Bom Quat May Nen - Le Xuan Hoa PDF

T.S LE XUAN HOA Th.
S NGUYEN TH BCH NGOC
GIAO TRNH
BM
QUAT
MAY NEN
TR NG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUA T TP HO CH MINH
9/2004
Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM
http://www.hcmute.edu.vn
LI NOI AU
Bm, quat, may nen la mot trong nhng mon hoc chuyen nganh quan
trong cua sinh vien nga nh Cong nghe Nhiet ien lanh. Cuon sa ch na y c
bien soan nham ap ng yeu cau cua sinh vien Trng ai hoc S pham ky
thuat ve sa ch tai lieu chuyen nganh.
Sach Bm, quat, ma y nen gom 8 chng co noi dung e cap en ca c ly
thuyet c ban ve ca c loai may bm chat long va chat kh, ca c loai ma y quat va
may nen kh dung trong cong nghiep va dan dung, la m c s cho sinh vien
inh
chuyen nganh Cong nghe Nhiet ien lanh hieu ro ve ca
i bm, quat,
icMloa
h
C
Hvao trong th c te.
.
may nen thong dung dung trong ca c nha may nhiettie
n
P
ua T
yyt,hhoc tap va nghien cu trong ca c
Sach se phuc vu tot cho vie c giang Kda
m
phaTr
trng ai ho c ky thuat noi chung
ng ai ho c S pham ky thuat thanh
u va
S
H
D
g
n
pho Ho Ch Minh noi Trie
runog.
t
h
g
i
yr
Cop
Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn
Muc lu c
MUC LUC
L i no i au
Muc luc
Trang
3
5
Chng I : M a u
1.1- Va i ne t ve lch s phat trien bm, qua t, ma y nen

1.2- nh ngha va phan loa i
1.3- Ca c thong so lam viec c ban
Ba i tap
9
10
12
15
Chng II: Kha i niem chung ve bm

2.1- nh ngha va phan loa i
2.2- Ca c thong so lam viec c ban
Ba i tap
P.
uat T
H Su
ng D
Truo
ghnt
Chng III: Bm ca
nyhrida
p
o
C
3.1- Kha i niem chung ve bm canh dan
3.2- Bm ly tam
3.2.13.2.23.2.33.2.43.2.53.2.6-
h
Ky t
m
a
ph
Ho
nh
Mi
Chi
Khai niem chung

Phng trnh lam vie c cua bm ly tam
Anh hng cu a ket cau ca nh en co t ap cu a bm ly tam
Lu lng va hieu suat lu lng
ng a c tnh cua bm ly tam
ng dung ong dang trong bm ly tam
18
18
19
26
31
31
37
37
38
40
45
46
50
3.2.7- So vong quay ac trng
53
3.2.8- Hien t ng xam th c

3.2.9- Kiem tra bm
54
55
3.2.10- ieu chnh che o lam vie c cua bm

3.2.11- Ghep bm ly tam
56
58
3.2.12- L c do c tru c trong bm ly tam - Cach khac phu c l c do c tru c

3.3- Bm hn g truc
3.3.1- Cau tao va pham vi s dung
3.3.2- Phng trnh lam vie c
3.3.3- Hnh dang canh
60
65
65
66
67
Muc lu c
3.3.4- ng a c tnh
3.3.5- ieu chnh che o lam viec
Ba i tap
69
70
70
Chng IV: Bm the tch
86
4.1- Kha i niem chung ve bm the tch

4.1.1- Khai niem chung
4.1.2- Cac tho ng so lam vie c c ban cu a bm the tch
4.2- Bm piston
4.2.1- Cau tao , nguyen ly lam viec
86
86
87
89
89
4.2.2- Phan loa i
90
4.2.3- Cach tnh lu lng cu a bm piston

91
h
n
4.2.4- Chuyen ong khong on nh cu a chat long trong bm.
i Mi trnh
ChPhng
o
H
P.
Becnuli, ca ch khac phuc
95
uat T
h
t
y
4.2.5- Ap sua t cu a bm trong qua trnh huat m K
98
ph
u
S
H qua trnh ay
4.2.6- Ap sua t cu a bm piston trong
101
ng D
o
u
r
T
4.2.7- Von g quay gi
103
ghithan cu a bm piston
i
r
y
p
o
4.2.8- ngCa c tnh
103
4.3- Bm roto
105
105
4.3.2- Bm banh ran g
106
4.3.3- Bm tru c vt
115
4.3.4- Bm ca nh gat
4.3.5- Bm chan khong vo ng nc
4.4- Bm piston-roto
4.4.1- Khai niem chung, u nh c iem, phan loa i
4.4.2- Bm piston-roto hn g knh
4.4.3- Bm piston-roto hn g tru c
118
123
125
125
126
133
Ba i tap
136
Chng V: Quat
147
5.1- Kha i niem chung ve quat

5.2- Qua t ly tam
147
150
5.2.1- Ke t ca u va mot so chi tiet chnh

5.2.2- Cac tho ng so cu a quat ly tam
150
151
5.2.3- ng a c tnh cua quat ly tam
155
Muc lu c
5.2.4- ieu chnh quat

5.2.5- La chon quat theo ie u kien cho tr c
5.2.6- Phan loa i quat va mot so chi tiet chnh cu a quat ly tam
157
160
160
5.2.7- Anh hng cu a tap cha t kh en s lam vie c cu a qua t

5.3- Qua t truc
5.3.1- Nh ng chu y ve qua t tru c
5.3.2 - Cac phng trnh c ban cu a qua t tru c
5.3.3- Nh ng thong so cua qua t tru c
5.3.4- Quat tru c nhieu cap
163
166
166
168
173
176
5.3.5- ieu kie n lam vie c cu a qua t truc
177
5.3.6- ac tnh cu a quat tru c

5.3.7- ieu chnh lu lng
177
178
Chng VI: Kha i niem chung ma y ne n

6.1- Kha i niem chung
Su
g DH
6.2- Nhiet ong ho c may nen

n
Truo
t
igh
opyr
C
Chng VII: May ne n ca nh da n
uat T
y th
am K
ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
7.1- Ma y nen canh dan ly tam
180
180
183
195
195
7.1.1- Nguyen ly lam viec cu a may ne n ly tam
195
7.1.2- Phng trnh lam vie c cua cap may ne n

7.1.3- Tnh toa n la i ng a c tnh
7.2- Ma y nen truc
7.2.1- Cau tao chung cu a may nen tru c, cau tao cap
7.2.2- Tnh cha t, nhng thong so ac trng
196
198
201
201
202
Chng VIII: Ma y nen the tch
208
8.1- Ma y nen piston
208
8.1.1- o th cong ( hay o th ch th)

8.1.2- Anh hng cu a khoang khong che t
8.1.3- Cach bo tr may nen nhieu cap
8.2- Ma y nen roto
208
209
210
213
8.2.1- Cau tao , nguyen ly lam viec
213
8.2.2- Cac tho ng so c ba n

8.3- ie u chnh che o lam vie c cu a may nen
214
216
Muc lu c
8.3.1- Yeu cau

8.3.2- ieu chnh ba ng ca ch thay oi so vong quay
8.3.3- ieu chnh ba ng tiet lu ong na p
216
216
217
8.3.4- ieu chnh ba ng ca ch m van na p

8.3.5- Thay o i the tch khoang khong che t
8.3.6- Mo t so phng pha p ieu chnh khac
Tai lieu tham khao
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
217
218
219
220
uat T
u ph
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Truong DH
SPKT I.M
TP. HCM
Chng
au
9
CHNG I: M AU
1.1- VAI NET VE LCH S PHAT TRIEN BM, QUAT, MAY NEN
Bm, qua t, ma y nen thuoc loa i ca c may thuy lc va may thuy kh.
May thuy lc tho s a co t thi co xa. Guong nc la ma y thuy lc au tien.
Guong nc l i dung nan g lng cua nc e keo cac co i xay lng thc hoa c a n c va o
ong ruong, a c s dung khoang 3000 nam trc cong nguyen.
Ca c ma y hut nc co s dung s c ngi va va t c s dung Ai Cap han g ma y
ngan nam trc co ng nguyen .
Bm piston c dung the ky th I trc cong nguyen. Bm piston co loa i xch vo
cung c dung rong ra i Cai-ro e lay nc o sau 91,5m vao the ky th 5-6 tr c cong
nguyen.
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
Noi chung trc the ky th 17 ma y thuy kh ra t tho us
va
TPt. loa i.
t
a
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Bm piston:
Su p
H
D
ong i c la Otto Henrich a san g che ra bm piston au
Nam 1640 nha vat ly ho
Tcrung
t
righnc dung trong cong nghiep.
tien e bm kh
yva
Cop
Khoang nam 1805 nhab ac hoc ngi Anh la Niu Kmen a phat minh ra bm piston
e lay nc trong cac nha may khai thac mo, dung xilanh hi ngng tu e tao lc
ca n thiet tren truc may nh ap suat kh quyen.
Nam 1840-1850 nhab a c hoc ng i My laVortington a gia thiet c cau cu a bm hi

ma trong o piston cua bm va ong c hi c phan bo tren mo t tru c chung, s
chuyen o ng cua piston c ieu chnh nh mo t he thong phan bo hi a c bie t.
May canh dan:
Trong nhng nam 1751-1754 nha bac hoc Euler a viet ve ly thuyet c ban cua tuabin
nc noi rieng va cua ma y thuy kh canh dan noi chung, lam c s e hn 80 nam sau, va o
nam 1830 nha ba c hoc ng i Phap la Phuo c-nay -ron a che tao thanh co ng tuabin nc a u
tien vav ao nam 1831 nha ba c hoc ng i Nga la Xablucop a sang che ra bm ly tam va qua t
ly tam au tien. ay chnh la nhng bc nhay ln trong lch s pha t trien cac may nan g
lng.
Bm nhieu cap:
Nha Bac ho c v ai ngi Anh la Reynolds khi nghien c u ca u ta o cu a bm nhieu ca p
a a va o nh ng thie t b nh hn g can h dan xuoi va ngc. Nam 1875 a pha t minh ra
loai bm tng t nh loa i bm nhieu ca p hien ai ngay nay.
Truong DH
SPKT I.M
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au
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May nen:
Pha t minh bm khong kh va da ng n gian cua may nen hien a i vi mot chu ky
nen gan lien vi te n tuoi cu a nha va t ly v a i ngi c la Gerike vao nam 1640.
S hoan thien may nen the ky 18-19 a thuc ay s phat trie n cua cong nghiep
quan g mo va luyen kim.
Vao cuo i the ky 18 Anh nha ba c hoc Vinkinsn a san g che ra may nen piston 2
xilanh, nha ba c hoc Uatt a che tao tha nh cong may hut kho ng kh co truyen ong
bang hi.
May nen nhieu cap co lam lanh trung gian xuat hien Phap vao khoang nhng nam
30 cu a the ky 19.
May nen nhieu cap co lam lanh trung gian gi a cac cap nen xua t hien c vao
nam 1849 do nha ba c hoc Raten sang che ra.
nh
i Mi
h
C
P. Hto ly tam au tien dung e
Vao nam 1831 nha ba c hoc Nga Xablucop sa ng cheatraTqua
u
h
lam ma t ham mo va lam sa ch may.
Ky t
m
a
ph
H Sut ve thuy kh ong l c pha t trien ra t manh, co
a c bie t la 80 nam gan ayo, nlyg D
thuye
ru
nhie u tha nh tu to ln trong
vie
t cTng dun g ca c pha t minh ve lnh vc may thuy kh.
h
g
i
yr
Cop
Nga y nay may thuy kh co rat nhieu loa i vi nhie u kieu dan g kha c nhau c dung
trong mo i lnh v c cu a i song cu ng nh trong co ng nghiep va no ng nghiep. e ap ng nhu
ca u ve nang lng ngay ca ng to ln cua co ng nghie p hien a i, ngay nay ngi ta a che ta o
c ca c tuabin c ln co cong suat en 500.000 kW hoa c ln hn. So lng bm, qua t, ma y
nen cung nh tuabin cac chung loa i kha c nhau a c san xua t han g nam len e n hang trie u
chie c.
Quat:
1.2- NH NGHA VA PHAN LOAI
1.2.1- nh ngha
Bm la may e di chuyen dong moi cha t va tang na ng lng cu a dong mo i cha t. Khi
bm lam viec na ng lng ma bm nhan c t ong c se chuyen hoa thanh the nang, ong
nang va trong mo t chng m c nhat nh thanh nhiet nan g cua dong moi cha t.
May e bm cha t kh, tuy thuo c vao ap suat a t c c goi la qua t, may hut kh va
may ne n kh.
Quat la may e di chuyen cha t kh vi c so tang ap < 1,15 ( - ty so gia ap sua t
c a ra va ap sua t ca vao cu a may) hay ap sua t a t c p < 1500 mmH2 O.
May hut kh la may lam vie c vi > 1,15 hay a p suat a t c p > 1500 mmH2 O
nhng khong co lam lan h nhan ta o.
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May nen kh la may lam vie c vi > 1,15 hay a p sua t a t c p > 1500 mmH2O va
co lam lanh nha n tao ni xay ra qua trnh nen kh.
1.2.2- Phan loai
a- Phan loai theo nguyen ta c ta c dung cua ma y vi dong moi chat trong qua trnh la m
vie c
May e chuyen chat lo ng va kh
May nen
kh
Cho n c sa ch
va dung dch
Phun tia
The tch
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
Canh da n
gh
pyri
Co
Cho cha t long co

o nht cao
Phun tia
uat
y th
am K
The tch
Canh da n
Cho hon hp a t,
tro va nc
n
PhunCtia
i Mi
h
Ho
TP.
Canh da n
The tch
Canh da n
Hnh 1.1 - S o phan loa i theo nguye n ta c ta c dung cu a may vi dong moi cha t.
b- Phan loai theo tnh chat trao oi nang lng va cau tao
Bm co ba loa i:
1. Bm canh dan : gom
Bm ly tam
Bm hng tru c
Bm hng cheo
Bm xoay
2. Bm the tch: gom
Bm piston
Bm roto
Bm piston-roto
3. Bm phun tia
Quat ch co loa i ca nh dan gom:
1. Qua t ly tam
2. Qua t truc
May nen co ba loa i:
1. May nen canh dan : gom
Truong DH
SPKT I.M
TP. HCM
Chng
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12
May nen ly tam

May nen truc
2. May nen the tch: gom
May nen piston
May nen roto
3. May nen phun tia
1.3 - CAC THONG SO LAM VIEC C BAN
1.3.1- Cot ap
PB,vB
B
ua
PK
A ,v
y Ath
ham
Su p A
HA
y
zB
Cop
ruo
tT
h
yrig
tT
Chi
P. Ho
Min
z
ngA D
Hnh 1.2 S o may thuy kh trong he thong
Kha nang trao oi nang lng cua may thuy kh vi dong moi cha t c the hie n
bang mc chenh le ch nang lng n v cua dong moi cha t 2 ma t tr c va sau may.
Nan g lng n v tai ma t cat A-A:
p A A v 2A
eA zA
2g
Nan g lng n v tai ma t cat B-B:

eB zB
Trong o :
p B B v 2B
2g
z - o cao hnh ho c
p,v a p sua t va van to c cua dong chay
- he so ieu chnh ong nang
Chenh le ch nang lng n v cu a dong moi cha t qua may thuy kh gi a A va B la :
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e BA z B z A
p B p A B v 2B A v 2A
2g
Neu e BA 0 - don g moi chat c may cap cho na ng lng, vay may la bm (chat
long hoac kh).
Neu e BA 0 - may c dong mo i cha t cap cho nan g lng, vay may la ong c
thuy kh.
Vay co t ap cu a may thuy kh la nang lng n v cu a dong mo i cha t trao oi vi ma y

thuy kh. Co t ap cu a ma y thuy kh la:
p B p A B v 2B A v 2A
H zB zA
2g
(1.1)
Thanh phan the nang n v goi la cot ap tnh, ky hie u Ht :

Ht zB z A
pB pA
Chi
P. Ho
T
huat
t
y
Thanh phan on g nang n v goi la co tpahpam
oKng, ky hieu H :
u
S
g 2DH
B v 2BTruon
v
A A
H ght
i
r
2
g
y
Cop
Vay :
h
Min (1.2)
H H t H
(1.3)
(1.4)
1.3.2- Lu lng
nh ngha:
Lu lng la lng mo i cha t chuyen ong qua may trong mo t n v thi gian. Tuy
thuo c n v o co lu lng the tch, lu lng khoi lng, lu lng trong lng.
Tnh bang n v the tch, ky hie u Q goi la lu lng the tch, co n v o la m3 /s,
m3/h, l/s.
Tnh ba ng n v khoi lng, ky hieu M go i la lu lng kho i lng, co n v o la

kg/s, kg/h.
M Q
Tnh bang n v trong lng, ky hie u G goi la lu lng trong lng, co n v o

la N/s, N/h, kG/s.
G Q gQ gM
1.3.3- Cong suat va hieu suat
Can pha n bie t ro hai loa i cong sua t:
Cong sua t thuy lc
(1.5)
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Cong sua t tren tru c
a- Cong suat thuy l c: ky hie u Ntl (co n v o la W) la c na ng ma dong cha t long

trao o i vi may thuy lc trong mo t n v thi gian.
Cong sua t thuy lc c tnh bang tch cua co t ap v i lu lng trong lng cu a may.
N tl GH QH
(1.6)
b- Cong suat lam vie c: ky hieu N (co n v o laW) la co ng suat tren truc cua ma y
khi may lam viec. Co ng suat thuy l c khac cong sua t tren truc. Qua trnh lam viec trong may
ca ng hoan thie n th N va Ntl cang t kha c nhau.
oi vi bm: N > Ntl

N
N tl QH
He so < 1 go i la hieu suat cua bm.
oi vi ong c: N < Ntl
uat T
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
(1.7)
Min
h
N N tl QH H Su p
(1.8)
D
g
n
uo
Trt cua ong c thuy l c.
hut sua
He so < 1 go i la rhie
g
i
y
Cop
c- Hieu suat cua may thuy l c, ky hieu ( o bang % hoac khong co n v o) dung
e a nh gia ton tha t nan g lng trong qua trnh may trao oi na ng lng vi dong mo i cha t.
T cong thc (1.7) va (1.8) ta co :
B
N tl
N
(1.9)
N
N tl
(1.10)
Trong ieu kien lam vie c, cac hie u suat phu thuoc va o ra t nhie u yeu to: loa i may ,
kch thc va ca u tao cua ma y, loa i mo i cha t chuyen ong trong ma y, che o lam viec cu a
may, cac a c tnh cu a ma ng ma may lam vie c trong o.
e an h gia hieu nang lng cu a he thong chung gom co may va ong c cua no,
ng i ta con s dung hieu sua t cua he thong ht:
ht
N tl
N
Trong o N cong sua t ien e kh i ong ong c.

e tnh hie u suat chung cu a may thuy l c, ng i ta an h gia thong qua cac dang to n
that.
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e- Ton that nang l ng trong may thuy l c: co 3 dang
Ton tha t co t ap cu a dong moi cha t chay qua may goi la ton tha t thuy l c, c an h
gia bang hie u sua t thuy l c, con goi la hieu sua t cot ap, ky hieu H
Ton that do ma sa t cu a ca c bo phan c kh trong may thuy lc go i la ton tha t c kh,

c a nh gia ba ng hieu sua t c kh, ky hieu CK
Ton tha t do ro r mo i chat lam giam lu lng lam vie c cu a may goi la ton that lu
lng c an h gia ban g hieu sua t lu lng, ky hieu Q
Hie u sua t chung cua may thuy lc la:
= H.Q.CK
(1.11)
BAI TAP
Bai I-1
nh
i Mi
h
C
Mot may thuy l c (bm nc) tieu hao cong sua t tren truc. HNo = 18,9 kW, hieu sua t cu a
P
may = 0,71. Xa c nh ca c thong so cu a bm: lu lng,th
couat taT
p.
y
am K
h
p
Su p
D
Bie t ap suat d tai c a ra ncu
aHbm 2 50,8m va o chan khong c a va o
g
ruo
tT
h
g
i
yr
p CK
Copon g hu t D1 = 100mm, ng knh ong ay D2 = 75mm,1 = 2 = 1 .
3m , ng knh
Hnh 1.3
Giai:
1) Cong thc tnh co t a p:
H
Hay
p 2 p1 v 22 v12
, bo qua o cao hnh ho c theo e bai

2g
p AK p CK v 22 v 12
H
2g
Truong DH
SPKT I.M
TP. HCM
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16
Van to c v 1 , v2 c xac nh t phng trnh lien tu c: Q = v1 S1 = v2 S2

Ta co:
v1
Q 4Q
S1 d 12
v2
Q
4Q
2
S 2 d 2
Thay cac gia tr vao ta c phng trnh ng ac tnh li:

H
p AK p CK
16
16
16Q 2
16Q 2
53,8 Q 2
2 4
2 4
2
4
2.9,81. 2 .0,14
2g d 2 2g d 1
2.9,81. .0,075
H 53,8 3437,3Q 2
2) Cong thc tnh co ng sua t tieu hao tren tru c: N
Hay
QH
N 18,9.10 3.0,71 1,379
9,81.10 3.Q
Q
Q
h
Min
i
h
C
Ket hp 2 phng trnh co t a p, ta thu c phng trnh ba. cHo3 theo lu lng Q:
P
at T
u
h
t
1,379
3
53,8 3437,3Q 2
hay 3437
,3QKy
53,8Q 1,379 0
am
h
p
u
Q
S
H
D
uong
r
3
T
Gia i phng trnh taigthu
ht c: Q = 0,025 m /s = 25 l/s
r
y
Cop
Vay co t ap se la :
H 53,8 3437,3. 0,025 2 55,95m
ap so : Q = 25 l/s ; H = 55,95 m
Bai I-2
Mot may bm n c tieu hao cong suat tren tru c N = 5,5 kW. Tnh cac thong so : co t
p
ap, lu lng va hieu sua t cu a bm. Bie t a p suat d c a ra cua bm 2 20m (co t nc)
p
va ap suat chan khong tai c a vao cu a bm CK 4m , toc o trong ng ong ay v = 4
m/s, n g knh o ng ay d2 = 75mm, ng knh ong hut d 1 = 100mm.
Hnh 1.4
Truong DH
SPKT I.M
TP. HCM
Chng
au
17
ap so : Q = 17,65 l/s ; H = 24,56m ; N = 4,24kW ; = 0,75

Bai I-3
Mot may bm nc co ty so
H
p
0,01475 co a p sua t ra 2 60m ; ap suat va o
Ht
p CK1
3m ng knh ong hut D1 = 200mm, ng knh ong ay D2 = 150mm.
Xa c nh cac thong so cu a bm: H, Q, N. Bie t hieu sua t = 76% va z1-2 = 0.

ap so : H = 64m ; Q = 92 l/s ; N = 76kW
Bai I- 4
Mot bm n c a t cach be hut A vi o cao hut zh = 1,36m. He so ton tha t trong
ng o ng hu t = 4.
nh
Tnh cac thong so cu a bm: lu lng , co t ap va cong sua t trenhtru
i Mci. Bie t ap sua t d
C
p
P. Ho
c a ra cu a bm 2 81,86m va chan kho ng c a vaoth
bm
uat TH CK 4 m ;ng knh ong hut
y
am K
h
p
u
va ay D1 = 300mm, D2 = 200mm; hie u sua
DH tScua bm = 76%.
g
n
ruo
tT
h
g
i
yr
Cop
Hnh 1.5
ap so : Q = 820 m3 /h ; H = 88m ; N = 259 kW.
Truong DH
SPKT II.Kha
TP. HCM
Chng
i niem chung ve bm
18
CHNG II : KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE BM

2.1- NH NGHA VA PHAN LOAI
2.1.1- nh ngha
Bm la may e tao ra dong chat lo ng. Hay noi cach kha c, bm la may dung e di
chuyen cha t long va tang nang lng cu a dong cha t long. Khi bm lam vie c nan g lng ma
bm nha n c t ong c se chuyen hoa thanh the nang, ong nang va trong mo t chng
mc nha t nh thanh nhie t nang cu a dong cha t long.
Vay bm la loai may thuy l c dung e bien oi c nan g cu a ong c than h nan g
lng e va n chuyen chat long hoa c tao nen ap suat can thie t trong he thong truye n dan thuy
l c.
2.1.2- Pham vi s dun g
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Bm c s dung rong ra i trong nhie u lanh vc: uat T

h
Ky t
m
a
Trong nong nghiep:bm la thiet b kho
nhg the thieu e th c hien thuy li hoa cha n
Su p
H
D
nuoi trong trot.
ng
Truo
t
h
Trong co ng nghie
ypr:igbm c s dung trong ca c cong trnh khai tha c mo, qua ng da u
Cop
hay cac co ng trnh xay dng.
Hie n nay trong ky thua t van chuyen , phat trien xu hn g du ng bm va ng ong da n

e van chuyen cac san pham cu a nganh khai tha c mo ( quang dau), hoa cha t, nguye n
va t lie u xay dn g, va o la phng tien va n chuyen thua n li va kinh te.
Trong nga nh che tao may , bm c s dung pho bie n, no la mot trong nh ng bo
phan chu yeu cu a he thong ieu khien va truyen ong thuy l c trong may.
2.1.3- Phan loai
a. Theo nguyen ly lam vie c va cau tao cua bm (tng t nh phan loa i tren)
b. Theo cong dung:
Bm cap nc noi hi ( trong ca c nha may nhiet ien)

Bm da u ( trong cac he thong truyen on g thuy l c)
Bm nhien lieu
Bm c u hoa
Bm hoa cha t
c. Theo pha m vi cot ap va lu lng s dung:
Ngi ta chia bm tha nh ca c loa i: bm co co t ap cao, trung bnh hoa c thap ; bm co

lu lng ln, trung bnh hoac nho.
Truong DH
SPKT II.Kha
TP. HCM
Chng
i niem chung ve bm
19
Trong ky thua t co 3 loa i bm c s dung rong ra i la bm ly tam, bm hng truc va

bm piston. Bie u o phan bo pham vi s dung cu a cac loa i bm thong dung tren c the
hien tren hnh 2.1
H,m
10000
Bm
piston
1000
Bm ly tam
100
10
nh
Bm hngCtru
i cMi
h
Ho
TP.
t
1
a
u
Q, m3 /h
y th
100 m K1000
10000
10
a
h
Su p
H
D
g n g cua cac loa i bm thong dung
2.1 Pham virus
ndu
T o
t
h
yrig
2..2 - CAC THO
CoNpG SO LAM VIEC C BAN
P4
4
4
Be cha
ong ay
K2
z
3
y
AK
CK
ong hut
zh
p1= pa
1
ong c
K1 2
Bm
1
Be hu t
Hnh 2.2 S o he thong bm
Hnh
Truong DH
SPKT II.Kha
TP. HCM
Chng
i niem chung ve bm
20
Bm bao gi cung lam vie c trong mo t he thong ng ong. e biet ro cong du ng, qua
trnh lam vie c va cac thong so c ba n cua bm, ta nghien cu s o thie t b cu a mo t bm lam
vie c trong he thong n gian tren hnh 2.2
Khi bm lam viec, chat long t be hut qua li cha n ra c theo ong hut i vao bm. Sau
khi qua bm, chat lo ng c bm cap cho nang lng chay va o ong ay e len be cha. T
be cha cha t long c phan phoi ve cac ni tie u thu. Trong he thong truyen ong thuy lc,
chat long sau khi ra khoi bm co ap sua t cao, qua bo pha n phan phoi i va o o ng c thuy l c
e thc hien ca c chuyen o ng cu a nhn g c cau lam vie c.
Bm co 5 thong so lam vie c c ba n: lu lng Q, cot a p H, cong suat N, hieu sua t
va co t a p hu t cho phep [HCK]. Ta se la n lt nghie n cu ca c thong so nay .
2.2.1- Lu lng
La lng cha t long ma bm van chuyen c trong mot n v thM
i gian.
nh
i i
h
C
o
P. HQ
Tuy thuoc n v o co 3 loa i lu lng: lu lng the
co n v o la m3 /s, l/s,
Ttch
t
a
u
y th g/s; lu lng trong lng G co
Kkg/h,
m3/h; lu lng khoi lng M co n v o la kg/s,
m
a
h
Su p
n v o la N/s, N/h, kG/s,
H
D
g
ruon
Txa
t
Lu lng cu a bm
c
c
nh
bang cac dung cu o trung bnh lap tren ong a y
h
yrig
p
o
nh ong Venturi, luC lng ke kieu man g chan hoa c cac dung cu o trung bnh bang thung
lng hoa c can at cuo i ong ay . Ca c loa i dung cu o nay ch xa c nh c gia tr trung
bnh cu a lu lng trong mo t n v thi gian na o o.
2.2.2- Cot ap: ky hieu H (m)

La nan g lng n v ma bm truye n c cho chat long. T s o he thong lam vie c
cu a bm (hnh 2.2), ta co:
H = era - evao = e3 - e2
p
v2
p
v2
H z h y 3 3 z h 2 2
2g
2g
H y
p 3 p 2 v 23 v 22
2g
Trong o : p 2, p3 la ca c a p sua t tuye t oi

p 2 p a p CK ;
p 3 p a p AK
pCK, pAK la tr so ap suat oc c tren chan khong ke va ap ke.
(2.1)
Truong DH
SPKT II.Kha
TP. HCM
Chng
i niem chung ve bm
Do o:
21
p 3 p 2 p AK p CK
Cong thc tnh co t a p cu a bm se thanh:

H y
p AK p CK v 32 v 22
2g
(2.2)
Trong he thong bm ta lay he so hieu chnh ong nan g = 1 v dong chay trong he
thong bm co tie t dien o ng nho va va n toc n c ln ng i ta thng coi la dong chay roi va
c goi la dong chay ro i kch thc be.
Neu n g knh ong hut va ng knh ong ay ban g nhau va kho ng trch lu lng
tren ng on g ay th v2 = v3 va khoang cach y co the bo qua ( y 0 ) th tr so co t ap co the
xa c nh ba ng ca c tr so oc c cu a ap ke va cha n kho ng ke lap mieng vao va ra cu a
bm:
nh
p p CK
i Mi (2.3)
h
C
H AK
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h cu a bm ang lam vie c nh pCK, pAK ma
Khi khong co ca c so lieu o c cu uthe
S p
H
D
ch co cac so lieu yeu ca u cu a he utho
nngg lam vie c nh p1 , p4 , z ta co the tnh co t ap yeu
Tr o
t
hnang lng be hu t va be cha nh sau:
ca u cua bm theo cac gia rtr
y ig
Cop
Vie t phng trnh nang lng Bernoulli cho mat cat (1-1) va (2-2):
Hay
p
v2
p 1 v 12
z h 2 2 h wh
2g
2g
(2.4)
v2
p 2 p1 v 12
z h 2 h wh
2g
2g
(2.5)
hwh tong to n tha t nan g lng ong hut.

T ay ta thay, neu p1 = pa va v 1 nho th ap suat mieng vao cu a bm p2 < pa t c la p2
pha i c o bang chan khong ke.
Phng trnh nang lng Bernoulli cho ma t cat (1-1) va (2-2) con c vie t n gia n
la :
e 1 e 2 h wh
hay
e 2 e 1 h wh
Tng t ta viet phng trnh nang lng Bernoulli cho ma t cat (3-3) va (4-4):
Hay
p
v2
p 3 v 32
z d 4 4 h wd
2g
2g
(2.6)
v2
p 3 p 4 v 23
z d 4 h wd
2g
2g
(2.7)
hw tong to n tha t nan g lng ong ay.

Truong DH
SPKT II.Kha
TP. HCM
Chng
i niem chung ve bm
22
v 23
v2
nho hn z d 4 h wd rat nhie u nen p3 > p4 ; neu p4 = pa th
2g
2g
p3 > pa t c la ap suat mieng ra cu a bm pha i c o bang ap ke.

Ta thay, thng
Phng trnh nang lng Bernoulli cho ma t cat (3-3) va (4-4) con c vie t n gia n
e 3 e 4 h wd
la :
Thay e2 va e3 vao phng trnh cot ap , ta co :

H e 3 e 2 e 4 h wd e 1 h wh
e 4 e1 h wh h wd e 4 e 1 h w
Hay
H z 4 z1
p 4 p1 v 24 v 12
hw
2g
p 4 p 1 v 24 v12
hw
Hz
2g
Chi
P. Ho
h
Min (2.8)
uat T
hw = hwh + hw to ng ton tha t na ng lng trongKyheththong.
am
u ph
S
H
T cong thc (2.4) ta thay co t nagp D
ye u cau cu a bm dung e khac phu c:
uo
r
T
t
Chenh le ch opycao
righhnh hoc gi a ma t thoang be cha va be hut, con goi la o cao
o
C
dang z
o chenh ap suat tren mat thoan g be cha va be hut
o chenh ong nan g gi a be cha va be hut
Ton tha t nang lng trong he thong ng ong hw.
p 4 p1
v 24 v 12
2g
Cot ap cu a bm lam vie c trong mot he thong cu ng chnh la co t ap cu a he thong.

Ca c thanh phan z va
p 4 p1
la nhn g a i lng khon g thay oi oi vi mot he thong
cho trc, do o:
Ht z
p 4 p1
goi la cot ap tnh cua he thong
(2.9)
v 42 v12
va hw la nh ng a i lng thay oi theo lu lng cu a he
2g
thong, t c la phu thuo c van to c dong cha t long trong ong, do o :
Con ca c so ha ng
Hd
v 24 v 12
hw
2g
- goi la cot ap ong cua he thon g
Vay : H = Ht + H
(2.10)
(2.11)
Truong DH
SPKT II.Kha
TP. HCM
Chng
i niem chung ve bm
23
Neu bie u dien ban g o th phng trnh cot ap cu a he thong (2.8) ta se c n g

cong bieu th a c tnh lam vie c cu a he thong goi la ng a c tnh cua he thong hay con goi
la ng ac tnh li.
H,m
H = kQ2
H
Ht
nh
Mi
C3hi
o
H
.
t TP Q, m /s
ua
y th
K
am
u nph
Hnh 2.3 H
g ac tnh li
S
D
uong
r
T
ht
yrig
Cop
2.2.3- Cong suat va hieu suat
Theo (1.6) ta co co ng thc tnh hieu suat thuy l c cua bm la :

N tl GH QH
(2.12)
- kho i lng rieng cu a cha t long, tnh bang N/m 3

Q - lu lng cua bm, m3 /s
H - cot ap toan pha n cua bm, m
Muon tao c Ntl ( con goi la cong sua t co ch) th truc bm pha i co cong suat l n
hn, v trong khi lam viec bm phai tieu hao mo t phan nang lng e bu va o ca c to n tha t
thuy l c va ton tha t ma sat gia cac bo phan lam vie c cua bm,
N
N tl QH
(2.13)
< 1 la hieu sua t toan phan cua bm, %

Hie u sua t la :
N tl QH
N
N
(2.14)
Khi chon o ng c e keo bm, ca n pha i chon co ng suat cu a ong c Nc ln hn cong

sua t ta i truc N e e phon g trng hp qua tai va bu vao ton tha t do truye n ong t ong c
en bm.
Nc = k.N
(2.15)
Truong DH
SPKT II.Kha
TP. HCM
Chng
i niem chung ve bm
24
k > 1 he so an toan phu thuo c tng loa i bm, on g c va co ng sua t lam viec.
2.2.4- Cot ap hut va chieu cao hut cho phep

Kha nang lam vie c cu a bm phu thuoc ra t nhieu va o qua trnh hut cu a bm. Trong
qua trnh bm hut chat lo ng, banh co ng ta c pha i ta o c o chenh ap nha t nh gi a mieng
hut cu a bm va ma t thoang cu a be hut. o chenh ap na y goi la cot ap hut cu a bm, nh no
ma cha t long chay t be vao bm.
pa
1
2
2
1
HS
ng D
zh
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
ruo
tT
h
g
i
opyrHnh 2.4 S o li tren ng o ng hu t
Hh
p1 p 2
(2.16)
p1 , p2 - ap suat ma t thoang cu a be hu t va loi vao cu a bm

Neu p1 = pa ( ap suat kh tri) th co t ap hut ba ng cot ap chan khon g tai lo i vao cu a
bm.
H h H CK
pa p2
(2.17)
Thay phng trnh (2.4) vao phng trnh tren ta co :

Hh
p1 p 2
v2
zh 2 hw
2g
(2.18)
Ta thay co t ap hut cu a bm dung e kha c phuc chieu cao hut zh , to n that tren ong hut
va
ta
o nen ong nang can thie t cu a dong cha y mieng vao cua bm v22 /2g. Suy ra co t a p
hw
hut tuy thuoc va o tr so ap sua t tren ma t thoa ng cua be hut ma ap suat na y lai co gii ha n
nha t nh.
Trng hp p1 = pa theo co ng thc (2.18) ta tha y kha nang hut to i a cu a bm ng vi
khi ap suat p2 = 0 la :
Truong DH
SPKT II.Kha
TP. HCM
Chng
i niem chung ve bm
H h max H CK max
25
pa
10mH 2 O
Vay ieu kien e bm lam vie c c la :

Hh zh
v 22
h w H CK max
2g
(2.19)
Thc te co t ap hut cu a bm khi p1 = pa khong bao gi a t c en 10 mH2O v a p

sua t mieng ra cu a bm khi nho en mo t m c nao o ba ng ap sua t hi bao hoa cu a cha t
long tai nhie t o lam vie c th se gay ra hien tng xam thc trong bm.
Hien tng xam th c

Khi cha t lo ng mot nhie t o nhat nh se so i va boc hi bao hoa d i mo t ap sua t
nha t nh. Ap suat nay goi la ap sua t hi ba o hoa pbh.
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
Bang ap suat hi bao hoa cu a n c:
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h 40
10
20
30
60
80
100
120
Nhiet o, toC 0
Su p
H
D
g
n
ruo
tT
h
g
p bh
i
0,06 opy0,12
O,24
0,48
0,75
2,03
4,83
10,33
20,2
r
,m
C
Nh vay mo t nhie t o nao o, khi ap suat trong cha t long ban g ap suat hi ba o hoa
pbh th cha t long se so i, tao nen nhieu bot kh trong dong chay . Ca c bot kh na y b dong cha y
cuon vao nhn g vung co ap sua t p > pbh , se ngng tu lai o t ngo t than h nhng gio t cha t long
co the tch nho hn ra t nhieu so vi the tch cua bot kh. Do o trong dong chay xua t hie n
nhng khoa ng trong cu c bo, thu nhn g phan t cha t long xung quanh xo ti vi van to c ra t
ln, lam cho ap suat tai o ot ngo t tang len ra t cao, co khi t i ha ng ngan atmo tphe. Ap sua t
cu c bo na y co the lam ro be mat kim loa i, pha hong cac bo phan lam vie c cua may . Hie n
tng nay goi la hien tng xam th c, thn g xay ra trong cac may thuy l c co a p sua t nho ,
nhie t o cao. Nha t la ni cha t long co va n toc va ap suat thay oi ot ngo t.
Khi hien tng xam th c xay ra, dong chay b gian oan, ga y tieng ong ba t thng
va may b rung nhieu, lu lng, co t ap va hieu sua t cu a may b giam ot ngo t. Hien tng
xam thc keo da i se lam cac bo phan lam vie c cua may b pha hong.
e tra nh hien tng xam thc, can thoa ma n ieu kien :
p 2 p bh
Cho nen e tra nh hien tng xam thc, oi vi tng loa i bm c san xua t ra, trong
ca c tai lieu ky thua t eu co ghi cot ap chan khong cho phep [HCK] ng vi pa = 1 at va
t = 20oC.
ie u kien e bm co ay u kha nang hut la:
Truong DH
SPKT II.Kha
TP. HCM
Chng
i niem chung ve bm
Hh zh
26
v 22
h w H CK
2g
(2.20)
Vay chie u cao hut cho phe p cua bm la :

2
z h H CK v 2
2g
hw
(2.21)
Neu khon g co gia tr [HCK] th [zh] pha i c tnh theo ieu kien khong xa y ra hie n
tng xam thc.
Ta bie t ran g, ieu kien e khong xa y ra hien tng xam th c la co t ap toan phan tai
lo i vao cua bm, ni co ap sua t nho nha t, nguy hiem nha t pha i l n hn ap sua t hi bao hoa
cu a cha t long ta i nhie t o lam vie c.
Ta co:
p 2 v 22 p bh
h
2g
h co t a p chong xam thc
uat T
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
(2.22)
Min
Mat kha c, t cong thc (2.4), ta co:

h
Su p
H
2
D
p 2 v 2 pra uong
T z h h w
pyrig2hgt
Co
Thay vao bieu thc tren ta co chieu cao hut cho phep cu a bm la :
z h pa
bh h h w

(2.23)
Cot ap chong xam th c h c xac nh ba ng thc nghiem, no phu thuo c va o so

vong quay va lu lng cu a bm. Theo Rutnhep, ta co:
n Q
h 10
4
3
(2.24)
n so vo ng quay trong mo t phut cu a banh co ng ta c

Q lu lng tnh ba ng m3 /s
C he so phu thuoc va o ac iem ket cau cu a bm, co gia tr thay oi trong khoang
8001000. C lay gia tr cang l n th ieu kien chong xam thc cua bm ca ng tot.
BAI TAP
Bai II-1
Mot may bm nc tieu hao mo t co ng sua t tren truc N = 66 kW, hieu suat = 81%,
lu lng Q = 500m3 /h va co t a p chan khon g cho phep cua bm [HCK ] = 5,5 m
Truong DH
SPKT II.Kha
TP. HCM
Chng
i niem chung ve bm
27
Tnh chieu cao hut cho phep cu a bm [Zh ], biet he so to n tha t tren ng ong hut
h = 5 va ng knh ong hut va ong ay ban g nhau D1 = D2 = 250mm.
Tnh co t ap va a p sua t ta i c a ra cua bm.
Hnh 2.5
HS
ng D
Giai:
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
ruo
tT
h
g
i
r phep cua bm tnh theo co ng thc:
tycho
1) Chie u cao hu
Cop
2
2
Z h H CK v h h v h ; bo qua ton tha t doc ng va lay dau =

2g
2g
Van to c tren ng ong hut c tnh theo lu lng va va n toc: v h
4Q
D 2h
Vi Q = 500m3 /h = 0,139 m 3/s ; Dh = D1 = 250mm = 0,25m thay va o:

vh
v 2h 2,83 2
4.0,139
2
,
83
m
/
s
hay
0,4m
.0,25 2
2g 2. 9,81
Vay chie u cao hut la: Z h 5,5 0,4 5.0,4 3,1m

2) T cong thc tnh cong sua t tren truc: N
QH
N
hay H
66.10 3.0,81
Cot ap cu a bm la: H
39, 2m
9,81.10 3.0,139
3) Ap sua t tai c a vao cu a bm tnh t phng trnh Bernoulli ta i mat ca t tren ma t
thoang cu a be hu t va ma t ca t tai lo i vao bm:
pa
p
v2
v2
Z h 2 2 h 2
2g
2g
Truong DH
SPKT II.Kha
TP. HCM
Chng
i niem chung ve bm
28
p2 pa
v2
v2
Z h 2 h 2 10 3,1 0,4 5.0,4 4,5m
2g
2g
Hay
p 3 p 2 v 23 v 22 p 3 p 2
T cong thc: H y
2g
Vay ap suat tai ca ra cu a bm la:

p3
p
H 2 39,2 4,5 43,7 m
ap so : [Zh ] = 3,1m ; H = 39,2m ;
p2
43,7m
Bai II-2
Mot bm tieu hao mo t cong sua t tren tru c N = 76 kW, bm nc t be kn A co a p
h
p
p
Mi.no chenh gi a 2
hi m
sua t nho hn kh tri CK 4m len be kn B co ap sua t ap ke AKo C10
H
TP.
t
a
u
h
be
z = 40m.
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
Tnh lu lng va co t ap cu aon
bm.
Bie
t
hie
u sua t cu a bm 76% , to n tha t toan bo
u g
r
T
, ng knh ong hut va ong ay ba ng nhau.
htm
trong he thong li h w rig10
y
p
o
C
Hnh 2.6
Giai:
+ Phng trnh ng ac tnh li:
Hz
p B p A v 2B v 2A
hW
2g
p B p A p AK p CK
14m
Truong DH
SPKT II.Kha
TP. HCM
Chng
i niem chung ve bm
v 2B v 2A
0
2g
29
v ng knh ong hut va ong ay ban g nhau.
H 40 14 0 10 64 m
+ Lu lng:
T cong thc tnh cong sua t: N
Ta co:
QH
N 76. 10 3. 0,76
0,092 m 3 / s 92l / s
H 9,81.10 3.64
ap so : H = 64m ; Q = 92 l/s.
Bai II-3
Bm ly tam a t vi o cao hut z h 3,795m , ton tha t trong o ng hut h wh 1,505m.
nh
i Mi
h
p 3 v 32
C
Ho
74,7m .
Ap sua t toa n phan mieng ra
TP.
t
a
2g
u
h
Ky t
m
a
u pnh ng ong ay. Bie t o cao gi a 2 be ch a
Xa c nh co t ap cu a bm va ton D
tha
tStre
H
g
ruonng knh ong ay ban g nhau.
HT = 68m; n g knh on g hu t va
T
t
h
yrig
Cop
Hnh 2.7
ap so : H = 80m ;
wh
10,495m .
Bai II-4
Xa c nh cong sua t cu a mo t ong c keo bm, lu lng Q = 400l/s co o cao hut
z h = 3,5 m, ton tha t trong o ng hut h wh 0,7m , o cao ong a y H = 50m, to n tha t trong
ng o ng ay
5,8m , hie u sua t cu a bm = 80 %.
Truong DH
SPKT II.Kha
TP. HCM
Chng
i niem chung ve bm
30
Hnh 2.8
Hng dan :Tnh co ng suat cua ong c theo co ng thc sau: Nc = k.NB , trong o
k = 1,05.
nh
i Mi
ap so : Nc = 282 kW.
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
31
CHNG III: BM CANH DAN
3.1- KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE BM CANH DAN

Trong lch s pha t trien cu a ma y thuy l c th may thuy l c canh dan ra i tng oi
muon so vi may thuy l c the tch. Nam 1640, bm piston au tien do nha ba c hoc ng i c
san g che a ra i va c dung e bm n c va kh trong cong nghiep. Nhng ma i en nam
1830 nha ba c hoc ngi Phap Phuo cnayro n mi che ta o thanh cong tuabin nc. Sau o nam
1831 va 1832 nha bac ho c ng i Nga Xablucop sang che ra bm va qua t ly tam . o la nhn g
may thuy lc canh dan au tie n. Nhng hien nay may thuy lc canh dan c s dung pho
bien nhat va pham vi s dung ngay cang c m ro ng.
May thuy l c ca nh dan bao gom cac loai bm va ong c canh dan nh: bm ly tam ,
bm hng tru c, ca c loai tuabin n c
nh
i Mi
h
C
. Hoa may vi cha t long c
Trong ma y thuy lc ca nh dan viec trao oi nang l
nT
g Pgi
t
a
u
h
thc hien ba ng nang lng thuy ong cu a dong chamt lo
Kyngt cha y qua ma y.
a
h
Su p
H
D
3.1.2- Nguyen ly lam viec va oca
u
ta
o
chung
ng
Tru
t
h
Bo phan quan tro
ynrgigva ien hnh nha t cu a bm can h dan la banh cong ta c. Ba nh cong
Cop
ta c c cau tao t cac ban can h thn g co dang ma t cong goi la canh dan va cac bo phan co
nh chung. Trong banh cong tac ca c canh dan c ghep chat vi truc, khi lam vie c ban h
cong tac quay trong mo i trn g cha t long.
Banh cong tac cua bm quay c la nh ong c keo ben ngoai va trong qua trnh
o, do co ca c canh dan ma c na ng cu a ong c truye n c cho chat long, tao nen dong
chay lien tuc qua ban h cong ta c. Chenh le ch nang lng thuy ong cu a cha t long lo i ra va
lo i va o cu a banh cong ta c chnh ba ng c nan g cu a bm a truyen cho chat long ( cha ke t i
ton tha t).
3.1.3- Phan loai banh cong tac
Theo phng chuye n ong cu a dong chat long t loi vao en lo i ra cu a ca nh dan ,
banh co ng ta c ca nh dan c chia thanh bon loai sau:
Banh cong tac ly tam hoac hng tam: cha t lo ng chuye n ong qua banh cong tac t
tam ra ngoai hoac t ngoai vao tam theo phng ban knh.
Banh cong ta c hn g truc: cha t long chuyen ong qua banh co ng tac theo phng
song song vi tru c.
Banh cong ta c tam tru c hoa c tru c tam: cha t long chuye n ong qua ba nh cong tac theo
hng tam ro i chuye n sang hn g tru c hoac ng c lai.
Banh cong tac hng cheo: cha t lo ng chuyen ong qua ba nh co ng tac khong theo
hng tam cung khong theo h ng truc ma theo hng xien (cheo).
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
32
3.1.4- Cac loai van toc ,tam giac van toc

