Communication System PDF

Topic # 5:
Angle (Phase & Frequency) Modulation

T1. B.P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 3rd
Edition, Oxford University Press, 1998: OR 4th Edition 2010 Chapter 5
T2. Simon Haykin & Michael Moher: Communication Systems; John

Wiely, 4th Edition OR 5th Edition, 2010, 5/e. : Chapter 4
Sept 10-19, 2018

Introduction
• Amplitude modulation
• Phase Modulation
• Frequency Modulation
2 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

Angle Modulation
• Phase Modulation
• Frequency Modulation
Frequency modulation and phase modulation are collectively called as
angle modulation.
Message Signal : m(t)
Angle modulation is the process by which the angle (frequency or phase) of the carrier
signal is changed in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of modulating or
message signal.
Angle Modulation
AM
FM

Angle Modulation
PM

Angle Modulation
• Is there any benefits over AM exist ?

– Noise immunity over AM
– Constancy of the transmitted signal envelop.
 Freedom from interference: all natural and external noise

consist of amplitude variations, thus receiver usually cannot
distinguish between amplitude of noise or desired signal. AM is
noisy than FM.
 Operate in very high frequency band (VHF): 88MHz-
108MHz
 Can transmit musical programs with higher degree of
fidelity.

Angle Modulation
Applications:
• Commercial radio broadcasting

• Television sound transmission
• Cellular radio
• Microwave and satellite communication system

Instantaneous Frequency
continuous change in
sinusoidal signal
Ɵ(t) is the generalized angle and is a function of t.
The generalized angle for a conventional

Sinusoid A cos( wct + Ɵo) is
Ɵ(t) = wct + Ɵo
And the instantaneous Frequency is
Ɵo 𝑑𝜃(𝑡)
= wi(t) 𝑑𝜃(𝑡)
= wc
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Dt
Instantaneous Frequency
Phase modulation
Given instantaneous frequency, the angle function is then
Ɵo is the accumulated phase upto t = 0.

Vary the angle of the carrier, as a function of the message signal m(t)
The resulting signal is ( with θ0= 0)
This is also called as PM Signal

Phase modulation
𝑑𝜃(𝑡)
= wi(t)
𝑑𝑡

Frequency Modulation
Vary the Instantaneous Frequency of the carrier, as a function of the message m(t)
fc(t) is proportional to m(t)
fc(t) = kf m(t)
fi(t) = fc(t) + kf m(t)
ωi(t) = ω c(t) + 2πkf m(t)
ωi(t) = ω c(t) + kf m(t)
ωi(t) = dθ(t)/dt
θ(t) =  (w t   k
c f m(t ))dt

Vary the Instantaneous Frequency of the carrier, as a function of the message m(t)
The resulting angle function is

Phase Modulation
PM Signal
Phase varies linearly with message signal

The process by which changing the phase of carrier signal in accordance with
the instantaneous of message signal. The amplitude remains constant after
the modulation process.
The instantaneous frequency is
The phase varies with respect to the integral of the message signal.

Example-1
In an angle modulating system, for the modulating signal m(t) shown in figure, the
constant kp = 10p. Carrier frequency fc = 100 MHz. Find the frequency excursion
when PM is used. Sketch PM wave
PM Case:
Slope of m(t) = 2 X10-4 = (+/-)20,000

FM Signal
Instantaneous Frequency varies linearly with message signal

the carrier amplitude remains constant, the carrier frequency varies with the
amplitude of modulating signal.
The Phase is
Instantaneous frequency varies linearly with derivative of the message signal
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

Example-2
In an angle modulating system, for the modulating signal m(t) shown in figure, the
constant kf = 2p X 105 and Carrier frequency fc = 100 MHz. Find the frequency
excursion when FM is used. Sketch FM wave

Example-2
The instantaneous frequency increases linearly from 99.9 to 100.1 MHz over a half
cycle and decreases from 100.1 to 99.9 MHz, over the rest of the half cycle of m(t).

