tnh ton thit k h thng iu ha

khng kh
Bin tp bi:
V Ch Chnh

tnh ton thit k h thng iu ha

khng kh
Bin tp bi:
V Ch Chnh
Cc tc gi:
V Ch Chnh

Phin bn trc tuyn:

http://voer.edu.vn/c/16e43e87

MC LC
1. NHNG KIN THC C BN V KHNG KH
2. MI TRNG KHNG KH V CHN THNG S TNH TON CHO CC
H THNG IU HO
3. CN BNG NHIT V CN BNG M
4. Bc x mt tri qua knh thc t
5. THNH LP V TNH TON CC S IU HO KHNG KH
6. TNH TON CC S IU HO KHNG KH THEO TH d-t
7. LA CHN CC H THNG IU HA KHNG KH
8. H thng kiu phn tn.
9. THIT K H THNG VN CHUYN V PHN PHI KHNG KH
10. Cn m v t m
11. Tnh ton thit k ng ng dn khng kh.
12. Tnh chn ming thi
13. tnh ton thit k h thng ng ng dn nc
14. thng gi
15. tiu m v lc bi
16. S truyn m kiu pht x v tn tht trn ng truyn
17. phn ph lc
Tham gia ng gp

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NHNG KIN THC C BN V

KHNG KH
NHNG KIN THC C BN V KHNG KH
iu ha khng kh l k thut to ra v duy tr iu kin vi kh hu thch hp vi con
ngi v cng ngh ca cc qu trnh sn xut.
c th i su nghin cu k thut iu ho khng kh trc ht chng ti s lc cc
tnh cht nhit ng c bn ca khng kh m.
KHNG KH M
Khng kh xung quanh chng ta l hn hp ca nhiu cht kh, ch yu l nito v oxi
ngoi ra cn mt lng nh cc kh tr, cacbonnic, hi nc . . .
- Khng kh kh : Khng kh khng cha hi nc gi l khng kh kh.Trong cc tnh
ton thng khng kh kh c coi l kh l tng.
Thnh phn ca cc cht trong khng kh kh c phn theo t l sau :

- Khng kh m : Khng kh c cha hi nc gi l khng kh m. Trong t nhin

khng c khng kh kh tuyt i m ton l khng kh m. Khng kh m c chia ra
:
+ Khng kh m cha bo ha : L trng thi m hi nc cn c th bay hi thm vo
c trong khng kh.
+ Khng kh m bo ha : L trng thi m hi nc trong khng kh t ti a v
khng th bay hi thm vo c. Nu bay hi thm vo bao nhiu th c by nhiu
hi m ngng t li.

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+ Khng kh m qu bo ha : L khng kh m bo ha v cn cha thm mt lng

hi nc nht nh. Tuy nhin trng thi qu bo ho l trng thi khng n nh m
c xu hng bin i n trng thi bo ho do lng hi nc d b tch dn ra khi
khng kh . V d nh sng m l khng kh qu bo ha.
Tnh cht vt l v nh hng ca khng kh n cm gic con ngi ph thuc nhiu
vo lng hi nc tn ti trong khng kh.
CC THNG S CA KHNG KH M
p sut.
Ap sut khng kh thng c gi l kh p. K hiu l B. Ni chung gi tr B thay i
theo khng gian v thi gian. Tuy nhin trong k thut iu ha khng kh gi tr chnh
lch khng ln c th b qua v ngi ta coi B khng i. Trong tnh ton ngi ta ly
trng thi tiu chun Bo = 760 mmHg .
th I-d ca khng kh m thng c xy dng p sut B = 745mmHg v Bo =
760mmHg .
Khi lng ring v th tch ring.
Khi lng ring ca khng kh l khi lng ca mt n v th tch khng kh . K
hiu l , n v kg/m3 .
i lng nghch o ca khi lng ring l th tch ring. K hiu l v

Khi lng ring v th tch ring l hai thng s ph thuc.

Khi lng ring thay i theo nhit v kh p. Tuy nhin cng nh p sut s thay
i ca khi lng ring ca khng kh trong thc t k thut khng ln nn ngi ta
ly khng i iu kin tiu chun : Bo = 20oC v B = B0 = 760mmHg : = 1,2 kg/
m3

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 m
m tuyt i .

L khi lng hi m trong 1m3 khng kh m. Gi s trong V (m3) khng kh m c

cha Gh (kg) hi nc th m tuyt i k hiu l h c tnh nh sau :

V hi nc trong khng kh c th coi l kh l tng nn

trong :
Ph - Phn p sut ca hi nc trong khng kh cha bo ho, N/m2
Rh - Hng s ca hi nc Rh = 462 J/kg.d k
T - Nhit tuyt i ca khng kh m, tc cng l nhit ca hi nc do k,
m tng i.

m tng i ca khng kh m , k hiu l phi (%) l t s gia m tuyt i Ph

ca khng kh vi m bo ha Pmax cng nhit vi trng thi cho.

Hay:

m tng i biu th mc cha hi nc trong khng kh m so vi khng kh

m bo ha cng nhit .
Khi fi= 0 l trng thi khng kh kh.

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0 < phi < 100 l trng thi khng kh m cha bo ho.

phi= 100 l trng thi khng kh m bo ha.
- m fil i lng rt quan trng ca khng kh m c nh hng nhiu n cm
gic ca con ngi v kh nng s dng khng kh sy cc vt phm.
- m tng i fic th xc nh bng cng thc, hoc o bng m k . m k l
thit b o gm 2 nhit k : mt nhit k kh v mt nhit k t. Nhit k t c bu
bc vi thm nc hi nc thm vi bc xung quanh bu nhit k khi bc hi
vo khng kh s ly nhit ca bu nhit k nn nhit bu gim xung bng nhit
nhit k t t ng vi trng thi khng kh bn ngoi. Khi m tng i b , cng
bc hi cng mnh, chnh nhit gia 2 nhit k cng cao. Do chnh nhit
gia 2 nhit k ph thuc vo m tng i v n c s dng lm c s xc
nh m tng i phi. Khi phi =100%, qu trnh bc hi ngng v nhit ca 2
nhit k bng nhau.
Dung m ( cha hi).
Dung m hay cn gi l cha hi, c k hiu l d l lng hi m cha trong 1 kg
khng kh kh.

- Gh : Khi lng hi nc cha trong khng kh, kg

- Gk : Khi lng khng kh kh, kg

Ta c quan h:
Sau khi thay R = 8314/ ta c

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Nhit .
Nhit l i lng biu th mc nng lnh. y l yu t nh hng ln nht n
cm gic ca con ngi. Trong k thut iu ha khng kh ngi ta thng s dng 2
thang nhit l C v F. i vi mt trng thi khng kh nht nh no ngoi
nhit thc ca n trong k thut cn c 2 gi tr nhit c nh hng nhiu n cc
h thng v thit b l nhit im sng v nhit nhit k t.
- Nhit im sng: Khi lm lnh khng kh nhng gi nguyn dung m d (hoc
phn p sut ph) ti nhit ts no hi nc trong khng kh bt u ngng t thnh
nc bo ha. Nhit ts gi l nhit im sng.
Nh vy nhit im sng ca mt trng thi bt k no l nhit ng vi trng
thi bo ha v c dung m bng dung m ca trng thi cho. Hay ni cch khc nhit
im sng l nhit bo ha ca hi nc ng vi phn p sut ph cho. T y
ta thy gia ts v d c mi quan h ph thuc.
- Nhit nhit k t : Khi cho hi nc bay hi on nhit vo khng kh cha bo
ha (I=const) . Nhit ca khng kh s gim dn trong khi m tng i tng ln.
Ti trng thi phifi= 100% qu trnh bay hi chm dt. Nhit ng vi trng thi bo
ho cui cng ny gi l nhit nhit nhit k t v k hiu l t . Ngi ta gi
nhit nhit k t l v n c xc nh bng nhit k c bu thm t nc.
Nh vy nhit nhit k t ca mt trng thi l nhit ng vi trng thi bo ha
v c entanpi I bng entanpi ca trng thi cho. Gia entanpi I v nhit nhit k
t t c mi quan h ph thuc. Trn thc t ta c th o c nhit nhit k t
ca trng thi khng kh hin thi l nhit trn b mt thong ca nc.
Entanpi
Entanpi ca khng kh m bng entanpi ca khng kh kh v ca hi nc cha trong
n.
Entanpi ca khng kh m c tnh cho 1 kg khng kh kh. Ta c cng thc:

Trong :
Cpk - Nhit dung ring ng p ca khng kh kh Cpk = 1,005 kJ/kg.oC

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Cph - Nhit dung ring ng p ca hi nc 0oC : Cph = 1,84 kJ/kg.oC

ro - Nhit n ha hi ca nc 0oC : ro = 2500 kJ/kg
Nh vy:

(1-10)
TH I-d V t-d CA KHNG KH M
th I-d.
th I-d biu th mi quan h ca cc i lng t,phi, I, d v Pbh ca khng kh m
. th c gio s L.K.Ramzin (Nga) xy dng nm 1918 v sau c gio s
Mollier (c) lp nm 1923. Nh th ny ta c th xc nh c tt c cc thng s
cn li ca khng kh m khi bit 2 thng s bt k . th I-d thng c cc nc
ng u v Lin x (c) s dng.
th I-d c xy dng p sut kh quyn 745mmHg v 760mmHg.
th gm 2 trc I v d nghing vi nhau mt gc 135o. Mc ch xy dng cc trc
nghing mt gc 135o l nhm lm gin khong cch gia cc ng cong tham s
thun li cho vic tra cu.
Trn th ny cc ng I = const nghing vi trc honh mt gc 135o, ng d =
const l nhng ng thng ng. i vi th I-d c xy dng theo cch trn cho
thy cc ng tham s hu nh ch nm trn gc 1/4 th nht .V vy, hnh v c
gn ngi ta xoay trc d li vung gc vi trc I m vn gi nguyn cc ng cong
nh biu din, tuy nhin khi tra cu entanpi I ca khng kh ta vn tra theo ng
nghing vi trc honh mt gc 135o.
Trn th I-d cc ng ng nhit t=const l nhng ng thng chch ln trn , cc
ng phi = const l nhng ng cong li, cng ln trn khong cch gia chng cng
xa. Cc ng phi = const khng ct nhau v khng i qua gc to . i t trn xung
di m phi cng tng. ng cong phi =100% hay cn gi l ng bo ho ngn
cch gia 2 vng : Vng cha bo ho v vng ngng kt hay cn gi l vng sng m.
Cc im nm trong vng sng m thng khng n nh m c xung hng ngng
kt bt hi nc v chuyn v trng thi bo ho .
Khi p sut kh quyn thay i th th I-d cng thay i theo. p sut kh quyn thay
i trong khong 20mmHg th s thay i l khng ng k.
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Trn hnh 1.1 l th I-d ca khng kh m , xy dng p sut kh quyn B0=

760mmHg. Trn th ny xung quanh cn c v thm cc ng epxilon=const gip
cho tra cu cc s tun hon khng kh trong chng 4.
Hnh 1.1 : th I-d ca khng kh m
th d-t.
th d-t c cc nc Anh, M , Nht, c ...vv s dng rt nhiu
th d-t c 2 trc d v t vung gc vi nhau , cn cc ng ng entanpi I=const to
thnh gc 135o so vi trc t. Cc ng fi= const l nhng ng cong tng t nh
trn th I-d. C th coi th d-t l hnh nh ca th I-d qua mt gng phn chiu.
Hnh 1.2 : th t-d ca khng kh m

th d-t chnh l th t-d khi xoay 90o , c Carrrier xy dng nm 1919 nn thng
c gi l th Carrier.
Trc tung l cha hi d (g/kg), bn cnh l h s nhit hin SHF (Sensible)
Trc honh l nhit nhit k kh t ( c)
Trn th c cc ng tham s
- ng I=const to vi trc honh mt gc 135. Cc gi tr entanpi ca khng kh
cho tbn cnh ng phi=100%, n v kJ/kg khng kh kh
- ng phi=const l nhng ng cong lm, cng i ln pha trn (d tng) phi cng
ln. Trn ng phi=100% l vng sng m.
- ng th tch ring v = const l nhng ng thng nghing song song vi nhau, n
v m3/kg khng kh kh.
- Ngoi ra trn th cn c ng l ng hiu chnh entanpi (s sai lch gia entanpi
khng kh bo ho v cha bo ho)
MT S QU TRNH C BN TRN TH I-d
Qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh .
Qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh m t trng thi A (Ta, phi a) n B (Tb,phi
b) c biu th bng on thng AB, mi tn ch chiu qu trnh gi l tia qu trnh.
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Hnh 1.3 : ngha hnh hc ca

gi l h s gc tia ca qu trnh AB
Ta hy xt ngha hnh hc ca h s

K hiu gc gia tia AB vi ng nm ngang l anfa. Ta c

Trong m, n l t l xch ca cc trc to .

T y ta c

Nh vy trn trc to I-d c th xc nh tia AB thng qua gi tr

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 tin cho vic s dng trn th ngoi bin ngi ta v thm cc ng

= const . Cc ng
= const c cc tnh cht sau :
- H s gc tia phn nh hng ca qu trnh AB, mi qu trnh epxilomc mt gi tr
nht nh.
- Cc ng epxilomc tr s nh nhau th song song vi nhau.
- Tt c cc ng epxilomu i qua gc ta (I=0 v d=0).
Qu trnh ha trn hai dng khng kh.
Trong k thut iu ha khng kh ngi ta thng gp cc qu trnh ha trn 2 dng
khng kh cc trng thi khc nhau t c mt trng thi cn thit. Qu trnh ny
gi l qu trnh ho trn.
Gi s ha trn mt lng khng kh trng thi A(Ia,Da) c khi lng phn kh l
LA vi mt lng khng kh trng thi B(Ib, Db) c khi lng phn kh l Lb v thu
c mt lng khng kh trng thi C(Ic,Dc) c khi lng phn kh l LC. Ta xc
nh cc thng s ca trng thi ho trn C.

Hnh 1.4 : Qu trnh ho trn trn th I-d

Ta c cc phng trnh:

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- Cn bng khi lng

(1-11)
- Cn bng m

(1-12)
- Cn bng nhit

(1-13)
Th (a) vo (b), (c) v tr theo v ta c :

Hay

(1-14)
T biu thc ny ta rt ra:

(1-15)
- Phng trnh (1-14) l cc phng trnh ng thng AC v BC, cc ng thng ny
c cng h s gc tia v chung im C nn ba im A, B, C thng hng. im C nm
trn on AB.
- Theo phng trnh (1-15) suy ra im C nm trn AB v chia on AB theo t l
LB/LA
Trng thi C c xc nh nh sau :

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***

12/291

MI TRNG KHNG KH V CHN

THNG S TNH TON CHO CC H
THNG IU HO
MI TRNG KHNG KH V CHN THNG S
TNH TON CHO CC H THNG IU HO
thit k h thng iu ho khng kh cn phi tin hnh chn cc thng s tnh ton
ca khng kh ngoi tri v thng s tin nghi trong nh. Cc thng s bao gm:
- Nhit t ( c) .
- m tng i phi (%) .
- Tc chuyn ng khng kh trong phng w (m/s) .
- n cho php trong phng Lp (dB) .
- Lng kh ti cung cp Ln(m3/s) .
- Nng cho php ca cc cht c hi trong phng .
NH HNG CA MI TRNG TI CON NGI V SN XUT
nh hng ca mi trng n con ngi
Nhit .

Nhit l yu t gy cm gic nng lnh i vi con ngi. C th con ngi c nhit

l tct = 37 c. Trong qu trnh vn ng c th con ngi lun lun to ra nhit lng
qta. Lng nhit do c th to ra ph thuc vo cng vn ng. duy tr thn
nhit c th thng xuyn trao i nhit vi mi trng. S trao i nhit s bin i
tng ng vi cng vn ng. C 2 hnh thc trao i nhit vi mi trng xung
quanh.
- Truyn nhit : Truyn nhit t c th con ngi vo mi trng xung quanh di 3
cch: dn nhit, i lu v bc x. Ni chung nhit lng trao i theo hnh thc truyn

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nhit ph thuc ch yu vo chnh nhit gia c th v mi trng xung quanh.

