01 - Principles of The WCDMA System - V1.0

Internal
Principles of the WCDMA

System
GSM-to-UMTS Training Series_V1.0
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
Date
Version
Description
Author
2008-10-25
1.0
Draft Completed.
Zang Liang
2008-12-31
1.1
Updated the access technology in the latest products in

page 8.
Added the comparison of frequency computation
between the GSM and the WCDMA in page 13.
Dong Qihuan
Added the comparison of encoding process in page 27.

Added explanations about closed loop power control in
page 66.
Added explanations about handover in page 79.
2009-01-14
1.11
Added information about EGSM/RGEM frequency

bands in page 10.
Added handover modes and interference modes to the
major differences between the GSM and the UMTS in
page 11.
Added the method of computing frequencies at the
EGSM/RGEM frequency bands in page 13.
Added association control channels in page 47.
Huawei Confidential
Page 2
Kuang Jun
Objectives
After studying this course, you will be able to:
Know the similarities and differences between

the GSM and the WCDMA technologies.
Master the basic principles of the CDMA
technology.
Master the structure and radio interfaces of the

WCDMA system.
Master the principle of WCDMA radio resource
management.
Know technical features of the WCDMA FDD.
Huawei Confidential
Page 3
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction: GSM and WCDMA
Chapter 2 Overview of CDMA Principles
Chapter 3 WCDMA Radio Interface Physical
Channel
Chapter 4 Overview of Radio Resource
Management
Chapter 5 Technical Features of WCDMA
FDD
Huawei Confidential
Page 4
Evolution from GSM to WCDMA

GSM
GPRS
EDGE
WCDMA
Mainly designed for the speech service

Theoretical rate/actual rate: 64 kbit/s/9.6 kbit/s
Supports higher data rates through the introduction of

packet channels
Theoretical rate/actual rate: 171.2 kbit/s/20 kbit/s-40
kbit/s
With the introduction of new modulation mode, the
theoretical rate is three times higher than that of the GPRS
Theoretical rate/actual rate: about 473.6 kbit/s/100 kbit/s
Has the capability of high-speed data access and

provide various services
Theoretical rate/actual rate:
R99 and R4: 2 Mbit/s/384 kbit/s
R5 (HSDPA): 14.4 Mbit/s/1 Mbit/s higher
Huawei Confidential
Page 5
Multiple Access Technology - Distinguish Different

Users
FDMA
Power
CDMA
TDMA
Power
Power
Huawei Confidential
Page 6
Comparison of Multiple Access Technology

Between the GSM and the WCDMA
GSM: FDMA + TDMA
WCDMA: FDMA + CDMA
Bandwidth of a single carrier: 200 kHz
Bandwidth of a single carrier: 5 MHz
Weak anti-interference capability. C/I: >

9 dB
Strong anti-interference capability. C/I: > -8

dB
With eight timeslots for a single carrier,

the system capacity is relatively
fixed. It can be estimated according to
the timeslot quantity.
The capacity is not fixed (soft capacity),

closely related to user distribution, service
type, and interference.
Since different users occupy different

timeslots, they rarely interfere with each
other.
Users interfere with each other. They must

be well controlled.
Huawei Confidential
Page 7
Comparison of Radio Access Technology

Between the GSM and the WCDMA
GSM
Source coding
FR: RPELTP coding, 13 kbit/s

EFR: enhancing the voice quality, 13
kbit/s
HR: increasing the system capacity, 6.5
kbit/s
AMR coding
Channel coding
Convolutional code (1/2)
Channelization
Packed in the pulse mode, data is sent

out in different timeslots.
WCDMA
AMR: eight types of speech rates
Compatible with the coding of current mainstream mobile communication systems, helpful
for designing multimode terminals
Provided with the traffic-adaptive capability:
able to automatically adjust the speech rate so
that the system can balance between the
coverage, capacity, and speech quality
Speech service: convolutional code (1/2 and
1/3)
High-speed data service: Turbo code
Through spread spectrum and scrambling,
data is combined and outputted.
GMSK, 8PSK (EDGE)
QPSK, 16QAM (HSDPA)
Slow power control (2 Hz)
Fast power control (1500 Hz): used to

restrain fading
Transmit diversity
Transmit diversity (BTS3012)
Transmit diversity
Receiving
technology (antifading)
Space diversity and polarization diversity

The effect similar to that of the
frequency diversity can be realized
through frequency hopping.
Space diversity and polarization diversity

Frequency diversity: rake receiver
Modulation
technology
Power control
technology
Huawei Confidential
Page 8
Comparison Between GSM and WCDMA

Network Interfaces
WCDMA Core Network
GSM NSS
Gb
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
RNS
BSS
RNS
Iur
RNC
BSC
Abis
BTS
Abis
BTS
Sector = Cell. One cell can

include multiple carriers.
Iub
Node B
RNC
Iub
Iub
Node B
Node B
Iub
Node B
One sector can include multiple cells. Cell = Carrier
Huawei Confidential
Page 9
Comparison Between GSM and WCDMA Protocols

