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Prepared by : nisaar

Solve the basic engineering

science problems by using
related concepts.
Organize an appropriate
experiments to prove related
physics principles.
Apply related physics principles
in various situations to enhance
knowledge.

ENGINEERING SCIENCE
CHAPTER 1:
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND
MEASUREMENT

1.1

Understand the physical quantities

1.1.1 Describe base quantities, derived quantities and
the International System (SI) of units.
1.1.2 Define scalar and vector quantities.
1.1.3 Solve problems of unit conversion.

1.2

Interpret data of measurement

1.2.1 Describe inaccuracy and errors in measurement
1.2.2 Apply techniques for measurement to ensure
accurate data by using measurement
equipments:a. Ruler
b. Vernier Callipers
c. Micrometer Screw Gauge

PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES &
MEASUREMENT
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
A
A

quantity that can be measured.

physical quantities have numerical

value and unit of measurement.

PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES
BASE QUANTITIES

BASE QUANTITIES

Base Quantities are physical quantities that cannot be derived from

other physical quantities.
Scientific measurement using SI units (International System Units).
Table 1.1 Shows five base quantities and their respective SI units
Base
Quantities

Symbol

SI Unit

Symbol of
SI unit

Length

meter

Mass

kilogram

kg

Time

second

Temperature

Kelvin

Electric
current

ampere

PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES
DERIVED QUANTITIES

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DERIVED QUANTITIIES

Derived Quantities are physical quantities derived from combination

of base quantities through multiplication or division or both

Table 1.2 shows some of the derived quantities and their respective derived units
Derived Quantities

Symbol

Relationship with base quantities

Derived units

Area

Length x Length

m2

Volume

Length x Length x Length

m3

Density

Mass
Length x Length x Length

kg/m3

Velocity

Displacement
Time

m/s

Acceleration

Velocity
Time

m/s2

Force

Mass x Acceleration

Work

Force x Displacement

Energy

Ep
Ek

Mass x gravity x high @

x mass x velocity x velocity

Power

Force x Displacement
Time

Pressure

Force
Area

N/m 2

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DERIVED QUANTITIES

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
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Quantity that can be

measured
BASE
QUANTITIES
DEFINITION:

DERIVED QUANTITIES
EXAMPLES:

DEFINITION
LENGTH

are physical
quantities that
cannot be
derived from
other physical
quantities

MASS
TIME
ELECTRIC
CURRENT
TEMPERATURE

EXAMPLES
AREA

are physical
quantities derived
from combination
of base
quantities
through
multiplication or
division or both

VOLUME

DENSITY

FORCE
ECT

PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES
SCALAR & VECTOR
QUANTITIES

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SCALAR AND VECTOR

QUANTITIES
SCALAR QUANTITIES

VECTOR QUANTITIES

Physical quantities
which have size
(magnitude) but
without specified
direction.

Physical quantities
which have size
(magnitude) and
specified direction.

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DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN
SCALAR & VECTOR

EXAMPLES OF
SCALAR QUANTITIES
Mass
Time
Length

Temperature
Energy
Work
Speed
Pressure

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EXAMPLES OF
VECTOR
QUANTITIES
Displacement
Weight
Force
Velocity
Acceleration
Momentum

Activity

Tick () the right answer for physical

quantities below
QUANTITY
5m
30 m/sec, East

5 m, North
20 degrees Celsius
256 bytes

SCALAR
QUANTITY

VECTOR
QUANTITY

PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES
PRIFIXES

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PREFIXES

Prefixes are used to simplify the

description of physical quantities that
are either very big or very small.

Prefix

Symbol

Value

tera

1012

giga

109

mega

106

kilo

103

hekto

102

deka

da

10

desi

10-1

senti

10-2

mili

10-3

mikro

10-6

nano

10-9

piko

10-12

Table 1.4 Lists some commonly used SI prefixes

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UNIT MEASUREMENT

CONVERSION UNITS

Illustrates the usage of prefixes

Example 1 :

Convert 3.5 kilometer to meter.

