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Analog Communications

Unit 4
Lecture Notes 28
Frequency Modulation

Frequency modulation is that form of angle modulation in which the instantaneous

frequency fi(t) is varied linearly with the message signal m(t) as shown by
fi(t) = fc + kf m(t)

(1)

the term fc represents the frequency of the unmodulated carrier , and the constant kf
represents the frequency sensitivity of the modulator expressed in hertz per volt .This
assumes that m(t) is a voltage waveform.
Integrating eq.1 with respect to time and multiplying the result by 2 ,we
get

(t)= 2f c t + 2k f

m(t )dt
t

(2)

The frequency modulated wave is therefore described in time domain as

s1 (t ) = Ac cos 2f c t + 2k f

m(t )dt
t

(3)

Where

(2)

k f = nk1

FM can be generated by first integrating m(t) and then using the result as the input to the
phase modulator as shown in fig.1

Fig 1 Generation of FM Wave using Phase Modulator

T. Kalpana,ECE,GMRIT

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Analog Communications

Unit 4
Lecture Notes 28

Fig 1 a)Modulating wave b)Frequency modulated wave c)Derivative of m(t)

d)Phase modulated wave

Fig.1a shows a sinusoidal modulating wave m(t) with 2 full cycles and FM wave
produced by this modulating wave is shown in fig.1b.fig.1c shows the derivative
dm(t)/dt,which consists of original sinusoidal modulating wave shifted in phase by 900
and the desired PM plot is shown in fig.1d.

T. Kalpana,ECE,GMRIT

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