GSM
A/Iu-CS
Abis/Iub
WCDMA
L3: BSSAP
L3: RANAP
L2: MTP
L2: ATM
L1: E1
L1: E1 or STM1
L3: BTSM
L3: NBAP
L2: LAPD
L2: ATM
L1: E1
L1: E1 or STM1
L3: RR
RRC
L2 (data link layer): LAPDm
L2 (data link layer): RLC/MAC

L1 (radio frequency band) (MHz):
Radio
interface
Major frequency band: 1920-1980 / 2110-2170

L1 (radio frequency band) (MHz):
890-915/935-960
1710-1785/1805-1880
Supplementary frequency band: 17101785/1805-1880

(In China, only 30 MHz in the high frequency
band serves as a supplementary frequency
band.)
Huawei Confidential
Page 10
Major Differences Between WCDMA and GSM

Air Interfaces
GSM
WCDMA
Carrier spacing
200 kHz
5 MHz
Frequency reuse
coefficient
1-18
Method for
differentiating cells
Frequency + BSIC
Frequency + Scrambling code
Power control
frequency
2 Hz or lower
1500 Hz
QoS control
Network planning (frequency

planning)
Algorithm of radio resource

management
Frequency diversity
Frequency hopping
The 3.84-MHz bandwidth enables

the network to use the rake
receiver for multipath diversity
Packet data
Timeslot-based scheduling in the

GPRS
Packet scheduling based on loads
Downlink transmit
diversity
Not supported by the standards

but applicable
Supported for increasing the

capacity of downlinks
Huawei Confidential
Page 11
Allocation of 3G Spectrum
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
2010 MHz
ITU
IMT 2000
IMT 2000
MSS
1885
1890
1895
EF
2170 MHz
IMT A2000
1910
1870
1865
C PHS
D B
FDD
WLL
1918
1895
1885
1865
Japan
USA
CDMA
1980
FDD TDD
WLL WLL
1960
CDMA
1965
1970
1975
GSM
1800
2025 MHz
cellular(2)
1945
cellular(2)
MSS
1850
1900
1950
EF
IMT A.2000
MSS
2000
MSS
2165 MHz
1990 MHz
PCS
A
MSS
1980 MHz
1920
cellular(1)
UMTS
MSS
1880 MHz
1945
1805 MHz
China
UMTS
GSM 1800 DECT
1930
Europe
2170 MHz
2110 MHz
2025 MHz
1885 MHz
MSS
Broadcast auxiliary
2050
Huawei Confidential
2100
Reserve
2150
Page 12
MSS
2200
2250
Comparison of Frequency Computation

Between the WCDMA and the GSM
Computing WCDMA
frequencies
Computing GSM
frequencies
Main working bands:

19201980 MHz/21102170 MHz
Formula for computing WCDMA
frequencies:
Frequency number = Frequency x 5
Central frequency number of uplink:
96129888
Central frequency number of
downlink: 1056210838
Supplementary working bands:
17551785 MHz/18501880 MHz
The currently existing GSM
frequency bands of China Mobile
and China Union can be used for the
WCDMA later.
GSM900:
BS reception: f1 (n) = 890 + n x 0.2
MHz
BS transmission: f2 (n) = f1 (n) + 45
MHz
GSM1800:
BS reception: f1 (n) = 1710 + (n 511) x 0.2 MHz
BS transmission: f2 (n) = f1 (n) + 95
MHz
Huawei Confidential
Page 13
Contents
Channel
Management

FDD
Huawei Confidential
Page 14
Overview of CDMA Principles
Radio Propagation Environment

Multiple Access Technology and
Duplex Technology
CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver
Huawei Confidential
Page 15
Multipath Environment
Tx signals
Rx signals
Intensity
Time
Huawei Confidential
Page 16
Fading
Tx data
dB
Rx data
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
Huawei Confidential
Page 17
Fading
Rx power (dBm)
Fast fading
-20
Slow fading
-40
-60
10
20
Huawei Confidential
Distance (m)
30
Page 18
Frequency-Selective Fading
Intensity
Intensity
Narrowband
system
(GSM)
Large fading
Tx signals
Intensity
Broadband
system
(CDMA)
Frequency
Frequency
Rx fading signals
Intensity
Large
fading
Frequency
Tx signals
Huawei Confidential
Rx fading signals
Page 19
Frequency
Classification of Typical Radio Mobile Channels

Static channels (static)
Pedestrian channels in typical urban areas (TU3)
Vehicle-mounted channels in typical urban areas (TU30)
Vehicle-mounted channels in rural areas (RA50)
Vehicle-mounted channels on expressways (HT120)
Huawei Confidential
Page 20

Duplex Technology
Huawei Confidential
Page 21
Duplex Technology Distinguish Users UL and

DL Signal
Frequency division duplex (FDD): Distinguish uplink and downlink according to
frequencies.
Adopted by the WCDMA and CDMA2000
Advantage: It can be easily implemented.
Disadvantage: The spectrum utilization is low when the uplink and downlink services
(mainly the data services) are asymmetrical.
Time division duplex (TDD): Distinguish uplink and downlink according to timeslots.
Adopted by the TD-SCDMA