Qu ao chuyen ong cua cac phan t chat long qua ba nh cong ta c ca nh dan rat phc
ta p nhng e n gian tnh toan, ngi ta gia thie t:
Dong chay qua ban h cong tac bao gom ca c dong nguyen to nh nhau
Qu ao chuyen ong tng oi cu a ca c pha n t cha t long trong banh cong tac theo
bien da ng ca nh dan.
ie u kien e co dong chay nh gia thiet tren la :
Banh cong tac co so can h dan nhieu vo cung va mo i canh dan mo ng vo cung ( canh
dan khong co chieu da y)
Cha t long lam vie c la cha t long ly tng.
Vi gia thie t tren, chuyen ong tuyet oi cu a mo i pha n t chat long qua ba nh cong
ta c co the phan tch thanh 2 chuyen ong ong thi: chuyen ong theo ( quay tron cung ban h
nh
cong tac) va chuyen on g tng oi ( theo bien dang canh dan).
i Mi
h
C
. Ho
Chuyen ong cu a cac phan t cha t long qua ban h uco
nTgPtac c a c trng bang cac
t
a
h
Ky t
van to c:
m
a
h
Su p
H
c - van to c tuyet oi
D
ng
Trunoong theo), co phng tha ng go c vi ban knh
t
u - van to c theo (cu
a
chuye
igh
opyr
C
v - van to c tng o i, co phng tie p tuyen vi bien dang canh dan .
c uv
(3.1)
c2
w2
u2
w1
c1
R2
1
1
R1
u1
Hnh 3.1 Bieu dien cac loa i van to c

Hnh 3.1 bie u th van to c cu a cac phan t cha t long lo i vao va lo i ra cu a banh cong
ta c bm ly tam.
Ch so (1) va (2) bieu th cho chat long ba t au vao va ra kho i ba nh co ng tac. e tie n
vie c nghien cu cac thanh pha n van to c cu a dong chay, ta dung ca c tam gia c va n toc thay
cho cac hnh bnh han h van to c. Ta co cac tam giac van to c lo i vao va ra cu a banh cong
ta c:
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
33
c1 w1
c2 w2
c1 R
c2R
1
c1u
u1
2
c2u
u2
Hnh 3.2 Tam giac va n toc

Khi dung tam giac van to c e bieu th cac thong so ong hoc cua cha t long ngoai cac
ky hieu c , u , w ta con a vao cac ky hieu sau:
- go c gi a u va c
- goc gi a w va u theo hng ng c la i, bie u th goc bo tr canh dan
1 goi la goc vao , 2 goi la goc ra
c u -hnh chieu cu a c len phng u ;
nh
i Mi
h
C
c R - hnh chieu cu a c len phng vuong goc vi u . TP. Ho
uat
y th
K
anm
Trong cac banh co ng tac ly tam hoa c h
g tam phng cu a c R bao gi cung i qua
u ph
S
H
D
tam cu a banh co ng ta c goi la tha nhupha
ongn van to c hng knh.
r
T
ht
Trong banh coCnogpytaricghng truc c R hng theo phng truc.
3.1.5- Phng trnh c ban cua may thuy lc canh dan
a- Phng trnh moment
Mat cat cu a mo t banh co ng ta c ca nh dan:
Hnh 3.3 Ma t cat cua ba nh cong tac

1.Ba nh cong tac
2.a trc (a phu)
3.Ca nh dan
4.a sau (a chnh)
5.Ra nh ca nh
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
34
c2
2
w2
w1
R2
1
u2
c1
R2
R1
1
l2
R1
l1
u1
Hnh 3.4 Ca c thanh pha n van toc va tam giac van to c

ng dung nh ly c hoc ve bien thien moment ong lng, ta co the pha t bieu oi
vi dong cha t long chuyen o ng qua banh co ng ta c nh sau:
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
Bien thien moment ong lng cua kho i cha t lonugatchuye
TP. n ong qua banh cong tac
th
trong mo t n v thi gian oi vi truc quay cu a aba
nKhycong ta c th bang tong moment ngoai
m
h
Suc,pt c la bang moment quay cua ba nh cong tac.
l c tac dung len khoi cha t long o o i vDiHtru
ng
Truo
t
Xet mo t dong nguye
ghn to trong khoi chat lo ng chuyen ong qua ba nh cong tac cu a
pyri
o
C
bm ly tam. Dong nguye n to co lu lng dQ, ong lng cu a no tai ma t ca t (1-1) la:
d K 1 d m.c1 .dQ.c1
Tng t ta i ma t cat (2-2) la :
d K 2 d m.c 2 .dQ.c 2
m, - kho i lng va khoi lng rieng cua cha t long
c van to c thuye t oi.
Moment ong lng cu a dong nguyen to oi vi truc quay cu a banh cong tac ta i ma t
ca t (1-1) va (2-2) la :
d L 1 d K 1 .l1 .dQ.c1 .R 1 . cos 1
d L 2 d K 2 .l 2 .dQ.c 2 .R 2 . cos 2
Bien thien moment ong lng cu a dong nguyen to cha t lo ng trong mo t n v th i
gian:
L dL 2 dL 1 .dQ.c 2 .R 2 cos 2 c1 .R 1 cos 1
V ta a gia thie t cac dong nguyen to chay qua banh cong ta c la nh nhau, nen bie n
thien moment ong lng cu a toan bo kho i cha t long chuye n ong qua banh cong tac ban g
tong bien thien moment ong lng cu a ca c dong nguyen to :
L .dQ.c 2 .R 2 cos 2 c1 .R 1 cos 1
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
35
. dQ.c 2 .R 2 cos 2 c1 .R 1 cos 1

.Q l .c 2 .R 2 cos 2 c1 .R 1 cos 1
Ql lu lng chay qua banh co ng ta c va chnh bang lu lng ly thuye t.
th:
Goi M la moment do ngoai l c tac dung len truc quay, t c la moment quay cu a tru c
M L
M .Q l .c 2 .R 2 cos 2 c1 .R 1 cos 1
(3.2)
Vay phng trnh moment quay cu a banh cong tac co dang tong quat la:
M .Q l . c 2 .R 2 cos 2 c1 .R 1 cos 1
(3.4)
Han g dau tren cho may bm va hang dau di cho tuabin.

b- Phng trnh cot ap
Ta a bie t, cot ap H cua may thuy l c canh dan la nang lng n v
cu a dong cha t
nh
i
M
long trao oi vi ma y thuy l c, no chnh la co ng cu a mot n v tro
nhgi lng cha t long trao
Ho C
.
P
T
oi vi may .
huat
t
y
K
Hn n a, co ng sua t thuy l c cu a ma ySquan
he v i cot ap la:
pham
u
H
ng D
o
u
r
N tl Qt l HTl gQ l H l
(3.5)
gh
i
r
y
Coap ma y ng vi trng hp dong chay qua ma y thoa man cac gia thie t
H - cot a p cu
l
a neu, t c la kho ng co ton tha t va ban h cong tac co so canh dan nhieu vo cu ng, co n goi la
co t a p ly thuye t vo cu ng.
Mat kha c, cong sua t tren truc quay la :
N M.
(3.6)
Neu khong ke ti ton tha t, th cong sua t thuy l c bang cong sua t tren truc quay, do o:
gQ l H l M.
Thay tr so cua M theo co ng thc (3.4) vao va bie n o i, ta co:
H l
c 2 R 2 cos 2 c1R 1 cos 1 .

g
(3.7)
Ta thay R 1 u 1 , R 2 u 2
va
R 1 cos 1 c1u , R 2 cos 2 c 2 u vao bieu thc tren, ta thu c:

H l
u 2 c 2 u u1c1u
g
(3.8)
ay la phng trnh c ban cua may thuy lc canh dan con goi la phng trnh Euler.
c- Y ngha nang lng cua phng trnh c ban

Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
36
T cac tam giac van to c ta co:

w12 c12 u 12 2 u1 c1 cos 1 c12 u 12 2 u 1 c1u
w 22 c 22 u 22 2 u 2 c2 cos 2 c 22 u 22 2 u 2 c 2 u
T ay ta ru t ra:
u 1 c1u
1 2
c1 u 12 w12
2
u 2 c 2u
1 2
c 2 u 22 w 22
2
Thay vao phng trnh c ban ta c:
oi vi bm:
H l
u 22 u 12 w12 w 22 c22 c12
2g
2g
2g
nh
u 12 u 22 w 22 w12 c12 c 22
i Mi
h
C
o
2g
2g
2gt TP. H
a
u
h
Ky t
2
2
2
2
m
a
c c1
c c2
h
Sunpthay oi ong nang n v cua dong chay khi
So hang 2
hay 1
- la
pha
H
D
2g
2gruong
T
t
guh th thanh pha n cot ap ong Hl.
i qua ban h cong tac, noybie
i
r
Cop
2
u u 12
u 2 u 22
So hang 2
hay 1
- ty le vi so vong quay va ng knh ba nh cong tac,
2g
2g
no bieu th thanh pha n cot ap tnh tng oi c tao thanh do lc ly tam tac dung le n dong
chay. Trong trng hp bm hng truc R1 = R2, th so ha ng nay bang khon g.
oi vi ong c:
H l
w12 w 22
w 2 w12
hay 2
- phu thuo c o m ro ng mang dan cu a banh cong tac,
2g
2g
oi vi bm w1 w 2 , chng to mot phan ong nang bien thanh ap nang.
So hang
Do o, co t ap tnh la:
H l t
Vay :
u 22 u12 w12 w 22
2g
2g
H l H l d H l t
3.2 - BM LY TAM
(3.9)
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
37
3.2.1- khai niem chung

u iem c ban cu a bm ly tam:
Bm c nhie u loa i cha t long nh nc, dau, nhien lieu, hoa cha t, ke ca cac hon
hp cua cha t long va cha t ran.
Pham vi s dung ln va nang sua t cao, cu the :

-
Cot ap H t 10 mH2O en hang nga n mH2 O
Lu lng Q t 2 70.000 m 3/h
Cong sua t t 1 6000 kW
So vong quay t 730 6000 v/ph.
Ket cau nho gon, cha c chan, lam vie c tin cay.
Hie u sua t cu a bm tng oi cao so v i ca c loa i bm kha c: = 0,65 0,90.

nh
i Mi
Ch tieu kinh te tot ( gia thanh tng oi re).
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
S o ket cau cu a mo t bm ly tam n gian bieyu tth
h tren hnh 3.5
K
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig 3
Cop
2
Hnh 3.5 S o ke t cau cu a bm ly tam

Bm ly tam gom cac bo phan chu yeu sau:
1 - Ba nh cong tac
2 - Tru c bm
3 - Bo phan dan hn g vao 4 - Bo phan dan hn g ra ( con goi la buong xoan oc)
5 - Ong hut
6 -Ong a y
Trc khi cho bm lam vie c can phai lam cho than bm trong o co banh cong ta c va
ong hut c ien ay chat lo ng, goi la qua trnh moi bm.
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
38
Qua trnh lam viec:

Khi bm lam vie c, banh cong tac quay, cac pha n t chat long trong ban h cong tac
di anh hng cua lc ly tam b don t trong ra ngoai chuyen o ng theo ca c man g dan va i
vao ong ay vi ap sua t cao hn, o la qua trnh a y cu a bm. ong thi lo i vao cua ban h
cong tac tao nen mo t vung co ap sua t chan khong, va di ta c dung cua ap sua t be ch a
ln hn ap sua t lo i va o cua bm, cha t long be hut lien tuc b hut va o bm theo o ng hut.
o la qua trnh hut cu a bm. Qua trnh hut va ay cu a bm la cac qua trnh lien tu c, tao nen
dong chay lien tu c qua bm.
Bo phan dan h ng ra, co dang xoan oc nen goi la buon g xoan oc la e dan cha t long
t banh co ng ta c ra ong a y c ie u hoa, on nh va con co ta c dung bien mo t pha n ong
nang cu a dong chat lo ng thanh ap nang can thie t.
3.2.2- Phng trnh lam viec cua bm ly tam
a- Phng trnh c ban cua bm ly tam (phng trnh cot ap):
nh
Bm ly tam la mo t dan g cua bm canh dan, t phng trnh c ba
i Mni cua may thuy l c
h
C
Ho
ca nh dan , ap dung cho bm can h dan ta co :
TP.
t
a
u
th
u 2 c 2u u1c1u pham Ky
H l
(3.10)
u
g ng DH S
ruo
tT
h
g
i
Trong ca c bmoplyyrtam hien a i, a so cac ban h co ng tac co ket cau lo i va o hoac bo
C
phan da n h ng vao sao cho dong cha t long lo i vao cua mang da n chuye n on g theo hn g
knh, ngha la c vuong goc vi u tc la 1 = 90o, e cot ap cu a bm co li nhat (c1u = 0).
Tam gia c van to c lo i vao la tam giac vuon g, ta co :
c1
w1
1= 90o
1
u1
Hnh 3.6 Tam giac va n toc loi vao cu a banh co ng ta c

Khi o phng trnh c ban cua bm ly tam co dan g la :
H l
u 2 c 2u
g
(3.11)
b- Cot ap thc te:

Ta a bie t, phng trnh c ban cu a bm ly tam c la p t ieu kien gia thiet ly
thuyet:
-
Canh da n nhieu vo cung va mong vo cung
Cha t long la ly tng.
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
39
Vi gia thiet th nha t ta co van to c phan bo eu tren ca c ma t ca t cu a dong chay qua

ca c mang dan. V i gia thie t th hai ta bo qua ton tha t cu a dong chay trong ca c mang dan. V
the nen co t a p tnh theo phng trnh c ban goi la cot ap ly thuye t ng vi so canh da n
nhie u vo cung (Hl).
Thc te, canh dan co chieu day nhat nh t 2 20mm va so canh dan hu han t
6 12 canh ga y nen s phan bo va n toc khong eu tren cac ma t cat cua dong chay, tao nen
ca c dong xoay cac dong quan trong ma ng dan. ieu nay the hien tren hnh (3.7)
wmax
wmin
HS
ng D
uat T
u ph
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
uo
Tr Phan bo va n toc trong mang dan
t3.7
Hnh
h
g
i
yr
Cop
Mat khac, chat long co o nh t do o ga y ne n ton tha t trong dong chay. V vay cot ap
thc te nho hn co t ap Hl .
Cot ap thc te cu a bm ly tam H c tnh theo cong thc sau:
H Z . H .H l
(3.12)
Z he so ke t i an h hn g cu a so canh dan hu ha n en co t ap , goi la he so co t ap ;

bang ly thuyet ve dong xoay va thc nghiem, nam 1931 vien s Pro tskua a xa c nh Z oi
vi bm ly tam theo cong thc sau:
Z 1
sin 2
Z
(3.13)
Z so can h dan cua ba nh cong tac.

Vi Z va 2 thong thng th tr so trung bnh cua he so cot ap Z 0,8 .
H he so ke ti to n tha t nang lng cu a dong cha t long chuye n ong qua ban h cong
ta c, no phu thuoc vao ra t nhieu yeu to nh kch thc, ket ca u cu a ban h cong tac va bo pha n
hng dong goi la hieu sua t cot ap cu a banh cong ta c.
Vi bm ly tam : H 0,7 0,9 .
Trng hp ke t i anh h ng cua so canh dan hu han en co t ap, ta co co t ap ly
thuyet ng vi so canh dan hu han la :
H l Z .H l
(3.14)
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
40
Cot ap thc te cu a bm ly tam la :

H Z . H .
u 2 c2 u
g
(3.15)
oi vi bm co ket cau va so vong quay thong thng th:

u
Z .H .c 2 u Z .H .c 2 cos 2 . 2
2
Vay trong tnh toan ga n un g, co the xa c nh cot ap thc te cua bm ly tam theo bie u
thc:
H
.u 22
2g
(3.16)
- he so co t ap thc te .
3.2.3 Anh hng cua ket cau canh en cot ap cua bm ly tam
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
Hnh da ng bo tr ket cau cu a canh dan chu yeu phu thuo
TPc. vao goc 1 va 2 tc la goc
t
a
u
thy en co t a p cua bm ly tam.
vao va ra cu a canh dan. Ta xet anh hng cu a ca c goKcyna
m
a
h
Su p
H
a- Anh hng cua goc 1
D
ng
Truo
t
ightr ca nh dan cung la goc bieu th phng cu a van to c tng o i
Goc vao 1 la gopcyrbo
Co
lo i vao cu a banh co ng ta c. Trn g hp co li nhat ve co t ap cu a bm th tam gia c van to c
lo i va o la tam gia c vuon g co 1 = 90o. T hnh (3.6), ta tha y 1 ch phu thuoc vao u1 va c1, ta
co :
tg1
c1
u1
(3.17)
u 2 c 2u
ta thay goc 1 khong an h
g
hng trc tie p en cot a p cua bm ly tam. Nhng neu 1 khon g thch hp se gay ra va a p
dong chay vi ca nh dan lo i vao banh cong tac anh hng xau en hieu suat va co t ap cu a
bm.
Theo phng trnh c ban cu a bm ly tam H l
Ngi ta thng chon 1 = 15o 30o .

b- Anh hng cua goc 2
Ly thuye t va thc nghiem chng to ra ng tr so cu a 2 co anh hng trc tiep en
phng va gia tr cu a cac than h pha n van to c cu a dong chay trong mang dan, do o co an h
hng quye t nh e n cot ap toa n phan H va ca c co t ap thanh phan Ht va H cu a bm. V va y
oi vi ba nh cong tac bm ly tam , go c 2 co y ngha a c bie t quan trong.
Tuy theo tr so cu a 2, banh cong tac co 3 ca ch bo tr canh da n:
2 < 90o : canh da n cong ve pha sau ( so v i u) goi la ba nh cong tac co canh da n ngoat
sau ( a) loa i a thn g gap bm e bm cac cha t long nh nc, dau,
2 = 90o : canh da n hng knh lo i ra goi la banh cong ta c co canh dan h ng knh (b).
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
41
2 > 90o : ca nh dan cong ve pha trc goi la ba nh cong ta c co ca nh dan ngoat trc ( c)
loai b,c thng gap qua t va ma y nen e bm cac cha t kh
c2
u2
w2
u2
w2
c2
u2
c2
u1
u1
u1
2
w2
a) 2 < 90o
b) 2 = 90o
c) 2 > 90o
nh
Mi
Hnh 3.8 Ca c cach bo tr canh dan
Chi
o
H
P.
uat T
h
t
y
am K
h
p
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
tT
h
g
i
pyr
Co
Hnh 3.9 Hnh dang canh da n cua ban h cong tac

Ngoai ra trong thc te, ngi ta con che tao hnh dang canh dan cu a banh cong tac ra t
a dang, hnh 3.9 bieu die n mot so loa i can h dan co go c ra 2 kha c nhau:
e hieu ro vai tro cua 2 oi vi co t a p cua bm ta xet 3 banh cong tac ly tam co :
-
kch th c nh nhau
goc vao 1 nh nhau
so von g quay lam viec nh nhau
goc ra 2 khac nhau.
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
42
Ta kha o sa t co t ap do tng loai banh cong ta c tao nen vi cac kie u canh da n noi tren.
Khi ve ca c tam gia c van to c cho kie u ba nh cong tac na y ta can chu y :
Ca c banh cong tac co 1, kch th c lo i vao, lu lng va so vong quay lam vie c nh
nhau nen co tam gia c van to c lo i vao nh nhau.
Ca c ba nh cong ta c co ng knh ngoa i D2 va vong quay lam viec nh nhau nen

chung co van toc vong u2 bang nhau.
Ta co cac tam giac van to c la:
c1
w1
c1R= c2R
1= 90o
1
u1
c2
i
Hnh 3.10 Tam gia c van to c lo i va.oHo Ch
P
T
huat
t
y
c2 pham K
u
DH S w2
g
n
ruo
tT
h
g
i
yr
c2R
Cop
w2
c2R
2 < 90o
2 = 90o
u2
c2u < u2
a)
c2
w2
c2R
2 > 90o
u2
c2u = 2u2
u2
c2u = u2
Min
b)
c)
Hnh 3.11 Tam gia c van to c lo i ra

u 2 c 2u
, ta thay trong ca 3 trng hp co
g
ch phu thuoc vao c2u. Ta xet s thay oi cu a co t ap Hl trong ca 3
T phng trnh c ba n cu a bm ly tam H l

u2 nh nhau nen Hl
trng hp tren.
* Khi 2 < 90o
T tam gia c van to c bieu th tren hnh a, ta co:

c 2 u u 2 c 2 R cot g 2
(3.18)
Thay vao phng trnh c ban (3.11) ta c:

H l
u 22 u 2 c 2 R cot g 2
g
(3.19)
Ta tha y, khi c 2 u u 2 c 2 R cot g 2 0 t c la :

cot g 2
u2
c2 R
hoa c
2 arctg
c2 R
u2
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
43
th Hl = 0 ngha la bm lam vie c khon g co cot ap .

Vay muon bm lam vie c tao c co t a p th canh dan cu a banh co ng tac pha i co
c
2 > 2min = arctg 2 R . Va ta nha n tha y Hl ta ng theo ty le thuan vi 2.
u2
* Khi 2 = 90o
c 2u
Lu c nay tam gia c va n to c lo i ra la tam giac vuong c bie u th tren hnh b, nen
u 2 do o ta co :
H l
u 2 .c 2 u u 22
g
g
Thng trong bm ly tam tr so cu a cR thay oi ra t t t lo i vao en lo i ra cu a ban h

cong tac nen ta co :
c2R = c1R = c1
Khi o co t a p ong la:
uat T
h
c 2 c12 c 22 c 22 R
Ky t
m
H l d 2
a
h
2g
2HgSu p
D
g
ruo2 n
2
2 T
t
hc u 2 , nen :
T hnh b, ta co: cr2 i
y g 2R
Cop
u2
H l d 2
2g
Chi
P. Ho
Min
(3.20)
Ma co t ap tnh la : H lt H l H ld nen ta thu c:

H l t
T c la :
u 22 u 22 u 22
g 2 g 2g
H l d H l t
H l u 22
2
2g
(3.21)
Ta tie p tuc tang 2 len n a ta thay :

* Khi 2 > 90o
T hnh c, ta co c2u > u2 . ta khao sat trng hp khi c2u = 2u2 , lu c o:
H l
Nh vay
u 2 .c 2 u u 2 2 u 2 2 u 22
g
g
g
Hl = Hl va do o Hlt = 0 t c la khong co cot ap tnh.
Neu ta tiep tu c tang 2 len na th c2u > 2u2 lu c o Hl > Hl t c la co t ap ong l n

hn cot ap toan pha n hay no i cach khac co t ap tnh co tr so am.
Trong thc te , bm kho ng the lam vie c c vi Hlt 0 v khi o bm kho ng co kha
nang ay cha t lo ng. Vay muon cho bm lam vie c c th go c ra 2 cua ca nh dan trong ban h
cong tac kho ng c ln qua mot gia tr gi i han nao o, t c la:
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
44
2 2max
Vay e cho bm lam vie c c th tr so cua goc 2 pha i thoa man ieu kien :
2min < 2 < 2max
(3.22)
Quan he gi a co t a p ly thuye t cu a bm va tr so cua goc 2 c bie u th tren hnh 4.8.

ng EK ch s thay oi cu a co t ap toa n phan theo phng trnh:
H l
u 22 u 2 c 2 R cot g 2
g
(3.23)
ng EI ch s thay oi cu a co t a p tnh theo phng trnh:

H l t
u 22 c 2 R cot g 2
2g
2g
(3.24)
Hl
ruo
T
ght
i
r
y
op
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
h 2 /g
HilM=in2u
2
K o Ch
P. H
Hl
Hl = u 22/g
Hl = u22 /2g
Hlt
Hlt = u22 /2g
E
2 = 2min
90o
I
2
2 = 2max
Hnh 3.12 - Quan he gi a co t a p ly thuye t cu a bm va tr so cua goc 2
Qua o th ta thay, goc 2 cang ln th cot a p ly thuye t cua bm cang ln, bm co kha
nang truye n c nang cho chat lo ng cang nhieu. Nhng trong ky thua t can giai quyet sao cho
c nang ma bm truyen cho cha t long la co l i nhat, ngha la co hieu qua cao nhat va a p
ng c cac yeu cau lam vie c kha c nhau ve co t ap ong va co t ap tnh. Tuy kha nang lam
vie c kha c nhau cu a bm ma chon 2 thch hp.
Bm ly tam lam vie c trong pham vi:
Hlt = ( 0,7 0,8 )Hl
Hl = ( 0,2 0,3 )Hl
T c la ng vi 2 = 15o 30o.
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
45
Trong tr ng h p ac bie t 2 = 50o.

3.2.4- Lu lng va hieu suat lu lng
Q
Q
A
Ql
B
Hnh 3.13 Lu lng cha t long trong ba nh cong tac

nh
i nMhi dan noi chung va
h
C
Lu lng cha t lo ng chay qua banh cong tac cu a may thuyHl
c
ca
o
TP.
t
a
bm ly tam no i rie ng c xa c nh theo cong thc:
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Q l c R ..D.b
(3.25)
Su p
H
D
g
n
ruo
t nTng vi ng knh D cu a ba nh co ng tac (thng la ta i lo i
b chie u rong ma nigghda
yr
Cop
ra)
D - ng knh D cu a ba nh cong tac
cR hnh chieu van to c tuyet oi len phng vuong goc vi u.
Lu lng qua banh co ng tac xem nh lu lng ly thuye t Ql cu a bm. Lu lng thc
te Q qua ong ay nho hn Ql v kho ng pha i tat ca chat lo ng sau khi ra khoi ba nh cong ta c eu
i vao ong a y ma co mo t phan nho Q chay tr ve lo i vao ba nh cong ta c hoa c ro r ra ngoai
qua cac khe h cua cac bo phan lo t kn A va B c bieu th tren hnh ve (3.13)
Vay :
Ql = Q + Q
e anh gia ton that lu lng cu a bm ng i ta dung hieu sua t lu lng Q :

Q
Q
Q
Q l Q Q
(3.26)
Q < 1 phu thuoc va o ket cau va cha t lng lam vie c cu a cac bo phan lot kn.
Thng oi vi bm ly tam :
Q = 0,95 0,98
Bm co lu lng cang ln th Q cang cao.
3.2.5- ng ac tnh cua bm ly tam
Ca c thong so cu a bm nh H, Q, N, thay oi theo cac che o lam vie c cua bm vi
so von g quay n khong oi hoa c thay oi.
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
46
Ca c quan he H = f(Q), N = f(Q), = f(Q) bieu th ac tnh lam vie c cu a bm. c

bieu dien d i dang gia i tch goi la phng trnh a c tnh. Bieu die n d i da ng o th goi la
ng ac tnh cu a bm.
Ca c ng a c tnh ng vi so vong quay lam viec khon g oi ( n = const ) goi la
ng ac tnh lam viec, ng v i nhieu so vong quay (n = var) goi la ng ac tnh tong hp.
Trong 3 ng ac tnh neu tren, quan trong hn ca la n g a c tnh co t ap H = f(Q),
no cho ta bie t kha nan g lam vie c cu a bm nen go i la ng ac tnh c ban.
T ng H = f(Q) ta co the suy ra N = f(Q) va = f(Q).
a- ng ac tnh ly thuyet
T phng trnh c ban ta co the xay dn g ng ac tnh ly thuye t cu a bm ly tam.
H l
Theo cong thc (3.11):
u 2 c 2u
g
T tam gia c van to c lo i ra:

c2
S
g DH
ruon
T
ght
i
r
y
op
2
c2u
uat T
w2 m Ky th
a
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
c2R
2 < 90o
u2
Hnh 3.14 Tam gia c van to c lo i ra

Ta co:
c 2 u u 2 c 2 R cot g 2
Mat kha c, t cong thc lu lng ly thuye t (4.16) ta ru t ra c: c R
Ql
D 2 b 2
Thay cac bieu thc tren vao co ng thc cot ap ly thuye t, ta thu c:
H l
u 22 u 2 c 2 R cot g 2 u 22 u 2 . cot g 2
.Q l
g
g
D 2 .b 2 .g.n
oi vi mo t bm cho tr c th u2 , b2, D2 la nhn g a i lng khon g oi nen phng

trnh ng a c tnh c ban ly thuyet co dang:
H l a b. cot g 2 .Q l
(3.27)
a, b la nhng hang so dng.

ng bieu dien phng trnh na y goi la ng ac tnh c ban ly thuyet. o la mo t
ng khon g i qua goc toa o, he so goc cu a no tuy thuo c va o tr so go c ra cu a canh da n 2.
Trong trng hp tong quat oi vi ma y thuy lc, ta co 3 dang n g a c tnh ly thuye t the
hien tren hnh ve.
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
47
2 > 90o
2 = 90o
A
A/
D
D/ /
D1
H
u22/g
D///
Qkte
2 < 90o ( Z )
A//
A///
Q
D//
Ql
inh
M
hi
Ho C
TPc. tnh tnh toan
Hnh 3.15 ng a c tnh ly thuye t va unagt a
h
Ky t
o
m
a
Neu 2 < 90 th cotg 2 > 0, ta co SnugphAD
H
ng D
o
o
u
r
Neu 2 = 90 th cotg t2 =T0, ta co n g AC
righ
o Copy
Neu 2 > 90 th cotg 2 < 0, ta co n g AB
oi vi bm ly tam, ta co 2 < 90o do o n g a c tnh cu a bm ly tam la n g

nghch bien bac nha t AD. a y la ng a c tnh c ban ly thuyet cua bm ly tam khi cha ke
t i so canh dan hu han va ton tha t.
Neu ke t i so can h dan h u ha n, ng a c tnh tr thanh ng A/D/, bieu dien:

Hl = Z.Hl
Trong o Z < 1 - la he so ke t i so canh da n hu han .
Neu ke t i ton tha t lu lng Q, ng a c tnh tr thanh ng A/D1/
Neu ke ti cac loa i ton tha t thuy l c cu a dong chat lo ng qua ban h cong tac, ta biet cac
loai ton that thuy l c nay eu ty le vi bnh phng cu a van to c, t c cung la bnh
phng cu a lu lng th ng a c tnh tr thanh ng cong bac hai A// D// :
- Khi Q = Qkte (ng v i lu lng thch hp nhat) th hw co gia tr nho nhat (hw 0 ) :
H = 1.
- Khi Q > Qkte hay Q < Qkte th ton tha t hw eu tang.
Neu ke t i ton tha t c kh th ng a c tnh dch ve pha trai va thap hn A// D// mot
chut, o la ng A///D/// - ay chnh la ng a c tnh c ban tnh toan cu a bm ly
tam .
b- ng ac tnh thc nghiem
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
48
Vie c xay dng ng ac tnh tnh toan rat phc tap kho khan, bi vay trong ky thua t
th ng xa y dng cac ng ac tnh ban g cac so lieu o c khi khao nghiem tren ca c may
cu the o la ng a c tnh thc nghiem.
S o he thong th nghiem bm ly tam bieu th tren hnh (3.16).
5
4
C
2
3
1- Be hu t
2, 4- Khoa
3- Bm
5- Lu lng ke
C- Chan khong ke
A- Ap ke
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
Hnh 3.16 - S o he thong th nghie
hm bm ly tam
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
g
ruon
T
Muon xay dng

c
ca
c
n
g a c tnh thc nghiem cu a bm ly tam th pha i cho
t
h
yrig
p
o
C t he thong th nghiem nh hnh ve.
bm lam vie c trong mo
1
Trnh t tien ha nh th nghiem e xay d ng ng ac tnh gom ca c bc sau:

1. M khoa 2 on g hu t va cho bm lam vie c cho en khi so vong quay cua truc bm at
t i tr so yeu cau , trong khi o khoa 4 ong a y va n ong ( Q = 0 ). T cac tr so o
c luc nay ap ke A va chan khong ke C, ta suy ra co t ap H cua bm che o
khong tai
2. M dan khoa 4 o ng ay e tang lu lng cu a bm cho en khi a t ti tr so c c
a i. Trong qua trnh thay oi lu lng, so vong quay lam vie c kho ng oi. Tai mo i v
tr m cu a khoa 4, ta o c ca c so lie u th nghiem cu a bm va ong c ien e tnh
ra lu lng Q, cot ap H va cong suat cu a ong c ien Nc.
Tai mo i iem lam vie c ta tnh c cong sua t thuy l c cua bm. So sanh cong sua t
thuy l c va cong sua t o c tren truc cu a bm ta suy ra c hieu sua t cua bm.
Nh vay , t cac so lieu th nghiem, ta co the xay dng c cac ng a c tnh th c
nghiem cua bm ly tam H-Q, N-Q, -Q. Ca c ng a c tnh thc nghiem cu a bm ve hnh
dang noi chung cu ng giong nh ng a c tnh tnh toan, nhng khong trung nhau ( do co mo t
so loa i ton tha t ma trong khi tnh toan ta khong anh gia het c).
oi vi bm ly tam , ngoai 3 ng a c tnh tren co n co them ng bieu dien quan
he co t ap chan khong cho phep vi lu lng [HCK] = f(Q).
ng a c tnh thc nghiem co dang nh sau:
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
49
Hnh 3.17 - ng a c tnh thc nghiem

Cong du ng cua n g ac tnh lam vie c cua bm:
inchco l i nhat n g
Qua ca c n g a c tnh H-Q, -Q, N-Q ta thay c khu vc lahmi M
vie
C
vi hie u sua t cao nhat [ max hoa c = (max 7%)] t TP. Ho
ua
y th
K
atm c tnh na ng lam vie c cua bm e s
Qua hnh dan g cua ng a c tnh ta pbie
u h
S
H
D
dung bm cho hp ly.
uong
r
T
t
ig]h=
ng a c tnho[H
f(Q) e tnh toa n ong hut va xa c nh v tr a t bm mot cach
yrCK
p
C
hp ly.
c- ng ac tnh tong hp
Moi ng a c tnh lam vie c c xay dng vi mo t so vong quay lam vie c khon g
oi cua bm. Neu thay oi vong quay lam vie c th ng ac tnh lam viec cung thay oi
theo. e bie t c nhanh chong cac thong so Q, H, N, cu a bm thay oi nh the nao khi n
thay o i, ng i ta dng n g ac tnh to ng hp.
ng a c tnh tong hp cua bm la ng bie u dien ca c quan he Q-H, N-H vi cac
so vong quay lam vie c khac nhau, tren o cac iem lam viec cung hieu suat c noi vi
nhau than h nh ng ng cong goi la ng cung hieu suat.
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
50
h
Hnh 3.18 - ng a c tnh tong hp cu a bm hi Min
C
P. Ho
3.2.6 ng dung ong dang trong bm ly tam thuat T
y
am K
h
p
u c n cu a bm thay oi th cac thong so lam vie c
Ta biet rang, khi so vong quay lamHvie
D S
g
n
kha c cu a bm cung thay oi theo.Truo
t
righ
y
p
o
Thc nghiemCchng to rang, khi mot bm ly tam vi so vong quay thay oi t (di
50% so vi so vong quay nh m c) th hieu sua t cu a bm thay oi tng oi t, co the xem
nh khong oi = const. Mat khac ca c tam gia c van to c eu ty le vi so vong quay, nen cac
tam gia c van to c se ong da ng vi nhau. Do o ca c che o lam vie c kha c nhau cu a bm
trong trn g hp na y xem nh ca c tr ng hp tng t.
Theo ly thuye t ve tng t, hai che o lam vie c goi la tng t nhau khi chung thoa
man 3 ie u kien tng t:
Ta xet mot ma y mo hnh va mo t may nguyen hnh, ky hie u: ch so M - mo hnh,
N - nguyen hnh.
1. Tie u chuan tng t hnh ho c:
DM bM
L const
DN bN
2. Tie u chuan tng t ong hoc:
u M cM wM
v const
u N cN w N
3. Tie u chuan tng t ong l c:
PM FM
F const
PN FN
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
51
Ta co the van dung cac quan he tng t nay e tm moi quan he gia Q, H, N theo so
vong quay n.
Goi HM, QM, NM la co t ap, lu lng va cong suat ng vi so vong quay nM;
HN, QN, NN la co t ap, lu lng va cong sua t ng vi so vong quay nN.
a - Phng trnh ong dang lu lng
Ta co phng trnh lu lng cu a bm ly tam:
Q c R ..D.b
Theo ke t ca u cua ban h cong tac, b ty le v i D nen co the vie t:
b = k1 .D
k1 he so ty le
CR cung ty le vi van toc u, ne n:
c R .u D n
60
- he so ty le
DH S
g
n
ruo c:
Thay vao bieu thc cuat QTta
h
g
i
yr
Cop
2 .D 3
n
Q k1
60
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
2
Q
k1 k
D 3 n 60
hay
Khi ta co tng t hnh hoc th k = const, co tng t ong hoc th = const, do o :

Q
const
D3 n
Q M DM nM

Q N D N n N
hay:
DM
= L - la tie u chua n tng t hnh ho c
DN
Lu c o ta co :
QM
3 n
L M
QN
nN
(3.28)
Khi ta tnh cho cac che o lam vie c cu a cung mo t bm th L = 1, phng trnh co
dang:
Q M nM
Q N nN
(3.29)
b- Phng trnh ong dang cot ap

Theo phng trnh c ba n cua bm ly tam ta co:
2
H l
c
c
u c
1
1
2 2 u u 22 2 u D 2 n 2 2 u
u2
u 2 g 60
g
g
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
52
2
hay:
H l
1 c
2 u const
2 2
D n
g 60 u 2
u M cM
c
c
c
const M N const 2 u const
u2
uM uN
u N cN
Nh vay ta c:
H l M D M
H l N D N
Khi L = 1
H l M n M
H l N n N
nM
nN
n
2L M
nN
(3.30)
(3.31)
c- Phng trnh ong dang cong suat

Ta co:
N = QHl
nh
i Mi
h
3
C
N M M Q M H lM M D M n M t TP.HMo 5 n M
hua
Vay :
L
N N N Q N H lN N DmN Kytn N
N
n N
a
u ph
S
H
D c, ta co :
ngvie
Khi vi cung mo t chat lo ngrulaom
T
t
3
righ
y
p
o
CN M
5 nM
L
(3.32)
NN
nN
5
NM n M
(3.33)
Khi L = 1 :
N N n N
Trong thc te, ngoai so vong quay lam vie c thay oi con co the gap trng hp trong
lng rieng cu a cha t long thay o i, ng knh ngoa i D cu a ban h cong ta c thay oi. e a p
ng yeu ca u s dung, thng khi can giam cot ap va ta ng lu lng so vi nh m c, ng i ta
co the got bt n g knh D ( ch trong pham vi 10%) th hieu suat cua bm coi nh khon g
oi. Ta co the xem ca c che o lam vie c cu a bm trong tr ng h p nay la cac che o lam vie c
tng t.
Goi Q1, H1, N1 la lu lng, co t ap va cong sua t ng vi D, 1 va n1
Q2, H2, N2 la lu lng, co t a p va co ng sua t ng v i D, 2 va n 2.
Ta co quan he tng t cu a mo t bm ly tam nh ba ng sau:

Ca c thong
Khi thay oi
Khi n thay o i
Khi D thay o i
Khi , n, D thay oi
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
53
so
Lu lng
Q
Cot ap H
Cong sua t
N
Q 2 Q1
Q2
n2
Q1
n1
2
1
H1
2
n
H 2 2 H 1
n1
N 2 2 N1
1
n
N 2 2 N1
n1
H2
D' '
Q2
Q1
D'
2
D' '
H 2 H1
D'
3
D' '
N2 N1
D'
Q2
n 2 D' '
Q1
n 1 D'
2
H2 1
2
n2
n1
D' '
H 1
D'
N2 2
1
n2
n1
D' '

N1
D'
3.2.7- So vong quay ac trng

e ac trng cho mo t he thong, ngi ta dung mo t may mau tng trng ( may mo
hnh). Quy nh cu a may bm mo hnh co ca c thong so sau:
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
HS = 1 m co t cha t long
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
QS = 0,075 m 3/s
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
g
nng
NS = 0,736 kW ( tng
1 ma lc)
Truo
t
h
yrig
S hie
Coupsua t co l i nha t
nS so vong quay a c trng, v/ph.
Ba t ky may thuy l c nao c che ta o ra cung phai tng t vi ma y mo hnh cung he
thong, cac thong so lam vie c cu a may o va cu a ma y mo hnh quan he vi nhau theo lua t
tng t, t c la:
QS
3 n
L S
Q
n
HS
n
2L S
H
n
NS
n
5L S
N
n
(1)
(2)
3
(3)
Ket hp cong thc (1) va (2), rut L va cho bang nhau, ta thu c cong thc:
nS
3,65.n.Q
H
1
2
(3.34)
n so vo ng quay, v/ph
Q lu lng, m3 /s
H co t ap, m
Ket hp cong thc (2) va (3), rut L tng t nh tren, ta thu c cong thc:
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
nS
54
1,167.n.N
H
(3.35)
N co ng sua t , kW
Neu n tnh theo ma l c, ta co:
nS
n.N
H
1
2
(3.36)
4
Muon bie t mo t may thuy l c canh da n nao thuoc he thong cua ma y mo hnh nao ,
ng i ta dung so vong quay a c trng nS tnh theo cac cong thc tren e phan bie t, nen nS
c goi la so von g quay a c trng.
D2
3,5
Do
V du: nS = 40 80 v/ph bm ly tam ty to c cham
D2
nh
1C
,3hi 1M
,1i
DPo. Ho
uat T
nS = 140 300 v/ph bm ly tam ty to c nhanh
h
KyDt
m
a
2
nS = 600 1800 v/ph bm h
0,8 0,6
u npgh truc
S
H
D
Do
g
n
ruo
tT
h
g
i
yr
3.2.8- Hien t
Conpg xam thc
Ap sua t dong cha t long chay qua bm luon luon thay oi va khong bang nhau trong
tng iem rieng re tren ma t cat cua dong chay .
Trong nhng bm thong thng, ap suat nho nha t la gan lo i vao cua ba nh cong tac
pha lom cu a can h dan, t c la cho nao van to c tng oi W va ong nan g ng vi no
W2/2 a t c gia tr ln nhat (vung A tren hnh).
w2
A
w1
R1
R2
Hnh 3.19 Vu ng xay ra xam thc
Neu vung A ap sua t bang hay nho hn a p sua t hi bao hoa cua cha t long trong bm,
th se xua t hien hien tng xam thc. Hien tng nay se lan rong ra ca c vung lan can cu a
dong chay.
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
55
Hie n tng xam thc co ha i khong ch v no huy hoa i kim loai ma con v may lam
vie c khi co xam thc se lam giam rat l n hieu suat.
Bm lam vie c khi co xam thc rat on, rung manh va khi cng o xam thc len cao
xua t hien s va ap se ra t co ha i cho bm.
Bien phap khac phuc:
Han che van toc cha t long trong dong chay cu a bm
ng du ng hnh dan g tie n li cho don g chay va cho ma t ca t cu a banh cong ta c
S dung bm che o gan vi che o a tnh toan tr c
Mot bie n pha p quan trong trong vie c chong xam th c cu a ba t ky loa i bm na o o la
ca n co o cao hut thch hp, ma vi o cao hut nay khon g xay ra xam thc goi la o
cao hut cho phep (a c tnh toa n phan bm can h da n).
3.2.9 Kiem tra bm
nh
i Mi trong o ac bie t
1. Chon bm ung yeu ca u ky thua t, da vao ng a c tnh cu
a
bm,
h
C
Ho
TP.
chu y n g ac tnh c ban (H-Q).
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
2. Ca c thie t b va ong ho o a p sua t,So
chan kho ng, o ie n can co ay u. Can lap
u ph
H
D
van mot chieu ong hut varuoonngg ay e de dang khi mo i va kh i ong bm.
T
ght
i
r
y
3. Trc khi choCbm
op lam vie c pha i mo i bm
4. Trc khi bm khi ong phai kiem tra dau m trong bm va ong c, cac mo i ghep
bulo ng, he thong ien.
5. Khi kh i ong bm, cho ong c quay o n nh roi m i t t m khoa ong ay
(nhng vi bm a p suat thap th ngc la i, m khoa ong ay roi mi kh i ong neu
khong ong c kho khi ong va de b qua tai).
6. Khi bm lam vie c, can theo doi ong ho o, chu y nghe tieng may e kp thi pha t
hien nhn g bat thng e x ly kp thi.
7. Khi chuan b tat may, lam th t ong ta c ngc vi khi cho may chay : ong van
ong ay tr c, tat may sau.
8. Khi bm lam viec cha t long khong le n hoac le n t, can dng may va kiem tra lai:
Ca c van hoac khoa ong ay va o ng hu t.
Li chan ra c co b lap kn hoac mieng ong hut khong ung o sau can thiet
ca ch ma t thoang cu a be hut.
Banh co ng ta c quay ng c (bm ien co the b a u day ngc pha).
3.2.10 ieu chnh che o lam viec cua bm
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
56
Hl - Q
A
HA
HB - Q
QA
Hnh 3.20 iem lam viec
iem lam viec cu a bm la giao iem cu a hai n g a c tnh cua bm va cu a he thong

nh
trong cung mot he toa o.
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TuP.cau nao o goi la qua trnh
t
a
Qua trnh thay oi iem lam vie c cu a bm theo mo
t
ye
u
h
Ky t
m
ieu chnh.
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Co hai phng phap ieu chnh:
Truo
t
igh
opnygr khoa
a- ieu chnhCba
Hl - Q ( B)
H
HB
HA
Hl - Q ( A)
HB - Q
QB QA
Hnh 3.21 - ie u chnh bang khoa

ie u chnh ba ng khoa tao nen s thay oi ng ac tnh li bang ca ch ieu chnh
(ong hoa c m) khoa ong ay e thay oi lu lng cua he thong (khong ie u chnh ong
hut v de gay ra hien tng xam thc).
Khi m khoa hoan toan ta co iem lam viec A (HA, QA).
Khi ong bt khoa lai th ton that khoa se tang len ( A B), lu lng cu a he
thong giam, ngha la ng ac tnh li se thay oi doc hn, trong khi a c
tnh bm khon g o i. Do o iem lam vie c t A chuyen e n B (HB, QB).
Phng phap nay n gian, thuan tien nhng khon g kinh te v gay them to n tha t.
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
57
b- ieu chnh bang thay oi so vong quay cua truc bm

H
Hl - Q
HB
HA
HC
A
C
HB Q (nB >nA)
HB Q (nA)
HB Q (nC < nA)
QC QA QB
Hnh 3.22 - ie u chnh bang thay oi so vong quay