Frequency Deviation and Carrier swing
fc(t) is proportional to m(t)
fc(t) = kf m(t)
fi(t) = fc(t) + kf mp cosωm(t)= fc(t) + kf mp cos2πfm(t)
fmax(t) = fc(t) + kf mp
fmin(t) = fc(t) - kf mp
fmax(t) - fc(t) = maximum deviation = fc(t) - fmin(t) = kf mp = Δf = δ
carrier swing = fmax(t) - fmin(t) =2X maximum deviation= 2Δf = 2 δ
Modulation index = β = maximum deviation/Modulating frequency= Δf/fm

Deviation ratio (Modulation Index )
φFM(t) = A cos [ωct + (kf mp sin ωmt) /ωm ]
=A cos [ωct + (kf mp /fm )sin ωmt) ]
=A cos [ωct + (Δf /fm )sin ωmt) ]
=A cos [ωct + β sin ωmt) ]
Deviation ratio = β = maximum allowable frequency deviation/ maximum Modulating

frequency
= Δf/fm

% of Modulation in FM
% of Modulation = Actual maximum frequency deviation/ allowable maximum

frequency deviation X 100
In India, as per FCC (Fedral Communication Commissions) the maximum frequency

deviation is 75 KHz.

Characteristics of PM & FM signals
1. Constancy of Transmitter Power
The amplitude of the PM & FM waves is constant, irrespective of the

deviation factors kp& kf
Hence, the transmitted power is constant.

2. Non linearity of the modulation process
For Phase Modulation
If m(t) = m1(t) + m2(t);
s1(t) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑐𝑡 + 𝑘pm1(t)) s2(t) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑐𝑡 + 𝑘 pm2(t))
s(t) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑐𝑡 + 𝑘p(m1(t) + m2(t)) )
Clearly s(t) ≠ s1(t) + s2(t)
Same applies to FM Also.
Compare this with DSB-SC

3. Immunity of angle modulation to nonlinearities of the system.

Even with Higher order nonlinearities.
Check for DSB-SC Case for non linearity of type

Bandwidth of Frequency Modulated Waves
For the FM Signal
φFM(t) = A cos [ωct + (kf mp sin ωmt) /ωm ]
=A cos [ωct + (kf mp /fm )sin ωmt) ]
=A cos [ωct + (Δf /fm )sin ωmt) ]
φFM(t) =A cos [ωct + β sin ωmt) ]
Assume that amplitude of the carrier is 1
φFM(t) = cos [ωct + β sin ωmt) ]

φFM(t) = cos ωct cos (β sin ωmt)- sin ωct sin (β sin ωmt)
Cos(β sin ωmt) is an even periodic function
And sin(β sin ωmt) is an odd periodic function

For the FM Signal

Assume that amplitude of the carrier is 1
φFM(t) = cos ωct cos (β sin ωmt)- sin ωct sin (β sin ωmt)
Cos(β sin ωmt) is an even periodic function of ωm . So it is possible to express it in Fourier

series representation. In Fourier series, only cosine terms will be there, and in that only
even harmonics will be present and the co-efficient of odd harmonics will be zero.
And sin(βsin ωmt) is an odd periodic function of ωm with only sine terms and only odd
harmonics.
Cos(β sin ωmt) = J0(β) +2 J2(β) cos 2 ωmt + 2 J4(β) cos 4 ωmt+…….+ 2 J2n(β) cos 2n ωmt
Sin (β sin ωmt) = 2 J1(β) sin ωmt + 2 J3(β) sin 3 ωmt+…….+ 2 J2n-1(β) sin (2n-1) ωmt
Jn(β) is a Bessel’s function of first kind and order n. and n varies from 0 to ꝏ

For the FM Signal φFM(t) = cos ωct cos (β sin ωmt)- sin ωct sin (β sin ωmt)
Cos(β sin ωmt) = J0(β) +2 J2(β) cos 2 ωmt + 2 J4(β) cos 4 ωmt+…….+ 2 J2n(β) cos 2n ωmt
Sin (β sin ωmt) = 2 J1(β) sin ωmt + 2 J3(β) sin 3 ωmt+…….+ 2 J2n-1(β) sin (2n-1) ωmt
φFM(t) = cos ωct [J0(β) +2 J2(β) cos 2 ωmt + 2 J4(β) cos 4 ωmt+…….+ 2 J2n(β) cos
2n ωmt] - sin ωct [2 J1(β) sin ωmt + 2 J3(β) sin 3 ωmt+…….+ 2 J2n-1(β) sin (2n-1)
ωm t ]
φFM(t) = J0(β) cos ωct + 2 J2(β) cos ωct cos 2 ωmt + 2 J4(β) cos ωct cos 4
ωmt+…….+ 2 J2n(β) cos ωct cos 2n ωmt] – [2 J1(β) sin ωct sin ωmt + 2 J3(β) sin
ωct sin 3 ωmt+…….+ 2 J2n-1(β) sin ωct sin (2n-1) ωmt ]
φFM(t) = J0(β) cos ωct + J1(β)[ cos (ωc +ωm)t - cos (ωc -ωm)t] +
J2(β) cos (ωct - 2 ωm)t + cos (ωct + 2 ωm)t+…..

