc
b2
cyc
b2 + c2
ab
a2 + c2
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
b +c
a + c2
a + b2
5
2
c2
5
2
(a2 b2 )2
(a b)2
(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 ) 2(a2 + b2 )
(a + b)2
1
= (a b)2
(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 ) 2(a2 + b2 )
3(a b)2 (a + b)2
4(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
P
a2 2 ab
(a
cyc
cyc
P
=
ab
b)2 + c(c 2a
P
ab
cyc
2b)
(a
cyc
(a b)2 (a + b)2
4(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
(a
b)2 2ac
P
ab
cyc
b)2 2ac
P
ab
cyc
b)2
, (a
Nu a
(a + b)2
4(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
1
2ac
+
ab + bc + ca
ab + bc + ca
b + 5c; ta s chng minh

(a + b)2
4(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
1
ab + bc + ca
, f (c) = (a + b)2 (ab + bc + ca)
b)2
f (0) = ab(a
f
b
5
1
(a
625
b + 5c th
2ac
b)(21a3 + 1112a2 b
2
a(a
5
b)
4(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
Bt ng thc ny ng v f (c) l hm lm trn 0;
Nu a
2
(a
5
a b
5
0
362ab2 + 229b3 )
b)2
Suy ra, ta ch cn chng minh

4(a2
(a + b)2
+ c2 )(b2 + c2 )
3
5(ab + bc + ca)
265
, g(c) = 5(a + b)2 (ab + bc + ca)
Bt ng thc v g(c) l hm lm trn 0;
g(0) = ab(5a2
a
1
(5a4 + 313a3 b
27
12(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
a b
3
2ab + 5b2 )
150a2 b2 + 133ab3
85b4 )
0:

Chng minh rng
a
b
c
+ 3
+ 3
b3 + c3
c + a3
a + b3
18
5(a2 + b2 + c2 ) ab
bc
ca
(Michael Rozenberg)
X a(a + b + c)
cyc
X
cyc
b3 + c3
a
+
b3 + c3
X
cyc
P
18 a
cyc
P
P
5 a2
ab
cyc
a
bc + c2
b2
X
cyc
a2
b3 + c3
cyc
a2
!2
X
cyc
b2
a2 (b3 + c3 )
cyc
a
bc + c2
a2 b2
cyc
cyc
cyc
a(b2
P
18 a
cyc
P
P
5 a2
ab
cyc

P
cyc
!2
cyc
a2
cyc
cyc
bc + c2 )
cyc
!2
abc
ab
cyc
!2
cyc
cyc
ab
6abc
266
Suy ra, ta ch cn chng minh c

!2
P 2
a
P
a2 b2
cyc
cyc
cyc
abc
ab
cyc
cyc
cyc
!2
ab
cyc
6abc
P
18 a
cyc
P
P
5 a2
ab
cyc
cyc
P
ab; r = abc,
cyc
o
n
q)
. Bt ng thc tr
theo bt ng thc Schur bc 4, ta c r max 0; (4q 1)(1
6
thnh
(1
q2
Nu 1
2q)2
1
+
(q + 2)r q 6r
18
11q
4q th
(1
q2
Nu 4q
(1
q2
2q)2
1
+
(q + 2)r q 6r
18
5 11q
2q)2
(1
1
18
+
q2
q
5 11q
(1 4q)(11q 2 6q + 5)
=
q 2 (5 11q)
1 th
1
2q)2
+
(q + 2)r q 6r
q2
=
18
5 11q
(1 2q)2
(q + 2)
(4q 1)(1 q)
6
3
(6q
1
1)(1
q)
(1 3q)(4q 1)(112q
117q 2 + 39q 4)
2
3
(1 2q) (5 11q)(4q + 9q 2 9q + 2)
18
11q
0:
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c hoc a = b; c = 0 cc hon v tng ng.

r
r
r
r
a
b
c
3
ab + bc + ca
p
+
+
:
a+b
b+c
c+a
a2 + b2 + c2
2
(V Quc B Cn, Nguyn Vn Thch)
Li gii. Trc ht, ta s chng minh
P
3 a2
cyc
P
a
cyc
X 2a2
a+c
cyc
267
Tht vy, ta c
3
cyc
X 2a2
a+c
cyc
cyc
= 3
cyc
cyc
cyc
a+b
X c(a2 + b2 )
a2
X a2 + b2
cyc
cyc
a+b
cyc
ab(a b)2
(a + c)(b + c)
By gi, s dng bt ng thc bt ng thc ny v bt ng thc Holder, ta c

P
!2 "
#
3 a2
Xr a
X
cyc
P
a(a + b)(a + c)
a
a+b
cyc
cyc
cyc
X a2
2
a+c
cyc
Xr a
a+b
cyc
!2 "
a(a + b)(a + c)
cyc
cyc
!4
Ta cn chng minh
4
X
cyc
,4
X
cyc
!4
!4
27
!2 "
ab
cyc
27
!2 "
ab
cyc
a(a + b)(a + c)
cyc
X
cyc
cyc
Do tnh thun nht, ta chun ha cho a + b + c = 1. t q =
+ 3abc
ab; r = abc th ta c
cyc
q2

4
27q(1
2q + 3r)
Ta c
4
27q(1
2q + 3r)
27q(1
2q + q 2 ) = (4
3q)(1
3q)2
0:
ng thc xy ra khi v ch a = b = c:
X a2 + b2 + c2
a2 + 2b2 + 2c2
cyc
X b2 + bc + c2
:
a2 + (b + c)2
cyc
(Phm Hu c)
268

!"
X
X
X
1
a2 bc
2
a
2
2
2
a + (b + c)
a + (b + c)2
cyc
cyc
cyc
,
X
cyc
a2 bc
a2 + (b + c)2
cyc
!"
X
cyc
1
2
a + 2b2 + 2c2
(b c)2
[a2 + (b + c)2 ](a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 )
#
#
Do tnh thun nht, ta c th chun ha cho a2 + b2 + c2 = 1. Bt ng thc tr

thnh
X a2 bc X
(b c)2
1 + 2bc
(1 + 2bc)(1 + b2 + c2 )
cyc
cyc
Ch rng
X 2(a2
X 2a2 b2 c2 X (b c)2
bc)
=
+
1 + 2bc
1 + 2bc
1 + 2bc
cyc
cyc
cyc
(b2
c2 )
cyc
(b
c)2
cyc
1
1 + 2ab
1
1 + 2ca
X (b
cyc
c)2
1 + 2bc
1
2a(b + c)
+
(1 + 2ab)(1 + 2ac) 1 + 2bc
Do , bt ng thc tng ng vi
X
c)2
(b
cyc
(b
2a(b + c)
1
+
(1 + 2ab)(1 + 2ac) 1 + 2bc
c)2
cyc
2a(b + c)
(1 + 2ab)(1 + 2ac)
2
(1 + 2bc)(1 + b2 + c2 )
a2
(1 + 2bc)(1 + b2 + c2 )
Mt khc, ta c
2(1 + 2bc)(1 + b2 + c2 )
2
= [1 + (b + c)
2(b + c)(1
(1 + 2ab)(1 + 2ac)
2a(b + c)] + [(b + c)2

a) + 4bc(1
4a2 bc] + 4bc(b2 + c2 )
a2 ) + 4bc(b2 + c2 )
X
cyc
(b
c)2
2a(b + c)
(1 + 2ab)(1 + 2ac)
2a2
(1 + 2ab)(1 + 2ac)
269
,
c)2
x(b
cyc
trong x = a(b + c a)(1 + 2bc) v y; z tng t.

Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a b c, khi ta c y; z
2
b(a
c)
c)2 (b + c
a(b
a(b
c) (b + c
1 + 2ac
c) (1 + 2bc)
0 v
1 + 2bc
c)2 (a + c
b)(1 + 2ac)
a)(1 + 2bc) + a(b
= 2ac(b
c) ;
a)(1 + 2bc) + b(a
a(b
c) (a + c
b)(1 + 2bc)
0:

Bi ton 2.59 Cho cc s dng x; y tha mn x + y 2
3x2 + 2y 3
x2 + y 3 : Chng minh rng
5:
(Ji Chen)
Li gii 1. T x + y 2
x2 + y 3 , ta c
5(x + y 2 )
(3x2 + 2y 3 ) + (2x2 + 3y 3 )
Ta s chng minh rng

5 + 2x2 + 3y 3
, (2x
3)(x
1) + [3y 2
Ch rng nu x; y 1 th ta c x + y
bi ton.
Nu y 1 x th ta c
(3
5(x + y 2 )
2x)(1
x)
2(y + 1)](y
2
1)
x + y , iu ny mu thun vi gi thit
x(1
y 2 (y
x)
1)
Do
(2x 3)(x 1) + [3y 2
Nu x
2(y + 1)](y
[4y 2
1)
2(y + 1)](y
1) = 2(y
1)2 (2y + 1)
y th
[2(y + 2)
3y 2 ](1
y 2 (1
y)
y)
x(x
1)
Do
(2x
3)(x
1) + [3y 2
2(y + 1)](y
1)
(3x
3)(x
1) = 3(x
1)2
0:
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = 1:

Li gii 2. Ta c
5
3x2
2y 3 = 6(x
x2 + y 2
y 3 ) + 3(1
x)2 + 2(1
y)2 (1 + 2y)
0:
270
Bi ton 2.60 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng

b
c
a
+
+
1 + a + b2
1 + b + c2
1 + c + a2
3
:
4
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. Xt 2 trng
sau
P 2hpP
Trng hp 1. Nu
a + ab2
cyc
X
cyc
9, s dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c
cyc
a
1 + a + b2
!2
cyc
a(1 + a +
b2 )
3+
cyc
Trng hp 2. Nu
a2 +
9
a2
cyc
ab2
3
4
ab2
cyc
9, tc l
cyc
cyc
ab2
cyc
a2 b + 6abc
cyc
Bt ng thc tng ng vi
X
4
a(1 + b + c2 )(1 + c + a2 )
3(1 + a + b2 )(1 + b + c2 )(1 + c + a2 )
cyc
a2 b3 + 5
cyc
a3 b +
cyc
a3 + 9abc+
cyc
a2 b + 5
cyc
ab
cyc
a2 b2 + 3
cyc
Do
cyc
ab2
a2 + 3a2 b2 c2
cyc
a2 b + 6abc nn ta c
cyc
ab
cyc
X
cyc
cyc
a2 b3
ab
cyc
a2 b3
X
cyc
a b + 3abc
cyc
a3 b2 + 7
X
cyc
a2 b2 c +
ab
cyc
a3 bc
cyc
2X 2 2
7X 2 2
1X 3
a b (a + b) +
a b c+
a bc
3 cyc
3 cyc
3 cyc
271
t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc th
2X 2 2
7X 2 2
1X 3
a b (a + b) +
a b c+
a bc = 2q 2 + (q
3 cyc
3 cyc
3 cyc
)
a2 b3
2q 2 + (q
9)r
9)r
cyc
Mt khc, ta c
X
cyc
a b
a bc = 3r;
cyc
!2
ab
cyc
a b
cyc
1 2
q
3
cyc
T nhng bt ng thc ny, ta ch cn chng minh c

[2q 2 + (q
9)r] + 15r + (27

,
1
9q + 3r) + 9r + q 2 + 5q
3
2
q(3
3
3r2
q) + (36 + q)r
3(q 2
6r) + 3(9
2q) + 3r2
0:
hin nhin ng do 3 q; 1 r.
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = 3; b = c = 0
a3 (b2 + 1) + b3 (c2 + 1) + c3 (a2 + 1)
8(a + b + c)
18:
(Nguyn Cng Minh)

!2
!2
P 2
P
a b
ab
X
X
cyc
cyc
5 2
2
P
P
a b
;
a b
a
b
cyc
cyc
cyc
X
cyc
cyc
5 2
a b
!4
ab
cyc
cyc
!3
272
Mt khc, bt ng thc cho tng ng vi

!
X
X
X
5 2
a b +
a +
a3 + 18
cyc
cyc
cyc
Do , theo trn v theo bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c

!4
P
2
ab
X
X
X
cyc
5 2
a
a b +
a
!3 +
P
cyc
cyc
cyc
a
cyc
Mt khc,
X
!3
cyc
) 18
+ 27 + 27
27
cyc
!2
ab
cyc
cyc
cyc
1
3
cyc
cyc
!3
2
!2
ab
cyc
a3
cyc
cyc
2q 2 X 3
+
a
p
cyc
1
3
X
cyc
!3
1 3
p
3
trong p = a + b + c; q = ab + bc + ca. S dng bt ng thc Schur bc 3, ta c

X
cyc
a3
1
p(2p2
3
5q)
Suy ra
2q 2 X 3
+
a
p
cyc
1 3
p
3
2q 2
1
+ p(2p2
p
3
5q)
v p2 3q:
1 3
(p2
p =
3
3q)(p2
3p
2q)
0:
273
Bi ton 2.62 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; d tha mn a + b + c + d = 3: Chng
minh rng
p
ab(a + 2b + 3c) + bc(b + 2c + 3d) + cd(c + 2d + 3a) + da(d + 2a + 3b) 6 3:
(Phm Kim Hng)
Li gii. t
f (a; b; c; d) =
ab(a + 2b + 3c)
cyc
Ta c
f (a; b; c; d)
f (a + c; b; 0; d) = c(b
d)(a + c
d)
v
f (a; b; c; d)
f (0; b; a + c; d) =
a(b
d)(a + c
d)
Suy ra, nu (b d)(a + c b d)

0 th f (a; b; c; d)
f (a + c; b; 0; d) v nu
f (b d)(a + c b d) 0 th f (a; b; c; d) f (0; b; a + c; d), tc l
f (a; b; c; d)
maxff (a + c; b; 0; d); f (0; b; a + c; d)g
Tng t, ta c
f (a + c; b; 0; d)
f (0; b; a + c; d)
maxff (a + c; b + d; 0; 0); f (a + c; 0; 0; d)g

maxff (0; b + d; a + c; 0); f (0; 0; a + c; b + d)g
Mt khc, ta d dng kim tra c

p
6 3
p
maxff (0; b + d; a + c; 0); f (0; 0; a + c; b + d)g 6 3:
maxff (a + c; b + d; 0; 0); f (a + c; 0; 0; d)g
Bt p
ng thc
p c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = d = 0; b =
3
3; c = 3 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
r
r
r
r
a
b
c
4 3
+
+
(a + b + c):
a2 + b + 4
b2 + c + 4
c2 + a + 4
4
(Nguyn Cng Minh)
!2
Xr
X
X
a
a
a
3
3
2
2
a
+
b
+
4
a
+
b
+
4
2a
+
b+3
cyc
cyc
cyc
274
Ta cn chng minh
X
2a
2a + b + 3
b+3
+
2a + b + 3
cyc
cyc
vP
u
u a
t cyc
3
vP
u
u a
t cyc
3
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz,
X
cyc
b+3
2a + b + 3
"
#2
(b + 3)
cyc
(b + 3)(2a + b + 3)
cyc
a+9
!2
a+9
cyc
cyc
!2
+ 12
a + 27
cyc
cyc
= P
a+3
cyc
a = 3t2 (t
0), ta phi chng minh
cyc
3t2 + 9
+t
3t2 + 3
,
t(t 1)2
t2 + 1
0:
hin nhin ng.