Advantage: The uplink and downlink can be allocated with different numbers of timeslots
when the uplink and downlink services are asymmetrical. Therefore, the spectrum
utilization is high.
Disadvantage:
It cannot be easily implemented and needs precise synchronization. In the CDMA

system, GPS synchronization is needed.
When it is used with the CDMA technology, it is difficult to control interference

between the uplink and the downlink.
Huawei Confidential
Page 22
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Multiple users share a same frequency at the same time. This greatly
improves spectrum utilization. Users are identified through pseudo

numbers.
The CDMA system supports soft capacity.
For all the users, the system performance deteriorates when the number of
users increases. Contrarily, the system performance improves when the
number of users decreases.
That is, the CDMA system can obtain larger capacity by deteriorating parts of
the system performance.
Disadvantages of the CDMA system:
It occupies a wide bandwidth.

It is a self-interference system. This causes mutual interference between users.
It is difficult to implement such technologies as power control and load control.
Huawei Confidential
Page 23

Duplex Technology
Huawei Confidential
Page 24
Common Terms
Bit, symbol and chip
Bit (bit/s): the data that is obtained upon source coding and contains
information.
Symbol (sps): the data obtained upon channel coding and interleaving.
Chip (cps): the data obtained upon final spreading.
The spreading rate of WCDMA is: 3.84 Mcps
Processing gain
It refers to the ratio of the final spreading rate to the bit rate (cps/bit/s).
In the WCDMA system, the processing gain depends on the specific

service.
Huawei Confidential
Page 25
Spreading Factor and Service Rate

Symbol rate = (service rate + check code) channel code
repetition or punching rate

For WCDMA, if the service rate is 384 Kbit/s and the channel code is
1/3 Turbo, the symbol rate is 960 Kbit/s.
For CDMA2000-1x, if the service rate is 9.6 Kbit/s and the channel
code is 1/3 convolutional code, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbit/s.
Chip rate = symbol rate spreading factor
For WCDMA, if the chip rate is 3.84 MHz and the spreading factor is
4, the symbol rate is 960 Kbit/s.
For CDMA2000-1x, if the chip rate is 1.2288 MHz and the spreading
factor is 64, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbit/s.
Huawei Confidential
Page 26
Basic Block Diagram of CDMA System
Source
coding
Channel
Interleaving
coding
and
interleaving
Spreading
Scrambling
Modulation
RF
emission
Radio channel
Source
decoding
Dedeinterleaving
interleaving
RF
De-spreading Descrambling Demodulation
Channel
reception
decoding
Huawei Confidential
Page 27
Source Coding in WCDMA

The WCDMA system adopts the adaptive multi-rate (AMR) speech coding.
A total of eight coding modes are available. The coding rate ranges from 12.2
Kbit/s to 4.75 Kbit/s.
Multiple voice rates are compatible with the coding modes used by current
mainstream mobile communication systems. This facilitates the design of multimode terminals.
The system automatically adjusts the voice rate according to the distance
between the user and the NodeB, thus reducing the number of handovers and
call drop.
The system automatically decreases the voice rate of some users according to
the cell load, thus saving power and containing more users.
Source
coding
Channel
Interleaving
Spreading
coding and
Scrambling Modulation
interleaving
Huawei Confidential
RF
emission
Page 28
Channel Coding in WCDMA

Channel coding can enhance symbol correlation to recover signals in
the case of interference.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Code type
Voice service: convolutional code (1/2 and 1/3).

Data service: Turbo code (1/3).
Source
coding
Channel
Interleaving
coding and
Spreading
interleaving
Scrambling
Modulation
Huawei Confidential
RF
emission
Page 29
Interleaving
Interleaving is used to disarrange symbol correlation and reduce the impact
caused by fast fading and interference of the channel.

... 452 453 454
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ...
Ist interleaving
A4
A5
A6
....
A7
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
C0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
C1
C2
....
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456

2nd interleaving
{A4,B0}
{A5,B1} {A6,B2} {A7,B3} {B4,C0}
{B5,C1}
Huawei Confidential
{B6,C2}
Page 30
C3
{B7,C3}
Spreading Principle
Users who need to send information: UE1, UE2 and UE3
UE1 uses c1 for spreading: UE1 x c1

c1, c2 and c3 are orthogonal to each other
Information sent: UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3
Source
coding
Channel
Interleaving
Spreading
coding and
Scrambling
Modulation
interleaving
Huawei Confidential
RF
emission
Page 31
De-spreading Principle
UE1 uses c1 for de-spreading.

(UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3) x c1
= UE1 x (c1 x c1) + UE2 x (c2 x c1) + UE3 x (c3 x c1)
= UE1 x 1 + UE2 x 0 + UE3 x 0
= UE1
In the same way, UE2 uses c2 for de-spreading and UE3

uses c3 for de-spreading to get their own signals.
Huawei Confidential
Page 32
Spreading and De-spreading (DS-CDMA)

Symbol
Data
-1
Chip
Spreading
1
Spreading code
-1
1
Spreading signal
= Data x Code word
-1
Despreading
1
Spreading code
-1
Data
= Spreading signal x
Code word
1
-1
Huawei Confidential
Page 33
Spreading Principle
____________
UE1:
UE2:
c1:
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
c2:
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
UE1c1:
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
UE2c2:
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
UE1c1 UE2c2:
0 2 0 2
0 2 0 2
1
1
_____________
Huawei Confidential
Page 34
De-spreading Principle
UE1c1 UE2c2
-2 0
-2
+2 0 +2
UE1 de-spreading with c1:
+1 -1 +1
-1
+1
-1 +1 -1
De-spreading result:
+2
-2 0
Integral:
Decision:
UE2 de-spreading with c2:
Integral:
Decision :
+2 0
+4
-4
+4/4 = +1
-4/4 = -1
-2
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
0
-2
-2
0 +2
0 +2
-4
+4
-4/4 = -1
+4/4 = +1
Question: How to generate those orthogonal codes like c1

and c2?
Huawei Confidential
Page 35
If error codes occur in the propagation process

UE1 c1 + UE2 c2:
0 2 0 2
0 2 0 2
UE1 c1 + UE2 c2 error code: 2 2 0 2
1 2 0 2
UE1 uses c1 for de-spreading: c1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Integral detection:
Normalization:
2 2 0 2
0 2 0 2
+6/4=1.5
- 4/4= -1
UE1 uses c2 for de-spreading: c2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Integral detection:
Normalization:
2 2 0 2
0 2 0 2
2/4=0.5
Huawei Confidential
4/4=1
Page 36
OVSF and Walsh

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
OVSF codes (Walsh) are completely orthogonal and

their mutual correlation is zero.
Huawei Confidential
Page 37
Use of OVSF Code

Over downlink channels, OVSF codes are used to differentiate users.
Over uplink channels, OVSF codes are used to differentiate the services
of a user.
Typical Service
Data Rate (bit/s)
Downlink SF
Uplink SF
AMR
12.2 + 3.4
128
64
Modem 28.8 kbit/s
28.8 + 3.4
64
32
12.2 kbit/s AMR and 64 kbit/s

packet data
12.2 + 64 + 3.4
32
16

packet data
12.2 + 144 + 3.4
16

packet data
12.2+384+3.4
Huawei Confidential
Page 38
Scrambling in the WCDMA System
Downlink: Different cells (sector carrier frequencies) have different

downlink scrambling codes.
Each cell is configured with a unique downlink scrambling code. The UE
identifies a cell based on the scrambling code.
OVSF codes are used to differentiate different users in a cell.
Uplink: Scrambles are used to differentiate different users.

In a cell, each user is configured with a unique uplink scrambling code.
OVSF codes are used to differentiate the services of a user.
Source
coding
Channel
Interleaving
Spreading
coding and
Scrambling
Modulation
interleaving
Huawei Confidential
RF
emission
Page 39
WCDMA Scrambling Code: G

old Sequence
Over downlink channels, OVSF codes are used to differentiate
users.
There are 224 uplink long scrambling codes and 224 uplink short
scrambling codes.
Over downlink channels, scrambling codes are used to differentiate
cells (sectors/carriers).
There are (218 - 1 = ) 262143 scrambling codes on the downlink.
Currently, however, only the primary scrambling codes in the
scrambling codes from No.0 to No.8191 are used.

A scrambling code is repeated every 10 ms. It is 38400 chips long.
Huawei Confidential
Page 40
Primary and Secondary Scrambling Codes

Primary
scrambling code 0
Secondary
scrambling code 1
Downlink
scrambling code
Set 0
Secondary
scrambling code 15
Set 1
Primary scrambling
code 51116
Set 511
Secondary scrambling
code 511161
8192 scrambling
codes
512 sets
Secondary scrambling
code 5111615
Currently, the system mainly uses primary

scrambling codes.
Huawei Confidential
Page 41
Each set contains 1

primary scrambling
code and 15
secondary
scrambling codes.
Primary Scrambling Codes and Scrambling Code

Groups
Primary scrambling
code 0
Primary
scrambling code 1
Downlink
scrambling code
Group 0
Group 1
Primary
scrambling code 7
Primary scrambling
code 504
Group 63
Primary scrambling
code 505
512 scrambling
codes
64 groups
Primary scrambling
code 511
Each group
contains eight
scrambling
codes, one of
which is the
primary
scrambling code.
Scrambling code planning in the network planning is

to plan and allocate the 512 primary scrambling codes.
Huawei Confidential
Page 42
Spreading/De-spreading Principle
Explanations for Frequency Domain
Eb/No = Ec/Io Gain
Power spectrum
a2Tbit = Ebit
Eb/No
required
Allowed maximum interference level
Gain
Other user
interference signals
Power sharable for all

users
Echip
Huawei Confidential
Page 43
Spectrum Change in CDMA

Spreading code
P(f)
P(f)
f
P (f)
Broadband signal
f
Narrowband signal
f
Noise
Separation of
signals and noise
P (f)
Signal
combination
Noise + broadband signal

