G9 Biology

Genetics and Heredity

Ryan Chu
• Mendelian Inheritance
• Pedigree
• Non-Mendelian Inheritance
Vocabulary
• Genetics • Homozygous recessive
• Inheritance • Homozygous dominant
• Heredity • Heterozygous
• Hereditary • Offspring
• Trait • Karyotype
• DNA • Punnett Square
• Chromosome • Pedigree
• Genes • Nonmendelian (complex) inheritance
• Sex cells • Mendelian inheritance
• Alleles • Multiple Alleles
• Dominant • Incomplete Dominance
• Recessive • Codominance
• Genotype • Polygenic Trait
• Phenotype • Sex-linked Trait
Genetics
• Heredity, or inheritance, is the passing down of the traits from parent
to offspring, or the child
Traits of Pea Plants
Dominant > Recessive
Some traits are dominant: the “stronger” trait that is easier to express
Some traits are recessive: the “weaker” trait that is harder to express
Chromosome
Chromosomes contain genes -
parts of the DNA that code for
traits
The entire set of chromosomes
in a single cell of an organism is
also called a karyotype
Human sex cells: Sperm and egg
Both parents provide the chromosome
Genes have at least two alleles
Alleles: Forms of a gene
-Can be dominant or recessive
Phenotype v.s. Genotype
• Genotype: characteristics of the
alleles
• AA, Bb, cc

• Phenotype: physical
characteristics of the body
• Black hair, brown eyes, Type O
blood
Punnett Square
Practice
• Tongue curling is a dominant trait. Can two parents that can curl their
tongue create a baby that cannot?
Mendelian inheritance
Pedigrees
• Pedigrees are used to analyze the pattern of inheritance of a
particular trait throughout a family.
• Pedigrees show the presence or absence of a trait as it relates to the
relationship among parents, offspring, and siblings.
Types of Non-Mendelian Inheritance
1. Multiple Alleles: More than 2 types of alleles for one gene
2. Incomplete Dominance: Heterozygous individuals express a blend
between both traits
3. Codominance: Heterozygous individuals express both traits
4. Polygenic Trait: Traits contain more than one gene for expression
5. Sex-linked Trait: Traits that are expressed only by the chromosomes
that determine one’s sex
Multiple alleles
• One gene regulated by multiple alleles
• ABO blood type
Incomplete dominance
• The dominant trait is not totally up-regulation to recessive trait
• Pink color of flower
Codominance
• Heterozygous individuals express both traits (both alleles are
dominant)
Polygenic Trait
Sex-linked Trait
• →Traits that are expressed only
by the chromosomes that
determine one’s sex

• → Since the male Y chromosome

is small, most sex-linked genes
are from the female X
chromosome
Sex-Linked Inheritance
X-linked recessive: Color-Blindness
X-linked recessive: Hemophilia
X-Chromosome Inactivation (Barr body)
Exercising