BI TP HO HC V C

TRONG NHNG K THI

OLYMPIC HA HC
Chng ti su tm v bin son ti liu ny t tuyn tp cc thi olympic ho hc tng c gii thiu trong
hai nm tr li y din n OlympaVN. Hi vng rng s mt phn no gip cho cc bn hc sinh tham gia k
thi chn hc sinh gii Ho hc quc gia ln th 15 (2009) sp ti y s c thm ti liu n tp, gip cc bn c
c s chun b tt hn. Cm n cc bn tr rt nhiu v nhng ng gp cho forum sut thi gian qua, chc cho
cc bn thi tht tt. Chemistry: Art, Science and Fun!

(Youngchemist, Nov 2008)

Bi 1 (Kim loi kim)

Mt mu oxit kim loi kim c ho tan trong dung dch nc ca mt axit hirohalogenua
bit. Dung dch thu c ch c halogenua kim loi tng ng. Phn khi lng cht tan trong
dung dch sau phn ng bng phn khi lng ca hydrohalogenua trong dung dch u.
a) Cho bit mi quan h nh lng gia phn khi lng ca mui trong dung dch trung
ha sau phn ng v khi lng phn t ca kim loi kim? a ra cng thc lin h.
b) T cng thc ny hy xc nh oxit kim loi no ho tan trong axit no.
p n:
a) Phn khi lng ca mui trong dung dch sau cng c cho bi cng thc
m

M 1
M 8

vi m l khi lng phn t kim loi kim.

b) i t trn xung di trong bng tun hon ta nhn c cc gi tr:

-

m(Li)=0,40

m(Na)=0,71

m(K)=0,81

m(Rb)=0,90

m(Cs)=0,94

Phn khi lng ca axit hydrohalogenua ch c gi tr thc trong trng hp th nht.

Vy kim loi l liti, cn axit c s dng l axit bt k trong s ba axit: HCl, HBr, HI.
Khng dng HF do LiF kh tan.

Bi 2 (Kim loi chuyn tip)

Zirconi, mt kim loi mu trng bc, c nh kim sng.
L mt hp phn khng th thay th trong cc hp
kim s dng trong cng nghip ht nhn vi nhim v
ca n l xy dng cc l phn ng ht nhn. Mt
trong s ngun cung cp zirconi ch yu l khong
zircon (49,76% zirconi v 15,32% silic). Kim loi
Zirconi c sn xut ch yu bng phng php
Kroll v mt s phng php khc.
Trong phng php Kroll th mt hn hp ca zircon v than cc c x l vi clo 1000 oC v
sn phm zirconi tetraclorua sinh ra c kh bi magie cho zirconi kim loi dng bt xp.
Dng bt xp ny c tinh ch, lm nng chy bng h quang v hnh thnh dng thi.
a) Xc nh cng thc ho hc ca khong zircon.
b) Vit cc phn ng iu ch zirconi trong qu trnh Kroll.
c) C bao nhiu tn zirconi nhn c khi s dng 32,5 tn qung zircon cha 12,4% tp cht
tr. Cho rng hiu sut ca ton qu trnh ch t 95,5% v khi lng.
d) Bt xp zirconi lun cha mt kim loi khc rt kh tch ra. Hy cho bit l kim loi
no v ti sao n li xut hin trong bt xp.
p n:
a) Cng thc ho hc ca khong zircon l ZrSiO4.
b) Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh iu ch Zr kim loi.
ZrSiO4 + 4C + 4Cl2 = ZrCl4 + SiCl4 + 4CO
ZrSiO4 + 2C + 2Cl2 = ZrCl4 + SiO2 + CO
ZrCl4 + 2Mg = Zr + 2MgCl2
c) m = 13,52 (tn) zirconi.
d) Zirconi lun i cng vi Hafni (Hf). Kh c th phn bit c hai kim loi ny do tnh
cht ha hc ca chng ging ht nhau.