Lng nhit trao i ny gi l nhit hin . K hiu qh
Khi nhit mi trng tmt nh hn thn nhit, c th truyn nhit cho mi trng, khi
nhit mi trng ln hn thn nhit th c th nhn nhit t mi trng. Khi nhit
mi trng b, deltat = tct-tmt ln, qh ln, c th mt nhiu nhit nn c cm gic lnh
v ngc li khi nhit mi trng ln kh nng thi nhit ra mi trng gim nn c
cm gic nng. Nhit hin qh ph thuc vo deltat = tct-tmt v tc chuyn ng ca
khng kh . Khi nhit mi trng khng i, tc khng kh n nh th qh khng
i. Nu cng vn ng ca con ngi thay i th lng nhit hin qh khng th
cn bng vi lng nhit do c th sinh ra. thi ht nhit lng do c th sinh ra, cn
c hnh thc trao i th 2, l to m.
- Ta m : Ngoi hnh thc truyn nhit c th cn trao i nhit vi mi trng xung
quanh thng qua ta m. T m c th xy ra trong mi phm vi nhit v khi nhit
mi trng cng cao th cng cng ln. Nhit nng ca c th c thi ra ngoi
cng vi hi nc di dng nhit n, nn lng nhit ny c gi l nhit n. K hiu
qw.
Ngay c khi nhit mi trng ln hn 37 c, c th con ngi vn thi c nhit ra
mi trng thng qua hnh thc ta m, l thot m hi . Ngi ta tnh c rng
c thot 1 g m hi th c th thi c mt lng nhit xp x 2500J. Nhit cng
cao, m mi trng cng b th mc thot m hi cng nhiu.
Nhit n c gi tr cng cao khi hnh thc thi nhit bng truyn nhit khng thun li.
Tng nhit lng truyn nhit v ta m phi m bo lun lun bng lng nhit do c
th sn sinh ra.
Mi quan h gia 2 hnh thc phi lun lun m bo :

y l mt phng trnh cn bng ng, gi tr ca mi mt i lng trong phng

trnh c th thay i tu thuc vo cng vn ng, nhit , m, tc chuyn
ng ca khng kh mi trng xung quanh...vv
Nu v mt l do g mt cn bng th s gy ri lon v sinh au m
Nhit thch hp nht i vi con ngi nm trong khong 22-27 c .

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 m tng i

m tng i c nh hng quyt nh ti kh nng thot m hi vo trong mi

trng khng kh xung quanh. Qu trnh ny ch c th tin hnh khi phi < 100%.
m cng thp th kh nng thot m hi cng cao, c th cm thy d chu.
m qu cao, hay qu thp u khng tt i vi con ngi.
- m cao : Khi m tng ln kh nng thot m hi km, c th cm thy rt nng
n , mt mi v d gy cm cm. Ngi ta nhn thy mt nhit v tc gi khng
i khi m ln kh nng bc m hi chm hoc khng th bay hi c, iu lm
cho b mt da c lp m hi nhp nhp.
- m thp : Khi m thp mi hi s bay hi nhanh lm da kh, gy nt n chn
tay, mi ...vv. Nh vy m qu thp cng khng tt cho c th.
m thch hp i vi c th con ngi nm trong khong tng i rng phi= 50
n 70%.
Tc khng kh

Tc khng kh xung quanh c nh hng n cng trao i nhit v trao i cht

(thot m hi) gia c th con ngi vi mi trng xung quanh. Khi tc ln cng
trao i nhit m tng ln. V vy khi ng trc gi ta cm thy mt v thng da
kh hn ni yn tnh trong cng iu kin v m v nhit .
Khi nhit khng kh thp, tc qu ln th c th mt nhit gy cm gic lnh. Tc
gi thch hp ty thuc vo nhiu yu t : nhit gi, cng lao ng, m,
trng thi sc khe ca mi ngi. . .vv.
Trong k thut iu ha khng kh ngi ta ch quan tm tc gi trong vng lm vic,
tc l vng di 2m k t sn nh. y l vng m mt ngi bt k khi ng trong
phng u lt thm vo trong khu vc .
Nng cc cht c hi.

Khi trong khng kh c cc cht c hi chim mt t l ln th n s c nh hng n

sc khe con ngi. Mc tc hi ca mi mt cht ty thuc vo bn cht cht kh,
nng ca n trong khng kh, thi gian tip xc ca con ngi, tnh trng sc khe
...vv.
Cc cht c hi bao gm cc cht ch yu sau :

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- Bi : Bi nh hng n h h hp . Tc hi ca bi ph thuc vo bn cht bi, nng

v kch thc ca n. Kch thc cng nh th cng c hi v n tn ti trong khng
kh lu v kh nng thm nhp vo c th su hn v rt kh kh bi. Ht bi ln th
kh nng kh d dng hn nn t nh hng n con ngi. Bi c 2 ngun gc hu c
v v c.
- Kh CO2, SO2. . Cc kh ny khng c, nhng khi nng ca chng ln th s lm
gim nng O2 trong khng kh, gy nn cm gic mt mi. Khi nng qu ln c
th dn n ngt th .
- Cc cht hi khc : Trong qu trnh sn xut v sinh hot trong khng kh c th
c ln cc cht c hi nh NH3, Clo . . vv l nhng cht rt c hi n sc khe con
ngi.
Cho ti nay khng c tiu chun chung nh gi mc nh hng tng hp ca cc
cht c hi trong khng kh.
Tuy cc cht c hi c nhiu nhng trn thc t trong cc cng trnh dn dng cht c
hi ph bin nht l kh CO2 do con ngi thi ra trong qu trnh h hp. V th trong
k thut iu ho ngi ta ch yu quan tm n nng CO2.
nh gi mc nhim ngi ta da vo nng CO2 c trong khng kh.
Bng 2.1 trnh by mc nh hng ca nng CO2 trong khng kh . Theo bng
ny khi nng CO2 trong khng kh chim 0,5% theo th tch l gy nguy him cho
con ngi. Nng cho php trong khng kh l 0,15% theo th tch.
Bng 2.1 : nh hng ca nng CO2 trong khng kh

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Ngi ta pht hin ra rng khi con ngi lm vic lu di trong khu vc c n cao
th lu ngy c th s suy sp, c th gy mt s bnh nh : Stress, bn chn v gy cc
ri lon gin tip khc. n tc ng nhiu n h thn kinh. Mt khc khi n ln
c th lm nh hng n mc tp trung vo cng vic hoc n gin hn l gy s
kh chu cho con ngi. V d cc m thanh ca qut trong phng th vin nu qu ln
s lm mt tp trung ca ngi c v rt kh chu.
V vy n l mt tiu chun quan trng khng th b qua khi thit k mt h thng
iu ha khng kh. c bit cc h thng iu ho cho cc i pht thanh, truyn hnh,
cc phng studio, thu m thu li th yu cu v n l quan trng nht.
nh hng ca mi trng n sn xut.
Con ngi l mt yu t v cng quan trng trong sn xut. Cc thng s kh hu c
nh hng nhiu ti con ngi c ngha cng nh hng ti nng sut v cht lng sn
phm mt cch gin tip.
Ngoi ra cc yu t kh hu cng nh hng trc tip ti cht lng sn phm. Trong
phn ny chng ta ch nghin cu kha cnh ny.
Nhit

Nhit c nh hng n nhiu loi sn phm. Mt s qu trnh sn xut i hi nhit

phi nm trong mt gii hn nht nh. V d :
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- Ko Scla : 7 - 8 c
- Ko cao su : 20 c
- Bo qu rau qu : 10 c
- o lng chnh xc : 20 - 24 c
- Dt : 20 - 32 c
- Ch bin tht, thc phm : Nhit cao lm sn phm chng b thiu .
Bng 2.2 di y l tiu chun v nhit v m ca mt s qu trnh sn xut
thng gp
Bang 2.2 iu kin cng ngh ca mt s qu trnh

18/291

 m tng i

m cng c nh nhiu n mt s sn phm

- Khi m cao c th gy nm mc cho mt s sn phm nng nghip v cng nghip
nh.
- Khi m thp sn phm s kh, gin khng tt hoc bay hi lm gim cht lng sn
phm hoc hao ht trng lng.
V d

- Sn xut bnh ko : Khi m cao th ko chy nc. m thch hp cho sn xut

bnh ko l phi = 50-65%
- Ngnh vi in t , bn dn : Khi m cao lm mt tnh cch in ca cc mch in
Vn tc khng kh .

Tc khng kh cng c nh hng n sn xut nhng mt kha cnh khc

- Khi tc ln : Trong nh my dt, sn xut giy . . sn phm nh s bay khp phng
hoc lm ri si. Trong mt s trng hp th sn phm bay hi nc nhanh lm gim
cht lng.
V vy trong mt s x nghip sn xut ngi ta cng qui nh tc khng kh khng
c vt qu mc cho php.
trong sch ca khng kh.

C nhiu ngnh sn xut bt buc phi thc hin trong phng khng kh cc k trong
sch nh sn xut hng in t bn dn, trng phim, quang hc. Mt s ngnh thc phm
cng i hi cao v trong sch ca khng kh trnh lm bn cc thc phm.
PHN LOI CC H THNG IU HO KHNG KH
nh ngha
iu ha khng kh cn gi l iu tit khng kh l qu trnh to ra v gi n nh cc
thng s trng thi ca khng kh theo mt chng trnh nh sn khng ph thuc vo
iu kin bn ngoi.

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Khc vi thng gi, trong h thng iu ha , khng kh trc khi thi vo phng
c x l v mt nhit m. V th iu tit khng kh t t hiu qu cao hn thng
gi.
Phn loi cc h thng iu ho khng kh
C rt nhiu cch phn loi cc h thng iu ho khng kh. Di y trnh by 2 cch
ph bin nht :
- Theo mc quan trng :
+ H thng iu ha khng kh cp I : H thng iu ho c kh nng duy tr cc thng
s tnh ton trong nh vi mi phm vi thng s ngoi tri.
+ H thng iu ha khng kh cp II : H thng iu ho c kh nng duy tr cc thng
s tnh ton trong nh vi sai s khng qa 200 gi trong 1 nm.
+ H thng iu ha khng kh cp III : H thng iu ho c kh nng duy tr cc thng
s tnh ton trong nh vi sai s khng qa 400 gi trong 1 nm.
Khi nim v mc quan trng mang tnh tng i v khng r rng. Chn mc
quan trng l theo yu cu ca khch hng v thc t c th ca cng trnh. Tuy nhin
hu ht cc h thng iu ho trn thc t c chn l h thng iu ho cp III.
- Theo chc nng :
+ H thng iu ho cc b : L h thng nh ch iu ha khng kh trong mt khng
gian hp, thng l mt phng. Kiu iu ho cc b trn thc t ch yu s dng cc
my iu ho dng ca s , my iu ho kiu ri (2 mnh) v my iu ho ghp.
+ H thng iu ho phn tn : H thng iu ha khng kh m khu x l nhit m
phn tn nhiu ni. C th v d h thng iu ho khng kh kiu khuych tn trn thc
t nh h thng iu ho kiu VRV (Variable Refrigerant Volume ) , kiu lm lnh bng
nc (Water chiller) hoc kt hp nhiu kiu my khc nhau trong 1 cng trnh.
+ H thng iu ho trung tm :H thng iu ho trung tm l h thng m khu x l
khng kh thc hin ti mt trung tm sau c dn theo h thng knh dn gi n
cc h tiu th. H thng iu ho trung tm trn thc t l my iu ho dng t,
khng kh c x l nhit m ti t my iu ho ri c dn theo h thng knh dn
n cc phng.

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CHN THNG S TNH TON CC H THNG IU HO KHNG KH

Vic chn cc thng s tnh ton bao gm thng s tnh ton trong nh v ngoi tri.
i vi thng s tnh ton trong nh tu thuc vo mc ch ca h thng iu ho.
- i vi h thng iu ho dn dng, tc l h thng iu ho ch nhm mc ch to
iu kin tin nghi cho con ngi. Cc thng s tnh ton trong nh c la chn theo
cc tiu chun s nu bng 2-3 di y.
- i vi h thng iu ho cng nghip , tc h thng iu ho phc v cng ngh ca
mt qu trnh sn xut c th. Trong trng hp ny , ngi thit k phi ly s liu
thc t t nh sn xut l chnh xc v ph hp nht . Cc thng s tnh ton ny c th
tham kho bng d liu 1.2.
Chn nhit v m tnh ton
Nhit v m trong nh

Nhit v m trong nh c chn tu thuc vo chc nng ca phng. C th

chn nhit v m trong nh theo bng 2.3:
Bng 2.3 Nhit v m tnh ton trong phng

Nhit v m ngoi tri

Thng s ngoi tri c s dng tnh ton ti nhit c cn c vo tm quan trng

ca cng trnh, tc l ty thuc vo cp ca h thng iu ha khng kh v ly theo
bng 2-4 di y:

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Bng 2.4 Nhit v m tnh ton ngoi tri

Trong :
tmax , tmin Nhit ln nht v nh nht tuyt i trong nm o lc 13 n15 gi, tham
kho ph lc PL-1
ttbmax , ttbmin Nhit ca thng nng nht trong nm, tham kho ph lc PL-2, v
PL-3.
phi(tmax) , phi(tmin ) m ng vi nhit ln nht v nh nht tuyt i trong
nm. Tuy nhin do hin nay cc s liu ny Vit Nam cha c nn c th ly bng
phi(ttbmax) v phi(ttbmin)
phi(ttbmax) , phi(ttbmin ) m trung bnh ng vi thng c nhit ln nht v nh
nht trong nm, tham kho ph lc PL-4
Chn tc khng kh tnh ton trong phng
Tc khng kh lu ng c la chn theo nhit khng kh trong phng nu
bng 2.5. Khi nhit phng thp cn chn tc gi nh , nu tc qu ln c th
mt nhiu nhit, s nh hng sc kho con ngi.
c c tc hp l cn chn loi ming thi ph hp v b tr hp l .
Bng 2.5 Tc tnh ton ca khng kh trong phng
Nhit khng kh, c

Tc betak, m/s

16 n 2021 n 2324 n 2526 n

2728 n 30> 30

< 0,250,25 n 0,30,4 n 0,60,7 n 1,01,1

n 1,31,3 n 1,5
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 n cho php trong phng

n c nh hng n trng thi v mc tp trung vo cng vic ca con ngi.
Mc nh hng tu thuc vo cng vic ang tham gia, hay ni cch khc l tu
thuc vo tnh nng ca phng.
Ngi ta qui nh n cho php cho tng khu vc iu ha nht nh nu bng
2.6.
i vi cc my cng sut ln, khi chn cn xem xt n ca my c m bo yu cu
lp t vo v tr hay khng. Trong trng hp n qu ln cn c cc bin php
kh n cn thit hoc lp t phng my ring bit.
Bng 2.6 n cho php trong phng
Khu vc

Gi trong ngy

n cc i cho php, dB
Cho php

Nn chn

- Bnh vin, Khu iu dng 6 - 2222 - 6

3530 3030

- Ging ng, lp hc

40

35

- Phng my vi tnh

40

35

- Phng lm vic

50

45

- Phn xng sn xut

85

80

- Nh ht, phng ha nhc

30

30

- Phng hi tho, hi hp

55

50

- Rp chiu bng

40

35

- Phng

6 - 2222 - 6

4030 3030

- Khch sn

6 - 2222 - 6

4540 3530

- Phng n ln, qun n ln

50

45

Nng cc cht c hi.

nh gi mc nhim ngi ta da vo nng CO2 c trong khng kh, v CO2
l cht c hi ph bin nht do con ngi thi ra trong qu trnh sinh hot v sn xut.