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1 hoc a = b = c ! 0:
Chng minh rng
s
s
s
p
a(b + c)
b(c + a)
c(a + b)
+
+
2:
(2b + c)(b + 2c)
(2c + a)(c + 2a)
(2a + b)(a + 2b)
s
"
#"
#
X
X a2 (2b + c)(b + 2c)
a(b + c)
(2b + c)(b + 2c)
b+c
cyc
cyc
X
cyc
!3
275
Ta cn chng minh
X
!3
cyc
,
,
Ch rng
X
X
cyc
cyc
!3
X a2 (2b + c)(b + 2c)

b+c
cyc
cyc
a2 (b + c) + 2abc
cyc
cyc
a (b + c) + 3abc
a2 (b + c) + 3abc =
cyc
X 2a
b+c
cyc
a
b+c
X 2a
abc
b+c
cyc
cyc
a3
a(a
b)(a
c)
cyc
3=
X (2a + b + c)(a
cyc
b)(a c)
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
Bt ng thc tng ng
X
x(a
b)(a
c)
cyc
trong x = a
abc(2a+b+c)
(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)
a2 (ab+ac+b2 +c2 )
(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)
Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s a

a
v
x
y = (a
) x(a
b) 1
c)
y(b
0 v y; z tng t.
b
c
c, khi
0
abc
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
c)
(b
c)(x
y)
Mt khc, ta c th vit li bt ng thc nh sau

(a
b)[x(a
c)
y(b
c)] + z(a
c)(b
c)
0:

Nhn xt 18 Ch rng 2(b2 + c2 ) (2b + c)(b + 2c), nn
s
s
X
X
p
a(b + c)
a(b + c)
2
2
2
2(b + c )
(2b + c)(b + 2c)
cyc
cyc
276
v ta thu c kt qu p sau
r
r
r
a(b + c)
b(c + a)
c(a + b)
+
+
b2 + c2
c2 + a2
a2 + b2
2:
(V Quc B Cn)
ng thc t c ti a = b; c = 0 v cc hon v ca n.

Chng minh rng
2
b3
c3
a3
+
+
b+c c+a a+b
p
3abc(a + b + c):
2(a2 + b2 + c2 )
(Nguyn Cng Minh)
X a3
b+c
cyc
cyc
cyc
!"
!3
a2 (b + c)
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
2
cyc
cyc
!"
!3
#+
a2 (b + c)
cyc
3abc
cyc
a2
cyc
Do tnh thun nht, ta c th chun ha cho a+b+c =n1. t q = ab+bc+ca;

r = abc,
o
(4q 1)(1 q)
khi theo bt ng thc Schur bc 4, ta c r max 0;
. Bt ng thc
6
tr thnh
2(1
q
Nu 1
2q)3 p
+ 3r
3r
2(1
2q)
4q th
2(1
q
2q)3 p
+ 3r
3r
2(1
2q)3
2(1
2q)
2(1
q
=
2(1
2q)(1
q)(1
q
2q)
4q)
277
Nu 4q
1 th
2(1
q
2q)3 p
+ 3r
3r
2(1
2(1
2q)
2q)3
(4q 1)(1 q)
2
4(1 2q)3
=
+
4q 2 3q + 1
+
r
(4q
(4q
1)(1
2
1)(1
2
q)
q)
Ta cn chng minh
r
4(1 2q)3
(4q 1)(1 q)
+
2(1 2q)
2
4q
3q + 1
2
r
(4q 1)(1 q)
4(1 2q)3
,
2(1 2q)
2
4q 2 3q + 1
r
2(1 2q)(4q 1)(1 q)
(4q 1)(1 q)
,
2
4q 2 3q + 1
p
, 4q 2 3q + 1 2(1 2q) 2(4q 1)(1 q)
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c

p
4q 2 3q + 1 2(1 2q) 2(4q
4q 2
3q + 1
(1
1)(1
q)
2q)[2(4q
1) + 1
3q)2
2q] = 2(1
0:

(a2 b + b2 c + c2 a)2
abc(a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 ):
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii 1. Bt ng thc tng ng vi

X
X
a4 b2
a4 bc abc(a
cyc
,
,
X
cyc
a4 (b
c)2 +
cyc
a4 (b
b)(a
c)(b
c)
cyc
a4 b2
cyc
c)2 + (a
b)(a
a2 b4
2abc(a
b)(a
c)(b
c)
cyc
c)(b
c)[(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
2abc]
278

,
a4 (b
c)2 + (a
b)(a
c)(b
cyc
c)
ab(a + b)
cyc
Do a; b; c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic nn tn ti cc s khng m x; y; z

sao cho a = y + z; b = z + x; c = x + y. Bt ng thc tr thnh
"
#
X
X
X
4
2
3
2
(y + z) (y z) + (x y)(y z)(z x) 2
x +5
x (y + z) + 12xyz
cyc
cyc
cyc
T y, gi s x = minfx; y; zg v t y = x + p; z = x + q, ta c th d dng vit li

bt ng thc nh sau
Ax4 + Bx3 + Cx2 + Dx + E
trong
A = 32(p2
B = 16(4p
C = 48(p
pq + q 2 )
3
5p q + pq + 4q 3 )
3
pq
2 2
3p q
3 2
q )
q)2 (p + q) + q 4 ]
p q + pq + 2q )
q) + pq(5p2
2
0
4
p q + pq + q ) = 48[p(p
4
= 8(p + q)[2(p
E = 2(p
2 2
p q
D = 8(p + q)(2p
3
13pq + 9q 2 )]
0:
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

a=b=c
hoc
a = b + c; b =
p
p
3
100 + 12 69
2
+ p
p
3
6
3 100 + 12 69
1
3
c:

Li gii 2. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s (a b)(a c) 0. Xt hm
s sau
f (x) = (a2 + b2 + c2 )x2 2(a2 b + b2 c + c2 a)x + abc(a + b + c)
Ta c
f (a) = a(a
b)(a
c)(a
b + c)
v
lim f (x) = +1
x!1
Do , tn ti x0 sao cho f (x0 ) = 0, v v th bit thc ca f (x) phi khng m, tc

l
(a2 b + b2 c + c2 a)2 abc(a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 ):
279
Nhn xt 19 S dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz v bt ng thc trn, ta c
!2
P 2
a b
X a2 b
X
cyc
P 2
a2
c
a
bc
cyc
cyc
cyc
v ta c
a2 b b2 c
+
+
c
a
b
1 + b2
c
, a2
c2 a
a2 + b2 + c2
b
c
a
1 + c2
1
a
b
0:
y chnh l bt ng thc trong k thi chn i tuyn i thi ton quc t ca Moldova
2006.
p
p
p
ab a + bc b + ca c 3:
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
!2
!
!
X
X
X p
ab
a2 b
ab a
cyc
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
X
ab
cyc
,
,
X
cyc
ab
cyc
a b
cyc
cyc
!2
1
ab 4
3
X
cyc
a2
a b
1
3
!2
a b
cyc
!2
ab
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
!2
X
ab 4
a3 b +
S dng bt ng thc Vasile

X
cyc
X
cyc
!2
27
3
3abc5
27
. Ta cn phi chng minh
!2
ab
3abc5
27
280
t q = ab + bc + ca, ta phi chng minh

q[(9
2q)2 + 3q 2
9abc]

4q
c
q[(9 2q)2 + 3q 2 3(4q
, (3
q)(7q 2
81
9. Do , ta ch cn chng minh
9)]
27q + 27)
81
0:
hin nhin ng do q 3.
Nhn xt 20 T bi ny, ta suy ra kt qu sau phn trc
p
3(a2 + b2 + c2 )
b3
c3
a3
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
2
a +b
b +c
c +a
2
(V Quc B Cn)
y, chng ta c mt li gii khc bng cch s dng bt ng thc Holder nh sau
X
a3
2
a + b2
hX
(a2 + b2 )2 (a2 + c2 )3
hX
i3
i3
1 hX 2
a2 (a2 + c2 ) =
(a + b2 )2
8
i3
i
1 hX 2
3 X 2 hX 2
(a + b2 )2
a
(a + b2 )2 (a2 + c2 )3
8
4
p
p
2
2 p
2
2
t x = a + b ; y = b + c ; z = c2 + a2 th bt ng thc tr thnh
p
p
p
p
p
p
(x + y + z)3 3 x + y + z xy x + yz y + zx z
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c
p
p
p
p
x+ y+ z
3(x + y + z)
(x + y + z)5=2
p
p
p
p
3 3 xy x + yz y + zx z
Do tnh thun nht nn ta c th chun ha cho x + y + z = 3: Khi bt ng thc

tr thnh
p
p
p
xy x + yz y + zx z 3:
y chnh l bt ng thc c chng minh trn. Vy nn bt ng thc cn chng
minh ng.
281

a b
c
+ + +3
b
c a
a+b
b+c
c+a
+
+
b+c
c+a a+b
:
(V Quc B Cn)

Xa
X c
+2
b
b+c
cyc
cyc
,
X
cyc
ab
Xa
cyc
+2
cyc
c
b+c
X
cyc
a
+3
b+c
X
cyc
ab
cyc
X bc2
+2
b
b+c
cyc
X ca2
cyc
X
cyc
!
a
+3
b+c
X abc
a2 + 2
b+c
cyc
S dng bt ng thc Moldova, ta c

X ca2
cyc
a2
cyc
X bc2
b+c
cyc
,
,
X bc(c
cyc
a)
b+c
bc(c2
cyc
X
cyc
X abc
b+c
cyc
a2 b3
a2 )(a + b)
X
a2 b2 c:
cyc
hin nhin ng theo bt ng thc AM-GM.

Chng minh rng
a2 + b2 + c2
3(a3 b + b3 c + c3 a)
+ 2 2
4:
ab + bc + ca a b + b2 c2 + c2 a2
(Bch Ngc Thnh Cng)
282

!
!
!
!
X
X
X
X
2
2 2
3
a
a b +3
a b
ab
cyc
,4
cyc
a4 b2 +
cyc
,4
cyc
a2 b4 + 3
cyc
4 2
a b +
cyc
a b
cyc
2 2
a4 bc + 3a2 b2 c2
a b (2a
3 3
a b
abc 4
cyc
b)
a3 b3 +
abc 4
ab +
ab +
cyc
2 2
a b
cyc
a3 b2 c + 4
a b
a b
a2 b3 c
cyc
cyc
cyc

X
X
2
a2 b2 (2a b)2 =
[a2 b2 (2a
ab
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
2 4
3abc
cyc
3abc
cyc
b)2 + a2 c2 (2c
a)2 ]
cyc
a2 bc(2a
b)(2c
a)
cyc
= 2abc 4
ab +
cyc
2abc 4
X
cyc
a b
cyc
ab +
6abc
cyc
a b
cyc
3abc :
cyc

b
c
a
1 = 2 = 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
Bi ton 2.70 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; khng c 2 s no ng th bng 0:
Chng minh rng
b2 (c + a)
c2 (a + b)
a2 (b + c)
+
+
(b2 + c2 )(2a + b + c) (c2 + a2 )(2b + c + a) (a2 + b2 )(2c + a + b)
2
:
3
(Darij Grinberg)
"
X
cyc
a2 (b + c)
2
(b + c2 )(2a + b + c)
#"
X a2 (b2 + c2 )(2a + b + c)
cyc
b+c
X
cyc
!2
283
Ta cn chng minh
X
cyc
,3
a4 + 6
cyc
,3
a2 b2
X a2 (b2 + c2 )(2a + b + c)
b+c
cyc
cyc
,3
,3
!2
cyc
cyc
a2 b2
cyc
a2 b2
b+c
X a3 [(b + c)2
cyc
2bc]
b+c
cyc
b+c
X a3 (b2 + c2 )
cyc
a2 b2
X a3 (b2 + c2 )
cyc
cyc
a4 + 2
a4 + 2
a2 b2 + 4
cyc
a4 + 2
cyc
a3 (b + c) + 8abc
cyc
X a2
b+c
cyc

X a2
b+c
cyc
X
X
3
a4 + 2
a2 b2
cyc
cyc
1X
a
2 cyc
a3 (b + c) + 4abc
cyc
cyc

3(4r + 2q 2
4q + 1) + 2(q 2
2r)
, 16r + (3
4q)(1

16r + (3
4q)(1
4q)
16(4q
1)(1
6
q)
2q 2
4(q
4q)
(4q 1)(1 q)
,
6
+ (3
r) + 4r
4q)(1
suy ra
4q) =
1
(1
3
4q)2
0:

Nhn xt 21 Chng ta c cng c 1 cch khc (i hi chng ta phi c s kho
lo) chng minh bt ng thc
X
X
X
X
3
a4 + 2
a2 b2 4
a3 (b + c) + 4abc
a 0
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
284
bng cch vit li n nh sau (sau khi gi s c = minfa; b; cg)

c4 + 2c2 (a + b
c)2 + (a
b)2 (3a2 + 3b2 + 2ab
4ac
4bc)
Bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng.

Bi ton 2.71 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c. Chng minh rng
b
c
a
+
+
b+c c+a a+b
3
7 maxf(a
+
2 16
b)2 ; (b c)2 ; (c
ab + bc + ca
a)2 g
(Phm Vn Thun, V Quc B Cn)

Li gii. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s a b
thnh
X a
3
7
(a c)2
+
b+c
2 16 ab + bc + ca
cyc
,
X a[a(b + c) + bc]
b+c
cyc
, a2 + b2 + c2 + abc
X
cyc
cyc
3
7
(ab + bc + ca) + (a
2
16
1
b+c

X 1
b+c
c. Bt ng thc tr
c)2
3
7
(ab + bc + ca) + (a
2
16
c)2
9
2(a + b + c)
a2 + b2 + c2 +
t a = c + x; b = c + y (x
(11x2
9abc
2(a + b + c)
y
3
7
(ab + bc + ca) + (a
2
16
c)2
0), khi bt ng thc ny tng ng vi
32xy + 32y 2 )c + (x + y)(3x
Hin nhin ng.

ng.
a
4
4y)2
b
3
c
0
0:
hoc cc hon v tng
Bi ton 2.72 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn abc = 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca

biu thc
1
1
1
P = 2
+ 2
+ 2
:
(a
a + 1)2
(b
b + 1)2
(c
c + 1)2
(V Quc B Cn)
285
trng hp sau
Trng hp 1. Nu b 1, ta s chng minh
, 1
1
a + 1)2
(a2
, ab(a
1)(a2
1)(b
(a
2
, ab(a
Do a; b
1
b + 1)2
1
+ 2
a + 1)2
(b
(a2
(a2 b2
c ) a
(a2
b + 1)2
b + 2)(b2
b + 2)(a2 b2
ab + 1)2
(b2
1)(a + b)[2a2 b2
2 2
c. Xt nhng
c4
c + 1)2
1
=1+ 2
ab + 1)2
(c
1
b + 1)2
1
a + 1)2 (b2
1)(b
a + 2)(b
1+
(a2 b2
1
ab + 1)2
ab(a + b) + a2 + b2
b + 2)(a b
ab + 1)
2 2
ab(a + b) + a2 + b2
(a + b)[2a b
b + 2]
1, ta c
(a2
) ab(a2
a + 2)(b2
b + 2)(a2 b2
a + 2)(b2
b + 2)(a2 b2
ab + 1)
ab + 1)2
4;
2ab
a+b
2(a + b)(a2 b2
ab + 1)
Ta cn chng minh
2(a2 b2
2a2 b2
ab + 1)
, (a
ab(a + b) + a2 + b2
1)(b
1)(a + b)
b+2
hin nhin ng. T y, ta c

P
1+
c4
+ 2
c + 1)2
(c
(c2
Trng hp 2. Nu a
1
(b2
Do , nu a
b + 1)2
(c
(c2
9
;
16
(c2
c + 1)2
1
4
)b
1)2
c + 1)2
9
16
4, ta c
a + 1)2
)P
a ) bc
1
=3
c + 1)2
c. Ch rng
(a2
Nu 4
b + 2]
1
2,
(42
4 + 1)2 = 169
1
32
5417
+
=
169
9
1521
ta c 2 trng hp nh
286
i) Nu c
1
2,
ta c
(c2
b2
b + 1 = b(1
c + 1)2
9
16
1) + (4b2 c2
2c)(b + 2bc
2bc + 1)
1
1
+2
1 + (4b2 c2
b(1 2c)
2
4
a2 2a + 4
= 4b2 c2 2bc + 1 =
a2
)P
) max P
ii) Nu 4
a4
16
+
= f (a)
2a + 4)2
9
1
+ 2
a + 1)2
(a
(a2
1
2,
2bc + 1)
max f (a)
4 a 1
xt hm s sau
g(x) =
1
ex + 1)2
(e2x
vi x 2 [ ln 2; 0]. Ta c
g 00 (x) =
2ex (ex 1)(8e2x + ex