Bi 3 (Kim loi chuyn tip)

Mt cht rn mu trng X tham gia mt lot cc th nghim trong X b t thnh tro di tc
dng ca cc lung kh vo khc nhau. Kt qa th nghim c thng k bng sau:
Th nghim s
1
2
3
4
5

Kh vo
N2
NH3
O2
HCl
HCl + Cl2

S chnh lch khi lng mu so vi ban u

-37,9
-51,7
-31,0
+9,5
-100,0

Trong tt c cc th nghim th trong hn hp sau phn ng ngoi kh ban u cn c mt kh cha

bit Y. th nghim s 5 xut hin mt hp cht mu nu Z ngng t khi tin hnh bc lm
lnh trong th nghim.
a) S dng cc gi tr cho bng trn hy xc nh cc cht c k hiu bng ch ci.
b) Vit cc phn ng xy ra trong th nghim.
c) Cho bit cu trc ca Z trong pha kh.
p n:
a) X l FeCO3
Y l CO2
Z l FeCl3
b) Cc phn ng sau y xy ra
FeCO3 = FeO + CO2
3FeCO3 + 2NH3 = 3Fe + 3CO2 + 3H2O
4FeCO3 = 2Fe2O3 + 4CO2
FeCO3 + 2HCl = FeCl2 + CO2 + H2O
2FeCO3 + 4HCl + Cl2 = 2FeCl3 + 2CO2 + 2H2O
c) pha hi th st (III) clorua tn ti dng dime (FeCl3)2

Bi 4 (Phi kim)
3

Cho n tn th k XIX th thuc sng en l vt liu n duy nht m loi ngi c bit. Tri
qua nhiu nm th thuc sng en c dng vo mc ch qun s.
Ngy nay n ch yu c s dng trong k thut biu
din tn hiu (tn hiu tn la, pho hoa) cng nh lm
u n cho cc sng ngn th thao. Thnh phn ca
thuc sng en c th rt khc nhau nhng lun cha
nhng thnh phn c bn: dim tiu (kali nitrat), lu
hunh v than. Tin hnh phn tch ha hc thuc sng
en cho kt qu l 75% dim tiu, 13% cacbon v 12%
lu hunh v khi lng.
a) Vit phn ng th hin s chy ca thuc sng en vi cc thnh phn ny. Cho bit vai tr
ca tng loi nguyn liu.
b) Nu nh thnh phn cc nguyn liu trong thuc sng en c thay i th c th thu c
cc loi sn phm chy no? Minh ha bng phng trnh ha hc.
p n:
a) T l thnh phn cc nguyn liu l KNO3 : C : S = 0,743 : 1,08 : 0,375 = 2 : 3 : 1
iu ny ph hp vi phn ng:
2KNO3 + 3C + S = K2S + N2 + 3CO2
KNO3 l cht oxy ha, S l cht buc (binder) cn C l nguyn liu (cht kh)
b) Cc sn phm khc c th c l: KNO2, SO2, K2CO3; K2SO3; K2SO4
4KNO3 + C + S = 4KNO2 + CO2 + SO2
4KNO3 + 2C + 3S = 2K2CO3 + CO2 + N2
2KNO3 + C + S = K2SO4 + CO2 + N2
4KNO3 + 3C + 2S = 2K2SO3 + 3CO2 + 2N2

Bi 5 (Kim loi chuyn tip)

Cc hp cht cromVI, c bit l cc hydroxit u l cc cht oxy ha mnh. Trong cc phng th
nghim Ha hc th tnh oxy ha ca n thng c dng tinh ch cc kh c ln H 2S. Khi mt
mu kh cacbon dioxit c ln kh hydro sunfua c sc qua dung dch kali dicromat trong s c
mt ca axit sunfuric th xut hin mt kt ta mu vng khng tan v mu ca dung dch chuyn
sang xanh l cy.
a) Vit cng thc ha hc ca tt c cc cromVI hydroxit m em bit.
b) Vit phn ng ha hc xy ra trong qu trnh tinh ch.
c) C th s dng cc cht oxy ho tng t tinh ch kh cacbon dioxit c khng? Gii
thch.
p n:
a) CrO2(OH)2 (hay H2CrO4), Cr2O5(OH)2 (hay H2Cr2O7) cng nh cc hydroxit khc c cng
thc chung nCrO3.Cr(OH)2.
b) 3H2S + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 3S + 7H2O
c) Xy ra phn ng sau: 3SO2 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O

