TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

The six trigonometric functions:

opp y
hyp r
1
=
= =
sin =
csc =
hyp r
opp y sin

adj x
=
hyp r
opp y sin
tan =
= =
adj x cos

cos =

sec =

cot =

sin 2 = 2 sin cos

cos 2 = 1 2 sin 2

Pythagorean Identities:
tan + 1 = sec
2

cos a sin b

= 12 [sin (a + b ) sin (a b )]

hyp r
1
= =
adj x cos

cos a cos b =

1
[cos (a
2

+ b ) + cos (a b )]

adj x
1
= =
opp y tan

sin a sin b =

1
[cos (a
2

b ) cos (a + b )]

sin a + sin b = 2 sin( a +2 b ) cos( a 2 b )

Sum or difference of two angles:

sin (a b ) = sin a cos b cos a sin b
cos(a b ) = cos a cos b m sin a sin b
tan a tan b
tan( a b) =
1 m tan a tan b
Double angle formulas:

Sum and product formulas:

sin a cos b = 1 [sin (a + b ) + sin (a b )]
2

sin a sin b = 2 cos( a +2 b ) sin( a 2 b )

cos a + cos b = 2 cos( a +2 b ) cos( a 2 b )

cos a cos b = 2 sin( a +2 b ) sin( a 2 b )

2 tan
tan 2 =
1 tan 2
cos 2 = 2 cos 2 1
cos 2 = cos 2 sin 2

sin 2 + cos 2 = 1
cot 2 + 1 = csc 2

Half angle formulas:

1
1
cos2 = (1 + cos 2)
sin 2 = (1 cos 2 )
2
2

1 cos

1 + cos
sin =
cos =
2
2
2
2

1 cos
sin
1 cos
tan =
=
=
2
1 + cos 1 + cos
sin

2
2
2
Law of cosines:
a = b + c 2bc cos A
where A is the angle of a scalene triangle opposite
side a.

Radian measure: 8.1 p420 1 =

radians
180
180
1 radian =

Reduction formulas:
sin( ) = sin

cos( ) = cos

sin() = sin( )

cos() = cos( )

tan( ) = tan

tan() = tan( )

m sin x = cos( x )

Complex Numbers:

cos = 12 ( e j + e j )

cos x = sin( x 2 )
e j = cos j sin
sin = j12 ( e j e j )

TRIGONOMETRIC VALUES FOR COMMON ANGLES

Degrees

Radians

sin

cos

0
30

0
/6

0
1/2

45

/4

60

/3

2 /2
3/2

90
120

/2
2/3

135

3/4

3/2
2 /2

150

5/6

1/2

180
210
225

7/6
5/4

0
-1/2

- 3/2
-1
- 3/2

240

4/3

- 2 /2
- 3/2

- 2 /2
-1/2

-1

0
1/2

270
300

3/2
5/3

315

7/4

- 3/2
- 2 /2

11/6
2

-1/2
0

330
360

3/2
2 /2
1/2

tan
0
3/3
1
3

0
-1/2

Undefined
- 3

- 2 /2

-1
- 3/3
0
3/3
1

2 /2
3/2
1

cot

sec

csc

Undefined
3

1
2 3/3

Undefined
2

2
2

3/3
0

- 3/3
-1
- 3
Undefined
3

Undefined
-2

2
2 3/3
1
2 3/3

- 2
-2 3 / 3
-1
-2 3 / 3
- 2

Undefined
-2
- 2

2
2

-2

-2 3 / 3

Undefined
- 3

0
- 3

Undefined
2

-1
- 3/3
0

-1
- 3
Undefined

-1
-2 3 / 3
- 2

2 3/3
1

-2
Undefined

Tom Penick

3/3

tomzap@eden.com

www.teicontrols.com/notes

2/20/2000

Expansions for sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent:

y3 y5 y 7
sin y = y + +L
6 5! 7!
y2 y4 y6
cos y = 1 + +L
2 4! 6!
y3 2 y5
tan y = y + +
+L
3 15
1 y y3 2 y5
cot y =
L
y 3 45 945
Hyperbolic functions:

sinh jy = jsin y

cosh jy = jcos y

1 y
e e y
2
1
cosh y = e y + e y
2

sinh y =

tanh jy = j tan y

Expansions for hyperbolic functions:

y3
sinh y = y +
+L
6
y2
cosh y = 1 +
+L
2
y2 5y 4
sech y = 1
+
L
2
24
1 y y3
ctnh y = +
+L
y 3 45
1 y 7 y3
csch y = +
L
y 6 360
y3 2 y5
tanh y = y +
L
3 15

Tom Penick

tomzap@eden.com

www.teicontrols.com/notes

2/20/2000