Practical Design to Eurocode 2

Beams
Bending / Flexure
Shear
Detailing
Anchorage & Laps
Members & particular rules

Beams
Flexure

Section Design: Bending

Flexural design is generally the same as BS8110 in
principle
Modified for high strength concrete
EC2 presents the principles only
Design manuals will provide the standard solutions for
basic design cases.

Rectangular Concrete Stress

Block (3.1.7, Figure 3.5)
cu3

Ac

fcd
Fc

x
d

As

Fs

s
fck 50 MPa

50 < fck 90 MPa

0.8

= 0.8 (fck 50)/400

1.0

= 1,0 (fck 50)/200

fcd = cc fck /c
= 0.85 fck /1.5

Analysis of a singly reinforced beam

Cl 3.1.7 EN 1992-1-1
Design equations can be derived as follows:
b

For grades of concrete up to C50/60, cu= 0.0035, = 1 and = 0.8.

fcd = 0.85fck/1.5,
fyd = fyk/1.15 = 0.87 fyk
Fc = (0.85 fck / 1.5) b (0.8 x) = 0.453 fck b x
Fst = 0.87As fyk
For horizontal equilibrium
Fc= Fst
0.453 fck b x = 0.87As fyk
Guess As

Solve for x

z = d - 0.4 x

M = Fc z

Maximum neutral axis depth

b

Redistributed Bending Moment

Elastic Bending Moment

k1 k 2 x u d

xu = Neutral axis depth after redistribution

EC2 NA gives k1 = 0.4 and k2 = 1.0

M
bd 2 f ck
Value of K for maximum value of M
with no compression steel and
when x is at its maximum value.

If K > K Compression steel required

EC2 Equ 5.10a

0.4 x u d
xu
- 0.4
d

Analysis of a Singly Reinforced

Beam3.1.7 EN 1992-1-1
Design equations can be derived as follows:

For grades of concrete up to C50/60, cu= 0.0035, = 1 and = 0.8.

fcd = 0.85fck/1.5,
fyd = fyk/1.15
Fc = (0.85 fck / 1.5) b (0.8 x) = 0.453 fck b x
Fst = 0.87As fyk
Take moments about the centre of the tension force
M = 0.453 fck b x z

Section analysis
Now z

= d - 0.4 x

= 2.5(d - z)

&

= 0.453 fck b 2.5(d - z) z

= 1.1333 (fck b z d - fck b z2)

Let

= M / (fck b d 2)

K can be considered as the normalised bending resistance

fckbdz
M
fckbz 2
1.1333
2
2
fckbd
fckbd 2
fckbd

= 1.1333 [(z/d)2 (z/d)] + K

= (z/d)2 (z/d) + 0.88235K

= (z/d)2 (z/d) + 0.88235K

Solving the quadratic equation:

z/d = [1 + (1 - 3.529K)0.5]/2
z

= d [ 1 + (1 - 3.529K)0.5]/2

Rearranging
z

= d [ 0.5 + (0.25 K / 1.134)0.5]

This compares to BS 8110

z

= d [ 0.5 + (0.25 K / 0.9)0.5]

The lever arm for an applied moment is now known

Higher Concrete Strengths

fck 50MPa

z d[1 (1 3,529K )]/2

fck = 60MPa

z d[1 (1 3,715K )]/2

fck = 70MPa

z d[1 (1 3,922K )]/2

fck = 80MPa

z d[1 (1 4,152K )]/2

fck = 90MPa

z d[1 (1 4,412K )]/2

Take moments about the centre of the compression force

M

= 0.87As fyk z

Rearranging
As

= M /(0.87 fyk z)

The required area of reinforcement can now be:

calculated using these expressions

obtained from Tables (eg Table 5 of How to beams and ConciseTable 15.5 )

obtained from graphs (eg from the Green Book)

However, it is often considered good practice to limit the depth of the

neutral axis to avoid over-reinforcement (ie to ensure a ductile failure).
This is not an EC2 requirement and is not accepted by all engineers. A
limiting value for K can be calculated (denoted K) as follows.