(e2x ex + 1)4
1)
0 8x 2 [ ln 2; 0]
Do g(x) lm trn [ ln 2; 0]. By gi, ta hy ch rng ln b; ln c 2 [ ln 2; 0], nn

theo bt ng thc Jensen,
g(ln b) + g(ln c)
(b2
1
+ 2
b + 1)2
(c
)P
(a2
1
c + 1)2
2g
2
p
bc + 1
bc
1
+
a + 1)2
(a
) max P
ln b + ln c
2
(a
2a2
p
2
a + 1)
2a2
p
2 = h(a)
a + 1)
max h(a)
4 a 1
T nhng trng hp xt trn, ta i n kt lun (vi ch l ng thc lun

xy ra)
5417
max P = max
; max f (a); max h(a) :
4 a 1
1521 4 a 1
287
Bi ton 2.73 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; d. Chng minh rng
X
a(a b)(a c)(a d) + abcd 0:
cyc
(Phm Kim Hng)

tng ng vi
(a
b)[a(a
c)(a
d)
c)(a d) b(b c)(b d)] + c(c d)(a

+ d[abc + (d a)(d b)(d a)] 0
d. Bt ng thc
c)(b
c)
Ta c
a(a
b(b
c)(b
d) = (a
b)[a2 + ab + b2
(a + b)(c + d) + cd]
v
a2 + ab + b2 (a + b)(c + d) + cd
= (a b)(a + 2b c d) + (b
) a(a
c)(a
d)
b(b
c)(3b + c
2d) + c(c
c)(b
d)
d)
Mt khc
c(c
d)(a
c)(b
c)
v
abc + (d
a)(d
b)(d
a) = d[d2 + a(b
d) + b(c
d) + c(a
d)]
0:
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c; d = 0

hoc a = b; c = d = 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
bc
ca
ab
+
+
a2 + 1 b2 + 1 c2 + 1
1:
(Phm Kim Hng)

X a
abc
+1
a2 + 1
cyc
Vi mi x
bc
cyc
0, ta c
1
2
x +1
1
x(x 1)2
1+ x=
2
x2 + 1
288

1
x2 + 1
1
x
2
S dng bt ng thc ny, ta ch cn chng minh c

abc
1
a +1
2
a 1
cyc
, abc
X
cyc
bc
cyc
bc + 1
X
bc
cyc
t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc. Bt ng thc tr thnh

qr + 1
q(q
1)(4
3
q)
(q 1)(4 q)
.
3
Theo bt ng thc Schur bc 4, ta c r

qr + 1
+1
q=
Do
1
(3
3
1)2
q)(q
0:
do q 34 < 3.
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = 1; c = 0
hoc cc hon v.
Bi ton 2.75 Cho a; b; c l cc s thc phn bit. Chng minh rng
1 + a2 b2
1 + b2 c2
1 + c2 a2
+
+
(a b)2
(b c)2
(c a)2
3
:
2
(Nguyn Vn Thch)
Li gii. Ta d dng kim tra c cc ng thc sau

X 1 + ab 1 + bc
= 1;
a b b c
cyc
X1
cyc
ab 1
b b
bc
=
c
Mt khc, vi mi x; y; z 2 R, ta c
x2 + y 2 + z 2
x2 + y 2 + z 2
xy + yz + zx;
2(xy + yz + zx)
Suy ra
X
cyc
X
cyc
1 + ab
a b
1 ab
a b
X 1 + ab 1 + bc
=1
a b b c
cyc
2
X1
cyc
ab 1
b b
bc
=2
c
289
)2
X 1 + a2 b2
b)2
(a
cyc
X
cyc
1 + ab
a b
X
cyc
1 ab
a b
3:

ab+c + bc+a + ca+b
1:
Li gii. Nu tn ti t nht mt trong 3 s a; b; c, chng hn a 1, th bt ng

thc hin nhin ng. Do , ta s xt bi ton trong trng hp 1 > a; b; c > 0.
Trng hp 1. Nu a + b + c
1 ) a + b; b + c; c + a
1, s dng bt ng thc
Bernoulli, ta c
1
ab+c
1+
b+c
1+
(1
a)(b + c)
b+c
a+b+c
1+
=
a
a
a
a
a+b+c
X
a
=1
a+b+c
cyc
) ab+c
X
)
ab+c
cyc
Trng hp 2. Nu a + b + c
1, li s dng bt ng thc Bernoulli, ta c
a + b(1
a
1
ab
) ab+c
Ta cn chng minh
X
cyc
a)
[a + b(1
1
ac
a + c(1
a
a2
a)][a + c(1
a2
a)][a + c(1
[a + b(1
a)]
a)
a)]
X
cyc
[a + b(1
v
X
cyc
a2
a)][a + c(1
a)]
cyc
[a + b(1
!2
a)][a + c(1
a)]
cyc
!2
[a + b(1
cyc
X
cyc
a)][a + c(1
!
ab
X
cyc
a)]
!
+ abc 3
X
cyc
0:
290
T y, ta suy ra c kt qu bi ton ban u.

a(b + c) b(c + a) c(a + b)
+ 2
+ 2
a2 + bc
b + ca
c + ab
a2 + bc
b2 + ca
c2 + ab
+
+
:
a(b + c) b(c + a) c(a + b)
a+b+c
p
3
abc
(Phm Hu c)
Li gii. Trc ht, ta s chng minh
P
X a(b + c)
p
3
a2 + bc
cyc
cyc
abc
t a = x3 ; b = y 3 ; c = z 3 , v vi ch rng x3 + y 3
X a(b + c)
a2 + bc
cyc
X x3 (y 3 + z 3 )
x6 + y 3 z 3
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
X x3 (y 3 + z 3 )
x2 yz(x2 + yz)
cyc
,
xy(x + y) 8x; y
0, ta c
X x3 (y 3 + z 3 )
x2 yz(x2 + yz)
cyc
P
x3
cyc
xyz
X x2 (y 3 + z 3 )
x3
cyc
x2 + yz
cyc
Ta c
X
X x2 (y 3 + z 3 )
x3
cyc
x2 + yz
cyc
X x3 (x
X x2 (x3 + xyz
cyc
y)(x
2
x + yz
cyc
y3
x2 + yz
z)
X xy(x
cyc
z3)
y)2 (x + y)(xz + yz
(x2 + yz)(y 2 + zx)
xy)
Do tnh i xng, ta c th gi s z = minfx; y; zg, khi

X x3 (x
x2
cyc
y)(x
+ yz
z)
X xy(x
cyc
y)2 (x + y)(xz + yz
(x2 + yz)(y 2 + zx)
xy)
x (x y)(x z) y 3 (y z)(y x) xy(x y)2 (x + y)(xz + yz

+
+
x2 + yz
x2 + yz
(x2 + yz)(y 2 + zx)
z(x y)2 (x + y)(x3 + y 3 x2 z y 2 z)
=
0
(x2 + yz)(y 2 + zx)
xy)
291
Tip theo, ta s chng minh
Nu
X a2 + bc
a(b + c)
cyc
ab
p
3
cyc
cyc
p
3
abc
abc, khi theo bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz v bt ng thc
cyc
AM-GM, ta c
X a2 + bc
X a2
X
b2 c2
=
+
a(b + c)
a(b + c) cyc abc(b + c)
cyc
cyc
!2
!2
P
P
a
ab
cyc
cyc
ab
2abc
cyc
Nu
p
3
v
!
u
u P
u
a
u
t cyc
ab
cyc
abc
cyc
ab
cyc
abc
cyc
p
3
abc
, ta c
cyc
X
cyc
!"
ab
X a2 + bc
a(b + c)
cyc
cyc
p
3
ab
cyc
abc
X
cyc
!"
ab
X a2 + bc
a(b + c)
cyc
X (ab + bc)(bc + ca)

cyc
ab + ca
X
cyc
!2
(ab + ca)
0:
cyc

Bi ton 2.78 Cho a; b; c l cc s khng m, khng c 2 s no ng thi bng 0
tha mn a + b + c = 1. Chng minh rng
p
p
4
27 3 1
a
b
c
p
p
+p
+p
:
c + 2a
a + 2b
b + 2c
2
(V Quc B Cn, Phm Kim Hng)
292
Li gii. Nu c
X
cyc
a, khi theo bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c
a
p
a + 2b
!2
cyc
cyc
a
a + 2b
X
cyc
a
a + 2b
X
p
4
a
a + 2b
cyc
,
trong x = ab ; y = cb ; z =
a
c
X
cyc
27
!2
p
6 3
1
1 + 2x
) x; y
p
=6 3
z; xyz = 1. Ta c
1
1
1
1
2(x 1)(y 1)(4xy 1)
+
=
+
2x + 1 2y + 1
3 2xy + 1 3(2x + 1)(2y + 1)(2xy + 1)
1
1
1
z
+
= +
3 2xy + 1
3 z+2
)
Nu a
X
cyc
1
2x + 1
1
z
1
4
+
+
=
3 z + 2 2z + 1
3
c, t f (a; b; c) =
cyc
Trng hp 1. Nu a
4b, th
(a + c)2
a + c + 2b
a
a + 2b
) f (a; b; c)
a + 2c
a + 2b +
a+c
a + c + 2b
p
b
c
+p
b
b + 2c
c + 8b
p
a+c
p
+ b = f (a + c; b; 0)
a + c + 2b
b
c
+p
c + 2a
b + 2c
Trng hp 2. Nu 4b
xt 2 trng hp
a2
c(a2 + 4ab + ac + 2bc)
=
a + 2b
(a + 2b)(a + 2b + c)
)p
p a
;
a+2b
p
4
<6 3
3
3z
(z + 2)(2z + 1)
a, th
2
3c
2
a2
c(2a(4b a) + c(a + 2b))
=
a + 2b
2(a + 2b)(2a + 4b + 3c)
293
)p
p
a
a + 2b
c
b
+p
c + 2a
b + 2c
a + 2c
q
a + 2b +
) f (a; b; c)
p
3c
2
a + 2c
q
a + 2b +
3c
2
r
b
c
c
+p
b+
2
b + 2c
c + 2b
r
c
c
c
+ b + = f a + ;b + ;0
2
2
2
Do , trong mi trng hp, ta lun c th a bi ton v chng minh trong trng

hp c mt bin bng 0. Nh vy, chng minh bt ng thc cho, ta ch cn
xt n trong trng hp abc = 0, chng hn c = 0. Khi , ta phi chng minh
p
p
4
p
27 3 1
1 b
p
:
f (a; b; 0) = f (1 b; b; 0) = p
+ b
1+b
2
Ta d pdng chng minh c bt ng thc ny. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
p
2( 3 1 )
a = p3 ; b = 2 p3 3 ; c = 0 hoc cc hon v.
Bi ton 2.79 Cho cc s khng m x; y; z tha mn xy + yz + zx + xyz = 4. Chng
minh
1
x + y + z 3 + max (x y)2 ; (y z)2 ; (z x)2 :
4
(V Quc B Cn)
2a
2b
Li gii. t x = b+c
; y = c+a
;z =
ng thc tr thnh
X 2a
cyc
,
, (a
c)2
, (a
b+c
(a; b; c
3+
a
b+c
(a + b + c)
(a + b)2 (b + c)2
0) v gi s a
c
a+b
(a c)2 (a + b + c)2
(a + b)2 (b + c)2
2
c)2
2c
a+b
cyc
(a
b)2 + (b
c)2 ]
(a + b + c)2
(a + b)(b + c)
(a b)2
(b c)2
+
(a + c)(b + c) (a + b)(a + c)
b)2 (a + b) (b
+
a+c
Nu 2(b c) a b, khi ta c (a c)2 2(a

(a + b)(b + c), nn ta ch cn chng minh c
[2(a
c, khi bt
(a b)2
(a + c)(b + c)
1
(a + b)(b + c)
(a + b + c)2
(a + b)(b + c)
(a
b)2 + (b
c)2 (b + c)
a+c
c)2 v (a + b + c)2
b)2 (a + b) (b
+
a+c
c)2 (b + c)
a+c
294

b)2
,(a
2(a + b + c)2
(a + b)(b + c)
2
c)2
+ (b
Ch rng
2(a+b+c)2
(a+b)(b+c)
a+b
a+c
(a + b + c)2
(a + b)(b + c)
2
a+b (a+b+c)
a+c ; (a+b)(b+c)
b+c
a+c
b+c
a+c
l cc hm ng bin theo a,
nn
2(a + b + c)2
(a + b)(b + c)
a+b
a+c
2(b + b + c)2
(b + b)(b + c)
b+b
c(2b + c)
=
b+c
b(b + c)
(a + b + c)2
(a + b)(b + c)
b+c
a+c
(b + b + c)2
(b + b)(b + c)
b+c
c2
=
b+c
2b(b + c)
Nu a b 2(b c), khi ta c (a c)2

[(a
b)2 + (b
c)2 ]
b)2
,(a
(a + b + c)2
(a + b)(b + c)
(a + b + c)2
(a + b)(b + c)
+ (b
(a+b+c)2
(a+b)(b+c)
a+b
a+c
(a + b + c)2
(a + b)(b + c)
(a b)2 +(b c)2 v (a+b+c)2
1
c)2
b)2 (a + b) (b
+
a+c
(a
a+b
a+c
(a + b + c)2
(a + b)(b + c)
b+c
a+c
(a+b)(b+c),
c)2 (b + c)
a+c
l mt hm ng bin theo a nn
a+b
a+c
[(3b 2c) + b + c]2

(3b
1
[(3b 2c) + b](b + c)
(3b
20b3 42b2 c + 31bc2 7c3
=
0
2(2b c)(3b c)(b + c)
Mt khc, t trng hp trn, ta c
(a+b+c)2
(a+b)(b+c)
b+c
a+c
2c) + b
2c) + c
0:
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1 hoc

x = y = 2; z = 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
a2 + b2
b2 + c2
c2 + a2
+
+
a2 + c2
b2 + a2
c2 + b2
a+b
b+c
c+a
+
+
:
a+c b+a
c+b
(V Quc B Cn)
295
Li gii. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s c = minfa; b; cg, ch rng
X a2 + b2
(a2 b2 )2
(a2 c2 )(b2 c2 )
3
=
+
a2 + c2
(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 ) (a2 + b2 )(a2 + c2 )
cyc
X a+b
cyc
3=
a+c
(a b)2
(a c)(b c)
+
(a + c)(b + c) (a + b)(a + c)
Bt ng thc tng ng vi
(a
b)2
(a2
(a + b)2
+ c2 )(b2 + c2 )
+ (a
c)(b
1
(a + c)(b + c)
(a + c)(b + c)
c)
2
(a + b2 )(a2 + c2 )
1
(a + b)(a + c)
Ta c
(a + b)2
(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
1
(a + c)(b + c)
(a + b)2
1
2
2
(a + c) (b + c)
(a + c)(b + c)
(a + b)2 (a + c)(b + c)
=
0
(a + c)2 (b + c)2
Ta cn chng minh
(a + c)(b + c)
(a2 + b2 )(a2 + c2 )
,
Nu a
(a + c)2 (b + c)(a + b)
(a2 + b2 )(a2 + c2 )
c, th
(a + c)2 (b + c)(a + b)
(a2 + b2 )(a2 + c2 )
Nu b
1
(a + b)(a + c)
(b + c)(a + b)
a2 + b2
a(a + b)
a2 + b2
(b + c)(a + b)
a2 + b2
b(a + b)
a2 + b2
1:
c, th
(a + c)2 (b + c)(a + b)
(a2 + b2 )(a2 + c2 )