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Lu lng khng kh ti cn thit cung cp cho 1 ngi trong 1 gi c xc nh nh

sau :
VK = VCO2 / (beta-a) (2-1)
y :
- VCO2 l lng CO2 do con ngi thi ra : m3/h.ngi
- Nng CO2 cho php, % th tch. Thng chn = 0,15
- a Nng CO2 trong khng kh mi trng xung quanh, % th tch. Thng chn
a=0,03%.
- VkLu lng khng kh cn cp, m3/h.ngi
Lng CO2 do 01 ngi thi ra ph thuc vo cng lao ng, nn Vk cng ph
thuc vo cng lao ng.
Bng 2.7 : Lng khng kh ti cn cp

Bng 2.8 a ra nng cho php ca mt s cht c hi khc. Cn c vo nng

cho php ny v phng trnh (2-1) c th xc nh c lng khng kh ti cn cung
cp gim nng n mc yu cu.
Bng 2.8 : Nng cho php ca mt s cht

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Trong trng hp trong khng gian iu ho c ht thuc l, lng khng kh ti cn

cung cp i hi nhiu hn, loi tr nh hng ca khi thuc.
Bng 2.9 : Lng kh ti cn cung cp khi c ht thuc

***

25/291

CN BNG NHIT V CN BNG M

CN BNG NHIT V CN BNG M
PHNG TRNH CN BNG NHIT
Xt mt h nhit ng bt k, h lun lun chu tc ng ca cc ngun nhit bn ngoi
v bn trong. Cc tc ng ngi ta gi l cc nhiu lon v nhit . Thc t cc h
nhit ng chu tc ng ca cc nhiu lon sau :
- Nhit ta ra t cc ngun nhit bn trong h gi l cc ngun nhit to : tongQta
- Nhit truyn qua kt cu bao che gi l ngun nhit thm thu : tongQtt
Tng hai thnh phn trn gi l nhit tha

(3-1)
duy tr ch nhit m trong khng gian iu ho , trong k thut iu ho khng kh
ngui ta phi cp tun hon cho h mt lng khng kh c lu lng L (kg/s) trng
thi V(tV, phiV) no v ly ra cng lng nh vy nhng trng thi T(tT,phiT). Nh
vy lng khng kh ny ly i t phng mt lng nhit bng QT. Ta c phng
trnh cn bng nhit nh sau :

(3-2)
* Phng trnh cn bng m
Tng t nh trong h lun lun c cc nhiu lon v m sau
- m ta ra t cc ngun bn trong h : tongWta
- m thm thu qua kt cu bao che : tongWtt
Tng hai thnh phn trn gi l m tha

(3-3)

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 h cn bng m v c trng thi khng kh trong phng khng i T(tT, phiT) ngui
ta phi lun lun cung cp cho h mt lng khng kh c lu lng L (kg/s) trng
thi V(tV, phiV). Nh vy lng khng kh ny ly i t phng mt lng m bng
WT. Ta c phng trnh cn bng m nh sau :

(3-4)
* Phng trnh cn bng nng cht c hi (nu c)
kh cc cht c hi pht sinh ra trong phng ngi ta thi vo phng lu lng gi
Lz (kg/s) sao cho :

(3-5)
G : Lu lng cht c hi ta ra v thm thu qua kt cu bao che, kg/s
ZT v Zv : Nng theo khi lng ca cht c hi ca khng kh cho php trong
phng v thi vo
Nhit tha, m tha v lng cht c to ra l c s xc nh nng sut ca cc thit
b x l khng kh . Trong phn di y chng ta xc nh hai thng s quan trng nht
l tng nhit tha QT v m tha WT.
XC NH LNG NHIT THA QT
Nhit do my mc thit b in ta ra Q1
Nhit to ra t thit b dn ng bng ng c in

My mc s dng in gm 2 cm chi tit l ng c in v c cu dn ng. Tn tht

ca cc my bao gm tn tht ng c v tn tht c cu dn ng. Theo v tr tng
i ca 2 cm chi tit ny ta c 3 trng hp c th xy ra :
- Trng hp 1 : ng c v chi tit dn ng nm hon ton trong khng gian iu ho
- Trng hp 2 : ng c nm bn ngoi, chi tit dn ng nm bn trong
- Trng hp 3: ng c nm bn trong, chi tit dn ng nm bn ngoi.
Nhit do my mc to ra ch di dng nhit hin.

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Gi N v nuy l cng sut v hiu sut ca ng c in. Cng sut ca ng c in N

thng l cng sut tnh u ra ca ng c. V vy :
(3-6)

- Trng hp 1: Ton b nng lng cung cp cho ng c u c bin thnh nhit

nng v trao i cho khng kh trong phng. Nhng do cng sut N c tnh l cng
sut u ra nn nng lng m ng c tiu th l
nuy - Hiu sut ca ng c
- Trng hp 2 : V ng c nm bn ngoi, cm chi tit chuyn ng nm bn trong
nn nhit tha pht ra t s hot ng ca ng c chnh l cng sut N.

(3-7)
- Trng hp 3 : Trong trng ny phn nhit nng do ng c to ra bng nng lng
u vo tr cho phn to ra t c cu c chuyn ng:

(3-8)
tin li cho vic tra cu tnh ton, tn tht nhit cho cc ng c c th tra cu c
th cho tng trng hp trong bng 3-1 di y:
Bng 3.1 : Tn tht nhit ca cc ng c in

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Cn lu l nng lng do ng c tiu th ang cp l ch nh mc. Tuy

nhin trn thc t ng c c th hot ng non ti hoc qu ti. V th chnh xc hn
cn tin hnh o cng dng in thc t xc nh cng sut thc.
Nhit to ra t thit b in
Ngoi cc thit b c dn ng bng cc ng c in, trong phng c th trang b cc
dng c s dng in khc nh : Ti vi, my tnh, my in, my sy tc ...vv. i a s
cc thit b in ch pht nhit hin.

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i vi cc thit b in pht ra nhit hin th nhit lng to ra bng chnh cng sut
ghi trn thit b.
Khi tnh ton tn tht nhit do my mc v thit b in pht ra cn lu khng phi tt
c cc my mc v thit b in cng u hot ng ng thi. cho cng sut my
lnh khng qu ln, cn phi tnh n mc hot ng ng thi ca cc ng c.
Trong trng hp tng qut:

(3-9)
Ktt - h s tnh ton bng t s gia cng sut lm vic thc vi cng sut nh mc.
Kt - H s ng thi, tnh n mc hot ng ng thi. H s ng thi ca mi
ng c c th coi bng h s thi gian lm vic , tc l bng t s thi gian lm vic
ca ng c th i, chia cho tng thi gian lm vic ca ton b h thng.
Nhit ta ra t cc ngun sng nhn to Q2
Ngun sng nhn to y cp l ngun sng t cc n in. C th chia n in
ra lm 2 loi : n dy tc v n hunh quang.
Nhit do cc ngun sng nhn to to ra ch dng nhit hin.
- i vi loi n dy tc : Cc loi n ny c kh nng bin i ch 10% nng lng
u vo thnh quang nng, 80% c pht ra bng bc x nhit, 10% trao i vi mi
trng bn ngoi qua i lu v dn nhit . Nh vy ton b nng lng u vo d bin
i v pht ra di dng quang nng hay nhit nng nhng cui cng u bin thnh
nhit v c khng kh trong phng hp th ht.

(3-10)
NS - Tng cng sut cc n dy tc, kW
- i vi n hunh quang : Khong 25% nng lng u vo bin thnh quang nng,
25% c pht ra di dng bc x nhit, 50% di dng i lu v dn nhit. Tuy
nhin i vi n hunh quang phi trang b thm b chnh lu , cng sut b chn lu
c 25% cng sut n. V vy tn tht nhit trong trng hp ny :

(3-11)

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Nhq : Tng cng sut n hunh quang, kW

(3-12)
Mt vn thng gp trn thc t l khi thit k khng bit b tr n c th trong
phng s nh th no hoc ngi thit k khng c iu kin kho st chi tit ton b
cng trnh, hoc khng c kinh nghim v cch b tr n ca cc i tng. Trong
trng hp ny c th chn theo iu kin chiu sng cho bng 3-2.
Bng 3.2 : Thng s kinh nghim cho phng

Nh vy tn tht do ngun sng nhn to , trong trng hp ny c tnh theo cng

thc

(3-13)
trong F - din tch sn nh, m2
qs - Cng sut chiu sng yu cu cho 1m2 din tch sn, W/m2

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Nhit do ngi ta ra Q3
Nhit do ngi ta ra gm 2 thnh phn :
- Nhit hin : Do truyn nhit t ngi ra mi trng thng qua i lu, bc x v dn
nhit : qh
- Nhit n : Do ta m (m hi v hi nc mang theo) : qW
- Nhit ton phn : Nhit ton phn bng tng nhit hin v nhit n :

(3-14)
i vi mt ngi ln trng thnh v kho mnh, nhit hin, nhit n v nhit ton
phn ph thuc vo cng vn ng v nhit mi trng khng kh xung quanh.
Tn tht do ngi ta c xc nh theo cng thc :
- Nhit hin :

- Nhit n:

- Nhit ton phn:

(3-15)
n - Tng s ngi trong phng
qh, qw, q - Nhit n, nhit hin v nhit ton phn do mt ngi ta ra trong mt n v
thi gian v c xc nh theo bng 3.4.
Khi tnh nhit tha do ngi to ra ngi thit k thng gp kh khn khi xc nh s
lng ngi trong mt phng. Thc t, s lng ngi lun lun thay i v hu nh
khng theo mt quy lut nht nh no c. Trong trng hp c th ly theo s liu
phn b ngi nu trong bng 3-2.

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Bng 3.4 di y l nhit ton phn v nhit n do ngi to ra. Theo bng ny nhit
n v nhit hin do ngi to ra ph thuc cng vn ng ca con ngi v nhit
trong phng. Khi nhit phng tng th nhit n tng, nhit hin gim. Nhit ton phn
ch ph thuc vo cng vn ng m khng ph thuc vo nhit ca phng.
Ct 4 trong bng l lng nhit tha pht ra t c th mt ngi n ng trung nin c
khi lng c th chng 68kg. Tuy nhin trn thc t trong khng gian iu ho thng
c mt nhiu ngi vi gii tnh v tui tc khc nhau. Ct 4 l gi tr nhit tha trung
bnh trn c s lu ti t l n ng v n b thng c nhng khng gian kho st
nu trong bng. Nu mun tnh c th theo thc t th tnh nhit do ngi b to ra
chim 85% , tr em chim 75% lng nhit tha ca ngi n ng.
Trong trng hp khng gian kho st l nh hng th nn cng thm lng nhit tha
do thc n to ra cho mi ngi l 20W , trong 10W l nhit hin v 10W l nhit n
* H s tc dng khng ng thi
Khi tnh ton tn tht nhit cho cng trnh ln lun lun xy ra hin tng khng phi
lc no trong tt c cc phng cng c mt y s lng ngi theo thit k v tt c
cc n u c bt sng. trnh vic chn my c cng sut qu d , cn nhn cc
tn tht Q2 v Q3 vi h s gi l h s tc dng khng ng thi nuyt. V gi tr h
s tc dng khng ng thi nh gi t l ngi c mt thng xuyn trong phng trn
tng s ngi c th c hoc t l cng sut thc t ca cc n ang s dng trn tng
cng sut n c trang b. Trn bng trnh by gi tr ca h s tc ng khng ng
thi cho mt s trng hp.
Bng 3.3 : H s tc dng khng ng thi

Bng 3.4 : Nhit n v nhit hin do ngi to ra,W/ngi

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Nhit do sn phm mang vo Q4

Tn tht nhit dng ny ch c trong cc x nghip, nh my, , trong khng gian
iu ho thng xuyn v lin tc c a vo v a ra cc sn phm c nhit cao
hn nhit trong phng.
Nhit ton phn do sn phm mang vo phng c xc nh theo cng thc

(3-16)
trong :
- Nhit hin :

- Nhit n :

G4 - Lu lng sn phm vo ra, kg/s

Cp - Nhit dung ring khi lng ca sn phm, kJ/kg.oC
W4 - Lng m ta ra (nu c) trong mt n v thi gian, kg/s
ro - Nhit n ha hi ca nc ro = 2500 kJ/kg

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Nhit ta ra t b mt thit b nhit Q5

Nu trong khng gian iu ha c thit b trao i nhit, chng hn nh l si, thit b
sy, ng dn hi . . vv th c thm tn tht do ta nhit t b mt nng vo phng. Tuy
nhin trn thc t t xy ra v khi iu ha th cc thit b ny thng phi ngng hot
ng.
Nhit ta ra t b mt trao i nhit thng c tnh theo cng thc truyn nhit v
ch l nhit hin. Ty thuc vo gi tr o c c m ngi ta tnh theo cng thc
truyn nhit hay to nhit.
- Khi bit nhit b mt thit b nhit t w :

(3-17)
Trong alfaW l h s ta nhit t b mt nng vo khng kh trong phng v c
tnh theo cng thc sau :

(3-18)
Khi tnh gn ng c th coi

tW, tT - l nhit vch v nhit khng kh trong phng.

- Khi bit nhit cht lng chuyn ng bn trong ng dn t F :

(3-19)
trong h s truyn nhit k = 2,5 W/m2.oC

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Nhit do bc x mt tri vo phng Q6

Nhit bc x mt tri

C th coi mt tri l mt qu cu la khng l vi ng knh trung bnh 1,39.106km

v cch xa qu t 150.106 km. Nhit b mt ca mt tri khong 6000OK trong khi
tm t n 8n40.106 oK
Tu thuc vo thi im trong nm m khong cch t mt tri n tri t thay i,
mc thay i x dch trong khong +_1,7% so vi khong cch trung bnh ni trn.
Do nh hng ca bu kh quyn lng bc x mt tri gim i kh nhiu. C nhiu yu
t nh hng ti bc x mt tri nh mc nhim bi, my m, thi im trong ngy
v trong nm , a im ni lp t cng trnh, cao ca cng trnh so vi mt nc
bin, nhit ng sng ca khng kh xung quanh v hng ca b mt nhn bc x.
Nhit bc x c chia ra lm 3 thnh phn
- Thnh phn trc x - nhn nhit trc tip t mt tri
- Thnh phn tn x - Nhit bc x chiu ln cc i tng xung quanh lm nng chng
v cc vt bc x gin tip ln kt cu
- Thnh phn phn chiu t mt t.
Xc nh nhit bc x mt tri .