Design aids for flexure

Concise: Table 15.5

k1 + k2 xu/d
where
k1 = 0.4
k2 = 0.6 + 0.0014/ cu2 = 0.6 + 0.0014/0.0035 = 1
xu = depth to NA after redistribution

= Redistribution ratio

xu = d ( - 0.4)

Substituting for x in eqn 1 above and rearranging:

M = b d2 fck (0.6 0.18 2 - 0.21)
K = M /(b d2 fck) = (0.6 0.18 2 - 0.21)
From BS 8110 K = (0.55 0.18 2 0.19) rearranged
Some engineers advocate taking x/d < 0.45, and K < 0.168

Beams with Compression

Reinforcement
There is now an extra force Fsc = 0.87As2 fyk
The area of tension reinforcement can now be
considered in two parts, the first part to balance the
compressive force in the concrete, the second part is to
balance the force in the compression steel. The area of
reinforcement required is therefore:
As = K fck b d 2 /(0.87 fyk z) + As2
where z is calculated using K instead of K

As2 can be calculated by taking moments about the centre of the tension
force:
M = K fck b d 2 + 0.87 fyk As2 (d - d2)
Rearranging
As2 = (K - K) fck b d 2 / (0.87 fyk (d - d2))

Design Flowchart
The following flowchart outlines the design procedure for rectangular
beams with concrete classes up to C50/60 and grade 500 reinforcement
Carry out analysis to determine design moments (M)
Determine K and K from:
M
K
& K ' 0.6 0.18 2 0.21
2
b d fck
Note: =1.0 means no redistribution and = 0.8 means 20% moment redistribution.

Yes

Is K K ?

No compression steel
needed singly reinforced

No

1.00

0.208

0.95

0.195

0.90

0.182

0.85

0.168

0.80

0.153

0.75

0.137

0.70

0.120

Compression steel needed

- doubly reinforced

It is often recommended in the UK that K is limited to 0.168 to ensure ductile failure

Flow Chart for Singly-reinforced

Beam
Calculate lever arm z from: z

d
1 1 3.53K 0.95d *
2

* A limit of 0.95d is considered good practice, it is not a requirement of Eurocode 2.

Calculate tension steel required from:

As

M
fyd z

Check minimum reinforcement requirements:

As,min

0.26 fctm bt d

0.0013 bt d
fyk

Check max reinforcement provided As,max 0.04Ac (Cl. 9.2.1.1)

Check min spacing between bars > bar > 20 > Agg + 5
Check max spacing between bars

Flow Chart for DoublyReinforced Beam

d
z 1 1 3.53K '
2

Calculate lever arm z from:

Calculate excess moment from:

M ' bd 2fck K K '

Calculate compression steel required from:

M'
As2
fyd d d 2
Calculate tension steel required from:

K ' fck bd 2
As2
As
fyd z

Check max reinforcement provided As,max 0.04Ac (Cl. 9.2.1.1)

Check min spacing between bars > bar > 20 > Agg + 5

Flexure Worked Example

Worked Example 1
Design the section below to resist a sagging moment of 370 kNm assuming
15% moment redistribution (i.e. = 0.85).
Take fck = 30 MPa and fyk = 500 MPa.

Initially assume 32 mm for tension reinforcement with 25 mm nominal cover

to the link (allow 10 mm for link) and 20mm for compression reinforcement
with 25 mm nominal cover to link.
Nominal side cover is 35 mm.
d = h cnom - link - 0.5
= 500 25 - 10 16
= 449 mm
d2 = cnom + link + 0.5
= 25 + 10 + 10
= 45 mm

449

K ' 0.168
K

M
bd 2f ck
6

370 10
300 4492 30
0.204 K '

provide compression steel

1 1 3.53K '
2
449

1 1 3.53 0.168

368 mm

1.00

0.208

0.95

0.195

0.90

0.182

0.85

0.168

0.80

0.153

0.75

0.137

0.70

0.120

M ' bd 2fck K K '

300 449 2 30 (0.204 0.168 ) 10 6
65.3 kNm
As 2

M'
fyd d d 2

65.3 x 10 6

435 (449 45)

372 mm 2

As

M M'
As 2
fyd z

(370 65.3) 10 6

372
435 364
2293 mm 2

368

Provide 2 H20 for compression steel = 628mm2 (372 mm2 reqd)

and 3 H32 tension steel = 2412mm2 (2296 mm2 reqd)
By inspection does not exceed maximum area or maximum spacing of
reinforcement rules
Check minimum spacing, assuming H10 links
Space between bars = (300 35 x 2 - 10 x 2 - 32 x 3)/2
= 57 mm > 32 mm

OK

Simplified Factors for Flexure

(1)
Factors for NA depth (=nd) and lever arm (=zd) for concrete grade 50 MPa
1.20

