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ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
LECTURE NOTES-32

UNIT-IV

UNIT-IV
ANGLE MODULATION

N0tes-32
Direct Method of FM:
In the direct method of fm generation, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier
wave is varied directly in accordance with the message signal by means of device
known as voltage controlled oscillator.
Here a sinusoidal oscillator with high Q is used. The frequency determining
network is controlled by incremental variation of the reactive components.
In the following simple circuit diagram, Assume capacitive component of
frequency determining network consists of a fixed capacitor simulated by a
voltage variable capacitor. The resultant capacitance is represented by c(t) as
shown in diagram.

A voltage Variable capacitance commonly called voltacap or varicap whose

capacitance is varied according to the applied voltage is used.
Here, the variable capacitance is obtained by passing the signal through varactor
diode in the reverse direction.
The larger the reverse voltage applied, the smaller the transition capacitance.
Frequency of oscillation of the Hartley oscillator is given by
1
f i (t ) =
where
2 (L1 + L2 )C (t )
C(t) is the total capacitance of combination of fixed and variable capacitors and
L1 and L2 are the inductances in the frequency determining circuits.
Now C(t) is given by
C (t ) = C 0 K C m(t )
Where C0 is the total capacitance under unmodulated condition and KC is the
variable capacitors sensitivity to voltage change.
1
f i (t ) =
2 (L1 + C 2 )[C 0 K C m(t )]

D.TIRUMALA RAO ECE GMRIT

Ref: Analog & Digital Communications

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Simon Haykins

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ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
LECTURE NOTES-32

f i (t ) = 2 {(L1 + L2 )[C 0 K C m(t )]}

= 2 {(L1 + L2 )C 0 [1 K C m(t )]}

f i (t ) = f 0 [1 K C m(t )]

where f 0 =

UNIT-IV

1
2

1
2

1
2

1
2

(L1 + L2 )C 0

f i (t ) f 0 + K f m(t )

where K f =

f0 KC
2C 0

Kf resultant frequency sensitivity of the modulator.

D.TIRUMALA RAO ECE GMRIT

Ref: Analog & Digital Communications

Page 2 of 2
Simon Haykins

www.jntuworld.com