φFM(t) = J0(β) cos ωct + J1(β)[ cos (ωc +ωm)t - cos (ωc -ωm)t] +
J2(β) cos (ωct - 2 ωm)t + cos (ωct + 2 ωm)t+…..
1 
n
J n      n0
n!  2 
 
2
J n    1    n0
2
J0(β)= 0.7652
J1(β)=0.4401
J2(β)=0.1149 Find the number of spectrum for β=1?
J3(β)=0.01956
J4(β)=0.002477

FM Spectrum

For the FM Signal
Let
Expanding in power series

For the FM Signal
Hence, the spectrum consists of unmodulated carrier plus spectra of {an(t) ,

n= 1,2,3…}, centered at wc.
That is, the FM signal is like several DSB-SC signals with modulating
signals a(t), a2(t), a3(t) … an(t).

Since, from FT properties,
If M(w) is band limited to B Hz, A(w) is also band limited to B Hz.
Spectrum of a2(t) is A(w)*A(w) and is band limited to 2B. Similarly, an(t) will
be band limited to nB.
Clearly, the theoretical bandwidth of Frequency Modulated signal is infinite.

However, for practical signals with bounded | a(t)|, |kf a(t)| will remain finite.
For large n ≈0
Hence, many of the higher order terms of φFM (t)
vanish and power remains in finite bandwidth.

BW is finite for practical Signals
Based on Bandwidth we have

1. Narrowband FM and
2. Wideband FM

Narrowband Frequency Modulation
If |kf a(t) | << 1
Since
Assumption implies that deviation from carrier frequency is small.
This has similarities to AM signal with Carrier.

If |kf a(t)| << 1
Since A(w) has a bandwidth of B, the message bandwidth, bandwidth of this

FM signal is 2B. This is called Narrowband FM

Narrowband Phase Modulation
For PM If |kp m(t) | << 1
Bandwidth of this PM signal is 2B. This is called Narrowband PM

Wideband Frequency Modulation
If |kf a(t) | << 1 is not satisfied, Higher order terms can not be neglected.
෫ ሶ
Do a staircase approximation to m(t) as 𝐦(𝐭)
Each cell has a constant amplitude m(tk) and duration 1/2B
The FM signal corresponding to this cell has the

instantaneous frequency
෫ ሶ has series of such short burst sinusoids

The FM signal corresponding to 𝐦(𝐭)
BW - Wideband Angle Modulation
Each cell has a constant amplitude m(tk) and duration 1/2B
The FM Spectrum of one burst is then

BW - Wideband Angle Modulation
෫
The FM Spectrum of 𝐦(𝐭) ሶ is then sum of the spectra of short burst of sinusoids
of duration (1/2B) and freq.
The FM BW

The Peak Deviation in Freq.
The actual BW is slightly lower than this estimate as the staircase

approximation is not close to the smooth nature of the actual signal.
However, With this formula, the NB-FM ( Δf << B ), the BW will be
It should have been 2B ! !

Hence, a better approximation for BW is
Carson’s formula
Deviation ratio:
For really WB FM, Df >> B

Hence, a better approximation for BW is
Carson’s formula
For really NB FM, Df << B

FM for Single Tone Frequency Modulation
FM signal :
φFM(t) =Ac cos [ωct + β sin ωmt) ]
43
So FM signal for tone frequency modulation
44
45
46
47
48
49
Expressing ejβsinωmt in terms of Bessel function
The fourier series representation is
50ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

Generation of FM/PM signals
There are two ways of FM generation :
(1) Direct Method
(2) Indirect Method (Armstrong)
The indirect method involves the conversion of narrowband FM into wideband FM

Direct method for Generation of FM/PM
signals
Its also known as parameter variation method.

Indirect method for Generation of NBFM/PM
signals
For PM
For FM

Generation of FM signals
Direct Method : Indirect Method :

1. First NBFM is generated : Integrating the
m(t) and phase modulating the carrier
Varying the instantaneous frequency 2. NBFM is then converted to WBFM by
according to the message signal. One frequency multipliers.
can use a VCO to change the frequency
according to m(t) 3. If the required final frequency deviation is
n times the NBFM deviation, then an n fold
VCO can be built either with capacitance frequency multiplication is used.
change or with inductance change.
Limitation of Direct Method :
As Oscillators are used and the output of

oscillators are not stable.