Nhit bc x xm nhp vo phng ph thuc kt cu bao che v c chia ra lm 2 dng

:
- Nhit bc x qua ca knh Q61
- Nhit bc x qua kt cu bao che tng v mi : Q62

(3-20)
Nhit bc x qua knh
* Trng hp s dng knh c bn :

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Knh c bn l loi knh trong sut, dy 3mm, c h s hp th alfam=6%, h s phn

x Pm = 8% (ng vi gc ti ca tia bc x l 30o)
Nhit bc x mt tri qua knh c tnh theo cng thc :

(3-21)
trong :
+ Fk - Din tch b mt knh, m2. Nu khung g Fk = 0,85 F (F Din tch phn knh v
khung), khung st Fk = F
+ R- Nhit bc x mt tri qua ca knh c bn vo phng . Gi tr R cho bng 3-7
+ epxilonc - H s tnh n cao H (m) ni t ca knh so vi mc nc bin:

(3-22)
(3-23)+ epxilonds - H s xt ti nh hng ca chnh lch nhit ng sng so
vi 20oC
+ epxilonmm - H s xt ti nh hng ca my m . Tri khng my ly epxilonmm =
1, tri c my

epxilonmm=0,85
+ epxilonkh - H s xt ti nh hng ca khung knh. Kt cu khung khc nhau th mc
che khut mt phn knh di cc tia bc x khc nhau. Vi khung g epxilonkh = 1,
khung kim loi epxilonkh = 1,17
+ epxilonK - H s knh, ph thuc mu sc v loi knh khc knh c bn v ly theo
bng 3-5
Bng 3-5 : c tnh bc x ca cc loi knh

37/291

+ epxilonm - H s mt tri . H s ny xt ti nh hng ca mn che ti bc x mt

tri. Khi khng c mn che epxilonm = 1. Khi c mn epxilonm c chn theo bng
3-6
Bng 3-6 : c tnh bc x ca mn che

Bng 3-7: Dng nhit bc x mt tri xm nhp vo phng R, W/m 2

38/291

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Cng thc (3-21) trn y ch tnh cho cc trng hp sau :

- Knh l knh c bn (epxilonK = 1) c hoc khng c rm che
- Khng phi knh c bn (epxilonk khac 1) v khng c rm che (epxilonm = 1).
Trng hp knh khng phi knh c bn (epxilonK khac 1) v c rm che (epxilonm
khac 1) ngi ta tnh theo cng thc di y.
* Trng hp khng phi knh c bn v c rm che :

trong
Fk - Din tch ca knh , m2
Rxn - Lng nhit bc x xm nhp vo khng gian iu ho

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(3-25)
Tr s R ly theo bng 3-7, cc gi tr alfaK, tetaK, PK ly theo bng (3-5), alfam, tetam,
Pm ly theo bng (3-6). Cc h s khc vn tnh ging nh cc h s cng thc (3-21)

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Bc x mt tri qua knh thc t

Bc x mt tri qua knh thc t
Nhit bc x mt tri khi bc x qua knh ch c mt phn tc ng tc thi ti khng
kh trong phng, phn cn li tc ng ln kt cu bao che v b hp th mt phn, ch
sau mt khong thi gian nht nh mi tc ng ti khng kh
V vy thnh phn nhit tha do cc tia bc x xm nhp qua ca knh gy tc ng tc
thi n ph ti h thng iu ho khng kh

(3-26)
trong
Rxn - Lng bc x mt tri xm nhp qua ca knh gy tc ng tc thi n ph ti
ca h thng iu ho khng kh, W/m2
Rmax - Lng bc x mt tri ln nht xm nhp qua ca knh, W/m2 (Tham kho bng
3-8a)
nt - H s tc dng tc thi (Tham kho bng 3-8b, v 3-8c)
k - Tch s cc h s xt ti nh hng ca cc yu t nh sng m, cao, nhit ng
ng sng, loi khung ca v mn che.
H s tc ng tc thi cho trong cc bng 3-8b v 3-8c. Cn lu rng xc nh
h s tc dng tc thi phi cn c vo khi lng tnh cho 1m2 din tch. Tht vy khi
khi lng ring ca vt cng ln, kh nng hp th cc tia bc x cng ln, do mc
chm tr gia im cc i ca nhit bc x v ph ti lnh cng ln.
Bng 3-8a : Lng nhit ln nht xm nhp qua ca knh loi c bn R max , W/m 2

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Bng 3-8b : H s tc dng tc thi n t ca lng bc x mt tri xm nhp qua ca

knh c mn che bn trong
(Hot ng 24gi/24, nhit khng kh khng i)

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Bng 3-8c : H s tc dng tc thi n t ca lng bc x mt tri xm nhp qua ca

knh khng c mn che hoc trong rm
(Hot ng 24gi/24, nhit khng kh khng i)

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V d 1: Xc nh lng nhit bc x ln nht vo qua ca s bng knh c bn, rng

5m2. Cho bit a phng ni lp t cng trnh v 20o Bc, knh quay v hng
ng, khung ca bng st, nhit ng sng trung bnh l 25oC, tri khng sng
m, cao so vi mt nc bin l 100m.
-ng vi 20o Bc , hng ng , theo bng 3-8 , tra c Rmax = 520 W/m2 vo 8 gi
thng 4 v thng 8
- H s

- H s

- Tri khng my nn epxilonmm = 1

- Khung ca knh l khung st nn epxilonkh = 1,17
- Knh l knh c bn v khng c rm che nn epxilonk = epxilonm =1

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Theo cng thc (3-21) ta c :

V d 2 : Xc nh lng nhit bc x xm nhp khng gian iu ho qua 10m2 knh

chng nng mu xm dy 6mm, t hng Ty Nam, TP. H Ch Minh, bn trong c
mn che kiu H Lan. V tr lp t c cao so vi mt nc bin khng ng k, nhit
ng sng trung bnh 24oC, tri khng my, khung ca bng g.
- Lng nhit bc x qua knh c xc nh theo cng thc :

- Cc h

- H s

- Lng nhit xm nhp :

- Gi tr R tra theo bng 3-7 vi 10o v Bc, hng Ty Nam : Rmax = 508 W/m2 vo
lc 15 gi thng 1 v 11.

Nhit lng bc x mt tri qua kt cu bao che Q 62 .

Khc vi ca knh c ch bc x mt tri qua kt cu bao che c thc hin nh sau
- Di tc dng ca cc tia bc x mt tri, b mt bn ngoi cng ca kt cu bao che
s dn dn nng ln do hp th nhit. Lng nhit ny s to ra mi trng mt phn,
phn cn li s dn nhit vo bn trong v truyn cho khng kh trong phng bng i
lu v bc x. Qu trnh truyn ny s c chm tr nht nh. Mc chm tr ph
thuc bn cht kt cu tng, mc dy mng.

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Thng thng ngi ta b qua lng nhit bc x qua tng. Lng nhit truyn qua
mi do bc x v chnh nhit trong phng v ngoi tri c xc nh theo cng
thc:

(3-26)
F - Din tch mi (hoc tng), m2
k - H s truyn nhit qua mi (hoc tng), W/m2.oC
deltat = tTD - tT chnh nhit tng ng

(3-27)
epxilons - H s hp th ca mi v tng
alfaN = 20 W/m2.K - H s to nhit i lu ca khng kh bn ngoi
Rnx = R/0,88 - Nhit bc x p vo mi hoc tng, W/m2
R - Nhit bc x qua knh vo phng (tra theo bng 3-7), W/m2
phim - H s mu ca mi hay tng
+ Mu thm : phim = 1
+ Mu trung bnh : phim = 0,87
+ Mu sng : phim = 0,78
epxilons - H s hp th ca tng v mi ph thuc mu sc, tnh cht vt liu, trng
thi b mt tra theo bng di y
Bng 3.9 : en b mt kt cu bao che

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Nhit do lt khng kh vo phng Q7

Khi c chnh p sut trong nh v bn ngoi th s c hin tng r r khng kh .
Vic ny lun lun km theo tn tht nhit.
Ni chung vic tnh tn tht nhit do r r thng rt phc tp do kh xc nh chnh
xc lu lng khng kh r r. Mt khc cc phng c iu ha thng i hi phi kn.
Phn khng kh r r c th coi l mt phn kh ti cung cp cho h thng.

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L7 - Lu lng khng kh r r, kg/s

IN, IT - Entanpi ca khng kh bn ngoi v bn trong phng, kJ/kg
tT, tN - Nhit ca khng kh tnh ton trong nh v ngoi tri, oC
dT, dN - Dung m ca khng kh tnh ton trong nh v ngoi tri, g/kg.kk
Tuy nhin, lu lng khng kh r r Lrr thng khng theo quy lut v rt kh xc nh.
N ph thuc vo chnh lch p sut, vn tc gi, kt cu khe h c th, s ln ng
m ca ...vv. V vy trong cc trng hp ny c th xc nh theo kinh nghim

Bng 3.10 : H s kinh nghim C

Tng lng nhit do r r khng kh:

(3-31)
Trong trng hp cc ca ra vo s lt ngi qua li tng i nhiu , cn b sung
thm lng khng kh .
(3-32)
Gc - Lng khng kh lt qua ca, kg/gi
Lc - Lng khng kh lt qua ca khi 01 ngi i qua, m3/ngi
n - S lt ngi qua li ca trong 1 gi.
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P - Khi lng ring ca khng kh, kg/m3

Nh vy trong trng hp ny cn b sung thm

Bng 3-11 di y dn ra lng kh kh lt qua ca khi 01 ngi i qua.

Bng 3-11 : Lng khng kh lt qua ca L c , m 3 /ngi

Nhit truyn qua kt cu bao che Q8

Ngi ta chia ra lm 2 tn tht
- Tn tht do truyn nhit qua trn mi, tng v sn (tng trn) : Q81
- Tn tht do truyn nhit qua nn : Q82
Tng tn tht truyn nhit
(3-35)
Nhit truyn qua tng, trn v sn tng trn Q81
Nhit lng truyn qua kt cu bao che c tnh theo cng thc sau y :
(3-36)
k -H s truyn nhit ca kt cu bao che, W/m2.oC
F - Din tch b mt kt cu bao che

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deltat - chnh nhit tnh ton, oC

Xc nh chnh nhit tnh ton.
- Ma h :
(3-37)
- Ma ng :
(3-38)
tT - Nhit tnh ton trong phng, oC
tN - Nhit tnh ton bn ngoi, oC
phi - H s tnh n v tr ca kt cu bao che i vi khng kh bn ngoi
i vi tng bao
i vi tng bao trc tip xc vi mi trng khng kh bn ngoi th phi = 1. Trng
hp tng ngn nm bn trong cng trnh khng trc tip tip xc vi khng kh bn
ngoi tri th h s phi s c chn tu trng hp c th di y.
i vi trn c mi
- Mi bng tn, ngi, fibr xi mng vi kt cu khng kn phi = 0,9
- Mi bng tn, ngi, fibr xi mng vi kt cu kn phi = 0,8
- Mi nh lp bng giy du phi = 0,75
Tng ngn vi phng khng c iu ho (phng m)
- Nu phng m tip xc vi khng kh bn ngoi phi = 0,7
- Nu phng m khng tip xc vi khng kh bn ngoi phi = 0,4
i vi sn trn tng hm
- Tng hm c ca s phi = 0,6

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- Tng hm khng c ca s phi = 0,4

i vi tng ngn vi phng c iu ho
Trong trng hp ny ta khng tnh phi = 0
Xc nh h s truyn nhit qua tng v trn.

(3-39)
alfaT - H s to nhit b mt bn trong ca kt cu bao che, W/m2, oC
alfaT - H s to nhit b mt bn ngoi ca kt cu bao che, W/m2, oC
sichmai, - Chiu dy ca lp th i , m
lamdai - H s dn nhit lp th i, W/m.oC
H s trao i nhit bn ngoi v bn trong phng
Bng 3.12 : H s trao i nhit bn ngoi v bn trong

Nhit tr ca lp khng kh
Nu trong kt cu bao che c lp m khng kh th tng nhit tr dn nhit phi cng
thm nhit tr ca lp khng kh ny. Thng lp m ny c lm trn trn chng
nng.

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Bng 3.13 : Tr s nhit tr ca khng kh R kk

Ghi ch:
Tr s Rkk cho bng trn y ng vi chnh nhit trn 2 b mt ca lp khng
kh deltat = 10oC. Nu deltat khac 10oC ta cn nhn tr s cho bng 3-14 di y
Bng 3.14: H s hiu chnh nhit tr khng kh

H s dn nhit ca vt liu xy dng

H s dn nhit lamda ca vt liu thay i ph thuc vo rng, m v nhit
ca vt liu.
- rng cng ln th lamda cng b, v cc l kh trong vt liu c h s dn nhit thp
- m tng th h s dn nhit tng do nc chim ch cc l kh trong vt liu, do h
s dn nhit ca nc cao hn nhiu so vi h s dn nhit ca khng kh.
- Nhit tng, h s dn ca vt liu tng. S thay i ca h s dn nhit lamda khi
nhit thay i theo quy lut bc nht :
(3-40)
trong :

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lamdao - H s dn nhit ca vt liu 0oC, kCal/m.h.oC

t - Nhit vt liu, oC
b - H s t l ph thuc vo tnh cht vt liu, c gi tr nm trong khong 0,0001 n
0,001.
Tuy nhin, do s ph thuc vo nhit ca vt liu khng ng k nn trong cc tnh
ton thng coi h s dn nhit ca cc vt liu l khng i v ly theo bng di y.

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Bng 3.15 : H s dn nhit ca cc vt liu

Nhit truyn qua nn t Q82

tnh nhit truyn qua nn ngi ta chia nn thnh 4 di, mi di c b rng 2m nh
hnh v 3-1.
Theo cch phn chia ny

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Khi tnh din tch cc di, di I cc gc c tnh 2 ln v cc gc nhit c th truyn

ra bn ngoi theo 2 hng
- Khi din tch phng nh hn 48m2 th c th coi ton b l di I
- Khi chia phn di nu khng cho 4 di th u tin t 1 n 4. V d ch chia c 3
di th coi di ngoi cng l di I, tip theo l di II v III.
Tn tht nhit qua nn do truyn nhit

Tng lng nhit tha QT

(3-42)
Tng nhit tha ca phng :
Nhit tha QT c s dng xc nh nng sut lnh ca b x l khng kh trong
chng 4. Khng nn nhm ln khi cho rng nhit tha QT chnh l nng sut lnh ca
b x l khng kh .
Tng nhit tha ca phng QT gm nhit hin Qhf v nhit n Qwf ca phng.
- Tng nhit hin ca phng :
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- Tng nhit n ca phng :

Nh trnh by trn , trng hp khng gian kho st l nh hng th bnh qun mi
ngi cng thm 20W do thc n to ra , trong 10W l nhit hin v 10w l nhit
n.

XC NH LNG M THA WT
Lng m do ngi ta ra W1
Lng m do ngi ta ra c xc nh theo cng thc sau :
(3-43)
n - S ngi trong phng.
gn - Lng m do 01 ngi ta ra trong phng trong mt n v thi gian, kg/s
Lng m do 01 ngi to ra gn ph thuc vo cng lao ng v nhit phng.
Tr s gn c th tra cu theo bng 3.16 di y :
Bng 3.16 : Lng m do ngi ta ra, g/gi,ngi

Lng m bay hi t cc sn phm W2

Khi a cc sn phm t vo phng th c mt lng hi nc bc vo phng. Ngc
li nu a sn phm kh th n s ht mt lng m.

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(3-44)
y1, y2 - Ln lt l thy phn ca sn phm khi a vo v ra.
g2 - Lu lng ca sn phm , kg/s
Thnh phn m tha ny ch c trong cng nghp
Lng m do bay hi on nhit t sn m W3
Khi sn b t th mt lng hi m t c th bc hi vo khng kh lm tng m
ca n. Lng hi m c tnh nh sau :

(3-45)
Fs - Din tch sn b t, m2
T - Nhit nhit k t ng vi trng thi trong phng.
Lng m do bay hi on nhit c tnh cho ni thng xuyn nn nh b t nh
khu nh git, nh bp, nh v sinh . Ring nn t do lau nh thng nht thi v khng
lin tc, nn khi tnh lu n im ny.
Lng m do hi nc nng mang vo W4
Khi trong phng c r r hi nng , v d nh hi t cc ni nu, th cn phi tnh thm
lng hi m thot ra t cc thit b ny.
W4 = Gh (3-46)
Lng m tha W T

(3-47)
Tng tt cc ngun m to ra trong phng gi l lng m tha
Nhit tha WT c s dng xc nh nng sut lm kh ca thit b x l khng kh
chng 4.

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KIM TRA NG SNG TRN VCH

Nh bit khi nhit vch tW thp hn nhit ng sng ca khng kh tip xc
vi n th s xy ra hin tng ng sng trn vch . Tuy nhin do xc nh nhit
vch kh nn ngi ta quy iu kin ng sng v dng khc.
* V ma h : Ma h ta thc hin ch iu ha (lm lnh), nhit bn ngoi ln
hn nhit bn trong:
Khi

, nh vyvch trong khng th xy ra hin tng ng sng.