P (f)
f
Spreading code
The CDMA broadband spreading technology

effectively avoids frequency-selective fading of radio channels.
Huawei Confidential
Page 44
Rake Receiver
Receiving path 1
Receiving path 2
Signal synthesizer
Front-end receiver
Receiving path 3
Compute delay and
phase deflection
Delay estimator
s(t)
s(t)
Huawei Confidential
Page 45
Consolidate
signals
Contents

Channel
Management
FDD
Huawei Confidential
Page 46
Mapping of Channel Function Between the

GSM and the WCDMA
GSM
FCCH: frequency correction channel
Cell SCH:
synchronization channel
search
BCCH: broadcast control channel
Paging PCH: paging channel

Uplink: RACH: random access channel
SDCCH:
stand-alone
dedicated
control channel
Access Downlink: AGCH: access grant channel
SDCCH:
standalone
dedicated control
channel
Speech
TCH: traffic channel
service
Data
PDCH: packet data channel
service
WCDMA
(P)CPICH: (Primary)
common pilot channel
SCH:
synchronization channel, but has different
functions from that in the GSM system
P-CCPCH:
primary common control physical
channel
PICH:
page indicator channel, helpful for power
saving on a terminal
S-CCPCH:
secondary common control physical
channel
Uplink: PRACH: physical random access channel
Downlink: AICH:
acquisition indication channel
S-CCPCH:
secondary common control
physical channel
DPDCH: d
edicated physical data control channel
DPDCH:
dedicated physical data control channel
HS-PDSCH:
high-speed physical downlink shared
channel
HS-SCCH: high-speed shared control channel
HS-DPCCH: high-speed dedicated control channel
Huawei Confidential
Page 47
Classification of WCDMA Channels

In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three
channels:
Logical channel: Carrying user services directly
According to the types of the carried services, it is divided into two types:
control channel and service channel.
Transport channel : Provided service for MAC layer by the physical

layer
According to whether the information transported is dedicated
information for a user or common information for all users, it is divided
into dedicated channel and common channel.
Physical channel: It is the final form of all kinds of information when

they are transmitted on radio interfaces.
Huawei Confidential
Page 48
Logical Channels
Broadcast Control Channel BCCH
Paging control channel
(PCCH)
Dedicate control channel
(DCCH)
Common control channel
(CCCH)
Dedicated traffic channel
(DTCH)
Common traffic channel
(CTCH)
Huawei Confidential
CCH
TCH
Page 49
Transport Channels
Dedicated Channel
(DCH)
-DCH can be uplink or downlink

channel
Broadcast channel
(BCH)
Forward access channel
(FACH)
Paging channel
(PCH)
Random access channel
(RACH)
Huawei Confidential
Dedicated transport
channel
Common transport
channel
Page 50
Physical Channels
Physical channels are divided into uplink and down physical channels.
A physical channel can be determined by a carrier, codes (channel code and
scrambling code), and a phase. Most channels consist of radio frames and
timeslots. Each radio frame has 10 ms and consists of 15 timeslots.
Data
Data
The timeslot concept
in the WCDMA system
differs greatly from
that in the GSM
system.
Timeslot 0 Timeslot 1
T timeslot = 2560 chips
Timeslot i
Timeslot 14
T = 10 ms, 38400 chips
Huawei Confidential
Page 51
Uplink Physical Channel

Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel
(Uplink DPDCH)
Uplink Dedicated Physical Control
Channel (uplink DPCCH)
Uplink Physical
Channel
Uplink Common Physical Channel

Physical Random Access Channel
(PRACH)
Huawei Confidential
Page 52
Downlink Physical Channel

Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
(downlink DPCH)
Downlink Common Physical Channel

Common Control Physical Channel
Downlink Physical
Channel
(CCPCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Huawei Confidential
Page 53
Configuration Example of Downlink Physical Channel

SCH 0,1
Synchronization
channel (SCH)
SF
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
Pilot channel (PICH)
C(256,0):PCPICH 2
0
Used to bear broadcast

C(256,1):PCCPCH 3
channels (BCHs)
0
C(256,2): AICH 6
1
C(256,3): PICH 10
0
C(64,1):SCCPCH 8
Used to bear forward
0
access channels
C(64,2):SCCPCH 9
(FACHs) and paging
1
channels (PCHs)
3
0
1
Allocated to dedicated
0
physical channels
1
(DPCHs) in real time
1
2
Huawei Confidential
Page 54
Functions of Physical Channels

Cell broadcast channel (CBCH)
P-CPICH: primary common pilot channel
S-CPICH: secondary common pilot channel
P-CCPCH: primary common control physical channel
SCH: synchronization channel
Paging channel (PCH)
S-CCPCH:
secondary common control physical channel
PICH: paging indicator channel
Random
access channel (RACH)
User equipment
(UE)
PRACH:
physical random access channel
NodeB (BS)
AICH: a
cquisition indication channel
Dedicated access channel
DPDCH: d
edicated physical data channel
DPCCH:
dedicated physical control channel
High-speed downlink shared channel
HS-SCCH: high-speed shared control channel
HS-PDSCH:
high-speed physical downlink shared channel
HS-DPCCH: high-speed dedicated control channel
Huawei Confidential
Page 55
Functions of Common Physical Channels

SCH: used for cell search
Divided into P-SCH and S-SCH

CPICH: used to identify scrambling codes
Divided into P-CPICH and S-CPICH

P-CPICH: Their channel codes are fixed to be Cch,256,0. They
use primary scrambling codes.
P-CPICH is the power benchmark of other physical downlink
channels. S-CPICH: used for smart antennas
P-CCPCH: used to carry system messages
channel codes are fixed to be Cch,256,1.

