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CD-1 Fate of The Jerm Layers
CD-1 Fate of The Jerm Layers
Fate of the
Germ Layers
The three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm
and endoderm) give rise to all the tissues
and organs of the body. Most organs receive
contributions from more than one germ layer.
A summary of the derivatives of each germ
layer is given below.
DERIVATIVES OF ECTODERM
Lining Epithelia
The epithelium lining the following is of
ectodermal origin:
ECTODERM
Surface ectoderm
Neural tube
Neural crest
Epidermis of skin
Medulla of suprarenal
Retina
Mammary gland
Pineal body
Schwann cells
Hair
Posterior pituitary
Nail
Enamel of teeth
Sympathetic ganglia
Dentine of teeth
Lens of eye
Anterior pituitary
Internal ear
Fig. CD-1.1. Derivatives of ectoderm. Derivatives of surface epithelium, neural tube and neural crest are listed
separately.
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CD-2
HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY
Other Derivatives
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Lining Epithelia
The following lining epithelia are of endodermal
origin.
Glands
1.
2.
3.
4.
DERIVATIVES OF ENDODERM
Hair.
Nails.
Enamel of teeth.
Lens of eye; musculature of iris; ciliary
muscles (from neural crest?); vitreous(?).
Nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
including all neurons, neuroglia (except
microglia), and Schwann cells (from neural
crest).
Pia-arachnoid (from neural crest).
Branchial cartilage (from neural crest?).
Substance of cornea, sclera and choroid
(from neural crest?).
ENDODERM
Epithelium of G.I. tract
Epithelium of
respiratory system
Epithelium of
pharyngeal pouches
Trachea
Pharynx
Gut
Liver
Gall bladder
Bronchi
Thyroid gland
Pancreas
Lung alveoli
Tympanic cavity
Urinary bladder
Auditory tube
Urethra
Fig. CD-1.2. Derivatives of endoderm listed under three different heads. 1. From epithelial lining of gut (including
urinary bladder). 2. Respiratory system and epithelial lining of pharynx. 3. Derivatives of pharyngeal pouches
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CD-3
MESODERM
Paraxial
Intermediate
Lateral
Kidney
Skeleton of limbs
Mesonephric duct
Blood cells
Connective tissues
Adrenal cortex
Paramesonephric duct
Myocardium
Wall of gut
Wall of respiratory tract
Fig. CD-1.3. Derivatives of mesoderm. Structures derived from paraxial, intermediate and lateral mesoderm are
listed separately.
Glands
(a) Endocrine: Thyroid, parathyroid, thymus,
islets of Langerhans.
(b) Exocrine: Liver, pancreas, glands in wall
of gastrointestinal tract, greater part of
prostate (except inner glandular zone) and
its female homologues.
DERIVATIVES OF MESODERM
1. All connective tissues including loose
areolar tissue lling the interstices between
other tissues, supercial and deep fascia,
ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses, and the
dermis of the skin.
2. Specialized connective tissues like adipose
tissue, reticular tissue, cartilage and
bone.
3. Dentine of teeth.
4. All muscles (smooth, striated and cardiac)
except the musculature of the iris
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