Bi 6 (Kim loi chuyn tip)

C th tch c rhodi khi cc kim loi qu khc bng cch sau: Mt mu bt rhodi c trn
vi NaCl v un nng trong dng kh clo. B rn thu c cha mt mui A cha 26,76 % rhodi..
B rn ny sau c x l vi nc dung dch thu c em lc v c bay hi thu c tinh th
B cha 17,13% rhodi. Tinh th c lm kh 120oC n khi lng khng i (khi lng mt
i l 35,98%) ri un nng ti 650oC. Ra b rn thu c bng nc cho kim loi rhodi tinh
khit.
a) Xc nh cng thc cu to ca mui A.
b) Cng thc ca B l g?
c) Khi mt lng d hydro sunfua c sc qua dung dch mui A th to thnh kt ta C.
Hp cht ny c thnh phn hp thc cha 47,59% lu hunh. Xc nh thnh phn ha
hc ca C.
d) Gii thch ti sao cn phi ra bng nc bc cui cng.
e) Vit phng trnh ha hc cho cc chuyn ha cu trn.
p n:
a) A = Na3[RhCl6]:

b) B = Na3[RhCl6].12H2O
c) C = Rh2S3 . 3H2S
d) loi b cc mui tan (ch yu l NaCl).
e) 2Rh + 6NaCl + 3Cl2 = 2Na3[RhCl6]
Na3[RhCl6].12H2O = Na3[RhCl6] + 12H2O
2Na3[RhCl6] = 2Rh + 6NaCl + 3Cl2
2Na3[RhCl6] + 3H2S = Rh2S3.3H2S + 6NaCl + 6HCl

Bi 7 (Phi kim)
Hydro mi sinh l mt tc nhn kh c hiu qu nht. X l mt lng natri nitrit bng hn hng
natri kim loi cho ra mt mui c 43,38% natri v 26,43% nit v khi lng. Mt sn phm khc
ca phn ng ny l natri hydroxit. trnh s lm bn sn phm cui ny th qu trnh tng hp
c tin hnh trong kh quyn tr nh mi trng nit hay argon
a) Xc nh cng thc mui.
b) V cng thc ba chiu anion ca mui ny.
c) Nu phn ng c tin hnh trong khng kh th s to thnh tp cht no?
d) Vit phng trnh tng hp mui.
e) Tng tc gia mui ny vi cacbon dioxit sinh ra mt cht kh. Vit phng trnh phn ng.
p n:
a) Na2N2O2 natri hyponitrit.
b) Theo l thuyt th anion N2O 22 th c ng phn cis, trans. Thc nghim chng minh
c rng ion ny ch yu dng trans.

c) Sn phm c th cha tp cht NaNO3, NaNO2, Na2CO3, NaHCO3.

d) 2NaNO2 + 4Na + 2H2O Na2N2O2 + 4NaOH
e) Na2N2O2 + CO2 Na2CO3 + N2O

Bi 8 (Kim loi chuyn tip)

C th iu ch tinh th FeCl 3.6H2O theo cch sau: Ho tan st kim loi vo trong dung dch axit
clohydric 25%. Dung dch to thnh c oxy ha bng cch sc kh clo qua cho n khi cho kt
qa m tnh vi K3[Fe(CN)6]. Dung dch c c bay hi 95 oC cho n khi t trng ca n t
chnh xc 1,695 g/cm3 v sau lm lnh n 4oC. Tch kt ta thu c bng cch ht chn
khng ri cho vo mt dng c cha c nim kn.
a) Vit cc phn ng dn n s kt ta FeCl3.6H2O
b) C bao nhiu gam st v bao nhiu mL dung dch axit clohydric 36% (d=1,18g/cm 3) cn
iu ch 1,00kg tinh th ny. Bit rng hiu sut qu trnh ch t 65%
c) un nng 2,752g FeCl3.6H2O trong khng kh n 350oC thu c 0,8977g b rn. Xc
nh thnh phn nh tnh v nh lng ca b rn.
p n:
a) Cc phn ng:
Fe + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2
2FeCl2 + Cl2 = 2FeCl3
3FeCl2 + 2K3[Fe(CN)6] = Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2 + 6KCl
FeCl3 + 6H2O = FeCl3.6H2O
1000

b) 270,3 = 3,7mol FeCl3.6H2O

3,7 .2 . 36,5

Nh vy cn 0,36 .1,18 . 0,65 978 mL dung dch HCl 36%

Khi un nng th FeCl3.6H2O phn hu theo phng trnh sau:
FeCl3.6H2O = FeOCl + 5H2O + 6HCl
Khi nhit tng th FeOCl s tip tc phn hu:
3FeOCl = FeCl3 + Fe2O3 (Hi FeCl3 bay ra)
2,752