Each cell must be configured with all these channels, but only
one for each type.
Huawei Confidential
Page 56
Functions of Common Physical Channels

S-CCPCH: used to carry downlink signaling messages
PICH: used to carry paging indicators. A PICH must be configured
with an S-CCPCH as a pair.

PRACH: used to carry uplink signaling messages
The interval for timeslot access is 5120 chips, indicating that the
maximum coverage radius of a WCDMA BS is 200 km.
AICH: used to carry acquisition indications of PRACH prefix. An
AICH must be configured with a PRACH as a pair.

Each cell must be configured with all these channels, at least
one for each type.
Huawei Confidential
Page 57
Functions of Dedicated Physical Channels

DPDCH: used to carry users' service data. The maximum data rate of a
single code channel is 384 kbit/s.

DPCCH: used to carry control information, and provide control data
such as demodulation and power control for DPDCHs

On the uplink, DPDCHs and DPCCHs transmit signals over different
code channels. On the downlink, DPDCHs and DPCCHs transmit

signals in the mode of time multiplexing.
When the required data rate is higher than the maximum data rate of a
single code channel, the system can use multiple code channels for
transmission.
Maximum uplink data rate: 384 kbit/s x 6 code channels
Maximum downlink data rate: 384 kbit/s x 7 code channels
Huawei Confidential
Page 58
Mapping Between Logical Channels and

Transport Channels
Logical Channels
Transport Channels
CCCH (uplink)
RACH
DCCH/DTCH (uplink)
RACH
DCH
BCCH (downlink)
BCH
PCCH (downlink)
PCH
CCCH/CTCH (downlink)
FACH
DCCH/DTCH (downlink)
DCH
FACH
DTCH (downlink)
HS-DSCH
Huawei Confidential
Page 59
Mapping Between Transport Channels and

Physical Channels
Transport Channels
DCH
Physical Channels
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
RACH
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
BCH
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
FACH
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
PCH
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
HS-DSCH
PDSCH)
High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-
HS-DSCH-related Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)

Dedicated Physical Control Channel (uplink) for Hs-DSCH
HS-DPCCH
Huawei Confidential
Page 60
Contents
Channel
Management

FDD
Huawei Confidential
Page 61
Overview of Radio Resource Management

RRMRadio Resource Management
Since the WCDMA system is a self-interference system, the use of
power is incompatible in WCDMA system.

On one hand, increasing the Tx power for a user can improve the
quality of service (QoS) of this user.
On the other hand, as WCDMA is self interference system, power

enhancement will interfere other user and make the reception
quality worse. .
Power is a final radio resource. The only way to make radio resources
utility is to strictly control the use of power.

The RRM is to manage the power by combining QoS objectives.
Huawei Confidential
Page 62
Purposes of RRM
The RRM is intended to:
Ensure the QoS requested by the CN
Enhance the system coverage
Improve the system capacity
Huawei Confidential
Page 63
Tasks of RRM
Channel configuration: To ensure the QoS requested by the CN, the
RRM maps the QoS into some features of the access stratum and thus
uses the resources at the access stratum to serve the local connection.
Power control: When the QoS requested by the CN is ensured, the RRM
minimizes the Tx power of a UE to reduce the interference of this UE to

the entire system, and to improve the system capacity and coverage.
Mobility management: The RRM maintains the QoS when a UE moves.
Load control: After a certain number of UEs access to the system, the
RRM must ensure that the load of the entire system retains at a stable
level to ensure the QoS of each connection in the system.
QoS assurance and power saving run through the entire RRM.
Huawei Confidential
Page 64
Power ControlNear-Far Effect

The CDMA has not been put into commercial use in a large scale
since it was put forward. That is because it cannot overcome the

near-far effect.
All other signals are
overwhelmed by the signals
of a UE closest to the BS.
Communications fail.
One UE can
congest an entire
cell
Huawei Confidential
Page 65
Purpose and Classification of Power Control

Owing to the near-far effect, the WCDMA system must introduce power
control. In addition, power control can also bring many other benefits:
Adjust the transmit power to maintain the uplink and downlink communication
quality.
Overcome slow and fast fading.
Reduce network interference and improve the system quality and capacity.
Power control is classified into:
Open loop power control

Closed loop power control
- Uplink and downlink inner loop power control
- Uplink and downlink outer loop power control
Huawei Confidential
Page 66
Principles of Open Loop Power Control