1.00

lever arm

Factor

0.80

0.60

0.40

NA depth
0.20

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.10

0.11

0.12

0.13

0.14

0.15

0.16

0.17

0.02

0.04

0.07

0.09

0.12

0.14

0.17

0.19

0.22

0.24

0.27

0.30

0.33

0.36

0.39

0.43

0.46

0.99

0.98

0.97

0.96

0.95

0.94

0.93

0.92

0.91

0.90

0.89

0.88

0.87

0.86

0.84

0.83

0.82

M/bd 2fck

Simplified Factors for Flexure

(2)
Factors for NA depth (=nd) and lever arm (=zd) for concrete grade 70 MPa
1.20

lever arm

1.00

Factor

0.80

0.60

0.40

NA depth
0.20

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.10

0.11

0.03

0.05

0.08

0.11

0.14

0.17

0.20

0.23

0.26

0.29

0.33

0.99

0.98

0.97

0.96

0.95

0.94

0.93

0.91

0.90

0.89

0.88

M/bd 2fck

0.12

0.13

0.14

0.15

0.16

0.17

Shear in Beams
Shear design is different from BS8110
Shear strength should be limited to the value for
C50/60
The shear effects in links and longitudinal steel have to
be considered explicitly

Definitions
Resistance of member without shear reinforcement
VRd,c
Resistance of member governed by the yielding of
shear reinforcement - VRd,s
Resistance of member governed by the crushing of
compression struts - VRd,max
Applied shear force - VEd

Members Requiring Shear

Reinforcement (6.2.3.(1))
compression chord

compression chord

V(cot - cot

Fcd
d

V
s

shear reinforcement

z = 0.9d

N
V

Ftd
tension chord

angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis

angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis

inner lever arm. In the shear analysis of reinforced concrete

without axial force, the approximate value z = 0,9d may normally
be used.

Strut Inclination Method

VRd,max

b z 1 fcd
cw w
cot tan

VRd, s

Asw

z f ywd cot
s
21.8 < < 45

Shear
6.2.3 EN 1992-1-1
We can use the following expressions from the code to calculate shear
reinforcement for a beam (Assumes shear reinforcement is always
provided in a beam)
VRd,s = Asw z fywd cot /s

VRd,max = 0.5 z bw fcd sin 2

where 0.6 (1- fck/250)

When cot = 2.5 (= 21.8)
VRd = 0.138 bw z fck (1 - fck/250)
Or in terms of stress:
vRd = 0.138 fck (1 - fck/250)
Rearranging equation 2 in terms of stress:
= 0.5 sin-1[vRd /(0.20 fck(1 - fck/250))]

fck vRd, cot

= 2.5

vRd, cot

20

2.54

3.68

25

3.10

4.50

28

3.43

4.97

30

3.64

5.28

32

3.84

5.58

35

4.15

6.02

40

4.63

6.72

45

5.08

7.38

50

5.51

8.00

= 1.0

Shear Design: Links

Variable strut method allows a shallower strut angle
hence activating more links.
As strut angle reduces concrete stress increases
V
z

x
Angle = 45 V carried on 3 links

x
Angle = 21.8 V carried on 6 links

Shear Resistance of Sections with

Shear Reinforcement
V

z
x

1 cot 2,5

Basic equations
shear reinforcement control
VRd,s = Asw z fywd cot /s

Exp (6.8)

concrete strut control

VRd,max = z bw 1 fcd /(cot + tan) = 0,5 z bw fcd sin 2
Exp (6.9)
where = 0,6(1-fck/250)

Exp (6.6N)

fck

vRd, cot

20

2.54

3.68

25

3.10

4.5

28

3.43

4.97

30

3.64

5.28

32

3.84

5.58

35

4.15

6.02

40

4.63

6.72

45

5.08

7.38

50

5.51

8.00

= 2.5

vRd, cot

= 1.0

Shear Resistance with Shear

Reinforcement
Procedure for design with variable strut
1. Determine maximum applied shear force at support, VEd
2. Determine VRd,max with cot = 2.5
3. If VRd,max > VEd

cot = 2.5, go to step 6 and calculate required shear

reinforcement

4. If VRd,max < VEd

calculate required strut angle:

= 0.5 sin-1[(vEd/(0.20fck(1-fck/250))]

5. If cot is less than 1 re-size element, otherwise

6. Calculate amount of shear reinforcement required

Asw/s = vEd bw/(fywd cot ) = VEd /(0.78 d fyk cot )
7. Check min shear reinforcement, Asw/s bw w,min and max spacing,
sl,max = 0.75d
w,min = (0.08 fck)/fyk
cl 9.2.2

Shear - Variable strut method

Concise Fig 15.1 a)