Noi dung cua phng phap na y la thay oi ng a c tnh rie ng cu a bm bang cach
thay o i so vo ng quay cu a truc bm.
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
iem lam viec A(HA,QA) ng vi so vong quay lam vie
TPc. nA. Khi tang so vong quay
t
a
u
en nB > nA th n g ac tnh cu a bm se khac i Ktrong
y th khi o ng a c tnh li khon g
m
a
h
thay o i, iem lam vie c t A chuyen en B
(H
Su Bp, QB).
H
D
ong
Trubm
Phng pha p nay dunhgt cho
co thie t b thay oi so vong quay. Phng phap na y
g
i
r
y
kinh te hn so vi phng
Cop phap tren. Nhng oi vi bm kho ng co thie t b thay oi so vong
quay lam vie c th phng phap tren thong dung hn.
oi khi ngi ta ke t hp ca hai phng phap tren.
c- Khu vc ieu chnh
Ta thay rang muon ieu chnh bm th phai thay o i ng ac tnh li hoa c thay oi
ng a c tnh bm. Nhng thc te kho ng pha i co the ieu chnh iem lam vie c ve bat c
iem nao tren ng a c tnh cua bm.
iem g/ha n
H K/vc
K/vc
khong O
Hl - Q
HB - Q
Q
Hnh 3.23 - Khu v c ie u chnh
V du: Tren hnh ve, co mo t bm lam viec trong he thong vi cac n g a c tnh nh
a c the hien, trong o ng a c tnh cua bm co dang loi. iem T la iem gi i han chia
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
58
ng a c tnh ra lam hai khu vc: ben phai iem T la khu vc lam viec on nh, con ben
trai iem T tuy theo v tr cu a ng a c tnh li, bm co the lam vie c khon g on nh goi la
khu vc lam viec khong on nh cua bm.
Thc nghiem chng to ra ng:
Khong the ieu chnh bm trong khu vc khon g on nh.
Khi kh i ong bm, can ha thap Hli e iem lam vie c cua bm khong ri vao
khu vc khong o n nh.
oi vi cac bm quan trong nh bm cao a p cap nc cho noi hi (nha may nhie t
ien), yeu cau ve ng a c tnh cua bm la khong co vung lam vie c khong on nh, t c la
ng ac tnh co dang doc ng hoa c thoa i.
V tr cu a iem gi i han T phu thuoc vao goc 2. Goc 2 cang nho th khu vc lam
vie c khong o n nh cang nho.
3.2.11 - Ghep bm ly tam
nh
i Mi
h
C
Co hai cach ghep bm: ghe p song song va ghep no i tieTpP. . Ho
t
thua
a- Ghep song song: (khi he thong co yehuam
caKuylu lng ln hn lu lng cu a mo t
Su p
H
bm)
D
ng
Truo
t
ie u kien e cacybm
righ ghep co the lam vie c c la:
Cop
Ca c bm pha i lam viec vi cung co t a p: H1 = H2 = = Hi
e xa c nh lu lng cu a bm ghep song song lam vie c trong mot he thong, ta ca n

xay dng ng ac tnh chung cu a cac bm ghep (H-QC) va bie t n g a c tnh l i
(Hli-Q).
ng a c tnh chung cu a cac bm ghe p song song (H-QC) trong he thong c xa y

dng ban g cach cong ca c lu lng vi cung mo t co t ap (cong cac hoanh o tren cung tung
o).
V du: Kha o sa t hai bm co ng ac tnh kha c nhau: (H1 -Q) va (H2-Q) ghep song
song, ta tha y vi mo i co t ap H > HB trong he thong ch co bm 2 lam vie c. Khi H = HB ca hai
bm eu cung lam vie c nhng lu lng cua he thong ch ban g lu lng cu a bm 2 ng vi
iem B (QB = Q2 ) (hnh 3.24)
iem C la iem lam vie c cu a cac bm ghep trong he thong. Khi o bm 1 lam vie c
vi Q , bm 2 lam vie c vi Q C2 . Vay : Tong lu lng cu a hai bm ghep song song trong he
thong nho hn tong lu lng cu a hai bm o khi lam viec rieng re cu ng trong he thong o.
C
1
Q C Q1C Q C2 Q1 Q 2
(v he thong lam vie c vi nhieu bm ghep song song co cot ap l n hn do lu lng trong he
thong tang len so v i khi tng bm rien g re lam viec trong he thong).
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
59
Q2C
Q1C
Hl-Q
B
1
2
QB = Q2
HB
HC -Q
HB1-Q
Q1
Q2
QC < Q1+Q2
HB2-Q
Q
Hnh 3.24 - Ghep song song
nh
i Mi
h
C
P. Ho
To
t
ie u chnh he thong co cac bm ghep song song ttng
i phc ta p khi cac bm ghe p
a
u
y h
K
co ng a c tnh kha c nhau nhieu pDo
vay can ghe p ca c bm co n g ac tnh
am
u h
S
H
gan gio ng nhau.
D
uong
r
T
ht
Ghep bm song psong
yrig co hieu qua ln khi ng ac tnh cu a chung thoai (co o doc
o
C
nho) va ng a c tnh cua li kho ng doc lam Ta can ng dung ghep song song
trong ca c he thong bm can co co t ap thay o i t khi lu lng thay oi nhieu.
Nhan xet:
So lng bm ghep song song e tang lu lng co gii han nha t nh, c xa c nh
bi ng a c tnh chung va ng ac tnh li.
b- Ghep noi tiep: (khi he thong co yeu cau co t a p ln hn cot ap cu a mo t bm)
H
Hli - Q
1
2
HC - Q
1
H2C
HC = H1C + H2C
HB2 - Q
H1C
HB1 - Q
QC
Hnh 3.25 Ghep no i tiep
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
60
ie u kien ghep noi tiep:
Ca c bm ghep pha i lam viec vi lu lng nh nhau: Q 1 Q 2 Q i
Cot ap lam viec khi Q = const:

HC H1 H 2 Hi
ng a c tnh chung cu a cac bm ghep (HC - Q) c xay dng bang ca ch cong cac
co t a p cua rieng tng bm vi cung mo t lu lng (cong cac tung o tren cung mo t
hoan h o)
Kha o sa t hai bm 1, 2 co ng a c tnh kha c nhau ghep noi tie p lam vie c trong mo t
he thong.
iem A (giao iem cu a ng a c tnh chung va ng a c tnh li) la iem lam
vie c cu a cac bm ghep trong he thong, xa c nh lu lng Q va cot ap H cua hai bm ghe p.
Khi ghep no i tiep ne n chon bm va he thong co ng a c tnh do c nhieu m i co hie u
nh
qua cao, v khi thay oi lu lng t a ta ng c co t ap theo yeu cauC
. hi Mi
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
Chu y: Khi ghep hai bm 1 va 2 noi tiep lien nhau
h can chu y la bm 2 pha i lam vie c
Ky t
m
a
vi ap sua t cao hn bm 1, v va y neu khonug pu
h sc ben bm se b hong. Do o phai chon
S
H
D
tren n g ong a y cua bm 1 ie
m gnao co ap suat khong ga y nguy hiem cho bm 2 e
ruon
T
t
ghep.
h
yrig
Cop
3.2.12 Lc doc truc trong bm ly tam cach khac phuc lc doc truc
Khi bm lam viec, ba nh cong tac cu a bm chu tac dung cu a cac ap l c theo hn g
truc. Ta se khao sa t ca c l c nay.
p2
p2
p2
B
D
T
R2
p1
M
C
R1
N
P1
PII
r
Hnh 3.26 - L c doc truc trong bm ly tam

Khi bm lam vie c, cha t long bong hut A chuyen ong theo phng song song vi
truc va o ban h cong ta c d i ap suat kha nho p1. Sau khi vao banh cong ta c, dong cha t long
ngoa t 90o va tr thanh tha ng goc v i truc. Ap sua t chat long tang dan en tr so p2 loi ra, p1
<< p 2 . D i tac dung cu a p2, mo t phan chat long ro r qua cac khe h gi a ba nh co ng tac va
than bm B va C. Neu bo qua s quay cu a cha t lo ng trong khe h B va C th co the xem ga n
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
61
ung ap suat trong ca c khe o bang p2 . Do o ap l c hng truc tac dung len a sau cu a
banh co ng ta c hng ve pha tra i la:
Ptr p 2 .. R 22 r 2
Va ap l c h ng truc ta c dung len a tr c ban h cong ta c, hn g ve ben phai la:
Pph p 2 .. R 22 R 12 p 1 .. R 12 r 2
V p2 >> p1 Ptr >> Pph. Do o ap l c doc truc co xu hn g ay ban h cong tac ve

pha ngc vi hng chuyen o ng cua cha t long va o ba nh cong tac.
PI Ptr Pph .p 2 p1 . R 12 r 2
Hoa c:
PI ..H t . R 12 r 2
Trong th c te , do s quay cu a cha t long theo cac a cua banh cong tac trong ca c khe
h B va C nen ap suat trong cac khe giam dan t ngoai vao trong (t R2 R1) theo cac
nh
ng parabol.
i Mi
h
C
. Ho
nt hTP
co ng ta c theo h ng cu a dong
Ngoai PI ra, con co l c h ng truc PII tac dung len ba
a
u
y tihphng chuye n ong lo i vao cu a
Ko
chay (ng c vi PI), PII xua t hie n do cha t longhthay
m
a
p
H Su co the tnh theo nh lua t ong lng:
banh co ng ta c (t hng truc sang hnggDknh),
n
Truo
t
h
.Q l
yrig
CPopII m.C o g C o
m khoi lng chat lo ng chuyen o ng qua banh co ng ta c, m
.Q l
g
Co va n toc cha t long bong hut cu a banh co ng ta c.

Vay ap l c tong co ng ap dun g tren mot ban h co ng ta c cu a bm la:
P PI PII
oi vi bm nhieu cap co so banh co ng ta c la i th tong ap l c hng truc la:
A = iP
* Neu roto cua bm bo tr tha ng ng (bm truc ng) th cong th c tnh tong ap l c
hng truc A tren can bo sung them than h phan trong lng cua roto G:
A i.P G
Dau tuy thuo c vao s bo tr mieng vao va ra cu a bm, gay nen ca c ap l c hn g
truc cung hay ngc chieu vi trong lng G cua roto.
Tac hai cua lc hng truc
L c h ng tru c trong bm lam mon cac o chan tao nen s sai lech cac khe h trong
bm va lam cho roto co vao than bm khi lam vie c gay anh h ng xau en hieu sua t va lam
hong bm.
Cach khac phuc
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
62
1. o i vi bm co mot ba nh cong tac:
Dung banh cong ta c co hai mieng hut.
Hnh 3.27 Banh cong tac hai mie ng hu t
nh
Cau tao vanh lo t kn th hai chia khe h gi a than bm va a
sau
i Micu a ba nh cong tac
h
C
Ho
thanh hai phan. Pha n tren thong vi bong ay co a patsua
TPt . p p 2 , phan d i thong vi
u
y nthg tac. Nhc iem cu a phng pha p
bong hut bang ca c lo khoan tren a sau h
ba
nhKco
m
a
SuQp.
nay la lam giam hieu suat lu l
n
g
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
Hnh 3.28 - Cau tao vanh lo t kn th hai gi a than bm va a sau

2. o i vi bm co nhieu ban h cong tac:
Bo tr ban h cong tac thanh cac cap oi xng nhau.
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
63
Hnh 3.29 - Bo tr ban h cong ta c thanh cac cap oi xng
Dung piston ca n bang.

Dung a ca n ba ng.
Hnh 3.30 a can ban g
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
u ph
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
64
Chon bm theo ieu kie n cho trc
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
u ph
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 3.31 Cho n bm theo lu lng va co t ap cho trc
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
65
3.3- BM HNG TRUC
3.2.1- Cau tao va pham vi s dun g

a- Pham vi s dung
Bm hng tru c co pham vi s dung rat rong ra i khi can lu lng l n va cot ap thap ,
cu the:
Lu lng : Q = 0,1 25 m3/s
Cot ap : H = 4 10 mH20
a c bie t co khi H = 22 m.
b- Cau tao va nguyen ly
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
u ph
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 3.32 - S o ket cau bm hn g tru c

S o ket cau bm hng tru c
1.Bo phan dan hn g vao
2.Tha n bm
3.Ba nh cong tac
4.Mc cha t long
5.Tru c bm
Ket cau cua bm hng truc n gian va cha c cha n. No gom co phan ong va pha n
tnh.
Pha n quay (pha n o ng) gom ba nh cong tac gan lien vi truc. Banh cong tac hnh khoi
tru co gan cac canh dan ma t cong phan bo eu xung quanh. Thng so canh da n cua ban h
cong tac t 3 6 canh. Phan ng yen (phan tnh) la vo bm co da ng hnh tru rong, pha
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
66
trong co ca c canh dan h ng va bo phan tru c. Pha tren bo phan dan h ng than bm uon
cong e tien bo tr cac bo phan dan ong truc bm.
Truc cua bm hn g truc thng c noi trc tie p vi ong c ien. Khi bm lam
vie c, banh cong tac quay trong mo i trn g cha t lo ng va do co cac canh dan ma t cong dan g
cong xo n (cong theo khong gian 3 chieu) nen cha t long c hut vao bm va di chuyen theo
phng song song v i truc vi lu lng ln.
3.3.2- Phng trnh lam viec
Tng t nh bm ly tam , ta co the ve tam giac va n to c loi vao va loi ra cu a ban h
cong tac bm hng truc theo hnh ve d i ay. Trong o u2 = u1 = u; c1R = c2R
w1
c2
w2
c1 = c1R
c2R
1
1
T
huat
t
y
K
ham
p
u
S
DH u1 = u 2 = u
c2u
Chi
P. Ho
Min
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
Hnh 3.33 - Tam gia c van to c
Ta bie t phng trnh c ba n o i vi bm canh dan noi chung la:

H l
u 2 c 2 u u 1c1u
g
(3.37)
Ap dung cho bm hng truc, ta co :

u1 = u 2 = u
c1u = 0 (v loi vao ba nh cong tac, dong cha t long cha co chuyen ong quay)
Vay phng trnh c ban vie t cho bm hng truc la :
Hoa c:
H l
u.c 2 u
g
(3.38)
H l
w12 w 22 c 22 c12
2g
2g
(3.39)
Hai phng trnh (3.37) va (3.38) la cac phng trnh c ban cu a bm hng tru c. Va y
co t ap cu a bm hng truc tao nen do s chenh lech ve tr so cua cac thanh phan van to c
tng oi va tuye t oi lo i ra va lo i vao cu a banh cong tac.
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
67
So sanh phng trnh lam vie c cua bm ly tam va bm hng truc, ta tha y co t ap cu a
u 2 u 12
bm h ng truc khong co tha nh phan lc ly tam 2
tham d, ma thanh phan nay oi
2g
vi bm ly tam ra t quan trong v la thanh phan chu yeu e tao nen cot ap cu a bm.
Cot ap thc te cu a bm hng truc:
H
1 u2
K 2H 2g
(3.40)
K H 0,0244 .n S 3 - he so co t ap thc te
nS so vong quay a c trng, v/ph.
3.3.3- Hnh dang canh
Do tnh cha t a neu tren ma bm hng tru c co nhn g ac iem sau:
nh
Cot ap cu a bm hng truc khong the ln bang co t ap cu a bm lyi M
taim
.
h
C
o
H
.
Cot a p tnh cua bm hng truc ch do o m ronguaca
c Pmang dan cu a ba nh co ng tac
tT
h
t
y
ta o nen (w1 > w2).
am K
h
p
H Su
w12 rwu22ong D
(3.41)
H l t t T
gh 2 g
i
r
y
Cop
Do vay cac mang dan cu a ba nh cong ta c pha i co o m rong thch an g e ta o
nen co t ap tnh can thie t cho bm (w1 >> w2). ieu na y gay nen cac ton tha t phu
them, v lc quan tnh cua dong chay qua mang dan co van toc thay oi l n. e giam
ton tha t phu them na y, cac mang da n cu a bm hng tru c can c gia co ng chnh
xa c va co o nhan be ma t cao ( 5 7).
T (3.38) ta thay, muon dong cha t long qua banh cong ta c cua bm hng tru c c
ca n bang on nh th canh da n phai co ket ca u sao cho co t ap cu a moi dong nguyen to
chat lo ng c tao nen b i ca nh dan moi v tr pha i nh nhau, ngha la:
H l
Muon va y,
u.c 2 u
const vi mo i ban knh R
g
u.c 2 u const
(3.42)
(3.43)
T c la , neu u tang da n t trong ra ngoai th c2u cu ng pha i giam da n t trong ra ngoai

theo hn g knh cu a banh cong ta c.
T tam gia c van to c:
c 2 u u c R cot g 2
u c R cot g 1
Suy ra
c 2 u c R cot g 1 cot g 2
Thay (3.44) vao (3.38) ta co:

(3.44)
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
68
H l
u
c R cot g 1 cot g 2
g
(3.45)
Hoa c
H l
.n.c R
R cot g 1 cot g 2
30g
(3.46)
Trong o
.n.c R
const ( oi vi mo t bm nha t nh n = const, cR = const )
30g
T bie u thc (3.46) ta thay :

1. Banh cong tac cu a bm hng truc ch ta o c co t a p khi canh dan co ca c goc ra
ln hn goc va o ( 2 > 1) tc la mat canh dan khong the la mat phan g ma la ma t
cong. Tr so cu a 1 va 2 cang khac nhau nhie u th o cong cu a ca nh dan ca ng ln.
2. Neu hai bm lam vie c co co t a p nh nhau, bm nao co so vong quay lam viec t
hn th canh da n cua ban h cong tac cu a bm o pha i co o cong ln hn.
3. ie u kien (3.43) c am bao khi:
R.cot g 1 cot g 2 const
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
u ph
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 3.34 - Thie t dien ma t cat ca nh dan
Do o cac cap tr so ( 1, 2) khong co nh ma thay oi theo ban knh R, ngha la o

cong can h dan khon g ong eu mo i ni, ma pha trong sa t ba u o cong canh dan se l n
nha t va giam dan t trong ra ngoa i theo h ng knh. o cong canh dan nho nha t ng vi ba n
knh ln nha t. V o cong thay oi nh vay ne n mat canh dan la ma t cong theo 3 chieu khon g
gian, t c dang xoan vo o.
3.3.4- ng ac tnh
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
69
Hnh 3.35 - ng a c tnh thc nghiem

ng a c tnh thc nghiem cua bm hng truc co nhng net kha c vi bm ly tam.
Tren hnh (3.35) the hien ng a c tnh lam vie c cu a bm hn g truc co canh dan co
nh vi so vong quay kho ng o i.
nh
Trong ca c bm hn g tru c c l n thng ga p trng hp ca nhCh
da
i nMicu a banh cong tac
Ho ba u banh cong ta c e
co the thay oi c goc o ban g cac c cau c kh bo tratbeTnP.trong
u
y ithla banh cong tac co canh dan ie u
ieu chnh lu lng bm. Banh cong tac nh va
yK
go
m
a
h
chnh c. o i vi loa i bm nay nD
g HaSuc ptnh lam vie c c xay dng vi cac goc o
ng
kha c nhau cu a ca nh dan.
Truo
t
gh
pyri
So sanh nC
g oac tnh lam vie c cu a bm h ng truc vi bm ly tam ta thay co nhn g
iem kha c nhau:
1. ng a c tnh H Q co o doc ln hn, nha t la 2 au. khoang gi a co the co
iem uon hoac iem gay. Cot ap ca ng tang khi lu lng can g giam va ln nha t
khi ong khoa hoan toan tren ong ay ( Q = 0), Hmax = HQ = 0.
2. ng a c tnh N Q cung co hnh da ng tng t nh H Q. Khi Q = 0 th
N = Nmax. Cong sua t Nmax co the vt t 1,5 2 lan cong sua t lam vie c bnh
th ng cu a bm.
ng a c tnh H Q va N Q co hai a c iem noi tren v khi lu lng trong ban h
cong ta c nho th xua t hie n do ng chay h ng knh t trong ra ngoa i tao nen dong xoa y vo ng
buong cha ba nh cong tac, dong xoa y nay co cng o l n nhat khi Q = 0. Do anh hn g cu a
dong xoay ma co t a p va co ng sua t tang khi lu lng giam.
3. Pham vi lam vie c to i u cua bm hng truc tng oi hep. Neu bm lam vie c vi
lu lng kha c lu lng nh m c khon g nhieu lam ve ca hai pha ( l n hn hoa c
nho hn) th hieu sua t bm eu giam rat nhieu.
ng a c tnh tong hp cu a bm hng truc the hien tren hnh 3.36
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
70
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TPp.
Hnh 3.36 - ng a c tnh ttohnugath
y
am K
h
p
3.3.5- ieu chnh che o lam viec H Su
D
uong
r
T
Do ca c a c iem tregnhtcu a ng a c tnh cu a bm hng truc, kho ng nen ong khoa
i
opynrieu chnh bm bang khoa. Trong bm hn g truc nen dung cac
ong a y va khongCne
bien phap ieu chnh khac e bm co the lam vie c vi hieu sua t tng oi cao.
Thong th ng co ca c phng phap ieu chnh bm hng truc sau:
1. ie u chnh so vong quay lam vie c cu a bm, khi co kha na ng thay oi c so vong
quay lam vie c cua ong c.
2. Dung khp noi thuy l c cho phep thay oi so vong quay lam vie c cu a bm trong khi
so von g quay cu a ong c van kho ng o i.
Van ha nh va lap ra p bm hng truc cung tng t nh o i vi bm ly tam.
BAI TAP
Bai III-1
Banh cong tac bm ly tam co ca c kch th c chnh: 2R1 = 100mm; 2R2 = 250mm;
b1 = 55mm; b2 = 23,7mm. Lu lng Q = 72,5 l/s; n = 1450 v/ph.
Xay dng tam giac van to c c a ra va ca vao cu a da y canh cho dong nguyen to
trung bnh. Biet cac goc at canh 1 = 32o ; 2 = 23o.
Tnh cac va n toc thanh phan c1u; c2u va cac goc 1 ; 2 .
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
71
b2
2
R2
R2
b1
R1
R1
Hnh 3.37
Giai:
e xay d ng tam giac van toc, can xa c nh ca c van to c tha nh phan :
nh
i Mi
h
Q
C
Ho
+ van to c kinh tuyen: c R
TP.
t
a
F
u
h
Ky t
m
a
3
Q
Q
u ,p5h.10
S72
H
c1R
4, 2m / s
D
g
F1 T2ruRo1nb 1 .0,1.0,055
ht
yrig
p
o
C
Q
Q
72,5.10 3
c 2R
3,9 m / s
F2 2R 2 b 2 .0,25.0,0237
+ van to c vong : u .R
u 1 .R 1
.n
.1450
R1
0,05 7,6m / s
30
30
u 2 .R 2
.n
. 1450
R2
0,125 19m / s
30
30
T cac thong so c1m, u1, 1 va c2m, u2, 2 xay dng cac tam giac van to c:
+ xac nh ca c van to c thanh phan c1u, c2u va ca c goc 1 , 2 .
c1u u 1 c1R cot g1 7,6 4,2.1,6 0,9 m / s
c 2 u u 2 c 2 R cot g 2 19 3,9.2,355 9,83m / s
tg 1
c1R 4,2
4,67
c1u 0,9
tg 2
c 2R
3,9
0,397
c 2 u 9,83
1 77 o 55'
2 21o 40'
+ ve tam gia c van to c
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
72
c2
c1
w2
c2R
w1
c1R
2
c2u
u2
1
c1u
1
u1
Hnh 3.38
Bai III-2
Bm ly tam hut nc t 2 be co m c n c chenh nhau mot o cao a = 1m len be tren
cung co o cao b = 5m ( so vi m c n c sa t ben di) vi lu lng QB = 10 l/s, theo cac
nhan h ng ong l = 5m; d1 = 50mm ; d 2 = 75mm.
Xa c nh cot ap cu a bm, bie t he so ma sa t n g ong = 0,03; khong tnh ton tha t
nh
cu c bo.
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
Hnh 3.39
Giai : Cot ap cu a bm:
Trong o :
h
h
h
H a b h AB h e b h AB h f
AB
- ton tha t trong nh ong t A en B
- ton tha t trong nhanh e
- ton tha t trong nhanh f
(1)
T he phng trnh (1) ta co:

a he h f
l v e2
l Q e2
h e d 2g d 2gS 2 K1Q e2
1
1
1
l v f2
l Q f2
h f d 2g d 2gS2 K1Q 2f
1
1
1
Hay
a K 1Q 2e K1 Q 2f
Ta co:
Q = Qf + Qe
hay
(2)
Qe = Q Qf
(3)
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
73
Thay Qe vao (2):
a K 1 Q Q f K1 Q 2f
Rut ra:
a K 1Q 2 2K 1QQ f 0
Qf
Hay
Q
a
2 2QK 1
K1
(4)
l 1
5
16
0,03
3,97.10 4
2
0,05 2.9,81. 2 .0,05 4
d 1 2gS1
Thay cac a i lng K1 va Q vao (4) ta co :

Qf
1
Q
a
5.10 3
3
2 2QK 1
2. 10.10 .3,97.10 4
5. 10 3 1,26.10 3 6,26.10 3 m 3 / s 6,26l / s

Q e Q Q f 10 6,26 3,74l / s
inh 2 6
5
10 2 . 10 6
4
iM
h
C
.
3
,
97
.
10
.
6,26 .10
4 . Ho
P
0,075 2.9,81.. 2 .0,075
T
uat
y th
K
am
5 2,65 1,55 9,2m
u ph
S
H
D
uong
ap so : H =Tr9,2m.
ht
yrig
p
o
C
Bai III-3
H b h AB h f 5 0,03.
Banh cong ta c bm ly tam co ban knh ngoai R2 = 200mm, ban knh trong
R1 = 100mm, chieu rong ca vao b 1 = 100mm, chieu rong c a ra b 2 = 50mm. Go c ra cu a
ca nh 2 = 20o.
Xa c nh moment va cot ap ly thuyet trong trn g hp c1u = 0 va so canh ln vo cung.
Bie t so vong quay n = 2135 v/ph, lu lng Q = 240 l/s.
Moment va co t a p ly thuye t thay oi bao nhieu khi ta giam lu lng xuon g mot na.
S dung hnh 3.37.
Bai III-4
Hnh 3.40
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
74
Banh co ng ta c cu a bm hn g tru c co ng knh ngoai D = 600mm va ng knh

bau db = 0,2 D.
Xay dng tam gia c van to c cho dong nguyen to trung bnh va tnh ca c va n to c than h
phan cm , cu . Cho bie t ca c a i lng: Q = 750 l/s ; n = 730 v/ph ; w1 = 13,25 m/s ;w2 = 71 m/s.
Hng da n: Ban knh do ng nguyen to trung bnh: R tb
R rb
2
ap so : c1m = c2m = 2,76 m/s ; c1u = 0,77 m/s ; c2u = 7,2 m/s.
Bai III-5
Mot bm nc lam viec vi so vong quay n = 1450 v/ph tieu hao co ng suat tren tru c
N = 21 kW, hie u suat = 0,78. o cao gi a hai m c nc HT = 16 m, ton tha t toan bo
h = 0,5HT.
Xa c nh ca c thong so cot ap, lu lng cu a bm va o cao hut cho phep [zh], biet he
so chong xam thc C = 900. Nhie t o cu a n c t = 20o va tong ton thaht trong ong hut
Minng Q, H, [z ] thay
hi il
hh = 1/8 h. Neu ta tang so vong quay len n = 1740 v/ph th caco a
h
C
.H
P
T
oi bao nhieu?
uat
y th
K
am
u ph
S
H
D
uong
r
T
ht
yrig
p
o
C
Hnh 3.41
ap so :
H = 24 m ; Q = 69,5 l/s ; [zh] = 5,62 m.

H = 34,56 m ; Q = 83,4 l/s ; [zh ] = 4,33 m.
Bai III-6
Mot bm ly tam co ng knh ngoai D2 = 300mm, n = 1450 v/ph, lu lng
Q = 1266m3 /h va co t ap H = 31m.
e tang lu lng va co t ap, tang ng knh ngoa i D 2' 1,5D 2 va ta ng so vong quay
n ' 1,5n .
1. Tnh cac thong so lu lng Q,cot ap H va cong suat tren truc N, bie t hieu sua t
cu a bm = 83%.
2. Khong thay oi ng knh ngoai, ta thay oi so vong quay n sao cho cong sua t cu a
may ch bang cong sua t ban au.
ap so : 1) Q = 649 m3 /h ; H = 157 m ; N = 274 Kw ; 2) n = 1150v/ph.
Bai III-7
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
75
May bm n c tie u hao mot cong suat tren truc N = 70 kW. So vong quay
n = 960 v/ph, co t ap H = 28m.
Xa c nh so vong quay n va lu lng Q sao cho lu lng nay cu a bm giam i 25%
so v i lu lng ban au. Biet hieu sua t cu a bm = 0,863.
ap so : n = 720 v/ph ; Q = 0,165 m3 /s.
Bai III-8
Mot may bm n c co co t ap H = 15m, so vong quay n = 1450 v/ph, hie u sua t
= 81%.
Xa c nh lu lng va cong sua t cu a bm. Bie t so vo ng quay a c trng ns = 146 v/ph.
ap so : Q = 41,7 l/s ; N = 7,6 kW.
Bai III-9
len be kn
Bm ly tam a t tren o cao B = 4m, bm n c t be d i A=2m
nh
i
M
C= 14m, co a p sua t d p1 = 1,2at
hi
Ho C
.
P
uat T
Xa c nh lu lng , cot n c va co ng suat Ktre
y tnh truc. Biet a p suat pAK = 25mH2O,
am
ng knh ong d1 = 100mm, d2 = 80mm, chie
u uphda i ong l1 = 6m, l2 = 60m, hieu suat cua bm
S
H
D
= 70%.
uong
r
T
ht
yyrighe so ma sa t ong 1 = 0,025; 2 = 0,028. He so can cu a l i
Trong luc tnh
la
p
o
C
l = 7 va he so can cu a khoa K = 8.
Xay dng ng o ap cho he thong.
Hnh 3.42
ap so : Q = 7,17 l/s; H = 27,46 m; N = 2,76 kW
Bai III-10
Trong tram th nghiem, bm 1 bm n c t be B len be A kn vi o cao h = 5m.
p
Trong be A co ap suat chan khong CK = VA = 8m. ng ong moi nhanh co chieu da i la
l = 10m va ng knh d = 50mm. Bm 2 bm n c t be A tr ve be B cung lu lng nh

bm 1, Q= 6 l/s.
Xa c nh co t ap cu a moi bm, bie t he so ma sa t ng ong = 0,03 va tong he so to n
that cu c bo trong moi nha nh = 6,5.
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
76
Tnh o cha n khong VA trong be A sao cho co t ap cu a 2 bm bang nhau.
Hnh 3.43
ap so : HA = 3m ; HB = 9m; VA =
p CK
= 5m.
Bai III-11
nh
i Mi
h
C
N c chay trong mo t he kn gom co mo t bm va mo t bo. la
Hom nguoi co he so can =
TP
t
a
u
20. To ng chieu da i cu a cac ong noi 4l = 40m, ng knh
hong d = 40mm, he so ma sa t n g
Ky t
m
a
ong = 0,02. iem A tren ng o ng no i vi ubnh
h bo sung co o cao H = 6m.
S p
H
D
ng
1. Xac nh co t ap , cong sua
Trutocu a bm. Bie t lu lng Q = 3,76 l/s, hieu sua t cua bm
t
h
yrig
= 0,7.
Cop
2. Xay d ng ng o ap cho he thong, xa c nh ap sua t c a vao cu a bm.
3. Xac nh o cao H nho nha t sao cho trong he thong kho ng co cha n kho ng.
Hnh 3.44
ap so : 1. H = 18,2m ; N = 0,96kW ; 2.
pV
1,14m ; 3. Hmin = 4,6m.
Bai III-12
Bm ly tam co n g a c tnh a cho trong bang vi so vong quay n = 1600 v/ph bm
nc t be di co o cao 5m len be tren co o cao 16m theo ng ong hut l1 = 10m;
d1 = 100mm, ng ong ay l2 = 30m; d2 = 75mm. Biet he so ma sa t cua cac ng ong
1 = 0,025; 2 = 0,027 va he so to n tha t cu c bo trong ca c ng ong 1 = 2; 2 = 12.
1. Xac nh lu lng, co t a p, cong sua t tren truc bm vi so vong quay n = 1600 v/ph.
2. Xac nh so vong quay n1 cu a bm e ta ng lu lng len 50%.
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
77
Hnh 3.45
ng a c tnh bm vi n = 1600 v/ph
Q (l/s)
10
12
14
16
H (m)
14,9
15,4
15,5
14,9
14
12,2
10,1
4,3
40
65
74
75
70
61
42
22
nh
i Mi
h
C
Hng dan : Sau khi xa c nh lu lng cu a bm
t giao
Ho iem cu a ng 1,5Qb
TP.
t
a
u
vi n g a c tnh li xa c nh he so K cu a ng parabole
tng t H = KQ2. ng na y
y th
K
ca t ng a c tnh bm ( n = 1600 v/ph ) taui mo
phatmiem. La y cac thong so cu a iem na y va
S
H
giao iem cu a ng 1,5Qb vi unogngaDc tnh li e tnh so vong quay n1.
r
tT
h
g
i
yrb = 7,3 l/s ; H = 14,4 m ; N = 1,37 kW.
ap so :
opQ
C1.
2. n1 = 1900v/ph.
Qb,
Bai III-13
Bm ly tam co n g a c tnh a cho trong bang vi so vong quay n = 1450 v/ph bm
nc t be A en be B theo n g ong xi phong co o dai 3l = 75 m, ng knh d = 50mm.
o chenh mc n c trong hai be Z = 8m, iem cao nhat cu a ong xi pho ng nam cach m c
nc be A la h = 5m.
Hnh 3.46
1. Xac nh lu lng, co t ap, cong sua t tren truc bm. Bie t rang he so ma sat n g
ong = 0,025; khon g tnh ton that cu c bo va co t ap van to c.
2. Bm a t tr c hay sau xi phon g ? Ta i sao ?
3. Xac nh lu lng trong ong xi phong neu bm khong lam vie c.
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
78
4. Xa c nh co t ap chan khong iem cao nha t cu a ong xi pho ng khi bm lam viec va
bm khong lam vie c.
Q(l/s)
10
H(m)
13,2
14,2
13,2
10
(%)
40
60
60
40
ap so : 1. Q = 6 l/s ; H = 10m ; = 60%.
2. at trc.
3. Q = 4 l/s. 4. o chan khong khi co bm: 1m; khi khong co bm: 7,67m.
Bai III-14
Bm ly tam co ng a c tnh a cho trong bang vi so vong quay n h=2900 v/ph bm
n
i Mnig knh d = 40mm,
nc t be A en be B theo n g ong xi phong co o dai 2l = 20 om,Ch
P. H hai be a = 2m, iem cao
he so ma sa t cua ca c n g ong = 0,03. o chenh m c n
cTtrong
t
a
u
h
Ky t
nha t cu a ong xi phong K ca ch mc nc be A lahbam
= 8m.
Su p
H
D
Xa c nh so vong quay nhorunha
ng t cu a bm sao cho ap suat tai iem K khon g nho hn
T o
t
h
ap sua t kh tri.
yrig
Cop
Hnh 3.47
Bang a c tnh vi so vo ng quay n = 2900 v/ph
Q(l/s)
10
11
H(m)
30
30
29
27
22
15
11
(%)
30
65
75
66
45
Hng dan : Xa y dng n g a c tnh l i: H a

cho ap suat tai iem K ban g ap sua t kh tri
l v2
sau o vie t phng trnh
d 2g
pK
H B' b KQ '2 0 .
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
79
Trong o :
K - he so a c trng ton tha t t bm en iem K;

H 'B ; Q ' - co t ap va lu lng cua bm n g v i so vong quay n can xa c nh.
Ap dung cac cong thc tng t co t ap va lu lng, ta se co phng trnh xa c nh so
vong quay n.
ap so : n = 2500 v/ph.
Bai III-15
Bm ly tam co ng a c tnh a cho trong bang vi so vong quay n =1450 v/ph bm
nc t gieng len be ch a co o cao H = 12m theo ng ong l1 = 8m; d1 = 100mm, l2 = 16m;
d2 = 75mm; vi 1 = 0,03; 2 = 0,035 ; 1 = 6 ; 2 = 10.
1.Xac nh o sa u h cu a mc nc khong oi trong gieng, biet lu lng bo sung
Q = 8 l/s.
2.Xac nh so vong quay, lu lng cua bm e nc trong gieng khon g tra n ra ngoai,
khi co lu lng bo sung Q = 8 l/s.
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
Hnh 3.48
Q (l/s)
10
12
14
16
H (m)
22
22,4
22,6
22,4
21,5
20
18
15
11
37
58
71
75
74
68
56
37
ap so :
1. h = 6,13 m;
2. n = 1260 v/ph; Q = 6,95 l/s.
Bai III-16
Bm ly tam co n g a c tnh a cho trong ba ng bm nc ma ch t gieng sau sang
gieng khac theo mo t ng o ng mem tong chie u dai l = l1 + l2 = 7m, d = 0,1m.
Xa c nh thi gian bm e mc n c trong gie ng ha xuong H1 = 3m, bie t o chenh
mc n c cuo i cung gi a hai gie ng la H2 = 4m, die n tch cu a gieng sau 6,25m2, he so ma sa t
ng o ng = 0,04, tong he so can cu c bo trong o ng hu t 1 = 6, trong on g ay 2 = 4.
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
80
Hnh 3.49
Bang n g a c tnh
Q(l/s)
10
20
30
40
50
H(m)
10,8
10,8
6,5
Hng dan : thi gian can tm xac nh t lu lng trung bnh cua lu lng ban a u
nh
i Mi
Q1 Q 2
h
C
va lu lng cuoi:
Q tb
Ho
TP.
2
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
ap so : t = 12,4 ph.
Su p
H
D
ng
Bai III-17
Truo
t
gh
pyri
o
C
Bm ly tam co ng a c tnh a cho trong ba ng vi so vong quay n = 900 v/ph bm
nc t be d i co m c nc = 0 qua mot gieng trung gian roi len be cha tren co m c
nc = 20m.
1. Xa c nh so vong quay, cong suat cua bm, biet lu lng Q = 60 l/s; cac thong so
ng ong: l0 = 10m; l1 = 10m; l2 = 100m; d0 = 0,2m; d1 = 0,2m; d2 = 0,15m; = 0,03; o i vi
ta t ca ca c ng ong. Khong tnh ton tha t cu c bo.
2. Xac nh chieu cao hut, bie t o chan khong cho phe p ca vao cu a bm
H CK 6 m .
Hnh 3.50
Bang n g a c tnh vi so vong quay n = 900 v/ph
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
81
QB(l/s)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
HB(m)
12,5
13,25
13,5
13,25
12,5
11
9,5
7,5
45
67
77
82
82
75
60
1. n = 1440v/ph ; N = 23,4 kW ; 2. z h 5,25m .
ap so :
Bai III-18
Bm ly tam co ng a c tnh a cho trong ba ng vi so vong quay n = 900 v/ph bm

nc len cao HT = 6m theo ng ong co l1 = 20m; d1 = 0,2m, l2 = 100m; d 2 = 0,15m; vi
1 = 0,02; 2 = 0,025.
1. Xac nh lu lng cua bm khi lam vie c vi so vong quay n = 900 v/ph.
2. So sanh cong suat cu a bm khi giam lu lng i 25% bang hai cach: ieu chnh
nh
bang tie t lu va thay o i so vo ng quay.
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
Hnh 3.51
Bang n g a c tnh vi so vong quay n = 900 v/ph
QB(l/s)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
HB(m)
12,5
13,4
13,6
13,4
13
11,6
9,7
7,5
45
67
78
81
79
74
60
ap so :
1. QB = 47 l/s.
2. N = 5,6kW (tiet lu) ; N = 3,9 kW ( thay o i n)
Bai III-19
Bm ly tam co ng a c tnh a cho trong bang bm nc len o cao HT = 15m. Bm
a t o cao hut h h = 4m. ng knh ong hut dh = 100mm va n g knh ong a y
d = 80mm, tong he so to n tha t tren n g ong hut h = 6 va tren ng ong ay = 22
( cha ke he so ton that cu a khoa).
Xa c nh lu lng ln nha t theo o cao hut a cho, gia tr he so ca n cu a khoa vi lu
lng ln nha t va cong suat cu a bm.
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
82
Hnh 3.52
Bang n g a c tnh
QB(l/s)
HB(m)
45
47,5
49
48
47
[HCK}(m)
35
33
33
30
27,5
10
12
14
16
35,5 M29,5
nh
i i
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
25 y th 23
20,5
17,5
am K
44,7
40,5
h
Su p
H
D
65ng
68
69,5
Truo
18
20
23
15
14
10
60
70
69,5
68
65
60
t
h
yrig
Cop iem cua ng a c tnh o chan khong cho phep [HCK] = f(Q) vi
Hng dan : Giao
ng bieu die n o chan khong tr c c a bm chnh la iem tng ng vi a i lng lu
lng ln nha t.
%
o cha n khong tr c c a bm la ham cu a lu lng c bieu th theo cong thc:

p CK
v 2h
zh hh
2g
Trong o : h h h
v 2h
- to ng ton tha t trong ng ong hut.
2g
ap so : Q = 16 l/s ; K = 4,6 ; N = 6,85 kW.

Bai III-20
Bm cu hoa co ng ac tnh cho trong bang vi n = 3000 v/ph, bm nc len o
cao HT = 16m. Xa c nh co ng sua t va lu lng cua bm, bie t ng knh ong noi mem
d1 = 100mm, l1 = 6m ( 1 = 0,025; 1 = 4), d2 = 90mm, l2 = 40m ( 2 = 0,035; 2 = 10). Vo i
phun cuoi ong mem co ng knh d = 40mm, he so ton tha t = 0,08.
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
83
Hnh 3.53
Hng da n: Cot ap cu a bm:
H HT h
Trong o :
v2
2g
h tong ton tha t
v2
nh
i Mi
- co t ap van to c cua dong chay ra khoi voi phun.
h
C
Ho
2g
TP.
t
a
u
y th
Bang n g a c tnh vi n = 3000 v/ph pham K
u
DH S
g
n
uo
QB(l/s)
0
5 ht Tr 10
15
20
25
30
g
i
r
y
Cop
HB(m)
140
140
136
130
121
110
98
%
34
55
68
75
77
73
35
83
65
ap so : Q = 32,2 l/s ; N = 40,6 kW.

Bai III-21
Bm ly tam bm n c t be A len hai be B va C co o cao hB = 20m; hC = 25m vi
lu lng trong mo i nha nh QB = QC = Q = 4 l/s. ng ong AK co chie u da i l1 = 100m,
d1 = 75mm; ng ong KC va KB co o da i l2 = l3 = 50m va d2 = d3 = 50mm. He so ma sa t
ng o ng = 0,025.
Xa c nh he so ca n cu a khoa sao cho am bao lu lng trong hai nhanh bang nhau
va cong sua t hu ch cu a bm.
Hnh 3.54
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
84
ap so : = 23,6 ; NB = 2,8 kW.

Bai III-22
Bm ly tam bm nc theo he thong ng ong (l = 5m, d1 = 70mm) en iem A chia
lam hai nhanh co ng knh ong d = 50mm va co o dai 2l oi vi mo i nhanh. Lu lng
trong nhanh phai Q = 10 l/s ; o cao h = 1m.
Xa c nh cong suat tren truc bm. Bie t hieu suat = 0,8; he so ma sa t ng ong
= 0,03 va he so ca n trong ong hut h = 4.
Hnh 3.55 y thuat

K
pham
u
S
g DH
Chi
P. Ho
Min
ap so : N = 4 kW.
n
Truo
t
Bai III-23
h
yrig
Cop
Bm h ng truc co lu lng Q = 14400 m3 /h, co t ap H = 21,8 m, n = 585 v/ph, hie u
sua t = 80%, co t ap d tr chong xam thc h1 = 10 m.
Tnh cong suat tren truc bm va chieu cao hut cho phe p neu tang lu lng le n 25%.
Cho ton that trong ng ong hu t h h = 2m va nhie t o nc t = 20oC.
ap so : N = 2100 kW ; [zh] = -9 m.
Bai III-24
Bm hng tru c co lu lng Q =1300 m3/h, n = 580 v/ph.
Hnh 3.57
Truong DH
SPKT III.
TP.Bm
HCMcanh dan
Chng
85
1. Xa c nh ng knh ngoai, ng knh bau cu a bm, bie t van to c thanh pha n

cm = 3,28 m/s; ty so db /D = 0,5.
2. Xa c nh co t n c thc va cong suat cu a bm, bie t goc 1 = 90o ; 2 = 23o 40 cu a
dong nguyen to trung bnh Dtb = (D + db)/2 ; = 84% ; CK = 97,6%.
ap so :
1) D = 450 mm ; d b = 225 mm.

2) H = 2,5 m ; N = 10,52 kW.
Bai III-25
Bm hng truc lam viec trong mot tram bm co co t ap H = 12,3m, lu lng
Q = 15 m3 /s, n = 250v/ph va he so xam thc = 0,615. Sau khi xay dng lai tram lu lng
ta ng len Q = 19,6 m3 /s.
Xa c nh cong sua t, co t ap d tr chong xam thc h cu a bm trong ieu kien mi,
bie t hieu sua t cua bm = 0,8.
h
inh
i Mco
Hng da n:Cot ap d tr chong xam thc c xac nh Ctheo
ng thc:
h
Ho
H
TP.
t
a
u
h
t
y
am K
h
p
u
ap so :
N = 5060 gkW
h = 12,7 m.
DH ;S
n
o
u
r
T
ght
i
r
y
Cop
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
86
CHNG IV : BM THE TCH
4.1- KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE BM THE TCH

May thuy lc the tch noi chung bao gom : bm the tch va ong c thuy lc the tch.
Bm the tch ay chat long bang ap suat thuy tnh, con ong c thuy lc the tch th bien ap
nang cua dong chat long thanh c nang cua no.
Ve nguyen tac, bat ky may thuy lc the tch nao cung co the lam viec thuan nghch
tc la lam c ca 2 nhiem vu: bm va ong c.
a- Cau tao va nguyen ly lam viec
tien)
(nghien cu s o lam viec cua mot bm the tch kieu piston co chuye
n ong tnh
inh
M
i
Ch
. Ho
P
T
uat
y th
K
am
5
u ph
S
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
p
a
P
4
Hnh 4.1 - S o lam viec cua mot bm the tch kieu piston
Khi piston 1 sang trai, the tch buon g lam viec a tang len, ap suat ay giam, nen
chat long t ong hut 3 qua van mot chieu 4 vao xilanh 2. Khi piston 1 sang phai, di ap lc P
cua piston, chat long trong xilanh b nen vi ap suat p qua van mot chieu 6 vao ong ay 5.
Phan the tch buong lam viec thay oi e hut va ay chat long goi la the tch lam viec.
b- Phan loai bm the tch
Bm the tch gom nhieu loai.
Theo cong dung, co the chia lam hai loai:
Bm nc va cac loai chat long khac.

