NG C THC PHM DO

HA CHT

Thuc
th y
BVTV

Thc phm
Toxin
trong NL

Cht v
c
Hc trong
bao b
Hu c

Toxin t
qtcb

Ph gia

Cht c
Qun l ha cht

thc
Nguyn nhn
V tnh
V sinh

Cng ngh

Ng c do NL cha cht c

Khoai
ty ny
mm

Mng

Nm c

Thc vt

u nnh
sng

Khoai m

Nm Linh Chi

NM C

Bun nn, nn ra mu
au bng d di, i ngoi
ra nc hi tanh dnh mu

Triu
chng

Mt mi, lnh, kht nc, b tiu tin

Huyt p gim, mch chm, try tim mch
Tc th, mu phi, co tht ph qun
Ri lon thn kinh, m sng, hn m

NM C
Gy nn hay ra d dy

S cu

Khng ung cc loi thuc c ru

Chuyn nn nhn
bnh vin

NM C

Xc nh nm trc khi hi/s dng,

loi b nm l
S dng nm n c

Phng
nga

Khng n th nm l

Khng nn n nm qu non

Nng cao tuyn truyn v phng nga

GLUCOSID TRONG THC VT

Glucoside l hp cht hu c c cha glucose v mt
gc khng phi glucose thng gy ra ng c
1. Cyanogenic glucoside:
Glucan
Aglucan (HCN)
(ng)
(Khng phi ng)
2. Thioglycoside (Goitrogenic Glycosides):
Glucan
Aglucan (Thio-)
(ng)
(Khng phi ng)
3. Solaninglucoside:
Glucan
Aglucan (Solanin)
(ng)
(Khng phi ng)

Nhng thc vt c cha

Cyanogenic Glycoside c
Cy khoai m (Cassava)
Mng tre

Qu hnh (Almond)
Qu o (Peach)
Qu mn (Plum)
Qu anh o di (Cherry)
Qu to (Apple)
Cy cao lng (Sorghum)
C sudan
C ba l (Clover)

KHOAI M
Men tiu ha

Khoai m

glucozit

Nc
acid

1mg/kg
th trng

HCN

S phn b HCN trong cc b phn

ca cy khoai m
C m ch (Sn ng) Ph th

Hm lng HCN
(mg/100g)

V ngoi mng
V trong dy c m
hai u c khoai m
Rut c khoai m (phn n c)
Li c khoai m

7,60
21,60
16,20
9,72
15,80

S phn b HCN trong cc loi l

trn cy khoai m
Hm lng HCN
trong

l ti (X Sx), mg/100g

Cc loi l m

L m n (Sn d)

L m gn (Sn chui )

L gi (1/2 cao thn tr xung)

L bnh t (1/2 n cao thn)
L non pha trn
t non

1,44 0,06
4,29 0,42
36,48 2,25
44,23 2,10

0,46 0,03
1,54 0,15
14,75 0,16
18,05 1,81

V gia c khoai m c cha nhiu HCN

Ng c cp tnh Cyanogenic Glycoside

Triu chng xy ra rt t ngt, ri lon h hp, ngng th v cht
sau 1 hoc 2 gi vi mc nng.
Mc nh hn: C cm gic ng, cay v nng rt c hng, thnh
thong co git hoc t cng cc chi. Chy nc bt, si bt mp, nn
ma.
C cm gic s hi, chng mt, chong vng, hoa mt, co cng quai
hm.
Th gp, kh th, nhp th khng u. ng mch co tht lm cho
huyt p tng, tc mu qua tim chm li, v sau lon nhp tim.
Nim mc tm, ti xanh, mu mu chocola. Sau l nhng cn co
git, khng iu khin c tiu tin. Cui cng l v m hi, dn
ng t, t lit, lit h hp ri ngng tim v t vong.

Triu chng ng c mn tnh

Trng hp n thc phm nhim HCN liu
thp, ko di, c th thch ng v chu ng
c, nhng trng thi bnh khc xut hin
nh:
- Bu c do nhc nng tuyn gip
(hyperthroidism) c lin quan n s c ch
gip trng ca sn phm trao i cht ca HCN
l thiocyanate.
- C th t lit thn kinh lu di c lin quan
n cht trao i trung gian -cyanoalanine.

KHOAI M
Bc v ngm nc t 12 - 24h

Phng
nga

Thi tng khc nh

Luc k, nu cn v ng phi luc li

Hm lng HCN sau khi s ch

Cch s ch

HCN (mg/100g)

Sn ti

9,72

Sn thi lt

2,7

Sn thi si

2,16

Bt sn

1,08

Cch luc sn loi b HCN

Cch x l

T l HCN cn li

Bc v, ngm nc
24h
Luc khng v 0,5h

75,0
56,0

Luc 2 ln nc

42,0

Luc k ko di

31,5

MNG
Men tiu ha

MNG

Nc

glucozit

acid

1mg/kg
th trng

HCN

Hm lng HCN trong mng

Loi mng

HCN (mg/100g)

Mng ti cha luc k

31.40 38.30

Mng ti luc k

2.70

Nc luc mng

10.00

Mng ngm chua

2.16

MNG

SN

Triu
chng

Triu
chng

Phng
Nga

Luc mng
B nc luc

Solanin v cc loi thc vt

thuc h hoa c Solanum
Nhng loi thc vt c cha
c t solanin gm c:

Khoai ty (Potato)
C dc en (Black Nightshade)
Anh o Jerusalem (Jerusalem Cherry)

KHOAI TY NY MM
Khoai ty
ny mm

Mm
420 739mg/
100g sp

0.1-0.2g/kg
th trng

solanin

V
30 50mg/
100g sp

Rut
4-5 mg/
100g sp

Triu chng ng c solanin

1. Triu chng ng c solanin:
- Xy ra triu chng sau khi n 2 - 24 gi
- Ng c c th ko di 3 ngy
Th nh: - U oi, thn th, bun ng.
- au bng, tiu chy ri sau to bn.
Th nng: - Gin ng t v lit nh hai chn.
- Hn m.
- Trung khu thn kinh b t lit dn n lm ngng
h hp, ngng tim v t vong.

3. Liu ng c: Liu gy cht ngi ca solanin t 0,1

0,2 g/kg th trng ngi.