Shear - Variable strut method

Concise Fig 15.1 b)

Short Shear Spans with Direct

Strut Action (6.2.3)

d
av

d
av

Where av 2d the applied shear force, VEd, for a point load

(eg, corbel, pile cap etc) may be reduced by a factor av/2d
where 0.5 av 2d provided:
The longitudinal reinforcement is fully anchored at the support.
Only that shear reinforcement provided within the central 0.75av is
included in the resistance.
Note: see PD6687-1:2010

Cl 2.14 for more information

Curtailment of longitudinal tension reinforcement

Shift Rule for Shear
Horizontal component of
diagonal shear force

M/z - V cot/2

= (V/sin) . cos = V cot

V/sin

M/z + V cot/2
al

Applied

Applied

shear V

moment M

= (M + Vz cot/2)/z

M = Vz cot/2
dM/dx = V

M = Vx x = z cot/2 = al

Shift Rule
For members without shear reinforcement this is satisfied with al = d
For members with shear reinforcement: Conservatively al = 1.125d

Envelope of (MEd /z +NEd)

lbd
lbd

Acting tensile force

Resisting tensile force

lbd
al

lbd

Ftd

al
Ftd
lbd

lbd
lbd

lbd

Summary
Flexural principles similar
Shear approach different should result in less shear
reinforcement
We will look at the SLS and detailing rules later

Shear Example

Design of shear reinforcement using

Eurocode 2

Design Flow Chart for Shear

Determine vEd where:
vEd = design shear stress [vEd = VEd/(bwz) = VEd/(bw 0.9d)]
Determine the concrete strut capacity vRd when cot = 2.5
vRd = 0.138fck(1-fck/250)

Is vRd > vEd?

Yes

No

Determine from:
= 0.5 sin-1[(vEd/(0.20fck(1-fck/250))]

(cot = 2.5)

Calculate area of shear reinforcement:

Asw/s = vEd bw/(fywd cot )
Check maximum spacing of shear reinforcement :
s,max = 0.75 d
For vertical shear reinforcement

Find the minimum area of shear reinforcement required to resist the design
shear force using EC2.
Assume that:
fck

= 30 MPa and

fck

vRd, cot

fyd

= 500/1.15 = 435 MPa

20

2.54

3.68

25

3.10

4.5

28

3.43

4.97

30

3.64

5.28

32

3.84

5.58

= 312.5 x 103/(140 x 0.9 x 500)

35

4.15

6.02

= 4.96 MPa

40

4.63

6.72

45

5.08

7.38

50

5.51

8.00

Shear stress:
vEd = VEd/(bw 0.9d)

vRd = 3.64 MPa

vRd < vEd
cot < 2.5 Calculate

= 2.5

vRd, cot

= 1.0

Calculate

v Ed

0
.
20
(
1
/
250
)
f
f

ck
ck

0.5 sin 1

4.96

0.20 x 30 1 - 30 / 250

0.5 sin 1
35.0

cot 1.43
Asw/s = vEd bw/(fywd cot )
Asw/s = 4.96 x 140 /(435 x 1.43)
Asw/s = 1.12 mm
Try H10 links with 2 legs.
Asw = 157 mm2
s < 157 /1.12 = 140 mm
provide H10 links at 125 mm spacing

Beam Example 1
Gk = 75 kN/m, Qk = 50 kN/m , assume no redistribution and use
equation 6.10 to calculate ULS loads.

8m
Cover = 40mm to each face

1000

fck = 30
Determine the flexural and shear
reinforcement required

450

(try 10mm links and 32mm main steel)

Beam Example 1 Bending

ULS load per m = (75 x 1.35 + 50 x 1.5) = 176.25
Mult = 176.25 x 82/8
= 1410 kNm
d

= 1000 - 40 - 10 32/2
= 934

M
1410 106
K

0.120
2
2
bd fck 450 934 30
K = 0.208
K

< K No compression reinforcement required

d
934
z 1 1 3.53K
1 1 3.53 x 0.120 822 0.95d
2
2
M
1410 x 106
As

3943 mm2
fyd z 435 x 822

Provide 5 H32 (4021 mm2)

Beam Example 1 Shear

Shear force, VEd = 176.25 x 8/2 = 705 kN
Shear stress:
= VEd/(bw 0.9d) = 705 x 103/(450 x 0.9 x 934)

vEd

= 1.68 MPa
fck

vRd, cot

20

2.54

3.68

25

3.10

4.5

28

3.43

4.97

= vEd bw/(fywd cot )

30

3.64

5.28

Asw/s

= 1.68 x 450 /(435 x 2.5)

32

3.84

5.58

Asw/s

= 0.70 mm

35

4.15

6.02

40

4.63

6.72

45

5.08

7.38

50

5.51

8.00

vRd

= 3.64 MPa

vRd > vEd

cot = 2.5
Asw/s

Try H8 links with 3 legs.