Bm dau dung trong cac he thon g truyen ong.
Theo ket cau va dang chuyen on g, co the chia ra 3 loai chu yeu:
Bm piston (chuyen ong tnh tien )
Bm piston-roto (va co chuyen ong tnh tien va co chuyen ong quay)
Bm roto (chuyen ong quay)
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
87
4.1.2- Cac thong so lam viec c ban cua bm the tch

Cac thong so lam viec c ban cua bm the tch co mot so ac iem khac vi cac
thong so cua bm canh dan.
Theo nguyen ly, ap suat cua chat long trong may thuy lc the tch ch phu thuoc tai
trong ngoai. Neu buong lam viec hoan toan kn, th lu lng cua may khon g phu thuoc vao
ap suat, con ap suat co the tang len bao nhieu cung c tuy thuoc vao ap suat phu tai va
cong suat cua bm. Khi o lu lng cua may thuy lc the tch ch phu thuoc vao van toc
chuyen ong cua piston. Neu van toc piston khong thay oi th lu lng cung khong thay
oi.
Nhng thc te, buong lam viec khon g the tuyet oi kn vi moi tr so ap suat. Khi
tang tai trong lam viec tang en mc nao o se xuat hien s chay ro chat long, neu tiep tuc
tang tai trong na th lu l ng cua may se hoan toan mat mat do ro r. Ngoai ra, ap suat lam
viec con b han che bi sc ben cua may.
h
Minap suat lam viec
Do vay , e am bao s lam viec bnh thng cua may, phai ha
niche
h
C
Ho
toi a bang cach dung van an toan (van se t ong thai cha
tT
loPn. g e giam ap suat lam viec
t
a
u
h
Ky t
khi tai trong qua ln.
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
a- Lu lng
ng
Truo
t
h
Lu lng ly thuye
yrtigQl (lu lng cha ke ti s chay ro) bang to ng cua the tch lam
Cop
viec cua may trong mot n v thi gian:
Ql = ql.n
(4.1)
ql - lu lng rieng cua may (trong mot chu ky), no cu ng chnh la the tch lam viec
cua may trong mot chu ky.
n - so chu ky lam viec cua may trong mot n v thi gian (thng bang so vong quay
cua truc may).
Ql la lu lng tnh trong ca qua trnh trong mot n v thi gian nen co n goi la lu
lng trung bnh ly thuyet. Khac vi may thuy lc canh dan, lu lng tc thi cua may thuy
lc the tch thay oi theo thi gian, ke ca khi may lam viec on nh.
b- Ap suat
Ta biet, cot ap cua may thuy lc the tch c tao ne n chu yeu bi s thay oi ap suat
tnh cua chat long khi chuyen o ng qua may. Do o, trong may thuy lc the tch thng dung
ap suat e bieu th kha nang tai cua may.
Cot ap H va ap suat p lien he vi nhau bang con g thc c ban cua thuy tnh hoc:
H
(4.2)
- trong ln g rieng cua chat long lam viec.

Ap suat trong buong lam viec co lien quan en lc tac dung hoac moment quay cua
may.
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
88
* oi vi may thuy lc the tch co chuyen ong tnh tien, ap suat lam viec p tac dung
len piston tao nen ap lc P:
P = p.F
(4.3)
F - dien tch lam viec cua mat piston.

* oi vi may thuy lc the tch co chuye n o ng quay, ap suat lam viec p tac dung le n
roto tao nen mot moment quay M:
M = kM.p
(4.4)
kM - la hang so oi vi mot may nhat nh phu thuoc vao ket cau va kch thc may,
goi la he so moment
He so kM co the suy t cong thc tnh cong suat ly thuyet. Neu khong ke ti ton that,
ta co:
N = Nl
Nl = QlH
Chi
P. Ho
T
huat
t
y
K
hQam
p
l
u
S
=
M
,
ne
n
M
p
Mat khac:
Nl
H
ng D
o
u
r
T
t
h
Q
qn q
yrig
op(4.7),
So sanh (4.4) C
va
ta co:
kM l l l
2 n 2
Thay H = p/ vao (4.5), ta c:
Nl = Ql.p
h (4.5)
Min
(4.6)
(4.7)
(4.8)
kM thc te < kM ly thuyet va phu thuoc vao hieu suat .

Moment quay M theo (4.7) la trng hp ly thuyet (cha ke ti ton that), trong trn g
hp ke ti ton that th moment quay cua bm c xac nh theo cong thc sau:
pQ = M ;
Hay
k
Q
p M p
(4.9)
c - Hieu suat va cong suat

Hieu suat toan phan cua may thuy lc xac nh theo cong thc chung:
Q C H
(4.10)
oi vi bm the tch, ton that thuy lc tng oi nho (v ong nang nho) nen
thng cho H = 1. Do o:
Q C
(4.11)
Cong suat lam viec cua bm thng c xac nh bang cac thong so thuy lc:
N
QH pQ
(4.12)
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
89
4.2- BM PISTON
4.2.1- Cau tao, nguyen ly lam viec
O
C1
10
5
6
C2
T
B2
B1
S = 2R
pa
nh
i Mi
h
C
Hnh 4.2 Cau tao va nguye n ly lam viec cua bm piston
Ho tac dung n
TP.
t
a
u
th
Bm piston c keo bi ong c, chuyenam
oKnyg quay cua truc ong c c bien oi
h
Su p xilanh 2 nh he thong thanh truyen tay quay
thanh chuye n ong tnh tien cua piston D
1 Htrong
ongquay)
vi hanh trnh S = 2R (R- chieu da
Triutay
t
gh
pyri
Hai iem B1 ,CBo2 cua piston tng oi vi hai v tr C1, C2 cua tay quay. Khi trong
buong lam viec 5 cha ay chat long, neu tay quay t v tr C2 quay theo chieu mui ten th
piston di chuyen t B2 ve pha trai. The tch buong 5 tang dan, ap suat p trong o giam i va
be hn ap suat mat thoang be cha pa (p < pa). Do o chat long t be hut qua van hut 6 vao
buong lam viec 5, trong khi o van ay 4 on g. Khi piston chuyen ong t B2 B 1 bm thc
hien qua trnh hut . Khi tay quay en v tr C1 (piston en v tr B1) th qua trnh hut cua bm
ket thuc.
Sau o , tay quay tiep tuc quay t C1 C2 , piston oi chieu chuyen ong t B1 B2 .
The tch buon g lam viec giam dan, ap suat chat long tang len, van hut 6 b ong, van ay 4
m chat long chay vao ong ay. Qua trnh piston di chuyen t B1 B2 goi la qua trnh ay.
Nh vay, c mot vong quay cua tay quay th bm thc hien c 2 qua trnh hut, ay
lien nhau. Neu tay quay tiep tuc quay th bm lai lap lai qua trnh hut va ay nh cu. Do o
qua trnh hut va ay cua bm piston gian oan va xen ke vi nhau. Mot qua trnh hut va ay
ke tiep nhau goi la mot chu ky lam viec cua bm.
Kha nang t hut cua bm piston:
Khac vi bm ly tam, bm piston kho ng can phai moi, bm co the t hut c.
Goi W0 la the tch khong kh ong hut va buon g lam viec (khi piston B2). Ne u
piston di chuyen en B1 th khong kh gian ra vi the tch ln hn, bang W0 + FS (FS - the
tch xilanh). Cho rang khong kh gian n oan nhiet, th ap suat khong kh luc bay gi trong
buong lam viec la p < pa:
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
90
p pa
W0
pa
W0 FS
Do p < pa nen chat long t be hut chay vao ong hut va dang len c mot o cao:
h
pa p
(cha ke ti ton that)
Neu piston tiep tuc lam viec, chat long t be hut se dan g dan theo ong hut va ie n
ay bm. Khi o xem nh bm a t moi xong.
u iem cua bm piston:
Co the tao nen ap suat ln.
Cau tao n gian.

Khuyet iem:
h
Mianbm dao ong.
i cu
Chuyen ong cua chat long qua bm khong eu . Do o lu l
n
g
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ket cau cua bm tng oi cong kenh.
Ky t
m
a
h
Sunpg dung bm ly tam co li the hn. Khi can ap
Khi ap suat nho hoac trung bnh,Dth
H
g
ruolenn) va lu lng tng oi nho th bm piston chiem u
suat cao hoac rat cao (t 200 tat T
tr
h
yrig
the.
Cop
4.2.2- Phan loai

a - Theo hnh dang piston: 2 loai
Bm piston a: piston co dang hnh a, mat xung quanh cua piston tiep xuc vi than h
nen boi la piston giap thanh.
Bm piston tru: piston co dang tru vi ng knh tng oi nho, mat xung quanh
khong tiep xuc vi thanh.
b- Theo so lan tac dung:
3
B
A
4
Hnh 4.3 Bm piston tac dung hai pha
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
91
Bm tac dung n hay con goi bm tac dung mot chieu. Trong loai bm nay, chat
long lam viec ve mot pha cua piston. Mot chu ky lam viec cua piston ch co mot
qua trnh hut va mot qua trnh ay noi tiep nhau.
Bm tac dung kep, hay con goi bm tac dung 2 chieu. Trong loai bm nay, piston lam
viec ca hai pha, do o co hai buong lam viec A va B, 2 van hut 1, 4 va 2 van ay 2,3.
Trong mot chu ky lam viec cua bm co 2 qua trnh hut va 2 qua trnh ay (khi buon g
A hut th buong B ay va ngc lai).
Bm tac dung nhieu lan: co 2 loai

-
Bm tac dung 3 lan: Trong mot chu ky lam viec (mot vong quay cua truc bm)
loai bm nay co 3 qua trnh hut va 3 qua trnh ay. No chnh la do 3 bm tac
dung n ghep lai vi nhau, cac piston c dan o ng ban g mot truc khuyu, co
chung mot ong hut va mot ong ay. e co dao ong lu lng nho nhat, cac
tay quay c bo tr lech nhau 1 goc 120 o.
nh
- Bm tac dung 4 lan: no cung la do 2 bm tac dung kepChghe
i Mpi lai vi nhau. Tay
Ho
quay cua 2 bm at lech nhau 1 goc 90o.
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
c- Theo ap suat:
Su p
H
D
g
onat
Bm ap suat thap
: pT<ru10
t
h
yrig
Cop bnh: p = 10 20 at
Bm ap suat trung
Bm ap suat cao
: p > 20 at
d- Theo lu lng:
: Q < 15 m3/h
Lu lng nho
Lu lng trung bnh : Q = 15 60 m3/h
Lu lng ln
: Q > 60 m3/h
4.2.3- Cach tnh lu lng cua bm piston

a-Lu lng ly thuyet trung bnh
oi vi bm tac dung n, the tch lam viec trong mot chu ky la:
q = FS
(4.13)
oi vi bm tac dung kep:

q = S(2F - f)
Trong o:
D 2
F
4
- dien tch lam viec cua mat piston
D - ng knh piston
f
d 2
4
- dien tch mat cat can piston
(4.14)
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
92
d - ng knh can piston

S - hanh trnh cua piston
Vay theo (4.1), lu lng ly thuyet trung bnh cua bm piston tac dung n la:
Ql
qn FSn
60
60
m3/s
(4.15)
Cua bm tac dung kep la:

Q l ( 2F f )
Sn
60
m3/s
(4.16)
n - so vong quay trong mot phut cua truc bm.

b- Lu lng trung bnh thc
Lu lng trung bnh thc bao gi cung nho hn lu lng ly thuyet a tnh tren v
nh
nhng nguye n nhan sau:
i Mi
h
C
o
P.oHtuye
t Tba
o Bo phan lot kn cua bm va cac van khong thetha
t oi kn khi bm lam
uam
y
K
viec.
am
u ph
S
H
g Dvan ay trong qua trnh hut va ay ke tiep nhau.
o S ong m cham cua van rhu
uotnva
T
ight
opoyrbm.
o Khong kh lotCva
V vay lu lng thc trung bnh cua bm piston la:
Q QQl
(4.17)
Q - hieu suat lu lng cua bm phu thuoc vao cac nguye n nhan ke tren.
o Q = 0,85 0,90 - oi vi bm nho (co ng knh piston D < 150mm)
o Q = 0,90 0,95 - oi vi bm va (D 150 300mm)
o Q = 0,95 0,98 - oi vi bm ln (D > 300mm)
c- Lu lng tc thi
Theo ly thuyet thuy lc, ta co the xac nh lu lng cua bm piston tac dung n tai
mot thi iem bat ky:
Q = Fv
(4.18)
v - van toc tc thi cua dong chat long trong bm, cung chnh la van toc tc thi cua
piston.
Vay: s bien oi lu lng cua bm phu thuoc vao s thay oi cua van toc piston.
Khao sat chuyen ong cua piston cua bm truyen dan bang c cau thanh truyen tay quay
theo hnh ve , goi:
F - dien tch cua piston
- goc quay cua tay quay
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
93
R - ban knh quay (chieu dai) cua tay quay

l - chieu dai cua thanh truyen
x - khoang cach t mat lam viec cua piston en v tr gii han B2.
Neu chieu dai cua thanh truye n ln hn chieu dai cua tay quay nhieu, thng > 10 lan
(R/l 0,1) khi o co the xem nh:
x = C2T = R - Rcos
x = R(1 - cos)
(4.19)
Trong o: = .t ( - van toc goc , t - thi gian)

Van toc tc thi cua piston la:
v
dx
d
R sin
dt
dt
v R sin
Do o:
uat T
Lu lng tc thi cua bm tac dung n la:
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
h (4.29)
Min
(4.21)
h
Su p
H
D
onag bm piston dao ong theo ham sin va at gia tr cc
Ta thay, lu lng tct th
Tirucu
h
yrcigtieu (Qmin = 0) khi = 0.
ai (Qmax) khi = /2Co, pc
Q FR sin
FR
Qmax
/2
(rad)
Hnh 4.4 - S o dao ong lu lng cua bm piston tac dung n

Bang cach lap luan tng t nh tren, ta co the ve c bieu o lu l ng tc thi
Q = f() cua bm piston co tac dung kep.
Q
2FR
Qmax
Qmax
/2
Hanh trnh tien
pha khong can
3/2
2
Hanh trnh lui
pha co can
Hnh 4.5 - S o dao ong lu lng cua bm piston tac dung ke p

(2F-f)R
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
94
Qua bieu o lu lng Q = f() cua bm piston tac dung n va kep, ta thay lu lng
cua bm dao ong trong pham vi ln. e co lu lng eu hn (dao ong t hn), ngi ta
dung bm piston co tac dung 3 lan hoac 4 lan. Bieu o lu lng cua bm tac dung 3 lan
hoac 4 lan co the xay dng bang cach cong cac bieu o lu lng cua cac bm n va cac
bm kep:
Q
Qmin
Q Qmax
Qmax
Qmin
0
Hnh 4.6 - S o dao ong lu lng cua bm piston tac dung 3 lan va 4 lan
nh
i Mi
h
C
Qua cac bieu o lu lng, ta thay bm piston tac du
nHgo 3 lan co lu lng eu
TP.
t
a
u
nhat.Thc te bm co tac dung ln hn 4 lan t c chey ta
ho.
K t
m
a
u phlng bm piston, ngi ta dung he so khong
e anh gia mc o khong eu cu
a Slu
H
D
ng
eu ve lu lng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop Q max
(4.22)
Q
* oi vi bm tac dung n:
Q max FR
2 n
60
khi
2 n
,
, sin 1
2
60
2
Trong tr ng h p tong quat Q c tnh nh sau:
f (x)dx
Q
trong o :
F 2R
n
60
f ( x ) FR sin
Nhng v t 2 lu lng bang 0. Do o Q cho ca chu ky se la:

Q F2 R
n
60
Vay he so lu lng khon g eu cua bm piston tac dung n la:

2 n
60 3,14
n
FR
60
FR
(4.23)
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
95
* Bm tac dung kep va bm tac dung bo n lan co:

* Bm tac dung 3 lan:
1,57
2
1,05
3
Vay bm tac dung 3 lan co nho nhat, ieu nay phu hp vi nhan xet qua cac bieu
o lu lng.
4.2.4- Chuyen ong khong on nh cua chat long trong bm. Phng trnh Bernoulli,
cach khac phuc
a- Phng trnh Bernoulli cho dong chat long trong bm
Chuyen ong khong on nh:
Ta biet rang, van toc chuyen ong cua chat long trong bm phu thuoc van toc chuyen
dv
0.
ong cua piston v = f(t), co gia toc
nh
dt
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TP. doc theo dong chay. Gia toc
t
Chat long chuyen ong co gia toc thay oi theo th
i
gian
a
u
h
Ky t
m
dv
a
ph i chat long co khoi lng m chuyen ong
nay co the (+) hoac (-)
0 . Nh HvaSyu kho
D
dt
ng
Trtuolc quan tnh la:
t
trong bm se chu tac dunrgigcu
a
mo
h
y
Cop
dv
I qt m
(4.24)
dt
(dau (-) bie u th lc quan tnh ngc chieu vi gia toc).
Lc quan tnh tac dung len dong chay trong bm co anh hng khon g tot en bm,
ng o ng va cac bo phan khac.
Theo (4.24), ta thay neu tai mot thi iem nao o, khoi chat long ang chuyen ong
co gia toc cung chie u vi chieu chuyen ong, th luc o lc quan tnh se tac dung ngc lai
chieu chuye n ong. Luc nay lc quan tnh ong vai tro mot lc can tang them oi vi dong
chat long.
Nhng ne u gia toc ngc chie u chuyen ong, th lc quan tnh se tac dung cu ng chieu
voi chieu chuyen ong, luc o khoi chat long c bo xung them mot so nang lng. Nang
lng nay co tac dung khac phuc nhng lc can khac.
V van toc piston thay oi co chu ky nen gia toc dv/dt cung thay oi co chu ky ca ve
phng dien tr so tuyet oi, do o lc quan tnh sinh ra trong bm piston chnh la mot tai
trong ong co chu ky, tac ong vao cac bo phan cua bm va he tho ng.
Vay dong chay trong bm piston la dong khong on nh. Do vay trong phng trnh
nang lng cua don g chay khong on nh phai co thanh phan cua lc quan tnh.
Phng trnh Bernoulli:
Xet dong nguyen to chat long chuyen ong trong bm t mat cat 1 en mat cat 2 bat
ky nao o. V dong khong on nh nen bie n thien nang lng n v toan phan t mat cat 1
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
96
en 2 cua dong chay la e khac phuc lc can va ngoai ra con e khac phuc lc quan tnh
xuat hien tren oan 1-2.
Neu m = 1/g la khoi lng cua mot n v tro ng lng chat long th lc quan tnh tac
1 v
dung len no la : .
g t
Do o ta co the viet phng trnh chuyen ong cua dong nguye n to cua chuyen ong
chat long trong bm piston la:

p v 2 1 v
z

0
(4.25)
S
2g t g t
Trong o: /S - bien thien cua nang lng do sc can doc theo dong chay ,
v - van toc trung bnh cua dong chay.
Tch phan phng trnh (4.25) ta se c pt Bernouli cho toan dong khon g on nh
trong bm piston:
p v2
1 v
nh
z
h S const
i Mi (4.26)
h
C
2g
g t
Ho
TP.
t
a
1 v
u
Thanh phan S xuat hien do co lc Kqua
y thn tnh trong dong chay, thanh phan
m
a
g t
h
Su p
H
D
g ng, do vay nen c goi la cot ap quan tnh, ky hie u
nay cung c bieu th ban g cot cha
tnlo
Tvruo
t
1
h
hqt:
h yrig
S
(4.27)
Copqt g t
Cot ap quan tnh co the gay ra hien t ng xam thc va lam h hong cac thiet b cua
bm va he thong. V vay can phai nghie n cu cac quy luat bien thien cua ap suat tai buon g
cong tac cua bm trong qua trnh lam viec.
b- Cach khac phuc chuyen ong khong on nh cua chat long trong bm piston
Tac hai cua chuyen ong khong on nh trong bm:
Lam tang ton that thuy lc

Gay chan ong
Neu bm lam viec trong he thong ong dai co the xuat hien va ap thuy lc lam hong
cac bo phan cua bm va he thong.
Trng hp he thong nhieu bm cun g lam viec, co the xuat hien hie n tng con g
hng bie n o dao ong cua ap suat.
Bien phap khac phuc chuyen ong khong on nh: 3 bien phap
1. Dung bm tac dung hai chieu (bm tac dung kep).

2. Dung bn ghep. Nh phan tren ta thay, he so khon g eu ve lu lng cua cac bm
piston ghep nho hn cua bm tac dung n rat nhieu.
3. Dung bnh khong kh e ieu hoa lu lng va ap suat. Bnh khong kh ieu hoa lu
lng va ap suat (goi tat la bnh ieu hoa ) co ket cau rat n gian. o chnh la
nhng bnh cha kn at ngay sat tren ong hut va o ng ay.
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
97
Bnh ieu hoa lap tren ong hut goi la bnh ieu hoa hut, bnh ieu hoa lap tren ong
ay goi la bnh ieu hoa ay.
Bnh ieu hoa hut: nguyen ly lam viec nh sau:
x
px
px la ap suat chan khong < pa
zh
BH hut
pa
uat T
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
h
Su p
H
D
g
Hnh
ruon4.7 - Bnh ie u hoa hut
T
ight
Trong cac quaCtrnh
opyr lam viec cua bm, mot phan chat long c tch luy lai trong bnh
ieu hoa. Neu kch thc bnh u ln th dao ong chat long trong bnh se nho. Hn na tren
mat thoang cua chat long trong bnh luon luon co khong kh va co ap suat chan khong. V the
ma chat long chay t ong hut len bnh mot cach lien tuc va co the xem nh dong chay o n
nh. Chuye n ong khong on nh ch xuat hie n tren mot oan t bnh cha en mat piston.
Do o lc quan tnh trong ong hut ch xuat hien tren mot oan ngan t bnh ieu hoa en
bm giam c ton that nang lng trong ong hut.
at bnh ieu hoa tren ong hut cho phep:
Tang them c chieu cao hut cua bm.

Tang so vong quay lam viec cua bm.
Giam c dao ong ap suat cua bm trong qua trnh hut.
Bnh ieu hoa ay: bnh ieu hoa ay lam viec nh sau:
BH ay
p > pa
zh
px
Hnh 4.8 - Bnh ie u hoa ay
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
98
Trong qua trnh ay mot phan lu l ng cua bm (phan ln hn lu lng trung bnh)
c tch luy lai trong bnh, mc chat long se dang len, nen khoi khon g kh phan tre n cua
bnh, tao nen ap suat ln. Khi van ay ong nh co ap suat ln cua khoi khong kh b nen
trong bnh, nen chat long c tiep tuc ay ra ong ay, v vay dao ong cua lu lng va ap
suat trong ong ay c giam i, dong chay ieu hoa hn.
Cung nh bnh ie u hoa hut, bnh ieu hoa ay co tac dung lam giam lc quan tnh
trong ong ay cua bm piston. Lc quan tnh ch con xuat hien tren mot oan ngan t bm
en bnh ie u hoa.
e bnh ieu hoa ay co tac dung, can phai bao am thng xuyen mot lng khon g
kh can thiet nhat nh trong bnh.
4.2.5- Ap suat cua bm trong qua trnh hut
Ap suat cua bm trong qua trnh hut co anh hng ln en kha nang hut va ieu kien
lam viec cua bm.
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
b
b
x
yrig
Cop
px1
zh
pa
a
Hnh 4.9 - S o ng ong hut

e tm ap suat cua bm trong qua trnh hut, ta van dung phng trnh Bernoulli cho
dong chat long khong on nh:
p v2
1 v
z
h S const
2g
g t
Viet phng trnh Bernoulli cho 2 mat cat a-a va b-b, lay mat chuan tai a-a, z = 0 va
cho rang mat cat a-a u ln e va 0:
pa
p x1 v 2x1
zh
h h h qt
2g
Trong phng trnh:
px1 - ap suat buong lam viec trong qua trnh hut.
(4.28)
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
99
vx1 - van toc chat long trong buong lam viec, cung chnh la van toc cua piston.
hh - tong ton that cot ap tren toan bo chieu dai ong hut. Trong tr ng hp ton g quat
(ong hut co nhieu oan noi vi nh ng ng knh khac nhau) ta co:
n
hh = h vh 1
i 1
v 12 m
l v2
1 1 1
2g i 1
d 1 2g
(4.29)
Trong o:
, - cac he so ton that ng ong va cuc bo.
vi - van toc cua chat long trong cac oan ong noi tng ng tre n ong hut co die n
tch mat cat la fi .
v1 v 1
F
f1
(4.30)
li, di - chieu dai va ng knh cac oan ong noi cua ong hut. hi Minh
C
. Ho
P
T
Thay vi theo vx1 ta co the viet hh nh sau:
uat
y th
K
am
u ph
v x2 1
S
H
hh = h vh ng TDh
(4.31)
u2og
r
T
ht
yrig
p
2
2
o
C
n
m
F
l1 F
Th 1 1
(4.32)
Vi:
d 1 f1
i 1
i 1
f1
Th - goi la he so ton that tng ng cua ong hut.
hvh - ton that nang ln g tai van hut.
hqth - cot ap quan tnh tren ong hut.
Theo cong thc cot ap quan tnh ta co:
h qth
1

g
L h x
v x1
l
t
Lh - goi la chieu dai tng ng cua ong hut.

V van toc vx1 ch phu thuoc thi gian, nen:
va
h qth
v x1 dv x1
t
dt
L h x dv x 1
g
dt
Trong tr ng h p tong quat th:

L x dv x1
h qth h

g dt
(4.33)
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
100
vi:
Lh
i 1
F
l1
f1
(4.34)
Thay (4.31), (4.33) vao (4.26) va bien oi, ta co ap suat trong buong lam viec cua
bm oi vi tr ng hp tong quat la:
p x1 p a
v 2x1 L h x dv x1
z h h vh 1 Th
2g g dt
(4.35)
T pt (4.35) ta thay, oi vi nhn g so hang trong ngoac vuong, tr cot ap quan tnh
L h x dv x1
la ai lng oi dau, con lai la nhng ai lng dng (+). V the nen ap suat
g
dt
buong lam viec trong qua trnh hut px1 (ne u hqt > 0) se nho hn ap suat mat thoang be hut
pa: px1 < pa.
Neu px1 < pbh th se sinh ra s gian oan cua dong chat long trong bm, chat long co
inhhien tng xam
the tach ri khoi piston, lam giam lu lng cua bm. Ngoai ra con ga
i yMra
h
C
Ho
thc trong bm, lamhong cac bo phan cua bm.
TP.
t
a
u
h
Kyctso hang trong ngoac vuong nho:
va
ca
Muon cho px1 ln th can co ap suat pa lpn
m
a
h
Su
H
D
nngg nho cang tot, trong thc te zh 4 5m. Neu bm co
o zh nen chon trong pham viruca
T o
t
ghm, co the cho n zh < 0 (at bm di mat thoang cua be hut).
bo phan lot kn ba
yoria
Cop
v2
o 1 Th x 1 0 e tang kha nang hut can chon sao cho cang nho cang tot, tc la
2g
giam en mc toi thieu ton that cuc bo va chon ong hut ngan nhat trong pham vi co
the. Nhan to anh hng quan trong en ton that la van toc chuyen ong cua piston.
o hvh : luc bat au m khoa rat ln. Can lam van nhe va tang dien tch mat cat thoat cua
chat long.
o Lh nho khi ng knh ong hut ln va chieu dai ong hut nho.
o Tr so cua gia toc dv/dt phu thuoc van toc piston, khi vong quay cua bm cang ln th
gia toc sinh ra lc quan tnh cang ln. Vay muon giam cot ap quan tnh e tang kha
nang hut cua bm, phai chon ong hut ngan nhat va co ng knh ln; so vong quay
cua truc bm khong c qua ln: n = 100 200 v/ph.
Qua s phan tch tren, ta thay: ap suat trong qua trnh hut cua bm px1 min khi piston
mi bat au chuyen ong (x = 0) va px1 max khi x = S (cuoi hanh trnh). Do o, ie u kien lam
viec bnh thng cua bm khong co hien tng xam thc trong qua trnh hut la:
p x1
p
bh .h
x 0
Tc la:
pa
p
z h h vh h qt max bh .h
(4.36)
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
1 Th .
101
v x2 1
0
2g
khi x = 0 va vx1 =0
oi vi bm piston c truye n dan bang c cau thanh truyen tay quay th; x = 0 co:
L
h qt max h .2 R
g
Do o:
p
pa
L
z h h vh h .2 R bh .h

g
(4.37)
4.2.6- Ap suat cua bm piston trong qua trnh ay

Tng t nh oi vi qua trnh hut, ta viet pt Bernoulli cho dong chay khong on nh
gia 2 mat cat b-b va c-c, lay b-b lam mat chuan (zb = 0; zc = z ; p c, vc - ap suat va van toc
dong chay tai ni can cung cap chat long).
Ta co:
p c v 2c
p x 2 v x2 2
nh
zd
h d h qtd
i Mi (4.38)
h
2g
2g
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
c
c
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
z
S S-x
b
Hnh 4.10 - S o ng o ng ay
Trong o:
px2 , vx2 - ap suat va van toc chat long trong buong co ng tac tai thi iem ang xet
trong qua trnh ay .
h - tong to n that cot ap tren toan bo chieu dai ong ay, xac nh gio ng nh trong
qua trnh hut:
h = h vd
v 2x 2
Td
2g
(4.39)
T - he so ton that tng ng cua ong ay, xac nh tng t Th theo (4.32).
hv - ton that nang ln g tai van ay.
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
102
Hqt - cot ap quan tnh tren ong ay (t b-b en c-c) xac nh theo con g thc sau:
(tng t qua trnh hut)
L S x dv x 2
h qtd d

g
dt
(4.40)
L - chieu dai tng ng cua on g ay, xac nh tng t Lh;

S - la hanh trnh piston.
Thay cac gia tr vao va bien oi, ta c ap suat trong buong lam viec cua bm piston
trong qua trnh ay la:
p x2 p c
v 2x 2 L d S x dv x 2

z d h vd Td 1

2 g
g
dt
(4.41)
p
p x2
trong qua trnh ay la tong cua c va cacho cao bieu th
i Min
Ch
. Hioqua trnh hut, ta thay: px2
bi cac so hang trong ngoac vuon g. Phan tch tng t nh o
i
v
P
T
uat
co gia tr ln nhat khi piston bat au ay (x = S) va K
min
y thkhi x = 0. Nh ng luc o gia toc cua
am
piston trong bm co tr so am (-) va tr so co
t uapphquan tnh la max:
S
H
D
uong
r
T
p x 2 ight p c
yr
z d h vd h qt max
(4.42)
Cop min
Trong (4.41) ta thay:
L S 2
. R th trong buong cong tac cua bm co the xuat
Ro rang la khi h qt max d
g
p
p
p
hien chan khong x 2 10,3mH 2 O va xay ra xam thc x 2 bh .

Do o, ieu kien bao am bm piston lam viec bnh thng ( khong gay ra xam thc)
trong qua trnh ay la:
p x2
bh .h
x 0
(4.43)
oi vi bm piston c truyen dan bang c cau thanh truyen tay quay:

pc
L S 2 p bh
z d h vd d
. R
.h

g
(4.44)
Vay muon chong hien tng xam thc trong qua trnh ay can co nhng bien phap
sau:
o Giam chieu dai ong ay (ne n giam cac oan nam ngang)
o Tang dien tch mat cat ong ay (bien phap nay n gian va co hieu qua tot).
o Giam dien tch mat cat piston (F), ban knh tay quay ( R) va so vong quay lam viec.
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
103
4.2.7- Vong quay gii han cua bm piston

Mot trong cac yeu to quan trong anh hng en ieu kien e khong xay ra hien tng
xam thc la so vong quay lam viec cua bm. Do o can xac nh so vong quay lam viec gii
han cua bm nmax.
Giai pt (4.37), thay
n max(1)
2.n
, trong ieu kien co xam thc ta co:
60
895 p a p bh
.h z h h vh
LhR
(4.45)
895 - la so hang thu c khi ta nhan 302 vi g va chia cho 2 = 9,86. Tc la:
900 9,81
895
9,86
Tng t nh tren ta tnh c so vong quay gii han cho phep cua bm trong qua
trnh ay nmax(2) t ieu kien (4.45):
h
Min
895 p c p bh
Ho Chi
n max( 2 )
(4.46)
.h z d h vdTP.
L d R
uat
h
t
y
am Kkho ng c ln hn tr so be nhat cua
h
p
So vong quay cho phep [n] cua bm
piston
u
DH S
g
n
nmax(1) va nmax(2) :
uo
Tr
t
h
g
i
[n]yr nmax(1),(2)
Cop
Vi bm nc, thng [n] = 100 200 v/ph.
So vong quay cho phe p [n] phai giam khi nhiet o chat long trong bm tang. Neu bm
lam viec vi so [n] co nh th khi nhiet o tang th se phai giam chieu cao hut (zh)
4.2.8- ng ac tnh
a- ng ac tnh lam viec c ban cua bm piston H = f(Q) vi 2 so vong quay lam
viec khac nhau n2 > n1
H
B
L
n1
n2 >
n
Hnh 4.11 - ng ac tnh ly thuyet
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
104
Theo ly thuyet cua may thuy lc the tch, cot ap khong phu thuoc lu l ng. Ne n
ng ac tnh ly thuyet cua bm c bieu dien ban g cac ng AB va CD song song truc
OH. Nhng ng ac tnh thc nghiem th khong hoan toan nh vay. Chu ng c bieu die n
bang cac ng AG va CR, khi cot ap (ap suat) cua bm tang len th lu lng co giam i.
ieu nay de hie u v khi ap suat tang th ton that lu lng (do chat long ro r qua bo phan
lam kn) tang, lam giam lu lng thc cua bm.
Neu ap suat lam viec qua ln th lu l ng cua bm co the mat mat hoan toan v ro r,
hoac van an toan c m e xa chat long ve be hut. Ap suat va lu l ng luc nay c bie u
dien bang oan GL, iem L ng vi thi iem van an toan c m. S chenh lech gia
ng ac tnh cot ap ly thuyet va thc nghiem cang nhieu khi n cang ln, v khi o ton that
lu lng tang khong phai ch do ro r ma con do s ong m cua cac van ay va hut khon g
kp thi lam giam lu lng thc cua bm.
b- ng ac tnh lam viec Q = f(H), N = f(H), = f(H) ng vi n = const.
N,Q,
n = const
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
ua
y th
K
am
tT
Chi
P. Ho
Min
u ph
Hnh 4.12 - ng ac tnh lam viec H

oi vi may thuy lc the tch co n = const, thng bieu dien cac thong so lam viec
theo H v khi lu l ng Q khong oi th viec ieu chnh che o lam viec cua loai may nay
thng c thc hien bang cach thay oi ap suat lam viec. Khi ap suat lam viec cua bm
khong oi (H = const), neu so vong quay n tang th lu lng Q, con g suat N va hieu suat lu
lng cung tang.
c- ng ac tnh = f(n) ; Q = f(n) ; N = f(n) khi H = const.
N,Q,
Q
N
n2 = const
K1
n1 = const
n
Hnh 4.13 - ng ac tnh lam viec thay oi theo n
K2
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
105
d- ng ac tnh xam thc cua bm piston theo hai so vong quay khac nhau n1 n2 :
ng ac tnh xam thc cho ta biet kha nang lam viec bnh th ng (khong xay ra xam thc)
cua bm ng vi so von g quay khong oi.
Cac iem K1, K2 la cac iem gii han pham vi lam viec an toan cua bm ng vi
cac tr so ap suat chan khong gii han H = HCK. Neu o chan kho ng trong bm vt qua cac
tr so gii han th
bm se lam viec trong tnh trang b xam thc.
T ng ac tnh xam thc, ta co the xac nh chieu cao hut cho phe p cua bm theo
cong thc:
z h H CK
v 22
h h
2g
4.3- BM ROTO
(4.47)
Chi
P. Ho
Min
T
huat
t
y
K
pham
u
S
Cac loai bm roto ra i vao khoa
H ng cuoi the ky trc, sm hn bm piston roto.
ng D
o
u
r
Trong 60 nam tr lai ay, chu
n gT c dung rong rai trong cac nganh che tao may va ong
ght
i
r
y
lc.
Cop
Bm roto co nhieu loai, nhieu kie u khac nhau. Nhng chung ta ch nghien cu cac
loai pho bien sau ay:
Bm banh rang
Bm truc vt
Bm canh gat
Bm chan khong vong nc
Trong cac loai bm nay (tr bm chan khong vong nc) eu co the bien thanh ong
c thuy lc, neu ta nap vao chung dong chat long co ap suat u ln.
Trong bm roto, bo phan lam viec chnh trc tiep trao oi ap nang vi dong chat long
qua may la bo phan co chuyen ong quay nh ban h rang, truc quay co canh gat, goi chung
la roto. Roto co chuyen ong tron eu tao ra dong chay tng oi eu. Lu lng va ap suat
cua dong chay trong cac may roto dao ong t hn so vi dong chay trong cac may thuy lc
piston.
Ap suat lam viec trong cac bm roto thng cao hn so vi cac bm canh dan nhng
thap hn so vi cac bm piston, thong thng la 20 150 at.
u iem chung cua bm roto la:
Ket cau n gian
Kch thc nho, gon nhe

Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
106
Co tuoi ben cao
Lam viec chac chan, tin cay
Co the lam viec vi so vong quay ln
Cong suat tren 1 v tron g lng l n
Co ch tieu kinh te tot (re)
Cac u iem chu yeu tren ay lam cho cac bm roto c s dung rong rai trong cac
nganh che tao may va ong lc ng vi cac ieu kien ky thuat phu hp, v du nh trong cac
he thon g truyen ong va truyen lc bang dau hoac trong cac bo phan ie u khien ban g cac c
cau thuy lc.
4.3.2- Bm banh rang
a - Cau tao, nguyen ly lam viec
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
u ph
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 4.14 S o cau tao bm banh rang

Cau tao cua bm co t 2 banh rang tr len an khp vi nhau, co the an khp ngoai
hoac an khp trong. So rang thng gap Z = 8 12 rang.
S o ket cau cua 1 bm banh rang n gian nhat thng co 2 banh rang nh hnh ve .
Banh rang chu ong 1 gan lien tren truc chnh cua bm an kh p vi banh rang b
ong 2, ca 2 banh ran g e u at trong vo bm 3. Khoang trong A gia vo bm, mieng ong hut
4 va 2 ban h rang goi la bong hut; khoang tro ng B gia vo bm, mie ng o ng ay va 2 ban h
rang goi la bong ay. Khi bm lam viec banh rang chu ong quay, keo banh rang b ong
quay theo chieu mui te n (nh hnh ve), chat lon g cha ay trong cac ranh a gia cac rang
ngoai vung an khp c chuyen t bong hut qua bong ay vong theo vo bm ( theo chieu
chuyen ong cua ban h rang). V the tch cha chat long trong bong ay giam khi cac rang
cua cap banh rang vao khp, nen chat long b che n ep va do n vao ong ay 5 vi ap suat cao.
Qua trnh nay goi la qua trnh ay cua bm. ong thi vi qua trnh ay th trong bong hut
xay ra qua trnh hut nh sau: khi cac rang ra khp, the tch cha chat long tang, ap suat chat
long giam xuon g thap hn ap suat tren mat thoang cua be hut lam cho chat long chay qua
ong hut 4 vao bm. Qua trnh hut va ay chat long xay ra o ng thi va lien tuc.
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
107
* Ne u trong bm khong co khe h th ap suat chat long ch tang khi nao no c

chuyen e n bon g ay. Vay ap suat do bm tao nen ch phu thuoc vao ap suat phu tai (ap suat
trong ong ay).
* Nhng thc te bao gi cung co khe h:
- gia nh rang vi vo bm;
- gia mat au banh rang vi vo bm;
- gia cac mat rang.
Do o chat long c tang ap suat sm hn trc khi en bong ay. Chnh cac khe h
gay nen to n that lu l ng trong bm banh rang (chat lon g theo khe h chay ngc tr ve
bong hut) han che kha nang tang ap suat lam viec cua bm. Neu ap suat phu tai cao qua mc
th co the lu lng cua bm hoan toan b ton that. V vay, e han che ap suat lam viec toi
a, ngi ta bo tr van an toan 6 tren ong ay.
nh
b - Lu lng trung bnh cua bm banh rang
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
Hnh 4.15 - S o an khp cua cac rang
Lu lng trung bnh cua bm banh rang tnh theo cong thc:
Q q.n
Trong o: q - lu lng rieng cua bm trong 1 chu ky;
n - so chu ky trong 1 n v thi gian.
Tnh lu lng rie ng q:
Gia s the tch cua 1 ranh bang the tch cua 1 rang.
Goi a la the tch cua 1 rang:
t
a .h.b
2
Trong o:
t- bc cua rang; t
.D
;
Z
D - ng knh vong lan;

h - chieu cao an khp; h 2m ; m - moun cua banh rang;
Z - so rang;
(4.48)
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
108
b - chieu dai rang (chieu rong ran g).

Vay:
.D
2 mb
2Z
Khi 2 ban h rang quay 1 vong, the tch chat long c chuyen qua bm t bong ay
en bong hut la 2 Za .
Vay lu lng cua bm vi so vong quay n trong 1 n v thi gian la:
Q l 2 Zan 2 .Dmbn
(4.49)
Neu so rang cua banh rang khong nh nhau th lay so rang Z1 cua banh rang chu on g
e tnh.
oi vi banh rang co so rang nho Z = 6 12 th the tch cua ranh ln hn the tch cua
rang, khi o trong con g thc tren ngi ta thay bang he so 3,5. Ta co:
nh (4.50)
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TP.
d
t
a
u
Ma m , nen lu lng co the tnh theo congyth
h c sau:
K t
Z
m
a
h
Su p
H
2
D
D ruong
T
Q l 7 t bn
(4.51)
ghZ
i
r
y
Cop
c - Momen quay va lu lng tc thi cua bm banh rang - Dao ong lu lng
Q l 7Dmbn
1. Momen quay cua bm banh rang:
Hnh 4.16 - S o xac nh moment quay cua cac banh rang

P tam an khp
A iem an khp;
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
109
Ro - ban knh vong tro n c s;

R - ban knh vong lan;
R2 - ban knh vong au nh rang.
Trong qua trnh bm banh ran g lam viec, cap banh rang quay va an khp vi nhau tai
iem an khp A. Pha tren iem A thong vi bong ay co ap suat bong ay p2, trong khi o
pha di iem A thong vi bong hut se co ap suat tai bong hut p1. Di tac dung cua o
chenh ap
p = p2 - p1, tren truc quay cua banh rang chu ong va banh rang b ong chu
momen quay M1 va M2 tac ong len O1 va O2.
Goi x- khoang cac h t A den O1;
y- khoang cach t A den O2 .
* oi vi banh rang chu ong:
Ta biet ap lc tac dung cac mat rang oi dien th can bang (triet tie
hu) nhau, neu ap
Min
i
h
C
suat tac dung len cac mat oi dien bang nhau. Nh vay oi v. iHca
c rang ngoai vung an
P o
T
t
a
u
khp th thoa man ieu nay, co n oi vi cac rang tai vu
hng an khp ta thay:
Ky t
m
a
h
Xet ranh ran g cua banh rang chu o
Snug:p ap suat tai A1A1 va A2 A2 can bang (eu co
H
D
ng
ap suat hut) con oan A1A1 chu
Trauposuat ay, oan A2A2 chu ap suat hut. Nh vay tai ranh
t
h
rang nay chu tac dungopcu
yraigo chenh ap p = p = p2 - p1
C
Vay banh rang chu ong chu 1 ap lc la: P1 = p.dtch tac dung = p.(A1 A1.b)
= p.(R2 - x).b
* oi vi banh rang b ong: tng t ta xet 2 mat oi B1B1 va B2B2
oan B2B2 : ap suat ay
oan B1B1 : ap suat hut
Nh vay tai tren phan die n tch B1B1 cun g chu o chenh ap p = p2 - p1
Vay banh rang b ong chu ap lc la: P2 = p.(B1 B1.b) = p.(R2 -y).b
Moment quay do cac ap lc P1 va P2 gay nen tren banh rang chu ong va banh ran g
R x
R2 x2
b ong la:
M1 P1 . p.(R 2 x ).b. 2
p. 2
.b
(4.52)
2
2
Tng t:
M 2 P2 . p.(R 2 y ).b.
R2 y
R2 y2
.b
p. 2
2
2
(4.53)
Moment tong cong M tac dung len cac truc cua bm banh rang se la: M M1 M 2
Hay:
p.b
2 R 22 x 2 y 2
2
* Ta se xac nh gia tr x 2 y 2
(4.54)
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
110
x
O1
O2
Hnh 4.17 - iem an khp va tam an khp

Goi l - la khang cach t iem an khp A en tam an khp P.
Ta co:
x 2 R c k 2
2
y R c k
2
Chi
P. Ho
Min
T
hu2at 2
t
y
Vay:
x y 2R 2 c 2 k ph
a2mR K 2 c k 2 R 2 2l 2 2 R 2 l 2
u
DH S
g
n
Thay vao phng trnh moment
ruo ta co:
tT
h
g
i
opyrp.b. R 22 R 2 l 2
CM
(4.55)
2
oi vi banh rang thong thng th R 2 R m ; nen:
M p.b. 2Rm m 2 l 2
(4.56)
T bieu thc tren ta thay: M phu thuoc vao khoang cach l.

Khi l = lmax th moment co tr so nho nhat:
M min p.b. 2 Rm m 2 l 2max
(4.57)
Khi l = 0 th moment co tr so ln nhat:
M max p.b. 2Rm m 2
Theo con g thc tren ta co the xac nh c tr so cua moment tc thi tac dung le n
truc bm. S dao ong cua moment quay anh hng xau en sc ben va ieu kien lam viec
cua bm. Ta biet tr so M ty le vi cong suat tren truc bm, ma cong suat lai anh hng en
ap suat va lu lng cua bm, do o s dao ong cua moment quay M gay nen s dao ong
lu lng va ap suat.
2. Lu lng tc thi cua bm banh rang- Dao ong lu lng
Ta biet:
Cong suat tren truc cua bm tai thi iem truc bm co moment quay tc thi M la:
N M. ; = const - van toc goc cua truc bm.
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
111
Mat khac cong suat bm phu thuoc lu lng tc thi Q:

N .Q.H p.Q ;
p = const - chenh lech ap suat bong ay va bong hut.
Suy ra:
M. p.Q
Hay:
Vay:
Q 2Rm m 2 l 2 .b.
M . p.b. 2 Rm m 2 l 2 .
2Rm m 2 l 2 .b.
p
p
(4.58)
Suy ra: lu lng tc thi cua bm banh rang thay oi phu thuoc khoang cach l tng
t nh moment.
Khi l = 0, bm co lu l ng ln nhat:
Q max 2 Rm m 2 .b.
Chi
P. Ho
h
Min (4.59)
T
huat
t
y
am K
Q min 2 Rm m 2 l 2max
.pbh.
(4.60)
u
S
H
D
ng
Trauobm banh rang thay oi mot cach co chu ky t Qmin en
Vay: Lu lng tc gth

i
cu
t
ri h
Qmax Bien o dao oCnogpycua bm banh rang phu thuoc khoang cach l va do o phu thuoc so
rang va he so trung khp cua cap banh rang.
Khi l = lmax , bm co lu lng nho nhat:
oi vi bm banh ran g thang co the xac nh bien o dao ong lu lng A theo cong
thc gan ung sau:
A
2
.2 R 2o b
Z2
(4.61)
- he so trung khp;
Z - so rang;
b - chieu dai rang ( chieu rong ban h rang);
- van toc goc cua banh rang chu o ng;
R o - ban knh vo ng c s.
e anh gia mc o dao ong lu lng cua bm ban h rang, ta tnh he so dao ong
Q Q min
lu lng:
max
(4.62)
Q tb
He so dao ong lu lng cua bm banh rang tru co the tnh theo cong thc gan ung:
cos 2
1,25
Z
(4.63)
- goc an khp cua cap banh rang; oi vi banh rang tieu chuan = 20o.
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
112
Nh vay phu thuoc vao so rang Z.

So vi cac loai bm piston va piston roto, th bm banh rang co he so dao ong lu
lng nho hn nhieu.
Bieu o dao ong lu lng va ap suat cua bm banh rang co so rang Z = 10 va Z
=12.
Chi
P. Ho
Min
T
huat
t
y
K l ng va ap suat
Hnh 4.18 - Bieu o dao ohnagmlu
p
u
S
H
Dao ong lu l ng gay ra rdao
ngoDng ap suat, anh hng xau en s lam viec cua bm
o
u
tT
va cua he thong truye n o
nigghthu
y lc.
r
y
Cop
d - Cach khac phuc mot so nhc iem cua bm banh rang
1. Hien tng dao ong lu lng
Co mot so bien phap:
Dung ban h rang co so rang ln.