Chng minh rng
s
a(b + c) b(c + a) c(a + b)
1
1 1 1
+ 2
+ 2
(a + b + c)
+ +
+ 27:
2
a + bc
b + ca
c + ab
2
a b
c
(Phm Hu c)
296
Li gii. Bnh phng 2 v v nhn c 2 v cho 4, ta c th vit li bt ng thc

nh sau
!
!
X ab(a + c)(b + c)
X a2 (b + c)2
X
X1
+8
27 +
a
4
(a2 + bc)2
(a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)
a
cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
,4
,
"
X a2 (b + c)2
cyc
(a2 + bc)2
X (b + c)2
bc
cyc
X ab(a + c)(b + c)
(a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)
cyc
+8
X a2 (b + c)2
cyc
(a2 + bc)2
"
24 +
X (b + c)2
bc
cyc
X ab(a + c)(b + c)
(a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)
cyc
+8 3
X c(a b)2 (a + b)2

bc)2
+
8
bc(a2 + bc)2
(a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)
cyc
X (b + c)2 (a2
cyc
0:
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng. Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch

khi a = b = c:
Bi ton 2.82 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c, khng c 2 s no ng thi bng 0:
Chng minh rng
a2 (b + c)
b2 (c + a)
c2 (a + b)
+
+
b2 + bc + c2
c2 + ca + a2
a2 + ab + b2
2(a2 + b2 + c2 )
:
a+b+c
(Dng c Lm)

"
X a2 (b + c)
b2 + bc + c2
cyc
#"
X a2 (b2 + bc + c2 )
b+c
cyc
X
cyc
a2
!2
Ta cn chng minh
X
cyc
a2
cyc
X
cyc
a(a
cyc
cyc
b)(a
X a2 (b2 + bc + c2 )
b+c
cyc
a2 (b + c)
2abc
cyc
c) + abc 2
X
cyc
X
cyc
a
b+c
a
b+c
0
297
S dng bt ng thc Schur bc 3, ta c
a(a
b)(a
c)
0. Mt khc, bt ng
cyc
thc AM-GM cho ta

2
X
cyc
a
b+c
0:

hoc a = b; c = 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
Nhn xt 22 Chng ta c mt kt qu mnh hn l
a2 (b + c)
b2 (c + a)
c2 (a + b)
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
2
b + bc + c
c + ca + a
a + ab + b2
a3 + b3 + c3
a+b+c
(V Quc B Cn)
Ta c th chng minh bng cch tng t nh sau. S dng bt ng thc Cauchy
Schwarz, ta c
"
#"
#
!2
X a2 (b + c)
X a2 (b2 + bc + c2 )
X
a2
2 + bc + c2
b
b
+
c
cyc
cyc
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
X
a2
cyc
!2
vP
u a3 "
#
u
X a2 (b2 + bc + c2 )
u cyc
2t P
a cyc
b+c
cyc
Li theo bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c

2
X a2 (b2 + bc + c2 )
b+c
cyc
= 2
a2 (b + c)
2abc
cyc
X
cyc
abc
cyc
a (b + c)
cyc
a
b+c
!2
ab
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
X
cyc
!2
vP
u a3
u
u cyc
tP
a
cyc
6
6 X
6
a2 (b + c)
62
6 cyc
4
abc
cyc
cyc
!2 3
ab
7
7
7
7
7
5
298
Do tnh thun nht, ta c th chun ha a + b + c = n

1: t q = ab + bc +oca; r = abc;
q)
khi theo bt ng thc Schur bc 3, ta c r max 4q9 1 ; (4q 1)(1
; 0 . Bt ng
6
thc tr thnh
2q)2
, f (r) = q(1
Ta c
p
1
2q)2
(1
3q + 3r 2(q
p
3r)
3q + 3r[2q 2
r
q
(1 + 6q)r]
(6q + 1)(4q 1) + 2 + 6q
9(6q + 1)r + 2 + 6q 42q 2
p
p
2 1 3q + 3r
2 1 3q + 3r
(1 9q 2 ) + 4q(1 3q) + 3q 2
p
=
0
2 1 3q + 3r
f 0 (r) =
Nn f (r) ng bin, do
Nu 1 4q; ta c
h
f (r)
f (0) = q (1 2q)2
=
Nu 4q
1
q(1
2
1; ta c
f (r)
f
= q(1
q)(1
1)(1
6
2
2q)
q(1
2q)2
= q(1
2q)2
(1
4q)
(4q 1)(1 q)
6
(4q
q)(1
2q
q)
p
1
4q 1
9
= q(1
3q
q (1
2q)2
1
(1
2
42q 2
3q + 4q 2 )
0, nn
2
2q)
(1 + q
p
14q 2 + 24q 3 ) 2
12
2q
8q 2
p
14q 2 + 24q 3 ) 2 2q 8q 2 2(1 2q)
24(1 2q)
2
(1 + q 14q + 24q 3 )[2 2q 8q 2 + 4(1 2q)2 ]
48(1 2q)
2
(1 + q 14q + 24q 3 )(3 9q + 4q 2 )
24(1 2q)
3q)(4q 1)(3 6q 8q 2 )
0:
24(1 2q)
(1 + q

Chng minh rng
a2 (b + c)
b2 (c + a)
c2 (a + b)
+
+
b3 + abc + c3
c3 + abc + a3
a3 + abc + b3
2:
299
(Dng c Lm)
"
X
cyc
#"
a2 (b + c)
b3 + abc + c3
Ta cn chng minh
X
cyc
a + abc
a4 + abc
a4 + 2
cyc
X a2 (b3 + abc + c3 )
!2
a2 b2
cyc
cyc
Do
!2
b+c
a2 (b2
a b
a2 b2
2 2
cyc
a2
cyc
bc + c2 ) + 2abc
cyc
cyc
cyc
X a2 (b3 + abc + c3 )
cyc
cyc
b+c
cyc
X a2
b+c
cyc
X
X a2
abc 2
b+c
cyc
abc
cyc
X (a + b + c)(a
b)2
(a + c)(b + c)
cyc
(a + b + c)(a b)2
(a + c)(b + c)
cyc
b)2
(a
c
X
cyc
a4 + abc
cyc
a2 b2
abc
cyc
a2 (a
b)(a
X (a
cyc
c)
b)2
c
0:
cyc
hin nhin ng do n chnh l bt ng thc Schur bc 4. ng thc xy ra khi v

ch khi a = b = c hoc a = b; c = 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
Bi ton 2.84 Cho m; n (3n2 > m2 ) l cc hng s cho trc v a; b; c l cc s
a+b+c=m
thc tha mn
: Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu
a2 + b2 + c2 = n2
thc sau
P = a2 b + b2 c + c2 a:
(V Quc B Cn)
300
Li gii. t a = x +
m
3 ;b
m
3 ;c
=y+
=z+
m
3,
x+y+z =0
x2 + y 2 + z 2 =
3n2 m2
3
3n2
) xy + yz + zx =
)
!2
khi t gi thit bi ton, ta c
m2
6
x=
P = x2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x +
m3
9
x2 y 2 =
cyc
xy
cyc
2xyz
(3n2
cyc
m2 )2
36
v ta c th vit li P nh sau
Ta c
X
cyc
3x
18
2
3n2
= 3+
= 12
m2
3n2
3=2
54
3n2
X
m2
2
9
) max P =
x2 y
3n2
m2
3=2
m2 )
cos 29
m2 )
cos 49
m2 )
cos 89
3n2
3=2
m2
2
+
m2
3=2
2
2
9
m2
cyc
p
8
2(3n2
>
x
=
>
<
p 32
2(3n
y=p 3
>
>
:
2(3n2
z=
3
P =
3n2
3n2
cyc
2
9
3=2
54
2
9
x2 y
)P
ta c
xy
X
324
x2 y 2
(3n2 m2 )2 cyc
Mt khc, cho
m2
!2
3n2
m2
2
m3
9
m3
9
3=2
m3
:
9
X
cyc
x2 y
301
Tng t, ch rng
( x) + ( y) + ( z) = 0
( x)2 + ( y)2 + ( z)2 =
3n2 m2
3
nn ta cng c
X
cyc
3n2
2
9
( x)2 ( y)
2
3n2
2
9
x2 y
cyc
ng thc xy ra khi
3n2
2
9
2(3n2 m2 )
3
2(3n2 m2 )
p 32 2
2(3n m )
3
y=
>
>
:
z=
Vy
min P =
m2
3=2
8
>
>
<x =
2
9
3=2
m2
2
v do
P
3=2
m2
3n2
m3
9
cos 29
cos 49
cos 89
3=2
m2
m3
:
9

c
a b
+ +
b
c a
3+
(a c)2
:
ab + bc + ca
(V Quc B Cn)

(ab + bc + ca)
, (a2 + b2 + c2
,
1
[(a
2
b)2 + (b
ab
bc
c)2 + (a
a b
c
+ +
b
c a
ca) +
c)2 ] +
3(ab + bc + ca) + (a
ab2
bc2
ca2
+
+
c
a
b
ab
c)2
a)2
a(b
c
b(c
a
bc
+
c)2
ca
b)2
c(a
b
(a
(a
c)2
c)2
302

,
c)2 (c + 2a)
c
b)2 (b + 2c) (b
+
b
(a
c)2 (a
b
(a
2b)

b)2 (b + 2c) (b
+
b
(a
c)2 (c + 2a)
c
=
[(a
b) + (b c)]2
b
c
b+2c + c+2a
(a
c)2 (b + 2c)(c + 2a)

2ab + 2bc + 2c2
Ta cn chng minh
a
(b + 2c)(c + 2a)
2ab + 2bc + 2c2
2
2b
a
2
, 4(ab + bc + ca
3abc) + 4b c + 11abc
0:
hin nhin ng.

Bi ton 2.86 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; d, khng c 3 s no ng thi bng 0:
Chng minh rng
X
a
a+b+c
cyc
min 1;
4
1
;
2k 1 3k
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. Nu k
X
cyc
Nu 2
cyc
a
a+b+c
cyc
a
a+b+c
cyc
a
=1
a+b+c+d
1, khi theo bt ng thc Holder, ta c

"
1, khi ta c
X
cyc
ak
(a + b + c)k
ak
(a + b + c)k
cyc
"
cyc
#"
#k
a(a + b + c)
cyc
2k
k+1
!k+1
#k =
a(a + b + c)
2k
X
cyc
2k
2k
k+1
!k+1
2k
2k
k+1
a k+1 + b k+1 + c k+1 + d k+1

[(a + c)2 + (b + d)2 + (a + c)(b + d)]k
303
Do k
1)
a
2k
k+1
2k
k+1
X
cyc
1, nn
+c
2k
k+1
ak
(a + b + c)k
2k
k+1
a+c
2
;
h
a+c
2
cyc
2k
k+1
+d
+2
2k
k+1
b+d
2
b+d
2
2k
k+1
2k
k+1
ik+1
[(a + c)2 + (b + d)2 + (a + c)(b + d)]k

h
ik+1
2k
2k
k+1 + (b + d) k+1
(a
+
c)
1
= k 1
2
[(a + c)2 + (b + d)2 + (a + c)(b + d)]k
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a + c

X
2k
k+1
ak
(a + b + c)k
1
2k
b + d, t t =
a+c
b+d
ktk (k + 1)(t2k + 1)k (t2k 2tk+1 + 2tk 1

(t2k+2 + tk+1 + 1)k+1
2
t=0
f 0 (t) = 0 , 4 t > 0
t2k 2tk+1 + 2tk 1 1 = 0
2
t=0
4
t>0
,
2k
k 1
1
g(t) = t +2t
2=0
tk+1
(k
1)t2k
4tk
+k+1
tk+2
h0k
1; ta c
(t2k + 1)k+1
1
= k 1 f (t)
2k+2
k+1
k
(t
+t
+ 1)
2
f 0 (t) =
g 0 (t) =
1
k+1
(ktk+1
2)
1)
h(t)
tk+2
Do h0 (t) 0, ta suy ra h(t) nghch bin, do g 0 (t) c ti a mt nghim thuc (0; 1],
v t y, ta suy ra g(t) c ti a 2 nghim thuc (0; 1], trong ta bit trc
mt nghim lun tha l 1. T y, ta c th d dng kim tra c
f (t)
min ff (0); f (1)g = min 1;

X
cyc
ak
(a + b + c)k
min
2k+1
3k
1
4
;
2k 1 3k
304
V do
X
cyc
T y, trong trng hp k
P
cyc
a2
(a + b + c)2
4
9
2, s dng bt ng thc Holder, ta c

2P
ak
(a+b+c)k
6 cyc
4
X
cyc
a2
(a+b+c)2
ak
(a + b + c)k
3 k2
7
5
1
3k
4
:
3k

Bi ton 2.87 Cho a; b; c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic nhn. Chng minh rng
r
r
r
b+c a
c+a b
a+b c
+
+
3:
a
b
c
(Virgil Nicula)
Li gii. t
a(b + c
p
B = b + b(c + a
p
C = c + c(a + b
A = a+
y = 1
z = 1
Ch rng
B = (a
= (a
b) +
"
b)
c)
a
p
b) + c(a + b
c+a b
p
p
c(a + b c) + a(b + c
a+b c
p
p
a(b + c a) + b(c + a
p
b(a + c
x = 1
a)
hp
b) 1
a(b + c
p
a(b + c
b+c
a)
p
b(c + a
a+b
c
p
a) + b(c + a
c)
a)
b)
i
b)
b)
= z(a
b)
305
Bt ng thc tng ng vi
r
X
cyc
Xb+c
,
,
b+c
a
2a
(a
b)
cyc
(a
1
B
b)(A
cyc
1
A
B)C
cyc
b)2
zC(a
cyc
c)b
b2 +c2
2
pa
2
tam gic cho l tam gic nhn), khi ta c

p
p
p
c(a + b c)
b(a + c b)
a(b + c
p
p p
p
V b(a + c b)
bc; c(a + b c)
bc, nn ta c
b+c
x = 1
b(a + c
p
p
b
c
p
2 bc
a
=
a
p
b) + c(a + b
c)
(v theo gi thit,
a)
b+c a
p
2 bc
Ta s chng minh rng

y
Tht vy, ta c
)
0;
by + cz
p
p
c(a + b c)
a(b + c a)
p
p
c) + a(b + c a)
3a(b + c a) + c(a + b
p
c(a + b
Do , chng minh y
0, ta ch cn ch ra c
3a(b + c
a) + c(a + b
c)
(a + c
b)2
2c2 + (3b + 2a)c (a b)(4a b) 0

p
y l hm tng theo c v do c
a2 b2 , nn ta ch cn chng minh
p
2(a2 b2 ) + (2a + 3b) a2 b2 (a b)(4a b) 0
,
c)
306
Do b
pa ,
2
p
, (2a + 3b) a2 b2 (a
p
p
, (2a + 3b) a + b
a
ta c
a+b
p
2 a
b)(6a + b)
b(6a + b)
b
v
2(2a + 3b)
6a
b = 5b
2a
Tip theo, ta s chng minh

by + cz
,b+c
V
b)
p
c) + a(b + c
c(a + b
b(c + a
a(b + c
a) +
p
a(b + c
a) +
Ta ch cn chng minh
b(c + a
b)
p
b(c + a
b)
b+c
, f (a) =
b(c + a
p
b(c + a
0
+p
a)
a(b + c
p
c(a + b
b) + c(a + b
b) + 3a(b + c
(b
c)
p
a) + b(c + a
p
a(b + c
a)
b) + 3a(b + c
a)
c) +
p
b(c + a
4(b + c)2 a2 + (b + c)(6b2 + 3bc + 5c2 )a
c(a + b
b)
c)
a)
c)(2b3
b2 c + 4bc2
c3 )
Do f (a) l hm lm, ta d thy

f (a)
Ta c
n
o
p
min f (b); f
b2 + c2
f (b) = c(4b3 b2 c + 10bc2 c3 ) 0

p
p
b2 + c2 = (b + c)(6b2 + 3bc + 5c2 ) b2 + c2 6b4 5b3 c
f
Do
13b2 c2
3bc3
p
b2 + c2
0
f
p
, (b + c)(6b2 + 3bc + 5c2 ) b2 + c2 6b4 + 5b3 c + 13b2 c2 + 3bc3 + 5c4
1
b2 + c2 + bc (6b2 + 3bc + 5c2 ) (6b4 + 5b3 c + 13b2 c2 + 3bc3 + 5c4 )
2
1
=
bc(2b2 bc + 5c2 ) 0
2
5c4
307
Ta ch cn chng minh
p
(b + c) b2 + c2
hin nhin ng v
1
b2 + c2 + bc
2
1
b2 + c2 + bc
2
(b + c)2 (b2 + c2 )
1
bc(4b2 + 4c2
4
bc)
T y, vi ch rng
b3 (a + c
) bB
v
c3 (a + b c) = (b c)[b2 (a b) + c2 (a c) + abc] 0
p
p
) b b(a + c b) c c(a + b c)
h p
i
p
cC = b2 c2 + b b(a + c b) c c(a + b c)
0
b)
(a
c)2
b2
(a
c2
b)2
Ta c
X
zC(a
b)2
c)2 + zC(a
yB(a
b)2
b)2
(a
cyc
(a
b)2
ybcC
+ Cz
c2
yBb2
+ Cz
c2
b)2 (yb + cz)

c
C(a
0:

a2 + b2 + c2
ab3
bc3
ca3
+
+
3a2 + 2b2
3b2 + 2c2
3c2 + 2a2
(V Quc B Cn, Nguyn Hunh Bo Trung)