Gi tNs l nhit ng sng vch ngoi ta c iu kin ng sng:

Theo phng trnh truyn nhit ta c

hay:
k = alfa N.(tN - tNW)/ (tN - tT)
Khi gim tNW th k tng, khi gim ti tNs th trn tng ng sng, khi ta c gi
tr kmax

iu kin ng sng c vit li:

* V ma ng : V ma ng l lun tng t trn ta thy nu xy ra ng sng th

ch c th xy ra trn vch tng trong. Khi iu kin khng ng sng trn vch
trong l:

*****
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THNH LP V TNH TON CC S

IU HO KHNG KH
THNH LP V TNH TON
CC S IU HO KHNG KH
Thnh lp s iu ha khng kh l xc nh cc qu trnh thay i trng thi ca
khng kh trn th I-d nhm mc ch xc nh cc khu cn x l v nng sut ca
n t c trng thi khng kh cn thit trc khi cho thi vo phng.
S iu ha khng kh c thnh lp trn c s :
-iu kin kh hu a phng ni lp t cng trnh :t N v phi N .
-Yu cu v tin nghi hoc cng ngh : t T v phi T .
-Cc kt qu tnh cn bng nhit : Q T , W T ,
-Tha mn iu kin v sinh:
Nhit khng kh trc khi thi vo phng khng c qu thp so vi nhit trong
phng nhm trnh gy cm lnh cho ngi s dng, c th nh sau :

(4-1)
- i vi h thng iu ho khng kh thi t di ln (ming thi t trong vng lm
vic) : a = 7 oC
- i vi h thng iu ho khng kh thi t trn xung : a = 10oC
Nu iu kin v sinh khng tha mn th phi tin hnh sy nng khng kh ti nhit
tV = tT - a tho mn iu kin v sinh ri cho thi vo phng.
2. Lng kh ti cp vo phng phi m bo cho ngi trong phng.

(4-2)

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trong :
n - S ngi trong phng
mk- Khi lng gi ti cn thit cung cp cho 01 ngi trong mt n v thi gian, kg/
ngi, gi .
Vk - Lng khng kh ti cn cung cp cho mt ngi trong mt n v thi gian, tra
theo bng 2-7, m3/ngi, gi.
p - Khi lng ring ca khng kh, p = 1,2 kg/m3.
Tuy nhin lu lng gi b sung khng c nh hn 10% tng lng gi cung cp cho
phng.
TNH TON CC S IU HO KHNG KH THEO TH I-d
Phng trnh tnh nng sut gi
T cc phng trnh cn bng nhit, m v cht c hi ta xc nh c phng trnh
xc nh nng sut gi.
- Nng sut gi thi nhit :

- Nng sut gi thi m:

- Nng sut gi thi cht c hi:

Trong cc cng thc trn T l trng thi khng kh trong phng, V l trng thi khng
kh trc khi thi vo phng.
Khi thit k h thng iu ho thng phi m bo 2 thng s nhit v m khng i
theo yu cu , tc l phi tha mn ng thi 2 phng trnh cn bng nhit v m. Hay
ni cch khc ta c : LQ = Lw

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Suy ra

Hay

i lng epxilonT gi l h s gc tia ca qu trnh t thay i trng thi ca khng

kh trong phng do nhn nhit tha v m tha.
Nh vy trng thi ca khng kh trong phng khng i th trng thi khng kh thi
vo phng V(tV, phiV) phi lun lun nm trn ng epxilonT = QT/WT i qua im
T(tT, phiT)
Cc s iu ho khng kh ma h
S thng

S thng l s khng c ti tun hon khng kh t phng v thit b x l khng

kh. Trong s ny ton b khng kh a vo thit b x l khng kh l khng kh
ti.
S thng c trnh by trn hnh 4.1

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Hnh 4.1 : S nguyn l v biu din s thay i trng thi khng kh trn th I-d
* Nguyn l lm vic: Khng kh bn ngoi tri c trng thi N(tN,phiN) qua ca ly gi
c van iu chnh (1), c a vo bung x l nhit m (2), ti y khng kh c
x l theo chng trnh nh sn n mt trng thi O nht nh no v c qut (3)
vn chuyn theo ng ng gi (4) vo phng (6) qua cc ming thi (5). Khng kh ti
ming thi (5) c trng thi V sau khi vo phng nhn nhit tha v m tha v t thay
i n trng thi T(tT, phiT) theo tia qu trnh epxilonT = QT/WT . Sau khng kh
c thi ra bn ngoi qua cc ca thi (7).
S thng c s dng trong cc trng hp sau:
- Khi knh gi hi qu ln vic thc hin hi gi qu tn km hoc khng thc hin
c do khng gian nh hp .
- Khi trong khng gian iu ha c sinh ra nhiu cht c hi, vic hi gi khng c li.
Ma h nc ta nhit v m bn ngoi phng thng cao hn nhit v m
trong phng. V th im N thng nm bn trn phi ca im T.
* Xc nh cc cc im nt :
Theo th biu th qu trnh ta c:
- Qu trnh NO l qu trnh x l khng kh din ra thit b x l khng kh. Trng
thi O cui qu trnh x l khng kh c m phio 95%.

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- Qu trnh OV l qu trnh khng kh nhn nhit khi dn qua h thng ng ng. Qu

trnh ny khng trao i m, l qu trnh gia nhit ng dung m. V tt c cc ng
ng dn khng kh lnh u bc cch nhit nn tn tht ny khng ng k. Thc t c
th coi VtrngO
- Qu trnh VT l qu trnh khng kh t thay i trng thi khi nhn nhit tha v m
tha nn c h s gc tia epxilonVT = epxilonT = QT/WT
T phn tch trn ta c th xc nh cc im nt nh sau:
- Xc nh cc im N(tN, phiN), T(tT, phiT) theo cc thng s tnh ton ban u.
- Qua im T k ng epxilon = epxilonT = QT/WT ct ng phio = 0,95 ti OtrngV
- Ni NO ta c qu trnh x l khng kh
Cn lu trng thi thi vo VtrngO phi m bo iu kin v sinh l nhit khng
c qu thp so vi nhit trong phng trnh gy cm lnh cho ngi s dng.

Nu khng tha mn iu kin v sinh , th phi gia nhit khng kh t trng thi O ln
trng thi V tho mn iu kin v sinh mi thi vo phng , tc l tV = tT - a (hnh
4.2).

Hnh 4.2: S thng khi nhit t V thp

Trong trng hp ny cc im O v V xc nh li nh sau :

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- im V l giao ca ng epxilon = epxilonT = QT/WT qua im T v ng t = tT

-a.
- im O l giao ca ng thng ng (ng dung m) qua im V v ng phio =
0,95.
* Cc thit b chnh ca qu trnh
thc hin c s thng ma h cn c cc thit b chnh sau : Thit b x l
khng kh, qut cp gi, b sy cp II, h thng knh cp gi, ming thi.
* Xc nh nng sut cc thit b
- Nng sut gi thi vo phng :

- Nng sut lnh ca thit b x l:

- Nng sut lm kh ca thit b x l:

- Cng sut nhit ca thit b sy cp II (nu c) :

* Kt lun:
- S thng c u im l n gin, gn nh d lp t.
- Khng tn dng nhit t khng kh thi nn hiu qu thp.
- Thng c s dng trong cc h thng ni c pht sinh cc cht c, hi hoc ng
ng qu xa, cng knh khng kinh t hoc khng th thc hin c.

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S tun hon khng kh mt cp

tn dng nhit ca khng kh thi ngi ta s dng s tun hon1 cp.

Trn hnh 4.3 l s nguyn l h thng tun hon 1 cp
Nguyn l lm vic: Khng kh bn ngoi tri c trng thi N(tN,phiN) vi lu
lng LN qua ca ly gi c van iu chnh (1), c a vo bung ha trn
(3) ha trn vi khng kh hi c trng thi T(tT,phiT) vi lu lng LT t
cc ming hi gi (2). Hn hp ha trn c trng thi C s c a n thit
b x l (4), ti y n c x l theo mt chng trnh nh sn n mt
trng thi O v c qut (5) vn chuyn theo knh gi (6) vo phng (8) .
Khng kh sau khi ra khi ming thi (7) c trng thi V vo phng nhn nhit
tha QT v m tha WT v t thay i trng thi t V n T(tT, phiT). Sau
mt phn khng kh c thi ra ngoi v mt phn ln c qut hi gi (11)
ht v qua cc ming ht (9) theo knh (10) .

Hnh 4.3 S tun hon 1 cp

* Xc nh cc im nt trn I-d
- Trng thi C l trng thi ho trn ca dng khng kh ti c lu lng LN v trng
thi N(tN, phiN) vi dng khng kh ti tun hon vi lu lng LT v trng thi T(tT,
phiT)
- Qu trnh VT l qu trnh khng kh t thay i trng thi khi nhn nhit tha v m
tha nn c h s gc tia epxilon = epxilonT = QT/WT. im OtrngV c phio 0,95 .
T phn tch trn ta c cch xc nh cc im nt nh sau :
- Xc nh cc imN, T theo cc thng s tnh ton ban u.
- Xc nh im ha trn C theo t l ha trn
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Ta c

trong :
LN - Lu lng gi ti cn cung cp c xc nh theo iu kin v sinh, kg/s.
L - Lu lng gi tng tun hon qua thit b x l khng kh c xc nh theo cng
thc (4-13), kg/s
- im Vtrng O l giao nhau ca ng epxilon = epxilonT = QT/WT i qua im T
vi ng phio = 0,95. Ni CO ta c qu trnh x l khng kh.

Hnh 4.4 : Biu din s tun hon 1 cp trn th I-d

Nu nhit im O khng ph hp iu kin v sinh th phi tin hnh sy khng kh
n im V tho mn iu kin v sinh tc l t = tT - a (xem hnh 4-5). Khi cc im
V v O xc nh nh sau:
- T T k ng epxilon = epxilonT = QT/WT ct t = tT - a ti V
- T V k ng thng ng ct phio = 0,95 ti O.
- Cc im cn li vn gi nguyn v tr.

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* Cc thit b chnh : thc hin s iu ha khng kh mt cp ta phi c cc thit

b chnh sau y : Qut cp gi, qut hi gi, thit b x l khng kh, thit b sy cp 2,
h thng knh cp gi, hi gi, ming thi v ming ht

Hnh 4.5 : S tun hon 1 cp khi nhit t V thp

* Xc nh nng sut cc thit b
- Nng sut gi :

- Lng khng kh b sung LN c xc nh cn c vo s lng ngi v lng gi

ti cn cung cp cho mt ngi trong mt n v thi gian:

(4-14)
trong n - Tng s ngi trong phng, ngi
Vk - Lng khng kh ti cn cung cp cho mt ngi trong mt n v thi gian, tra
theo bng 2.6
Tuy nhin lu lng gi b sung khng c nh hn 10%.L. V th khi LN tnh theo
cc cng thc trn m nh hn 10% th ly LN = 0,1.L

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- Lu lng gi hi :

(4-15)
- Cng sut lnh ca thit b x l khng kh :

- Nng sut lm kh ca thit b x l:

- Cng sut nhit ca thit b sy cp II (nu c)

* Kt lun:
- Do c tn dng nhit ca khng kh ti tun hon nn nng sut lnh v nng sut lm
kh gim so vi s thng.
- S c ti tun hon khng kh nn chi ph u t tng.
- H thng i hi phi c thit b sy cp 2 sy nng khng kh khi khng tha mn
iu kin v sinh v do khng kinh t.
S tun hon khng kh hai cp

khc phc nhc im ca s 1 cp do phi c thit b sy cp 2 khi trng thi V

khng tha mn iu kin v sinh, ngi ta s dng s 2 cp c th iu chnh nhit
khng kh thi vo phng m khng cn c thit b sy.
S iu chnh nhit thi vo

* S nguyn l :

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Hnh 4.6 : S tun hon 2 cp c iu chnh nhit

* Nguyn l lm vic: Khng kh bn ngoi tri vi lu lng LN v trng thi
N(tN,phiN) c ly qua ca ly gi c van iu chnh (1) vo bung (3) ha trn vi
khng kh hi c lu lng LT1 v trng thi T(tT,phiT) t mt trng thi C1 no .
Hn hp ha trn C1 s c a n thit b x l (4) v c x l n trng thi O.
Sau n bung ho trn (6) ha trn vi khng kh hi c lu lng LT2 v trng
thi T(tT,phiT) t trng thi C2 v c qut (7) vn chuyn theo ng ng gi (8)
vo phng (10). Khng kh sau khi ra khi ming thi (9) c trng thi C2 vo phng
nhn nhit tha v m tha v t thay i trng thi n T(tT, phiT) . Cui cng mt
lng c thi ra ngoi qua ca thi 14, phn ln cn li c hi v tip tc x l.
* Xc nh cc im nt
- Cc im nt N(tN, phiN), T(tT, phiT) c xc theo cc thng s tnh ton.
- im ha trn C2 : Mc ch ca vic ho trn l nhm m bo nhit khng kh
khi thi vo phng tho mn yu cu v sinh. Hay tC2 = tT - a. Nh vy im C2 l giao
im ca ng epxilonT = QT/WT i qua T vi tC2 = tT - a.
- im O nm trn ng phio = 0,95 v ng ko di TC2.
- im C1 c xc nh theo t s ha trn : LN/LT1 = TC1/C1N
* Cc thit b chnh

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 thc hin s iu ha khng kh hai cp ta phi c cc thit b chnh sau y :

Qut cp gi, qut hi gi, thit b x l khng kh , h thng knh cp gi, hi gi v
cc ming thi, ming ht.

Hnh 4.7 : Biu din s tun hon 2 cp c iu chnh nhit trn I-d
* Xc nh nng sut cc thit b
- Lu lng gi :

- Lng khng kh b sung LN c xc nh theo iu kin v sinh nh sau :

Lu lng gi LT2 xc nh theo phng php hnh hc da vo qu trnh ha

trn thit b ha trn (6):

Cc im T, C2 v O c xc nh nn c th tnh c LT2
- Lu lng gi LT1

- Nng sut lnh ca thit b x l:

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- Nng sut lm kh ca thit b x l:

* Kt lun:
S tun hon 2 cp c iu chnh nhit thi vo c u im:
- Nhit thi vo phng c th d dng iu chnh c nh iu chnh lng gi trch
LT2 nhm nng nhit thi vo phng tho mn iu kin v sinh. Do s 2 cp
c iu chnh nhit khng cn trang b thit b sy cp II.
- Nng sut lnh v nng sut lm kh yu cu ca thit b x l gim
+ Cng sut lnh gim deltaQO = LT2.(IC1 - IO)
+ Lu lng gi gim deltaL = LT2.(dC1 - dO)
Nh vy ta khng cn phi u t h thng x l khng kh qu ln, cng knh.
- Phi c thm bung ha trn th 2 v h thng trch gi n bung ha trn ny nn
chi ph u t v vn hnh tng.
S iu chnh nhit m

S nguyn l :

Hnh 4.8 :S tun hon 2 cp c iu chnh m

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* Nguyn l lm vic : Khng kh bn ngoi tri c lu lng LN v trng thi

N(tN,phiN) c ly qua ca ly gi c van iu chnh (1), vo bung (3) ha trn vi
khng kh hi c lu lng LT v trng thi T(tT,phiT) t mt trng thi C1 no .
Hn hp ha trn C1 c chia lm 2 dng, mt dng c lu lng (LN + LT1) c
a n thit b x l khng kh (4) v c x l n mt trng thi O sau a n
bung ho trn (6) ha trn vi dng th 2 c lu lng LT2 trng thi C1 v t c
trng thi C2. Khng kh c trng thi C2 tip tc c qut (7) thi theo knh cp gi
(8) vo phng (10) qua cc ming thi (9). Mt phn gi c thi ra bn ngoi qua ca
thi gi (14), phn cn li tip tc c hi v v lp li chu trnh mi.
* Xc nh cc im nt
- Cc im nt N(tN, phiN), T(tT, phiT) c xc theo cc thng s tnh ton.
- im C1 c xc nh theo t s ha trn : LN/LT = TC1/C1N
- im ha trn C2 : Mc ch ca vic ho trn l nhm nng nhit khng kh thi
vo phng t yu cu v sinh, hay tC2 = tT - a. Nh vy im C2 l giao im ca
ng epxilonT = QT/WT i qua T vi tC2 = tT - a.
- im O l giao ca C1C2 vi ng phio = 0,95 .