KHOAI TY
MC MM
Khot b mm, ngm nc k

Phng
nga

Trnh n khoai ty ny mm
Gio dc tuyn truyn

U NNH SNG
Enzym antytrypsin

Tn thng gan

Soyin (km hm pht trin)

Hn ch hp thu dinh dng

Phng
Nga

Gia nhit
Nu vi nc

Nhng loi thc vt gy bu c

(Goitrogenic Plants)
 Thc vt h ci (Brassica spp) nh ci bp, ci
du, ci xon
 glucosinolates (thioglycosides) thy phn sinh ra
hp cht gy bu c nh: Thiocyanate,
isothiocyanate
 Cu v d c th sy thai hoc ra con c bu
c bm sinh mt s cht non hoc bnh hon.
 Gy chng n n c th b t hon, mp ln,
chm chp, rng lng tc, b xng bin dng
khng bnh thng.

10

NG VT CHA CHT C
Cc

ng vt

Thy sn

Nguyn
th

CC
Da

CC

Cht c c
nhn steroic

Ph tng
Tuyn sau
hai mt
Bufotoxin
Phrynin
Phrynolysin

Khng n cc
Nu n phi b sch ph tng v da.

CC
Chng mt, bun nn, nn, au u

Triu
chng

Ri lon tiu ha, ri lon tim mch, kh th

Lit vn ng, lit h hp, lit tun hon

T vong

11

CC LOI THY SN
STT

Loi c t

ng vt

a im

Tetrodotoxin

Ciguaterat

DSP - c t
gy tiu chy

To bin

PSP - c t
gy lit

To bin

C trc
C nc (tetra dotodae) c
khi cht
trong gan, trng, rut.
To bin > 400 loi c nhit i v
cn nhit i.
Nhuyn th n qua mng
lc, ch yu c trong
tuyn tiu ho v sinh
dc.
Tuyn tiu ho v Tuyn
sinh dc c.

CC LOI THY SN
ng vt

STT

Loi c t

NSP c t To bin
gy lon thn
kinh

Nhuyn th n qua mng

lc, ch yu c trong tuyn
tiu ho v sinh dc.

ASP c t To bin
gy
chng
chng qun

Nhuyn th n qua mng

lc, ch yu c trong tuyn
tiu ho v sinh dc.

a im

THY SN
La chn k nguyn liu

Phng
Nga

Khng nn n sng
Nu chn k
Loi b nhuyn th cht

12

Nhng mi nguy c ca to c
ln mi trng v sc khe con ngi
ng vt bin
c v

Ngi
Chim
C n c

SV ph du

C n phiu sinh
ng vt phiu sinh

u trng

To c n hoa

u trng

Loi nhuyn th n to
Cua n loi nhuyn th
Sinh vt y

NG DO C NC
bung trng
gan

C nc

Tetrodotoxin
Hepatoxin

mu v da
m c
Thn kinh trung ng

Nguy him.

13

c tnh cht c tetrodotoxin

-- c t c nc mnh gp 10.000 ln so vi cht c
cyanide.
-

Khong 2 g m c nc c cng c th git cht

ngi.

- Tetrodonin, Acid tetrodonic c cha nhiu trong

bung trng, trong gan.
- Cht c t bung trng v gan rt mnh k n l
mu v da. Tht c khng c cht c.

NG DO C NC
Mt , mt mi, t mi, t li
Nn ma chong vng, th chm

Triu
chng

Thn nhit h, tt huyt p

T lit ton thn, m man bt tnh
T vong

NG DO C NC
Phng
nga

Cha
tr

Khng s dng

Gy nn
a bnh vin

14

NG C CH BIN & BO QUN

Chua ha
du m

H hng
thc n giu
m

Con ng
ly nhim

Du m
b OXH

i thiu tht
Thi n c
Ng c histamin

Cc kiu phn ng oxy ha

Lipid trong thc phm
1.
2.
3.
4.

Phn ng thy phn lipid hnh thnh A.bo

Phn ng oxyha A.bo hnh thnh peroxyd
Phn ng hnh thnh cc aldehyd
Phn ng hnh thnh cc acid hu c

15

Phn ng oxyha cht bo hnh thnh

peroxyd, aldahyd v acid
Acid bo ...CH2

Peroxyd

Aldehyd

CH

CH

...CH

...CH

CH ...+

CH

CH

CH

CH ...
2

HC

CH ...+
2

Acid

2 ...CH

OH

Ba hp cht c hi sinh ra
do qu trnh oxy ha cht bo
1. Hp cht peroxyd: Oxy ha rt mnh cc hot
cht sinh hc. Lm h hng mng t bo, b
gy DNA, m ng cho cc cht c tn
cng nhn t bo gy ung th.
2. Aldehyd: Gy mi rt kh chu, lm mt tnh ngon
ming ca gia sc i vi thc n, lm h hng
cc acid amin qua lin kt amin vi formol, c
ch men tiu ha rt mnh.
3. Acid: Kch thch nim mc rut gy tiu chy,
thc y qu trnh oxyha kh ph hy cc hot
cht sinh hc trong thc n h nhanh hn.

H HNG DU M
i chua

Oxy ha

toxin

Ch NL, CB, BQ

Ch HSD

Khng s dng nhiu ln

Loi b du b Oxy ha

16

H HNG THC N GIU M

I THIU CA THT
Nhim bn ngoi

Nhim bn trong

i thiu b mt

i thiu b su

NH3, H2S, Indol, Scatol, phenol

H hng

Cc giai on i thiu phn hy protein

Giai on 1: S ln men glucid hnh thnh cc acid hu c,
lm cho mi trng tr nn acid. Qu trnh ny, hnh
thnh cc acid nh acid lactic, acid axetic, acid butyric,
acid glycolic ... cc loi ru, CO2, nc v cc
hydrocacbua. Vi sinh vt gy thi b c ch. Tht cn dng
c.
Giai on 2: Men mc tiu th cc acid lm cho mi trng
tr nn trung tnh, sinh vt ln men thi bt u pht trin
chuyn ha protid thnh pepton, polypeptid, peptid, acid
amin ... v cui cng thnh cc cht n gin, bay hi c
mi v kh chu nh amoniac, hydro sunfua, indol, scatol,
phenol ...Thng thng cc vi khun hiu kh phn hy
cc acid amin thnh cc acid hu c v amoniac

17

THI N CA C
VSV
T ng rut

T da

Vt thng

Mang c

Bo qun TP

Phng
nga

m bo v sinh
i thiu bin cht phi loi b

Ng c do Histamin
Vi liu lng 8 n 40 mg, ty theo tng ngi c th
c triu chng ng c nh: bng mt, nga mt v
c, c khi chy nc bt, nc mt do histamin kch
thch ti cc tuyn nc bt, tuyn nc mt
Khi n phi 1,5 n 4 g histamin, ngoi nhng triu
chng trn, cn thy chong vng, nhc u, au bng,
tiu chy, nhit xung thp, mt l, bi hi lo lng.
Mch p c th rt nhanh, th gp, ni ban. Bnh
gim i sau vi gi th khi.