= 151

Asw
s

mm2

< 151 /0.70 = 215 mm

provide H8 links at 200 mm spacing

= 2.5

vRd, cot

= 1.0

Workshop Problem

Workshop Problem
Gk = 10 kN/m, Qk = 6.5 kN/m (Use eq. 6.10)

8m
Cover = 35 mm to each face

450

fck = 30MPa
Check the beam in flexure and shear

300

Solution - Flexure
ULS load per m = (10 x 1.35 + 6.5 x 1.5) = 23.25
Mult = 23.25 x 82/8
= 186 kNm
d

= 450 - 35 - 10 32/2
= 389

M
186 106
K

0.137
2
2
bd fck 300 389 30

K = 0.208
K

< K No compression reinforcement required

d
1 1 3.53K 389 1 1 3.53 x 0.137 334 0.95d
2
2

186 x 106
As

1280 mm2
fyd z 435 x 334
M

Provide 3 H25 (1470 mm2)

Solution - Shear
Shear force, VEd = 23.25 x 8 /2 = 93 kN
Shear stress:
= VEd/(bw 0.9d) = 93 x 103/(300 x 0.9 x 389)

vEd

= 0.89 MPa
= 3.64 MPa

vRd

vRd > vEd

cot = 2.5
Asw/s

= vEd bw/(fywd cot )

Asw/s

= 0.89 x 300 /(435 x 2.5)

Asw/s

= 0.24 mm

Try H8 links with 2 legs.

= 101 mm2

Asw
s

< 101 /0.24 = 420 mm

Maximum spacing = 0.75 d = 0.75 x 389 = 292 mm

provide H8 links at 275 mm spacing

fck

vRd (when
cot = 2.5)

20

2.54

25

3.10

28

3.43

30

3.64

32

3.84

35

4.15

40

4.63

45

5.08

50

5.51

Detailing

www.ukcares.co.uk
www.uk-bar.org
UK CARES (Certification - Product & Companies)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Reinforcing bar and coil

Reinforcing fabric
Steel wire for direct use of for further
processing
Cut and bent reinforcement
Welding and prefabrication of reinforcing

steel

Identification of bars
Class A

Class B

Class C

Reinforced Concrete Detailing

to Eurocode 2
Section 8 - General Rules
Anchorage
Laps
Large Bars
Section 9 - Particular Rules
Beams
Slabs
Columns
Walls
Foundations
Discontinuity Regions
Tying Systems
Cover Fire
Specification and Workmanship

Section 8 - General Rules

Spacing of bars
EC2: Cl. 8.2

Concise: 11.2

Clear horizontal and vertical distance , (dg +5mm) or 20mm

For separate horizontal layers the bars in each layer should be
located vertically above each other. There should be room to allow
access for vibrators and good compaction of concrete.

Min. Mandrel Dia. for bent bars

EC2: Cl. 8.3

Concise: 11.3

Minimum mandrel size, m

To avoid damage to bar is
Bar dia 16mm
Mandrel size 4 x bar diameter
Bar dia > 16mm
Mandrel size 7 x bar diameter
The bar should extend at least 5 diameters beyond a bend

Min. Mandrel Dia. for bent bars

EC2: Cl. 8.3

Concise: 11.3

Minimum mandrel size, m

Bearing stress
inside bends
To avoid failure of the concrete inside the bend of the bar:
m,min Fbt ((1/ab) +1/(2 )) / fcd
Fbt ultimate force in a bar at the start of a bend
ab for a given bar is half the centre-to-centre distance between bars.
For a bar adjacent to the face of the member, ab should be taken as
the cover plus /2
Mandrel size need not be checked to avoid concrete failure if :
anchorage does not require more than 5 past end of bend
bar is not the closest to edge face and there is a cross bar inside bend
mandrel size is at least equal to the recommended minimum value