Solution
1km = 103m = 1000m
therefore
3.5 km = 3.5 km x 1000m
1 km
= 3.5 1000 m
= 3500 m

Example 2:
Express 0.0005 Mg in g
Solution
1kg = 103g = 1000g
1Mg = 106g = 1000 000g
therefore
0.005 Mg

= 0.0005 Mg x 1000 000g

1 Mg
= 0.0005 1000 000 g
= 500 g

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Convert the following into meters :

a. 12km
b. 6.32km
c. 12cm
d. 220cm
e. 212mm
f.
1234mm

PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES
STANDART FORM

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STANDARD FORM

Standard form or scientific notation is used to express

magnitude in a simpler way. In scientific notation, a numerical
magnitude can be written as :

where 1 A < 10 and n is an integer

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STANDARD FORM
Example 1 :
For each of the following, express the magnitude using a scientific notation.
(I) The mean radius of the balloon = 100 mm
(II) The mass of a butterfly = 0.0004 kg

Solution:
The mean radius of the balloon
= 100 mm
= 1.0 x 102 mm
The mass of a butterfly
= 0.0004 kg
= 4.0 x 10-4 kg

CONVERSION UNITS
Example 2:
Convert 60mm2 to m2 .

Solution
1 m = 1000 mm , 1m2 = 10002 m2
Therefore
60 mm2 x 1 m2 = 60 x 10-6 m2
10002 mm2

Contoh 3:
Convert 0.075 kW to mW.

Solution
kW W mW
Therefore
kW W

W mW

= 0.075 kW 1000 W
1 kW
= 0.075 1000 W
= 75 W
= 75 W 1000 mW
1W
= 75 000 mW

Example 4 :
Change 60 km/j to m/s.
Solution
1 km = 1000m
1 hour = 60 minute

60 km/j = 60 km x 1000 m x 1 hr
1 hr
1 km
3600 s

1 minute = 60 sec

= 60 x 1000 m
3600 s
=

16.67 m/s

Example 5 :
The density of pure water is 1000 kg m-3, what is its density in g cm-3 ?
Solution
1 kg = 1000 g
1 m = 100 cm
1000 kg = 1000 kg x 1000 g x ( 1 m x 1 m x 1 m )
m3
m3
1 kg
100 cm 100 cm
100 cm
= 1000 x 1000 g
1 00 00 00 cm3
= 1 g cm-3

EXERCISES
Convert the
following into
squares meters:
a. 2500cm
b. 22.2 cm
c. 600 mm
d. 21510 mm

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Convert the
following into
cubic meters :

a. 5200 mm
b. 112345 mm
c. 55 cm

EXERCISES

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Complete the following unit

conversion of speed.
i. 820 kmh-1 = __________ ms-1
ii. 1.36 ms-1 = __________ kmh-1
iii. 18.12 ms-1 = __________ kmh-1
iv. 970 kmh-1 = __________ ms-1

EXERCISES

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Complete the following unit conversion of

density and pressure.
i. 7060 kgm-3 = __________ gcm-3
ii. 123000 kgm-3 = __________ gcm-3
iii. 2.45 gcm-3 = __________ kgm-3
iv. 39800 Nm-2 = __________ Ncm-2
v. 265x106 Nm-2 = __________ Ncm-2

Convert the following units

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

120 cm in unit meter (m)

550 mg in unit gram (g)
9.81 m/s in unit km/h
8500 cm2 in m2
908 g/cm3 in kg/m3
45 g/cm2 in kg/m2

MEASUREMENT
INSTRUMENT

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MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS

Vernier calipers

Micrometer screw gauge

Ruler

MEASUREMENT
VERNIER CALIPER

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VERNIER CALIPER

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HOW TO USE VERNIER CALIPER

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HOW TO USE VERNIER CALIPER

1.

3.

2.

HOW TO USE VANIER CALIPER

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10 + 6 + 0.25 = 16.25mm

5.

EXERCISES

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MEASUREMENT
Micrometer Screw Gauge

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HOW TO USE MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE

How to Read the Reading?

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Reading = Reading of main scale +

Reading of thimble scale.
Reading of main scale = 0 - 25 mm
Reading of thimble scale = 0 - 0.49mm

Reading of main scale = 5.5mm

Reading of thimble scale = 0.28mm
Actual Reading = 5.5mm + 0.28mm =
5.78mm

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MEASUREMENT
ERROR IN MEASUREMENT

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ERROR IN MEASUREMENT

An error is the difference between the measured value and the

actual value.
There are 2 main types of errors in measurement
Systematic errors
May be due to the error in calibration of instruments
Zero error is due to non-zero reading when the actual reading should be zero

Random errors
Due to mistakes made by observer when taking measurement either through
incorrect positioning of the eye (parallax) or the instruments when taking
measurement
It may also occur when there is a sudden change of environmental factors
like temperature, air circulation and lighting

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SYSTEMATIC ERRORS

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ZERO ERROR

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RANDOM ERRORS

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BIBLIOGRAFI
http://spmphysics.onlinetuition.com.my/2

012/04/physical-quantities.html

www.youtube.com

Internet

source

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