NG C NHIM HA CHT C

18

Nhm thuc: dit su mt, mc, cn trng

Cht st khun: dng v sinh thit b
Ho cht
cng ngh sn xut
Ph gia thc phm
Cc cht b nhim ch bin
Cht c bao b
Kim loi nng
cht c ngi ch bin

KIM LOI NNG

Cht thi cng nghip

Cht thi sinh hot

Mi trng
Ph gia
My mc, thit b

Thc phm
Ha cht

nh hng
Ng c cp tnh

Ng c mn tnh
Ng c tim n

CH

THIC

THY NGN

THCH TN

19

Nhim c Arsenic
Triu chng ng c cp tnh: Ng c do asen ch yu l
ng c cp tnh, vi liu lng 0,06g As2O3 b ng
c ,vi 0,15g/ngi s b cht ngay.
Triu chng ging nh b dch t, xut hin rt nhanh
ngay sau khi n phi asen: nn ma, au bng tiu chy,
kht nc gi di, mch p yu, mt nht nht ri
thm tm, b tiu, cht sau 24 gi.
Ng c mn tnh (ng c trng din):
Mt xm, tc rng, vim d dy v rut, au mt, au
tai, cm gic v s di ng b ri lon, xut hin asen
trong nc tiu. C th yu dn, gy cm, kit sc, cht
sau nhiu thng hoc nhiu nm.
X l ng c: Cu cha ng c cp tnh bng cch ra d
dy vi nc Magie oxyt. Cho ung thuc li tiu bi
tit nhanh chng asen ra ngoi.

Ng c Arsenic Banglades do s dng

nc ging ngm nhim c.
Bangladesh c khong 70 triu ngi b e da v
sc khe do nc ung nhim arsenic vt qu gii hn.

http://phys4.harvard.edu/~wilson/arsenic/pictures/arsenic_project_pictures2.html

Ng c Arsenic Mongolia
Lp biu b da b xm li

Sng ha tng mng lng

bn tay (Hyperkeratosis)

http://phys4.harvard.edu/%7Ewilson/mongolia_paper_figures.html

20

Ng c Arsenic
Mng-C
Sng ha lng bn tay, bn chn

Ng c Arsenic chuyn thnh dng bnh ung th da

Tnh hnh nc nhim arsenic VN

www.cimsi.org.vn/tapchi/sottyd/bai3-5-2001.htm

iu tra 1.200 mu nc ging khoan ti H Ni v nhng

vng ln cn thuc chu th Sng Hng do UNICEP VN t
chc bo ng mc nhim arsenic cao trong tng a
cht Holocene ca chu th Sng Hng.
Kt qu nghin cu t nm 1999 ca UNICEF cho thy
rng khong 15% mu nc ging (ch yu l ging khoan
H Ni v cc vng ph cn c nng arsenic vt qu
0,05mg/l (TCVN) v 92,2% tt c cc mu nc khoan vt
qu tiu chun cho php ca T chc Y t Th gii WHO.
H Ni l khu vc b nh hng nhiu nht, vi 34% mu
nc ging vt qu mc 0,05mg/l v 3,4% vt qu mc
0,30mg/l.

21

Ng c ch Pb.
1. Ng c cp tnh:
Sau khi n cm thy c v ngt, sau l v cht, tip theo c
cm gic nghn c, bng rt mm, thc qun, d dy. Tip
theo l nhng cn au bng d di, nn cht cha trong d dy
c mu trng. i tiu chy, phn mu en,
Sau mch yu, t chn tay, k n l co git, ng kinh v
cht ngay sau 36 gi.
2. Ng c trng din: Ch cn mi ngy c th hp thu >1 mg ch,
sau mt vi nm s c nhng triu chng nh sau:
Hi th thi, sng li rng, c vin en li, da vng, thng
au bng, to bn, au khp xng, bi lit chi.
Thiu mu do ch c ch s tng hp hem trong hemoglobin.
Mch yu, nc tiu t, trong nc tiu c porphyrin.
Ph n d b sy thai.

Nhng con ng ch
i vo c th
This image cannot currently be display ed.

Qua ng ming
(ph bin nht)

Qua ng h hp (ht bi ch)

Hp thu qua da (him khi xy ra)
http://www.safetycenter.navy.mil/presentations/osh/sourcefile/lead.ppt

S hp thu ch vo c th
5 n 15% lng ch n vo c hp thu
rut.
Ch c 5% lng ch hp thu c gi li trong
mu, trong xng hoc trong t chc khc.
S tn ti ca ch trong t chc xng rt lu.
Trong 20 nm c th thi ch ra ch c 1/2
lng ch trong xng.
Theo la tui ln ln th lng ch tch ly trong
xng ngy cng cao.
Chnh v vy nu nhim c ch mi ngy mt t
th n mt lc no s xut hin triu chng
ng c ch.

22

Nguy c ch vi sc khe

Ch lm thng tn
t bo thn, t
Gy ra bnh thn
kidney failure.
failure

KIDNEY DAMAGE

Ch lm ri lon s tng hp
Hemoglobin, t gy ra
Bnh thiu mu anemia.
anemia.

DECREASE
FERTILITY
HEMOGLOBIN

ANEMIA

Ch lm gim s lng tinh trng,

t gy ra gim thp kh nng
Sinh sn decreased fertility.
fertility

Nguyn nhn nhim Hg vo thc phm

Cht thi CN:

Dng c in t,
gia nh

-Sn xut ha cht

C cha Hg.
-t chy than ,
kh thi CN

Nham thch
ni la

Con ng thy ngn nhim vo c th

Hg nhim nc ung
v khng kh
u c
c th

Hg nhim vo
chui thc phm
Hg tip xc qua da

23

Chu trnh nhim Hg vo chui TP

http://www.asmalldoseof.org/ppt/Friday.harb.Cancer.ppt

Kt lng
Nc thi
Thnh ph

Nng nghip

Cng nghip

Khai m

Chy trn

ng vt khng xng sng

To

Ng c Thy ngn, Hg
Khi vo c th, thy ngn s lin kt vi nhm sulfhydryl lm
thay i hot ng ca nhm -SH trong cu trc phn t ca cc
enzyme.
Khi vo c th thy ngn bin i thnh dng methyl thy ngn
i khp ni trong c th v n ha tan c trong lipid nn c
kh nng tch t li trong c th lu hn.
Thy ngn ng li trong cc ng thn. Xut hin protein
trong nc tiu.
Metyl thy ngn rt d hp thu v ln no gy bnh tm thn.
Hg nh hng rt r rt n thai nhi, gy d tt bo thai,
ri lon sinh l, gy nhng tai bin khng cha tr c. Khi
ngi m nhim c th a con sinh ra c th l qui thai.