Anchorage of reinforcement
EC2: Cl. 8.4

Ultimate bond stress

EC2: Cl. 8.4.2

Concise: 11.5

The design value of the ultimate bond stress, fbd = 2.25 12fctd
where fctd should be limited to C60/75
1 =1 for good and 0.7 for poor bond conditions
2 = 1 for 32, otherwise (132- )/100
Direction of concreting

a) 45 90
Direction of concreting

Direction of concreting

250

c) h > 250 mm
Direction of concreting
300
300
h

b) h 250 mm

d) h > 600 mm

unhatched zone good bond conditions

hatched zone - poor bond conditions

Basic required anchorage length

EC2: Cl. 8.4.3

Concise: 11.4.3

lb,rqd = (/ 4) (sd / fbd)

where sd is the design stress of the bar at the position
from where the anchorage is measured.
For bent bars lb,rqd should be measured along the
centreline of the bar

EC2 Figure 8.1

Concise Fig 11.1

Design Anchorage Length, lbd

EC2: Cl. 8.4.4

Concise: 11.4.2

lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 lb,rqd lb,min

However: (2 3 5) 0.7
lb,min > max(0.3lb,rqd ; 10, 100mm)

Alpha values
EC2: Table 8.2
Table requires values for:
Cd

Value depends on cover and bar spacing, see Figure 8.3

Factor depends on position of confinement reinforcement,

see Figure 8.4

= (Ast Ast,min)/ As Where Ast is area of transverse reinf.

Table 8.2 - Cd & K factors

EC2: Figure 8.3

EC2: Figure 8.4

Concise: Figure 11.3

Table 8.2 - Other shapes

EC2: Figure 8.1

Concise: Figure 11.1

Alpha values
EC2: Table 8.2

Concise: 11.4.2

Anchorage of links
EC2: Cl. 8.5

Concise: Fig 11.2

Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7

Design Lap Length, l0 (8.7.3)

EC2: Cl. 8.7.3

Concise: 11.6.2

l0 = 1 2 3 5 6 lb,rqd l0,min

1 2 3 5 are as defined for anchorage length

6 = (1/25)0,5 but between 1.0 and 1.5
where 1 is the % of reinforcement lapped within 0.65l0 from the
centre of the lap

Percentage of lapped bars

relative to the total crosssection area
6

< 25%

33%

50%

>50%

1.15

1.4

1.5

Note: Intermediate values may be determined by interpolation.

l0,min max{0.3 6 lb,rqd; 15; 200}

Arrangement of Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7.3, Fig 8.8

Worked example
Anchorage and lap lengths

Anchorage Worked Example

Calculate the tension anchorage for an H16 bar in the
bottom of a slab:
a) Straight bars
b) Other shape bars (Fig 8.1 b, c and d)
Concrete strength class is C25/30
Nominal cover is 25mm

Assume maximum design stress in the bar

Bond stress, fbd

fbd = 2.25 1 2 fctd

EC2 Equ. 8.2

1 = 1.0 Good bond conditions

2 = 1.0 bar size 32
fctd = ct fctk,0,05/c
ct = 1.0

EC2 cl 3.1.6(2), Equ 3.16

c = 1.5

fctk,0,05 = 0.7 x 0.3 fck2/3

= 0.21 x 252/3
= 1.795 MPa
fctd = ct fctk,0,05/c = 1.795/1.5 = 1.197
fbd = 2.25 x 1.197 = 2.693 MPa

EC2 Table 3.1

Basic anchorage length, lb,req

lb.req

= (/4) ( sd/fbd)

EC2 Equ 8.3

Max stress in the bar, sd = fyk/s = 500/1.15

= 435MPa.
lb.req

= (/4) ( 435/2.693)
= 40.36
For concrete class C25/30

Design anchorage length, lbd

lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 lb.req lb,min
lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 (40.36)

For concrete class C25/30

Alpha values
EC2: Table 8.2

Concise: 11.4.2

Table 8.2 - Cd & K factors

EC2: Figure 8.3

EC2: Figure 8.4

Concise: Figure 11.3

Design anchorage length, lbd

lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 lb.req lb,min
lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 (40.36)

For concrete class C25/30

a) Tension anchorage straight bar

1 = 1.0
3 = 1.0

conservative value with K= 0

4 = 1.0

N/A

5 = 1.0

conservative value

2 = 1.0 0.15 (Cd )/

2 = 1.0 0.15 (25 16)/16 = 0.916
lbd = 0.916 x 40.36 = 36.97 = 592mm

Design anchorage length, lbd

lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 lb.req lb,min
lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 (40.36)