Indirect method for Generation of WBFM
signals
Amstrong indirect FM modulation
2. NBFM is then converted to WBFM by frequency multipliers.
3. If the required final frequency deviation is n times the NBFM deviation, then an n
fold frequency multiplication is used.

signals

signals

signals

signals

signals

Demodulation of FM Signals
The instantaneous frequency of the FM signal is
Can a simple network with transfer function H(w) = jw produce an output

proportional to instantaneous frequency?
A circuit with transfer function as H(w) = jw , is a differentiator in time domain.

Demodulation of FM Signals
Dw = kf mp < wc,
wc + kf m(t) > 0 for all t
What if A is not constant ? Use band pass Limiter

Band-pass Limiter for FM signals
Let the received FM signal be
A circuit or device which limits the amplitude of its output signal to a

predetermined maximum, regardless of the variations of its input

Practical FM Demodulation Circuits
Balanced Slope detector
Frequency response of a tuned circuit is almost linear around the tuned frequency.
Hence, it acts like a slope detector
A tuned circuit (tuned to wc) , followed by an envelope detector can then be used.
Linearity zone is increased by a balanced discriminator.


Zero Cross Detector
Zero Crossing Detectors: Rate of zero crossings is the measure of instantaneous

frequency.

PLL based FM Demodulation
If Loop filter suppresses 2wc

wVCO = wc + c eo(t)
= B Cos[ wc t + c t eo(t) ]
Ɵo = c t eo(t)

Interference Effect – Angle Modulation
Consider the case of interference of an un-modulated carrier Acosωct with another
sinusoid I cos(ωct + ω) from the adjacent channel.
I cos (wc + w )t
The interference output will be :
Where,

Interference Effect – FM and PM
If r(t) is applied to a phase demodulator(detector), output yd(t) will be equal to ψd(t).
If r(t) is applied to a freq. demodulator(detector), output yd(t) will be equal to d[ψd(t)]/dt.
Hence,
In both cases, for A >> I, effect of

interference is negligible.
For a large carrier amplitude (A), yd(t) will be very small.
So, a carrier with A >> I will suppress the interference due to adjacent channel.
This effect is known as capture effect.

Interference Effect - AM
The interference signal r(t) is:
Thus, AM is not immune to interference.

Interference & Angle Modulation
Angle demodulator suppresses the weak signal interference better than AM

systems.
Since AM is susceptible to Interference, the interference level should be less than 35 dB

compared to incoming signal strength.
Where as for FM, interference level need only be below 6dB, compared to incoming
signal strength is tolerable.

Interference Effect due to Channel Noise
Channel noise also act as an interference in an angle modulated signal.
The most common form of noise is the white noise which has a constant power
spectral density.
So, in white noise, all the frequency components have the same amplitude.
This means, the interference amplitude I is constant for all ω.
From the previous discussion, interference at Phase/Freq. demodulator output is :
Noise Amplitude in Phase Demodulated

output = (I / √2 A) and is independent of
the interferer frequency
Noise Amplitude in Frequency

Demodulated output = (Iw / √2 A)

Effect of Noise interference is high for higher frequencies,.

Interference due to Channel Noise
Consequences ?
Voice signals have low PSD higher frequencies.
SNR of FM output suffers !!

In FM, interference (the noise) increases linearly with frequency.
So, in the receiver output, noise power will be concentrated at higher frequencies.
But, for an audio signal m(t), power level is high at low frequencies whereas it’s low
at higher frequencies.
So, the higher frequency components of the signal m(t) will suffer from high noise
power which will create a problem.
To get rid of this situation, we can use a scheme called Pre-emphasis and
De-emphasis as follows:
At the transmitter, weaker high frequency components of the audio signal m(t) are
boosted (amplified) using a pre-emphasis filter Hp(f) before modulation.
At the receiver, the higher frequency components of m(t) are restored (by attenuation)
by using de-emphasis filter Hd(f) = 1/Hp(f) after the demodulation.

Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
The noise, however, enters in the channel and therefore not been pre-emphasized
(i.e. amplified).
But, it passes through the de-emphasis filter which attenuates its high frequency
components, where most of the noise power is concentrated.
Thus, the process of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis leaves the desired signal
untouched but reduces the noise power considerably.

Pre-emphasis Filter
(Pre-emphasis Filter & its Frequency Response)

Pre-emphasis Filter
Thus, pre-emphasizer acts as a differentiator for the intermediate frequencies which

effectively converts the FM scheme into a corresponding PM scheme over these
frequencies.
Thus FM with Pre-emphasis (and De-emphasis) is FM for low frequencies (0 – ω1)

of m(t) and nearly PM for high frequencies (ω1 – ω2) of m(t).

