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An Overview of Dispute Resolution Procedures in Road Projects With Reference To The Fidic Form of Contract and Suggestions
An Overview of Dispute Resolution Procedures in Road Projects With Reference To The Fidic Form of Contract and Suggestions
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Form of Contract and Suggestions for Improvements
Paper No. 559
Introduction
102
f)
An Overview of Dispute Resolution Procedures in Road Projects With Reference to the Fidic
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Form of Contract and Suggestions for Improvements
consequences including the encashment of bank
guarantees can be brought up for resolution as a
dispute.
h) Cost claims on account of delay due to faults not
attributable to the Contractor which could also
include disputes with regard to the right of the
Employer to impose liquidated damages.
It is observed generally that most disputes that require
resolution are raised by the Contractor. This should not
be taken to mean that it is mostly the Employer who is
in default of contract. Given the fact that the Employer
has a discretionary power in the contract not available
to the Contractor, the Employer usually has the option
of exercising that discretion in the approval of payments
or extension of time. The Contractor typically reacts to
certain actions of the Employer which the Contractor
considers unjust. It is left to the dispute resolution
procedure to determine which party is on the right side
of the contract.
3
3.1 Context
3.1.1 Disputes between parties are instances of
differences in opinion in the way a contract ought to be
interpreted. In most cases, it is the existence of financial
implications that causes parties to take rigid stances to
their respective positions. When a dispute develops,
it is expected that parties would begin taking steps
to communicate their positions by correspondence. It
is common to find many overlapping and successive
mechanisms for the resolution of disputes.
3.2 Role of the Engineer in Dispute Resolution
3.2.1 In the FIDIC form of the contract, importance is
given to the role of an intermediary, neutral Engineer
to administer the contract on a day to day basis. The
Engineer who is appointed by the Employer is expected
to determine, certify, approve actions and decide issues
in accordance with the provisions of the contract. In a
way, the presence of an Engineer is expected to be an
important balancer in the manner in which a contract
is administered. However, it is not uncommon that
discretionary powers over the Engineers determinations
are reserved by the Employer thus restricting the powers
of the Engineer to independently manage the contract.
These powers could include decisions on variations,
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Form of Contract and Suggestions for Improvements
been watchful in attempting to balance the intent of the
law by appropriately shaping the ambit of public policy
with reference to the Act. It should be noted that even if
the court finds that an Arbitral Award is in conflict with
the public policy of India, the court cannot correct or
otherwise finally decide the contractual dispute between
the parties. The court can merely set aside the Arbitral
Award. The matter in dispute has to be finally resolved
by parties by resort to Arbitration.
3.4.3 In case of arbitration proceedings other than an
international commercial arbitration, when the place
of arbitration is situated in India, the law expects the
Arbitral Award to be decided in accordance with:
a)
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Form of Contract and Suggestions for Improvements
b) absence of previous employment with any of the
contracting parties or the Engineer
c)
f)
g) fluency in English
4.2.5 Thus, it is clear that there are stringent and explicit
norms of impartiality and independence that DRB
members are expected to follow. Payments to DRB
members are to be shared equally by the employer and
the contractor thus, further ensuring impartiality. The
DRB members are required to visit the site at regular
intervals so that they are acquainted with the factual
circumstances prevalent at site. If both parties lose
confidence in the members of the DRB, the parties can
unanimously disband the DRB and reconstitute a new
DRB. The DRB procedure also lays down requirements
for providing full opportunity to both parties to a hearing.
Thus-it would appear that the DRB guidelines and
procedure have laid sound foundations for a successful
system of early resolution of disputes.
4.2.6 However, in practice, only minority of disputes
are finally resolved at the DRB stage. Inevitably, parties
continue on to the arbitration stage rendering the DRB
only a formality in a long winding process that ends
up in the higher courts for final settlement. One reason
is the perceived lack of efforts at reaching negotiated
settlements. If either party sticks to its stand till the
end, there is low probability of agreeing to a full stop
to a dispute especially when further opportunities exist
for agitating before a higher forum. It is observed that
employer organizations that have a tendency to avoid the
genesis of disputes (by reaching negotiated settlement
by mutual consensus) also have a greater chance for
accepting DRB recommendations.
4.2.7 In many cases, the DRB is unable to communicate
recommendations in time leading to automatic referrals
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Form of Contract and Suggestions for Improvements
of the contract evidenced by timely and appropriate
communication in writing to and between parties from
the stage of its drafting and inception until the successful
achievement of contractual objectives.
Acknowledgement
2.
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110 An Overview of Dispute Resolution Procedures in Road Projects With Reference to the Fidic
Form of Contract and Suggestions for Improvements
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