X
11b2
a2
cyc
X
cyc
z(a
50ab3
3a2 + 2b2
b)2
308

2
3b
v y; z tng t.
trong x = 22c3b26bc
+2c2
Trng hp 1. Nu a b c, khi ta c
y=
22a2 6ac 3c2

2a2 + 3c2
V
22a2
6ac
3c2
2a2
a
+ 3c2
22b2
6bc
2b2
b
+ 3c2
3c2
3b2
b
+ 2c2
a2 (22a2 6ac 3c2 ) 2b2 (22c2 6bc 3b2 )

+
2a2 + 3c2
3b2 + 2c2
2
2
2
2
b (22b
6bc 3c ) 2b (22c2 6bc 3b2 )
+
3b2 + 2c2
3b2 + 2c2
2
2
2
b (16b
18bc + 41c )
=
0
3b2 + 2c2
) a2 y + 2b2 x =
Tng t, ta c
22a2
6ac
2a2
1
+ 3c2
3c2
2a2
22a2
1
+ 3b2
3b2
6ab
3a2
1
+ 2b2
22a2 6ac 3c2

2(22b2 6ab 3a2 )
+
2
2
2a + 3c
3a2 + 2b2
2
2
2(22b2 6ab 3a2 )
22a
6ab 3b
+
3a2 + 2b2
3a2 + 2b2
2
2
16a
18ab + 41b
0
=
3a2 + 2b2
n 2
o
c)2 max ab2 (b c)2 ; (a b)2 , ta c
) y + 2z =
Khi , ch rng (a
2
z(a
b)2 = [y(a
c)2 + 2x(b
c)2 ] + [y(a
c)2 + 2z(a
b)2 ]
cyc
a2
(b c)2 + 2x(b c)2 + [y(a b)2 + 2z(a
b2
(b c)2 2
(a y + 2b2 x) + (a b)2 (y + 2z) 0
=
b2
y
Trng hp 2. Nu c
b
x=
a, ta c
22c2 6bc 3b2
3b2 + 2c2
13c2
3b2 + 2c2
13
5
b)2 ]
309
z=
13b2
3a2 + 2b2
22b2 6ab 3b2

3a2 + 2b2
13
5
Suy ra
x(b
c)2 + z(a
13
[(b
5
b)2
c)2 + (a
b)2 ]
13
(a
10
c)2
13
+y
10
, 3c2 + 82a2
20ac
0:
hin nhin ng.

Bi ton 2.89 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c, khng c 2 s no ng thi bng 0:

Chng minh rng
4
a2 + bc
b2 + ca
c2 + ab
+
+
2
2
(b + c)
(c + a)
(a + b)2
3+
3(a2 + b2 + c2 )
:
ab + bc + ca
(Ji Chen)
X
cyc
2
)0
2
a
b+c
cyc
!2
ab
cyc
cyc
cyc
!2
ab
X
cyc
a
b+c
310
Suy ra
2
X a2 + bc
4
+
(b + c)2
cyc
X a2 + bc
4
(b + c)2
cyc
= 4
X (a
cyc
= 4
X (a
cyc
(a
!2
cyc
ab
cyc
cyc
2
b)(a c)
+
(b + c)2
cyc
b)(a
4
(b + c)2
c)
cyc
!2
ab
cyc
ab
c) cyc
P
+
b)(a
(b + c)2
a
b+c
cyc
a2
cyc
ab
P
3 a2
cyc
+3+ P
ab
cyc
P
3 a2
1
cyc
+3+ P
ab
ab + bc + ca
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
X
(a
b)(a
c)
cyc
,4
,4
X a(a
cyc
b)(a
c)
X a(a
b)(a
b+c
c)
cyc
cyc
(a
b)(a
b+c
X a(a
cyc
b)(a
b+c
1
ab + bc + ca
4[bc + a(b + c)]

(b + c)2
(a
X (a
cyc
b) (b
c) (c
a)
b)(a c)(b
(b + c)2
c)
c)2
a +3
cyc
c)
c, khi
4(a
b)
a(a c)
b+c
4(a
b)2 (a2 + b2 + ab
(a + c)(b + c)
cyc
(a + b)2 (b + c)2 (c + a)2
4
4
(b + c)2
ab
b(b c)
b+c
c2 )
8ab(a b)2
(a + c)(b + c)
311
v
8
>
<(a
P
b)2 (bP c)2 (c a)2 a2 b2 (a b)2

a + 3 ab a2 + 2b2 + 3(2ab + b2 ) = (a + b)(a + 5b)
2
cyc
>
:cyc
(a + b)2 (b + c)2 (c + a)2
ab(a + c)(b + c)(a + b)2

!
P
P
a2 + 3 ab
b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2
cyc
cyc
ab(a b)2 (a + 5b)
(a + b)2 (b + c)2 (c + a)2
(a + b)(a + c)(b + c)
(a
)
Ta cn phi chng minh

8ab(a b)2
(a + c)(b + c)
ab(a b)2 (a + 5b)

(a + b)(a + c)(b + c)
, 8(a + b)
a + 5b
, 7a + 3b
0:
hin nhin ng.

Nhn xt 23 Ta c mt kt qu tng t l
a2 + bc b2 + ca c2 + ab
+ 2
+ 2
b2 + c2
c + a2
a + b2
a2 + b2 + c2
ab + bc + ca
7
(V Quc B Cn)
Tht vy, bt ng thc tng ng vi

X 2a2
cyc
(a2
b2 )
cyc
b2
c
(b
b2 + c2
a2
c)
cyc
P
+
2
cyc
ab
ab
0
cyc
1
+ c2
X (a b)2 X
1
(a b)2
+
2
2
2
+c
a +b
2(ab + bc + ca)
cyc
cyc
X
,
z(a b)2 0
a2
cyc
trong x =
(b+c)
(a2 +b2 )(a2 +c2 )
1
2(ab+bc+ca)
(a2
(a + b)2
+ c2 )(b2 + c2 )
(a2
1
b2 +c2
v y; z tng t.
c, khi ta c
(a + c)2
+ b2 )(b2 + c2 )
(a2
(b + c)2
+ b2 )(a2 + c2 )
312
1
a2 + b2
1
a2 + c2
)z
1
b2 + c2
x
Ta s chng minh
a2 y + b2 x
,
a2 (a + c)2
b2 (b + c)2
a2 + b2
1
+
+
a2 + b2
b2 + c2
a2 + c2
2(ab + bc + ca)
,
a2
b2
a2
+
a2 + c2
b2 + c2
1
a2 (a2 + c2 ) b2 (b2 + c2 )
a3
2c
b3
+
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
+b
b +c
a +c
a +b
b +c
b + c2
a2 + b2
c2
c2
+
+ 2
+
2
2(ab + bc + ca) a + c2
b2 + c2
Ta c
a2 (a2 + c2 ) b2 (b2 + c2 )
+
b2 + c2
a2 + c2
)
v
a2
a2
b2 =
(a2
b2 )2 (a2 + b2 + c2 )
(a2 + c2 )(b2 + c2 )
a2 (a2 + c2 ) b2 (b2 + c2 )
1
+
2
+b
b2 + c2
a2 + c2
2a3
2b3
+
b2 + c2
b2 + c2
2(a2 + b2 )2
(a + b)(ab + c2 )
(a + b)(a2 + b2 )
ab + c2
Suy ra
a3
b3
a2 + b2
+
+
b2 + c2
b2 + c2
2(ab + bc + ca)
a2 + b2
c(a + b)
+
ab + c2
2(ab + bc + ca)
c(a + b) (a b)2 2c(a + b)
= 1+
+
ab + c2
2(ab + bc + ca)
(a b)2
c2 (a + b)(a + b c)
= 1+
+
2(ab + bc + ca) (ab + c2 )(ab + bc + ca)
2c
2
a + b2
) a2 y + b2 x
Khi t z
x, ta c z
y
(a
0. Tip theo, vi ch rng

c)2
a2
(b
b2
c)2
313
Ta c
X
b)2
z(a
x(b
c)2 + y
cyc
a2
(b
b2
c)2 =
(b
c)2
b2
(a2 y + b2 x)
0:
Bi ton 2.90 Cho cc s dng a; b; c; d tha mn a+b+c+d = abc+bcd+cda+dab.

Chng minh rng
a+b+c+d+
2a
2b
2c
2d
+
+
+
a+1 b+1 c+1 d+1
8:
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. t x = a + b + c + d = abc + bcd + cda + dab, khi t bt ng thc

AM-GM, ta c x 4. Ch rng
v
!
!
u
X
X
u X
t
2
ab 3
a
abc = 3x
sym
cyc
cyc

X 2a
a+1
cyc
2x2
2x2
P 2 =
P
2
a
ab
x+
x+x
2
cyc
x2
2x2
2x
=
+ x 3x
x 2
sym
Ta cn chng minh
2x
x+
, (x
2
4)2
8
0:
hin nhin ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = d = 1:

Bi ton 2.91 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng
8
1 1 1
+ +
a b
c
+9
10(a2 + b2 + c2 ):
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
314
)16
16
a
1; 23
c)a
16
b
20b2
69 + 84b =
16
b
5 (2b
1)2
16
c
20c2
69 + 84c =
16
c
5 (2c
1)2
1 1
+
b
c
b; 1
c. Ta c
20(b2 + c2 )
= 138
v
16
b
84(b + c) +
20a2 + 18 + 138
1
a
1
a
=
=
16
c
1)2 +
5 (2b
5 (2c
1)2
84(b + c)
1
a
5 (2a
2)2 =
5 [(2b
1)2 + (2c
5 [(2b
1) + (2c
1)2 + 2(2b
1)(2c
1)]2
1)]
Khi , ta c th vit li bt ng thc nh sau

16 1
+
b
a
Do a
16 1
+
c
a
1)2 +
10 (2b
c > 0, ta c a = 3
16 1
+
c
a
1)2
10 (2c
3
10
1
a
2 5
(2b
b v
16 1
+
b
a
10
Mt khc, ta c
16 1
+
b
a
Suy ra, nu (2b
Nu (2b 1)(2c
10
16
1
+
b
3 b
10 =
5(3
2b)(3 b) + 3
>0
b(3 b)
1)(2c 1) 0, th bt ng thc l hin nhin.

1) 0 v b 1, ta c
16 1
+
b
a
)
10
16 1
+
c
a
1
a
10
16 2
+
b
a
16 1
+
b
a
10
15 >
16
b
15 > 0
1
>0
a
1)(2c
1)
315
Do
16 1
+
b
a
1
a
5
Nu (2b
1)(2c
16 1
+
b
a
1)
1)2 + (2c
1)2 ]
0 v b
1, ta c c
1
2
1
a
=
=
Do b
16 1
+
b
a
1, ta ca = 3
16 1
+
c
a
7
6
1
a
16 1
+
c
a
10
5
2
100
7
4b)(56
7b(5 2b)
10
6
7
1
a
2 5
)a
16 13
+
b
7a
2(5
1)2
10 (2c
[(2b
6
7
10
16 1
+
c
a
1)2 +
10 (2b
(2b
b; b
5
4.
1)(2c
1)
Ta c
100
7
16
13
+
b
7 25 b
25b)
0
1
a
c, suy ra
16 13 95
16
13
+
+
c
6a
7
c
6(2 c)
(1 c)(178 95c) + 14
=
>0
6c(2 c)
10
7
6
96
6
1
a
Do
16 1
+
b
a
10 (2b
5
1
a
16 1
+
c
a
7
1)2 + (2c
6
1)2 +
6
(2b
7
10 (2c
1)2
1)2
2 5
1
a
(2b
1)(2c
1):
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = 2; b = c =

1
2
p
Bi ton 2.92 Cho a; b; c 2 0; 3 1 tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1: Chng
minh rng
3(a + b + c) 4(1 + abc):
(Jack Garfunkel)
316
p
a
Li gii. Do tnh i xng, gi s a
b
c) 3 1
3(a + b + c) 4(1 + abc), ta s chng minh
!
r
r
1 a
1 a
f (a; b; c) f a;
;
2
2
h
,3 b+c
,
i
a) + 2a(1
2(1
3[(b + c)2 + 2a 2]
p
+ 2a(1
b + c + 2(1 a)
a
a
1
2.
2bc)
t f (a; b; c) =
2bc)
c)2 + 2(2bc + a 1)]

p
+ 2a(1 a 2bc) 0
b + c + 2(1 a)
"
#
3(b c)2
3
p
p
,
+ 2(1 a 2bc) a
b + c + 2(1 a)
b + c + 2(1 a)
,
3[(b
Ch rng (1 + a)(1
,
c)2 , bt ng thc tng ng

"
#
2(b c)2
3
p
+
a
0
1+a
a)
b + c + 2(1 a)
2bc) = (b
3(b c)2
p
b + c + 2(1
,
3(a + 1)
p
b + c + 2(1
+ 2a
a)
1 nn
a2 + (b + c)2
Suy ra
3(1 a)
p
b + c + 2(1
2a
a)
a)
p
a + 2(1
a;
a)
3(1

r
a)
a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1
p
p
1 a2
1 a
)b+c
2a
6
p
b + c + 2(1
3(1 a)
p
b + c + 2(1
, 2a
Do a
h
p
, 3 a + 2(1
i
a)
a
2
2a(1
a)
= 2a
a)
3 p
1
2+1
a>0
317
t t2 = 2(1
a) (t
0) ) 1
t2
1; a =
bt ng thc tr thnh
t2
t2
+t
2 t2
2 ,
1
(t 1)2 (t2 + 2t 2) 0:
2
hin nhin ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c =
p
p
3 1
3 1 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
2 ;a =
,
1
2
hoc b = c =
Nhn xt 24 t a = sin A2 ; b = sin B2 ; c = sin C2 th A; B; C l 3 gc ca mt tam

p
gic v A; B; C
2 arcsin 3 1 , ta c bt ng thc Jack Garfunkel vi mt
gi thit "lng" hn l
sin
A
B
C
+ sin + sin
2
2
2
4
3
1 + sin
A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2
Bi ton 2.93 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn abc 1. Chng minh rng vi mi

k 1, ta c
a+k b+k
c+k
a+b+c
+
+
:
b+k
c+k a+k
(Phm Kim Hng)
,
k
b+k
(a + k) 1
cyc
X b(a + k)
b+k
cyc
+ (k
1)
3k
cyc
+ (k
1)
3k
cyc

X b(a + k)
cyc
b+k
p
3
3 abc
p
3
3 abc
cyc
Do
X b(a + k)
cyc
b+k
+ (k
1)
3 + 3(k
1) = 3k:
cyc
318