Bao nhiu thy ngn th ng c?

Mc thy ngn trong c t 1 ppm tr
ln khng nn n tt c.
C c mc Hg (1 ppm >Hg > 0.2 ppm)
cn gii hn 1 tun ch n 1 ln.

24

Cn nghin cu thay th dng c y khoa c cha

thy ngn (Mercury Sphygmomanometers)
http://www.ci.superior.wi.us/publicwks/wastewater/PPT/Merc.nurses1.ppt

My o huyt p
c in c cha
200 gram thy
ngn (mercury)!

Cn thay th nhit k thy ngn

Thermometers
= 1 gram of
mercury

MERCURY!!!

Alternatives must meet

the same FDA
guidelines!
http://www.ci.superior.wi.us/publicwks/wastewater/PPT/Merc.nurses1.ppt

Nhim Hg c th do hn hng trm rng

http://www.ci.superior.wi.us/publicwks/wastewater/PPT/Merc.nurses1.ppt

Ng c Hg c th xy ra t cht liu hn hp trm

rng trc y:
50% Hg trong trng lng hn hp trm rng, Hg hp thu t t.
6-10 l trm s nng mc Hg trong mu v nc tiu = 1
g/L.
Gy ra s nhy cm thi ha.

Hn hng trm
rng c cha 3051% Thy ngn

25

Nhng li khuyn chung

Gim thiu thi thy ngn ra mi trng
Hn ch sn xut v mua bn cc sn phm c
cha thy ngn.
Nn trnh mi trng v thc phm c cha thy
ngn i vi ph n trong thi k sinh sn v tr
s sinh, tr em.

Kim loi nng cho php ti a trong thc phm.

(Q s 867/1998 Q-BYT ngy 4/4/1998)
Tn thc phm

Asen
ppm

Ch
ppm

Thy
ngn
ppm

Sa v sn phm sa
Tht v sn phm tht
C v sn phm c
Du m
Rau qu
Nc p qu
Ch v sn phm ch
C ph
Ca cao v sn phm ca cao
Gia v
Nc chm
ung c rc dm
Nc gii khc: Cn pha long
Dng ngay

0.5
1
1
0.1
1
0.1
1
1
1
5
1
0.2
0.5
0.1

2
2
2
0.1
2
0.5
2
2
2
2
2
0.5
1
0.2

0.05
0.05
0.5
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

Cadimium

ppm

Antimon
ppm

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
0.15
1
1
1
1
1
0.15
0.15
0.15

Kho st, iu tra vng nhim

Kim tra dng c, thit b, cha
Kim tra hm lng KLN trong TP

Phng nga
Ph gia thc phm
Khuyn khch s dng vt liu
men s, thy tinh, cc KL c bn cao,
hp kim khng cha KLN
Ch ngun nc v mi trng ch bin

26

PH GIA
Dinh dng
Bo qun
To mu

Ph gia

To mi
Cht ci to cu trc
Cht ph gia c nhiu c tnh

Phn loi cht ph gia thc phm

theo mc tiu s dng
1. bo qun:

- Cc cht st khun.
- Cc cht chng mc.
- Cc cht chng oxy ha.
2. tng sc hp dn ca thc phm:
- Cht lm ngt nhn to
- Cc hng liu.
- Cc phm mu.
3. ch bin c bit:
- Cc enzym lm tan, mm thc phm.
- Cc cht tng kh nng thnh bnh ca bt (lm trng, n, phng,
xp,..).
- Cc cht lm tng dai ca m si.
- Cc cht lm cho thc phm c mi v c bit.

Phn loi cc cht ph gia thc

phm theo yu cu ca ch bin
STT Nhm loi cht ph gia S TT Nhm loi cht ph gia
1

Cht iu chnh acid

12

Cht kh y

Cht iu v

13

Cht lm bng

Cht n nh

14

Cht lm dy

Cht bo qun

15

Cht lm m

Cht chng ng vn

16

Cht lm rn chc

Cht chng oxy ho

17

Cht nh ho

Cht chng to bt

18

Phm mu

Cht n

19

Cht to bt

Cht ngt tng hp

20

Cht to phc kim

10

Ch phm tinh bt

21

Cht x l bt

11

Enzym

22

Hng liu

27

Tc dng tch cc ca cc cht

ph gia thc phm
1. To c nhiu sn phm ph hp vi s thch
v khu v ca ngi tiu dng.
2. Gi c cht lng ton vn ca thc phm
cho ti khi s dng.
3. To s d dng trong sn xut, ch bin thc
phm v lm tng gi tr thng phm, hp dn
ngi tiu th.
4. Ko di thi gian s dng ca thc phm.
5. Gi cho thc phm lun lun ti, to s hp
dn cho ngi tiu dng.

PH GIA
An ton hn, m bo dinh dng hn

Li ch

Kh nng lc chn cc loi thc phm

s cao hn

Gi c thc phm s r hn

Tc dng tiu cc ca cc cht

ph gia thc phm
1. Gy ng c cp tnh, nu dng qu liu cho php.
2. Gy ng c mn tnh, d cho dng liu lng nh,
thng xuyn, lin tc, vi cht ph gia thc phm
tch lu c trong c th, gy tn thng lu di.
3. Nguy c hnh thnh khi u, ung th, t bin gen,
qui thai, nht l cc cht ph gia tng hp.
4. Nguy c nh hng n cht lng thc phm: ph
hu cc cht dinh dng, vitamin trong thc phm.

28

Bn tiu ch khi s dng cht ph

gia thc phm c cho php
1. ng i tng thc phm v liu lng
khng vt qu gii hn an ton cho php.
2. p ng yu cu k thut, v sinh an ton theo
qui nh cho mi cht ph gia.
3. Khng lm bin i bn cht, thuc tnh t
nhin ca thc phm.
4. Cc cht ph gia thc phm trong Danh mc
lu thng trn th trng phi c dn nhn y
cc ni dung theo qui nh.

CC HA CHT ST KHUN
Cc acid hu c:
Nguyn l st khun ca cc acid hu c c th gii
thch bi hai tc ng ch yu sau y:

M
Anion -H

Anion + H

Anion- H

Anion + H

Cell
membrane

Acid formic (cm s dng)

Cng thc ha hc: HCOOH
c tnh s dng:
S dng bo qun thc phm. Chng vi khun v nm
mc pht trin trong thc n.
Kh mi, che du s h hng, i thiu ca thc phm
S dng trn vo thc n chn nui ngn chn s pht
trin ca E.Coli, ngn nga tiu chy cho heo con.