Nhc iem la phai tang ng knh ban h rang.
Dung ban h rang nghieng: banh rang nghieng toan bo chieu dai tiep xuc khong vao
va ra khp cung mot luc ma vao va ra khp t t nen lu l ng cua bm eu hn (
dao ong t hn) va bm lam viec em hn. He so dao ong lu lng cua bm banh
rang nghieng nho hn so vi bm banh rang thang; no tuy thuoc vao goc nghieng cua
rang. Nhc iem cua banh rang nghieng la khi lam viec xuat hien lc chieu truc Pa.
Goc nghieng va ap suat lam viec cua bm cang ln th lc chieu truc cang ln, gay
h hong o truc va oi hoi bm phai co ket cau phc tap e khac phuc lc o. Trong
ky thuat thng dung bm banh rang nghieng co = 20o 30o va ap suat p = 3 5 at.
Dung ban h rang ch V:

Banh rang ch V co ay u u iem cua banh ran g nghie ng nhng ay lc chie u
truc t kh. V vay dung banh rang ch V phat huy c u iem cua banh rang
nghieng bang cach tang cua rang co the ti 35o en 45o. Do o no co ap suat lam
viec cao hn p = 20 40 at.
Nhc iem co ket cau phc tap, che tao at tien.
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
113
e khac phuc nhc iem nay cua banh rang ch V, ngi ta dung 2 cap banh rang
nghieng bo tr oi xng tren cung 1 truc.
Hnh 4.19 - Banh rang ch V
inh
2. Hien tng chat long b nen chan rang khi bm lam viec o Chi M
H
TP.
t
a
u
* Khi 1 cap rang vao khp
* Khi
2hcap rang vao khp
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
Hnh 4.20 - Chat long b nen chan rang

Khi bm lam viec, mot phan chat lon g b gi lai chan rang khi cac rang an khp vi
nhau. Neu gia cac mat rang khi an khp khong co khe h th phan chat long nay b nen lai.
Khi cap banh rang sap ket thuc qua trnh vao khp th ap suat cua chat long nay ln nhat v
the tch cha chung nho nhat. Nhng khi cap rang ra khp th the tch o ln dan , ap suat
giam, xuat hien ap suat chan khong. Ket qua la co mot phan mat rang khi vao khp va ra
khp chu them tai trong phu oi dau gay anh hng xau en sc ben cua rang, banh rang va
o truc (o truc b mon khon g eu ). Ngoai ra chat long trong cac the tch b nen nong len va khi
ap suat giam chat long boc hi, sui bot gay hien tng xam thc va neu chat long la dau de
b bien chat (oxy hoa).
Bien phap khac phuc:
Lam cac ranh thoat tren thanh vo bm pha trong ngang v tr an khp cua 2 banh
rang. Cac ran h nay co the thong vi bong hut hoac bong ay. Cac chat long b nen se
i qua cac ranh nay ma ve bong hut hoac bong ay, do o khong gay nen tai trong
phu. Neu ranh thong vi bo ng hut th ton that lu lng tang,hieu suat lu ln g giam
khoang 7%.
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
114
Hnh 4.21 - Ket cau ranh thoat trong banh ran g
Khoan cac lo thoat hng knh chan rang

Cac lo nay thong vi cac ranh tren truc dan chat long en bong hut hoac bong ay.
Hai bien phap nay oi hoi ket cau phc tap, che tao kho, lam giam o kn cua cac the
tch lam viec do o hieu suat giam.
HS
ng D
uat T
u ph
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
ruo
tT
h
g
i
yr
Cop 4.22 - Ket cau loi thoat hng knh chan ran g
Hnh
Dung banh ran g nghien g hoac ch V: la bien phap tot v s vao va ra khp cua cac
cap rang c thc hien t t nen chat long chan rang khong b bao kn trong khu
vc b nen ( vung an kh p). Muon the banh rang phai co goc an khp va chie u
rong b phu hp sao cho khi au nay cua cap rang bat au ra khp th au kia van
vung vao khp.
3. Hien tng ton that va cach khac phuc
Trong bm banh rang co 2 loai ton that:
Ton that c kh: do masat tren cac be mat lam viec cua cac chi tiet trong bm.
Ton that lu lng: do cac the tch lam viec khong kn (dan en ro r) va do chat lon g
khong ien ay the tch cac ranh rang, do b dong chay ngc (chat long chay trong
khe h gia vong nh rang va thanh vo bm ngc vi chie u quay cua banh rang v
ap suat bong ay ln hn ap suat bong hut).
Bien phap lam cho chat long ien ay cac ranh rang:
o Tao ap suat thch hp trong bong hut, khong e ap suat bong hut nho hn ap
suat do lc ly tam sinh ra khi banh rang quay, bang cach at bm thap hn
mc chat long trong be hut hoac tang ap suat mat thoang cua be hut.
o Hnh dang va kch thc cua ng dan chat long vao bong hut phai hp ly .
Van toc cua chat long vao bong hut khon g nen qua 2 3 m/s. ng dan en
bong hut co ket cau hnh loa, mot canh m rong dan cho bang be rong cua
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
115
banh rang mien g bong hut, va cung tron cua bong hut khon g nen nho qua
1/8 toan bo vong bao banh ran g.
Hnh 4.23 - Ket cau ng dan chat long vao bong hut
o Han che van toc lam viec cua banh ran g. Van toc vong au nh rang khon g
nen qua 6 8 m/s, v co the gay hien tng xam thc.
4.3.3 - Bm truc vt
Bm truc vt c s dung nhieu trong cong nghiep v co u iem c ban nh sau:

h
Min
Lu ln g ieu hoa, t dao ong hn lu lng cua cac maH
yothu
Chyi lc ban h rang, ke ca
P.
banh rang nghieng.
uat T
h
t
y
mK
a
h
p
Hieu suat tng oi cao.
u
DH S
g
n
uo
Ket cau nho gon, chahctcha
Tnr , lam viec tin cay, khong on.
g
i
yr
Cocpvi so vong quay ln va ap suat cao.
Co the lam vie
Ngi ta a san xuat bm truc vt co so vong quay n = 18000 vg/ph va p = 200 at.
Moment quan tnh nho nhat so vi tat ca cac loai may thuy lc the tch khac co cung
cong suat. Do o may lam viec co o nhay cao.
Pham vi s dung ro ng rai: Q = 3 12000 l/ph ; N = 1 1500 kw.

Cau tao , nguyen ly lam viec
Bo phan chu yeu cua may thuy lc truc vt gom 2 hoac 3 truc vt an khp vi nhau at
trong mot vo may co nh co loi dan chat long vao va ra. Khe h gia cac truc vt va vo may
rat nho. Truc vt thng co 1 hoac 2 moi ren va bien dan g ren thng co 3 loai: ren ch nhat,
ren hnh thang, va ren sicloit.
Bm va ong c co ket cau giong nhau va co the lam viec thuan nghch. e tien, ta
nghien cu cac loai bm truc vt trc, sau o ta suy ra ong c.
a- Bm 2 truc vt
Cau tao:
Truc vt chu ong 1 co ren ch nhat, chieu ren phai an khp vi truc vt b ong 2 co
chieu ren trai. Cuoi 2 truc vt co lap 2 banh rang 3 cung an khp vi nhau. Cac truc vt c
nh v bang cac o truc at trong vo bm 4. Vo bm co bong hut A va bong ay B. Khe h
gia cac truc vt va vo bm rat nho.
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
116
Hnh 4.24 - S o cau tao cua bm hai truc vt

Nguyen ly lam viec cua bm truc vt
nh
i Mi
h
C
Chat long bong hut A ien ay ranh ren v tr a, khi Ptru
Hco vt quay 1 vong, than ren
T .
t
a
u
b cua truc vt kia an khp vi ranh ren a va ay khoi Kcha
y tthlong trong o t v tr a en v tr a
m
a
h
va t a khi truc vt quay 1 vong na tiep theo
Su p th lai chuyen en a. C nh the chat long
H
D
c chuyen t bong hut en bongrua
nyg.
T o
t
igh
Bm 2 truc vtCren
opyrvuong ( hoac hnh thang) tren co nhc iem la kho bao am kn
the tch lam viec, do o ton that lu lng va ton that thuy lc nhie u, ton that c kh ln, hie u
suat c kh thap. V vay, bm 2 truc vt co ren ch nhat ( hoac hnh thang) co ap suat va lu
lng lam viec han che: p = 100 at , Q = 20 40 l/ph.
Bm truc vt cu ng nh bm banh rang nghie ng, khi lam viec phat sinh tai trong hn g
truc, tac dung len o truc, lam giam tuoi tho bm. e lam giam tai trong hng truc, ngi ta
lam ranh hoac dung cac truc vt co 2 phan ren ngc chieu nhau.
C moi vong quay th truc vt chuyen c 1 khoi chat long co the tch bang the tch
ranh ren trong mot bc ren t. Neu goi F la dien tch mat cat ngang cua ranh ren, ta co lu
lng ly thuyet rie ng cua bm truc vt la:
ql = F.t
(4.63)
* Vay lu lng ly thuyet Ql may bm trong mot giay la:

Ql
n.q l n.F.t
60
60
(4.64)
Dien tch F co the xac nh gan ung nh sau:

F
. D2 d 2
4
Trong o: D, d - n g knh cua nh va chan ren truc vt.

* Lu lng thc te trong mot giay cua bm 2 truc vt la:
(4.65)
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
117
Q Q l .Q
Q .t.n.
240
d2
(4.66)
Trong o: Q - hieu suat lu lng cua bm 2 truc vt, thng Q = 0,75 0,85.
b - Bm 3 truc vt
Chi
P. Ho
Min
T
huat
t
y
m aK bm ba truc vt
Hnh 4.25 - S o cau ta
phoacu
u
S
H
ng D
o
u
r
T
ght
i
r
y
Ket cau va nguye
Cop n ly lam viec cua bm 3 truc vt noi chung tng t bm 2 truc vt.
Ch khac la truc vt chu ong 1 an kh p vi 2 truc vt b ong 2 va than bm 3 co 2 lan vo e
tan nhiet c tot hn. Tren hnh ve la mat cat ngang cua bm 3 truc vt sicloit an khp nhau.
Ta thay so vi 2 truc vt, th bm 3 truc vt co the tch lam viec c lam kn tot hn, do o
hieu suat lu lng ln hn; goc nang cua moi ren co the lam ln, dan en hieu suat c kh
cung cao hn. Nh vay bm 3 truc vt co hieu suat va tnh nang lam viec cao hn bm 2 truc
vt, co the at ti cac tr so gii han.
* Lu lng cua bm 3 truc vt: tng t nh bm 2 truc vt, xac nh theo cong thc
gan ung:
Q
d 3 .n.Q
14,5
Trong o:
Q - lu lng thc te cua bm trong 1 phut;
n - so vong quay cua bm trong 1 phut;
Q - hieu suat lu lng; Q = 0,80 0,95;
d - ng knh chan ren cua truc vt chu ong.
(4.67)
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
118
4.3.4 - Bm canh gat

a. Cau tao, nguyen ly lam viec
Hnh 4.26 - S o cau tao cua bm canh gat

Bm gom 1 vo hnh tru 1 trong o co roto 2. Tam cua vo va roto
leicnhh nhau 1 khoan g
iM
h
C
Ho
e. Khi roto quay, cac ban phang nay trt trong cac ranh cua roto
TP. va gat chat long, ne n goi la
t
a
u
thi la the tch lam viec.
canh gat. Phan khong gian gii han bi vo bm va roto
Kygo
m
a
h
Sunhp gat n gian nhat ( co 2 canh gat). Nh lc
H
Hnh ve la s o ket cau cuanbm
ca
D
g
Trunoluon ty sat vao thanh vo bm. Gia s khi bm lam viec
ay cua lo so 4 cac canh gagh
t t3 luo
i
opny,rthe tch cha chat long t A en C tang, ap suat trong chat lon g
quay theo chieu muiCte
giam, do o chat long b hut vao bm. Khi canh gat di chuyen t C en B, no lam giam the
tch cha chat long, do o lam tang ap suat va ay chat long vao ong ay.
e chat long khong chay ngc t bong ay ve lai bo ng hut va khong b chet trong
cac the tch lam viec th v tr cua cac canh gat va cua roto phai bo tr sao cho khi canh gat
nay bat au gat chat long ( v tr I) th canh gat kia cung va thoi khong gat chat long na (
v tr II). Do o lu lng bm khong eu, nho nhat khi canh gat v tr I va l n nhat khi
canh gat v tr C-C. e cho lu lng bm eu hn, ngi ta tang so canh gat trong bm (t
4 en 12 canh).
Tren hnh ve la s o ket cau cua bm 6 canh gat. Cac g chan AB, CD ngan khon g
cho chat long t buong ay ngc ve buong hut, g chan AB phai co chieu dai thch hp sao
cho khi mot canh gat bat au vao v tr A th canh gat trc no phai va en v tr B.
Cac bm khao sat tren, trong mot chu ky lam viec (1 vong quay cua roto) thc hien
c 1 lan ay va 1 lan hut, nen goi la bm tac dung n.
e giam bt tai trong tren o truc va nang cao ap suat lam viec, ngi ta dung bm
canh gat tac dung kep. Bm tac dung kep ch khac bm tac dung n vo bm. Mat trong
cua vo bm khong phai la mat tru, tam cua roto trung vi tam cua vo, bm co 2 bong hut va
2 bong ay bo tr oi xng vi tam vo.
* oi vi bm tac dung n:
Ap suat lam viec p 20 at
Lu lng lam viec t 5 150 l/s
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
119
So vong quay lam viec n = 1000 2000 vg/ph

* oi vi bm tac dung kep:
Ap suat lam viec p 70 at
Lu lng lam viec t 5 200 l/s
Hieu suat cua bm canh gat noi chung : = 0,5 0,8.
Tuy vay bm co u iem la ket cau nho gon, n gian, co kha nan g ieu chnh c
lu lng.
b - Lu lng, cach ieu chnh lu lng
uat T
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
h
Su p
H
D
g
ruon
T4.27
Hnh
- S o xac nh lu lng
t
h
yrig
p
o
C
Goi: R - khoang cach t O2 cua roto en mat tiep suc cua vo bm;
r - ban knh mat lam viec cua vo bm;
h - chieu dai mat lam viec cua canh gat;
b - chieu rong canh gat;
C - trong tam phan lam viec cua canh gat;
- goc quay cua roto ke t ng tam thang ng AB.
Ta cac nh mot so thong so hnh hoc va ong hoc cua bm.
V goc rat nho co the coi cos = 1, ta co:
h = e + EO2 ; ma EO2 = e.cos(EO2 O1) = e.cos(180o - ) = -e.cos
nen
h = e - ecos
= e.(1 - cos)
Van toc trt tng oi cua canh gat trong ranh:

v
Trong o:
dh
e.. sin
dt
d
- van toc goc cua roto
dt
Van toc vong cua trong tam phan lam viec cua canh gat:
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
120
u O 2 C.
Trong o:
O 2 C R 0,5h ; vi R DE EO 2 r cos e cos

O 2 C r cos e cos 0,5h
r cos e cos 0,5e1 cos
Neu coi cos 1 th ta co:

O 2 C r 0,5e1 cos
Hay:
u r 0,5e 1 cos
(4.68)
Lu lng tc thi:
Neu khong ke ti anh hng cua chieu day canh gat, ta co:
Q o u.b.h
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Q o r 0,5e.1 cos .e..b.1 cos T

(4.69)
uat
h
t
Ky
haimcua bm thay oi theo goc quay cua roto:
T cong thc tren ta thay lu lng tcu th
p
DH S
g
n
o
o
ruQo = Qmin = (r-0,5e)..b.e
Khi = 90 va = 270 th
(4.70)
t T o
h
g
i
r
y
Cop
th Q o = Qmax = 2.r..b.e
(4.71)
Khi = 180o
(mot canh gat ch lam viec vi t gia tr 90o en 270o con t 270o en 90o canh gat kia lam
viec, quay theo chieu kim ong ho)
He so dao ong lu lng:
=
Q max
2
Q min
(4.72)
Ta thay oi vi bm 2 canh gat lu lng tc thi thay oi kha nhieu.

oi vi bm nhieu canh gat, v du: khi Z = 6 th:
=
Q max
1,07 => lu lng eu hn
Q min
(4.73)
Lu lng trung bnh:

* Lu lng trung bnh trong mot vong quay q (lu lng rie ng)
Goi
qo - lu lng rieng cua bm khi cha ke ti anh hng chieu day canh gat;
q - lng giam lu lng rieng do anh hng cua chieu day canh gat trong
mot
vong quay.
Ta co:
q = qo - q
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
121
Neu so canh gat Z u ln, ta co the s dung bieu thc sau:

q = 2eb(2r - Z)
- chieu day canh gat.
* Neu goi n la so vong quay cua bm trong mot phut, th lu lng trung bnh ly
thuyet cua bm trong mot giay la:
Ql
n.q
60
Ql
n.e.b
2.r .Z
30
(4.74)
Vay: lu lng thc te cua bm canh gat tac dung n la:

Q
n.e.b.Q
30
2.r .Z
Thng Q = 0,8 0,9
(4.75)
Chi
P. Ho
Min
T
huat
t
y
K
m co
phala
u iem cua bm canh gat tac dungSun
the ieu chnh c lu lng khi so
H
D
vong quay lam viec cua roto khonrguo
nig.
T o
t
igh
Tng t nhCbm
opyr piston - roto hng knh, lu lng cua bm canh gat co the ieu
chnh bang cach thay oi tr so cua o lech tam e. Ngoai ra, neu thay oi dau cua e th con co
the ao chieu lam viec cua bm.
ieu chnh lu lng
Hnh 4.28 - ie u chnh lu l ng bang thay oi o lech tam

Tren hnh ve la s o ieu chnh bm canh gat. Khi co v tr tng oi cua roto trong
vo bm nh tren hnh a) th chat long c chuyen t A ti B vi e = emax th Q = Qmax. Khi
ay vo bm sang phai, e giam dan, lu lng giam dan va cho en khi e = 0 th Q = 0. Mac
du roto van quay vi van toc goc va chieu quay khong thay oi. Neu tiep tuc ay vo bm
sang phai th e oi dau, chieu chuyen ong cua chat long thay oi t B en A va khi lu
lng cua bm ln nhat th e = emax.
c - Lc tac dung len canh gat
Hnh ve trong tr ng h p = 180o.
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
122
Hnh 4.29 - Lc tac dung len canh gat

Tren canh gat co nhng lc tac dung sau:
* Lc ly tam, bang tch so cua khoi lng canh gat m vi gia toc ly tahm an (at khoi
n
i Mi
h
tam, cach tam quay mot quang ):
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Pl m.a n
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
V
D
uong
h h2t T r
h
h
2
a n . R pyri.g r . cos e. cos .2 r e. cos .2
o
2
2
C 2
Nen:
Pl m.2 . r e. cos
2
Thay h = e(1 - cos ) vao bieu thc tren, ta co:

1
Pl m.2 . r e. cos .e.1 cos

2
m.2 r 0,5e1 cos
(4.76)
Ta thay lc ly tam thay oi theo goc quay cua roto.

Khi = 180o th
Pl max m.r.2
Vay lc ly tam luon luon ay canh gat ve pha thanh vo bm.

* Lc quan tnh Pq do gia toc chuyen ong tng oi a cua canh gat trong ranh roto
tao nen:
Pq m.a
V
d 2h
a 2 e.2 . cos
dt
Nen
Pq m.e.2 . cos
(4.77)
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
123
Tr so va dau cua Pq thay oi theo goc quay cua roto. Khi = 0 90o va
= 270o 360o th Pq keo canh gat ve tam (ngc chieu lc ly tam). Khi = 90o 180o va
= 180o 270o thi P q lai cung chieu vi Pl ay canh gat ve pha vo bm.
Khi = 180o th
Pq max m .e.2
(4.78)
* Neu cac au ranh pha trong cua roto thong vi bong ay th canh gat con chu 1 ap
lc ay Pp ve pha thanh vo bm do o chen h ap suat cua bm p = p2 - p1 gay ra:
Pp p.b.
; - chieu day canh gat.
Ngoai ra tren canh gat con co lc quan tnh Coriolit (do gia toc Coriolit) va lc masat
(gia canh gat va ran h roto) tac dung. Lc quan tnh Coriolit co phng thang goc vi canh
gat, v the no lam tang lc masat gia canh gat va ranh roto.
Ta thay tong cac lc tac dung len canh gat co tr so ln nhat Pmax khi = 180o. Neu bo
qua lc masat, ta co lc tong cong ln nhat Pmax tac dung len canh gat la:
nh
i Mi
h
C
Pmax Pp Pl max Pq max
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
th
p.b. m.r.2 m.e.h
a2m Ky
Su p
H
D
p.b.Trumo.ng2 r e
(4.79)
t
h
g
i
yr
Cop n nhan gay ra s mai mon au lam viec cua canh gat va mat lam
Lc Pmax la nguye
viec cua vo bm lam bm chong hong. Ngoai ra Pmax con phu thuoc vao chieu day cua canh
gat . e han che Pmax ngi ta lam canh gat co chieu day khong qua 3mm.
4.3.5 - Bm chan khong vong nc
a- Cau tao, nguyen ly lam viec
Hnh 4.30 - S o cau tao bm chan khong vong nc

Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
124
Trong ky thuat nhieu khi phai tao chan khong. Loai bm chan khon g n gian nhat la
bm chan khong co vong nc.
Bm gom co mot vo hnh tru tron 1 trong o co roto 2. Tren roto co gan co nh cac
canh gat. Tam cua vo va roto lech nhau mot khoang e. Trong vo 1 co nc. Khi roto quay cac
canh gat khuay nc va di tac dung cua lc ly tam, nc tao thanh 1 hnh vanh khan bao
quanh vo lam kn bm. mat ben cua vo bm co mien g hut a thong vi mieng ay b thong
vi ong ay. Hnh dang va v tr cua mieng hut va mieng ay nh tren hnh ve. Khi bm lam
viec th vong nc phai choan toan bo mat cat AB. Khi canh gat quay theo chieu mui ten t
AB en CD, the tch cha khong kh gia roto va vong nc tang, ap suat tai o giam, khon g
kh b hut vao bm qua mieng hut. T CD en AB the tch khong kh gia roto va vong nc
giam, khong kh b canh gat nen lai vi ap suat cao hn bong hut va b ay qua mieng ay
vao ong ay.
Khi roto quay nh vay, ap suat mieng hut cua bm giam dan tao nen o chan khon g
ngay cang cao trong ong hut.
nh
i Mi
h
C
o nguye n ly lam viec cua
Nguye n ly lam viec cua bm chan kho ng vong nc cuPn.gHla
T
t
a
u
bm canh gat tac dung n. Ve ket cau, bm chan khoyngthvo ng nc khac vi bm canh gat
am Kva khong ty vao thanh vo bm v buon g
cho cac canh gat khong trt trong cac ranhScu
pahroto
u
H
lam viec c lam kn bang vong rn
ncg. D
o
u
T
ght
i
r
y
b - Lu lng Ckho
op ng kh do bm chan khong vong nc hut
Gia thiet rang vong nc co chie u day kho ng oi, ngha la ng gii han trong cua
vong nc la ng tro n, ong tam vi vo bm, th s o lam viec cua bm chan khong vong
nc giong het bm canh gat tac dung n co ng knh vo bm bang ng knh trong cua
vong nc.
Do o cong thc tnh lu lng trung bnh cua bm chan khong vong nc co the suy
ra t cong thc tnh lu lng cua bm cah gat tac dung n, ch khac la thay ban knh vo
bm canh gat ( r ) bang ng knh trong cua vong nc:
Q
n.e.b.Q
30
2 .(ro e) .Z
(4.80)
Trong o:
n - so vong quay cua roto (vg/ph)
e - o lech tam cua roto va vo bm;
b - chieu rong cua canh gat;
- chieu day cua canh gat;
Z - so canh gat;
ro - ban knh truc roto ( ro = d o/2 )
Q - hieu suat lu lng cua bm chan khong vo ng nc ; Q = 0,7 0,8.
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
125
c- Lng nc can thiet trong bm

e cho bm chan khong lam viec c bnh thng can phai luon luon duy tr trong
bm mot the tch nc V, sao cho khi bm lam viec no lam kn c mat AB. Ngha la vong
nc thng xuyen co the tch bang the tch cua khoi tru rong ma ng knh ngoai bang
ng knh roto (ke ca canh gat) va ng knh trong bang ng knh cua truc roto:
V b d 2 d o2 Z..l
4
(4.81)
Trong o: Z..l - the tch cac canh gat cua roto.

Thc te, khi bm lam viec mat trong cua vong nc khon g hoan toan tron va ong
tam vi vo bm (v roto at lech tam vi vo bm) nen khong the tranh khoi mot phan nc b
canh gat gat qua mieng ay ra khoi bm. V the nen can phai bo sung nc cho bm e lam
kn. Lu l ng nc bo sung nay thong thng khoang 0,25 0,3 m3/h. Lng nc bo sung
nay con co tac dung lam nguoi bm.
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
4.4- BM PISTON-ROTO
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
4.4.1- Khai niem chung, u unh
ng c iem, phan loai
Tr o
t
h
yrig la loai bm the tch mi ra i va bat au c s dung nhieu
Bm kieu piston-roto
Cop
vao nhng nam 1925 1935, khi ma truyen ong thuy lc bat au c ng dung rong rai
trong cac nganh che tao may cong cu, may bay va tau thuy.
ac iem cua bm piston-roto:
Tao c ap suat cao vi lu lng khong l n lam;
Co kha nang thay oi lu lng mot cach de dang, trong khi van gi nguyen ap suat
va so vong quay lam viec ( ap suat lam viec khon g phu thuoc vao lu l ng va so
vong quay);
Hieu suat tng oi cao;
Pham vi ieu chnh ln;
So vong quay lam viec tng oi ln nen co kha nang noi trc tiep vi cac ong c
ien thong thng.
Bm va ong c piston-roto co ket cau hoan toan nh nhau, tr nhng trng hp ac

biet. Trong thc te bm piston-roto nao cung co the lam viec nh mot ong c neu dan vao
no mot dong chat long co ap suat u ln.
Bm piston-roto co the chia lam 2 loai:
Bm piston-roto hng knh
Bm piston-roto hng truc
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
126
4.4.2 - Bm piston - roto hng knh

a - Cau tao, nguyen ly lam viec
Chi
P. Ho
Min
T
huat
t
y
K
Hnh 4.31 - S o cau tao bm
piston-roto
hn g knh
pham
u
S
H
D
May gom co 2 phan; phanruquay
ong (roto) 1 at lech tam trong phan co nh (stato) 2.
T
ght o cac xilanh va piston tru 3 khong co can phan bo eu theo

Roto la mot khoi tru tropny,ritrong
o
hng knh (kie u bo Ctr hnh sao). Do s bo tr lech tam nay mot khoang e nen khi roto quay,
cac piston quay theo roto va ong thi chuyen ong tnh tien trong cac xilanh.
Trong bm qua trnh hut c thc hien khi cac piston chuyen ong hng ra khoi
tam roto; chat long c hut qua roto vao cac xilanh nh co lo dan a vao bong hut A. Khi
piston b thanh stato ep, chuyen ong hn g ve tam th chat long b nen vao bong ay B va
chay ra ngoai theo lo dan b tren stato, thc hien qua trnh ay cua bm. Bong hut A va bong
ay B la 2 ranh hnh ban nguyet c ngan cach nhau bang mot vach bo tr gia stato trong
truc phan phoi 4 va c thong ra ngoai bi 2 lo dan a, b. Trng hp nay ng vi khi roto
quay theo chieu kim ong ho. Neu roto quay ngc chieu kim ong ho th bong hut la B va
bong ay la A.
e bm lam viec c bnh thng, khi roto quay cac au piston phai luon luon ty
vao thanh stato, do o nhieu khi phai dung bm phu goi la bm cap e ay chat long vao
bong hut vi ap suat u e ay piston ty vao thanh stato trong qua trnh hut.
b- Phng trnh chuyen ong cua piston:
(la c s cho viec tnh toan lu lng va lc tac dung trong bm)
Tren hnh ve la s o nguyen ly chuyen ong cua bm piston-roto hng knh, cun g
la nguyen ly chuyen ong cua c cau thanh truyen tay quay trong o tay quay L co nh, con
xilanh th quay tron quanh tam O2 vi van toc goc khon g oi, va iem A cua piston th quay
quanh O1 vi ban knh r.
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
127
Hnh 4.32 - S o nguyen ly chuyen ong cua bm piston-roto hng knh

Trong bm piston-roto hn g knh th thanh truyen r c thay bang mot vanh stato co
tam trung vi O1 . Khi roto quay quanh O2 th ong thi piston cung thc hien c chuye n
nh
ong tnh tien trong xilanh.
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TP. theo chieu kim ong ho th
Ta xet thi iem ban au, piston v tr A. Khi roto
quay
t
a
u
y th
piston co chuyen ong hng vao tam. Sau khoa
ngKth
i gian t, piston quay theo roto c
m
a
ph
u
S
mot goc en v tr C, va khi o piston
Ha chuyen ong tnh tien tng oi oi vi xilanh
ng D
o
u
r
mot oan la x:
T
ght
i
r
y
Cxop r e R
Ma
R e cos r cos
Suy ra
x ( r e) (e cos r cos )
Ta can bien oi e a goc ve goc , ta co:

T hnh ve, suy ra:
r sin e sin
Hay
e
sin sin
r
Va
e
cos 1 sin 1 sin 2
r
Khai trien bieu thc cos theo nh thc Newton va bo cac so hang bac 3 tr i, ta co:
2
1 e
cos 1 sin 2
2r
Thay vao bieu thc cua R ta co:
r 1e 2
R e cos
sin
e 2r
Thay vao bieu thc cua x ta co:
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
128
r 1e 2
x r e e cos
sin
e 2r
Rut gon lai, ta co phng trnh chuyen ong cua piston trong bm piston-roto hn g
knh:
1e 2
x e1 cos
sin
2r
(4.82)
Ta co the xac nh c van toc chuyen ong cua piston t phng trnh tre n.
Van toc chuyen ong tng oi cua piston trong xilanh:
v
dx
1e
e.. sin
sin 2
dt
2r
(4.83)
V so hang th 2 rat be so vi so hang th 1 nen co the bo qua va tnh v theo con g

thc sau:
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
v e.. sin
(4.84)
TP.
t
a
u
h
t
y
K
amco
Vay van toc tng oi v phu thuoc vaou
tr so ln nhat la:
phva
S
H
D
g
v max e. Truon
(4.85)
t
gh
i
r
y
Copcua v trong qua trnh piston chuyen on g vao tam:
Tr so trung bnh
e..sin .d
v tb
2
e.
(4.86)
S dao o ng van toc tng oi v c anh gia bang ty so:

v max
v tb
2
(4.87)
Van toc cua au piston theo vanh stato:

v d R .
r 1e 2
v d e. cos
sin
e 2r
(4.88)
Vay: Van toc chuyen ong cua piston luon luon thay oi trong qua trnh roto quay.
c - Lu lng
1.Lu lng trung bnh
Lu lng cua bm piston-roto phu thuoc vao kch thc xilanh, so xilanh va so vong
quay cua roto.
Trong mot vong quay cua roto, lng chat long ma mot piston co ng knh la d ay
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
129
.d 2
.2e
4
c la:
Neu bm co Z piston th lu lng ly thuyet cua bm trong mot chu ky lam viec (lu
lng rieng) la:
.d 2
.2e.Z
ql
4
(4.89)
Vay lu lng ly thuyet trung bnh cua bm vi so vong quay n trong mot n v thi
.d 2
Q l q l .n
(4.90)
gian:
.2e.Z.n
4
2.Lu lng tc thi
Lu lng tc thi do moi piston tao nen thay oi theo thi gian va ty le thuan vi van
toc tng oi cua piston trong xilanh:
nh
i Mi
h
.d 2
C
Ho
.v
(4.91)
q
TP.
t
a
4
u
h
t
y
am K
h
p
Thay bieu thc cua v vao bieu thcHStre
u n , ta co:
D
g
n
uo
.dt2 Tr
1e
h
g
i
qop yr
..e. sin
sin 2
C
4
2r
.d 2
.e.. sin
4
(4.92)
Lu lng tc thi cua bm c xac nh bang ton g lu l ng tc thi do cac piston

buong ay tao nen. Neu toan bo so piston cua bm la Z va so lng piston co buong ay
la (m+1) th ta co lu lng tc thi cua bm la:
Q
.d 2
.e..[sin sin( a ) ... sin( ma )]
4
Trong o: a - la goc gia hai truc cua piston lien nhau tam; a
Vay:
2
Z
m
.d 2
Q
.e.. sin ( ia )
4
i 0
(4.93)
Ta thay, lu lng tc thi thay oi theo goc quay cua roto.

Ta co the tm c tr so goc quay ng vi gia tr cc ai Qmax bang cach lay ao
ham bieu thc tren theo va cho bang khong, ta co:
cos cos( a ) ... cos( ma ) 0
Hay:
cos cos . cos a sin . sin a ... cos . cos ma sin . sin ma 0
Rut ra:
cos .(1 cos a cos 2a ... cos ma ) sin .(sin a ... sin ma ) 0
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
Suy ra:
130
tg
1 cos a ... cos ma

sin a ... sin ma
(4.94)
Goc ng vi Q = Qmax goi la goc dao ong cua bm

Khi = 0 th Q = Qmin
e anh gia mc o dao ong khon g eu cua bm, ta co he so khon g eu ve lu
lng:
Q max
Q
(4.95)
Ngoai ra con dung he so dao ong lu ln g e anh gia s dao ong lu lng:
Q max Q min
(4.96)
Q min
Q
tT
thua
Chi
P. Ho
Min
(4.97)
y
am K
h
p
Thc nghiem chng to, khi so piston
(Z)
u cua bm ln th nho. Va cua bm co Z le
DH S
g
n
bao gi cung nho hn cua bm coTrZuochan.
t
righ
ylu
p
o
S dao ong cu
a
l
ng co anh h ng en s dao ong cua ap suat trong he thong
C
ma bm lam viec. Tuy nhien so vi bm piston th he so dao ong lu lng cua bm pistonroto nho hn nhie u.
e ieu chnh lu lng cua bm piston-roto ngi ta dung cach thay oi o lech tam
e tng t nh bm canh gat (Q ty le bac nhat vi e):
e=0
th Q = 0
e = emax th Q = Qmax
Vay lu lng cua may ng vi o lech tam e la:
Q Q max .
e
e max
Ky hieu:
Ta co:
Q .Q max
e max
goi la he so ieu chnh
(4.98)
(4.99)
(4.100)
3. Moment quay
Ap suat lam viec gay nen cac lc tac dung len cac bo phan cua bm. Ta can nghie n
cu cac lc tac dung e tnh c cong suat yeu cau cua bm, ong thi thay c nguyen
nhan gay h hong cac bo phan lam viec chnh e co bien phap ngan nga h hong va s
dung bm tot.
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
131
Hnh 4.33 - S o tnh moment quay

T hnh ve ta thay: khi roto quay, vanh stato tac dung len au piston mot lc N hn g
tam O1, e p chat long trong xi lanh . Neu ap suat trong xi lanh la p th ap lc tac dung le n
piston la P (theo phng cua truc piston):
nh
i Mi
h
2
C
Ho
.d
P p.
; d - ng knh piston. uat TP.
(4.101)
h
t
4
y
K
pham
u
S
Htrong buon g ay.
Lc P nh nhau oi vi moi piston
ng D
o
u
r
T
ht nh phan:
Phan tch N thanhyr2igtha
Cop
- P co phng song song truc piston;
- T co phng vuo ng goc vi truc piston goi la lc vong.
Lc P tao nen ap suat p trong xilanh, neu bo qua lc ma sat gia piston va xilanh th
P = P. Than h phan lc vong T tao nen moment can tren truc roto cua bm.
T hnh ve, ta co:
T P.tg
N
P
cos
2
Ta a co:
e
cos 1 sin 2
r
T P.tg P.
Vi:
sin
cos
e
sin sin
r
Thay vao phng trnh T:
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
132
e
sin
r
T P.
e2
1 2 sin 2
r
V sin 2 << sin va
Do o:
(4.102)
e2
la so hang nho, co the bo qua.
r2
e
T P. . sin
r
(4.103)
Vay: lc vong T thay oi theo goc quay

=0
th
= 90o th
T=0
T = Tmax
= 90o 180o T giam t Tmax en Tmin = 0
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
Moment quay tao nen bi lc vong T tac dung len mot piston
TP. la:
t
a
u
h
Ky t
M T.R
(4.104)
m
a
ph
u
S
H
e uong D
r
P. Tsin
r 1e 2
ght r
i
r
M
.e cos
sin
(4.105)
y
p
o
C
e
2
r
e2
1 2 sin 2
r
2
e
1e 2
Neu 2 sin 2 0 va
sin 0 (v la cac ai lng vo cung be bac cao)
r
2r
Ta co:
M P.
e2
r
sin . cos
r
e
(4.106)
Moment quay cua roto bang tong moment cua cac piston co trong bong ay khi bm
lam viec:
M T.R
(4.107)
Nhan xet:
+ Moment quay M thay oi theo mot cach co chu ky.
+ Tr cc tieu cua M phu thuoc vao Z:
VD:
Z = 5; Mmin = 0,94 MTB

Z = 7; Mmin = 0,96 MTB
Z = 9; Mmin = 0,98 MTB
+ Tng t dao o ng lu lng, moment quay dao ong cang t neu Z cang ln.
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
133
+ M ty le thuan vi o lech tam e; M cang ln khi e cang ln; M = 0 khi e = 0. Do vay

co the ieu chnh c moment quay M bang cach thay oi o lech tam e trong khi ap suat p
khong oi. ay la phng phap chu yeu e ieu chnh bm piston-roto hng knh:
Vay:
Mmax
emax
e
e max
(4.108)
M max .M max
Trong o : - he so ieu chnh cua may.

4.4.3 - Bm piston - roto hng truc
a - Cau tao va phan loai
1.Cau tao
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 4.34 - S o cau tao bm piston-roto hn g truc

Nguye n ly lam viec cua may nay cung tng t nh bm piston-roto hn g knh,
nhng ket cau co hi khac.
Trong bm piston-roto hng truc, cac lo xilanh phan bo eu tren roto 1 nhng khon g
theo hng knh ma song song vi nhau theo hn g truc roto. Piston 2 trong xilanh luon luo n
c ay ty mot au vao a co nh at nghieng 3 bang cac loo at trong xilanh. Khi roto
quay, cac piston quay theo. V mot ay piston luo n luon phai ty vao mat a nghieng nen cac
piston cung ong thi chuye n ong tnh tien tng oi vi xilanh. Cac lo xilanh mat cuoi
roto c lap sat vi mot nap co nh 4. Ben trong nap nay co hai ranh hnh vong cung 5
c ngan cac h nhau bi hai g 6, hai ranh nay c thong vi hai lo e dan chat long ra vao
a, b. Khi roto quay theo chieu mui ten th ranh 5 ben trai la bong hut A, ranh ben phai la
bong ay B.
2.Phan loai
Bm piston-roto hng truc co the chia lam 2 loai:
Bm piston-roto hng truc co a nghieng
Bm piston-roto hng truc co roto bo tr nghieng.
e thc hien chuyen ong tng oi cua cac pistion trong xilanh th roto quay tron va
a nghieng co nh hoac ngc lai. Nhng e viec phan phoi chat long c tien li, ket cau
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
134
bm n gian th thng roto chuyen ong quay va a nghieng co nh.

S ieu chnh bm piston-roto hn g truc c thc hien bang cach thay oi goc
nghieng cua a so vi ng tam cua truc roto.
3.u iem:
Cac bong hut va ay co ieu kien bo tr rieng biet tren a phan phoi, nen co the che
tao vi kch thc ln ma khong lam tang kch thc chung cua may. Do o cho phep
nang cao so vong quay e tang lu lng. V the cac loai bm piston-roto hng truc
co trong lng tren mot n v cong suat nho hn 2 en 3 lan so vi bm piston-roto
hng knh.
Moment quan tnh tng oi nho . ieu nay co y ngha quan tro ng khi s dung may
lam ong c.
Bm piston-roto hng truc co hieu suat lu lng cao Q = 0,96 0,98. Do vay hie u
suat chung cao = 0,95.
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
b.- Phng trnh chuyen ong
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
Hnh 4.35 - S o nguyen ly chuyen ong cua piston

Nguye n ly chuyen ong cua piston trong xilanh cua bm piston-roto hng truc cun g
theo nguyen ly chuyen on g cua thanh truyen tay quay.
Piston 2 va xilanh 1 cun g chuyen ong quanh truc cua bm, nhng tay quay 4 quay
xung quanh truc cua no (trong ket cau cu the cua may tay quay 4 chnh la a nghieng). Nh
co mat phang quay cua tay quay(a nghien g) bo tr nghien g mot goc so vi truc cua bm
nen tao ra c chuyen ong tng oi gia piston va xilanh vi hanh trnh S. Vay ch can
piston va xilanh quay hoac a nghieng quay.
Gia s khi a nghieng quay t A en B, ta c quang n g chuye n ong x cua
piston trong xilanh la:
x A' B'.sin (OA OB' ). sin
(OA OB cos ). sin
(R R cos ). sin R.(1 cos ) sin
Trong o: R - ban knh quay cua tay quay (a nghieng)
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
135
Van toc chuyen o ng tng oi cua piston la:

v
dx
R .. sin . sin
dt
Vay: van toc v cua piston trong may hng truc cung thay oi theo mot cach tuan
hoan.
c - Lu lng:
1.Lu lng trung bnh:
The tch chat long ma mot piston chuyen c trong mot vong quay cua roto la:
.d 2
.S ; S - hanh trnh cua piston; d - n g knh cua xilanh.
4
Neu may co Z piston th lu lng cua bm trong mot vong quay la:
.d 2
q
.S.Z
4
Chi
P. Ho
Min
(4.109)
T
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
Vay lu lng ly thuyet trung bnh cuua pbm
h vi so vong quay n trong mot n v thi
S
H
D
gian la:
ng
Truo
t
2
igh
opyr q.n .d .S.Z.n
CQ
(4.110)
l
4
Ma:
S D X .tg D. sin
Trong o:
D X - ng knh cua roto tre n o phan bo cac xilanh;
D - ng knh cua a nghieng.
Cuoi cung bieu thc cua Ql co the c viet di dang:
.d 2
.d 2
Ql
.S.n.D X .tg
.Z.n.D. sin
4
4
(4.111)
2.Lu lng tc thi:

Lu lng tc thi do moi piston tao nen thay oi theo thi gian, phu thuoc van toc
tng oi v cua piston trong xilanh:
q
.d 2
.v
4
(4.112)
.d 2
.R.. sin . sin
4
(4.113)
Lu lng tc thi cua bm (do tat ca moi piston tao nen) tai thi iem nao o:
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
Hoac:
136
.d 2
.R .. sin .[sin sin( a ) ... sin( ma )]
4
m
.d 2
.R..sin . sin ( ia )
4
i 0
(4.114)
Trong o: a - goc gia 2 piston ; a=2/4

o th lu lng tc thi cua loai may piston-roto hn g truc:
Chi
P. Ho
Min
T
huat
t
y
K
pham
u dao
Hnh 4.36 - oH th
ong lu lng
S
D
uong
r
T
Cac cong thc ve he
t khong eu va he so dao ong lu l ng cua bm piston-roto
hso
yrig
p
o
C cua may hng knh, v lu lng tc thi cua 2 loai may nay eu co
hng truc tng t nh
ay u cac tnh chat nh nhau. oi vi bm piston-roto hng truc , viec ieu chnh lu lng
c tien hanh bang cach thay oi goc nghieng cua a.
Chu y: oi vi trng hp piston khong noi vi a nghieng bang khp cau ma ch
tiep xuc hoac ty vao a nghieng khi may lam viec th cac cong thc tnh toan tren van
ung.
BAI TAP
Bai IV.1
Xac nh cac kch thc c ban cua bm piston tac dung n theo cac ieu kien sau:
Lu lng cua bm Qb = 5 m3/h, ap suat cua chat long lam viec p = 20at, so vong quay cua
truc ong c dan ong bm nc = 150v/ph.
Giai:
Hnh 4.37
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
137
Cac kch thc c ban cua bm piston la ng knh piston, ng knh can piston va
hanh trnh piston.
ng knh piston cua bm co the xac nh t con g thc tnh lu lng cua bm
(5.15):
Ql
Trong o:
qn FSn D 2 Sn D 3 K S n
60
60
240
240
F dien tch mat piston;

S hanh trnh piston;
n so vong quay cua truc o ng c;
D ng knh piston;
KS
S
- he so ty le.
D
D3
Qb
240Q ltb
4,25 3
K S nQ
K S n
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
KS chon tuy theo ap suat cua chat long lam viec va
va
TPn. toc quay cua truc ong c.
t
a
u
th , he so K nho chon cho bm thap
He so KS ln chon cho bm cao ap va co so vong quay
Ky nho
S
m
a
h
p
u
S
co
gia
tr
trong
khoa
n
g
1,5 3, co the lay KS <
ap va co so vong quay ln. Thong thnDgHKS
g
n
uom viec cua bm.
1,5 hoac KS > 3 tuy theo ieu kie
nrla
tT
h
g
i
r
opnysuy
T cong thc C
tre
ra ng knh piston cua bm:
Hieu suat Q trong khi tnh toan co the chon s bo theo lu lng cua bm:
Q < 15 m3/h
chon Q = 0,85 0,9
Q = 15 60 m3/h
chon Q = 0,90 0,95
Q > 60 m3/h
chon Q = 0,95 0,98
Bm thiet ke co Q = 5m 3/h < 15m3/h, v vay ta chon Q = 0,85. Bm co ap suat

p = 20at thuoc loai bm thap ap, nen ta chon KS = 1,5.
ng knh piston co gia tr la:
D 4, 25 3
1390
8,25cm
1,5.150.0,85
(trong cong thc tren ta thay Qb = 1390 cm3/s = 5m3/h).

Lay tron ng knh theo tieu chuan, D = 80mm; ta xac nh hanh trnh S sao cho bao
am c lu lng cua bm:
S
4q
D 2
Lu lng rie ng cua bm:

Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
138
qb
Vay:
Qb
5.10 6
655cm3 / vg
Q .n 60.0,85.150
4q
4.655
13,0cm 130mm
2
D
3,14.8 2
ng knh can piston xac nh theo ty so K d
d
chon theo ap suat , ta co bang sau:
D
p 15 at
15 < p 50 at
50 < p 80 100 at
d
0,3 0,35
D
d
0,5
D
d
0,7
D
Chon Kd = 0,5 ; vay d = 0,5.80 = 40mm.