Chng minh rng
p
p
p
p
2
2
2
2
(a + b + c)2 :
a a + bc + b b + ca + c c + ab
3
(V Quc B Cn)
X p
X p
a 2(a2 + bc)
a (a + b)(a + c)
cyc
cyc
X hp
a
2(a2 + bc)
cyc
X
cyc
i
p
(a + b)(a + c)
a(a b)(a c)
p
p
2
2(a + bc) + (a + b)(a + c)
Do tnh i xng, ta c th gi s a b c, khi ta c

p
p
p
a (b + c)(b + a) b (a + b)(a + c); a 2(b2 + ca)
T
a
p
p
2
2(a + bc) + (a + b)(a + c)
Nn
X
cyc
a(a b)(a c)
p
p
2
2(a + bc) + (a + b)(a + c)
"
a
p
(a b) p
2
2(a + bc) + (a + b)(a + c)
X p
a (a + b)(a + c)
cyc
X
cyc
a (a + b)(a + c) + 2
X
cyc
2(b2
2(a2 + bc)
b
p
+ ca) + (b + c)(b + a)
b
p
p
2
2(b + ca) + (b + c)(b + a)
2
3
X
cyc
!2
p
ab (a + b)2 (a + c)(b + c)
4
9
X
cyc
!4
319
(a + b)2 (a + c)(b + c) = (a2 + ab + bc + ca)(b2 + ab + bc + ca)
(ab + ab + bc + ca)2
Ta cn chng minh
X
a (a + b)(a + c) + 2
cyc
4
9
ab(2ab + ac + bc)
cyc
!4
cyc
Do tnh thun nht, ta chun ha cho a + b + c = 1. t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc,

khi ta c
X
X
a2 (a + b)(a + c) =
a2 (a + bc) = 1 3q + 4r
cyc
cyc
ab(2ab + ac + bc) = 2
cyc
!2
ab
cyc
a2 bc = 2q 2
2r
cyc
Bt ng thc tr thnh
1
3q + 4r + 2(2q 2
,
1
(1
9
3q)(5
4
9
2r)
12q)
0:
hin nhin ng do q 31 :
Bi ton 2.95 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn abc = 1. Chng minh rng
a+3
b+3
c+3
+
+
2
2
(a + 1)
(b + 1)
(c + 1)2
3:
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Li gii. Ta c mt ch rng lun c t nht 2 trong 3 s a; b; c, chng hn a; b sao

cho (a 1)(b 1) 0 ) 1 + ab a + b. Ta c
1
1
+
2
(a + 1)
(b + 1)2
)
v
1
ab(a b)2 + (ab 1)2
=
1 + ab
(1 + ab)(1 + a)2 (1 + b)2
1
1
+
(a + 1)2
(b + 1)2
1
1
+
a+1 b+1
4
a+b+2
1
c
=
1 + ab
c+1
4
4c
=
ab + 3
1 + 3c
320
Do
b+3
a+3
+
2
(a + 1)
(b + 1)2
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
2
2
(a + 1)
(b + 1)
a+1 b+1
2c
4c
+
c + 1 1 + 3c
= 2
Ta cn chng minh
2c
4c
c+3
+
+
c + 1 1 + 3c (c + 1)2
,
4c
1 + 3c
, 4(c + 1)2
c(c + 3)
(c + 1)2
(c + 3)(3c + 1)
1)2
, (c
0:
hin nhin ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1 hoc a ! +1; b !

+1; c ! 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
Bi ton 2.96 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; d; k: Chng minh rng
1+
ka
b+c
1+
kb
c+d
1+
kc
d+a
1+
kd
a+b
(1 + k)2 :
(Vasile Cirtoaje)
Li gii. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s (a c)(d

nu (a c)(d b) 0, ta ly (a0 ; b0 ; c0 ; d0 ) = (b; c; d; a) khi
P (a0 ; b0 ; c0 ; d0 ) =
1+
ka
b+c
1+
kb
c+d
1+
kc
d+a
c)
b)
1+
0. Tht vy,
kd
a+b
= P (a; b; c; d)
v
(a0
c0 )(d0
b0 ) = (b
d)(a
T y, ta c
1+
ka
b+c
1+
kb
c+d
1+k
a
b
+
b+c c+d
1+
k(a + b)2
ab + bc + ac + bd
1+
kc
d+a
1+
kd
a+b
1+k
c
d
+
d+a a+b
1+
k(c + d)2
cd + da + ac + bd
321
Suy ra
P (a; b; c; d)
1+
"
Mt khc, ta c
k(a + b)2
ab + bc + ac + bd
k(c + d)2
cd + da + ac + bd
#2
k(a + b)(c + d)
1+
1+ p
(ab + bc + ac + bd)(cd + da + ac + bd)
(a + b)(c + d)
p
(ab + bc + ac + bd)(cd + da + ac + bd)
2(a + b)(c + d)
2(a + b)(c + d)
ab + bc + cd + da + 2ac + 2bd
(ab + bc + cd + da + 2ac + 2bd) = (a
c)(d
b)
0:
Do bt ng thc cn chng minh ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a =

c; b = d = 0 hoc a = c = 0; b = d.
Chng minh rng
a
a+b
b
b+c
c
c+a
3 a2 + b2 + c2
:
4 ab + bc + ca
(Nguyn Vn Thch)

4
X a2 [c(a + b) + ab]
(a + b)2
cyc
,4
X ca2
X a3 b
+4
a+b
(a + b)2
cyc
cyc

4
X
cyc
Ta cn chng minh
2
a3 b
(a + b)2
X ca2
a+b
cyc
a2
cyc
a2
cyc
X
cyc
a2
X
cyc
a2
322

,
a2
cyc
ab + 2abc
cyc
X
cyc
1
a+b

2abc
X
cyc
9abc
P
a
1
a+b
cyc
X
a2
cyc
X
cyc
9abc
ab + P
a
a3 + 3abc
cyc
cyc
ab(a + b):
cyc
y chnh l bt ng thc Schur bc 3. Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v

ch khi a = b = c:
Chng minh rng
a
b
c
3abc
+
+
+
b + c c + a a + b 2(a2 b + b2 c + c2 a)
2:
(Bch Ngc Thnh Cng)

Li gii. Trc ht, ta s chng minh kt qu sau
2(a2 + b2 + c2 )
abc
+ 2
(a + b + c)2
a b + b2 c + c2 a
,
a2 b
abc
+ b2 c + c2 a
, abc(a + b + c)2
,
2(ab + bc + ca) a2 b2
(a + b + c)2
[2(ab + bc + ca)
a2 b(a
b)2
abc
cyc
a2
X
b2
a2
cyc
c2 ](a2 b + b2 c + c2 a)
!
X
ab
cyc
T y, gi s c = min fa; b; cg v t a = c + x; b = c + y (x; y

dng bin i bt ng thc v dng sau
(x2
xy + y 2 )c3 + (2x3
3x2 y + 2y 3 )c2 + (x2
y 2 )(x2
c2
xy
0), ta c th d
y 2 )c + x2 y(x
y)2
323
Nu y x hoc x
chng minh
f (c) = (2x3
3y th bt ng thc trn l hin nhin. Nu 3y

3x2 y + 2y 3 )c2 + (x2
y 2 )(x2
y 2 )c + x2 y(x
xy
x
y)2
y; ta s
0
Ta c
f
= (x2 y 2 )2 (x2 xy y 2 )2 4x2 y(x y)2 (2x3 3x2 y + 2y 3 )

= (x y)2 [(x + y)2 (x2 xy y 2 )2 4x2 y(2x3 3x2 y + 2y 3 )]
(x y)2 [(x + x)2 (x2 xy y 2 )2 4x2 y(2x3 3x2 y + 2y 3 )]
= 4x2 (x y)2 [(x2 xy y 2 )2 y(2x3 3x2 y + 2y 3 )]
= 4x2 (x y)3 [x2 (x 3y) + y 2 (y x)] 0
Vy nn bt ng thc trn ng.

Tr li bi ton ca ta, s dng bt ng thc trn, ta ch cn chng minh c
P
3 a2
X a
1
cyc
!2
b
+
c
2
P
cyc
a
cyc
,
,
1X
2
(a
cyc
(a b)
(a + c)(b + c)
(a
b)2
0
(a + b + c)2
b)(a2
b2 )[(a + b + c)2
b)(a2
2(a + c)(b + c)]
(a
c2
a2 + c2
b)(a2
b2 )(a2 + b2
c2 )
cyc
(a
cyc
cyc
a2 + b2
b2
b2 )(a2 + b2
b
0;
c; khi ta c
(a
c)(a2
c2 )
(b
c)(b2
c2 )
c2 )
cyc
(a c)(a2 c2 )(a2 + c2
(b c)(b2 c2 )(a2 + c2
= 2c2 (b c)(b2 c2 ) 0:
b2 ) + (b
b2 ) + (b
c)(b2
c)(b2
c2 )(b2 + c2
c2 )(b2 + c2
a2 )
a2 )

a = b; c = 0 hoc cc hon v.
324
Bi ton 2.99 Cho cc s dng x; y; z tha mn xyz = 1: Chng minh rng

1
1
1
2
+
+
+
2
2
2
(1 + x)
(1 + y)
(1 + z)
(1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z)
1:
(Phm Vn Thun)
Li gii. Do x; y; z > 0; xyz = 1 nn tn ti cc s dng a; b; c sao cho x = ab ; y =
a
c
b ; z = c : Khi bt ng thc tr thnh
X
cyc
a2
2abc
+
(a + b)2
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

#"
#
"
X
X
a2
(a + b)2 (a + c)2
(a + b)2
cyc
cyc
a2 +
cyc
!2
ab
cyc
P
cyc
a2 +
cyc
!2
ab
(a + b)2 (a + c)2
2abc
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
cyc
2abc
,
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
a2 +
cyc
!2
ab
cyc
(a + b)2 (a + c)2
cyc
2abc
,
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
4abc
(a +
cyc
b)2 (a
+ c)2
cyc
(a + b)2 (a + c)2
2(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
cyc
cyc
t m = a + b; n = b + c; p = c + a th bt ng thc tr thnh
m2 + n2 + n2 p2 + p2 m2
mnp(m + n + p):
Bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng theo bt ng thc AM-GM. Vy ta c pcm.

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1 hoc x ! 0; y ! +1; z ! +1 hoc
cc hon v tng ng.
325
Nhn xt 25 Chng ta cng c 2 li gii khc cho bi ton ny, xem [2]. C 2 li
gii , chng u s dng nhng cng c c bit v kh c sc nhng theo quan
nim bn thn, chng ti thy rng nhng li gii s dng bt ng thc kinh in
gii bt ng thc lun l nhng li gii c sc v hp dn nht, chng lun d
hiu v khng i hi chng ta phi c mt kin thc g cao xa c.
Chng ta cng c mt kt qu tng t l
b2
c2
ab + bc + ca
a2
+
+
+
2
2
2
(a + b)
(b + c)
(c + a)
4(a2 + b2 + c2 )
1
(V Quc B Cn)
chng minh kt qu ny, chng ta cn c b sau

a4 b2 + b4 c2 + c4 a2 + 6a2 b2 c2
3
abc(a2 b + b2 c + c2 a + ab2 + bc2 + ca2 )
2
t x = a2 b; y = b2 c; z = c2 a th bt ng thc trn tr thnh

p
3 p
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 6 3 x2 y 2 z 2
[ 3 xyz (x + y + z) + xy + yz + zx]
2
Chun ha cho xyz = 1 th bt ng thc tr thnh
f (x; y; z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 6
Gi s x = min fx; y; zg ) t =
f (x; y; z)
f (x;
p
yz; yz)
yz
=
3
2
x+y+z+
1
1 1
+ +
x y z
1; ta c
1 p
y
2
1 p
y
2
1 p
y
2
y+
p
8 yz
(8
p
3
3)
1
; t; t
t2
1)2 + t2 + 1]
3
yz
3
yz
0
p p
f (x; yz; yz) = f
) f (x; y; z)
=
(t
1)2 [(t2
2t
2t4
Bt ng thc va pht biu trn c chng minh. Tr li vi bt ng thc ban

u, bng bin i tng ng, ta thy bt ng thc tng ng vi
P
P 4 2
P
ab
a b
2abc ab(a + b) 7a2 b2 c2
cyc
cyc
cyc
P
+
0
4 a2
(a + b)2 (b + c)2 (c + a)2
cyc
326
Theo kt trn, ta ch cn chng minh c

P
P
abc ab(a + b) + 26a2 b2 c2
ab
cyc
cyc
P
4 a2
2(a + b)2 (b + c)2 (c + a)2
cyc
Chun ha cho a + b + c = 1; t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc; khi bt ng thc tng

ng
q
r(q 3r) + 26r2
2(1 2q)
(q r)2
, q(q
, (93q
r)2
2r(q + 23r)(1
2
46)r + 2q(q
1)r + q
2q)
3
y l mt hm lm theo r; li c
f (0) = q 3
v khi b = c = 1 th bt ng thc tr thnh

2a + 1
a2 + 2
,
,
2a(2a2 + 2a + 2 + 26a)
4(a + 1)4
2a + 1
a2 + 2
(a3
a(a2 + 14a + 1)
(a + 1)4
3a + 6a + 1)(a 1)2
(a2 + 2)(a + 1)4
0:
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng nn ta c pcm.
Bi ton 2.100 Cho cc s khng m x; y; z; khng c 2 s no ng thi bng 0:

Chng minh rng
s
s
r
p
8x2 + yz
8y 2 + zx
8z 2 + xy
9 2
+
+
:
y2 + z2
z 2 + x2
x2 + y 2
2
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. S dng bt ng thc GM-HM, ta c
s
s
p
2 2
X 8x2 + yz X 8x2 + y2y2 +zz 2
p X 4x2 (y 2 + z 2 ) + y 2 z 2
=
2
y2 + z2
y2 + z2
y2 + z2
cyc
cyc
cyc
327
t a = x2 ; b = y 2 ; c = z 2 th ta cn chng minh
p
X bc + 4ab + 4ac
b+c
cyc
9
2
Bnh phng 2 v, ta c bt ng thc tng ng

p
X a
X [4ab + c(4a + b)][4ab + c(a + 4b)]
X ab + bc + ca
+3
+2
(b + c)2
b+c
(a + c)(b + c)
cyc
cyc
cyc
Vi mi x; y
81
4
0; ta c
4(x2 + 3xy + y 2 )2
xy(x y)2
=
(x + y)2
(x + y)2
(4x + y)(x + 4y)
p
(4x + y)(x + 4y)
2(x2 + 3xy + y 2 )
x+y
T y, s dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c

p
p
X [4ab + c(4a + b)][4ab + c(a + 4b)]
X 4ab + c (4a + b)(a + 4b)
(a + c)(b + c)
(a + c)(b + c)
cyc
cyc
X 4ab +
(a + c)(b + c)
cyc
2c(a2 +3ab+b2 )
a+b
X 2ab(a + b) + c(a2 + 3ab + b2 )

(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
!
!
P
P
a
ab
cyc
6
=
cyc
cyc
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
Ta cn chng minh
X ab + bc + ca
cyc
(b + c)2
+3
X
cyc
12
a
ab
cyc
cyc
a
+
b + c (a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
Trong bi vit CYH technique, chng ta chng minh

X ab + bc + ca
cyc
(b + c)2
9
4
81
4
328
X
cyc
a
ab
12
cyc
cyc
a
+
b + c (a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
a3 + 3abc
cyc
18
ab(a + b):
cyc
Bt ng thc cui chnh l bt ng thc Schur bc 3. Vy ta c pcm. ng thc

xy ra khi x = y = z hoc x = y; c = 0 v cc hon v tng ng.
Nhn xt 26 Ngoi ra, chng ta cn c mt kt qu kh kinh ngc l
s
47x2 y 2 y 2 + 2xy + 2xz + 14yz
2(8x2 + yz)
y2 + z2
5(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + 2(xy + yz + zx)
(V Quc B Cn)
Vi ng thc xy ra khi (x; y; z) (1; 1; 1); (0; 1; 1); (1; 1; 0):
Chng ta c th d dng kim tra c
X 47x2
cyc
5(x2
y 2 y 2 + 2xy + 2xz + 14yz