Hnh 4.9 :S tun hon 2 cp c iu chnh m trn I-d

* Xc nh nng sut cc thit b
- Nng sut gi :L = LT + LN = LT1 + LT2 + LN

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- Lng khng kh b sung LN c xc nh cn c vo s lng ngi v lu lng

gi ti cn thit cung cp cho mt ngi trong mt n v thi gian:

trong n - Tng s ngi trong phng, ngi

Vk - Lng khng kh ti cn cung cp cho mt ngi trong mt n v thi gian, tra
theo bng 2.7
- Xc nh lu lng LT1 v LT2 cn c vo h phng trnh sau
+ Theo qu trnh ho trn bung ho trn (3)
TC1 /C1N = LN / LT
+ Theo qu trnh ho trn bung ho trn (6)
OC2/C2C1 = LT2 / (L-LT2)
T v tr ca cc im trn th I-d ta xc nh c cc t l tng ng.
- Nng sut lnh ca thit b x l:

- Nng sut lm kh ca thit b x l:

* Kt lun:
S tun hon 2 cp c iu chnh m c u im:
- Nhit v m khng kh thi vo phng c th iu chnh tha mn iu kin
v sinh do khng cn thit b sy cp II.
- Nng sut lnh v nng sut lm kh yu cu ca thit b x l gim so vi s 1 cp
tng t.
S c phun m b sung

S ny c s dng nhm tit kim nng lng trong trng hp cn tng m

ca khng kh trong phng nhng vn tit kim nng lng.
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Hnh 4-10 : So snh chu trnh c v khng c phun m b sung

khng kh trong phng t c trng thi T(tT,phiT) ta c th thc hin bng 2 cch:
* Cch 1 : X l khng kh n trng thi O nht nh no v thi vo phng cho t
thay i trng thi n T(tT,phiT) theo qu trnh OT (epxilonT = QT/WT )
Theo cch ny ta c :
- Nng sut gi :

- Nng sut lnh :

* Cch 2 : X l khng kh n trng thi O' vi tO' < tO. Sau thi khng kh vo
phng cho khng kh t thay i trng thi theo qu trnh epxilonT n T' , sau phun
m b sung khng kh thay i trng thi n T.
- Nng sut gi :

Nng sut lnh :

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V IO < IO nn d dng suy ra Qo2 < Qo1
* Kt lun :
- Vic phun m b sung c th p dng cho bt c s no v em li hiu qu nhit
cao hn. Nng sut gi v lnh u gim.
- Tuy nhin phi c b tr thm thit b phun m b sung trong phng nn phi c chi
ph b sung. Thc t n ch c th p dng cho cc phng nh v c yu cu c bit v
m.
Cc s iu ho khng kh ma ng

Khi ni n s ma ng l ni n s dng cho nhng ngy m nhit khng

kh ngoi tri nh hn nhit khng kh trong nh. duy tr nhit trong nh chng
ta phi tin hnh cp nhit. S ny thng ch s dng cho cc tnh pha Bc t Tha
Thin Hu tr ra. Cc tnh thnh t Nng tr vo khng cn s ma ng v ma
ng cc tnh pha Nam nhit khng thp. V th chng ta khng ngc nhin khi
cc h thng iu ho c cp nhit ma ng ch c thit k v lp t cc tnh pha
Bc.
Cc ngun nhit v thit b thng c s dng si m ma ng:
- in tr : Trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta dng in tr sy nng khng kh trc
khi thi vo phng nhm duy tr nhit phng nm mc cho php. Phng php
dng in n gin, nhng khng kinh t do gi in nng tng i cao v khng an
ton v phng chy.
- Hi nc : Hi t cc l hi nh hoc trung tm nhit in c a n cc b trao
i nhit kiu b mt trao i nhit vi khng kh trc khi thi vo phng. Cc dn
ny c th t c lp hoc t ng b cng cm dn lnh my lnh ma h.
- Bm nhit : Mt s cng trnh c trang b my lnh 2 chiu, ma ng my hot ng
theo ch bm nhit nh h thng van o chiu: dn nng bn trong phng, dn lnh
ngoi phng.
S thng ma ng

* S nguyn l :

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Trn hnh 4-11 l s nguyn l x l khng kh ma ng. S ny tng t s

ma h. im khc duy nht trong s ma ng thay v s dng thit b x l lnh
khng kh (2) y s dng thit b si .
* Nguyn l hot ng : Khng kh bn ngoi c trng thi N(tN,phiN) c ly qua
ca ly gi c van iu chnh (1) vo b si nng khng kh . B si nng khng kh
c th l b in tr hoc b trao i nhit kiu b mt s dng hi bo ho, hay ga
nng. Khng kh c gia nhit ng dung m n trng thi O . Sau khng kh c
qut (3) thi vo phng (6) theo h thng knh gi (4) v ming thi (5). trong phng
khng kh nh nhit, hp th m tha v t thay i trng thi n trng thi T(tT,phiT).
Cui cng khng kh c thi ra bn ngoi qua ca thi (7).
* Xc nh cc im nt :
- Cc im N(tN,phiN), T(tT,phiT) c xc nh theo cc thng s tnh ton.
- im O l giao ca ng epxilon = epxilonT = QT/WT i qua T vi ng ng dung
m qua im N. Cn lu rng i vi s ma ng th QT < 0 v WT > 0 v vy
qu trnh OT l qu trnh tng m, gim nhit.

Hnh 4.11: S thng ma ng

* Cc thit b : i vi h thng hot ng theo s ma ng cn cc thit b chnh
sau : Thit b sy cp I, qut cp gi, h thng knh gi ming thi

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Hnh 4.12 : Biu din s thng ma ng trn th I-d

* Xc nh nng sut cc thit b chnh
- Nng sut gi

- Cng sut b si :

* Kt lun :
- S thng tuy n gin nhng khng tn dng c nhit ca gi thi nn khng
kinh t.
- S thng ch s dng trong trng hp vic xy dng knh hi gi khng kinh t
hoc khng th thc hin c. Khi trong khng gian iu ho sinh nhiu cht c hi
th cng nn s dng s thng
S tun hon mt cp ma ng

* S nguyn l :

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Hnh 4.13: S tun hon 1 cp ma ng

* Nguyn l hot ng : Khng kh bn ngoi c trng thi N(tN,phiN) c ly qua ca
ly gi c van iu chnh (1) c vo bung ho trn (3) . y n c ho trn vi
khng kh hi c trng thi T(tT,phiT) c trng thi C. Hn hp ho trn c a
vo b sy khng kh cp I sy ln trng thi O . Sau khng kh c qut (5) thi
vo phng (8) theo h thng knh gi (6) v ming thi (7). trong phng khng kh
nh nhit, hp th m tha v t thay i trng thi n trng thi T(tT,phiT). Cui cng
mt phn khng kh c thi ra bn ngoi qua ca thi (12) phn ln c hi li.
* Xc nh cc im nt :
- Cc im N(tN,phiN), T(tT,phiT) c xc nh theo cc thng s tnh ton.

- im C c xc nh theo t l ho trn
- im O l giao ca ng epxilon = epxilonT = QT/WT i qua T vi ng ng dung
m qua im C.
* Cc thit b : i vi h thng hot ng theo s ma ng cn cc thit b chnh
sau : Bung ho trn, Thit b sy cp I, qut cp gi, h thng knh gi ming thi

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Hnh 4.14 : Biu din s tun hon 1 cp ma ng trn th I-d

* Xc nh nng sut cc thit b chnh
- Nng sut gi

- Cng sut b sy cp I

* Kt lun :
- S tun hon mt cp tn dng c nhit ca gi thi nn kinh t hn s thng.
- y l s thng hay c s dng trn thc t.

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TNH TON CC S IU HO
KHNG KH THEO TH d-t
TNH TON CC S IU HO KHNG KH THEO TH d-t
Tnh ton cc s iu ho khng kh theo th t-d c cc nc t bn phng
Ty p dng rt ph bin. V mt bn cht, vic xc nh cc s theo th t-d cng
tng t nh th I-d.
Cc s iu ho trn th d-t
S thng
Khng kh bn ngoi tri c trng thi N(tN,phiN) i qua thit b x l khng kh bin
i trng thi n trng thi O, sau qua qut cp gi hp th mt phn nhit di
dng nhit hin v bin i n trng thi n Q, trn ng ng khng kh hp th mt
lng nhit t mi trng di dng nhit hin v thay i n trng thi V. Sau
c thi vo phng nhn nhit n v nhit hin thay i trng thi n T(tT,phiT).
- Cng sut lnh thit b x l khng kh
Q = G.(IN - IO)
- Nhit do khng kh hp th qua qut
Q1 = G.(IQ-IO)
- Nhit do khng kh nhn t mi trng qua ng ng
Q2 = G.(IV-IQ)
- Nhit tha do khng kh nhn trong phng Q3
+ Nhit hin :
Q31 = G.(IL-IV)
+ Nhit n
Q32 = G.(IT-IL)

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- Nhit do khng kh ti nh ra bin i trng thi t N(tN,phiN) n trng thi

T(tT,phiT)
Q4 = G.(IN-IT)
Ta c
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4
Nu b qua tn tht nhit t qut cp gi v ng ng (Q1=Q2=0) th:
Q = Q3 + Q4
Nh vy : Ph ti lnh ca thit b x l khng kh Q khng phi l nhit tha Q3 , m
thc t c gi tr ln hn.

Hnh 4-15 : S thng trn th d-t

S tun hon 1 cp
Khng kh bn ngoi tri c trng thi N(tN,phiN) ho trn vi khng kh hi c trng
thi ho trn l C. Khng kh trng thi C i qua thit b x l khng kh bin i
n trng thi O, sau qua qut cp gi v ng ng gi hp th mt phn nhit di
dng nhit hin v bin i n trng thi n Q v V. Gi tip tc c thi vo phng
nhn hit n v nhit hin thay i trng thi n T(tT,phiT).
- Cng sut lnh thit b x l khng kh
Q = G.(IC - IO)

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- Nhit do khng kh hp th qua qut

Q1 = G.(IQ-IO)
- Nhit do khng kh nhn t mi trng qua ng ng
Q2 = G.(IV-IQ)
- Nhit tha do khng kh nhn trong phng Q3
+ Nhit hin :
Q31 = G.(IL-IV)
+ Nhit n
Q32 = G.(IT-IL)
- Nhit do khng kh ti nh ra bin i trng thi t N(tN,phiN) n trng thi
T(tT,phiT)
Q4 = G.(IN-IT)
trong G l lu lng kh ti.
Ta c
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4
Nu b qua tn tht nhit t qut cp gi v ng ng (Q1=Q2=0) th:
Q = Q3 + Q4

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Hnh 4-16 : S tun hon 1 cp trn th d-t

Cc c trng ca s iu ho
H s nhit hin SHF
Gi s c mt qu trnh thay i trng thi khng kh t trng thi 1 n trng thi 2
H s nhit hin SHF (Sensible heat factor) l t s gia tng nhit hin trn tng nhit
hin v nhit n:

Qh - Nhit hin.
Qw - Nhit n.
Q = Qh + Qw - Nhit tng.
t1, t2 - Nhit khng kh u v cui qu trnh, oC
I1, I2 - Entanpi ca khng kh u v cui qu trnh, kJ/kg
H s nhit hin ca phng
* H s nhit hin ca phng RSHF (Room sensible heat factor) c nh ngha nh
sau :

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trong :
Qhf - Tng nhit hin do bc x, truyn nhit qua kt cu bao che v nhit do cc ngun
nhit bn trong phng ta ra, kW
Qwf - Tng nhit n to ra t phng, kW
Qf - Tng nhit n v nhit hin t do bc x, truyn nhit qua kt cu bao che v do
cc ngun nhit ta ra t phng, y chnh l tng nhit tha ca phng; kW
Trn th d-t , cc im V v T ln lt l trng thi khng kh cp vo phng v khng
kh trong phng. ng VT biu th qu trnh khng kh sau khi vo phng nhn nhit
tha v m tha v t thay i trng thi. ng ny c gi l ng h s nhit hin
ca phng RSHF.
Trong cc tnh ton thng im T bit trc, v th ng VT c th d dng xc
nh khi bit phng ca n. Cch xc nh theo cc bc sau:
Quan st th d-t ta thy c im G c nh du trn ti v tr t = 24oC v phi =
50%, im ny gi l im c s. Mt khc song song vi trc d c ng biu th cc
gi tr khc nhau ca h s nhit hin RSHF. ng VT s song song vi ng thng
ni im G vi im xc nh gi tr RSHF trn ng biu th (hnh 4-17).

Hnh 4-17

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H s nhit hin tng GSHF (Grand sensible heat factor)

Gi s im C v O ln lt l trng thi khng kh u vo v u ra thit b x l
khng kh . Khi i qua thit b x l , khng kh thi nhit hin Qh v nhit n Qw
bin i trng thi t C n O.
H s nhit hin tng c xc nh theo cng thc :

trong :
Qh v Qw - Nhit hin v nhit n m khng kh thi ra thit b x l khng kh
ng thng CO biu th s thay i trng thi ca khng kh khi qua thit b x l
khng kh gi l ng GSHF. Cch xc nh phng ng thng CO cng tng t
nh cch xc nh ng RSHF, ngha l song song vi ng G-GSHF
H s i vng BF
Khi khng kh i qua dn lnh, nu qu trnh tip xc tt, thi gian tip xc ln th
trng thi khng kh u ra l trng thi bo ho phi=100%. Tuy nhin thc t trng
thi u ra thng khng t trng thi bo ho, m nm trong khong phi = 90 ? 95%.
Trng thi c coi nh l hn hp ca 2 trng thi: trng thi ban u C v trng
thi bo ho S. Nh vy lng khng kh x l coi nh c phn thnh 2 dng : mt
dng i qua dn lnh v trao i nhit m v t trng thi bo ho, dng th 2 i vng
qua dn v khng trao i nhit m.
H s i vng BF (Bypass factor) l t s gia lng khng kh i qua dn lnh nhng
khng trao i nhit m so vi tng lng khng kh qua dn.

trong :
GC - Lu lng khng kh qua dn lnh nhng khng trao di nhit m, kg/s
GS - Lu lng khng kh c trao i nhit m, kg/s
G - Tng lu lng gi qua dn, kg/s

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Hnh 4-18
Nu vit phng trnh cn bng nng lng ta c :

S dng cng thc xc nh BF ta c :

Hay:

Rt ra :

Tng t c th rt ra:

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H s i vng BF ph thuc vo din tch, cu to v tc khng kh qua dn

Bng 4-1 di y trnh by gi tr ca h s BF trong mt s trng hp dng tham
kho khi tnh ph ti lnh.
Bng 4-1

Bng 4-2 trnh by gi tr h s i vng BF ca mt s dn lnh kiu tip xc theo s

hng ng dc theo chiu chuyn ng ca khng kh v mt cnh trao i nhit.
Bng 4-2

Trng hp thit b x l khng kh kiu t (bung phun) gi tr BF ph thuc vo tc

chuyn ng ca khng kh, p sut nc ti l phun, kch thc l phun, lu lng
nc phun, s hng b tr l phun v s l phun trn 01 hng. Ngoi ra chiu chuyn
ng tng i gia khng kh v nc cng nh hng ti gi tr BF.
Bng 4.3 trnh by cc gi tr ca BF trong mt s trng hp dng tham kho.
Bng 4-3

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H s nhit hin hiu dng ESHF

H s nhit hin hiu dng ESHF (Effective sensible heat factor) l t s gia nhit hin
hiu dng Qhef v tng nhit hiu dng Qef

y:
Qhef = Qhf + BF.Q4h - Nhit hin hiu dng ca phng
Qwef = Qwf + BF.Q4w - Nhit n hiu dng ca phng
Qhf, Qwf - Nhit hin v nhit n tha ca phng
Q4h, Q4w - Nhit hin v nhit n ca khng kh ti cn nh ra t c trng thi
trong phng.
Trn th d-t ng biu th mi quan h gia cc h s RSHF, GSHF, ESHF v nhit
ng sng