Cong suat cua bm:
Chi
P. Ho
at T
20.9,81.10 4 .5
h3uW
t
2,73
.
10
2,73kW
y
K
3600 u pham
HS
2 ong D
3
(trong o p tnh bang N/m
T,ruQb tnh bang m /s)
t
igh
opynrg c:
Cong suat cuaCo
N b p.Q b
N dc
Min
Nb
2,73
3,56kW
Q ck 0,85.0,95
Bai IV.2
Xac nh cac thong so lam viec c ban cua bm piston tac dung n cho biet:
ng knh piston D = 145mm, hanh trnh piston S = 450mm, cong suat tren truc ong
c Nc = 56,8 kW, so vong quay lam viec cua ong c n c = 75 v/ph. Hieu suat cua bm
Q = 0,98; ck = 0,96
Giai:
Cac thong so lam viec c ban cua bm la lu lng Qb, ap suat cua chat long lam viec
p, cong suat cua bm Nb. Theo ieu kien bai toan ta co:
Lu lng rie ng cua bm:
q b F.S
.D 2
3,14.14,5 2
S
45 7400 cm3 / vg
4
4
Lu lng cua bm:

Q b q b .n.Q 7,4.75.0,98 545l / ph 9,08.10 3 m 3 / s
Cong suat cua bm:
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
139
N b N dc .Q .ck 56,8.0,98.0,96 53,5 kW

Ap suat cua chat long lam viec:
p
Nb
53,5.10 3
5,892.10 6 N / m 2 60at
Q b 9,08.10 3
Bai IV.3
Xac nh cac kch thc c ban va cong suat cua bm banh rang cho biet:
Lu lng cua bm Q = 60 l/ph, ap suat chat long lam viec p = 20 at, so vong quay
cua truc bm n = 1450 v/ph , so rang cua moi banh rang Z = 14. Hie u suat thiet ke Q = 0,92
; ck = 0,85.
Giai:
Cac kch thc c ban cua bm banh rang la: moun cua banh rainngh m, ng knh
M
Chis Do, chieu cao cua
vong lan D, ng knh vong au nh D2, ng knh vong troHno c
.
TPba
at m
rang h, chieu rong cua banh rang b, khoang cach gia hai
nh rang L, ng knh ong
uta
h
t
y
K
hut va ong ay d.
am
u ph
S
H
D
uong
r
T
ht
yrig
p
o
C
Hnh 4.38
Moun cua banh rang c xac nh bang nhieu phng phap khac nhau, ta xet mot
trong cac phng phap o.
Xuat phat t bieu thc tnh gan ung lu lng cua bm, ta co:
Q 7 Q Dmbn 7.Q .m 3 .b.Z 2 .n ; cm 3 / ph
Trong o:
D- ng knh vong lan, c xac nh theo m va Z ban g : D = m.Z

b
- chieu rong tng oi cua banh rang ; b
thuoc vao ap suat p cua chat long lam viec nh sau:
b
c chon phu
mZ
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
140
p (at)
10
25
70
1 0,65
0,7 0,5
0,4 0,25
T bieu thc tnh lu lng tren ta xac nh c moun m:

m3
Trong o:
Q
; cm
7 Q bZ 2 n
Q tnh bang cm3/ph ; n v/ph.
Cac kch thc khac cua banh rang c xac nh theo m va Z nh sau:
D2 = m(Z + 2)
Do = mZcoso ; o la goc an khp cua thc ren, thong thng o = 20o.
nh
h = 2m
i Mi
h
C
P. Ho
T
t
a
u
b = bmZ
h
Ky t
m
a
h
L = mZ
Su p
H
D
ng
Truoong ay c xac nh theo lu lng chat lon g qua bm
ng knh cua ongigh
hu
t t va
yr
va van toc cho phep C
cuoap dong chat long trong ng ong:
d 4,6
Trong o:
Q
, mm
v
Q- tnh bang l/ph ; v- bang m/s.
oi vi ong hut vh 1,5 2 m/s

oi vi ong ay v 3 5 m/s
Thay so vao cac bieu thc tren ta xac nh c cac kch thc c ban cua bm:
+ Moun cua banh rang:
m3
60.10 3
0,38cm 3,8mm
7.0,92.0,6.14 2.1450
Trong o: Q = 60 l/ph = 60.103 cm3/ph ; Q = 0,92 ; b = 0,6 ; Z = 14 ; n = 1450v/ph.

Ta lay tron gia tr tnh toan cua m va lay m = 4mm, khi o b co gia tr bang:
b
Q
60.10 3
0,51
7 Q Z 2 m 3 n 7.0,92.14 2.0,4 3.1450
+ Chieu rong cua banh rang:
b = 0,51.4,14 = 28,5mm
+ ng knh von g lan:
D = m.Z = 4.14 = 56mm
+ ng knh von g au nh ran g:
D2 = 4(14+2) = 64mm
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
141
+ ng knh von g tron c s:
Do = 4.14.cos20o = 52,5mm
+ Khoang cach tam gia 2 banh rang:
L = 4.14 = 56mm
+ Chieu cao cua rang:
h = 2.4 = 8mm
+ ng knh cua ong hut:
d h 4,6
60
25,3mm
2
Ta lay tron gia tr dh tnh toan va lay dh = 25mm

+ ng knh cua ong ay:
d d 4,6
60
17,8mm
4
Ta lay tron gia tr d tnh toan va lay d = 20mm

20.9,81.10 4.60.10 3
1,9kW
60.10 3
nh
i Mi
h
C
N
1
,
9
Ho
2,5kW
+ Cong suat cua ong c dan ong bm: N dc
TP.
t
a
u
Q ck 0,92.0,85
h
t
y
am K
h
p
u
Bai IV.4
DH S
g
n
ruo
T
ht la
Xac nh cac thoynrgigso
m viec c ban cua bm hai banh rang va he so dao ong lu
op
lng cua bm, choCbiet: moun cua banh rang m = 4,5mm, so rang cua moi banh rang
Z = 13, chieu rong tng oi cua ban h rang b = 0,86 ; goc an khp cua thc ren o = 20o, ap
suat cua chat long lam viec p = 3,3at ; so vong quay lam viec cua truc bm n = 1450 v/ph ;
hieu suat cua bm Q = 0,65 ; ck = 0,645.
+ Cong suat cua bm:
N p.Q
Giai:
Cac thong so lam viec c ban cua bm hai banh rang la lu lng cua bm Q, ap suat
cua chat long lam viec p, cong suat N va hieu suat .
Lu lng trung bnh cua bm co the xac nh theo cong thc tng t nh tren, con
gia tr chnh xac hn c xac nh theo cong thc sau:
Qltb = 2nbm2(Z+sin2o)
Lu lng cc ai va cc tieu cua bm c xac nh theo co ng thc a cho trong ly
thuyet. He so dao ong lu lng cua bm:
Q
Q l max Q l min
Q ltb
Thay cac gia tr cua Qlmax, Qlmin, Qltb vao bieu thc Q ta co bieu thc sau:
Q
2,47 cos 2 o
Z sin 2 o
+ Lu lng ly thuyet bang:

Qltb = 2nbm2(Z+sin2o) = 2.3,14.1450.0,452 .(13+0,117)
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
142
= 121000 cm3/ph = 121 l/ph.

Trong o:
n = 1450 v/ph
b = b mZ = 0,86.4,5.13 = 50mm = 5 cm
m = 0,45 cm
Z = 13
sin2o = sin220o = 0,117.
+ Lu lng thc trung bnh cua bm:

Qtb = QltbQ =121.0,65 = 78,6 l/ph
Bai IV.5
Xac nh cac kch thc c ban va cong suat cua bm canh gat tac dung n theo cac
so lieu sau:
nh
i Mi
h
C
. Hoc p = 30 at, so vong quay
Lu lng cua bm Q = 100 l/ph, ap suat chat long la
m
TPvie
t
a
u
h
cua truc bm n = 960 v/ph , hieu suat lu lng va hie
Kyu tsuat c kh Q = 0,90 ; ck = 0,96.
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
Hnh 4.39
Giai:
Cac kch thc c ban cua bm canh gat la: ban knh roto r, ban knh trong cua stato
(ban knh vong h ng) R, o lech tam gia roto va stato e, chieu rong cua canh gat b va
chieu cao cua canh gat h.
Ban knh trong cua stato xac nh t bieu thc tnh lu lng cua bm:
Q =2ebnQ(2R - Z)
Ta suy ra:
Q 2ebnZ Q
4 nebQ
; l/ph
(*)
Neu bo qua chieu day canh gat th ta co bieu thc tnh R nh sau:
R
Q
4neb Q
(**)
Trong trng hp khong oi hoi o chnh xac cao th ta co the tnh R theo cong thc
(**).
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
143
Neu trong ieu kien ra cua bai toan khong cho trc cac gia tr e, b, , Z ta co the
chon cac gia tr o trong gii han sau:
e = 2 10 mmb = 10 40 mm
= 2,0 2,5 mm
Z = 7 16
+ Theo ieu kien ra cua bai toan va chon e = 4 mm; b = 25 mm; = 2,3 mm; Z = 12 ta
tnh c ban knh trong cua stato theo cong thc (*) la:
R
Q 2ebnZ Q
4 nebQ
100.10 3 2.0,4.2,5.0, 23.12.960.0,9

9,7 cm 97 mm
4.3,14.960.0,4.2,5.0,9
Lay chan R = 100mm, khi o ta co gia tr b bang:

Q
100. 10 3
b
2,41cm 24,1mm
2enQ 2 R Z 2 .0,4. 960.0,9.2.3,14.10 0,23.12
nh
i Mi
+ Ban knh cua roto:
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
r = R e = 100 4 = 96 mm
Ky t
m
a
u pt:h
+ Chieu cao phan lam viec cua ca
nHhSga
D
ng
Truo
t
hlv = 2e = 8rmm
h
y ig
Cop
+ Chieu cao cua canh gat: ta co hlv = 0,4h, nen:
h
h lv
8
20mm
0,4 0,4
+ Cong suat cua bm:

N
pQ
30.9,81.10 4.100.10 3
4,9kW
1000
1000.60
+ Cong suat tren truc bm ( cong suat ong c):

N dc
N
4,9
5,66 kW .
Q ck 0,9.0,96
Bai IV.6
Hnh 4.40
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
144
Xac nh cac kch thc c ban va cong suat cua bm piston roto hng knh theo cac
so lieu sau: lu lng cua bm Q = 40 l/ph, ap suat cua chat long lam viec p = 100 at,so vong
quay cua truc bm n = 960 v/ph, hie u suat cua bm ck = Q = 0,95 ; so day piston i = 1, so
piston cua day z = 7.
Giai:
Cac kch thc c ban cua bm piston-roto hng knh la ng knh piston d, chieu
dai piston l, ng knh stato Ds, ng knh truc roto Dr, ng knh truc roto Do, n g knh
may DM, ng knh ranh phan phoi do va chieu day vach ngan b (hnh ve).
ng knh piston c xac nh theo lu ln g cua bm. T cong thc (7.9):
.d 2
.2e.Z.n
Q l q l .n
4
Ta suy ra:
2Q l
ezni
nh
i Mi
h
C
P. Ho
Tchua
t
ng knh piston a xac nh c lay tron theo
tie
u
n. e giam ng suat tiep
a
u
y th
K
xuc, ng knh piston thng co gia tr trong pkhoa
am ng d = 10 25 mm. Khi xac nh ng
u h
S
H
knh d chon e trong khoang 3 10 mm.
DTrong trng hp au bai khon g cho so day piston i
uong
r
T
chon z = 3; 5; 7 va i 3.
va so piston trong day z, ta gco
htthe
yri
p
o
C
Chieu dai piston l = 2 (e + d), o dai phan piston nam trong xilanh lo = (1,5 2)d, khe
h gia piston va xilanh S = 0,015 0,035 mm.
ng knh trong cua stato Ds = Dr + 2e
ng knh roto Dr = DM + 4(e + d)
ng knh may truc DM = 1,5 Do
ng knh truc roto Do = = (4,5 5)d
Truc roto co t 2 en 4 ranh phan phoi chat long doc theo truc, n g knh ranh la do
xac nh theo cong thc:
do
Trong o:
4Q l
kv
k so ranh phan phoi

v van toc trung bnh cua do ng chay.
oi vi bm t hut v = 5 6 m/s.
Chieu rong vach ngan b = dk + 0,6 cm, ng knh lo trong may ( lo dan chat long
vao xilanh) dk = ( 0,65 0,7)d.
- Xac nh lu lng ly thuyet cua bm:
Q bl
Qb
40
42 l/ph
Q 0,95
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
145
- ng knh cua xilanh (piston):

2 .42000
2,5cm 25mm
3,14.0,6. 7.960
d
Trong o:
e chon bang 6mm = 0,6cm
- Chieu dai piston :
l = 2(e + d) = 2(6 + 25) = 62mm
- ng knh truc roto:
Do = (4,5 5).25 = 112,5mm
Lay Do = 120mm
- ng knh may truc DM = 1,5 Do = 1,5.120 = 180mm
- ng knh roto Dr = DM + 4(e + d) = 180 + 4(6 + 25) = 304mm
- ng knh trong cua stato Ds = Dr + 2e = 304 + 2.6 = 316mm
nch nh theo cong

- Truc roto co t 2 ranh phan phoi chat long, ng knh ranh doMxa
i i
h
C
thc:
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
th
4Q l
4.42000ham Ky
1,1cm 11mm
do
up
S300
H
kv
3
,
14
.
2
.
.
60
D
ng
Truo
t
h
Trong o v = 3m/s
yr=ig300 cm/s.
Cop
- ng knh lo trong cua may ( lo dan chat long vao xilanh)
dk = ( 0,65 0,7)d = (0,65 0,7).25 = 162 175mm
Lay dk = 170mm.
- Chieu ro ng vach ngan b = d k + 0,6 cm = 170 + 6 = 176mm
- Cong suat cua bm:
N
pQ
100.9,81. 10 4 .40. 10 3
6,54kW
1000
1000 .60
- Cong suat cua ong c:

N dc
N
6,54
7,26 kW .
Q .ck 0,95.0,95
Bai IV.7
Xac nh cac kch thc c ban va cong suat cua bm piston tac dung n cho biet:
Lu lng cua bm Qb = 0,6 m3/h, ap suat chat long lam viec p = 200 at, so vong quay
cua truc ong c nc = 195 v/ph. Hieu suat thiet ke Qb = 0,85 ; ckb = 0,95.
ap so:
Chon KS = 4 ; khi o D = 25mm;

d = 20 mm ; S = 123 mm ; Nb = 3,27 kW ;
Nc = 4,04 kW.
Truong DH
SPKT IV:
TP.Bm
HCMthe tch
Chng
146
Bai IV.8
Xac nh cac kch thc c ban va cong suat cua bm piston tac dung kep cho biet:
Lu lng cua bm Qb = 16 m3/h, ap suat chat long lam viec p = 3 at, so vong quay
cua truc ong c nc = 45 v/ph. Hieu suat thiet ke Qb = 0,9 ; ckb = 0,98.
Hng dan: Cong thc tnh ng knh suy ra t cong thc tnh lu lng cua bm, ta
co cong thc sau:
D 3,36.
3
ap so:
Qb
2
d
K
1
2
.K S .n.Q
D = 150mm ; d = 50 mm ; S = 200 mm ; Nc = 1,73 kW.
Bai IV.9
nh
i Mnig ba cho biet:
Xac nh cac kch thc c ban va cong suat cua bm piston taCchdu
Ho
TP.
3
t
a
u
Lu lng cua bm Qb = 30 m /h, ap suat chatylotnhg lam viec p = 22 at, so vong quay
K
ham
cua truc ong c nc = 105 v/ph. Hieu suat thie
tpke
Q = 0,9 ; ck = 0,95.
u
S
H
ng D
o
u
r
Hng dan: ng knh
T a bm piston tac dung ba (co 3 xi lanh) xac nh tng t
cu
ght
i
r
y
nh ng knh cua C
bm
op piston tac dung n. Lu lng cua moi xi lanh bang 1/3 lu lng
cua bm.
ap so:
D = 120mm ; d = 60 mm ; S = 157 mm ; Nb = 17,6 kW ; Nc = 20,5 kW.
Bai IV.10
Xac nh cac kch thc c ban va cong suat cua bm piston tac dung bon co hai xi
lanh tac dung kep cho biet:
Lu lng cua bm Qb = 20 m3/h, ap suat chat long lam viec p = 5 at, so vong quay
cua truc ong c nc = 203 v/ph. Hieu suat thiet ke Q = 0,9 ; ck = 0,95.
Hng dan: ng knh cua bm piston tac dung bon (co 2 xi lanh tac dung kep) xac
nh tng t nh n g knh cua bm piston tac dung kep. Lu lng cua moi xi lanh ban g
1/2 lu lng cua bm.
ap so:
D = 80mm ; d = 40 mm ; S = 108 mm ;
Nb = 13,6 kW ; Nc = 14,2 kW.
Chng V: Quat
147
CHNG V: QUAT
5.1- KHA I NIEM CHUNG VE MAY QUA T
5.1.1 - Khai niem chung

Quat thuoc loai may co canh. Chung c dung e bien c nang cua ong c thanh nang
lng e di chuyen moi chat va tao cho no mot ap nang can thiet.
Quat bao gi cung lam viec trong he tho ng . He thong bao gom bnh cha , ng ong hut
va ng o ng ay. Quat cung vi o ng c keo no c goi la thiet b quat.
oi vi quat, do ap suat sau no kho ng ln hn ap suat trc no la bao nhieu nen s nen
cua moi chat co the bo qua va viec tnh toan quat cung c tien hanh tng t nh vi bm.
5.1.2 - Cac tho ng so ac trng
innhg), cot ap, cong
Cac thong so ac trng cho s lam viec cua quat la: nang suat (lu
i Ml
h
C
Ho
suat va hieu suat.
TP.
t
a
u
h
a- Nang suat
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p mot n v thi gian. Nang suat con c goi
La lng moi chat do quat quat
cH trong
D
ng
la lu lng.
Truo
t
gh
pyrt ic o bang n v trong lng (kG/s, N/s,) th c goi la nang
Neu lng moC
i ocha
suat trong lng, ky hieu la G.
Neu lng moi chat c o bang n v the tch (m3/s, m3/h, l/s,) th goi la nang suat
the tch, ky hieu la Q.
Gia G va Q co moi lien he:
G = .Q
(5.1)
Thay trong ln g rieng ban g the tch rieng (nuy) ta co:

Q
G
G
(5.2)
b- Cot ap
Cot ap cua quat la lng nang l ng do quat cung cap cho 1kg moi chat khi moi chat nay
chuyen ong qua chun g. Cot ap c ky hieu la H.
Ve mat hnh hoc, cot ap cua quat c xem nh chieu cao ma lng chat long co the
nang len c do nang lng ma chung nhan c va c o bang mmH2O.
e hieu ro thanh phan cua cot ap H, ta xet hnh ve sau:
pI - ap suat tren mat chat long trong bnh hut
p1 - ap suat trc au vao quat
v1 - van toc chat long au vao
p2 - ap suat au ra quat
v2 - van toc chat long au ra
Chng V: Quat
148
y - khoang cach gia hai iem o cua on g ho chan khong ke va ong ho ap ke

pII - ap suat tren mat chat long trong bnh cha
pII
IV
IV
II
z2
p2
p1 III
III
II
pI
z1
I
hi
Ho C
.
P
Hnh 5.1 S o he thong cua ma
yT
quat
huat
t
y
Gia s: e1- nang lng rie ng cua chat longphtr
amcKquat
u
S
DHt long sau quat
e1- nang lng rieng cuoangcha
u
r
T
T nh ngha ve co
tia
ghpt, ta co:
r
y
Cop
H e 2 e1
Min
Theo phng trnh Becnulli, ta co:
Suy ra:
e1
p1 v12
z1
2g
p 2 p1 v 22 v12
2g
va
e2
p 2 v 22
z2 y
2g
(5.3)
oi vi thiet dien I-I va II-II, ta co:

pI
p
v2
z1 1 1 h 1
2g
(5.4)
oi vi thiet dien III-III va IV-IV, ta co:

p 2 v 22
p
z 2 II h 2
2g
(5.5)
T (5.4) va (5.5), ta c:
p II p I
z h
Trong o:
h h h - tong ton that tren toan bo ng ong

h -ton that tren ng ong hut
1
(5.6)
Chng V: Quat
149
-ton that tren ng ong ay
z = z 1 + z2 + y
T (5.6) ta thay: cot ap c dung e vt hieu so ap lc gia hai bnh, nang chat long
len mot khoang cac h gia hai bnh Z va thang tr lc tren cac ng ong h.
oi vi quat, do ap suat kh trc va sau quat kho ng khac nhau la may va ty tro ng cua
kh nho, ta co the cho ai lng:
p pI
H t II
z0
H h
ngha la cot ap do quat sinh ra ch dung e thang tr lc tren ng o ng.
c- Cong suat va hieu suat
nhng lng. Nang

Mina
Trong thi gian quat lam viec, moi chat c nhan t quat moht iso
C
. Hcocua quat.
lng cung cap lien tuc cho dong chay nay do ong c truyen cho
TPtru
t
a
u
h
Kycotng suat tren tru c.
Cong suat do ong c truyen qua truc quat go
i la
m
a
u ph
Nang lng truyen cho dong chagt D
loHngS c goi la nan g ln g hu ch. Nang ln g hu
on
ch trong mot n v thi gian hgo
i T
larucong suat hu ch.
t
ig
opylar:
Cong suat huCch
N G.H .Q.H
Trong o:
- c o ban g N/m3
Hay
G- c o bang N/s
G.H .Q.H
N
102
102
- c o ban g kG/m 3
Trong o:
;W
(5.7)
; kGm/s
(5.8)
G- c o bang kG/s
N
Hieu suat la:
- hieu suat toan phan.
N dc
(5.9)
Chng V: Quat
150
5.2 - QUAT LY TAM
5.2.1- Ket cau va mot so chi tiet chnh

Quat ly tam c dung e van chuyen chat kh va tao nen ap suat toan phan khong qua
1500kG/m2 (khi = 1,2 kg/m3) va co he so tang ap < 1,15. Do ap suat be nh vay, s nen khong
anh hng nhieu en s lam viec cua may va tnh b nen cua kh co the bo qua. Bi vay cac c s
ly thuyet cua quat cung giong nh bm va ch khac nhau rat t ve ket cau.
HS
ng D
uat T
u ph
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
ruo
tT
h
g
i
Hnh 5.2 S o ket cau cua quat
opyr
C
1 Truc
6 Thanh truyen ong
2 a chnh ( a sau)
7 Vo quat
3 Canh dan
8 Be quat
4 a phu (a trc)
9 O
5 Mang canh
10, 11 Ong ra, ong vao
Ket cau:
Banh cong tac cua quat c tao bi truc 1, c gan chat vi a chnh 2. Cac canh dan lam
viec 3 c gan chat vi a chnh 2 va a trc 4. a nay am bao o cng can thiet cua mang
canh 5; 6 la thanh truyen ong cua quat. Vo quat 7 c gan vi be 8 tren o co o 9 mang truc
quat co banh cong tac 10 va 11 la nap kep cua ong vao va ong ra.
Banh cong tac co canh dan cong ve pha trc se co ap lc cao hn banh cong tac co canh
thang hoac cong ve pha sau khi co cung so vong quay song hieu suat thuy lc se thap hn. Trong
quat thng dung banh cong tac co canh cong pha trc hoac thang.
Cuoi ong dan ra thng dung oan ong chuyen tiep co dang loa e tiep tuc tang ap kh sau
khi ra khoi vo.
Chng V: Quat
151
Nguyen ly:
Dong kh i vao banh cong tac qua ong vao theo hng doc truc, sau o se quay 1 goc 90o
va chuyen ong trong ranh canh t tam ra ngoai. Sau khi ra khoi banh cong tac, dong kh i vao vo
xoan oc va i ra ong ra.
Chi
P. Ho
T
huat
t
y
K
pham
Hnh 5.3 S o Snguye
n ly va tnh toan
u
H
ng D
o
u
r
5.2.2 - Cac thong so cuatqua
Tt ly tam
gh
i
r
y
a - Ap suat quaCt op
Min
Ta biet rang, ieu kien e may quat co the lam viec trong he thong ong dan, phu thuoc rat
ln vao tnh chat sau: chat kh (hoac chat long) phai thoa man nh luat bao toan nang lng.
p2, c2
2
Ho
p1, c1
Hnh 5.4 S o he thong quat khoi
Chng V: Quat
152
Xet trng hp: quat va ong dan nh trong hnh ve, quat quat khoi t noi hi qua ong khoi
vao moi trng xung quanh.
Viet phng trnh Bernoulli cho mat cat 1-2, ta co:
p
c2
p1 c12
g.H 2 2 g.H 0 g. h
k
k
2
2
Vi:
p1, p2 - ap suat tnh tuyet oi tai au va cuoi cua dong kh 1-2
k - khoi lng rieng trung bnh cua kh tren oan 1-2
c1, c2 - van toc tuyet oi cua kh mat cat 1-1 va 2-2
H - cot ap ma quat at c
h - tieu hao cot ap tren oan 1-2
Ho - o cao t truc quat en mieng ong khoyi thuat

K
pham
u
Ma ta biet:
S
H
ng D
o
u
r
p1 = p1t +htpo T ; p2 = p2t + po - ogHo
g
pyri
o
C
Vi p1t, p2t - ap suat tnh (d )
Chi
P. Ho
Min
o - khoi lng rieng cua kh quyen trung bnh theo o cao cua ong khoi.
Sau khi bien oi ta c:
p 2 t p1t c 22 c12
h H 0 0 1
H
k .g
2g
k
Bieu thc H 0 0
k
(5.10)
c goi la sc hut t nhien cua he.
Do s phu thuoc vao ty so o/k; sc hut t nhien co the dng (+) hay am (-). Neu o > k
va Ho > 0, th sc hut t nhien se dng (+) va no se lam giam cot ap ma quat can thiet.
Khi Ho > 0 va o < k , sc hut t nhien am (-) va lam tang cot ap can thiet va cong suat
tren truc quat.
Khi o = k vi moi gia tr Ho, ta co sc hut t nhien bang khong, luc o quat lam viec vi
cot ap:
p2t p1t c 22 c12
h
k .g
2g
(5.11)
Trong cac thiet b noi hi hien ai cua cac tram nhiet ien, v co hieu so nhiet ien cua kh
quyen va cua khoi ln va v o cao cua ong khoi ln (t 350 400m) nen sc hut t nhien cua he
xuat hien rat ln.
Chng V: Quat
153
e tnh toan ap suat ma quat at c mot cach nhanh chong ngi ta s dung phng phap
he so ap suat toan phan.
Ta bieu dien thanh phan van toc c2u theo he so xoan 2 =
c 2u
loi ra va s dung
u2
phng trnh c ban cua may ly tam , ta co:
H l
u 2 .c 2 u 1
2 .u 22
g
g
(5.12)
anh gia mat mat nang lng trong quat bang cach tnh hieu suat thuy lc:
1
tl . 2 .u 22
g
H tl .H l
(5.13)
p .g.H tl .. 2 .u 22
S dung he so ap suat toan phan:
p
p
.u 22
ruo
tT
popypr.i.guh22
C
p tl . 2
Ta co:
Hay
HS
ng D
uat T
u ph
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
(5.14)
h
Min
(5.15)
(5.16)
(5.17)
e tien tnh toan ap suat toan phan vi 3 loai canh khac nhau, ta co the s dung bang
di ay:
2
2
> 90o
1,1 1,6
0,60 0,75
0,66 1,2
= 90o
0,85 0,95
0,65 0,8
0,60 0,76
< 90o
0,50 0,80
0,70 0,90
0,35 0,72
Neu dong kh loi vao cua quat co cac thong so la p1t , c1 va loi ra p2t , c2 th ap suat
toan phan ma quat at c la:
c 22 c12
p p 2 t p1t .
2
(5.18)
b - Lu lng cua quat ly tam

e so sanh quat lam viec vi cac chat kh co nhiet o khac nhau, khoi lng rieng va ap
suat khac nhau, lu lng c tnh theo m3 tieu chuan, ngha la o nang suat theo ieu kien tieu
chuan cua khong kh sach (p = 760 mmHg va t = 0oC ). Khi o, trong lng rieng cua khong kh
tnh bang o = 1,293 kG/m3.
Chng V: Quat
154
Lu lng tnh theo m3 tieu chuan co the bieu dien:

Q0
G
0
, mtc3 /s hoac mtc3 /h
(5.19)
G - lu lng trong lng tnh theo kG/s hoac kG/h

S lien he gia lu lng Qo va lu lng thc te c tnh theo cong thc:
Q0 Q
(5.20)
Lu lng cua quat co the tnh theo ieu kien bnh thng ( p = 760 mmHg , t = 20oC ,
= 50% - o am tng oi cua khong kh).
Q/ Q
, m 3/s , m3/h
P.
uat T
oi vi khong kh: = 1,2 kG/m3

Vay:
Q Q
1, 2
/
HS
ng D
h
Ky t
m
a
ph
Ho C
(5.21)
nh
i
M
hi
(5.22)
Truo
t t cu
h
g
i
c - Cong suat va hie
u
sua
a quat
yr
Cop
Trong mot so trng hp, ac trng cua quat khong phai la ap suat toan phan ma la ap suat
tnh pt va tng ng vi no la cot ap tnh Ht . Trong nhng trng hp o ngi ta anh gia hieu
qua nang lng cua quat bang hieu suat tnh t .
t
.g.Q.H t Q.p t
N
N
(5.23)
Vay: Hieu suat tnh la ty so gia cong suat co ch e tao thanh ap suat tnh vi cong suat ma
ong c truyen cho truc cua quat. V vay t < . Thng t = (0,7 0,8) .
Cong suat can thiet cua quat c tnh theo cong thc:
N
.g.Q.H
(5.24)
Hieu suat toan phan thng lay trong khoang = 0,75 0,92.
Cong suat cua ong c e keo quat c tnh theo cong thc sau:
Nc = m.
.g.Q.H
. td
(5.25)
m - he so d tr cua cong suat; m = 1,05 1,2 ; cong suat cang nho can chon m cang ln.
Nc = m.
Q.p
. td
Chng V: Quat
155
td - hieu suat truyen ong; khi noi trc tiep truc ong c vi truc quat t = 1; khi truyen
bang cua-roa hnh nem t = 0,9 0,95.
5.2.3 - ng ac tnh cua quat ly tam
Cac ng ac tnh cua quat c xay dng trc tiep t thc nghiem vi so vong quay
khong oi va oi vi khong kh co = 1,2 kg/m3.
oi vi cac ng ac tnh c xay dng vi ieu kien chuan p = 760 mmHg, t = 20o va
= 50%, khi tnh toan tren thc te ch co lu lng, cot ap va hieu suat la khong thay oi, con ap
suat va cong suat tren truc thay oi ty le thuan vi khoi lng rieng cua kh, tc la:
p po
1, 2
va
N No
1,2
(5.26)
Ve mat hnh dang cac ng ac tnh cua quat khac cac ng ac tnh cua bm do cau tao
nhn nga do goc 2
cua bm va quat khac nhau. ac biet mot so quat th ng ac tnh co da
g iye
inM
h
C
Ho
be khi ty so D2/D1 be.
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
Hnh 5.5 ng ac tnh cua mot so loai quat ly tam

1 - quat CT No8
2 - quat U6-46 No4
3 - quat BPH No4
Chng V: Quat
156
* ng ac tnh co th nguyen khi n = const
Chi
P. Ho
Min
T
huat
t
y
am K
Hnh 5.7 HngSuapch tnh khi n = const
gD
unonkhi
r
T
* ng ac tnh co th tnguye
n thay oi n = var cua quat BB No11
h
g
i
yr
Cop
Hnh 5.8 - ng ac tnh co th nguyen khi n thay oi n = var

Trong khi thiet ke quat, ng ac tnh khong th nguyen c s dung rat rong rai. ng
ac tnh nay chung cho ca mot ho cac may co kch thc hnh hoc tng t. ng ac tnh khong
th nguyen rat tien dung e tnh kch thc lam viec cua quat t nhng so lieu cho trc nh:
Chng V: Quat
157
D2 - ng knh banh cong tac

n - so vong quay lam viec, vg/ph.
Luc o ta co:
Q kQ Q
Trong o: k Q o,785 D 22 u 2
H kH H
k H u 22
Ht k H Ht
N kN N
k N 0,785 ..D 22 u 32
p kp p
k p .u 22
.D 2 n
nh
i Mi
h
C
60
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
* ng ac tnh khong th nguyen cua quat U4 K- y76th
am
u ph
S
H
D
uong
r
T
ht
yrig
p
o
C
u2
Hnh 5.9 - ng ac tnh khong th nguyen

5.2.4- ieu chnh quat
e ieu chnh lu lng quat, co 3 phng phap sau:
ieu chnh bang cach thay oi so vong quay
ieu chnh bang tiet lu loi vao va ra cua quat
ieu chnh bang cac thiet b nh hng ca vao.
Chng V: Quat
158
a - ieu chnh bang cach thay oi so vong quay

ay thay oi so vong quay cua quat bang cach thay oi so vong quay cua ong c keo
no, hoac khi so vong quay cua ong c khong oi th lap them bo phan thay oi toc o. Trong ca
hai trng hp nay, thiet b quat phc tap va at them, v vay cach ieu chnh nay ch dung oi vi
quat ln.
Trong mot so trng hp, e moi quat ngi ta dung ong c ien . Loai ong c nay c
ieu chnh bang cach thay oi ien tr trong mach cua roto cho phep ieu chnh eu an so vong
quay.
Trong giai oan hien nay, e ieu chnh quat bang cach thay oi so vong quay, ngi ta
thng dung ong c truyen dan co thiet b bien toc. Phng phap nay dung rat kinh te.
b - ieu chnh bang tiet lu
nh
Phng phap nay c s dung kha rong rai v n gian. Cach ieu chnh
i Mi tng t nh trong
h
C
Ho
bm.
TP.
t
a
u
y oth
c - ieu chnh bang cac thiet b nh hng ac
aKva
m
h
Su p
H
D
Ta thay rang nang lng riengoma
qua
t
cung
cap cho dong kh phan ln la do ieu kien
u ng
r
T
n cua dong kh vao banh cong tac anh hng en cot ap va vi
ca vao cua banh cong tac. S
txoa
righ
y
p
o
mot ng ac tnh l
Ci nhat nh, no se lam thay oi lu lng cua may. Do vay co the ieu chnh
quat bang cach tac dung len dong kh vao quat bang cac thiet b ac biet. Co hai loai thiet b nh
hng: loai hng truc va loai hng knh.
1. Thiet b nh hng hng truc: (dung trong trng hp dong chay loi vao banh cong
tac la hng truc)
Hnh 5.10 - Thiet b nh hng hng truc

Canh dan vi cac truc hng knh ong thi quay nh mot thiet b ac biet. Mot trong cac v
tr ac trng cua no la ng vi v tr canh dan mat phang chnh phng (m hoan toan) va luc ay
dong loi vao banh cong tac se i theo hng truc, lu lng luc nay la ln nhat Qmax. Mot v tr
ac trng khac ung vi trng hp cac canh dan nay ong hoan toan, ngha la Q = 0. Cac v tr
trung gian cho ta cac gia tr ieu chnh.
Thiet b nay tien li khi dong chat kh i vao quat theo hng doc truc.
Chng V: Quat
159
2. Thiet b nh hng hng knh: (dung trong trng hp dong chay loi vao banh cong
tac la hng knh)
nh
i Mi
h
C
Hnh 5.11 - Thiet b nh hng hng knh
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
ay mang li canh hnh tru tron, cac canh danKy
cothdang elip tru co truc song song vi truc
m
a
roto cua may, mang li nay se gay ra s oiSh
u phng cua dong khoi mat phang chnh phng. S
H
D
ncgh gia mat phang trung bnh cua cac canh vi mat phang
lech dong c ieu chnh bang gocrule
T o
t
chnh phng (la mat phaynrgighi qua truc quay cua canh). T hnh ve ta thay, thiet b ieu chnh
op
hng knh oi hoi donCg vao phai co hng knh.
Thiet b ieu chnh at ngay cua vao banh cong tac cang gan cang tot, co nh vay hieu
qua ieu chnh mi cao.
Tren hnh 5.12 la ng ac tnh cua cot ap, cong suat khi n = const, ng vi 3 v tr khac
nhau cua thiet b nh hng ca vao la H1, H2, H3 va N1, N2, N3. Khi quat lam viec vi ng ac
tnh li cho trc, ta co 3 iem tng ng A1, A2, A3, cho ta nhng gia tr tng ng cua lu lng
Q1, Q2, Q3 va cong suat la N1, N2, N3. Ta xac nh c cac iem I, II, III. Noi chung ta c ng
thay oi cong suat khi ieu chnh bang thiet b nh hng hng knh.
Hnh 5.12 o th thay oi cong suat khi ieu chnh bang thiet b nh hng
Chng V: Quat
160
Phng phap nay c dung rong rai trong tat ca cac loai quat nhat la cac loai quat ln.
Neu cac thiet b nh hng c thiet ke va gia cong tot, goc ngoat cua cac canh quat hng be th
ton that do ieu chnh se t va phng phap ieu chnh nay co u viet hn so vi ieu chnh bang
tiet lu.
5.2.5 - La chon quat theo ieu kien cho trc
e la chon quat, ngi ta cho trc nang suat Q va ap suat p. Cac ai lng nay c vho
trong ieu kien lam viec cua quat. Cac tham so ac tnh c cho theo ieu kien tieu chuan, ngha
la t = 20oC, ap suat kh quyen po = 760mmHg va o am tng oi 50%.
Viec la chon quat theo cam nang c tien hanh vi o d tr 5% ve lu lng va 10% ve
ap suat, ngha la:
QK = 1,05.Q
va
pK = 1,1. p.
(5.27)
h
n
Mi
Chi
ay QK, pK, K - thong so trong ieu kien chuan a cho.t TP. Ho
thua
y
K
T cac gia tr cua QK, pK ta la chon loai qua
t can thiet. Phng phap nay cho phep ta xac
pham
uquay.
S
H
nh loai quat, kch thc quat cung nh so
vo
n
g
D
uong
r
T
e at hang mua carcigloa
hti quat, th ngoai loai quat, kch thc va so vong quay, can phai biet
y
p
o
cac tham so phu khac C
nh: cac thong so c dung lam c s e chon quat, chieu quay cua roto, v
tr cua ong hut va ong ay, loai ong c c dung e keo,
Viec xac nh va N trong ieu kien lam viec va tnh toan cac kch thc hnh hoc cua no
co the tien hanh theo cac ac tnh khong th nguyen va s o kh ong cua loai quat a chon.
5.2.6- Phan loai quat va mot so chi tiet chnh cua quat ly tam
a- Phan loai quat: Thng ngi ta phan loai quat theo cac tieu chuan sau:
1.Theo ap suat do quat tao nen:
o
Quat ap suat thap: Co ap suat toan phan ( hieu so cac ap suat toan phan tiet dien ra
va tiet dien vao) di 100 kG/m2
Quat ap suat trung bnh: co ap suat toan phan t 100 200 kG/m2
Quat co ap suat cao: ap suat toan phan t 300 1200 kG/m2
2. Theo hng quay cua banh cong tac:

o
Quat co hng quay ben phai: khi banh cong tac quay theo chieu kim ong ho
Quat co hng quay ben trai: khi banh cong tac quay ngc chieu kim ong ho
3. Theo so pha ong hut:

o
Quat mot pha hut
Quat hai pha hut
Chng V: Quat
161
4. Theo so vong quay ac trng nS:

o Quat co so vong quay ac trng be: nS < 25 vg/ph
o Quat co so vong quay ac trng trung bnh: nS = 25 50 vg/ph
o Quat co so vong quay ac trng ln: nS > 50 80 vg/ph
Ngoai ra, ngi ta con phan loai quat theo s o ket cau, theo tnh nang lam viec,
b - Mot so chi tiet cua quat ly tam
Cach a dong kh vao banh cong tac co anh hng rat ln en hieu qua, en qua trnh lam
viec cua quat ly tam.
Neu phan vao cua quat tot, co ket cau ung se lam cho dong kh phan bo eu an tai thiet
dien vao cua banh cong tac va am bao cho no co phu tai eu an. Do vay, mot trong nhng bo
phan quan trong cua quat la:
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
1. Ong vao
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
Hnh 5.13 Cac loai ong vao

loi vao cua quat co at ong vao. Hnh dang khac nhau cua no c the hien hnh 5.13.
Hnh dang hnh hoc cua ong vao phai am bao e ton that nang lng cho vao la be nhat. ieu
nay c am bao khi ong vao co hnh dang eu an (khong gap khuc).
Con khi at quat vao he thong cac ng ong e quat khong kh oi khi oi hoi phai at
loi vao cac hop va ong co cau tao ac biet. Nhng chi tiet nay pha huy tnh oi xng cua dong
cho vao va s eu an cua phu tai cua banh cong tac dan en giam hieu suat.
Cac hop vao c s dung trong trng hp hut t hai pha. Do co hop vao, cac palie (o bac
) cua quat truc c at ngoai ng khoi ( cac quat khoi) . ieu nay rat quan trong khi van
chuyen cac kh nong va viec kiem tra lap rap cac palie cung de dang hn.
oi khi cac hop vao cung c lap quat co hop hut mot pha, khi o roto se c lap tren
2 goi, chieu rong banh cong tac tang va toc o vong quay cung tang.
Chng V: Quat
162
Trong trng hp do lap rap phai uon cong cac ng ong trc quat, th cung nen at hop
vao. Neu ca vao co thiet b ieu chnh th tien nhat nen at no trong hop vao.
Hop vao phai co dien tch ln. ai lng tng oi
iH
H
1,75 2,25
O
(5.28)
Trong o: H - tiet dien cua hop; O - dien tch tiet dien vao cua banh cong tac
Hop vao
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 5.14 Hop vao
Goc at H cua hop vao tot nhat khi H = 90o.
2.a phu
Hnh 5.15 a phu
Chng V: Quat
163
Hnh dang cua a phu co anh hng rat ln en ton that nang lng cua dong trong banh
cong tac. Ton that se t nhat khi hnh dang a phu eu an va canh vao nghieng.
3. Chieu rong banh cong tac
Chieu rong banh cong tac tang th chieu dai cac lu tuyen tang, dan en giam o cong cua
goc ngoat, ton that nang lng se giam.
4.Vo quat
Vo quat thng co dang xoan oc va trong mot so t trng hp co dang ong tang ap vong.
Trong vo xoan oc, khong phai luc nao toc o ra cua kh sau quat cung giam cho en khi
bang toc o cua dong trong ng ong. Trong trng hp nh vay, cho ra cua quat ngi ta at
them ong tang ap hnh con.
Ong ra xoan oc thng co dang li. Kinh nghiem cho thay, li se lam tang tieng on khi
quat lam viec va co the lam giam hieu suat cua no.
nhc loe en 25o ve
Ong tang ap hnh con cho ra sau ong xoan oc co dang oi xng v
i igo
M
i
Ch
pha banh cong tac.
. Ho
P
T
uat
y th
K
am
u ph
S
H
D
uong
r
T
ht
yrig
p
o
C
Hnh 5.16 Vo quat

5.2.7- Anh hng tap chat kh en s lam viec cua quat
Trong mot so trng hp, chat kh do quat van chuyen co cha cac hat cng nho. V du nh
khi van chuyen kh nen, hut khong kh co bui, cac thiet b quat khoi.
Khi lam viec vi loai kh co tap chat nay, banh cong tac can co sc chong tot oi vi s bao
mon cua cac hat cng co trong dong chay. V vay, banh cong tac va may- cua no phai c che
tao t nhng vat lieu cng, chong mai mon tot. So canh cua banh cong tac can chon t, khoang t 6
8 canh e thao ri va sa cha nhanh.
Ta can xet anh hng cua cac hat cng cha trong chat kh en cac thong so lam viec cua
quat. Nong o cac hat cng trong chat kh c ac trng bang he so nong o khoi lng :
M
(5.29)
C
MK
Chng V: Quat
164
Trong o:
M C -khoi lng hat cng co trong chat kh dch chuyen trong mot giay, kg/s
M K -khoi lng chat kh sach cua tap chat dch chuyen c trong mot giay, kg/s
* Thc nghiem cho thay rang khi tap chat co nho va kch thc cua hat bui nho th cot ap
va lu lng quat cung bang nh khi lam viec vi kh sach. Ch co khoi lng rieng , ap suat p va
cong suat N la thay oi.
Khoi lng rieng cua hon hp:
hh
MC M K
Q hh
(5.30)
Khoi lng rieng cua kh sach:

M
K K
Q hh
uat T
h
Ta co ty so cac khoi lng rieng:
Su p
H
D
g
hh M C
Mruon
ight T K
yr M K
CoKp
hh
Suy ra:
1
K
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
h
Min
(5.31)
hh K 1
Tc la:
(5.32)
(5.33)
Ty so ap suat va cong suat cua quat lam viec vi tap chat va vi kh sach la:
p hh hh gH hh hh
1
pK
K gH hh
K
Hay
N hh
NK
Hay
p hh p K 1
gH Q
hh hh hh hh 1
K gH hh Q hh
K
N hh N K 1
(5.34)
(5.35)
* Con neu quat van chuyen tap chat co nhng hat cng co kch thc ln, th thanh phan
nam ngang cua van toc trong dong chay khong u e gi hat cng trang thai l lng na. Xay ra
s va ap cac hat cng vao be mat, sinh ra them ton that nang lng phu na e thang lc ma sat
cua cac hat cng vi be mat. Luc o, ton that nang lng trong banh cong tac tai ong vao va ra cua
quat se tang len, ap lc do quat tao nen giam va cong suat se tang.
e tnh ap suat va cong suat cua tap chat trong trng hp nay, ngoi ta dung cong thc ban
thc nghiem cua Kalinukin:
Chng V: Quat
165
p hh p K 1 k p
(5.36)
N hh N K 1 k N
(5.37)
Cac he so ieu chnh kp va kN c xac nh bang thc nghiem. Khi kch thc cua cac hat
cng hu c khoang t 0,5 3 mm th:
kp = 0,1 0,45
kN = 1,5 1,7
Hieu suat cua quat khi van chuyen tap chat la:
hh
1 k p .
Q hh .p hh Q hh .p K .1 k p
K
N hh
N K 1 k N
1 kN
(5.38)
Vay cong suat tren truc may khi van chuyen hon hp la:
Q hh .p hh
hh
(5.39)
nh
i
M
i
o Ch
H
.
P
Ta thay, quat dung e van chuyen hon hp lam viec raat tna
Tng ne (v du: quat khoi trong cac
hub h hong. Quat h hong cang nhanh
t
y
nha may nhiet ien). Bot than va tro se lam canh quam
t cho
n
g
K
ha
u pkch
neu canh cang mong, so vong quay cang lHn Sva
thc cac hat cng cang ln. Thi gian lam
ng Ddang canh. V du: quat co canh dan nghieng ve pha sau
viec cua quat khoi con phu thuoc va
rouohnh
T
ightt co canh dan nghieng ve pha trc trong cung mot ieu kien lam
se t b h hong hn so ov
yirqua
p
C
viec.
N hh
Cac bien phap chnh e giam s h hong cua quat khoi:

o Giam so vong quay.
o Tang chieu day cua canh en 8 mm.
o Han them tren be mat canh mot mieng kim loai cng chong mon.
o Dung cac tam mong e bao ve.
o Bao ve tng xoan oc bang nhng tam kim loai ac biet day 10 12 mm.
o Cai tien cac thiet b loc tro.
o Chon hnh dang thch hp cho canh quat.
Chng V: Quat
166
5.3 - QUAT TRUC
5.3.1 - Nhn g chu y ve quat tru c

Trong cac loai may truc, cu the la quat truc, s truyen nang lng t quat cho dong chay
xay ra nh s giup cua banh cong tac co nhng canh dan cong-xo n c gan chat vi ong lot.
V banh con g tac cua may khi quay c gi theo hng truc, con canh dan cua no c gan
chac di mot goc nghieng oi vi mat phang quay, nen banh cong tac van chuyen chat long
( hay chat kh) doc theo truc. V vay nen dong chay co b xoan mot phan.
e khao sat qua trnh lam viec cua may truc , ngi ta s dung thuyet mang profin canh
(mang bien dang canh).
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 5.17 S o nguyen ly ket cau cua quat truc

Cat vong banh cong tac theo mat phang tru bang ban knh r va trai mat phang nay ra
cung cac thiet dien canh dan, ta thu c mang profin phang cua quat truc.
Hnh 5.18 Mang profin canh dan

Cac gia tr c ban, ac trng hnh hoc cua mang la:
t - bc cua canh dan, o theo hng chuyen ong cua mang;
b - o dai day cung cua thiet dien canh dan;
B - chieu rong cua mang, o song song vi truc quay;
1, 2 - goc ca vao va ra cua canh dan, goc gia day cung canh dan va truc mang.
Chng V: Quat
167
Co mot so khai niem c ban sau:

a - Mat o cua mang: ky hieu b la ty so gia day cung va bc canh dan.
b
(5.40)
b
t
b - B c tng oi cua canh dan: ky hieu t la ai lng nghch ao cua mat o.
1 t
t =
(5.41)
b b
Khi xay dn g s o van toc ca vao va ra, ta a vao cac thong so on g hoc c ban cua
dong chay qua mang.
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
u ph
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 5.19 S o van toc cua mang

u1, w1,c1 va u2,w2, c2 tng n g vi van toc dch chuyen, van toc tng oi, van toc tuyet
oi ca vao va ca ra.
1, 2 - goc vao va goc ra.
i1 - goc tien cua canh dan cua ca vao ( goc gia tiep tuyen cua ng trung bnh cua
mang vi van toc tng oi ca vao).
i2 - goc tien cua canh dan cua ca ra
i - goc tien cua canh dan cua mang (goc gia day cung cua mang va vec-t van toc
tng oi trung bnh w ).
T s o van toc nay, ta suy ra: mang profin lam thay oi gia tr va hng cua van toc
tng oi va tuyet oi.
ieu khac biet ac trng cua quat truc la s xoan cua dong chay (c 2u > c1u ) va s hien
dien cua s lu lai cua dong chay loi ra ( 0).
Chng V: Quat
168
5.3.2 - Cac phng trnh c ban cua quat tru c

a- Phng trnh lien tu c
T nh luat bao toan khoi lng dm = 0 hay m = const ; m1 = m2
Ma m = .Q = .S.c
Trong o:
S - thiet dien mat cat cua dong chay
c - van toc tuyet oi cua dong chat long.
Ta co phng trnh dang:
1.S1c1a = 2.S2.c2a
(5.42)
Ta ng dung phng trnh nay vao ranh gia cac canh, khi xet 1 canh dan co o dai r
(xem hnh 5.17)
inhcua mat cat cua
tch
Trong oan r, ta co the gia thiet rang van toc la khong oi. Diehni M
C
Ho
ca vao va ra la bang nhau, tc la:
TP.
t
a
u
h
S1 = S2 = t.r
Ky t
m
a
u pch2a tng ng vuong goc vi cac thiet dien mat
Trong phng trnh tren, cac vec tDcH1aSva
onngg S va S vuong goc vi truc cua may, tc la co the coi
cat S1 va S2. V vay, khi ta gia tthie
Ttrura
1
2
gh
i
r
y
c1a va c2a la nhng thaCnohpphan chieu truc cua van toc tuyet oi.
T hnh ve ta co: c1a w 1a ; c 2a w 2 a
Tc la: phng trnh lien tuc co the c viet sau khi gian c S1 va S2 la :
1 .c1a 2 .c 2 a
Hoac:
1 .w 1a 2 .w 2a
(5.43)
oi vi chat long khon g nen c 1 = 2, ta c:

c1a c 2 a c a ; w 1a w 2a w a
(5.44)
a - Phng trnh nang lng

1.Phng trnh nang lng cua chuyen ong tng oi
Trong chuyen o ng tng oi cua dong moi chat qua banh cong tac cua quat truc nang
lng khong c truyen cho dong chay. ay ch xay ra s bien oi ong nang thanh the
nang. Qua trnh nay gay ra s tan mat nang lng cua dong chay. Khi thay oi ong nang rieng
w2
w2
cua chuyen ong tng oi t 1 en 2 th xay ra s thay oi lien tuc ap suat va khoi lng
2
2
rieng, va phng trnh nang ln g co the viet:
2
w 12 w 22
dp
L ;
2
2
1
2
oi vi quat
dp
C p T2 T1
(5.45)
Chng V: Quat
169
Trong o: L - nang lng a chuyen thanh nhiet nang.