Lng FeCl3.6H2O trong mu l 270,3 = 10,18 mmol

iu ny ng vi khi lng FeCl3 l 107,3. 0,01018 = 1,092g FeOCl
Do khi lng thu c ca b rn b hn nn ta bit c FeOCl s b phn hy mt phn
thnh Fe2O3. Khi lng FeCl3 mt mt do bay hi l:

1,902 0,8977
162,2

= 1,20mmol

Nh vy b rn cui cng cha (0,01018 3.0,00120) = 6,58 mmol FeOCl v 1,20 mmol
Fe2O3.
8

Bi 9 (Gi kim thut)

Mt nghin cu thi c i ca mt nh gi kim tn l Merichlundius Glucopotamus (ngi tr
tui) c on:
Cht ny c to thnh nh sau: Ly 11 ounce xng phi kh ca mt con ch x b git vo m trng trn v
trn vi 7 ounce dung dch nht ca vitriol (axit sunfuric). Thm vo hn hp ny ba phn ct v nghin nh tt c
hn hp thnh va. T bt ny th ta thm vo mt cht lng nht gi l thu tinh nc, khuy trn lin tc hn hp
ny th s thu c mt cht lng sn st rt tt cho... (n on ny th khng th c c na). By gi nu chng
ta dng lng nht vitriol gp i lng cp ri thm vo 11 ounce vi trc khi ln thu tinh nc th ta
s thu c mt thnh phn khc bit. Cht th hai ny gn ging nh cht th nht nhng rt d b co i do...(n
on ny th khng th c c na).

a) Vit cng thc cc cht ha hc cp trn. Cho bit tn hin i ca cc cht ny.
b) Vit phng trnh cc phn ng ha hc ni trn. Qua cc phn ng ny th ta quan st
c s thay i cc tnh cht vt l no? Gii thch.
c) Ti sao thu tinh nc li nht ?
d) Nh gi kim nh lm g t nhng cht ny? ng dng ca chng ngy nay l g ?
e) Cho bit s khc bit v cu trc v tnh cht ca cht th nht v cht th hai. Gii thch
s khc nhau .
Ch thch:
Ounce, i khi c phin sang ting Vit thnh aox, thng c vit tt l oz, l mt n v o khi lng ca h
o lng Anh, h o lng M. N thng c dng o khi lng ca vng; 1 ounce = 28,3495 gam

p n:
a) Xng cha ch yu Ca3(PO4)2 hay Ca5(PO4)3(OH). Dung dch nht ca vitriol l H2SO4.
Ct ch yu l SiO2. Thu tinh nc l dung dch m c ca natri silicat m c th c
biu din di dng n gin l Na2SiO3.
b) Trc khi vit cc phn ng chng ta phi tnh vi i lng.
T l mol ca H2SO4 so vi Ca3(PO4)2 l 7.310 so vi 11.98 tc xp x 2 : 1.
Do vy phng trnh phn ng l:
2H2SO4 + Ca3(PO4)2 = Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2CaSO4
SiO2 khng phn ng vi hn hp sn phm v c lc ra. Khi thm thu tinh nc vo
th phn ng xy ra nh sau:
3Ca(H2PO4)2 + 3Na2SiO3 = 2Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SiO3 + 2Na3PO4

Nc trong thu tinh nc s lin kt vi cc sn phm to thnh cc hydrat tinh th

CaSO4.2H2O v Na3PO4.12H2O. Trong thc tin th iu c ngha l cc hn hp ny s
c thnh phn tng t nh ximng.
c) Thu tinh nc l cht lng nht bi v anion silicat tn ti trong dung dch dng anion
mch di cc anion ca axit silixic (H2SiO3)n.