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Hnh 4-19
Cc trng thi ln lt l:
C- Trng thi khng kh c ho trn trc khi vo dn lnh
O trng V Trng thi sau dn lnh v thi vo phng
T - Trng thi khng kh trong phng
N - Trng thi khng kh ngoi tri
S - Trng thi khng kh bo ho, phn khng kh tip xc dn lnh, nhit im K l
nhit ng ng sng ts
Gia h s nhit hin hu dng v v nhit ng sng ca dn lnh c mi quan h
nh sau :

trong :
dT, dS - cha hi ca khng kh trong khng gian iu ho v trng thi ng
sng ca dn lnh, g/kg
tT, tS - Nhit ca khng kh trong khng gian iu ho v trng thi ng sng
ca dn lnh, oC

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Bng 4-4

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Xc nh nng sut lnh, lu lng khng kh ca dn lnh

Trc ht xc nh nng sut lnh, lu lng khng kh thi vo dn lnh v nhit
thi vo chng ta phi c cc thng s tnh ton ban u
Cc bc xc nh
Bc 1 :
- Xc nh RSHF, GSHF v ESHF
- Xc nh cc im N(tN, phiN) , T(tT, phiT), G(24oC, 50%)
Bc 2 :
- K ng TS song song vi ng G-ESHF ct phi=100% ti S
- K ng TH song song vi ng G-RSHF
Bc 3 :
- Qua S k ng SC song song vi ng G-GSHF ct TH im OtrngV

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Xc nh cc thng s t, d v I ti im C trc khi vo dn lnh, im V trc khi vo

phng.
Bc 4 :
Kim tra iu kin v sinh ca trng thi khng kh thi vo phng
t V> t T - a
+ a = 10oC nu ming thi b tr trn cao
+ a = 7oC nu ming thi b tr di thp.
Nu iu kin v sinh tho mn th xc nh
Lu lng gi qua dn lnh

Lu lng khi lng

G = 0,0012.L; Kg/s
- Nng sut lnh ca thit b x l khng kh
Qo = G.(IC-IO), kW
- Lu lng khng kh ti tun hon; l/s
LT = L - L N
LN - Lu lng khng kh ti, l/s

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Hnh 4-20
Tnh ton s tun hon 2 cp
Trong trng hp iu kin v sinh khng tha mn th ngi ta s dng s tun
hon 2 cp. C 2 kiu tun hon 2 cp: S 2 cp iu chnh nhit v s 2 cp
iu chnh m.
S iu chnh nhit
Trn hnh 4-21 biu din s nguyn l thit b v s thay i trng thi ca khng kh
trn th d-t
Theo s lng khng kh ti tun hon LT trc khi n dn lnh c tch lm 2
dng : LT1 i qua dn lnh v LT2 i vng qua dn lnh. Lng khng kh i qua dn
lnh LT1 trc khi vo dn lnh c ho trn vi lng gi ti LN

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Hnh 4-21
Cc im nt N, T, S, O v C c xc nh ging nh s 1 cp. im V c nhit
tV = tT - a.
- Lu lng gi cp vo phng:

- Lu lng gi LT1 v LT2 c xc nh da vo h phng trnh:

Nng sut lnh Qo ca dn lnh:

trong G1 = 0,012.L1 , Kg/s

S iu chnh m
Trn hnh 4-22 biu din s nguyn l thit b v s thay i trng thi ca khng kh
trn th d-t
Theo s lng khng kh ti tun hon LT c em ho trn vi lng gi ti LN
c trng thi C v lu lng tng L, c tch thnh 2 : L1 i qua dn lnh v L2 i
vng qua dn lnh .
Lng khng kh L1 qua dn lnh bin i n trng thi O v ho trn vi L2 t
trng thi V tho mn iu kin v sinh trc khi thi vo phng tV=tT-a.

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Hnh 4-22
* Xc nh lu lng gi
xc nh lu lng gi trc ht cn phi xc nh cc im nt S, O, C v V tng
t nh s 1 cp. i vi im V , nhit tV phi tho mn iu kin v sinh v
c chn tV = tT - a.
- Lu lng gi cp vo phng:

- Lu lng gi L1 v L2 c xc nh da vo h phng trnh:

- Nng sut lnh Qo ca dn lnh:

trong G1 = 0,012.L1 , Kg/s

***

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LA CHN CC H THNG IU HA
KHNG KH
LA CHN CC H THNG IU HA KHNG KH
C S LA CHN MY IU HA KHNG KH.
Vic la chn my iu ho c tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
Chn hng my
Th trng Vit nam hin nay s dng nhiu hng my ho khc nhau. Ni ting hn
c l cc hng my Carrier, Trane, York (M), Daikin, Toshiba, Mitsubishi, Hitachi,
National (Nht), LG (Hn Quc)...
Hin nay cng ty C phn C in lnh - TP. H Ch Minh sn xut c cc my
iu ho mang nhn hiu Reetech c cc c tnh k thut khng thua km cc hng
nc ngoi. y l sn phm chnh hiu Vit Nam u tin.
Mi hng my ni tri v mt vi chng loi nht nh, nn vic la chn my hng no
cn tu thuc vo cc iu kin c th ca cng trnh, tnh hnh ti chnh ca ch u
t, iu kin thanh ton, thi gian giao hng ...vv
Chn kiu my :
Cn c vo c tnh c th ca cng trnh, cng sut thit k, yu cu ca khch hng v
cc yu cu c bit khc la chn kiu my ph hp nht cho cng trnh. lm tt
iu ny cn nm bt k cc c im k thut, u nhc im ca tng kiu dng my
iu ha t la chn kiu my thch hp nht cho cng trnh v tt c cc phng
din.
C cc dng my iu ho sau:
- My iu ho cc b : Ca s, My iu ho 2 mnh, my iu ho ghp v my iu
ho ri thi t do.
- My iu ho phn tn : My iu ho VRV, my iu ho lm lnh bng nc (water
chiller).
- My iu ho trung tm : My iu ho dng t cp gi bng h thng knh gi.

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Chn my
Sau khi chn hng sn xut, kiu loi my , bc cui cng l chn model my . Vic
chn my c th c cn c vo kt qu thnh lp v tnh ton s iu ho khng
kh, trong 2 thng s quan trng nht lm cn c la chn l :
- Nng sut gi L thi vo phng , kg/s
- Nng sut lnh Qo ca thit b x l khng kh , kW
- Cng sut si QSI v QSII ca b sy cp I v II (nu cn), kW
CC H THNG IU HO HIN I
H thng kiu cc b.

H thng iu ha khng kh kiu cc b l h thng ch iu ha khng kh trong mt

phm vi hp, thng ch l mt phng ring c lp hoc mt vi phng nh.
Trn thc t loi my iu ha kiu ny gm 4 loi ph bin sau :

My iu ha dng ca s (Window type)

My iu ha kiu ri (split type)
My iu ha kiu ghp (multi-split type).
My iu ho t nn thi t do (Free blow floor standing split type)

My iu ha khng kh dng ca s (Window Type)

My iu ha dng ca s thng c lp t trn cc tng trng ging nh cc ca

s nn c gi l my iu ha khng kh dng ca s.
My iu ho dng ca s l my iu ho c cng sut nh nm trong khong
7.000->24.000 Btu/h vi cc model ch yu sau 7.000, 9.000, 12.000, 18.000 v 24.000
Btu/h. Tu theo hng my m s model c th nhiu hay t.
* Cu to :
V cu to my iu ho dng ca s l mt t my lnh c lp t hon chnh thnh
mt khi ch nht ti nh my sn xut, trn c y dn nng, dn lnh, my nn
lnh, h thng ng ng ga, h thng in v ga c np sn. Ngi lp t ch
vic u ni in l my c th hot ng v sinh lnh.
Trn hnh 5-1 l cu to bn trong ca mt my iu ho dng ca s . Bnh thng, dn
lnh t pha bn trong phng, dn nng nm pha ngoi . Qut dn nng v dn lnh
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ng trc v chung m t. Qut dn lnh thng l qut dng ly tm kiu lng sc cho
php to lu lng v p lc gi ln c th thi gi i xa. Ring qut dn nng l
kiu hng trc
gia my c vch ngn nhm ngn cch khoang dn lnh v khoang dn nng.
Gi trong phng c ht vo ca ht nm gia pha trc my v c a vo dn
lnh lm mt v thi ra ca thi gi t pha trn hoc bn cnh. Ca thi gi c cc
cnh hng gi c th chuyn ng qua li nhm iu chnh hng gi ti cc v tr bt
k trong phng .
Khng kh gii nhit dn nng c ly 2 bn hng ca my. Khi qut hot ng gi
tun hon vo bn trong v c thi qua dn nng v sau ra ngoi. Khi lp t my
iu ho ca s cn lu m bo cc ca ly gi nh ra khi tng mt khong nht
nh khng c che lp cc ca ly gi.

Hnh 5.1 : Cu to my iu ha ca s
1- Dn nng 4- Qut dn lnh 7- Ca ht gi lnh
2- My nn 5- Dn lnh 8- Ca thi gi
3- Mt qut 6- Li lc 9- Tng nh
Pha trc mt my c b tr b iu khin . B iu khin cho php iu khin v chn
cc ch sau:
- Bt tt my iu ho ON-OFF

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- Chn ch lm lnh v khng lm lnh

- Chn tc ca qut : Nhanh, va v chm
- t nhit phng.
- Ngoi ra trong mt s my cn c thm cc chc nng hn gi, ch lm kh, ch
ng ...vv.
V chng loi, my iu ho ca s c 2 dng: ch lm lnh (my 1 chiu) v va lm
lnh va si m (my 2 chiu). my 2 chiu nng lnh c cm van o chiu cho
php hon i v tr dn nng v dn lnh vo cc ma khc nhau trong nm.
Ma h dn lnh trong phng, dn nng bn ngoi, chc nng my lc ny l lm lnh.
Ma ng ngc li dn nng trong phng, dn lnh bn ngoi phng, lc ny my
chy ch bm nhit, chc nng ca my l si m.
My nn lnh ca my iu ho ca s l my lnh kiu kn .
Gia khoang dn nng v khoang dn lnh c ca iu chnh cp gi ti, cho php
iu chnh lng kh ti cung cp vo phng.
Khoang y ca v my dng cha nc ngng ri t dn lnh v hng dc ra ca
thot nc ngng.
H thng in v ng gas c lp t hon chnh ti nh my. i vi my iu ho
dng ca s thit b tit lu l chm cc ng mao bng ng.
* c im my iu ho ca s :
u im:
- D dng lp t v s dng.
- Gi thnh tnh trung bnh cho mt n v cng sut lnh thp
- i vi cng s c nhiu phng ring bit, s dng my iu ho ca s rt kinh t ,
chi ph u t v vn hnh u thp.
Nhc im :
- Cng sut b, ti a l 24.000 Btu/h

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- i vi cc to nh ln, khi lp t my iu ha dng ca s th s ph v kin trc

v lm gim v m quan ca cng trnh.
- Dn nng x kh nng ra bn ngoi nn ch c th lp t trn tng ngoi. i vi cc
phng nm su trong cng trnh th khng th s dng my iu ho dng ny, nu s
dng cn c ng thot gi nng ra ngoi rt phc tp. Tuyt i khng nn x gi nng
ra hnh lang v nu x gi nng ra hnh lnh s to ra chnh nhit rt ln gia
khng kh trong phng v ngoi hnh lang rt nguy him cho ngi s dng.
- Kiu loi khng nhiu nn ngi s dng kh khn la chn. Hu ht cc my c b
mt bn trong kh ging nhau nn v mt m quan ngi s dng khng c mt s la
chn rng ri.
* Mt s vn cn lu khi s dng :
- Khng cc vt che chn lm nh hng ti tun hon gi dn lnh v dn nng.
- Khi va dng my khng nn cho chy li ngay , m ch khong 3 pht cho p lc ga
trong h thng tr li cn bng, ri mi chy li.
- nh k v sinh phin lc ht.
- Khng nn t nhit phng qu thp va khng kinh t li khng m yu cu v
sinh.
Di y l bng thng s k thut my iu ho dng ca s ca hng LG (Hn Quc)
sn xut.

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Bng 5.1 : Thng s k thut my iu ho ca s , kiu 1 chiu lnh, hng LG

Bng 5.2 : Thng s k thut my iu ho ca s 2 chiu, hng LG

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My iu ha khng kh kiu ri

khc phc nhc im ca my iu ho ca s l khng th lp t cho cc phng

nm su trong cng trnh v s hn ch v kiu mu, ngi ta pht minh ra my iu
ho kiu ri, dn nng v dn lnh c tch thnh 2 khi. V vy my iu ho
dng ny cn c tn l my iu ho kiu ri hay my iu ho 2 mnh.
My iu ha ri gm 2 cm dn nng v dn lnh c b tr tch ri nhau . Ni lin
kt gia 02 cm l cc ng ng dn gas v dy in iu khin. My nn thng t
bn trong cm dn nng, iu khin lm vic ca my t dn lnh thng qua b iu
khin c dy hoc iu khin t xa

Hnh 5.2 : S nguyn l my iu ha ri

My iu ho kiu ri c cng sut nh t 9.000 Btu/h->60.000 Btu/h, bao gm ch
yu cc model sau : 9.000, 12.000, 18.000, 24.000, 36.000, 48.000 v 60.000 Btu/h. Tu
theo tng hng ch to my m s model mi chng loi c khc nhau.
* Phn loi
- Theo ch lm vic ngi ta phn ra thnh hai loi my 1 chiu v my 2 chiu .
- Theo c im ca dn lnh c th chia ra : My iu ho gn tng, t nn, p trn,
du trn, cassette, my iu ho kiu v tinh.
* S nguyn l
Trn hnh 5.2 l s nguyn l ca my iu ho kiu ri. Theo s ny h thng c
cc thit b chnh sau:
-dn lnh (indoor Unit) c t bn trong phng, l dn trao i nhit kiu ng ng
cnh nhm. Dn lnh c trang b qut kiu ly tm (lng sc). Dn lnh c nhiu dng
108/291

khc nhau cho php ngi s dng c th la chn kiu ph hp vi kt cu ta nh v

khng gian lp t , c th nh sau:
- Loi t sn (Floor Standing) : Loi t nn c ca thi gi t pha trn, ca ht t
bn hng, pha trc. Loi ny thch hp cho khng gian hp, nhng trn cao.
- Loi treo tng (Wall mounted) : y l dng ph bin nht , cc dn lnh lp t trn
tng, c cu to rt p. My iu ho dng treo tng thch hp cho phng cn i,
khng kh c thi ra ca nh pha di v ht v pha ca ht nm pha trn.
- Loi p trn (Ceiling suspended) : Loi p trn c lp t p st laphng . Dn lnh
p trn thch hp cho cc cng trnh c trn thp v rng. Gi c thi ra i st trn,
gi hi v pha di dn lnh
- Loi cassette : Khi lp t loi my cassette ngi ta khot trn v lp t p ln b
mt trn. Ton b dn lnh nm su trong trn, ch c mt trc ca dn lnh l ni trn
b mt trn. Mt trc ca my cassette gm c ca ht nm gia, cc ca thi nm
cc bn. Tu theo my m c th c 2, 3 hoc 4 ca thi v cc hng khc nhau. Loi
cassette rt thch hp cho khu vc c trn cao, khng gian rng nh cc phng hp, i
snh, hi trng ..
- Loi du trn (concealed type) : Dn lnh kiu du trn c lp t hon ton bn
trong la phng. dn gi xung phng v hi gi tr li bt buc phi c ng cp, hi
gi v cc ming thi, ming ht. Kiu du trn thch hp cho cc vn phng, cng s,
cc khu vc c trn gi.
- Loi v tinh (Ceiling mounted built-in): Ngoi cc dng dn lnh ph bin nh trn,
mt s hng cn ch to loi dn lnh kiu v tinh. Dn lnh kiu v tinh gm mt dn
chnh c b tr ming ht, dn chnh c ni vi cc v tinh, l cc hp c cc ca
thi gi. Cc v tinh c ni vi dn chnh qua ng ni mm. Mi dn c t 2 n 4 v
tinh t cc v tr tu .
Di y l cch b tr v lp t cc kiu dn lnh ph bin.