Tc hi:
Kt hp vi nhm amin hnh thnh nhng dn xut bn
vng vi cc enzym thy phn protein, nh hng tng hp
protein trong c th.

29

Acid benzoic (S dng hn ch)

c tnh s dng: S dng lm cht st khun trong bo

qun thc phm ring l hay trn ln 2 th vi nhau. C
hiu lc c ch nm men v vi khun, t c hiu lc hn i
vi nm mc. Hiu lc c ch tng ln trong mi trng
acid.

Liu lng s dng cho ngi: 5-10mg/kg th trng.

Liu lng s dng cho thc phm: 0,10 n 0,12%.
Ch l acid benzoic v natri benzoic khng c kh nng
kh oxy, khng chng c s tn tht vitamin C, khng
ngn c s thm en ca hoa qu.

Acid salicylic (Cm s dng)

LD50 trn chut
500 mg/kg th trng

Tnh cht ha l:
Ha cht dng trong thc phm phi th kt tinh khng mu khng
mi, v du, hu v ng, 1g tan trong 460ml nc; 2,7ml etanol
hoc trong 80ml du m.
c tnh s dng:
S dng lm cht st khun bo qun mt nghin gia nh vi liu
lng 11g/1kg sn phm.
S dng cho vo thc n nh l cht kch thch sinh trng, v
salicylate kch thch tuyn thng thn tit ra nhiu hormon ACTH
l tng qu trnh hp thu gi nc trong c th, t nng cao kh
nng tng trng ca vt nui, ging nh cht Dexamethasone .

nh hng c hi ca
acid salicylic, methyl-salicylate
Th nghim trn sinh vt thy cc hin tng gin
mch ngoi vi, c hi cho ngi b bnh tim.
H thp t l protrombin trong mu, ni mn mn
ngoi da, hoi t gan, xut huyt.
Trong y hc, salicylate dng lm cht gim au,
long mu nh l thuc aspirin, c tc dng ph
d gy lot v xut huyt d dy.
V vy FAO cm khng cho s dng cht ny trong
bo qun thc phm.

30

Liu v mc
gy ng c ca Salicylic
Liu
<150 mg/kg
150-300 mg/kg
300-500 mg/kg
>500 mg/kg

nh gi mc ng c
Khng thy phn ng
Ng c nh
Ng c nghim trng
C th t vong

Acid boric (Cm s dng)

Th nghim tnh c hi:
Th nghim c ngn ngy trn chut cng trng, mo,
ch thy cc hin tng chm ln, tn thng gan.
Tr em v tr s sinh ung lm dung dch acid boric tnh
ra liu lng t 1-2g/kg th trng, cht sau 19 gi n 7
ngy, ty theo liu lng n phi. Acid boric tp trung vo
c v gan nhiu nht ri n tim, phi, d dy, thn, rut.
Vi ngi ln, liu lng 4-5g acid boric/ ngy thy km
n v kh chu ton thn. Vi liu lng 3g/ngy cng
thy cc hin tng trn nhng chm hn; liu lng
0,5g/ngy trong 50 ngy cng thy nh trn.
Do tch ly c trong c th nn c nhiu nguy c gy
ung th. FAO cm s dng bo qun thc phm.

Nhng ng dng ca acid

boric v sodium borate
S dng sodium borate trong ch
bin thc phm:
S dng lm cht st khun, chng vi
khun, c bit bo qun c, tm,
cua v trong ch bin tht.
kt dnh si protein lm do dai
ch la.

31

Ng c cp tnh ca acid Boric

ln c th
Tc ng trn ngi: Kch thch kh chu; tn hi d
dy, rut, h thng mu, v no.
nh hng sinh hc
Gy bun nn, i ma, au bng, tiu chy, i ra mu, i
tiu ra mu, au u, yu t, rng mnh, bn chn khng
yn.
_ Gy tn thng v thoi ha c quan sinh dc, nh
hng h thn kinh trung ng, gan, thn, rut
nh hng kch thch Kch thch da nh b bng, kch
thch ng h hp.

Hydro peroxyt (Nc oxy gi cm s dng)

Cng thc ha hc: H2O2
c tnh s dng trong ch bin thc phm:
C tnh cht st khun c s dng c iu kin.
Trc kia c dng bo qun sa ti, nhng theo FAO th ch
nn dng hydroxy-peroxid cho vo sa vi mc ch bo qun,
trnh s xm nhp v pht trin ca vi sinh vt trong trng hp c
s vt sa khng c mt iu kin no khc, k c iu kin un si
trc tip v vic s dng hydroxy-peroxid l iu kin duy nht v
tht cn thit gi cho sa khi hng.
Ngay c trong trng hp ny, FAO cng khuyn nn tch cc to
ngay iu kin khc bo qun sa ti, v ngoi phng din
c hi ra, n cn che du thc phm bin cht, l ra khng c
tiu th.

V sao Hydroperoxyd (H2O2) b cm

s dng trong ch bin thc phm
Hydro peroxyd cn l mt cht oxy ha c tnh cht ph hy mt
s cht dinh dng, nh vitamin C, oxy ha cc acid bo cha no
sinh ra nhiu gc peroxyd c hi.
nc ta ti mt s ni sn xut, dng hydro peroxyt bo
qun u ph trong iu kin u ph bn ra th trng trong ngy
khng ht, em v nhng vo dung dch hydro peroxyt trc khi
ngm nc mui bo qun n ngy hm sau tip tc bn. iu
ny cng l hnh thc che du thc phm bin cht.
H2O2 cng b cm s dng ch bin, bo qun cc thc phm
khc. V d nh tht b i thiu, tht sc vt cht bin mu tm ti,
ngi ta dng oxy gi ty mu, mi ri trn mu thc phm v
hng liu ch thnh mn n.

32

Anhydrid sulfure SO2 (S dng hn ch)

Phm vi ng dng:
c dng lm cht st khun c phm vi hot ng rng,
chng men, mc, vi khun, nht l mi trng. Dng c ch
s bin cht ha nu ca hoa qu, SO2 cn c dng kh mu
trong cng nghip ng, iu chnh qu trnh ln men trong
ch bin ru vang, ru to.

Liu lng s dng i vi ngi:

- 0-0,35mg/kg th trng.
- Khng c dng bo qun tht, v ch yu l che du
h hng ca tht, ch khng phi hn ch s h hng .