Dung dch nc ca natri silicat khng thc s l dung dch m l mt h keo.

d) Cc hp cht gn ging nha ny c th c dng ch to cc keo dn thu tinh. C
th xem nh chng cch nhit (do khng cha vt liu hu c) v c kh nng bm dnh
cao vi thy tinh. Cc keo dn ny c th c cc nh gi kim s dng dn kn cc
dng c th nghim bng thu tinh. Cho ti ngy nay chng cng c ng dng tng t.
Thnh phn ny c th c dng ch to cc loi keo dn thy tinh, keo dn b tng v
cc vt liu tng t.
e) Nu hn hp cha 11 phn H 2SO4 v cng mt lng CaCO 3 nh vy (lu rng s mol
ca chng phi xp x bng nhau do khi lng phn t xp x nhau) th xy ra phn ng
sau: H2SO4 + CaCO3 = CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
Mt lng nh CO2 sinh ra phn ng vi thy tinh nc:
CO2 + H2O + Na2SiO3 = H2SiO3 + Na2CO3
v mt lng khc th thot ra ngoi dng kh.
Bt CO2 i qua thnh phn hp cht th s to thnh cc l hng trong cu trc. Thnh phn
th hai khc vi thnh phn th nht do cu trc c nhiu l hng hn.

10

Bi 10 (Kim loi kim th)

Hai nguyn t A v B thuc cng mt nhm trong bng h thng tun hon. T l khi lng
1

nguyn t A : B l 1,649 . Hp cht m trong xut hin hai nguyn t A v B ng vai tr

quan trng trong vic hnh thnh s sng trong t nhin. Cc nguyn t A v B tn ti tng ng
dng cc n cht C v D. Trong C khng phn ng vi nc nhit phng trong khi D
phn ng mnh lit. Oxit ca cc nguyn t ny, E v F c th thu c bng cch phn hu nhit
khong cht thin nhin G.
a) Xc nh cc cht t A n G.
b) Th tm cch lm tng tc phn ng gia C vi nc nhit phng. L do?
c) Cho bit vai tr ca cc nguyn t A v B trong i sng.
p n:
a) A Mg
B Ca
C Mg kim loi
D Ca kim loi
E MgO
F CaO
G MgCO3.CaCO3 (qung olomit)
b) C mt s cch lm tng tc phn ng gia Mg vi nc. iu ny c th thc hin
c khi lm gim kch thc ca tiu phn kim loi (tng din tch b mt) hay thm
NH4Cl vo nc (NH4Cl ha tan Mg(OH)2 kh tan).
c) Mg c tm thy trong clorophin. Canxi l mt thnh phn quan trng trong xng ca
cc loi ng vt c xng sng.

11

Bi 11 (Vt liu)
tm ra cc cht siu dn nhit cao th cc nh ha hc phi i mt vi vn lm sao iu
ch c vt liu siu dn nhit thng. Mt nhm hp cht ha hn c trin vng pht
trin thnh cht siu dn nhit cao bao gm cc thnh phn ca ximng ytri, bari v ng.
Cng thc chung ca loi hp cht ny c th c biu din dng YBa 2Cu3Ox. Gi tr ca x dao
ng trong khong 6 7 ph thuc vo iu kin phn ng v thnh phn cc nguyn liu u.
a) Vit cng thc ha hc ca loi ximng ytri-bari-ng trong ton b nguyn t ng
u c s oxy ha +2.
b) S oxy ha ca ng trong YBa2Cu3O7 l bao nhiu?
Gi tr ca x trong mt loi ximng ytri-bari-ng c xc nh t kt qa ca hai th nghim sau:
th nghim th nht th 1,686g mu c ho tan trong axit long.
c) Axit no trong s cc axit clohydric, sunfuric, photphoric, nitric l tt nht? Gii thch.
d) Cho rng thnh phn ca mu l YBa2Cu3O7. Vit phng trnh ion ca phn ng ny.
Dung dch thu c c un si, lm lnh chuyn vo bnh nh mc v pha long n 500mL.
Ly 25,00mL dung dch ny kt hp vi lng d KI ri chun bng dung dch natri thiosunfat
thy tn ht 12,30 mL dung dch chun natri thiosunfat 0,03095M.
e) Ti sao phi un si dung dch trc khi thm kali iodua vo?
f) Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong th nghim trn.
th nghim th hai th ly 0,1054g mu ximng ho tan vo axit long cha mt lung d ion
iodua ri chun thy tn ht 19,28 mL dung dch chun natri thiosunfat 0,03095M.
g) Vit phng trnh phn ng gia YBa2Cu3O7 vi axit long khi c mt lng d iodua.
Gii thch ti sao phi dng d iodua?
h) Da vo kt qa cc th nghim hy cho bit cng thc ca mu ximng.
p n:
a) YBa2Cu3O6,50
b) Mi cng thc cha ba nguyn t ng, hai nguyn t s oxy ha +2, mt nguyn t s
oxy ha +3.
c) Axit nitric l ph hp nht do axit sunfuric phn ng to kt ta BaSO 4, axit clohydric sinh
ra kh clo cn axit photphoric phn ng qu chm.
d) Phn ng: 4YBa2Cu3O7 + 52H+ = 4Y3+ + 8Ba2+ + 12Cu2+ + O2 + 26H2O

