Summary of Trigonometry

Convert degrees to radians

a0 = a

180

Convert radians to degrees

180 0
a (rad ) = a
a 57.2958 0

(rad ) 0.01745a (rad )

Definition of Trigonometric Functions (Rt. )

oppositr
hypotenuse
adjacent
cos A =
hypotenuse
opposite
tan A =
adjacent

sin A =

Definition of Trigonometric Functions (Unit Circle)

hypotenuse
opposite
hypotenuse
sec A =
adjacent
adjacent
cot A =
opposite
csc A =

1
y
1
cos = x sec =
x
y
x
tan =
cot =
x
y

sin = y csc =

Sign of Trigonometric Functions

Special Points in Unit Circle

Reciprocal Identities

Pythagorean Identities

Quotient Identities

1
csc
1
cos =
sec
1
tan =
cot

sin + cos = 1
1 + tan 2 = sec 2

tan =

sin =

1
sin
1
sec =
cos
1
cot =
tan
csc =

Inverse Functions

a
b
c
Law of Sine:
=
=
sin A sin B sin C

1 + cot 2 = csc 2

sin
cos
cos
cot =
sin

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A
Law of Cosine: b 2 = a 2 + c 2 2ac cos B

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C
R = [ / 2, / 2]

y = sin 1 x

where x = sin y

D = [1, 1]

y = cos 1 x

where x = cos y

D = [1, 1]

[0, ]

y = tan 1 x

where x = tan y

D = (, )

( / 2, / 2)

y = cot 1 x

where x = cot y

D = (, )

(0, )

y = sec 1 x

where x = sec y

D = (, 1] [1, )

[0, / 2) [ ,3 / 2)

y = csc 1 x

where x = csc y

D = (, 1] [1, )

(0, / 2] ( , / 2]

Summary of Trigonometry

Sum and Difference Identities:

sin( ) = sin cos cos sin

cos( ) = cos cos sin sin
tan tan
tan ( ) =
1 tan tan

Double-Angle Identities

sin 2 = 2 sin cos

cos 2 = cos 2 sin 2
= 1 2 sin 2
= 2 cos 2 1
2 tan
tan 2 =
1 tan 2

Weierstrass Substitution

Half-Angle Identities

sin =

sin

2 tan( / 2)
1 + tan 2 ( / 2)

1 tan ( / 2)
1 + tan 2 ( / 2)
2 tan( / 2)
tan =
1 tan 2 ( / 2)

cos =

cos
tan

1 cos
2

1 + cos
2

1 cos
sin
1 cos
=
=
1 + cos 1 + cos
sin

Product-to-Sum Identities

Sum-to-Product Identities

1
[sin( x + y) + sin( x y)]
2
1
cos x sin y = [sin( x + y ) sin( x y )]
2
1
cos x cos y = [cos( x y ) + cos( x + y )]
2
1
sin x sin y = [cos( x y ) cos( x + y )]
2

sin x + sin y = 2 sin

sin x cos y =

1 cos 2
2
1 + cos 2
cos 2 =
2
1 cos 2
tan 2 =
1 + cos 2

sin 2 =

x+ y
x y
cos
2
2
x+ y
x y
sin x sin y = 2 cos
sin
2
2
x+ y
x y
cos y + cos x = 2 cos
cos
2
2
x+ y
x y
cos y cos x = 2 sin
sin
2
2

Reduction Identities: Memory device is (Name follows ESOC, Sign depends on quadrant)

Sign sin

sin n =
2 Sign cos

Sign sin n E
sin n =
2
Sign cos n O

nE
nO

cos n =
2

cos n =
2

tan n =
2

cot n =
2

sec n =
2

csc n =
2

tan n =
2

cot n =
2

sec n =
2

csc n =
2

Summary of Trigonometry