Tnh c hi ca Anhydrid sulfure

(S dng hn ch)

Cc hp cht ha hc c tnh nng nh SO2 :

- Natri sunfit, Na2SO3
- Natri sunfit Na2S2O5.7H2O
- Natri meta bisunfit Na2S2O5
- Natri bisunfit NaHSO3
Tc dng c hi cp tnh (chy mu d dy) ch yu l
i vi nhng ngi ung nhiu ru c ch bin, bo
qun vi kh SO2, do cn khng ch d lng cn li
trong ru, th d vi ru vang, d lng SO2 khng
c qu 350mg/lt; vi ru to khng c qu
500mg/lt.

SO2 ph hy Glutathione
SO2 (Sulfur dioxide) v nhng hp cht sn
sinh ra SO2 lm tiu tan nhng hc cha
glutathione trong phi, gan v thn (vi
hm lng SO2 = 100 ppm). T y a
n h hi phi, gan, thn.

http://www.phs.ualberta.ca/documents/Unit25MultiplechemicPHS-522.ppt

33

Tc hi ca SO2 n sc khe
Ngun sn sinh ra
SO2:
-t chy
-Cc hp cht v
c c cha S s
dng trong bo
qun thc phm
nh: cc mui
sulfit hoc bisulfit

nh hng ln sc khe
-Kch thch va phi v d dng lm h hng lp t bo
nim mc mng nhy.
-nh hng xu ln phi
-SO2 b oxyha bin thnh SO3 tip tc phn ng vi H2O
bin thnh H2SO4, t y c th lin kt vi NH3 bin
thnh ammonium sulphate d dng vo t bo phi, vo mu
-S nhim kh SO2 cng nghip c th tc ng trc tip
gy nguy c bnh tt cao cho con ngi.

Ngun ti liu: Dr. Tom V. Mathew, 2005

http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in/~tse/11qip/113-ppt/07-tvm-TransportEmissionModeling.ppt

Natri nitrat, Kali nitrat, Na-, KNO3

(Hn ch s dng)
Th nghim tnh c hi:
Th nghim c ngn ngy trn tru b, nhn thy vi liu lng 1,5%
trong c kh, gy cht sc vt, do nitrat b chuyn ha bi vi khun
trong rut thnh nitrit v chnh nitrit gy ng c. Nhng ch, th, chut
cng trng vi liu lng 500mg/kg th trng li khng b nh hng v
nitrat c thi nhanh chng ra ngoi, qua phn v nc tiu.
Vi ngi, ngay liu lng 1g hoc 4g ung lm nhiu ln trong ngy,
cng c th b ng c.
Tr em cng t tui li cng d b ng c. Nhiu trng hp tr em b ng
c do ung nc c nitrat (t 93 - 443 mg NO3/lt nc). Tr em mc
chng bnh kh tiu ha th vi hm lng 50mgNO3/lt nc ung
b ng c ri.
Liu lng s dng cho ngi:
- Khng hn ch :
0 - 5 mg/kg th trng.
- C iu kin :
5 - 10 mg/kg th trng.

Natri nitrit, Kalinitrit, Na-, KNO2

(S dng hn ch)
Tnh cht c hi:
Nhiu trng hp b ng c thc n do n phi thc n c cha
nhiu nitrit liu lng LD50 cho ngi ln vo khong t 0,182,5g v thp hn cho ngi gi v tr em.
Nitrit tc dng vi hemoglobin chuyn n thnh methemoglobin.
Thng 1g natri nitrit c th chuyn 1855g hemoglobin thnh
methemoglobin.
Triu chng ng c cp tnh thng xut hin nhanh v t
ngt, sau khi n phi mt lng ln nitrit: nhc u, bun nn,
chng mt, nn ma d di, tiu chy, tip theo l tm ti (mi,
u mi, tai, u, t chi v mt) nu khng cha chy kp thi
s ngt th dn, bnh nhn hn m v cht. Trong mt vi
tng hp, triu chng ng c ch nhc u, bun nn hoc
ch tm ti mt.

34

Cc cht iu v, sc t,
mu thc phm,
tnh c hi v
s an tan TP

Cc cht ngt tng hp v

tnh cht c hi ca chng.
Yu cu ca cht ngt thay th ng phi dt tiu chun nh sau:
1. V phi phi ging nh ng.
2. Lng calori phi thp hn ng vi cng mt v ngt.
3. Khng gy su rng nh ng t nhin.
4. Trao i cht bnh thng hoc bi thi ra ngoi ton b.
5. Khng gy d ng, t bin, ung th hoc c hi khc.
6. n nh ha hc trong iu kin nhit cao khi ch bin.
7. Ph hp vi nhng thnh phn thc n khc.
8. S dng cht to v ngt phi kinh t hn ng t nhin.

Nhng cht ngt tng hp

cho php s dng M
Tn cht ngt
tng hp

Kcal
/g

Saccharin

Aspartame

4a

Aceulfame-K

Sucralose

T chc cng nhn

Cho php s dng
tm thi (Cn dn
nhn c th gy
ung th trn
chut TN).
chp thun
nh l cht to v
ngt thng thng.

M t

ngt bng 200 to 700 ln so vi sucrose. Khng

gy ung th v sn phm khng glycemic, l cht
ngt khng dinh dng. ngt khng gim di
nh hng ca nhit trong ch bin thc phm.
ngt bng 160 - 220 ln so vi ng sucrose.
Khng gy ung th v sn phm phn ng glycemic
hn ch. Dng mi c th lm tng ngt khi nu
v nng.

ng cho s
dng nh l cht
to v ngt.

ngt gp 200 ln ng sucrose. Khng gy ung

th, sn phm khng phn ng glycemic. ngt
khng gim bi nhit. Vi ngt cng ging nh ng
t nhin nhng khng nng lng

ng cho s
dng nh l cht
ngt

ngt bng 600 ln so vi ng sucrose. Khng

gy ung th, sn phm khng phn ng glycemic.
Mc ngt khng gim bi nhit trong nu nng
ch bin thc phm.

35

Cht ngt nhn to c php s dng VN

(Quyt nh s 867/1998/Q-BYT)
Tn cht ngt

Tn thc phm c th s dng

Acesulfam K
ADI: 0 15

Cc loi nc ung v thc phm c nng lng thp.

Mc, ko, ko cao su.
Cc loi nc ung nh ln men, kem cc loi.
hp tri cy, sa v cc sn phm sa.

Aspartam
ADI: 0 40

Sa v cc sn phm sa, sa chua.

Nc p tri cy, bnh ko, mt, chocolat, bnh m ngt.
Bt gii kht, ko cao su.
Nc gii khc khng cn.
Bia hi, bia nu, bia hm lng acid thp, hp tri cy

Saccharin v
SaccharinatNa

ADI: 0 5

Ko cao su, bia.