For concrete class C25/30

b) Tension anchorage Other shape bars

1 = 1.0

Cd = 25 is 3 = 3 x 16 = 48

3 = 1.0

conservative value with K= 0

4 = 1.0

N/A

5 = 1.0

conservative value

2 = 1.0 0.15 (Cd 3)/ 1.0

2 = 1.0 0.15 (25 48)/16 = 1.25 1.0
lbd = 1.0 x 40.36 = 40.36 = 646mm

Worked example - summary

H16 Bars Concrete class C25/30 25 Nominal cover
Tension anchorage straight bar

lbd = 36.97 = 592mm

Tension anchorage Other shape bars

lbd = 40.36 = 646mm

lbd is measured along the centreline of the bar

Compression anchorage (1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 1.0)
lbd = 40.36 = 646mm
Anchorage for Poor bond conditions = Good/0.7
Lap length = anchorage length x 6

Anchorage & lap lengths

How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2

Anchorage /lap lengths for slabs

Manual for the design of concrete structures to Eurocode 2
Table 5.25: Typical values of anchorage and lap lengths for slabs
Bond

Length in bar diameters

conditions

fck /fcu
25/30

fck /fcu
28/35

fck /fcu
30/37

fck /fcu
32/40

Full tension and

compression anchorage
length, lbd

good

40

37

36

34

poor

58

53

51

49

Full tension and

compression lap length, l0

good

46

43

42

39

poor

66

61

59

56

Note: The following is assumed:

- bar size is not greater than 32mm. If >32 then the anchorage and lap lengths should be
increased by a factor (132 - bar size)/100
- normal cover exists
- no confinement by transverse pressure
- no confinement by transverse reinforcement
- not more than 33% of the bars are lapped at one place
Lap lengths provided (for nominal bars, etc.) should not be less than 15 times the bar size
or 200mm, whichever is greater.

Arrangement of Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7.2

Concise: Cl 11.6

Laps between bars should normally be staggered and not located in regions
of high stress, the arrangement of lapped bars should comply with the
following (see Figure 8.7 on next slide):

The clear distance between lapped bars should not be greater than
4 or 50 mm otherwise the lap length should be increased by a length
equal to the clear space where it exceeds 4 or 50 mm

The longitudinal distance between two adjacent (staggered?) laps

should not be less than 0,3 times the lap length, l0;

In case of adjacent laps, the clear distance between adjacent bars

should not be less than 2 or 20 mm.

When the provisions comply with the above, the permissible percentage of
lapped bars in tension may be 100% where the bars are all in one layer.
Where the bars are in several layers the percentage should be reduced to
50%.
All bars in compression and secondary (distribution) reinforcement may be
lapped in one section.

Arrangement of Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7.2, Fig 8.7

Concise: Cl 11.6.2

Transverse Reinforcement at Laps

Concise: Cl 11.6.4
Bars in tension
EC2: Cl. 8.7.4, Fig 8.9

Rules apply if bar diameter 20mm

Where the diameter, , of the lapped bars 20 mm, the transverse

reinforcement should have a total area, Ast 1,0As of one spliced bar. It
should be placed perpendicular to the direction of the lapped
reinforcement and between that and the surface of the concrete.

If more than 50% of the reinforcement is lapped at one point and the
distance between adjacent laps at a section is 10 transverse bars should
be formed by links or U bars anchored into the body of the section.

The transverse reinforcement provided as above should be positioned at

the outer sections of the lap as shown below.

Ast /2

Ast /2

l 0 /3

l 0 /3

150 mm F
s

Fs
Figure 8.9 bars in tension

l0

Transverse Reinforcement at Laps

Bars in compression Concise: Cl 11.6.4
EC2: Cl. 8.7.4, Fig 8.9
In addition to the rules for bars in tension one bar of the transverse
reinforcement should be placed outside each end of the lap length.

Figure 8.9 bars in compression

SECTION 9
Detailing of members and particular rules

Beams (9.2)
As,min = 0,26 (fctm/fyk)btd but 0,0013btd

As,max = 0,04 Ac
Section at supports should be designed for a
hogging moment 0,25 max. span moment
Any design compression reinforcement () should be
held by transverse reinforcement with spacing 15

Beams (9.2)
Tension reinforcement in a flanged beam at
supports should be spread over the effective width
(see 5.3.2.1)

Curtailment (9.2.1.3)
(1) Sufficient reinforcement should be provided at all sections to resist the
envelope of the acting tensile force, including the effect of inclined cracks
in webs and flanges.
(2) For members with shear reinforcement the additional tensile force, Ftd,
should be calculated according to 6.2.3 (7). For members without shear
reinforcement Ftd may be estimated by shifting the moment curve a
distance al = d according to 6.2.2 (5). This "shift rule may also be used
as an alternative for members with shear reinforcement, where:
al = z (cot - cot )/2 = 0.5 z cot for vertical shear links
z= lever arm, = angle of compression strut
al = 1.125 d when cot = 2.5 and 0.45 d when cot = 1

