Incomplete Dominance

• Neither allele for a trait is dominant.

• The phenotype produced is intermediate
between the two homozygous parents.
 Multiple Alleles
• More than two alleles are multiple alleles.
• Traits controlled by multiple alles produce
more than three phenotypes.
Multiple Genes
Coat color genes in mammals
 aB

Ab aB

Ab aB
Ab
aB

Ab

AaBb
F1
 AB Ab aB ab

AB
AABB AABb AaBB AaBb

AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb

Ab

AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb

aB

AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb

ab

A_B_ agouti A_bb cinnamon aaB_ black

aabb brown
 Polygenic Inheritance
• A group of gene pairs acts together to
produce a trait, which creates more variety
in phenotypes.
• Many human traits are controlled by
polygenic inheritance, such as hair and eye
color.
Polygenic
Inheritance:
Skin Color
 Mutations
• Genes that are altered or copied incorrectly.
• A mutation can be harmful, beneficial, or
have no effect.
 Down Syndrome
• Down syndrome is
caused by an extra
copy of chromosome
21
 Recessive Genetic Disorders
• Both parents have a recessive allele
responsible for the disorder and pass it on to
their child.
• Because the parents are heterozygous, they
don’t show any symptoms.
Cystic Fibrosis
Manx gene in cats
Mm: tail-less
mm: normal
MM: dead
 Sex-linked Genes
• Genes that determine the sex of an
organism are XX in females and XY in
males.
• Females produce eggs with an X
Chromosome ONLY!
• Males produce sperm with either an X or a
Y chromosome.
 Sex-linked disorders
• An allele inherited on an X or Y
chromosome is called a sex-linked gene.
• Color blindness is a sex-linked disorder
caused by a recessive allele on the X
chromosome.
 Pedigree
• Follows a trait through generations of a
family.
• Circle= family
• Square= male