S thay oi the nang c bieu th bang tch phan phan ben phai cua bieu thc tren, co
the tnh c trong trn g hp khi a biet ro moi quan he gia va p, tc la khi a biet c
qua trnh nhiet on g ranh gia cac canh dan. quat, qua trnh nhiet ong la ang nhiet, con
may nen truc la qua trnh a bien.
2.Nang lng ma mang canh dan a cung cho dong chay, co the tnh c theo phng
trnh c ban cua may ly tam, ma o u2 = u1 = u:
L l u c 2 u c1u u.c u
(5.46)
T s o van toc, suy ra

c 2 u u 2 c 2 a cot g 2
(5.47)
c1u u 1 c1a cot g1

The (5.47) vao (5.46), co s dung bieu thc (5.44):
L l u.c a cot g1 cot g 2
Chi
P. Ho
h
Min
(5.48)
T
huat
t
y
K t oi qua mang li canh dan cua quat
3.Phng trnh nang lng cua chuyen on gam
tuye
ph
2
2
u
S
DH C .T T c 2 c1 q
g
(5.49)
truc co the viet:
u.c a .cot g1 rcot
g
n
p
2
1
T uo 2
2
t
h
yringg vao moi trng ben ngoai.
q - mat mat naC
ngopl
c - Phng trnh ong lng
Phng trnh ong lng dung e tnh lc tng tac gia dong chay va cac canh dan cua
quat truc .
Hnh 5.20 S o lc tac dung len mang canh

Gia s oan canh chieu dai r tac dung len dong chay mot lc P ( hnh 5.17 va hnh 5.20)
Cac hnh chieu cua lc nay:
Pa - chieu len truc cua quat;
Chng V: Quat
170
Pu - chieu len truc cua mang.

Ta xet dong chay khi co chuyen o ng tng oi vi o day bang mot bc cua mang.
Ta viet phng trnh ong lng tren truc cua quat va truc cua mang canh dan e xac
nh cac lc thanh phan Pa va Pu.
* Xac nh Pa: Viet phng trnh tren truc cua quat :
Qua thiet dien 1-1, lng chat long chay qua trong mot giay:
m = r.t.w1a.1
Theo hng truc cua may co ong l ng bang:
k1 = m.w1a = r.t.w1a.1.w 1a
Tng t oi vi thiet dien 2-2
k2 = m.w2a = r.t.w2a.2.w 2a
Neu p1 va p2 la ap suat cac thiet dien 1-1 va 2-2 cua do ng chahyi, M

thinahp lc gay ra bi
C
Ho
chung tng ng se la: r.t. p1 va r.t. p2.
TP.
t
a
u
y th hng van toc ban au bang s thay
Xung lng cua ca c l c ngoai ta c dung len dom
ngKtheo
a
u ph can bang nh sau:
Strnh
oi ong lng cua dong, v vay, ta co phng
H
D
ng
P1 + Pa - Pt2=Tkru1 o-k2
h
yrig
Thay vao ta
Cocp:
Pa + r.t. p1 - r.t. p2 = -(r.t.w2a2.2 - r.t.w1a2. 1)
Dau (-) pha phai cua ang thc noi len rang: s thay oi ong lng cua the tch chat
long ang xet gay ra lc tac dung len canh dan theo hng ngc vi Pa. Suy ra:
Pa = r.t( p2 - p1 ) + r.t(w2a2. 2 - w1a2.1)
(5.50)
oi vi chat long khon g nen c va theo phng trnh (5.44), 1 = 2, w1a = w2a ta co:
Pa = r.t( p2 - p1 )
(5.51)
Mang profin, ma dch chuyen chat long khong nen c, khong la m thay oi van toc truc
cua dong cha y; lc doc tru c tac dung len dong chay phan tan e tang ap suat.
* Xac nh Pu: ta viet phng trnh ong l ng tren truc cua mang:
ong l ng trong cac thiet dien la:
k1 = m.w1a = r.t.w1a.1.w 1u
k2 = m.w2a = r.t.w2a.2.w 2u
Phng trnh can bang co dang:
Pu = - (r.t.w2a.2.w2u - r.t.w1a. 1.w1u)
T o suy ra:
Pu = r.t(w1a. 1.w1u - w 2a.2.w2u)
S dung bieu thc (3.4) w1a.1 = w 2a.2 ta co:
Pu = r.t.w1a.1(w1u - w 2u)
(5.52)
Chng V: Quat
171
Lc tong hp, thu c bang cach cong hnh hoc 2 lc Pa va Pu

d- Phng trnh lu so
Bieu thc chung cho qua trnh tuan hoan la:
;
c. cos .dS
- goc (c,dS)
ta co the s dung de dang bie u thc nay oi vi profin cua mang.

Tren hnh 5.20, ta xet vong kn 1-1-2-2-1, ta tng tng rang: qua trnh tuan hoan chnh
la tong cua cac tch phan sau:
1
w 1u dt wdS w 2 u dt wdS
1
w - van toc tng oi cua dong chay.

nhc tai nhng iem
V hai ng 1-2 va 2-1 ve phng dien hnh hoc la nh nhau va va
n ito
iM
h
C
Ho
tng ng bang nhau, nen tch phan th 2 va th 4 b triet tieu. Suy
TP.ra:
t
a
u
h
w 1u w 2 u dt
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
Ma W1u va W2u la khong oi tnh
trung
bnh
theo bc canh dan, nen:
uong
r
T
rwig1uht w 2u .t
(5.53)
y
Cop
e- Thuyet Giukopxki
Lc nang canh (vi l = 1; l- chieu dai canh) chuyen ong trong khong gian vo han, c
xac nh bang thuyet Giukopxki.
Py .w.
(5.54)
Trong o:
w - van toc tng oi cua dong chay
- lu so tuan hoan theo vong kn bao trum canh dan.
* Canh dan c cach ly khong thay oi cac thong so cua dong chay: van toc tng oi
trc canh dan va sau no bang nhau.
* Mang canh dan, nh ta thay hnh 5.19, thay oi gia tr va h ng cua van toc tng oi
( w 1 w 2 ).
o chnh la s khac biet ro rang gia canh dan co lap va mang canh dan.
Thuyet Giukopxki cho canh dan cua mang la:
(5.55)
Py ..w
Py - lc nang canh
T hnh 5.19, ta thay rang w la vec-t van toc trung bnh:
1
w w1 w 2
2
Chng V: Quat
172
Trong trng hp chay qua mang la chat kh co khoi lng rieng , th trong phng trnh
(5.55) co the cho rang la khoi lng rieng trung bnh so hoc ca ra va ca vao:
1 2
2
Va ta thay rang hng cua Py vuong goc vi vec-t w (hnh 5.20).

f- Cac he so kh ong l c ho c
Ngi ta thng dung mot phng phap kha pho bien e tnh toan lc tac dung len mang
canh dan t cac h tnh lc tac dung len canh dan co lap, ta co the viet:
w 2
2
w2
Px C x ..b.
2
Py C y .b.
(5.56)
nh
i Mi
h
C
. Ho
TtPchnh
t
a
c
ma
dien canh dan,
Cy,Cx - he so cua lc nang va cua lc tng tta
u
y h
K
b - o dai day cung canh dan , u pham
DH S
g
n
- khoi ln g rieng cu
a
do
n
g.
Truo
t
ignhg va lc tng tac mat chnh dien cua dong chay va profin cua
cyrna
Py, P x - l
Cop
mang.
Trong o:
He so Cx ch co the xac nh bang thc nghiem. Gia tr gan u ng cua Cy co the tnh gan
ung bang ly thuyet, con gia tr chnh xac th bang thc nghiem.
* Xac nh Cy gan ung bang thc nghiem:
T (5.55) va phng trnh au cua (5.56), ta c:
..w C y ..b.
Suy ra:
w 2
2
w 2
C y .b.
2
Phng trnh nay cung vi phng trnh (5.53) cho phep ta xac nh c Cy
t w w 2u
C y 2 1u
b
w
T hnh 5.19 ta co:

w 1a w 2a
w 1u
w 2u
w sin
cot g1 cot g 2
Hay:
w 1u
cot g1 sin
w
Va
w 2u
cot g 2 sin
w
Chng V: Quat
V vay:
173
t
C y 2 cot g1 cot g 2 sin
b
(5.57)
ang thc nay cho phep ta tnh he so Cy theo cac thong so a biet cho trc cua mang
profin.
Cac gia tr chnh xac Cy va Cx co the xac nh c bang phng phap thoi cac mang
canh dan co kch thc khac nhau vi nhng goc tien khac nhau; thc hie n o van toc, khoi
lng rieng va cac lc Py, Px, sau o tnh Cy va Cx theo phng trnh (5.56). Ket qua cua qua
trnh thoi c bieu die n bang phng phap o th.
5.3.3- Cac tho ng so cua quat tru c
a- Ap suat
Cot ap ly thuyet ma banh co ng tac cua quat truc at c , co the c tnh theo phng
trnh Euler:
nh
u 2 c 2 u u 1c 1u
i Mi
h
C
H l
Ho
TP.
g
t
a
u
y th
ay co the gia thiet u1 = u2 = u. Vi iepuhkie
amnKnay ta co:
u
DH S
u
g
n
H l c 2u Trcu1uo
g ht
yrig
p
o
oi vi quat taCa vao he so tieu hao :
=
ca
u
(5.58)
He so nay c xac nh lu lng the tch chay qua mot n v dien tch cua thiet dien
cat cua mang canh dan.
T tam giac van toc, ta co:
c1u u 1 c1a cot g1
c 2 u u 1 c 2 a cot g 2
Vi ieu kien c 1a = c2a = ca ta c:
Hl
u
u2
c a cot g1 cot g 2
cot g1 cot g 2 (5.59)
g
g
Ap suat ly thuyet ma banh cong tac at c :

p l g H l u 2 cot g1 cot g 2
(5.60)
T ap suat ly thuyet ta co the tnh c ap suat thc te:

p m p l u 2 cot g1 cot g 2 m
Vi:
m - hieu suat cua mang canh dan cua quat truc.
(5.61)
Chng V: Quat
174
b- Hieu suat
1.Hieu suat cua mang canh dan: m
p
p
m =
p p p l
(5.62)
Trong o:
p va pl - ap suat thc te va ap suat ly thuyet gia tang c trong mang,
p - mat mat ap suat trong mang.
Neu mang tang ap suat t p1 en p2 , th:
p 2 p1
m =
p 2 p1 p
(5.63)
2.Tnh hieu suat ma ng theo ca c thanh phan l c

inh n o ng tng
oi vi chat long khong nen c, t phng trnh nang lng cu
i aMchuye
h
C
Ho
oi, ta co:
TP.
t
a
u
h
2
Ky t
w 12 w 22
dp
m
a
L Su ph
g DH
2
2
1
n
r
T uo 2
2
t
rpigh p w 1 w 2
y
p
Suy ra:
(5.64)
p
o
1
C2
2
T s o van toc loi vao va ra, ta co:
w 12 w a2 w 12u
w 22 w a2 w 22 u
=>
w 12 w 22 w 12u w 22 u w 1u w 2 u w 1u w 2u
Ma:
w 1u w 2 u 2w u 2 w a cot g
Vay:
w 12 w 22 2w 1u w 2 u w a cot g
Hay:
w 12 w 22
w 1u w 2u w a cot g
2
(5.65)
Trong o: - goc gia vec-t w va truc mang.

S dung bieu thc (5.64) va bieu thc (5.65), ta c:
p 2 p1 p w 1u w 2 u w a cot g
Pu
cot g
t.r
Hay:
p 2 p1 p
Trong o:
Pu r.t..w a .w 1u w 2 u
Hay
.w a .w 1u w 2 u
Pu
t.r
T (5.61) ta co:
(5.66)
Chng V: Quat
175
p 2 p1
Suy ra:
m =
Pa
t.r
Pa
t. r
(5.67)
Pu
cot g
t. r
Pa
Pu . cot g
(5.68)
3.Tnh hieu suat cua mang theo tnh nang ng c
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 5.21 S o tnh hieu suat cua mang

T hnh 5.21, ta co:
Pa Py . cos Px . sin
Pu Px . cos Py . sin
(5.69)
The (5.69) vao (5.68) ong thi chia ca t va mau cho Py.cos , ta co:
m =
Trong o:
1 .tg
1 . cot g
(5.70)
Px
- tnh nang ngc cua mang.
Py
oi vi canh dan quat truc = 0,02 0,04.

Vi = 0,03 va m = 25o 45o th m = 0,9 0,94.
e tang hieu suat cua mang quat truc can s dung loai profin co gia tr cang nho cang
tot.
4.Hieu suat c kh: tnh en ton that nang lng do ma sat dam, o bi va do ma sat a.
CK = 0,94 0,98
Chng V: Quat
176
5.Hieu suat thu y lc cua cap:
tl =
pc
pl
Trong o:
pc - ap suat c tao thanh bi cap
p c .u 2 ..cot g1 cot g 2 . p p KT p
(5.71)
p - mat mat ap suat khi cung va khi thai;

p - hieu suat cot ap;
pKT - lng ap suat tang c trong qua trnh thai do xay ra hieu n g khuyec h
tan.
oi vi quat truc:
TL = 0,75 0,92
6.Hieu suat toan phan cua cap
= TL. CK = 0,70 0,90
c- Cong suat
T
.Q.H
huat
t
N
y
K
ham
p1000
u
S
H
Cong suat tren truc cua quat la:
Chi
P. Ho
Min
(5.72)
5.3.4- Quat tru c nhie u cap uong D

r
tT
h
g
i
yr
Cop
Hnh 5.22 S o quat truc nhieu cap

Phan tch cong thc (5.60): p l u 2 cot g1 cot g 2 , co the thay rang ap suat c
tao nen bi 1 banh cong tac quat truc b gii han bi cac yeu to van toc va hnh hoc. Trong cac
may truc hien ai cua cac thiet b van tai, ngi ta s dung van toc au cac canh dan cua banh
cong tac rat cao, en 400m/s. Nhng du co nh vay, trong nhieu trng hp van khong am bao
ap suat can thiet. Khi o ngi ta s dung may nhieu cap.
Quat truc nhieu cap co mot so vong on g truc c at tre n mot truc chung (hnh 5.22).
C gia hai banh cong tac c at mot thiet b nh hn g.
Cong dung cua no:
o Van lai dong ra t banh cong tac.
o Cho don g mot hn g can thiet e trao oi nang l ng tch cc cap sau.
o Bien oi mot phan cot ap on g thanh the nang.
Chng V: Quat
177
Thiet b nh h ng c lam t nhng tam cong eu co chieu day bien oi, co sc can
mat trc nho. So cap ap suat trong may truc co khi len e n 20 cap.
5.3.5- ieu kien lam vie c cua quat truc
Cac thanh phan cua canh dan cua quat truc , nhng khoang cac h khac nhau cach tam,
quay vi nhng van toc khac nhau. V vay, canh dan vi chieu rong khon g oi va cac goc ra vao
khong oi tao nen cot ap thay oi theo chie u dai cua canh dan. ieu nay dan en s di chuyen
hng knh cua cac phan t chat lon g trong dong chay cua banh cong tac va s thao dan lam
giam hieu suat cua quat.
Hien tng di chuyen hng knh nay ac biet ro trong cac cap cua quat truc co o dai
canh dan ln. V vay cac cap cua quat truc co o dai canh dan ln thng c thiet ke t ieu
kien khong co s di chuyen hng knh cua dong chat long.
Ta biet rang: trong cac loai may truc, neu bo qua lc nht cua dong, th ieu kien can
nh
bang hng knh c the hien bang ang thc:
i Mi
h
C
Ho
(5.73)
r.cu = const
TP.
t
a
u
h
t
y n e khon g co s chuyen o ng hng
Cong thc nay co gia tr thc te rat ln. iem
kie
auK
h
p
knh ch thc hien c khi khong co s D
thay
H Suoi cua qua trnh tuan hoan theo chieu dai canh
g
n
rtuophan t cua dong chay chuye n on g theo mat tru tron cua
dan. Trong trng h p nay, moi mo
t T
h
g
i
ban knh tng ng. opyr
C
Phng trnh (5.73) la luan e quan trong nhat trong thuyet Giuko pxki. Thc hien c
bieu thc nay trong quat truc cho phep tang rat nhieu hieu suat cua may.
Anh hng cua ieu kien (5.73) len hnh dang ket cau cua canh the hien cho canh dan
co dang cong xoan oc vi nhng goc 1, 2 thay oi theo chieu dai canh dan. Nhng canh dan
loai nay c s dung rat rong rai, ac biet nhng may o ng lot co n g knh tng oi nho.
Trong nh ng may ong lot co ng knh tng oi ln, canh dan c lam khong cong,
nhng day cung giam t trong ra ngoai.
5.3.6- ac tnh cua quat tru c
Hnh 5.23 ng ac tnh cua mot so loai quat truc

1. Quat thuoc seri Y-12 No16
2. Quat thuoc seri BC
Chng V: Quat
178
Tng t nh nhn g may ly tam, ac tnh cua may truc (quat truc) cho ta moi quan he
gia cot ap (ap suat), cong suat tren truc va hieu suat vi lu lng.
ng ac tnh thng c xay dn g bang cach th vi so vong quay khong oi va c
tnh vi nhng so vong quay khac nhau theo con g thc ty le.
Dang ng ac tnh c xac nh nh ket cau va cac tnh chat thuy kh ong hoc cua
may.
* n g ac tnh quat truc khi n = const
Khac vi may ly tam, ng ac tnh cot ap cua may truc thng co dang yen nga . Mat
khac nhng may cot ap thap, th ng gap dang nghien g cua loai ng ac tnh nay.
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
u ph
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 5.24 ng ac tnh cua quat truc cot ap thap

Dang ye n nga tren ng ac tnh giai thch s giam cua lc nang canh khi co lu lng
nho va goc tien tang va giai thch s hien dien cua dong th cap.
ng ac tnh cong suat cua quat truc cho thay s giam cong suat khi tang Q hoac gan
nh nam ngang (hnh 5.24). V vay khi ong quat truc cho phep m hoan toan van tre n ong hut,
tc la co chu tai trong.
ng ac tnh hieu suat cua quat truc co canh dan lam viec c gan chat vi ong lot
co cc ai bieu hien ro. Khi che o lam viec b lech khoi v tr toi u, hieu suat thay oi ot
ngot.
Phan lam viec cua ng ac tnh c thanh lap phan on nh cua no (ben phai iem
B tren hnh 5.24). Gia tr cc ai cho phep thap nhat cua hieu suat khoang 0,9 max .
5.3.7 ieu chnh lu l ng
ieu chnh lu lng cua quat truc co the c tien hanh bang cac h thay oi so vong
quay, thay oi goc quay cua canh dan lam viec bang thiet b hng dong cua vao va bang tiet
lu.
Cach th nhat co hieu qua hn ca.
Chng V: Quat
179
ieu chnh bang tiet lu ac biet khong kinh te, v lu lng b giam trong khi cong suat
khong oi hoac tang. V vay tieu hao nang lng tren mot n v the tch chat long khi ieu
chnh bang phng phap nay tang.
Khi ieu chnh quat bang goc quay canh dan cua banh cong tac hay bang thiet b hng
dong cua vao tiet kiem rat ln nang lng trong qua trnh truyen o ng. Khi ieu chnh bang
goc quay canh dan hoac thiet b hn g don g rat tien li trong viec s dung ng ac tnh ieu
chnh tieu chuan.
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
u ph
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Chng VI: Khai niem chung ve may nen
180
CHNG VI: KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE MAY NEN

6.1- KHAI NIEM CHUNG
6.1.1-nh ngha
May nen la may e nen kh vi c so tang ap > 1,15 va co lam lanh nhan tao ni xay ra
qua trnh nen kh.
Cong dung cua may nen la nen kh va di chuyen kh nen en ni tieu thu theo he thong ong
dan.
May nen dung e thao kh t bnh chan khong va nen chung en ap suat kh quyen hoac ap
suat ln hn, c goi la bm chan khong.
nh
Cac thong so c ban ac trng cho s lam viec cua may nen la: lu hl
i Mnig the tch Q (thng
C
Ho
= p2/p1,
c tnh trong ieu kien hut), ap suat au p1 va ap suat cuoi p2thoa
TPc. he so tang ap
a
u
h
t
so vong quay n va cong suat N tren truc cua may nen. Ky
am
u ph
S
H
6.1.2-Phan loai may nen
D
uong
r
T
* Theo nguyen ly lam
vie
htc co the chia may nen ra lam 3 loai:
yrig
p
o
C
o May nen the tch.
o May nen canh dan.
o May nen phun tia.
* Theo ket cau
May nen the tch co 2 loai:
o May nen piston.
o May nen roto.
May nen canh dan co 2 loai:
o May nen ly tam.
o May nen truc.
Ngoai ra con co the chia may nen ra thanh tng nhom theo dang chat kh lam viec, theo
dang truyen dan,
6.1.3- S o ket cau mot so may nen ien hnh
* May nen piston ( mot piston vi mot cap nen)
Vi chuyen ong tnh tien len xuong cua piston, cac qua trnh sau c thc hien: Dan n,
Hut, Nen, ay. Phng phap tac dung cua may nen piston da vao s thai kh bang piston, cho
181
phep xay dng c nhng ket cau vi ng knh va hanh trnh piston nho, co ap suat ln khi lu
lng be.
uat T
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
h
Su p
H
D
uong
TrHnh
6.1 May nen piston

t
h
yrig
p
o
* May nen rotoCdang tam phang:
Hnh 6.2 May nen roto dang tam phang

1. Vo
2. Roto
3. Cac tam phang
4. Ong hut
5. Ong ay
Khi roto 2 quay, trong cac ranh doc cua roto, cac tam phang 3 co the t do di chuyen, kh
c ien ay trong khoang khong gian gia cac canh c mang t ong hut 4 en ong ay 5 va
c thai ra he thong ong dan.
182
Truc roto cua may nen co the noi vi truc cua ong c khi ong mot cach trc tiep khong
can bo truyen ong. ieu nay lam cho may gian tien, de dung va lam giam khoi lng cua may.
* May nen ly tam:
uat T
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
h
Su p
H
D
g
Hnh
ruon 6.3 May nen ly tam
tT
h
yrig
Cop
Nguyen ly lam viec tng t nh bm ly tam. Truc cua may nen ly tam noi vi truc cua
ong c khi ong (ong c ien hoac tuabin hi nc) hoac trc tiep, hoac qua truyen dan c hoc
e tang so vong quay cua truc may nen nham giam kch thc cua may nen va giam khoi lng
cung nh giam gia may.
* May nen truc:
Hnh 6.4 May nen truc

1. Canh dan cong tac (canh dan ong)
2. Roto 3. Canh dan hng dong
183
Ket cau gom roto co gan canh dan lam viec, vo co gan canh dan hng dong co nh. Kh
c hut vao ong hut, chuyen ong doc truc va ong thi b nen trong cac cap nen cua canh dan.
Qua ong ay kh c ay vao he thong ong dan en ni tieu thu.
e khi ong may nen truc dung ong c ien, tuabin hi nc hoac tuabin kh.
6.2 - NHIET ONG HOC MAY NEN
6.2.1- Qua trnh nen kh

a- Phng trnh c ban
Ly thuyet n gian nhat cua may nen da tren thuyet nhiet ong hoc kh ly tng thoa man
phng trnh:
h
n(6.1)
i Mi
h
C
o ng phng trnh trang thai
Khi ap suat cuoi cua qua trnh nen kh ln hn 106N/m2 coTthe
P. Hdu
t
a
u
h
kh thc:
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
(6.2)
p = Z..R.T
H
D
ng
o
u
r
T
Z - he so nen c, gia tr th
gchtnghiem cua no phu thuoc vao cac ai lng khong th nguyen p/pgh
i
r
y
Cop
va T/Tgh.
p = .R.T
b- Cac qua trnh nhiet ong c ban c s dung trong thuyet may nen
Khi ket hp s dung nh luat th nhat cua nhiet ong hoc va phng trnh trang thai kh ly
tng, ta thu c cac phng trnh cua qua trnh nen va dan n xay ra trong may nen:
* Qua trnh a bien:
p
const
n
hay
pv n const
(6.3)
* Qua trnh oan nhiet:
p
const
k
hay
pv k const
(6.4)
* Qua trnh ang nhiet:
p
const
hay
pv const
(6.5)
Qua trnh a bien la dang tong quat cua qua trnh nhiet ong hoc xay ra trong may nen phu
thuoc vao ieu kien ben ngoai va ben trong vi ch so n = 1,15 1,8.
Qua trnh oan nhiet la qua trnh khong co trao oi nhiet vi moi trng ben ngoai; trong
qua trnh nay co the co s tao nhiet lng ben trong do cong cua ma sat kh va s tao xoay. Qua
trnh oan nhiet mot cach nghiem ngat khong the thu c trong may nen v khong the cach ly
nhiet mot cach hoan toan dong kh vi moi trng ben ngoai.
Qua trnh ang nhiet ac trng cho trang thai ang nhiet do khong co s trao oi nhiet vi
moi trng ben ngoai va khong co s tao nang lng ben trong di anh hng cua ma sat kh
trong dong chay. Trong cac may nen thc, qua trnh ang nhiet khong the xay ra c.
184
c- o th T-S va p-v
* o th T-S: Cac qua trnh a neu tren rat tien bieu th bang o th tren truc T-S.
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 6.5 o th T-S

ay ta a ra nhng dang c ban cua qua trnh nen:
o Qua trnh a bien n < k ac trng cho may nen co qua trnh lam lanh manh bang
nc (hnh 6.5 a) ( may nen the tch).
o Qua trnh a bien n > k ac trng cho cac may nen co qua trnh lam lanh yeu bang
nc hoac lam lanh bang khong kh (hnh 6.5 b) (may nen canh dan)
Qua trnh ang entropi vi S = const (hnh 6.5 c)
Qua trnh ang nhiet vi T = const (hnh 6.5 d)
* Cac qua trnh c, d trong may nen la khong the thc hien c v:
o S tao thanh nhiet lng do cong cua ma sat kh ben trong xuat hien qua ln.
o Khong the lam c ket cau he thong lanh cua may nen e cho he thong nay am
bao c qua trnh nen kh vi nhiet o khong oi.
185
Do vay trong thuyet may nen, hai qua trnh nay ch s dung e anh gia hieu suat nang
lng cua may nen.
Qua trnh nen trong cac trng hp tren la ng 1-2. Trong trng hp a,b qua trnh nen
(ap suat tang) dan theo s thay oi entropi va tang nhiet o cua kh; v vay entanpi tang.
Trong qua trnh nen a bien vi n < k:
-
ng 1-2 la qua trnh nen xay ra vung lam viec (trong xilanh, trong ranh cua banh
cong tac va vo) cua may nen;
ng 2-3 la qua trnh lam lanh ang ap cua kh nen ang ra khoi may nen, qua
trnh nay xay ra bo phan lam lanh cua may nen va trong mang li ong dan.
Theo nh luat bao toan nang lng: cong ma may nen cung cho dong kh trong cac qua
trnh nen va dan n kh (khong ke ti ton that c kh), bang tong nhiet lng lay c t kh trong
nh
cac qua trnh nen va qua trnh lam lanh ang ap.
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TPt. ong c ban:
Ta s dung nh ngha c ban cua entropi trong qua trnh
nhie
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
dQ
a
h
dS
Su p
H
D
T
ng
Truo
t
h ta co:
oi vi ng 1-2pyva
rig2-3,
Co
2
Q12 TdS
1
va
Q 23 TdS
2
Bieu thc di dau tch phan la nhng phan to dien tch cua cac qua trnh nen va lam lanh,
c bieu dien tren o th T-S. Suy ra, lng nang lng n v c cung cho kh e thc hien qua
trnh nen va dan n kh bang tong cua cac dien tch 1-2-5-6 va 2-3-4-5.
Khi nen kh theo a bien vi n > k, thng ac trng cho may nen vi s lam lanh bang
khong kh hoac bang nc cng o thap, dien tch 1-2-6-5 trong qua trnh nen a bien 1-2 la lng
nhiet c tao thanh trong dong chay do ma sat kh va s tao xoay.
Nang lng cung cho may nen, dung e chi ph cho cac qua trnh cua may nen (nen va dan
n) va cho cong cua ma sat kh trong dong chay. Cong cua cac qua trnh may nen bang dien tch 12-3-4-5. Suy ra, nang lng toan phan ma may nen a chi ph (khong ke nang lng a san ra e
khac phuc ton that c kh va ton that lu lng), c bieu th bang dien tch 2-3-4-6 (hnh b).
Neu qua trnh trong may nen xay ra theo ang entropi 1-2 th s hao ton nang lng
toan phan bang dien tch1-2-3-4-5, tc la nho hn mot dien tch 2-2-6-5. Suy ra, s tang nang
lng, ma may nen hao ton, khi chuyen t qua trnh ang entropi sang qua trnh a bien thc vi n
> k, gay nen s tang tieu thu nang lng bang dien tch 2-2-6-5. Ro rang, dien tch 1-2-2 la nang
lng hao ph phu trong qua trnh nen va qua trnh dan n mot the tch, xuat hien do ket qua cua
qua trnh lam nong kh trong khi a1t va tao xoay.
oi vi cac qua trnh ang entropi va ang nhiet tren o th T-S (hnh c, d) th s minh hoa
tren cung c s dung.
186
Nang lng hao ton trong qua trnh nen ang nhiet la nho nhat (hnh d), bieu th bang dien
tch 1-2-4-5.
* o th p-v: trong mot so trng hp cac qua trnh cua may nen tien nhat la bieu th tren o
th pv.
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
ruo
t T Hnh 6.6 o th p-v
h
g
i
yr
Cop
ng 1-2, qua trnh nen a bien vi n < k;
ng 2-3, qua trnh lam lanh, qua trnh nay mot cach ly thuyet xay ra theo ng ang ap
p = const, nhng thc te co lech khoi ng ang ap.
ng 1-2, bieu th qua trnh nen ang entropi;
ng 1-2, bieu th qua trnh nen ang nhiet;
ng 1-2, bieu th qua trnh nen a bien vi n > k.
6.2.2- Phng trnh nang lng (cong nen)
a- Cong nen cua qua trnh a bien
Nang lng L, hao ton trong qua trnh cua may nen, khi nen va dan n 1kg khoi lng kh,
c bieu dien bang dien tch tren o th p-v la dien tch gii han bi cac ng ang ap vi ap suat
au p1 va ap suat cuoi p2, ng nen a bien va truc toa o (hnh 6.6).
oi vi qua trnh a bien, ta co:
2
L pdv p 2 v 2 p1 v1 ;
(6.6)
(dau tr trc dau tch phan bieu th p,v nghch bien).

T phng trnh nen a bien p.v n p1 .v1n , ta co: p
p1 .v1n
vn
187
Thay vao phng trnh (6.6), ta c:

2
L p1 .v
n
1
dv
p 2 .v 2 p 1 .v 1
Ta tien hanh bien oi nh sau:

2
2
dv
v n 1
1 1
1
n
n 1 n 1
v
dv
1 v n 1
n 1
n 1 v 2
v1
So hang th nhat trong phng trnh (6.6) se la:

2
pdv p1 v 1n
1
dv
1 p 2 v n2 p1 v1n
n 1
v n n 1 v n2 1
v1
n 1 p 2 v 2 p1 v1
n
i Mi
h
C
Ho
1
L
p 2 v 2 p1 v1 p 2 v 2 p1 v1 thunat TpP2.v 2 p1v1
n 1
y n 1
am K
h
p
p v H Su
n
p1 v1ruo2ng2 D 1
n h1t T p1 v1
rig
y
p
o
C
Ta co the s dung cac cong thc cua nhiet ong hoc sau:
Vay bieu thc nang lng cua qua trnh a bien la:
v2
v1
p
1
p2
v 2 p1 n p 2

v1 p 2
p1
hay
p
2
p1
1
n
p
2
p1
Nh vay:
p 2 v2 p 2
p1 v1 p1
Hay:
n 1
p
n
2
L
p1 v1 1
p1
n 1

1
n
p
2
p1
1
n
n 1
n
(6.7)
Moi lien he gia ap suat va nhiet o trong qua trnh a bien c xac nh bang ty so:
n
p 2 T2
p1 T1
V vay:
n 1
n
p1 v 1 2 1
n 1
T1
Ket hp phng trnh trang thai p1 v1 RT1 ta c:
(6.8)
(6.9)
188
n
R T2 T1
n 1
(6.10)
b- Cong nen cua qua trnh ang entropi (ang nhiet)

Phng trnh a bien va ang entropi (6.3) va (6.4) hoan toan tng t, ch khac ch so. V
vay oi vi qua trnh ang entropi ta co the viet phng trnh:
L de
p
k
p1 v1 2
p1
k 1
Neu ap dung ty so:
Ta co:
p 2 T2de
p1 T1
k 1
k
(6.11)
k 1
k
k
L de
p1 v1 2de 1
k 1
T1
(6.12)
uat T
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
h
Min
(6.13)
ph
k
H Su
(6.14)
R T2 de g T
D
1
k 1 Truon
ht
yrig
p
o
C
C
Ma ta a biet R C p C v va k p . Do o phng trnh (6.14) co the viet la:
Cv
Hay:
L de
L de C p T2 de T1 i 2 de i1
(6.15)
Phng trnh nay bieu dien cong cua qua trnh ang entropi cua may nen theo entanpi au
va cuoi cua kh b nen.
c- Cong nen cua qua trnh ang nhiet
T o th p-v, ta co:
pv p1 v1 p 2 v 2
Thay vao phng trnh (6.6), ta co:

2
L dn pdv
1
Ma oi vi qua trnh ang nhiet, thoa man bieu thc:
pv p1 v1 p
p1 v1
v
Suy ra:
p
v
v
dv
2
p1 v1 ln v 1 p1 v1 ln 2 p1 v1 ln 1 p1 v 1 ln 2
p1
v2
v1
v
1
L dn p1 v 1
Hay ta co:
L dn p1 v1 ln
189
p2
p1
(6.16)
Ta co nhan xet rang: cac bieu thc a viet tren cho phep ta xac nh c tieu hao nang
lng e duy tr cac qua trnh cua may nen, nhng khong cho ta biet s phan bo nang lng a tieu
hao cho s thay oi cua cac thong so rieng re cua qua trnh .
e xac nh c s phan bo nang lng cho s thay oi cua cac thong so, ta s dung ieu
kien bao toan nang lng: nang lng tieu hao trong cac qua trnh cua may nen dung e thay oi
entanpi, ong nang cua kh va e khac phuc mat mat vao moi trng ben ngoai.
ieu kien nay co the viet dang tong quat nhat o la phng trnh can bang nang lng
cua cac qua trnh cua may nen:
c12
c 22
i1
L i2
q
2
2
(6.17)
nh
Mi
Chi
Ho
c 22 c12
c 22 c12 uat TP.
Hay la: L i 2 i1
(6.18)
q C p T2 T1 y th q
K2
2
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
* Trong ly thuyet va tnh toan uma
nyg nen con s dung cac thong so ham:
Tr o
t
rignhg entropi co nhiet o T va van toc C c ham mot cach hoan toan,
Neu mot dong kh
ya
Cop
tc la ong nang cua no c bien thanh nhiet lng va nhiet o cua kh tang len en T*, th
T*c goi la nhiet o ham.
Luc o can bang nang lng la:
Cp T
=>
c2
C pT
2
T T
c2
2C p
(6.19)
Vay: nang lng rieng cua qua trnh ang entropi c bieu dien theo nhiet o ham la:
L de C p T2 T1 i 2 i1
(6.20)
Ap suat ham c xac nh theo cong thc:

k
T k 1
p p
T
(6.21)
6.2.3- Cong suat cua may nen
.Q.L
;
1000. o . CK
kw
Trong o:
(6.22)
190
- khoi lng rieng cua kh luc vao may nen (kg/m3)

Q- lu lng the tch cua may nen (m3/s)
L- nang lng rieng cua qua trnh cua may nen (J/kg)
o - hieu suat the tch, khi tnh en mat mat the tch kh do s do r qua cac vach lam kn
CK - hieu suat c kh do khac phuc ma sat c kh va truyen dan cua cac c cau c hoc phu
(v du: bm dau, quat, bm cua he thong lanh,)
6.2.4- Hieu suat cua may nen
Hieu qua cua may nen khong the anh gia bang hieu suat nang lng thong thng, tc la:
ty so gia nang lng ma kh nhan c vi nang lng b tieu hao e duy tr qua trnh cua may
nen.
nh
i Mi
Theo phng trnh (6.18):
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
+ Nang lng b tieu hao la:
h
Ky t
m
a
c 2 c 2Su ph
L C p T2 T1 ng2 DH 1 q
2
ruo
tT
h
g
i
pycr2 (ta gia thiet van toc kh khong oi)
Vi ieu kien: C
c1o=
L C p T2 T1 q
+ Nang lng ma kh nhan c trong qua trnh cua may nen:
L q C p T2 T1
Hieu suat nang lng cua may nen la:
C p T2 T1
C p T2 T1 q
(6.23)
Khi ng dung bieu thc nay oi vi qua trnh ang nhiet cua may nen vi T1 = T2, ta c
= 0.
Ma nh trc ay ta a chng minh, rang trong tat ca cac qua trnh co the xay ra c trong
may nen, th qua trnh ang nhiet la qua trnh co tieu hao nang lng t nhat tc la qua trnh kinh te
nhat. Nhng theo (6.23) ta lai thu c = 0.
Vay nguyen nhan la au?
Ta a biet: trong qua trnh ang nhiet cua may nen Cp (T2 - T1) = 0, suy ra entanpi cua kh,
khi ta so sanh no nh la n v o nang lng, la khong oi. Ma oi vi cac qua trnh nen kh, khi
entanpi c bao toan gia tr cua entanpi, qua trnh cua may nen se chuyen sang mc the nang mi,
tng ng vi ap suat p2 cao hn va no cho phep kh co the thc hien c cong khi da n en ap
suat ban au.
191
Suy ra, anh gia nang lng ma kh nhan c trong qua trnh cua may nen bang s thay
oi entanpi la khong co y ngha, v vay khi bao toan entanpi khong oi th kha nang thc hien cong
cua kh c tang len. T ay co the noi rang: khong cho phep anh gia s hoan thien cua may nen
bang gia tr cua hieu suat nang lng thong thng.
* S hoan thien cua may nen c anh gia bang hieu suat nhiet ong tng oi. o la
hieu suat ang nhiet n va hieu suat ang entropi e.
o Neu qua trnh a bien thc xay ra vi ch so n, vi nang lng rieng L, th ta co:
n =
L dn
L
(6.24)
e =
L de
L
(6.25)
h
o n dung e anh gia may nen co qua trnh lam lanh manhhiba
Mnign nc (v du: may
C
. Ho ang nhiet co nang lng
nen piston va roto). oi vi loai may nen nay, qua
TPtrnh
t
a
u
h
rieng nho nhat va la qua trnh chuan cua ma
Kyyt.
m
a
ph
o Nhng loai may nen co lamDlaHnShuyeu (v du: may nen ly tam va may nen truc) c
uong la oi vi nhng loai may nay, qua trnh ang entropi la
anh gia nh et. Co
Trngha
gh
qua trnh
pyrin va hoan thien nhat.
Cochua
* Moi lien he gia hieu suat ang entropi tng oi vi cac thong so ham cua qua trnh.
T (6.1) va (6.11):
p = .R.T
p
k
p1 v1 2
k 1
p1

k
p 2
L de
RT1
p
k 1
1
L de
Ta co:
k 1
k
k 1
k

p 2
1 C p T1
p
1
k 1
k
Qua trnh thc la a bien va co bieu thc (6.18):

L Cp T2 T1
c22 c12
q
2
Khi viet theo thong so ham vi ieu kien q = 0, ta co:
L C p T2 T1
T hai bieu thc nay ta co:
(6.26)
192
k 1
p 2 k
1
p
L de
e =
= 1
L
T2
1
T1
(6.27)
* Cong thc dung e tnh hieu suat ang nhiet tng oi, e anh gia may nen the tch 1
cap co lam lanh manh bang nc thu c t (6.16) va (6.26):
L dn p1 v1 ln
p2
p1
L C p T2 T1
R ln
Vay:
n =
p2
p1
C p 2 1
T1
uat T
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
h
Min
(6.28)
h
Su p
H
D
g ngha v m au va ket thuc qua trnh nen van toc dong
ony
( ay s dung thong so ham khon
Tgruco
t
h
kh khong ang ke).
yrig
Cop
6.2.5- Lam lanh trung gian va nen nhieu cap
Ap suat ma may nen tao c khi lam viec trong s o cong nghe san xuat at ti nhng
gia tr rat ln. Mat khac, e tao c ap suat cao trong mot cap cua may nen gap kho khan.
Nguyen nhan:
Trong may nen the tch: la s tang qua mc nhiet o cuoi qua trnh nen, gay nen
s khong the thiet ke mot may nen co the lay nhiet lng t kh nen u manh.
Trong may nen canh dan: la khong cho phep van toc canh dan qua ln, v canh dan
c lam t nhng vat lieu co o ben xac nh.
V vay: e tang ap suat trong qua trnh nen ngi ta thng dung:
Lam lanh kh trong qua trnh nen
Tien hanh nen kh nhng cap noi tiep, ong thi thc hien giam nhiet o kh
thiet b lanh c at gia cac cap.
S o chung cua may nen co cac cap nen:
193
Hnh 6.7 S o nen nhieu cap

1,2 Thiet b lanh
3,4,5 Cap may nen
S dung may nen co cap vi s lam lanh kh nhng thiet b lanh (TBL) gia cac cap a
lai tiet kiem ln nang lng phai tieu hao e dan ong may nen. ieu nay thaynh
ro tren o th T-S
i
M
i
va p-v cua may nen 2 cap:
Ch
. Ho
P
T
uat
y th
K
am
u ph
S
H
D
uong
r
T
ht
yrig
p
o
C
Hnh 6.8 o th T-S va p-v khi nen hai cap
Neu qua trnh nen tien hanh trong 1 cap, th ng nen c bieu th bang ng a bien co
n > k : 1-2. Khi nen cung trong khoang ap suat ay, 2 cap c bieu th bang ng gap khuc 12-1-2, c tao bi 2 ng a bien 1-2 va 1-2 va mot ng ang ap 2-1, la qua trnh
lam lanh thiet b lanh gia cap vi ap suat cap pc = const. Trong 2 o th, nang lng tiet kiem
c t qua trnh nen 2 cap co lam lanh gia cap c bieu dien bang dien tch c gach ngang
1-2-2-2.
Trong may nen hien ai, ngi ta s dung:
1. Lam lanh may nen bang cach a nc vao khoang c lam ac biet trong vo uc
goi la lam lanh trong . Phng phap nay lam tot mot cach ang ke ieu kien tra dau m
cua may nen piston. Con bang phng phap nay muon tiet kiem nang lng va a qua
trnh nen ve ang nhiet khong thc hien c. Nguyen nhan la ieu kien trao oi nhiet
gia cac dong kh va nc lanh gap kho khan.
194
2. Lam lanh trong thiet b lanh c at gia hai cap rieng re goi la lam lanh ngoai.
Vi phng phap nay s dung thiet b lanh dang ong co be mat tiep xuc ln co the thu
c tiet kiem nang lng tieu hao 1 phan. Trong cac may nen ly tam, cac thiet b lanh
thng c phan bo gia cac nhom cap e lam n gian ket cau cua thiet b.
3. Lam lanh lien hp la ket hp ca lam lanh trong va lam lanh ngoai. Phng phap nay co
tnh hieu qua ln nhat va c s dung rat rong rai mac du ket cau phc tap va tang gia
thiet b.
4. Lam lanh bang s phun nc lanh vao dong kh trc cap th nhat cua may nen. Vi
phng phap nay nhiet lng kh c tieu hao tng phan e lam bay hi nc lam lanh
va nhiet o cuoi qua trnh nen b giam kha nhieu. Nhc iem cua phng phap nay la
lam am kh do o trong mot so trng hp khong the dung c.
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
u ph
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Chng VII: May nen canh dan
195
CHNG VII: MAY NEN CANH DAN