Mt, ko.
Kem, mt, thch.
Nc gii kht, sa chua, kem.

Gii hn ti a
3 g / kg
2 g / kg
1 g / kg
0,5g / kg
2 g / kg
5 g / kg
6 g / kg
0,9g / kg
0,4g / kg
50 mg / kg
100mg / kg
200mg / kg
300mg / kg

ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake): Liu n vo hng ngy chp nhn.

Saccharin (2,3-dihydro-3-oxobenzisosulfonazole)

V c tnh ha l:
Saccharin l mt loi bt mu trng kt tinh, tan trong 30
phn ethanol, hoc 28 phn nc nng hoc 335 phn
nc lnh. Mui natri-saccharin d tan d tan trong
nc, c ngt gp 450 ln so vi dung dch ng
knh 3%. Saccrain bn trn th trng thng l hn hp
gia saccharin vi natri-carbonat theo t l 1/4, ngt
thay i t 200 n 700 ln.
Liu s dng:
Saccharin c cng nhn vi ADI 2.5mg/kg th trng
c th.

Aspartame
160 -200 ln ngt hn ng thng.
Aspartic acid + phenylalanine = Aspartame
Ngi bnh PKU (phenylketonuria)
khng nn s dng, cnh bo trc.
Chuyn ha nh mt protein (asp + phe);
gii phng ra nng lng (4kcal/g)

36

Aspartame
c FDA chp nhn v s
an ton; C th s dng cho tt c cc loi thc
phm.
Chp nhn s dng trong iu kin nhit ch
bin thc phm (nu n v nng bnh)
ADI = 50 mg/kg th trng/ngy

Neotam, mt dng cu to khc

ca Aspartam.
Neotame c FDA chp nhn cho s dng vo thc phm v
nc ung M t thng 7 nm 2002. Neotame cng l
mt dipeptide c cha acids aspartic v phenylalanine.
ngt bng 7.000 n 13.000 ln so vi ng thng.
Neotame khng chuyn ha gii phng ra phenylalanine
trong c th, v vy khng cn ghi khuyn co trn nhn
trnh s dng cho ngi c bnh PKU
(phenylketonuria).
FDA tham kho trn 100 nghin cu khoa hc v tnh an
ton ca neotame trc khi quyt nh cng nhn.

M chn (Bt ngt)

Nghin cu v tnh c hi:

Th nghim cho sc vt mi sinh n m chn th thy c tn

thng no, acid glutamic tp trung nhiu trn no. Nhng
trong thc t trn ngi th cha thy hin tng ny trn
mi la tui. Tuy vy phng nhng bt trc c th xy
ra, FAO khuyn khng nn s dng m chn cho tr em di 1
tui.
Trong thc t quan st c thy c mt s ngi d b d ng
khi n thc n c nhiu m chn. Nhng bnh tt do d ng m
chn xy ra, ngi ta cn gi l bnh Cao lu Trung Quc,
nhng khng ph bin v s ngi d ng tng i t. Theo
FAO th liu s dng cho ngi c qui nh nh sau:
- Liu dng: 0 120 mg / kg th trng cho mi la tui tr
tr em di 1 tui khng c dng.
- Vit nam theo d tho iu l v sinh thc phm ca B
Y t qui nh 0 40 mg / kg th trng. Khng cho vo thc
n ca tr em di 6 tui.

37

Cc hng liu tng hp

Ethylvanillin

Vanillin

Ethylmaltol

Anisylacetone

Hng liu tng hp bao gm nhng cht hnh thnh trong qu

trnh tng hp ha hc nhn to v pha trn li vi nhau, hoc
nhy mi ca hng liu t nhin.
Nhng loi hng liu tng hp bao gm: Amyl-acetat (du chui),
etyl-butyrat (du mi da), -undeca-lacton (mi o)
Trong lnh vc nghin cu tnh c hi th cc hng liu tng hp
cng phi c nghin cu tnh c ngn ngy (cp tnh) v tnh
c di ngy (tch ly) trc khi ph bin s dng.
Ngoi tnh cht c hi do bn thn hng liu gy ra, cng cn ch
nghin cu c dung mi ha tan hng liu hoc cc loi bt
gi hng liu, cht m pha long tt c chng u khng
c hi th mi c php s dng.

Nhng qui nh v liu lng s dng cc hng liu theo OMS/FAO

Bng tm tt tn hng liu tng hp, liu s dng v liu LD50
Tn ha hc

Cng thc cu to

Liu s dng

LD50

S dng khng hn ch:

Ethyl acetate

CH3COOC2H5

0 25 mg/kg th trng

11,30 ml/kg th trng

Ethyl butyrate

CH3CH2CH2COOC2H5

0 15 mg/kg th trng

13,05 mg/kg th trng

Ethyl vanillin

xem di bng

0 10 mg/kg th trng

> 2000 mg/kg th.trng

-undeca-lacton

0 1,25 mg/kg th.trng

Vanillin

xem di bng

0 10 mg/kg th trng

1580 mg/kg th trng

S dng c iu kin:
Isoamyl butyrat

0 5 mg/kg th trng

Xinamaldehyd

CH3(CH2)2COO(CH2)2CH(C
H3)2

0 1,25 mg/kg th.trng

Xitral

0 1 mg/kg th trng

Ogenol

ong 5 mg/kg th. trng

SC T V MU THC PHM
Sc t mu t nhin c s dng an ton
1. Chlorophyll (mu xanh)
2. Carotenoid (t mu vng n mu )
3. Anthocyanin (nhm sc t mu tm)
Mu tng hp ch s dng vi mu cho php
1. Mu ca hp cht v c
2. Mu ca hp cht hu c

38

Phm mu tng hp c php dng VN

http://www.dncustoms.gov.vn/Data/CV_nganh_khac/867-QD-BYT-04-04-1998.htm
Gii hn ti a cho php trong thc
phm

STT

Ch s
Tn ph gia v ADI
Quc t

Tn thc phm c dng

ph gia

123

Amaranth ()
CI. 16185)
ADI: 0 - 0.5

Xt to ng hp mt qu 200mg/kg dng n hay kt hp

Tm ng hp, ch bin. 30mg/kg trong sn phm cui cng,

133

Brillant blue FCF

CI (42090)
ADI: 0 - 12.5

kem hn hp,
u h lan chn ng hp
Da chut dm

100mg/kg dng mt mnh hay kt

200mg/kg dng mt mnh hay kt
300mg/kg dng mt mnh hay kt

122

Carmoisine ()
CI . 14720
ADI: 0 - 4

kem hn hp.
Sa chua v sn phm x
l nhit sau khi ln men

100g/kg trong sn phm cui.