12

e) Dung dch phi c un si loi b oxy phn t c th oxy ha iot. Bn cnh vic loi
b oxy th hn hp phn ng cng c cha hydropeoxit c th phn hu bng cch un si.
f) Phn ng
2Cu2+ + 4I

= 2CuI + I2

I2 + 2Na2S2O3 = Na2S4O6 + 2NaI

g) Trong s c mt ca iot th phn ng xy ra nh sau:
YBa2Cu3O7 + 14H+ + 7I
2Cu3+ + 6I

= Y3+ + 2Ba2+ + 3CuI + 2I2 + 7H2O

= 2CuI + 2I2

h) th nghim th nht th vic chun cn 12,30.0,03095 = 0,3807 mmol Na2S2O3.

Mu cha 0,3807.20 = 7,614 mmol Cu (tng lng Cu2+ v Cu3+)
th nghim th hai s chun cn 19,28.0,03095 = 0,3807 mmol Na2S2O3.
Nu mu th hai c cng khi lng vi mu th nht th gi tr cui cng s l:
0,5967.1,686
= 9,545 mmol.
0,1054

Phng trnh cu d ch ra rng c hn 7,614 mmol Cu

(9,454 7,614) = 1,931 mmol l Cu3+ v (7,614 1,931) = 5,683 mmol l Cu2+. iu ny
ng vi 0,760 mol Cu3+ v 2,240 mol Cu2+ cho 3 mol nguyn t ng.
Nh vy cng thc ca ximng l YBa2Cu3O6,88

13

Bi 12 (Kim loi chuyn tip)

un nng mt kim loi X n 600-700oC th thu c mt tinh th mu vng A (%O l
43,98%). Phn ng ca A vi axit oxalic H2C2O4 cho ba oxit, mt trong s l oxit B (%O l
38,58%). Oxit B c tnh lng tnh v tan ngay trong dung dch kim hay axit. Khi ha tan B trong
dung dch kim th sinh ra mui C. Phn trm khi lng ca natri trong C nh hn gp ba ln
phn trm khi lng ca oxy. Lm lnh dung dch C th to thnh kt ta D (%O l 49,24%). Khi
ha tan B trong axit sunfuric th to dung dch mui E (%O l 49,08%) mu xanh.
a) Vit cng thc ha hc cc cht t A n E
b) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra
c) Khi nng chy tnh dn in ca A tng, gii thch
d) Oxit B tan c trong nc. Hy cho bit s i mu ca giy qu khi nhng vo dung
dch sinh ra.
p n:
a) A V2O5
B VO2
C Na2V4O9
D Na2V4O9.7H2O
E VOSO4
b) 4V + 5O2 2V2O5
V2O5 + H2C2O4 2VO2 + 2CO2 + H2O
4VO2 + 2NaOH Na2V4O9 + H2O
VO2 + H2SO4 VOSO4 + H2O

c) L do l s d ly ca V2O5: V2O5 = VO 2 + VO 3
d) VO2 c tnh lng tnh nn pH ca n gn 7.