7.1- MA Y NEN CA NH DA N LY TAM
7.1.1- Nguyen ly lam vie c cua may nen ly tam
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
u ph
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 7.1 S o nguyen ly cua cap may nen ly tam

1.a chnh
5.Ong tang ap
2.Canh dan
6.Ranh canh h ng quay
3.a phu
7.Ranh canh h ng ngc
4.Truc
8.oan vao
Tren s o la hnh ve n gian cua banh cong tac cua may nen ly tam. Kh i vao banh
cong tac theo hng truc (nh hnh ve) sau o quay 1 goc 90o va i vao ranh canh. Ranh canh
c tao nen bi a chnh 1, cac canh dan 2 va a phu 3.
Canh dan trong khi quay a truyen cho kh mot chuyen ong quay. ay lc ly tam xuat
hien va ay cac phan t kh chuyen o ng t trong ra ngoai va nh vay kh b nen lai. Chuyen
ong tng oi cua dong kh trong may ne n ly tam theo ng xoan oc . Sau khi ra khoi banh
cong tac, kh b nen i vao on g tang ap 5 nam bao quanh banh cong tac. ay ong nang bien
thanh the nang, tc la ap lc tnh cua khon g kh nen tang. Ong tang ap co the co canh h ng
hoac khong co canh hng. Trong ong nay kh nen cung chuyen ong theo ng xoan oc.
Nh co cac canh quat h ng quay 6 va canh quat hng ngc 7, kh nen c a vao
banh cong tac qua tang sau. cac canh dan nay dong cung b xoan theo chuyen ong xoan oc.
oan vao 8 am bao cho kh nen vao banh cong tac tang sau c eu.
196
Tang (hay cap) may ne n bao gom: banh cong tac, ong tang ap, cac canh nh hng xuoi
va ngc .
7.1.2- Phng trnh lam vie c cua cap may nen
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
u ph
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
C
Hnh 7.2 S o chuyen ong cua dong kh trong cap nen
Khi cho dong kh chay qua ranh canh cua cap, trang thai cua no b thay oi do co s trao
oi nang lng gia dong kh va banh con g tac, do ma sat kh, do s tao thanh xoay va do co
trao oi nhiet vi moi trng ben ngoai may nen.
* Ta viet phng trnh can bang cua dong kh tren oan 1-2(J/kg):
Nang lng cua kh tai mat cat 1 ca vao banh cong tac trong kenh gia canh dan:
L1
c12
C p T1
2
Nang lng ma cac canh dan cong tac a truyen cho kh theo phng trnh Euler:
L u 2 c 2 u u 1c 1u
Nang lng cua kh thiet die n ra gia cac ranh canh dan:
L2
c 22
C p T2
2
Neu qua banh con g tac, nhiet lng c truyen t kh ra moi trng ben ngoai la q, th
phng trnh can bang nang l ng la:
L1 L q L 2
Hay:
197
c12
c2
C p T1 u 2 c 2u u 1c1u q 2 C p T2
2
2
Suy ra, nhiet o ne n cuoi cung banh co ng tac la:

T2de T1
q
1
c12 c 22 2u 2 c 2 u u 1 c1u
Cp
2C p
(7.1)
1
c12 c 22 2u 2 c 2 u u 1c1u
2C p
(7.2)
Khi gia s qua trnh la ang entropi, ta c:

T2de T1
Ngoai ra khi nen ang entro pi ta co:
T2de p 2

T1
p1
k 1
k
uat T
T (7.2) suy ra:
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
u ph
k 1
1
2 H S2
D
(7.3)
p 2 p1 1
c
c
2
u
c
u
c
n
1
2
2
2
u
1
1
u
t 2TCrupoT1
h
yrig
Cop va (7.3) lien he cac yeu to nhiet ong T, p va Cp vi cac kch thc
Phng trnh (7.2)
hnh hoc , so vong quay va dang canh dan banh cong tac cua may nen. Cac phng trnh nay
khong c khang nh qua cac th nghiem v qua trnh nen thc trong banh co ng tac khon g phai
la ang entropi.
Van toc ln cua dong kh gia cac ranh canh cua cap gay nen nhng mat mat ang ke
do ma sat va tao xoay va s chuyen hoa mot phan nan g ln g cua do ng kh thanh nhiet ln g.
ieu nay dan en qua trnh nen thc co dang qua trnh a bien vi ch so n:
pvn = const
Ngoai ra s tan nhiet t don g kh trong banh co ng tac va moi trng ben ngoai kho ng
ang ke. oi vi qua trnh nen trong trng hp nay co the cho q = 0 va:
p 2 T2

p1 T1
n
n 1
(7.4)
Vi n = 1,5 1,62
Trong thc te tnh toan va anh gia cap cua may nen canh dan ly tam co lam lanh ye u,
ngi ta s dung hieu suat ang entropi (e = Le/L)
T hai cong thc (7.1) va (7.4) vi q = 0 va khi s dung bie u thc e qua cap nen vi cac
qua trnh ang entropi va a bien, ta c:
198
n 1
de
p 2 p1 1
c 12 c 22 2u 2 c 2 u u 1 c1u
2C p T1
(7.5)
e = 0,8 0,9
Phng trnh (7.5) co the s dung e tnh toan ap suat cuoi trong banh cong tac cua cap
may nen.
* Thiet b nh hn
Trong cac thiet b nh hng cua banh cong tac, nang lng khong c truyen cho
dong kh t ben ngoai. ay ch xay ra s bien oi ong nang thanh the nang hoac ngc lai.
Neu gia s rang s trao oi nhiet vi moi tr ng ben ngoai la kho ng co, khi can bang
nang lng cua don g tren oan 3-4 se la:
C p T3
c32
c2
C p T4 4
2
2
T ay suy ra:
c 23 cD24H Su
T4
1ng
1
TTr3uo c 23
2
C
T3
p
t
igh
opyr
C
T nh luat: R.cu = const, suy ra:
c4 R 3
c3 R 4
Ta co:
uat T
y th
am K
ph
Chi
P. Ho
h
Min(7.6)
(7.7)
; R 3 , R 4 - cac ban knh.
c 23
T4
1
T3
2C p T3
R 23
1 2
R
4
(7.8)
n
T
p
Gia s qua trnh la a bien ta co: 4 4
p 3 T3
n 1
; suy ra:
c32
p 4 p 3 1
2C p T3
R 32
1 2
R
4
n 1
(7.9)
Ch so n phu thuoc vao ie u kien lam lanh va oi vi ket cau may nen thng n = 1,5.
7.1.3- Tnh toan lai ng ac tnh
a- Khi thay oi so vong quay: (ng dung ong dang)
Cho ng ac tnh cua may nen vi so vong quay na. Yeu cau dng lai ng ac tnh
vi so vong quay nb nho hn hoac ln hn na, khi thanh phan kh va cac tho ng so ban au kho ng
oi.
Lu ln g cua may nen c xac nh theo phng trnh lien tuc bang gia tr cua van toc
tuyet oi, ma van toc nay theo ieu kien o ng dang ong hoc ty le vi van toc von g, suy ra la ty
199
le vi so vong quay. V vay vi he so nen khong ln lam, e tnh toan lai lu lng co the s
dung cong thc ong dan g thong thng:
Q b Qa .
nb
na
(7.10)
Tnh toan lu lng theo (7.10) khong c chnh xac lam, mc o sai cang ln khi he so
tang ap cang ln.
T phng trnh can bang nan g lng cua qua trnh trong may nen (lien he the nang c
cung cho canh dan vi nang lng cua don g kh trong may ne n), suy ra trong qua trnh ang
entropi:
kk1
a 1 n 2
nh
i Mi
h
C
P. Hi olien he sau:
V vay, oi vi 2 so vo ng quay na va nb, co the chaphnha
tnTmo
a
u
Ky t
k 1
m
a
h
Su p
a k 1 n 2a
H
D
(7.11)
2 uong
k 1
n bTr
k
t
b yri1gh
Cop
Suy ra, he so tang ap vi so vong quay nb:
n - so vong quay cua truc may nen.
n
b 1 b
n a
k 1
k
a
k 1
1
(7.12)
oi vi may nen khong kh cong thc (7.12) co the viet gan ung nh sau:
n
b 1 b
n a
a 1
(7.13)
Theo nhng gia tr cua lu l ng a tnh toan tng ng vi b, ta se tnh ap suat pb = p 1.

b va xay dng ng ac tnh cho che o ng vi nb.
e n gian va vi chu y rang cong suat cua may ne n ty le vi khoi lng rie ng cua kh,
th cong suat cua che o b c tnh theo cong thc gan ung nh sau:
Nb b
a
nb
na
N a
(7.14)
b- Khi thay oi tnh chat vat ly cua kh

Tnh chat vat ly cua kh s dung trong bai toan ang xet c ac trng bang cac gia tr
R, k = Cp/Cv, .
ng ac tnh a cho cua may nen vi nhiet o va ap suat ban au la T2a va p1a, lam
viec vi so vong quay na vi kh co cac hang so la Ra, ka, a.
200
Yeu cau tnh toan lai ng ac tnh lam viec cua may nen khi so vong quay khon g oi,
nhng kh co cac hang so Rb, kb, b va cac thong so ban au la T2b va p1b .
Trng h p thng gap nhat la may nen lam viec vi kh 2 phan t. V vay ta gia s
ka = kb = 1,41.
Anh h ng cua so Re loai tr va v vay anh hng cua o nht khi tnh toan co the bo
qua.
ieu kien tng t cho ta he so lu ln g la khong oi. V vay:
c1a c1b
u 1a u 1b
T o suy ra:
hay
S1c1a S1 c1b
c1a c1b
hay
Q 1a Q1b
S thay oi cac hang so kh va nhiet o au khong anh hng en lu lng the tch cua
nh
may nen.
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TPn. la ang entropi, khong phu
Gia s nang lng rieng cua cac qua trnh trong ma
yt ne
a
u
h
Ky t
thuoc vao ieu kien ban au, co the viet:
m
a
h
Su p
k 1
H
D
k 1
g
k
k
R b T1b bk 1
R a T1a T
arkuon1
k 1right
k 1
y
Cop
T ay suy ra:
k
R a T1a k 1 k 1
b k 1
b 1
R
T
b 1b

(7.15)
Hoac dang gian c khi k = 1,41:
R T
b 1 a 1a
R b T1b
a 1
(7.16)
Khi chon tren ng ac tnh a cho gia tr pa vi Qa bat ky va xac nh a = pa/p1a theo
(7.16), ta tnh c:
b
T o suy ra:
pb
p 1b
p b b p1b
Va t gia tr pb a nhan c ta dng ng ac tnh ap suat can tm.

Tnh toan ng ac tnh cong suat c tien hanh tng t nh tr ng hp tren .
Chng VII:May nen canh dan
201
7.2- MA Y NEN TRU C
7.2.1- Cau tao chung cua may nen truc, cau tao cap
Chi
P. Ho
Min
T
huat
t
y
K
Hnh 7.3 S o cau taopchung
ham cua may nen truc
u
S
H
1. Canh dan lam viec
3. Canh dan nh hn g
ng2.DRoto tron g
o
u
r
T
ht
yrig
p
o
C
Khac vi may nen ly tam, may nen truc kh nen chuyen ong doc theo truc .
Roto 1 co dang trong. Tren roto co gan cac canh dan lam viec 3. Cac canh dan nh
hng co nh 4 c gan tre n than may 2. Nhng canh dan nay cung c gan trc cap th
nhat va sau cap sau cung.
Kh co cac thong so ban au p1, T1, C1 i vao ong vao cua may nen, sau khi i qua tat ca
cac cap, chung se i qua ong tang ap, sau o i qua ong ay en ni tieu thu .
on g vao co cac canh hng dong lam cho dong hi ngoat ve pha quay cua roto hoac
ve pha ngc lai tuy theo tnh chat cua tng tang. Trong mot so may nen, bo vao kho ng co.
Trong cac ranh tang ap cua cac canh dan ong, nang lng cua dong se tang, tc la ap
suat va van toc tang.
Khi dong kh chuyen ong qua cac canh dan ong xuat hien lc P = Px + Py . Lc nay co
hng ngc vi hng quay cua banh cong tac va tao ra cong nen.
Con trong cac ranh cua canh nh h ng ch co s bien ong nan g thanh the nang va
giup cho don g kh co mot h ng nhat nh trc khi vao day canh o ng sau.
202
Ca u tao cap may nen tru c
nh
i Mi
h
C
. Ho
TPtru
t
a
Hnh 7.4 S o cau tao cap ma
y
ne
n
c
u
y th
K
May nen truc c tao bi mot so cap aup psua
t. Moi cap gom mot vanh quay cac canh dan
ham
S
H
D
lam viec va mot vanh co nh cac canohngdan hng dong tao thanh mang canh dan. Cac canh dan
Truhay gan chat vao roto trong, con cac canh dan hng dong
tc a
lam viec c gan chat vaoigca
h
yr
c gan chat vao vo C
cuopa may nen.
Cap au cua may nen co the c lam co canh dan hng hoac khon g co chung. Con cap
cuoi cung luon luon co canh dan h ng dong ra, muc ch cua no la e van dong va lam giam
mat mat nang lng ca ra.
7.2.2- Tnh chat, nh ng thong so ac trng
a- Nang lng banh cong tac truyen cho dong kh
Ta chia cap bang mat phang tru co o day r nh hnh ve (hnh 7.4). Trong gii han o
dai cua cap nguyen to, cac tam giac van toc khong thay oi.
Hnh 7.5 S o mang pro fin canh cua may nen truc
1.Canh dan lam viec
2.Canh dan nh hn g
203
Ban knh cua cap nguyen to r = const, nang lng ma cac canh dan cong tac cua may nen
truc truyen cho dong kh, khi u1 = u2 = u c xac nh theo co ng thc :
L l u c 2 u c1u u.c u
(7.17)
Khi s dung phng trnh lien tuc va bieu thc hnh hoc gia cac tam giac van toc, ta co:
c1u u 1 c1a cot g1
c 2 u u 2 c 2 a cot g 2
c1a 1 c 2a 2
hay
c 2 a 1
c 1a 2
Ta thu c :
L l u.c1a cot g1 1 cot g 2

2
Cho gan u ng 1 2 , ta co:
(7.18)
inh
iM
Ch
P. Ho
T
huat
t
L l u.c1a cot g1 cot g 2
(7.19)
y
am K
h
p
Neu gia thiet rang qua trnh trong D
baHnhSucong tac xay ra khon g co mat mat th nang lng
g
n
ruo
a cung cho kh c xac nh theo
t T (7.18), (7.19).
h
g
i
yr tang nang lng c xac nh bang hieu so entanpi cua dong ham:
Ma ta a biet, C
sopgia
L l i 2 i1
Suy ra:
u.c a cot g1 cot g 2 i 2 i1
(7.20)
Phng trnh nay cho ta moi lien he gia cac thong so hnh hoc va nhiet ong hoc.
b- Hieu suat co ch cua cap nguyen to
* Nang ln g ma may nen cung cap cho dong kh e:
Tang ap suat
Thay oi ong nang cua dong kh
Khac phuc mat mat vao moi trng ben ngoai.
Do o, phng trnh nang lng cua do ng kh co dang:

2
Ll
3
dp c 22 c12
dp c 23 c 22
l
rt
1
2 2 l dh
2
(7.21)
vi: l rt l dh l c mat mat nang lng cua cap, gom mat mat nang lng ranh cong tac l rt va
thiet b nh hng l dh .
Phng trnh cuoi cung a ve dang:
3
dp c 23 c12
Ll
lc
2
1
* Nang ln g thc ma dong kh nhan c cap cua may nen la:
204
L Ll lc
1
dp c 32 c12
(7.22)
S hoan thien kh ong cua cap c anh gia bang ty so L/L l , c goi la hieu suat co
ch noi (c ky hie u bang ch so i)
3
dp c32 c12
1 2
L l 3 dp c 23 c12
1 2 l c
(7.23)
Neu qua trnh cua cap xay ra theo a bien, th nang lng rieng thc c tnh theo bieu
thc a biet:
p
n
L
RT1 3
p1
n 1
n 1
n
c 2 c12
nh
1 3
i Mi
h
C
2
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky tbieu thc (7.23), c goi la hieu suat
Luc o hie u suat co ch noi cua cap c tnh
theo
m
a
h
Su p
H
co ch noi a bien, ky hieu b .
D
uong
Trn cua may nen co lam lanh ye u ngi ta s dung hie u suat
* e anh gia s hoagh
ntthie
yri
ang entropi.
Cop
oi vi cap cua may nen truc ngi ta dung hie u suat noi ang entropi, c tnh theo
cac thong so ham bang bieu thc sau:
k 1
k
ide
p
1
p

T3
1
T1
(7.24)
ide
i 3de i1de

i 3 i1
(7.25)
Cac gia tr ide va idb cua cap may nen truc khac nhau khong qua 0,5%, v vay s dung
ide trong thc te la cho phep.
oi vi nh ng cap cua may nen truc lam viec on nh, nen khong kh, he so tang ap
= 1,1 1,3 ta co:
ie = 0,85 0,95
c- He so hoat tnh cua cap
Cac cap cua may nen truc c ac trng bi he so hoat tnh.
He so hoat tnh the hien kha nan g at c cot ap tnh cua banh cong tac. He so hoat
tnh c xac nh bang ty so gia cot ap tnh ly thuyet vi cot ap ly thuyet toan phan at c
bi canh dan cua banh cong tac. Goi la he so hoat tnh ta co:
205
H lt L lt
H l
L l
uc 2u
c 22 c12
c1u
2
u c 2 u c1u
T tam giac van toc, ta co:
c12 c12u c12a
; c 22 c 22 u c 22a
V:
c1a c 2a
Vay:
c 22 c12 c12u c 22 u c1u c 2 u c1u c 2u
Ta thu c dang n gian nhat cua he so hoat tnh la:

1
c1u c 2 u
2u
(7.26)
Cac cap cua may nen truc thng co he so hoat tnh = 0,5 1,0
nh
i Mi
h
C
o 0,75.
Ta se xet s ac biet cua mang cap co he so hoat tnh la T
0,5;
P. H1,0;
t
a
u
h
Cap co = 0,5
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
Hnh 7.6 Mang canh cua cap co = 0,5

T (7.26) suy ra:
c1u u c 2 u va
c 2 u u c 1u
Tam giac van toc thoa man ieu kien nay the hien tren hnh 7.6. T o ta co ty so:
w 12 c 22 u c 2a va
w 22 c12u c 2a
Mang canh dan cong tac lam tang o xoan cua dong c 22 u c12u suy ra c12u c 22 u 0 va
w 22 w 12 0 . T o suy ra: w 22 w 12 .
Bat ang thc nay cho ta thay rang : cac kenh gia canh dan cua banh cong tac cua cap
co = 0,5 la khuec h tan.
206
nhng ong khuec h tan xay ra s giam van toc tng oi va co s bien ong nang
cua chuyen ong tng oi thanh the nang.
He so hoat tnh = 0,5 cho ta moi quan he gia cac thanh phan van toc va dang cua
ranh canh sao cho mat mat nang lng trong cap la t. ieu nay giai thch ve s s
dung cap co = 0,5 loai may nen truc on nh.
* Cap co = 1,0
T phng trnh (7.26) ap dung cho trng hp nay ta co:
hay
c 1u c 2 u 0
c 1u c 2 u
hay
c 1u c 2u
Tam giac van toc ng vi trng hp nay c bieu dien tren hnh 7.7
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min

T tam giac van toc ta co cac ty so hnh hoc sau:
w 12 c 2a u c1u
w 22 c 2a u c 2 u
T o suy ra
w 2 w1
w 12 w 22 4u.c1u
V vay: s tang nang lng trong qua trnh nen banh cong tac cua cap khong co s mat
mat la:
w 12 w 22
2u.c1u
2
T tam giac van toc tren hnh 13.5 vi ieu kien c1u c 2u , suy ra:
c1 c 2
hay
c 22 c12
=> ong nang khong oi
2
Vay: nang lng ma kh nhan c t banh cong tac chuyen hoa hoan toan thanh the
nang.
207
Trong cap co = 1,0 (100% hoat tnh) nang lng nhan c cap ch co dang the
nang (ap suat). Qua trnh ne n xay ra gia cac ranh canh cua banh cong tac .
Trong trng h p nay, cac ranh canh hn g dong khon g lam thay oi gia tr cua van toc
tuyet oi nhng ch lam thay oi hng cua no tng n g vi goc 1 va2.
* Cap co loi vao va loi ra hng tru c ( = 0,75)
Ta xet trng hp khi do ng kh c cho vao cap va i ra khoi no vao cap sau theo hng
truc, tc la:
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min

Dong kh i vao cap theo h ng truc ne n c1u 0
Gia s rang : c 2 u 0,5u thay vao ta co:
1
c 1u c 2 u
0,5u
1
1 0, 25 0,75
2u
2u
Suy ra, ranh canh banh cong tac xay ra s tang ap suat do ket qua cua s giam ong
nang cua chuyen ong tng oi.
Nang lng do s tang ap neu cha tnh e n mat mat nang lng ta co:
2
1
2
2
w w
c a2 u 2 c 2a
2
u2
4 3u2
8
Thiet b nh hng cua cap co = 0,75 co tnh cua ong khuech tan, v vay ay xay ra
s giam van toc cua chuyen ong tuyet oi t c 2 c 3 c1 . Ket qua cua ieu nay la s tang ap
suat tng ng vi s giam ong nang cua chuye n ong tuyet oi.
Truong DH
SPKT VIII:
TP. HCM
Chng
May nen the tch
208
CHNG VIII: MAY NEN THE TCH

8.1- MAY NEN PISTON
8.1.1- o th cong ( hay o th ch th)
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
u ph
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 8.1 - S o may nen va o th ch th

vch - the tch chet
vth - the tch thai
vdn - the tch dan n
vh - the tch hut
vlv - the tch lam viec
Ta se theo doi trnh t lam viec cua may nen di s giup cua o th p = f(v), v-the
tch cha trong xilanh c gii han bi piston, no phu thuoc vao v tr cua piston.
Khi piston dch chuyen t pha phai sang pha trai, piston nen kh nam trong xilanh. Van
hut (hay con goi la van nap) ong trong suot thi gian qua trnh nen kh. Con van ay ong en
khi nao hieu so gia ap suat trong xilanh va ap suat trong ong ay thang c lc ay cua lo so.
Khi ieu nay xay ra, van ay m va piston se thai kh vao ong ay. Qua trnh tang ap suat bieu
dien tren o th la ng 1-2, con qua trnh thai kh la ng 2-3.
Neu p2 la ap suat trong xilanh khi thai kh, th the tch kh thai c vi ap suat p2 la vth .
Khi nen, nhiet o kh tang, nhng nc lanh khong lay c mot cach hoan toan lng
nhiet do qua trnh nen kh thai ra. Do vay ng nen la ng a bien: pvn = const.
Truong DH
SPKT VIII:
TP. HCM
Chng
May nen the tch
209
Con ng 2-3, theo ly thuyet la ng ang ap p2 = const. Nhng thc te do anh hng
cua quan tnh cua khoi kh, do tac ong cua khoa va cua lo so, ap suat cua kh thai khong gi
c khong oi.
Khi piston en v tr can trai, no khong thai c toan bo kh, va mot phan cua kh vch
van con lai trong xilanh (vch - goi la the tch chet hay the tch co hai).
Vao au hanh trnh cua piston sang phai, khoa ay ong lai va mot phan kh con lai
khoang khong chet vch se dan n theo ng 3-4. ng dan n la ng a bien co ch so np,
co phng trnh:
p.v
np
const
(8.1)
Qua trnh dan n tiep tuc en khi ap suat trong xilanh giam en p1 < p0, p0 - ap suat
trong khoang khong ma kh c hut vao.
Di anh hng cua hieu so ap suat p0 - p1, khoa hut m va piston dch chuyen sang
nh
phai, va se xay ra s hut kh vao xilanh.
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TPn. hut. Qua trnh hut c bieu
t
a
Ap suat p1 luon luon nho hn p0 v co s can tr cu
a
tuye
u
h
Ky t
m
dien bang ng ang ap 4-1.
a
h
Su p
H
D
g
Hnh 8.1 la o th ch th lyTthuye
ruon t cua may nen.
t
h
yrig
Copc co khac so vi o th ly thuyet (chu yeu ng hut va ng ay).
o th ch th th
8.1.2- Anh hng cua khoang khong chet
Xilanh cua may nen luon c lam co khoang khong gian chet. ieu nay can thiet e
tranh s va ap cua piston vao nap may khi hanh trnh cua no en iem cuoi.
Khoang khong gian co hai thng c anh gia bang so phan tram so vi the tch lam
viec cua xilanh va c goi la the tch tng oi cua khoang khong chet:
a=
v ch
v lv
(8.2)
Trong cac loai may nen 1 cap hien ai a = 0.025 0,06 (khi khoa c phan bo nap).
Trong khi nen nhieu cap, cac khoa c phan bo be mat sn cua xilanh a 0,2.
* S hien dien cua khoang khong chet dan en: qua trnh hut khong bat au tai thi
iem bat au cua hanh trnh ngc cua piston, ma thi iem cuoi cua qua trnh dan n (tai
iem 4). Suy ra, the tch hut vh ma thc te piston hut c nho hn the tch lam viec cua xilanh
vh < vlv.
The tch cua khoang khong chet co anh hng xau en s thai cua may nen. Khi tang
gia tr tng oi cua khoang chet co the dan en ang thc:
n1
a p 1 1
Truong DH
SPKT VIII:
TP. HCM
Chng
May nen the tch
210
va lu lng tnh theo bieu thc sau se bang 0:
n1
Q l 1 a p 1 . T . K .v lv .n
(8.3)
Trong o:
T - he so nhiet, tnh anh hng cua s lam nong kh khi hut t be mat cua khoa va
thanh xilanh;
K - he so kn, tnh anh hng cua s ro r qua khoa va cac vanh em cua piston va
xilanh.
ieu nay thay ro tren hnh 8.2:
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 8.2 o th ch th khi thay oi khoang khong chet
Khi tang vch, truc toa o p dch chuyen sang trai, ng nen a bien phan bo rong hn va
en mot gia tr gii han nao o cua vch iem 2 se trung vao iem 3. The tch thai bang khong,
luc o ng nen va ng dan n trung nhau, may nen khong hut , khong thai.
Khoang khong co hai anh hng en s thai cang ln khi he so tang ap cang ln, v vay
gia tr tng oi cua khoang khong chet c chon cang nho khi he so tang ap cang ln .
8.1.3- Cach bo tr may nen nhieu cap
May nen nhieu cap c lam theo 2 cach chnh:
loai co piston dang vi sai va mot so cap nen trong mot xilanh
loai co nhieu cap nen trong cac xilanh rieng re.

Ta xet mot so trng hp.
Truong DH
SPKT VIII:
TP. HCM
Chng
May nen the tch
211
a- May nen 2 cap co piston vi sai tac dung 2 hng

Trong may nen loai nay cac cap nen c bo tr theo 2 ben cua piston. Nguyen ly lam
viec co the bieu dien ro rang bang o th ch th, c xay dng chung cho ca 2 cap.
nh
i Mi
h
C
Hnh 8.3 S o va o th cong may nen 2 cap co pistonP.viHosai tac dung 2 hng
T
huat
t
y
Kquyen, th ng hut cua cap au tien se
Neu gia s rang may nen hut khong kh takh
ph m
u
S
nam thap hn mot chut so vi ng ap D
sua
H t kh quyen. Khi chuyen ong cua piston sang phai
ng
o
u
r
xay ra qua trnh hut vao cap a
uTtheo ng 4-1, nen va ay cua cap th 2 theo ng 3-2
ght
i
r
y
va 2-3.
Cop
Khi piston bat au di chuyen sang trai, cap au xay ra qua trnh nen, con cap th 2
xay ra qua trnh dan n kh. Qua trnh cuoi xay ra en khi nao ap suat trong xilanh con cha at
ti p2 tai iem 4. Tai thi iem nay van hut cua cap th 2 m va piston, khi chuyen ong sang
trai, se hut kh t khoang khong kn cua thiet b lanh. Va luc nay ap suat kh se giam. Khi piston
a chiem c v tr xac nh bi iem 2, ap suat kh thiet b lanh giam en chng nao van
ay cua cap th nhat m va kh se t cap th 1 qua thiet b lanh vao cap th 2. Ap suat kh thay
oi theo ng 2-3.
Vao luc au cua hanh trnh ve pha ben phai cap th 1 xay ra qua trnh dan n kh theo
ng a bien 3-4.
The tch cua cac xilanh cua cap 1 va cap 2 khong bang nhau, v vay o th ang xet co ty
le ve truc hoanh khac nhau.
Trong may nen loai nay qua trnh nen cac cap c thc hien nhng hanh trnh khac
nhau cua piston, va v vay lc tac dung len cac phan cua khung c phan bo kha eu.
b- May nen 2 cap co piston vi sai tac dung 1 pha
ac biet cua may nen loai nay la s phan bo cap th nhat va cap th 2 theo mot pha cua
piston; ieu nay dan en: qua trnh hut cung nh qua trnh ay xay ra trong ca hai cap la ong
thi.
Khi bat au t iem 3 tren hnh 8.4, vi chuyen ong cua piston ve pha phai xay ra
qua trnh dan n cap th 2 en ap suat p2, ap suat nay c tao thiet b lanh bi cap khi hanh
trnh cua piston sang phai. v tr cua piston c xac nh bi iem 4, van hut cua cap th 2
Truong DH
SPKT VIII:
TP. HCM
Chng
May nen the tch
212
m va xay ra qua trnh hut kh t the tch kn cua thiet b lanh. ay cung la qua trnh dan n kh
theo ng a bien 4-1. cuoi qua trnh nay ap suat trong cap th 2 giam en p1. Khi hanh
trnh cua piston tiep tuc sang trai cap th 2 kh b nen theo ng 1-2 va c thai ra theo
ng 2-3 vao ong ay. Trong thi gian nay cap th nhat xay ra qua
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho tac dung 1 hng
Hnh 8.4 S o va o th cong may nen 2 cap co pistonTvi
P. sai
t
a
u
h
y tvan
ie
mK2
ay cua cap th nhat m va kh b
trnh nen theo a bien 1-2 en ap suat p1. Tai h
m
a
p
u
S
H Qua trnh dien ra theo ng a bien 2-3 va gay
ay t cap vao khoang kn cua thiet b glaD
nh.
n
o
u
r
T hanh trnh piston sang phai xay ra qua trnh dan n va hut
ra s tang ap suat t p1 en ph2t.Khi
g
i
r
y
cap th 1.
Cop
Trong may nen loai nay cac khoang cua cap 1 va2 luon luon c phan cach bang
nhng van ong, nhng van co nhng qua trnh, xay ra ong thi cac khoang cua mot cap nao
ay va cua thiet b lanh.
Thiet b lanh: ngoai cong dung chnh cua no la lam lanh kh nen, no con ong vai tro nh
mot bnh cha tc la dung tch e nhan kh ra t cap th 1, sau o sa kh vao cap th 2.
Trong may nen co piston loai vi sai tac dung 1 pha nay, qua trnh nen va thai kh xay ra
ca 2 cap ong thi, do o trong phan khung cua may nen sinh ra nhng lc ln phan bo khong
eu, oi hoi s dung banh a co khoi lng ln e can bang cac lc nay. S o nay thng
dung trong mot to hp vi s o thuan dong oi vi loai may nen co so cap ln hn 2.
c- May nen 3 cap co piston vi sai
Hnh 8.5 S o may nen 3 cap co piston vi sai
Truong DH
SPKT VIII:
TP. HCM
Chng
May nen the tch
213
Cac cap cua may nen tren hnh 8.5 c lien hp sao cho c moi cap cap canh nhau tao
thanh may nen 2 cap. Khi tao c ang thc cong cua 2 cap rieng re la ieu kien cua hieu qua
kinh te, s o nay cho ta s phan bo khong eu tren cac phan cua khung may. e giam nhng
lc nay va phan bo chung c eu hn, ngi ta s dung s o may nen 2 cap co s phan chia
cap th nhat.
Hnh 8.6 S o may nen 3 cap piston vi sai co s phan chia cap th nhat
nh
i Mi
h
C
d- May nen nhieu cap co piston vi sai
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Khi s dung nguyen ly tao cap vi piston co
Ky tng knh thay oi, co the thiet ke may

m
a
h
nen vi khoi lng ln cac cap.
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
Hnh 8.7 S o may nen nhieu cap piston vi sai
8.2- MAY NEN ROTO
8.2.1- Cau tao, nguyen ly lam viec

Ta co s o may nen tam phang:
Hnh 8.8 S o cau tao may nen tam phang

1.Roto;
2.Than may ;
3.Cac tam phang c bo tr lech tam ;
4.Khoang kn c tao bi 2 tam phang.
Truong DH
SPKT VIII:
TP. HCM
Chng
May nen the tch
214
May nen roto thuoc vao loai may nen the tch, theo nguyen ly lam viec no giong bm
roto. Loai may nen roto c s dung rong rat nhat la may nen roto tam phang. Trong thi gian
gan ay ngi ta cung co s dung may nen truc vt.
Khi roto 1 quay, cac tam phang tao thanh cac khoang kn 4 va mang kh t khoang hut
sang khoang ay, ong thi xay ra qua trnh nen kh.
S o nay co s can bang khoi lng cac chat di chuyen rat tot, no cho phep roto quay
vi so vong quay ln va co the noi may mot cach trc tiep vi ong c ien.
Trong qua trnh lam viec cua may nen tam phang, mot khoi lng nhiet ln c toa ra
do masat kh. V vay khi he so tang ap > 1,5 vo cua may c thiet ke co thiet b lam lanh bang
nc.
May nen tam phang co the s dung e hut kh hoac hi t the tch co ap suat nho hn ap
suat kh quyen. Trong trng hp nay, may nen goi la bm chan khong. Chan khong c tao
thanh bi bm chan khong tam phang at ti 95%.
nh
i Mi
h
C
8.2.2- Cac thong so c ban
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
a- Lu lng
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
Lu lng may nen phu thuo
cn
vago kch thc hnh hoc cua no va so vong quay.
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
Hnh 8.9 Kch thc hnh hoc c ban cua may nen tam phang
Neu gia s cac tam phang hng tam, th the tch kh gia 2 tam se la:
v = f.b
Trong o:
f- dien tch cc ai cua mat cat doc gia 2 tam phang;
b- chieu rong cua tam phang.
Co the gia s gan ung:
df
rd r 2e d
2e 2er ed
2
Truong DH
SPKT VIII:
TP. HCM
Chng
May nen the tch
215
V vay:
f 4er e d 2er e
(8.4)
V:
r+e=R
Suy ra:
va
2
Z
; Z so cac tam phang
4 eR
Z
(8.5)
The tch kh gia cac tam phang:

v
4eRb
Z
(8.6)
Vay lu lng thc cua may nen la:

Q v.Z.n. Q 4.e.R .b.n. Q
nh
Mi
Chi
(8.7)
o
Q hieu suat lu lng, thng lay Q 0,5 0,8 at TP. H
u
h
Ky t
m
a
ph t ben trong qua cac khe hng tam va hng
Hieu suat lu lng phu thuoc vao H
maStu ma
D
onngh dan.
truc, cung nh chieu day canh va T
soruca
t
h
yrig
b -Lu lng ma
Copy nen truc vt
Q S1 .Z1 S2 .Z 2 .l.n.Q
Trong o:
(8.5)
S1, S2 - dien tch cac ranh truc vt th nhat va th 2;

Z1, Z2 - so rang cua cac truc vt;
l - chieu dai cua truc vt;
n - so vong quay;
Q - hieu suat lu lng.
c- Cong suat va hieu suat

* Cong suat cua cap may nen roto co lam lanh manh bang nc c tnh theo cong
ang nhiet:
N
Trong o:
N dn
p .Q .b.n.
1 1
.
1000.dn . ck 1000.dn .ck
p1 - ap suat au;
Q1 - lu lng ieu kien hut;
b - chieu rong tam phang.
(8.6)
Truong DH
SPKT VIII:
TP. HCM
Chng
May nen the tch
216
* oi vi may nen c lam lanh yeu bang khong kh

N
N de
1000.de .ck
(8.7)
Cong suat ang entropi tnh theo cong thc sau:

N de
p
k
p1 .Q1 2
p1
k 1
k 1
k
(8.8)
Tch cac hieu suat cua may nen nam trong khoang:
dn . ck 0,5 0,6
de .ck 0,6 0,7
oi vi loai may nen truc vt, nhng gia tr nay ln hn mot chut do ma sat c kh gia
cac truc vt nho hn ( hau nh bang khong).
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
KyYt NEN
8.3 IEU CHNH CHE O LAM VIEC CUaAmMA
h
Su p
H
D
8.3.1- Yeu cau
ng
Truo
t
h
rigtho
Lu lng khCt
ng ong dan theo ieu kien tieu thu co the thay oi, v vay may
opyhe
nen can phai thay oi lu lng thai e sao cho no tng ng vi lu lng tieu dung cua kh t
he thong ong. Cung vi ieu nay, trong mang li can phai am bao ap suat yeu cau tai ni tieu
thu. ieu chnh nh vay c goi la ieu chnh vi ap suat khong oi.
Nhiem vu ieu chnh la tac ong len may nen ma tac ong nay se lam can bang lu
lng thai cua no vi lu lng tieu thu kh cua ni tieu thu.
Xung au tien e dan en ieu chnh thng la s thay oi ap suat mang li, sinh ra
do s thay oi lu lng tieu thu cua kh. trong cac he thong ieu chnh tot, s thay oi ap suat
rat nho (khoang 1% - 10% ap suat kh quyen).
8.3.2- ieu chnh bang cach thay oi so vong quay
T cong thc (8.3):
n1
Q l v1 .n 1 a p 1 . T . K .v lv .n
ta thay rang lu lng cua may nen co the c ieu chnh bang s thay oi so vong quay truc
cua may nen. Phng phap nay kinh te trong khi s dung, nhng oi hoi ong c truyen dan co
thiet b thay oi so vong quay. V vay thay oi lu lng bang cach thay oi so vong quay cua
ong c ien khong c s dung rong rai.
Phng phap ieu chnh nay c s dung trong trng hp truyen dan cua may nen t
ong c hi hoac t ong c ot trong, ma o s thay oi so vong quay c thc hien kha de
dang.
Truong DH
SPKT VIII:
TP. HCM
Chng
May nen the tch
217
8.3.3- ieu chnh bang tiet lu ong nap

Neu tuyen hut cua may nen co a them cac vat can phu th may nen se giam lu
lng.
Gia s dt 1-2-3-4 la o th ch th cua may nen khi khong co vat can ieu chnh ong hut
(hnh 8.10). Ta se cho them vao tuyen hut mot vat can phu, lam giam ap suat hut t p1 en p1c,
luc o qua trnh dan n la ng 3-4 va ng hut (hay nap) la ng 4-1.
T o th ta thay rang, the tch nap se giam t v1 xuong v1c, con the tch thai t v2 xuong
v2c. Tng ng lu lng thai cua may nen thay oi.
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
u ph
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 8.10 - ieu chnh bang tiet lu ong nap

S o ieu chnh t ong loai nay bieu dien tren hnh 8.10: Neu lu lng tieu thu t be
1 cua mang li giam th vi lu lng thai cho trc cua may nen 5, ap suat trong be 1 se tang
va kh se c a theo ong 2 vao khoang cua he thong c co piston 3, ap suat nay se tac ong
len piston, piston nen lo so va lam ong van tiet lu 4; lu lng thai cua may nen se giam cho
en khi can bang vi lu lng tieu thu t be. Phng phap nay n gian va t ong tac dung,
nen c s dung rong rai khi he so nen cao, nhng hieu qua ve mat nang lng khong ln.
8.3.4- ieu chnh bang cach m van nap
Neu do s giam lu lng tieu thu t mang, ap suat 1 tang len, th ap suat nay khi c
a theo ong xung 2 en thiet b c dang piston 3 se khac phuc c lc ay cua lo so va piston
4 chuyen ong xuong. Can cua piston co trac 5, cac voi cua no se can tr tam phang cua van
nap nam tai e. Luc nay qua trnh nen se khong xay ra bi v van nap se m va kh t xilanh se
b thai vao ng ong nap. Qua trnh nay se xay ra en khi nao ap suat be 1 con cha giam va
piston 4 se khong ay trac 5 va khong can tr tam phang nam tai e. Tom lai giam lu lng
at c ay nh s thai lu lng.
Tren hnh 8.12 la o th ch th cua trng hp nay. Phng phap ieu chnh nay rat n
gian, nhng hieu suat nang lng nho v khi thai ch can 15% cong suat toan phan. Png phap
nay c s dung cho loai may nen co he so nen va lu lng bat ky.
Truong DH
SPKT VIII:
TP. HCM
Chng
May nen the tch
218
Hnh 8.11 - ieu chnh bang cach m van nap
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 8.12- o th cong khi ieu chnh bang m van nap

Trong giai oan hien nay, ngi ta s dung phng phap m khoa nap tng hanh trnh
cua piston va co the thay oi c lu lng cua may nen t gia tr nh mc en 0,1 gia tr nh
mc.
8.3.5- Thay oi the tch khoang khong chet
Truong DH
SPKT VIII:
TP. HCM
Chng
May nen the tch
219
Hnh 8.13 o th cong khi thay oi the tch khoang khong chet
T cong thc (8.3), ta thay rang vi vlv, n, khong oi co the ieu chnh
lu lng bang
inh
M
i
cach thay oi the tch khoang khong chet (hnh 8.13)
Ch
. Ho
P
T
uatla v . Neu tang the tch chet en
Vi the tch khoang khong chet vch, the tch na
kh
1
ypth
K
m
a
h
p
>
v
th
n
g
a
bie
n
da
n
n
,
c
xa
y
d
n
g
v
i
v
tr
m
i
cu
a truc toa o O, la ng 3vchc
ch
Su
H
D
4 va the tch nap kh v1c se nho hn
vng.
Truo 1
t
igh
pynr1-2
ng a bienCone
se tng ng vi the tch kh thai v2c < v2.
Trong trng hp gii han, the tch khoang khong chet co the tang en mc ng a
bien dan n va nen se trung nhau va o th ch th la ng 1-3. Va luc o may nen se khong
nap va khong thai: ca hai van eu ong va trong xilanh xay ra qua trnh dan n va nen mot khoi
kh khong oi.
phng phap ieu chnh nay, ket cau c che tao di dang cac khoang phu co the
tch (dung tch) khong oi hoac thay oi, cac khoang nay c noi vi khoang khong chet, co
the ieu chnh bang tay hoac t ong.
e thc hien ieu chnh lu lng mot cach ieu hoa, the tch phu cua khoang khong
chet phai c lam di dang hoc hoi tu the tch tao bi xilanh va piston.
Phng phap nay rat kinh te va c s dung rong rai trong cac may nen co cong suat
ln.
8.3.6- Mot so phng phap ieu chnh khac:
Ngoai cac phng phap a neu tren con dung phng phap:
ong tat may (khi cong suat tren truc di 200kW);

Bang cach a kh t khoang nen vao khoang nap;
Bang cach xa khong tai t mang li qua van t ong.
Phng phap au kha kinh te, con 2 phng phap sau khong kinh te, noi chung rat t
dung.
220
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. V.M. Cherkassky
Pums, fans, compressors
Nha xuat ban Mir Publishers, Moscow - 1980. (Tien g Anh)
2. V.M. Cherkassky
Bm, qua t, ma y nen
Nha xuat ban Nang l ng , Moscow 1984. (Tie ng Nga)
3. Nguye n Ph c Hoang - Pham c Nhuan - Nguyen Tha c Tan
Thuy lc va may thuy lc , tap II
Nha xuat ban ai ho c va trung hoc chuyen nghiep, Ha No i - 1979. i Minh
Ch
. Ho
P
T
uat
4. Ngo Vi Cha u Nguyen Ph c Hoa ng Vu KDuy
y thQuang ang Huy Chi Vo S Huynh
am
Le Danh Lien
u ph
S
H
g cD
Ba i tap Thuy lc va ma y thuy
uonl
r
T
t
Nha xuat ban ai yho
ricghva trung hoc chuyen nghiep, Ha No i - 1976.
p
o
C
5. Nguye n Van May
Bm, qua t, ma y nen
Nha xuat ban khoa ho c va ky thuat, Ha No i 1997.
6. Tran S Phie t Vu Duy Quang
Thuy kh ong l c ky thua t
Nha xuat ban ai ho c va trung hoc chuyen nghiep, Ha No i - 1979.
7. Nguye n H u Ch
1000 ba i toa n thuy kh ong lc
Nha xuat ban giao du c, Ha Noi 1998.
8. Bo mon thuy kh ong l c
Gia o trnh thuy lc va ma y bm
Trng a i ho c ba ch khoa Ha No i 1968.

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T.S LE XUAN HOA Th.

S NGUYEN TH BCH NGOC

Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM

1.1- Va i ne t ve lch s phat trien bm, qua t, ma y nen

Chng II: Kha i niem chung ve bm

Khai niem chung

3.2.7- So vong quay ac trng

3.2.8- Hien t ng xam th c

3.2.10- ieu chnh che o lam vie c cua bm

3.2.12- L c do c tru c trong bm ly tam - Cach khac phu c l c do c tru c

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM

Chng IV: Bm the tch

4.1- Kha i niem chung ve bm the tch

4.2.2- Phan loa i

4.2.3- Cach tnh lu lng cu a bm piston

5.1- Kha i niem chung ve quat

5.2.1- Ke t ca u va mot so chi tiet chnh

5.2.3- ng a c tnh cua quat ly tam

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM

5.2.4- ieu chnh quat

5.2.7- Anh hng cu a tap cha t kh en s lam vie c cu a qua t

5.3.5- ieu kie n lam vie c cu a qua t truc

5.3.6- ac tnh cu a quat tru c

Chng VI: Kha i niem chung ma y ne n

6.2- Nhiet ong ho c may nen

7.1- Ma y nen canh dan ly tam

7.1.1- Nguyen ly lam viec cu a may ne n ly tam

7.1.2- Phng trnh lam vie c cua cap may ne n

Chng VIII: Ma y nen the tch

8.1- Ma y nen piston

8.1.1- o th cong ( hay o th ch th)

8.2.1- Cau tao , nguyen ly lam viec

8.2.2- Cac tho ng so c ba n

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM

8.3.1- Yeu cau

8.3.4- ieu chnh ba ng ca ch m van na p

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

Nam 1840-1850 nhab a c hoc ng i My laVortington a gia thiet c cau cu a bm hi

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

1.2- NH NGHA VA PHAN LOAI

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

Cho cha t long co

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

May nen ly tam

1.3 - CAC THONG SO LAM VIEC C BAN

Hnh 1.2 S o may thuy kh trong he thong

Nan g lng n v tai ma t cat B-B:

Chenh le ch nang lng n v cu a dong moi cha t qua may thuy kh gi a A va B la :

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

Vay co t ap cu a may thuy kh la nang lng n v cu a dong mo i cha t trao oi vi ma y

Thanh phan the nang n v goi la cot ap tnh, ky hie u Ht :

Tnh ba ng n v khoi lng, ky hieu M go i la lu lng kho i lng, co n v o la

Tnh bang n v trong lng, ky hie u G goi la lu lng trong lng, co n v o

Cong sua t thuy lc

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

Cong sua t tren tru c

a- Cong suat thuy l c: ky hie u Ntl (co n v o la W) la c na ng ma dong cha t long

oi vi bm: N > Ntl