Basic principle
Suppose the coupling loss between the transmit power and the received
power is the same as the interference level between them. Use the previouslymeasured received power to determine the initial transmit power.
If the BS fails to receive the initial transmit power, there is a retransmission
mechanism for improving the power.
Basic function
To overcome slow fading and path loss

Major disadvantage
Asymmetry between the wave power of the uplink and downlink channels is not
considered, so accuracy cannot be guaranteed.
Major application
Uplink: applied to PRACHs and DPCCHs

Downlink: applied to DPCCHs
Huawei Confidential
Page 67
Principles of Open Loop Power Control

Principles of setting initial transmit power
CPICH _ RSCP CPICH _ Pow PLDL ............................(1)
X _ EcNo X _ Pow PLUL InterferenceUL ....................(2)
Suppose the uplink and downlink path losses are the same: PLDL PLUL ....................(3)
X _ Pow CPICH _ Pow CPICH _ RSCP InterferenceUL X _ EcNo
Huawei Confidential
Page 68
Open Loop Power Control over the PRACH

BCH: Transmit power of CPICH
UL interference level
RACH
NodeB
UE
The open loop power control is

intended to roughly estimate the
initial transmit power. It estimates
the path loss and interference level
according to measurement results,
and thus calculates the initial
transmit power.
Huawei Confidential
The UE measures the

received power of the
CPICH and
calculates the initial
uplink transmit power.
Page 69

One access slot
Acq.
Ind.
AICH access
slots RX at UE
p-a
PRACH access
slots TX at UE
Preamble
Preamble
p-p
Message part
p-m
Access process of the PRACH:

A UE transmits a PRACH preamble signal over the PRACH. After a BS
successfully captures the preamble signal, the BS responds with an AI over
the downlink AICH. If the UE receives the AI signal, the UE transmits a
PRACH message. If the UE fails to receive the AI signal at the time point pa, the UE will increase the power and transmit next preamble signal after a
certain time p-p. The UE will continue such an action over and over until it
receives the AI signals.
Huawei Confidential
Page 70

Method for setting the transmit power of the first preamble signal over the uplink
PRACH:
Preamble_Initial_Power = PCPICH DL TX power - CPICH_RSCP + UL interference
+ Constant Value
Note: The PCPICH DL TX power, UL Interference, and Constant Value are delivered in system
messages. The CPICH_RSCP is measured by the UE.
In the early stage of network construction, the coverage is limited, so the Constant Value
can be set to a larger value (-16 dB or -15dB).
In this way, the network can receive the preamble signals sent by the UE in time. In
addition, the parameter Power Ramp Step can also be set to a larger value to increase
the network probability of capturing preamble signals.
Default settings:
Constant Value: -20 dB
PowerRampStep: 2 dB
PreambleRetransMax: 20
Huawei Confidential
Page 71
Open Loop Power Control over the Uplink DPCCH

Method for setting the initial power of the uplink DPCCH:
DPCCH_Initial_power = DPCCH_Power_offset - CPICH_RSCP
Note: The CPICH_RSCP is measured by a UE.
The DPCCH_Power_offset is the offset of the initial transmit power of the DPCCH. The
RNC allocates it to a UE at the beginning of an RRC connection setup. The formula for
computing it is as follows:
DPCCH_Power_offset = Primary CPICH DL TX power + UL Interference

+ Default Constant Value
In the formula,
the Primary CPICH DL TX power is the downlink transmit power of the P-CPICH.
The UL interference is the uplink interference.
The Default Constant Value is the default constant value of the initial transmit power
of the DPCCH.
Understanding
Huawei Confidential
Page 72
Open Loop Power Control over the Downlink DPCCH

Method for setting the initial power of the downlink DPCCH:
P = (Ec/Io) Req - CPICH_Ec/Io + PCPICH

Note: The (Ec/Io) Req is the required Ec/Io for a UE to correctly receive the dedicated
channel. The CPICH_Ec/Io is the Ec/Io of the CPICH measured by the UE,
and it is reported to the UTRAN through the RACH. The PCPICH is the
transmit power of the CPICH.
Understanding
Huawei Confidential
Page 73
Uplink Inner Loop Power Control

Measure SIRsof received signals
and compare them
1500
Hz
Inner loop
Send TPC bits
Set SIRtar
NodeB
UE
The inner loop power control is

intended to ensure equal bit
energy for each UE signal received
at the NodeB.
Huawei Confidential
Each UE has its

own control loop.
Page 74
Uplink Inner Loop Power Control

Measure the BLER over
the transport channel
Obtain the service
data with a stable
BLER
Measure BLERs of
received data and
compare them
Measure SIRsof received signals

and compare them
Outer loop
Inner loop
Set SIRtar
Send TPC bits
Set SIRtar
10-100Hz
RNC
UE
NodeB
Huawei Confidential
Page 75
Downlink Inner Loop Power Control

Measure BLERs
and compare them
Send TPC
Outer loop
1500 Hz
Layer 3 of the UE
10-100 Hz
Set SIRtar
Inner loop
NodeB
Measure SIRs and

compare them
Physical layer of the UE
Downlink inner loop and outer loop power control
Huawei Confidential
Page 76
Power Control Application in the WCDMA System