14

Bi 13 (Kim loi chuyn tip)

40,12g thu ngn c ho tan trong cng mt lng axit nitric 0,10M. Thm dung dch kali iodua
vo dung dch va ri xut hin kt ta. Kt ta c ho tan trong dung dch KI v sau kt hp
vi dung dch AgNO3 cho 184,8mg kt ta vng (%I l 54,94%). Kt ta vng c phn tch t
dch lc v un nng n 45oC cho mt hp cht mu trong bc chim 23,35% v khi
lng. Vit phng trnh cc phn ng xy ra v gii thch.
p n:
Axit nitric long b kh v NO: 3Hg + 8HNO3 = 3Hg(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
Hg(NO3)2 + 2KI = HgI2 + 2KNO3
2KI + HgI2 = K2[HgI4]
40,12

Lng thy ngn trong mu l 200,6 = 0,200 mmol

Cho rng kt ta mu vng cha mt nguyn t Hg trn mt n v th khi lng phn t ca kt
ta l

184,8
= 924 g/mol
0,2

Cho bit phn trm khi lng ca iot l 54,95%

cng thc ca kt ta s cha

924.0,5494
924 200,6 4.126,9
=
4
nguyn
t
iot
v
=
126,9
107,9

2 nguyn t bc. Nh vy cng thc ca kt ta s l Ag2[HgI4]. Phn ng xy ra nh sau:

K2[HgI4] + 2AgNO3 = Ag2[HgI4] + 2KNO3
Phn trm khi lng ca bc trong Ag2HgI4 l 23,35%.
Do mu c un nng nhit thp nn thnh phn ca n s khng i. S bin i mu ca
phc c th c gii thch bi s chuyn v sau: Ag2[HgI4] = HgAg[AgI4]
()

15

(vng)

Bi 14 (Ait nitric HNO3)

Tng tc gia kim loi vi axit nitric cho ra hn hp cc sn phm kh ca nit vi thnh phn
hn hp ph thuc rt nhiu vo cc yu t khc nhau. Yu t quan trng nht chnh l bn cht
ha hc ca kim loi, kch c kim loi phn ng (dng bt hay dng thi...), nng ca axit nitric
v iu kin phn ng (nhit , khuy trn...).
a) Ngoi mui nitrat kim loi th c th sinh ra cc sn phm no khc cha nit khi ha tan
kim loi trong axit nitric? Vit phng trnh ha hc ch ra s hnh thnh cc sn phm.
b) 1.00 g mu kim loi c ha tan vo lng d dung dch axit nitric 15%. Phn ng sinh ra
446 mL (ktc) hn hp cc kh. Phn tch hn hp kh ny cho kt qa gm 117 mg nit v
269 mg nit oxit v phm trm khi lng nit nguyn t trong n l 60,7%. Tnh khi
lng ring ca hn hp kh ny 40.0 C v 770 mm Hg.
c) Kim loi no phn ng vi axit nitric trong th nghim trn ? Vit phng trnh phn
ng xy ra.
p n:
a) NO2, NO, N2O, N2, NH4NO3. Phn ng ca kim loi vi axit nitric thng i km vi phn
ng kh nit ch khng phi proton. Nh mt quy lut th nu nng axit nitric cng
thp, kim loi cng hot ng th sn phm cha nit c s oxy ha cng thp. Cc phn
ng sau chng minh lun im ny:
Cu + 4HNO3 (c) = Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
3Pb + 8HNO3 (long) = 3Pb(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
4Mg + 10HNO3 (c) = 4Mg(NO3)2 + N2O + 5H2O
5Mn + 12HNO3 (long) = 5Mn(NO3)2 + N2 + 6H2O
4Mg + 10HNO3 (rt long) = 4Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O
446

b) Lng kh thot ra khi tin hnh phn ng kh kim loi bng axit nitric l 22,4 = 19,9
117

269

mmol trong 28,0 = 4.18 mmol l N2 v 30,0 = 8.97 mmol NO.