=9
+ y 2 + z 2 ) + 2(xy + yz + zx)
Nn bt ng thc ny cht hn bt ng thc bi ton ban u rt nhiu. Hin nay

vn cha c mt li gii n gin no cho bt ng thc trn.
Bi ton 2.101 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; d; khng c 3 s no ng thi bng 0:

Chng minh rng
a(2a + b) b(2b + c)
c(2c + d) d(2d + a)
+
+
+
a+b+c
b+c+d c+d+a
d+a+b
a + b + c + d:
(Park Doo Sung)

X a(2a + b)
cyc
a+b+c
X a(a c)
a+b+c
cyc
cyc
329
, (a
,
(a
c)
a
a+b+c
c
+ (b
a+c+d
c)2 (a + c) + (a c)(ad
(a + b + c)(a + c + d)
bc)
(b
d)
b
b+c+d
d
a+b+d
d)2 (b + d) + (b d)(ab
(a + b + d)(b + c + d)
0
cd)
Ch l
2(ad
2(ab
bc) = (a
cd) = (b
c)(b + d)
d)(a + c)
(b
(a
d)(a + c)
c)(b + d)
T y, ta c th bin i bt ng thc v
(a
c)2 (2a + 2c + b + d) (a2 c2 )(b d)

(a + b + c)(a + c + d)
(b d)2 (2b + 2d + a + c) (a c)(b2
+
(a + b + d)(b + c + d)
d2 )
(a c)2 (2a + 2c + b + d) (b d)2 (2b + 2d + a + c)

+
(a + b + c)(a + c + d)
(a + b + d)(b + c + d)
a+c
b+d
(a c)(b d)
+
(a + b + c)(a + c + d) (a + b + d)(b + c + d)
Nu (a c)(b d) 0 th bt ng thc hin nhin. Nu (a

bt ng thc AM-GM
c)(b
d)
0; s dng
(a c)2 (2a + 2c + b + d) (b d)2 (2b + 2d + a + c)

+
(a + b + c)(a + c + d)
(a + b + d)(b + c + d)
s
(2a + 2c + b + d)(2b + 2d + a + c)
2(a c)(b d)
(a + b + c)(a + c + d)(a + b + d)(b + c + d)
Do , chng minh bt ng thc cho, ta ch cn chng minh c 2 bt ng
thc sau
s
(2a + 2c + b + d)(2b + 2d + a + c)
a+c
(a + b + c)(a + c + d)(a + b + d)(b + c + d)
(a + b + c)(a + c + d)
s
(2a + 2c + b + d)(2b + 2d + a + c)
(a + b + c)(a + c + d)(a + b + d)(b + c + d)
b+d
(a + b + d)(b + c + d)
Chng hn, ta s chng minh bt ng thc th nht, bt ng thc tng ng

(2a + 2c + b + d)(2b + 2d + a + c)
(a + b + d)(b + c + d)
(a + c)2
(a + b + c)(a + c + d)
330
t x = a + c; y = b + d; ta c
(2a + 2c + b + d)(2b + 2d + a + c)
(a + b + d)(b + c + d)
=
(a + c)2
(a + b + c)(a + c + d)
V
4(2x + y)
x + 2y
4(2a + 2c + b + d)(2b + 2d + a + c)
(a + c + 2b + 2d)2
4(2x + y)
x + 2y
(a + c)2
x
=
(a + c)(a + c + b + d)
x+y
x
7x2 + 10xy + 4y 2
=
>0
x+y
(x + y)(x + 2y)
nn bt ng thc ng. Tng t, ta cng c

s
(2a + 2c + b + d)(2b + 2d + a + c)
(a + b + c)(a + c + d)(a + b + d)(b + c + d)
b+d
:
(a + b + d)(b + c + d)
Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi a = c; b = d:

s
r
r
r
p
p
p
a(b + c)
b(c + a)
c(a + b)
a+ b+ c
+
+
2
2
2
a + bc
b + ca
c + ab
1
1
1
p +p +p :
a
c
b
(Phm Hu c)

s
X a(b + c)
X
ab(a + c)(b + c)
+2
2 + bc
2 + bc)(b2 + ca)
a
(a
cyc
cyc
Xp
cyc
X 1
p
a
cyc
Ch l
(a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)
ab(a + c)(b + c) = c(a + b)(a

s
X
ab(a + c)(b + c)
)
3
2 + bc)(b2 + ca)
(a
cyc
X a(b + c)
cyc
a2 + bc
+6
Xp
cyc
X 1
p
a
cyc
b)2
331
,
,
Xb+c
p
bc
cyc
X
cyc
b+c
p
bc
cyc
2 p
p
b
c
X6
p
,
4
2 bc
cyc
X a(b + c)
a2 + bc
a(b + c)
a2 + bc
p
(b + c) a
bc
p
+
2 bc(a2 + bc)
0
0
2
3
7
5
0:
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c:

r
p r
r
r
b
c
a
3 3
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
a
+b
+c
:
c+a
a+b
b+c
4
a+b+c
(Mathnfriends contest)
Li gii. t x = bc; y = ca; z = ab; bin i, ta c bt ng thc tng ng
p s
y
z
3 3
(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
x
p
+p
+p
x+y
y+z
4
xy + yz + zx
z+x
p
X
x
1
3 3
p
p
p
,
4 xy + yz + zx
(x + y)(x + z)
(x + y)(y + z)
cyc
S dng bt ng thc sp xp li (vi gi thit y l s hng nm gia), ta thy

x
1
y
1
p
p
+p
(x + y)(x + z)
(y + z)(z + x)
(y + z)(y + x)
(y + z)(y + x)
1
y
z
1
p
=
+p
+p
(y + z)(y + x)
(z + x)(z + y)
(z + x)(x + y)
(y + z)(y + x)
"
#
r
1
y
xy + yz + zx
= p
1+ p
xy + yz + zx
(y + z)(y + x)
(y + z)(y + x)
q
p
xy+yz+zx
t u = p y
1 ) (y+z)(y+x)
= 1 u2 . Theo bt ng thc AM-GM,
VT
(y+z)(y+x)
xy + yz + zx
(y + z)(y + x)
1+ p
(y + z)(y + x)
=
=
p
(1 + u) 1
u2 =
p
(1 + u)3 (1
(1 + u) (1 + u) (1 + u) 3(1
3
s
p
4
(3/2)
3 3
=
:
3
4
u)
u)
332

3) tha mn a21 + a22 +
Bi ton 2.104 Cho cc s khng m a1 ; a2 ; :::; an (n

a2n = 1: Chng minh rng
1
p (a1 + a2 +
3
+ an )
a1 a2 + a2 a3 +
+ an a1 :
Li gii. t
1
fn (a1 ; a2 ; :::; an ) = p (a1 + a2 +
3
+ an )
a1 a2
a2 a3
an a1
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a1 = max fa1 ; a2 ; :::; an g :

p1 th
Nu an
3
fn (a1 ; a2 ; :::; an )
1
= p
3
an
an
fn
1 (an 2
a1 ; a2 ; :::; an
+ an
+ an )
an a1
a2n
) fn (a1 ; a2 ; :::; an )
Nu an
p1
3
p1
3
) a1
fn (a1 ; a2 ; :::; an )
1
= p
3
+an
1
p
3
an
q
a2n
an
) an
fn
+ a2n
2 + an
q
a2n
an
1
p
3
) fn (a1 ; a2 ; :::; an )
fn
2 an 1
= an
an
3;
2
2 + an
an
2
2 + an
an
+ a2n
q
+ a1 ) a2n
an
2;
Ta c
q
a2n
a2n
a1 ; a2 ; :::; an
p1 :
3
an
1
p
3
fn
+ (an
a1 ; a2 ; :::; an
2 + an
+ a2n
2;
q
a2n
1
q
a2n
+ a2n
+ a2n
1 ; an
q
a2n
+ a2n
q
a2n
+ an
+ a2n
+ an
+ a2n
an
2 an 1
q
a2n
1
+p
3
+ a2n
an
a1 ; a2 ; :::; an
3;
a2n
+ a2n
1 ; an
T y, bng php quy np theo n; ta d dng chng minh c bt ng thc

cho. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi n = 3 v a1 = a2 = a3 = p13 :
333
Bi ton 2.105 Cho cc s a; b; c 2 R: Chng minh rng vi mi p > 0; ta c
b2 ca
c2 ab
a2 bc
+
+
2pa2 + p2 b2 + c2
2pb2 + p2 c2 + a2
2pc2 + p2 a2 + b2
0:
(Vasile Cirtoaje)

X
cyc
2p(a2 bc)
2pa2 + p2 b2 + c2
,3
cyc
,3
cyc
2p(a2 bc)
2pa2 + p2 b2 + c2
(pb + c)2
2pa2 + p2 b2 + c2

3
X
cyc
X
cyc
a2
pb2
c2
+ 2
2
+ pb
c + pa2
2
(pb + c)
:
2pa2 + p2 b2 + c2
X
cyc
p(a2
(pb + c)2
+ pb2 ) + c2 + pa2
Nn ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a(b2 +pc2 ) = b(c2 +pa2 ) = c(a2 +pb2 ):
Bi ton 2.106 Cho cc s khng m x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn tha mn x1 + x2 +

Chng minh rng
!
! n
n
X
X
p
1
n2
p
p
xi
:
1 + xj
n+1
i=1
i=1
+ xn = 1:
(China TST 2006)
8
< yi 1 (i = 1; 2; :::; n)
n
P
Li gii. t y1 = x1 + 1 )
: Bt ng thc tng ng
y1 = n + 1
:
i=1
vi
n
X
p
yi
i=1
n
X
1
p
yi
i=1
n2
n+1
334
n
X
i=1
n p
P
yj
j=1
1
p
yi
n2
n+1

n p
P
i=1
yi
p
y1
p1
n
1
n
y1
1+
+ (y2
y2
1) +
ny1 + 2(n + 1)
1 p1n +
p
y1
yn
+ (yn 1) (y1
p
y1
p1
n
1) +
1
n
1
n
2n + 1
ny1
Tng t, ta c
n p
P
yj
j=1
n
X
i=1
yi
n p
P
yj
j=1
nyi + 2(n + 1)
n
X
yi
i=1
v
u n
u X
tn
2n + 1
8i = 1; 2; :::; n
nyi
nyi + 2(n + 1)
2n + 1
nyi
2n + 1
nyi
nyi + 2(n + 1)
i=1
v
u
u
= tn n(n + 1)
v 0
u
u
u B
u B
un @n(n + 1)
t
n n(n + 1)
2n + 1 X 1
n i=1 yi
2n + 1
n
!
1
n2 C
C
n
A
P
yi
i=1
2n + 1
n2
n
n+1
=p
n2
:
n+1
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x1 = x2 =

xn = n1 :
335
a2
b2
c2
+
+
2a + b + c 2b + c + a 2c + a + b
3
4
a2 + b2 + c2
:
3
(Michael Rozenberg)

r
a + b + c a2 + b2 + c2
+
3
a+b+c
a2 + b2 + c2
3
X
a2
2a + b + c
cyc
a + b + c a2 + b2 + c2
+
3
a+b+c
3
8
Chun ha cho a + b + c = 1 th bt ng thc tr thnh

X
cyc
X
cyc
a2
a+1
a2
a+1
,
vi x =
1 2a
1+a
3 2
a
8
3 2
a
8
x(3a
1
24
3
1
a+
16
48
1)2
cyc
v y; z tng t. Ta c
X
x(3a
cyc
1)2 =
(4x + y + z)(a
b)(a
c)
cyc
v
4x + y + z
=
=
4(1 2a) 1 2b 1 2c
+
+
1+a
1+b
1+c
1
1
4(1 2a)
+3
+
4
1+a
1+b 1+c
4(1 2a)
12
12(1 a)2
+
4=
1+a
3 a
(1 + a)(3 a)
336
Ngoi ra, do hm f (t) = 11+t2t nghch bin nn nu ta gi s a

T , ta c
X
(4x + y + z)(a b)(a c)
c th x
z:
cyc
(4y + z + x)(b c)(b

(4y + z + x)(b c)(b
= (z y)(a b)(b c)
a) + (4z + x + y)(a
a) + (4z + x + y)(a
0:
c)(b
b)(b
c)
c)

V d 2.1 Cho cc s khng m x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn (n
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P (x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn ) = x31 x22 + x32 x23 +
3) tha mn x1 +x2 +
+ x3n x21 + n2(n
1) 3 3
x1 x2
+xn = 1:
x3n :
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. Gi s x1 = max fx1 ; x2 ; :::; xn g : Ta chng minh
P (x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn )
P (x1 ; x2 + x3 +
+ xn ; 0; :::; 0)
Tht vy,
P (x1 ; x2 + x3 +
+ xn ; 0; :::; 0)
3
= x1 (x2 + x3 +
+ xn )2
3
3
2(x1 x2 x3 + x1 x3 x4 +
+ x31 xn 1 xn ) + x31 x22 + x31 x2n
(x31 x2 x3 + x31 x3 x4 +
+ x31 xn 1 xn ) + (x32 x23 + x33 x24
+
+x3n 1 x2n ) + x31 x22 + x31 x2n
x31 x22 + x32 x23 +
+ x3n x21 + x31 x2 x3
Ta chng minh
x31 x2 x3
n2(n
, x22 x23 x34
1) 3 3
x1 x2
x3n
x3n
1
n2(n 1)
Ta c
x22 x23 x34
x3n
(x2 x3
xn )2
x1 + x2 + x3 +
n
x2 + x3 +
+ xn
n 1
+ xn
2(n 1)
2(n 1)
1
n2(n
1)
337
Do
P (x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn )
P (x1 ; x2 + x3 +
+ xn ; 0; :::; 0)
Li c
P (x1 ; x2 + x3 +
= x31 (x2 + x3 +
+ xn ; 0; :::; 0)
x1
3
108
108
:
3125
ng thc xy ra chng hn khi x1 =

108
max P = 3125
:
3
5 ; x2
+ xn )2 = x31 (1
x1
108
2
5 ; x3
x1 )2
x1 + 1
5
x1
= xn = 0: Vy nn
Bi ton 2.108 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; khng c 2 s no

Chng minh rng
r
r
r
r
a
b
c
3(ab + bc + ca)
+
+
+3
b+c
c+a
a+b
a2 + b2 + c2
ng thi bng 0:
p
7 2
:
2
(V Quc B Cn)
Li gii. Gi s a = max fa; b; cg : Ta chng minh
r
r
r
b
c
b+c
+
c+a
a+b
a
s
b
c
bc
b+c
,
+
+2
c+a a+b
(a + b)(a + c)
a
s
bc
bc
bc
,2
+
(a + b)(a + c)
a(a + b) a(a + c)
2a
,p
bc
2a
2a
b c
p
+
bc
2
b
p
2a + b + c
p
(a + b)(a + c)
(b c)2
p
p
p
(a + b)(a + c) a + b + a + c
bc
1
b c
6
+(b c)2 4 p
p
p
bc
bc
b+ c
(a + b)(a + c)
1
p
a+b+
a+c
3
7
25
338
Ta c
1
p
bc
b+
c
1
bc
b+
1
p
p
p
(a + b)(a + c) a + b + a + c
p
(b + b)(c + c)
3
p
p
p
4 bc
b+ c
1
p
b+b+
c+c
>0
Li c
ab + bc + ca
a2 + b2 + c2
)
Suy ra
VT
vi x =
a
b+c
a
+
b+c
b+c
a
a(b + c)
a2 + (b + c)2
a(b + c)
a2 + (b + c)2
ab + bc + ca
a2 + b2 + c2
r
s
p
b+c
3a(b + c)
3 3
p
=x+
+3
a
a2 + (b + c)2
x2 2
2:Mt khc ta d thy x +
p
p3 3
x2 2
p
7 2
2
ng thc cho ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi (a; b; c)
8x
2 nn bt
3 + 2 2; 1; 0 :
Bi ton 2.109 Cho cc s dng a; b; c; d tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 4: Chng

minh rng
s
1 1 1 1
1
3
(abcd + 1)
(a + b + c + d)
+ + +
:
2
a b
c d
(Phm Hu c)
9(a + b + c + d)
Tht vy, gi s d = min fa; b; c; dg ) 1
4abcd + 32
d > 0; t
P (a; b; c; d) = 9(a + b + c + d)
v
4abcd
a2 + b2 + c2
; p=a+b+c
3
p
p
) 2 3 3x p x 3; x 1
x=
32
339
Ta chng minh
P (a; b; c; d)
, 9(3x
P (x; x; x; d)
4d(x3
p)
abc)
T bt ng thc Schur bc 4
X
a2 (a
b)(a
c)
cyc
(p2
) abc
6x2 )(p2 + 3x2 )