Curtailment of reinforcement
EC2: Cl. 9.2.1.3, Fig 9.2

Concise: 12.2.2

Envelope of (M Ed /z +N Ed)

lbd
lbd

Acting tensile force

Resisting tensile force

lbd
al

lbd

Ftd

al
Ftd
lbd

lbd
lbd

lbd

Shift rule

For members without shear reinforcement this is satisfied with al = d

For members with shear reinforcement: al = 0.5 z Cot
But it is always conservative to use al = 1.125d

Anchorage of Bottom
Reinforcement at End Supports
(9.2.1.4)
Tensile Force Envelope
al

Shear shift rule

Simple support (indirect)

Simple support (direct)

As bottom steel at support 0.25 As provided in the span

lbd is required from the line of contact of the support.
Transverse pressure may only be taken into account with
a direct support.

Simplified Detailing Rules for

Beams
Concise: Cl 12.2.4

How to.EC2
Detailing section

Supporting Reinforcement at
Indirect Supports
Concise: Cl 12.2.8
EC2: Cl. 9.2.5
A

supporting beam with height h1

supported beam with height h2 (h1 h2)

B
h 2 /3

h 2 /2

Plan view
The supporting reinforcement is in
addition to that required for other
reasons

h 1 /3

h 1 /2

The supporting links may be placed in a zone beyond

the intersection of beams

Solid slabs
EC2: Cl. 9.3

Curtailment as beams except for the Shift rule al = d

may be used
Flexural Reinforcement min and max areas as beam
Secondary transverse steel not less than 20% main
reinforcement
Reinforcement at Free Edges

Detailing Comparisons
Beams

EC2

BS 8110

Main Bars in Tension

Clause / Values

Values

As,min

9.2.1.1 (1):
0.0013 bd

0.26 fctm/fykbd

0.0013 bh

As,max

9.2.1.1 (3):

0.04 bd

0.04 bh

Main Bars in Compression

As,min

--

0.002 bh

As,max

9.2.1.1 (3):

0.04 bd

0.04 bh

Spacing of Main Bars

dg + 5 mm or or 20mm

smin

8.2 (2):

Smax

Table 7.3N

dg + 5 mm or
Table 3.28

Links
Asw,min

9.2.2 (5):

(0.08 b s fck)/fyk

0.4 b s/0.87 fyv

sl,max

9.2.2 (6):

0.75 d

0.75d

st,max

9.2.2 (8):

0.75 d 600 mm

d or 150 mm from main bar

9.2.1.2 (3) or 15 from main bar

Detailing Comparisons
Slabs

EC2

BS 8110

Main Bars in Tension

Clause / Values

Values

As,min

9.2.1.1 (1):

As,max

0.04 bd

0.26 fctm/fykbd
0.0013 bd

0.0013 bh
0.04 bh

Secondary Transverse Bars

As,min

9.3.1.1 (2):

0.2As for single way

slabs

0.002 bh

As,max

9.2.1.1 (3):

0.04 bd

0.04 bh

Spacing of Bars
smin

8.2 (2):

dg + 5 mm or or 20mm

dg + 5 mm or

9.3.1.1 (3): main 3h 400 mm

Smax

secondary: 3.5h 450 mm

places of maximum moment:
main:

2h 250 mm

secondary: 3h 400 mm

3d or 750 mm

Detailing Comparisons
Punching Shear

EC2

BS 8110

Links

Clause / Values

Values

Asw,min

9.4.3 (2):
(fck)/fyk

Link leg = 0.053 sr st

Total = 0.4ud/0.87fyv

Sr

9.4.3 (1):

0.75d

0.75d

St

9.4.3 (1):

Spacing of Links
1.5d

within 1st control perim.: 1.5d

outside 1st control perim.: 2d
Columns
Main Bars in Compression
As,min

9.5.2 (2): 0.10NEd/fyk 0.002bh

0.004 bh

As,max

9.5.2 (3):

0.06 bh

0.04 bh

Links
Min size

9.5.3 (1) 0.25 or 6 mm

0.25 or 6 mm

Scl,tmax

9.5.3 (3): min (12min; 0.6 b;240 mm)

12

9.5.3 (6): 150 mm from main bar

150 mm from main bar