De-emphasis Filter
(Dre-emphasis Filter & its Frequency Response)
The transfer function of de-emphasis filter is:
Again,
(i.e. for high frequencies of m(t))

De-emphasis Filter
Hence, over a certain band of high frequencies:
So, De-emphasis filter will act as an integrator for high frequency components of m(t).
So, high frequency components will be restored.

Remedy: Pre Emphasis & De Emphasis
jw  w1 w2
H p w   K K
jw  w 2 w1
when w  w1
w1 w 2 w1
H p w   K   1  H d w 
w 2 w1 w 2
when w1  w  w 2
jw  w1 w 2 jw  w1 jw  w1
H p w   K  
w2 w1 w 2 w1
w1
H d w  
jw  w1
At the transmitter the higher frequency signals are artificially boosted and at the
receiver correspondingly cut.
The boosting of higher audio-modulating frequencies in accordance with predefined

response curve is termed as pre-emphasis and the compensation of the receiver is
called as de-emphasis.

Comparison
AM FM
• Transmitted power remains constant and is
independent on the depth of modulation
• Increase in depth of modulation (because the amplitude of carrier remains
increases the modulation index. constant).
• Efficiency of transmitter is poor. • Efficiency of transmitter is high.
• Effect of noise is more. • Effect of noise is less.
• Audio quality is poor. • Audio quality is better.

• Bandwidth requirement is very high so
• Bandwidth requirement is less. channel width is high.
• Transmitter and receiver equipment are • Transmitter and receiver equipment are
less complicated. complicated.
• Operating range is less, i.e. 30 Hz to 30 • Operating range is more, i.e. 88 to 108 MHz.
MHz.

Communication System PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Communication System PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Topic # 5:

Angle (Phase & Frequency) Modulation

T2. Simon Haykin & Michael Moher: Communication Systems; John

Sept 10-19, 2018

2 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

4 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

5 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

• Is there any benefits over AM exist ?

 Freedom from interference: all natural and external noise

6 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

• Commercial radio broadcasting

7 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

The generalized angle for a conventional

And the instantaneous Frequency is

Given instantaneous frequency, the angle function is then

Ɵo is the accumulated phase upto t = 0.

The resulting signal is ( with θ0= 0)

This is also called as PM Signal

9 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

10 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

fc(t) is proportional to m(t)

fi(t) = fc(t) + kf m(t)

ωi(t) = ω c(t) + 2πkf m(t)

ωi(t) = ω c(t) + kf m(t)

11 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

The resulting angle function is

12 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

Phase varies linearly with message signal

The instantaneous frequency is

13 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

Slope of m(t) = 2 X10-4 = (+/-)20,000

14 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

Instantaneous Frequency varies linearly with message signal

Instantaneous frequency varies linearly with derivative of the message signal

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

16 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

17 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

fc(t) is proportional to m(t)

fi(t) = fc(t) + kf mp cosωm(t)= fc(t) + kf mp cos2πfm(t)

fmax(t) - fc(t) = maximum deviation = fc(t) - fmin(t) = kf mp = Δf = δ

carrier swing = fmax(t) - fmin(t) =2X maximum deviation= 2Δf = 2 δ

Modulation index = β = maximum deviation/Modulating frequency= Δf/fm

18 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

φFM(t) = A cos [ωct + (kf mp sin ωmt) /ωm ]

=A cos [ωct + (kf mp /fm )sin ωmt) ]

=A cos [ωct + (Δf /fm )sin ωmt) ]

=A cos [ωct + β sin ωmt) ]

Deviation ratio = β = maximum allowable frequency deviation/ maximum Modulating

19 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

% of Modulation = Actual maximum frequency deviation/ allowable maximum

In India, as per FCC (Fedral Communication Commissions) the maximum frequency

20 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

1. Constancy of Transmitter Power

The amplitude of the PM & FM waves is constant, irrespective of the

Hence, the transmitted power is constant.

21 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

2. Non linearity of the modulation process

For Phase Modulation

If m(t) = m1(t) + m2(t);

s1(t) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑐𝑡 + 𝑘pm1(t)) s2(t) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑐𝑡 + 𝑘 pm2(t))

s(t) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑐𝑡 + 𝑘p(m1(t) + m2(t)) )

Clearly s(t) ≠ s1(t) + s2(t)

Same applies to FM Also.