12p
Ta cn chng minh
p(3x
, (3x
Do 3x
p
81
(p2
4d x3
p)
6x2 )(p2 + 3x2 )

12p
d(p3 + 3p2 x + 6px2 + 6x3 )

p
p) 27
p
x 3 nn
3d(p3 + 3p2 x + 6px2 + 6x3 )
p
78x2 d = 81
81
=
3 + 26(1
d)(3
26d(4
d
d2 )
Ta cn phi chng minh

P (x; x; x; d)
, 9(3x + d)
4x3 d
32
4x3 )d 32 27x
p
4x3 ) 4 3x2 32 27x
, (9
, (9
, f (x) =
f 0 (x) =
12(x
(9
32 27x
p
4x3 ) 4 3x2
1)(81x4 47x3
(9 4x3 )2 (4
) f (x)
119x2 + 9x + 81)
3x2 )3=2
f (1) = 1
Tr li bi ton, s dung bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c

x4 = abcd
1;
1 1 1 1
+ + +
a b
c d
p
4
4
4
=
x
abcd
d2 )
0
340
Do , kt hp vi bt ng thc trn, ta ch cn chng minh c

r
4
3 4(x + 1)
4
2(x + 8) 9
x
, g(x) =
x(x4 + 8)3
x4 + 1
729
2
Ta c
(x4 + 8)2 (9x8 11x4 + 8)

>0
(x4 + 1)2
729
) g(x) g(1) =
:
2
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = d = 1:
g 0 (x) =

Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+
+
(a + 2b)2
(b + 2c)2
(c + 2a)2
1
:
ab + bc + ca
(Phm Kim Hng)
Li gii 1. Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a = max fa; b; cg : S dng bt ng

thc AM-GM, ta c
1
1
+
(a + 2b)2
(c + 2a)2
2
(a + 2b)(c + 2a)
1
1
+
(a + 2b)2
(b + 2c)2
2
(a + 2b)(b + 2c)
1
2
+
(b + 2c)2
(a + 2b)(c + 2a)
, f (a) = 2(b + c)a3 + (2b2
bc
1
ab + bc + ca
7c2 )a2 + (4c3
b2 c
bc2
2b3 )a + 2b2 c2
hoc
1
2
+
(c + 2a)2
(a + 2b)(b + 2c)
, g(a) = 4a3 b + (2c2
bc
7b2 )a2 + (2b3
1
ab + bc + ca
b2 c
bc2 )a + 2b3 c + 2b2 c2
2bc3
Ta s chng minh rng trong 2 bt ng thc trn, c t nht 1 bt ng thc ng.

lm c iu ny, ta ch cn chng minh c
f (a) + g(a)
341
, h(a) = 2(3b+c)a3 (5b2 +2bc+5c2 )a2 +2(2c3 b2 c bc2 )a+2b3 c+4b2 c2 2bc3
Ta c
h0 (a)
= 6(3b + c)a2 2(5b2 + 2bc + 5c2 )a + 4c3 2b2 c 2bc2

= 10ab(a b) + 4ab(a c) + 2c(a c)(3a 2c) + 2b(a2 bc) + 2b(a2
= 10ab(a b) + 2b(a2 bc) + 2(a c)(3ab + 3ac + bc 2c2 ) 0
Nn h(a) ng bin. Do
Nu b c th
h(a)
Nu c
h(b) = b(b + 2c)(b
c)2
h(c) = c(2b + c)(b
c)2
0:
c2 )
b th
h(a)

Li gii 2. Gi s a = max fa; b; cg v xt 2 trng hp
Trng hp 1. Nu a 3b + c: t a + 2b = x + y; b + 2c = y + z; c + 2a = z + x; ta
c
3a + b c
3b + c a
3c + a b
x=
0; y =
0; z =
0
2
2
2
v
a=
5x
y + 2z
;
9
b=
5y
z + 2x
;
9
c=
5z
x + 2y
9
Khi , bt ng thc c vit li l

1
1
1
+
+
(x + y)2
(y + z)2
(z + x)2
27
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 11(xy + yz + zx)
S dng bt ng thc Iran 1996, ta c

1
1
1
+
+
2
2
(x + y)
(y + z)
(z + x)2
Trng hp 2. Nu a
3b + c; do c + 2a
1
(c + 2a)2
9
4(xy + yz + zx)
27
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 11(xy + yz + zx)
3a
3(a + 2b) nn
1
9(a + 2b)2
1
10
+
(b + 2c)2
9(a + 2b)2
1
ab + bc + ca
342

10
1
+
(b + 2c)2
9(a + 2b)2
p
2 10
2:1
>
3(a + 2b)(b + 2c)
(a + 2b)(b + 2c)
Ta cn chng minh
2:1
(a + 2b)(b + 2c)
, 2:1(ab + bc + ca)
, a(1:1b + 0:1c)
1
ab + bc + ca
(a + 2b)(b + 2c)
2b2
1:9bc
Ta c
a(1:1b + 0:1c)
2b2
1:9bc
a(1:1b + 0:1c) 2b2 2bc

(3b + c)(1:1b + 0:1c) 2b2
1
[(3b c)2 + 4b2 ] 0:
=
10
2bc
Ph lc A
Mt s bt ng thc thng
dng
A.1
Bt ng thc trung bnh cng-trung bnh nhntrung bnh iu ha (AM-GM-HM)
Vi mi s dng a1 ; a2 ; :::; an ; ta c
p
a1 + a2 +
+ an
n
a1 a2
n
an
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a1 = a2 =
A.2
1
a2
n
+
1
an
= an :
Bt ng thc AM-GM suy rng
Cho cc s dng 1 ; 2 ; :::;

khng m a1 ; a2 ; :::; an ; ta c
1 a1
tha mn
2 a2
n an
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a1 = a2 =
A.3
1
a1
a1 1 a2 2
= 1: Khi vi mi s
ann :
= an :
Bt ng thc trung bnh ly tha
Cho cc s dng a1 ; a2 ; :::; an : Vi mi s thc r; t

8
< ar1 +ar2 + +arn r1
; r 6= 0
n
Mr =
: p
n
a1 a2
an
;r = 0
343
344
PH LC A. MT S BT NG THC THNG DNG
Khi Mr l hm tng theo r vi mi r: Chng hn M2 M1 M0 ; tc l

r
p
+ a2n
a21 + a22 +
a1 + a2 +
+ an
n
a1 a2
an :
n
n
A.4
Bt ng thc trung bnh ly tha suy rng
Cho cc s dng p1 ; p2 ; :::; pn tha mn p1 + p2 +

a1 ; a2 ; :::; an : Vi mi s thc r; t
Mr =
(p1 ar1 + p2 ar2 +

ap11 ap22
+ pn = 1 v cc s dng
1
+ pn arn ) r
apnn
;r =
6 0
;r = 0
Khi Mr l hm tng theo r vi mi r:
A.5
Bt ng thc Bernoulli
Vi mi s thc x
1; ta c
(1 + x)r
(1 + x)r
1 + rx ; r
1 + rx ; 0
1_r
r 1
Ngoi ra, vi mi s thc a1 ; a2 ; :::; an tha mn a1 ; a2 ; :::; an 0 hoc 1

0 th ta c
(1 + a1 )(1 + a2 )
(1 + an ) 1 + a1 + a2 +
+ an :
A.6
a1 ; a2 ; :::; an
Bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz
Vi mi s thc (a1 ; a2 ; :::; an ) v (b1 ; b2 ; :::; bn ); ta c

(a1 b1 + a2 b2 +
+ an bn )2
(a21 + a22 +
+ a2n )(b21 + b22 +
+ b2n ):
A.7
Bt ng thc Holder
Cho cc s dng xij (i = 1; m; j = 1; n): Khi vi mi ! 1 ; :::; ! n

+ ! n = 1; ta c
0
1! j
!
n
m
m
n
Y
X
X
Y
!
@
xij A
xijj :
i=1
j=1
j=1
i=1
0 tha ! 1 +
A.8. BT NG THC MINKOWSKI
A.8
Bt ng thc Minkowski
Vi mi s thc r
1 v vi mi s dng a1 ; a2 ; :::; an ; b1 ; b2 ; :::; bn ; ta c

"
A.9
n
X
(ai + bi )
i=1
# r1
n
X
ari
i=1
! r1
n
X
bri
i=1
! r1
Bt ng thc Chebyshev
Cho cc s thc a1
i) Nu b1 b2
a2
bn th
n
an : Khi
n
X
n
X
ai bi
i=1
ii) Nu b1
b2
ai
i=1
n
X
bi
bi
i=1
bn th
n
n
X
n
X
ai bi
i=1
A.10
345
ai
i=1
n
X
i=1
Khai trin Abel
Gi s x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn ; y1 ; y2 ; :::; yn l cc s thc ty . t

ck = y1 + y2 +
+ yk
8k = 1; 2; :::; n
Khi , ta c
n
X
i=1
A.11
xi yi =
n
X1
(xi
xi+1 )ci + xn cn :
i=1
Bt ng thc Maclaurin
Vi mi s khng m a1 ; a2 ; :::; an ; ta c
S1
S2
Sk =
sP
trong
Sn
a1 a2
n
k
ak
346
A.12
Bt ng thc Schur
Cho cc s khng m a; b; c: Khi , vi mi r > 0; ta c bt ng thc sau

ar (a
b)(a
c) + br (b
c)(b
a) + cr (c
a)(c
b)

ng.
A.13
Hm li, hm lm
i) Mt hm s f c gi l li trn khong I nu v ch vi mi x; y 2 I v vi mi
s khng m ; tha mn + = 1; ta c
f ( x + y)
f (x) + f (y):
ii) Mt hm s f c gi l lm trn khong I nu v ch vi mi x; y 2 I v vi

mi s khng m ; tha mn + = 1; ta c
f ( x + y)
f (x) + f (y):
Trong trng hp f (x) kh vi cp 2 trn [a; b] th f (x) li trn [a; b] nu v ch nu

f 00 (x) 0 8x 2 [a; b] v f (x) lm trn [a; b] nu v ch nu f 00 (x) 0 8x 2 [a; b]:
A.14
Bt ng thc Jensen
Cho p1 ; p2 ; :::; pn l cc s dng.

i) Nu f l mt hm li trn khong I; khi vi mi a1 ; a2 ; :::; an 2 I; ta c
p1 f (a1 ) + p2 f (a2 ) +
+ pn f (an )
p 1 + p2 +
+ pn
p1 a1 + p2 a2 +
p 1 + p2 +
+ pn an
+ pn
ii) Nu f l mt hm lm trn khong I; khi vi mi a1 ; a2 ; :::; an 2 I; ta c

p1 f (a1 ) + p2 f (a2 ) +
+ pn f (an )
p 1 + p2 +
+ pn
A.15
p1 a1 + p2 a2 +
p 1 + p2 +
Tng, tch hon v-i xng
Ta
P k hiu
- Tng hon v. Chng hn
cyc
X
cyc
a2 b = a2 b + b2 c + c2 a
+ pn an
+ pn
A.15. TNG, TCH HON V-I XNG

a;b;c;d
X
347
a2 bc = a2 bc + b2 cd + c2 da + d2 ab
cyc
- Tng i xng. Chng hn
sym
a2 b = a2 b + b2 c + c2 a + ab2 + bc2 + ca2
cyc
a;b;c;d
X
ab = ab + ac + ad + bc + bd + cd
sym
- Tch hon v. Chng hn
cyc
Y
(a
b) = (a
b)(b
c)(c
a)
cyc
a;b;c;d
Y
(a
b) = (a
b)(b
c)(c
d)(d
a)
cyc
- Tch i xng (dnh cho 4 bin). Chng hn
cyc
a;b;c;d
Y
cyc
(a
b)2 = (a
b)2 (a
c)2 (a
d)2 (b
c)2 (b
d)2 (c
d)2 :
348
Ti liu tham kho

[1] Andreescu T., Cirtoaje V., Dospinescu G., Lascu M., Old and New Inequalities,
GIL Publishing House, 2004
[2] Cirtoaje V., Algebraic Inequalities, GIL Publishing House, 2006
[3] Phm Kim Hng, Secret in Inequality, nh xut bn Tri Thc, 2006
[4] Hojoo Lee, Topic in Inequalities, online electronic book, 2006
[5] Kim-Yin Li, Using tangent lines to prove inequalities, Mathematical Excalibur,
volume 10, number 5, 2005
349

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Chuyn

1 Tm ti mt s k thut gii ton

A Mt s bt ng thc thng dng

AM-GM suy rng . . . . . .

A.7 Bt ng thc Holder . . .

gi cc bt ng thc hon v, chng ta ch nhn c mt li gii ngn gn 1/3 so

Vi nhng bt ng thc hon v vng quanh, vic x l chng kh hn cc bt ng

Li gii. Bt ng thc tng ng vi

CHNG 1. TM TI MT S K THUT GII TON

b) (3a2 2ab + 3b2 )

S dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c

b) (3a2 2ab + 3b2 )

b) (3a2 2ab + 3b2 )

b) (3a2 2ab + 3b2 )

Bt ng thc ny c chng minh nu ta chng minh c bt ng thc sau vi

Theo bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c

Bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng do

Bt ng thc c chng minh xong.

V d 1.2 Cho a; b; c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic nhn. Chng minh rng

Li gii. Trc ht, ta hy ch rng

(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )

(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )

(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )

T , ta c th vit li bt ng thc nh sau

(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )

S dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c

a2 b2 c2 (a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2

CHNG 1. TM TI MT S K THUT GII TON

a2 b2 c2 (a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2

(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )

27a2 b2 c2 (a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2

(a2 + b2 )3 (b2 + c2 )3 (c2 + a2 )3

,27a2 b2 c2 (a2 + b2 )2 (b2 + c2 )2 (c2 + a2 )2

Do a; b; c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic nhn nn ta d dng chng minh c

Ngoi ra, ta cng c

Nhn tng ng v vi v cc bt ng thc ny, ta thu c bt ng thc trn.

V d 1.3 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; khng c 2 s no cng bng 0: Chng minh

(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )

(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )

(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )

(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )

CHNG 1. TM TI MT S K THUT GII TON

S dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c

a)2 (2ab + ac + bc)(2bc + ab + ac)(2ac + bc + ba)

Ta phi chng minh

a)2 (2ab + ac + bc)(2bc + ab + ac)(2ac + bc + ba)

(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )

Ta cn phi chng minh

Chun ha cho a + b + c = 1: t q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc th ta c

Ta phi chng minh

CHNG 1. TM TI MT S K THUT GII TON

4q 3 + 2(9q 2)r 27r2

Bt ng thc c chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c:

t x = a1 ; y = 1b ; z = 1c , khi x; y; z l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic. Bt ng

S dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c

chng minh bt ng thc ny, trc ht ta s chng minh

Do tnh thun nht, ta c th chun ha cho x+y+z = 1. t q = xy+yz+zx; r = xyz,

CHNG 1. TM TI MT S K THUT GII TON

Tip theo, s dng bt ng thc trn, ta ch cn chng minh

t x = m + n; y = n + p; z = p + m (m; n; p > 0), bt ng thc ny tng ng

T y, gi s p = minfm; n; pg, v t m = p + u; n = p + v (u; v

mn = 12p2 + 8(u + v)p + u2 + 3uv + v 2

hin nhin ng. Vy ta c pcm.