Nh vy hn hp cha t nht mt thnh phn c lng l (19.9 4.18 8.97) = 6.75 mmol
Cho rng l thnh phn cha bit duy nht ca h c khi lng phn t l M v thnh
phn phn trm ca nit l m.
Vy: 0.607 =

117 8,97.14,0 6,75.M.m

117 269 6,75.M

16

8,3
4,1 6,75m

Khng h c bt k mt sn phm no cha nit tho mn phng trnh ny. Tuy nhin
phn ng gia kim loi vi axit nitric cng to ra c mt lng nh hydro. Gi thit ny
th khng lm tri vi bi. tnh t khi ca hn hp sn phm i vi khng kh th
u tin chng ta phi tnh khi lng phn t trung bnh:
=

2,0.6,75 117 269

= 20.1
19,9

g/mol.

T khi lc ny c th c xc nh t phng trnh kh l tng:

m
MP

= 0,792 g/L
V
RT

c) Tt c cc sn phm kh u sinh ra bng s kh axit nitric. Cht cho electron duy nht
trong phn ng ny l kim loi:
-

2N+5 + 10e = N2

N+5 + 3e = N+2

2H+ + 2e = H2

S hnh thnh cc kh cn n (4.18 10 + 8.97 3 + 6.75 2) = 82.2 mmol lectron. Nh

1,00

3
vy khi lng phn t ca kim loi l: M = 10 82,2 = 12.16 g/mol.

p n duy nht l = 2 v M = 24.32, c ngha kim loi cha bit l Mg (magie).

1000

Lng magie kim loi l 24,3 = 41.15 mmol.

Cc phn ng cn bng c th c vit nh sau:
41,15Mg + xHNO3 = 41,15Mg(NO3)2 + 4,18N2 + 8.97NO + 6,75H2 + yH2O
in vo cc h s b mt v chuyn thnh s nguyn chng ta nhn c:
1329Mg + 3218HNO3 = 1329Mg(NO3)2 + 135N2 + 290NO + 218H2 + 1391H2O
H s t lng i vi mt nguyn t magie:
Mg + 2,42HNO3 = Mg(NO3)2 + 0,102N2 + 0,218NO + 0,164H2 + 1,05H2O

17

Bi 15 (Phi kim)
Khi un nng mt nguyn t A trong khng kh th sinh ra oxit B. Phn ng ca B vi dung dch
kali bromat trong s c mt ca axit nitric cho cc hp cht C, D, v mui E l thnh phn ca
thuc sng en. nhit v p sut tiu chun th D l mt cht lng mu . Hn hp ca C vi
axit clohydric l mt trong s t cc ha cht c th ho tan c kim loi F. Khi xy ra phn ng
ny th sinh ra hp cht B v G v dung dch c mu vng sng.
a) Xc nh cc cht t A n G, bit rng trong G th clo chim 41,77% v khi lng v t
1,00 g B cho 1,306 g ca C. Nu l do.
b) Vit cc phn ng ha hc xy ra trong th nghim.
c) Khi hp cht A c un si vi dung dch Na2SO3 th mt hp cht mi H c hnh
thnh, H cha 15,6% lu hunh v khi lng. Xc nh thnh phn ha hc v cng thc
phn t H.
d) ngh hai cch chuyn kim loi F v dng dung dch. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc
cho cc phn ng tng ng.
p n:
a) Cht lng mu D l brom (Br2), E l kali nitrat (KNO3).
Phn ng gia B vi kali bromat l: B + HNO3 + KBrO3 C + Br2 + KNO3
iu ny cho php ta gi thit rng C l mt hydroxit.
M(H x AO y )
1.x 16.y A
1,306
mC

Nh vy: 1,00
1
1
mB
M(A 2 O z )
(2.A 16z)
2
2

M(A) = (3.3x + 52.3 34.1z) g/mol.

p n duy nht chp nhn l

x2

y4
z4

ng vi A = Se, B = SeO2, v C = H2SeO4. Da vo s m t ny th F phi l mt kim loi

qu, trong trng hp th G l phc clorua ca n. Gi n l s nguyn t clo trong phc
35,45n

th khi lng phn t l: M(G) = 0,4177 = 84,9n (g/mol)

Gi tr duy nht kh thi l n = 4. Tc l, F = Au, G = H[AuCl4]

Phn ng sau xy ra:

18

19