57mg/kg

127

Erythrosine ()
CI. 45430
ADI: 0 - 01

Tht hp
Sa chua v sn phm x
Tm hp, tm ong lnh
, kem hn hp
u h lan ng hp, mt
Mn hp, thc phm khc

15mg/kg
27mg/kg
30mg/kg dng mt mnh hay kt hp
100mg/kg trong sn phm cui
200mg/kg dng mt mnh hay kt
300mg/kg dng mt mnh hay kt

STT

Ch s
Quc t

Tn ph gia v
ADI

Tn thc phm c dng

ph gia

Gii hn ti a cho php trong thc

phm

143

Fast green FCF

CI: 42053
ADI: 0 - 25

kem hn hp
u hp, mt, xt.
Da chut dm
Mt chanh, TP khc

100mg/kg dng n hay kt hp

200mg/kg dng n hay kt hp
300mg/kg dng n hay kt hp
100mg/kg dng n hay kt hp

142

Food green S
CI: 44090.ADI?

ung v thc phm

Thc phm khc

70mg/kg
300mg/kg, dng n hay kt hp

132

Indigotine
CI: 73015
ADI: 0 - 5

kem hn hp
Mt, thch qu, xt to
Sa chua v SP

100mg/kg trong sn phm cui.

200mg/kg dng n hay kt hp
6mg/kg

124

Ponceau 4R
CI: 16225)
ADI: 0 - 4

kem hn hp
ung v thc phm
u h lan hp, mt.
Tm hp, ng lnh

50mg/kg
70mg/l
200mg/kg dng n hay kt hp
30mg/kg dng n hay kt hp

110

Sunset yellow
CI.15985
ADI: 0 - 2.5

ung v thc phm

kem hn hp
Da chut dm

70mg/l
100mg/kg trn sn phm cui
300mg/kg

10102

Tartrazine
(vng chanh)
CI: 19140
ADI: 0 - 30

ung v TP lng
kem hn hp
u h lan ng hp.
Da chut dm
Tm hp

70mg/l
100mg/kg
200mg/kg
300mg/kg
30mg/kg

Mu vng tng hp
Sudan IV c hi, gy ung th

Cng thc cu to ca Sudan IV, Cht nhum mu lng

trng Trung Quc b cm s dng v c kh nng gy ung th

39

Trng vt nhum
mu sudan IV
Trung Quc

Trng vt mui bn Bcv Kinh

(nh minh ha ly li t website nc ngai)

Lng trng
bnh thng

Lng trng c cha sudan red

Cht Sudan IV s dng bt hp

php Trung Quc
B Nng nghip Trung Quc ra lnh cm sn
xut, tiu th v s dng thuc nhum SR IV
(Sudan Red IV) trong ch bin thc phm
SR IV c s dng nhum mu mt s sn
phm nh tng t, nc xt, da cnh g nng
KFC ca M Trung Quc.
Gn y, nhiu c s sn xut vn c tnh cho g, vt
n cht nhum trn to ra nhng qu trng c
nhiu lng m mu hn.
http://www.vnmedia.vn/newsdetail.asp?NewsId=72219&CatId=73
Cp nht lc 09h43" , ngy 21/11/2006

40

Chin lc cho s an ton h thng

sn xut, ch bin thc phm l g?
Thc phm c ngun gc t nhin l thc phm
an ton hn c i vi con ngi.
V sinh thc n chn nui ng thi cng l v
sinh an ton thc phm cho ngi.
Khng c mt cht ph gia thc phm tng hp
no c coi l khng nh hng n sc khe
con ngi, cng hn ch s dng chng cng tt.

Loi cht s dng

Liu lng s dng
Mc ch s dng

Ch
tinh khit ca ph gia
Thi im s dng
Kim tra, kim sot cht ch

NG C DO THUC BVTV
Tr su trn
ng rung

Tr su
trong kho

BVTV

Dit c v
rng l

Thuc dit
khun
Dit chut
v mi

41

NG C DO THUC BVTV
Clo hu
c.

ln hu c

BVTV

Carbamat
e

Pyrethoid

Phm vi p dng ca
cc ha cht bo v thc vt

Tr su bnh (Insecticides)
Tr chut (Rodenticides)
Phng tr nm mc (Fungicides)
Tr c di (Herbicides)

http://www.worh.org/pdf_etc/fhpowerpoint/poison.ppt

Cc con ng xm nhim vo thc phm

ca cc ha cht bo v thc vt
- Tn d trong nng sn:Thuc tr su c phun
xt ln cy trng, trn ng rung tr kh su
ry, nm, vi khun, virus ph hi ma mng. Khi
thu hoch nng sn vn cn tn d mt lng
thuc, ha cht trong thc phm.
- Bo quan nng sn thc phm: Dng dit su
mt hi lng thc, thc phm v tri cy d tr,
dng chng nm mc. Khi s dng vn cn
trong sn phm thc phm.
- Tch ly trong mi trng: Nhng thuc tr su
kh b phn hy s tch ly trong t, cy trng
tip tc hp thu vo sn phm.

42

 nhim
MT.

Khng
thuc

Tc hi
Nguy him
cho ngi

Ng c TP

Vi sn
xut

Tuyn truyn
Nng cao kin thc

Phng nga

Qun l: sn xut, vn chuyn,

phn phi, bo qun

Khng mua/s dng rau qu c mi v l

Ngi tiu
dng

Ngm k, ra sch, gt v
Nu chn v m vung

NG C THC PHM DO QT
CHN NUI
Mi trng
chn nui
Ngun nc

Thc n chn nui

Con ng
ly nhim

Cht thm
vo thc n
Hoocmon tng trng

Khng sinh

43

Tuyn truyn
gio dc

H thng
qun l.

Phng nga

Kim tra,
kim sat

CC BIN PHP CHUNG HN

CH CHT C HI NHIM VO
THC PHM
Chn v s dng loi nguyn liu hp l

Tun th ng theo yu cu k thut

S dng ng loi ho cht: chng loi, mu sc,

nc sn xut, thnh phn

Thn trng trong vic s dng cc

loi thuc bo v thc vt
Thit b, thng cha, my mc
v sinh

khng cn ho cht hay d lng.
S dng cc cht ph gia ng liu lng cho php
Khng lm dng ho cht

Qun l cht ch ngun ho cht, ph gia

44

v sinh mi trng xung quanh

Khng lm dng ho cht

Nh xng phi xy dng hp l

Ngi tham gia ch bin

p dng: ISO, HACCP

45