Physical
Channel
Open Loop
Power
Control
PRACH
DPCCH
DPDCH
Inner
Closed
Loop
Outer
Closed
Loop
No
Power
Control
PCPICH
PCCPCH
SCCPCH
AICH
PICH
Huawei Confidential
Page 77
MML
Commands Related to
Power Control
MML commands related to open loop power control:

ADD PRACHBASIC
SET FRC
MMLcommands related to inner loop power control:

SET FRC
ADD CELLSETUP
MML commands related to outer loop power control:

ADD TYPRABOLPC
SET OLPC
MMLcommands related to power balance:

SET DPB
Huawei Confidential
Page 78
Classification of WCDMA Handover

Soft handover:
Soft handover
Softer handover
Hard handover:
Intra-frequency hard handover

Inter-frequency hard handover
Inter-system handover
Huawei Confidential
Page 79
Soft
Handover
Source BS
Data
received/
sent by
the UE
Target BS
Time
The UE moves
Data
received/
sent by
the UE
Source BS
No GAP of communication
Target BS
Time
The UE moves
Huawei Confidential
Page 80
Hard Handover
Data
received/
sent by
the UE
Source BS
Target BS
Time
The UE moves
Data
received/
sent by
the UE
Source BS
GAP of communication
Target BS
Time
The UE moves
Huawei Confidential
Page 81
Contents
Channel
Management

FDD
Huawei Confidential
Page 82
Technical Specifications of WCDMA FDD

BS synchronous mode: supports asynchronous and
synchronous BS operation
Signal bandwidth: 5 MHz; chip rate: 3.84 Mcps
Transmit diversity mode: TSTD, STTD, and FBTD
Channel coding: convolutional code and Turbo code
Modulation mode: QPSK for both the uplink and the downlink
Power control: uplink and downlink closed and open loop
power control
Demodulation mode: coherence demodulation assisted by pilots
Speech coding: AMR
Huawei Confidential
Page 83
Speech Evolution of the WCDMA System

Adopts AMR speech coding and supports the voice quality of 4.75
kbit/s to 12.2 kbit/s

Adopts soft handover and transmit diversity to improve the capacity
Provides high-fidelity voice modes
Supports fast power control
Huawei Confidential
Page 84
Data Evolution of the WCDMA System

Supports up to 14.4 Mbit/s data services (HSDPA)
Supports packet switching
Evolves from the ATM platform to All-IP gradually
Provides QoS control
Better supports Internet packet services (HSDPA) through the CPCH
and DSCH.
Provides mobile IP services (dynamic assignment of IP addresses)
Determines dynamic data rates provided by the TFCI domain.
Provides high quality support for symmetric uplink and downlink data
services, including the voice, videophone, and video conference.
Huawei Confidential
Page 85
Summary
This course introduces the WCDMA system briefly.

The course contents include the basic key technologies of
mobile communication systems, basic principles of the

CDMA system, and the FDD mode of the WCDMA system.
After studying this course, you can have a general
understanding of the 3G system, thus make a good

foundation for further study.
Huawei Confidential
Page 86
Thank you!
www.huawei.com

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Principles of the WCDMA

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Updated the access technology in the latest products in

Added the comparison of encoding process in page 27.

Added information about EGSM/RGEM frequency

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Know the similarities and differences between

Master the structure and radio interfaces of the

Know technical features of the WCDMA FDD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Evolution from GSM to WCDMA

Mainly designed for the speech service

Supports higher data rates through the introduction of

Has the capability of high-speed data access and

Multiple Access Technology - Distinguish Different

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Comparison of Multiple Access Technology

WCDMA: FDMA + CDMA

Bandwidth of a single carrier: 200 kHz

Bandwidth of a single carrier: 5 MHz

Weak anti-interference capability. C/I: >

Strong anti-interference capability. C/I: > -8

With eight timeslots for a single carrier,

The capacity is not fixed (soft capacity),

Since different users occupy different

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Users interfere with each other. They must

Comparison of Radio Access Technology

FR: RPELTP coding, 13 kbit/s

Convolutional code (1/2)

Packed in the pulse mode, data is sent

GMSK, 8PSK (EDGE)

QPSK, 16QAM (HSDPA)

Slow power control (2 Hz)

Fast power control (1500 Hz): used to

Transmit diversity (BTS3012)

Space diversity and polarization diversity

Space diversity and polarization diversity

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Comparison Between GSM and WCDMA

Sector = Cell. One cell can

One sector can include multiple cells. Cell = Carrier

Comparison Between GSM and WCDMA Protocols

L2 (data link layer): LAPDm

L2 (data link layer): RLC/MAC

Major frequency band: 1920-1980 / 2110-2170

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Supplementary frequency band: 17101785/1805-1880

Major Differences Between WCDMA and GSM

Frequency + Scrambling code

Network planning (frequency

Algorithm of radio resource

The 3.84-MHz bandwidth enables

Timeslot-based scheduling in the

Packet scheduling based on loads

Not supported by the standards

Supported for increasing the

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

GSM 1800 DECT

Comparison of Frequency Computation