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Hnh 5-3 : Cc loi dn lnh

Dn lnh c ng thot nc ngng, cc ng thot nc ngng ni vo dn lnh phi
c dc nht nh nc ngng chy kit v khng ng li trn ng ng gy
ng sng. My iu ho dng cassette c b tr bm thot nc ngng rt tin li.
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ng nc ngng thng s dng l ng PVC v c bc mt cch nhit nhm trnh ng

sung bn ngoi v ng.
-Dn nng. Cng l dn trao i nhit kiu ng ng cnh nhm, c qut kiu hng
trc. Dn nng c cu to cho php lp t ngoi tri m khng cn che chn ma . Tuy
nhin cn trnh ni c nng gt v bc x trc tip mt tri , v nh vy s lm gim
hiu qu lm vic ca my.

-ng dn ga : Lin kt dn nng v lnh l mt cp ng dch lng v gas . Kch c ng

dn c ghi r trong cc ti liu k thut ca my hoc c th cn c vo cc u ni
ca my. ng dch nh hn ng gas. Cc ng dn khi lp t nn kp vo nhau tng
hiu qu lm vic ca my. Ngoi cng bc ng mt cch nhit.
-Dy in iu khin : Ngoi 2 ng dn gas , gia dn nng v dn lnh cn c cc dy
in iu khin . Tu theo hng my m s lng dy c khc nhau t 3?6 si. Kch c
dy nm trong khong t 0,75->2,5mm2.
-Dy in ng lc : Dy in ng lc (dy in ngun) thng c ni vi dn nng.
Tu theo cng sut my m in ngun l 1 pha hay 3pha. Thng cng sut t 36.000
Btu/h tr ln s dng in 3 pha. S dy in ng lc tu thuc vo my 1 pha, 3 pha
v hng my.
* Mt s lu khi lp t v s dng

- V tr dn nng v lnh : Khi lp dn nng v lnh phi ch vn hi du. Khi h

thng lm vic du theo ga chy n dn lnh, hn ch vic trao i nhit v lm my
thiu du. V th khi v tr dn lnh thp hn dn nng cn phi c cc by du u ra
dn lnh, thc hin vic hi du. Ngi thit k v lp t cn lu chnh lch
cao cho php gia dn nng v dn lnh v di cho php ca ng ng nu trong
cc ti liu k thut . Khi cao ln c th s dng mt vi by du, nhng cn lu
khi s dng qu nhiu by du tr lc ng ng ln s lm gim nng sut lnh ca
my.
- V tr lp t dn nng phi thong, mt v trnh thi gi nng vo ngi, vo cc dn
nng khc.
- Khi lp t ng ng cn v sinh sch s, ht chn khng hoc ui kh khng ngng
khi ng ng, hn ch di ng ng cng ngn cng tt, trnh i ng ng khc
khuu, nhiu mi ni.
- Sau khi va tt my khng nn chy li ngay m phi i t nht 3 pht cho u y
v ht my cn bng ri chy li. mt s my c r le thi gian hay mch tr cho

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php my ch c th khi ng sau mt khong thi gian no k t khi bt my chy

(thng l 3 pht ).
- Khi s dng nn t nhit trong nh va phi trnh t qu thp va khng tt v
mt v sinh va tn in nng.
- Khng nn s dng dn nng my iu ha hong kh, sy kh cc vt khc.
* c im ca my iu ho ri
- u im:
- So vi my iu ha ca s, my iu ha ri cho php lp t nhiu khng gian
khc nhau.
- C nhiu kiu loi dn lnh cho php ngi s dng c th chn loi thch hp nht
cho cng trnh cng nh thch c nhn.
- Do ch c 2 cm nn vic lp t tng i d dng.
- Gi thnh r.
- Rt tin li cho cc khng gian nh hp v cc h gia nh.
- D dng s dng, bo dng, sa cha.
- Nhc im:
- Cng sut hn ch , ti a l 60.000 Btu/h.
- di ng ng v chnh lch cao gia cc dn b hn ch.
- Gii nhit bng gi nn hiu qu khng cao, c bit nhng ngy tri nng
- i vi cng trnh ln, s dng my iu ho ri rt d ph v kin trc cng trnh,
lm gim m quan ca n, do cc dn nng b tr bn ngoi gy ra. Trong mt s trng
hp rt kh b tr dn nng.
Cc bng (5-3) v (5-4) di y trnh by c tnh k thut ca my iu ho 2 mnh,
hng Trane vi dn lnh kiu treo tng v du trn l 2 dng s dng ph bin nht.
Bng 5-3 : c tnh k thut my iu ho 2 mnh, treo tng, hng Trane

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Bng 5-4 : c tnh k thut my iu ho 2 mnh, du trn, hng Trane

My iu ha kiu ghp (Multi - SPLIT)

My iu ha kiu ghp v thc cht l my iu ho gm 1 dn nng v 2 - 4 dn lnh.

Mi cm dn lnh c gi l mt h thng. Thng cc h thng hot ng c lp.
Mi dn lnh hot ng khng ph thuc vo cc dn lnh khc. Cc my iu ho ghp
c th c cc dn lnh chng loi khc nhau.
My iu ha dng ghp c nhng c im v cu to tng t my iu ha kiu ri.
Tuy nhin do dn nng chung nn tit kim din tch lp t.
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Hnh 5-4 : My iu ho dng ghp

Trn hnh 5.4 l s nguyn l lp t ca mt my iu ho ghp . S ny khng
khc s nguyn l my iu ho ri.
B tr bn trong dn nng gm 2 my nn v sp xp nh sau:
- Trng hp c 2 dn lnh : 2 my nn hot ng c lp cho 2 dn lnh.
- Trng hp c 3 dn lnh : 1 my nn cho 1 dn lnh, 1 my nn cho 2 dn lnh.
Nh vy v c bn my iu ho ghp c cc c im ca my iu ho 2 mnh. Ngoi
ra my iu ho ghp cn c cc u im khc:
- Tit kin khng gian lp t dn nng
- Chung in ngun, gim chi ph lp t.
Bng 5.5 di y gii thiu c tnh k thut ca mt s my iu ho dng ghp
cahng Trane.

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My iu ho kiu 2 mnh thi t do

My iu ho ri thi t do l my iu ho c cng sut trung bnh. y l dng my

rt hay c lp t cc nh hng v snh ca cc c quan.
Cng sut ca my t 36.000->100.000 Btu/h
V nguyn l lp t cng ging nh my iu ho ri gm dn nng, dn lnh v h
thng ng ng, dy in ni gia chng.
u im ca my l gi lnh c tun hon v thi trc tip vo khng gian iu ho
nn tn tht nhit b, chi ph lp t nh . Mt khc n ca my nh nn mc d c
cng sut trung bnh nhng vn c th lp t ngay trong phng m khng s b nh
hng
Dn nng : L dn trao i nhit ng ng cnh nhm. Qut dn nng l qut hng
trc c th thi ngang hoc thi ng.
Dn lnh : C dng khi hp (dng t) . Ca thi t pha trn cao, thi ngang . Trn
ming thi c cc cnh hng dng, cc cnh ny c th cho chuyn ng qua li hoc
ng yn tu thch. Ca ht t pha di cng mt mt vi ca thi , trc ca ht c
phin lc bi, nh k ngi s dng cn v sinh phin lc cn thn.
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B iu khin dn lnh t pha mt trc ca dn lnh, c y cc chc nng

iu khin cho php t nhit phng, tc chuyn ng ca qut ..vv
Di y l bng c tnh k thut my iu ho ri, thi t do ca hng Trane
Bng 5.6 : c tnh k thut my iu ho kiu ri, thi t do, hng Trane

Hnh 5-5 : Dn lnh my iu ho ri thi t do

116/291

H thng kiu phn tn.

H thng kiu phn tn.
My iu ha kiu phn tn l my iu ha khu x l khng kh phn tn ti
nhiu ni.
Thc t my iu ha kiu phn tn c 2 dng ph bin sau :
My iu ha kiu VRV (Variable Refrigerant Volume).
My iu ha kiu lm lnh bng nc (Water chiller).
Cc h thng iu ho nu trn c rt nhiu dn lnh x l khng kh, cc dn lnh b
tr ti cc phng, v th chng l cc h thng lnh kiu phn tn.
My iu ha khng kh VRV
My iu ho VRV ra i t nhng nm 70 trc yu cu v tit kim nng lng v
nhng yu cu cp thit ca cc nh cao tng.
Cho ti nay vn cha c tn gi ting Vit no phn nh ng bn cht my iu ho
kiu VRV. Tuy nhin trong gii chuyn mn ngi ta chp nhn gi l VRV nh cc
nc vn s dng v hin nay c mi ngi s dng rng ri.
My iu ho VRV do hng Daikin ca Nht pht minh u tin. Hin nay hu ht cc
hng sn xut cc my iu ho VRV v t di cc tn gi khc nhau , nhng v
mt bn cht th khng c g khc.
Tn gi VRV xut pht t cc ch u ting Anh : Variable Refrigerant Volume, ngha
l h thng iu ho c kh nng iu chnh lu lng mi cht tun hon v qua c
th thay i cng sut theo ph ti bn ngoi.
My iu ho VRV ra i nhm khc phc nhc im ca my iu ho dng ri l
di ng ng dn ga, chnh lch cao gia dn nng, dn lnh v cng sut lnh
b hn ch. Vi my iu ho VRV cho php c th ko di khong cch gia dn nng
v dn lnh ln n 100m v chnh lch cao t 50m. Cng sut my iu ho VRV
cng t gi tr cng sut trung bnh.
* S nguyn l v cu to .
Trn hnh 5-6 l s nguyn l ca mt h thng iu ho kiu VRV. H thng bao
gm cc thit b chnh : Dn nng, dn lnh, h thng ng ng dn v ph kin.
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- Dn nng : dn nng l mt dn trao i nhit ln ng ng, cnh nhm trong c b

tr mt qut hng trc. Mt my nn v cc thit b ph ca h thng lm lnh t
dn nng. My nn lnh thng l loi my ly tm dng xon.
- Dn lnh : Dn lnh c nhiu chng loi nh cc dn lnh ca cc my iu ha ri.
Mt dn nng c lp khng c nh vi mt s dn lnh no , min l tng cng
sut ca cc dn lnh dao ng trong khong t 50->130% cng sut dn nng. Ni
chung cc h VRV c s dn lnh trong khong t 4 n 16 dn. Hin nay c mt s
hng gii thiu cc chng loi my mi c s dn nhiu hn. Trong mt h thng c th
c nhiu dn lnh kiu dng v cng sut khc nhau. Cc dn lnh hot ng hon ton
c lp thng qua b iu khin. Khi s lng dn lnh trong h thng hot ng gim
th h thng t ng iu chnh cng sut mt cch tng ng.
- Cc dn lnh c th c iu khin bng cc Remote hoc cc b iu khin theo
nhm thng.
- Ni dn nng v dn lnh l mt h thng ng ng v dy in iu khin. ng ng
trong h thng ny c kch c ln hn my iu ha ri. H thng ng ng c ni
vi nhau bng cc chi tit ghp ni chuyn dng gi l cc REFNET rt tin li.
- H thng c trang b b iu khin t tch vi (PID) iu khin nhit phng.
- H c hai nhm o t v iu tn (Inverter) v hi nhit (Heat recovery). My iu
ho VRV kiu hi nhit c th lm vic 2 ch si nng v lm lnh.
* c im chung :
u im
- Mt dn nng cho php lp t vi nhiu dn lnh vi nhiu cng sut, kiu dng khc
nhau. Tng nng sut lnh ca cc IU cho php thay i trong khong ln 50-130%
cng sut lnh ca OU
- Thay i cng sut lnh ca my d dng nh thay i lu lng mi cht tun hon
trong h thng thng qua thay i tc quay nh b bin tn.

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Hnh 5.6 : S nguyn l my iu ha VRV

- H vn c th vn hnh khi c mt s dn lnh hng hc hay ang sa cha.
- Phm vi nhit lm vic nm trong gii hn rng.
- Chiu di cho php ln (100m) v cao chnh lch gia OU v IU : 50m, gia cc
IU l 15m.
- Nh h thng ng ni REFNET nn d dng lp t ng ng v tng tin cy cho
h thng.
- H thng ng ng nh nn rt thch hp cho cc ta nh cao tng khi khng gian lp
t b.
Nhc im :
- Gii nhit bng gi nn hiu qu lm vic cha cao.
- S lng dn lnh b hn ch nn ch thch hp cho cc h thng cng sut va. i
vi cc h thng ln thng ngi ta s dng h thng Water chiller hoc iu ha trung
tm
- Gi thnh cao nht trong cc h thng iu ho khng kh
Bng 5.7 : c tnh k thut dn lnh my VRV - hng Daikin

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Hnh 5-7 : Cc ch iu khin dn lnh v si m

Trn hnh 5-7 m t cc ch lm vic c th c ca cc h thng iu ho VRV. Theo
bng ny ta c cc ch lm vic ca my iu ho VRV nh sau :
- Ch lnh : Tt c cc phng u lm lnh (1)
- Ch hi nhit (2), (3) v (4) : Mt s phng lm lnh, mt s phng si m.
i vi my c ch hi nhit ngoi cp ng ng lng i v ga v cn c thm
ng hi v h thng chn nhnh .
- Ch si : Tt c cc phng u si m.
Trn bng 5.7 gii thiu c tnh k thut ca cc my iu ho VRV hng Daikin loi
K, kiu Inverter (Bm nhit v lm lnh ring bit). y phn ch biu th kiu loi,
phn s biu th cng sut . V d loi dn lnh c cng sut 6300 kCal/h k hiu l 63K
nh FXYC63K, FXYK63K... ngha ca cc ch c th nh sau :
+ FXYC- L dn lnh thi theo 2 hng i din nhau (Double flow Type). Loi ny c
cc model : FXYC20K/25K/32K/40K/50K/63K/80K/125K
+ FXYF - L dn lnh thi theo 4 hng (multi flow type). Loi ny c cc model sau :
FXYF32K/40K/50K/63K/80K/100K/125K
+ Loi thi theo 1 hng, dng lp t gc (corner type) : FXYK25K/32K/40K/63K
+ Loi p trn (ceiling suspended type) : FXYH32K/63K/100K

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+ Loi t nn (floor standing): FXYL25K/40K/63K

+ Loi du trn (ceiling mounted duct type). Loi ny c cc model c th nh sau :
FXYM40K/50K/63K/80K/100K/125K/200K/250K
+ Loi treo tng (wall mounted type) : FXYA25K/32K/40K/50K/63K
+ Loi v tinh (Ceiling mounted buit-in type). Loi v tinh c cc model c th sau :
FXYS25K/32K/40K/50K/63K/80K/100K/125K
Bng 5.8 : c tnh k thut dn nng my VRV - hng Daikin

Bng 5-9 gii thiu dn nng my iu ho loi K, kiu hi nhit (Heat Recovery ). i
vi loi hi nhit cn trang b b la chn r nhnh BS (Branch Selector Unit), la
chn ch vn hnh lm lnh, si m hoc c 2, tu thuc vo nhit ca phng.
i vi model loi K c 2 b la chn r nhnh l BSV100K v BSV160K.
Bng 5.9 : c tnh k thut dn nng my VRV, loi hi nhit - hng Daikin

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My iu ha khng kh lm lnh bng nc (WATER CHILLER)

H thng iu ha khng kh kiu lm lnh bng nc l h thng trong cm my
lnh khng trc tip x l khng kh m lm lnh nc n khong 7oC. Sau nc
c dn theo ng ng c bc cch nhit n cc dn trao i nhit gi l cc FCU
v AHU x l nhit m khng kh. Nh vy trong h thng ny nc s dng lm
cht ti lnh .
* S nguyn l
Trn hnh 5-9 l s nguyn l ca h thng iu ho lm lnh bng nc. H thng
gm cc thit b chnh sau :
- Cm my lnh Chiller
- Thp gii nhit (i vi my chiller gii nhit bng nc) hoc dn nng (i vi
chiller gii nhit bng gi)
- Bm nc gii nhit
- Bm nc lnh tun hon
- Bnh gin n v cp nc b sung
- H thng x l nc
- Cc dn lnh FCU v AHU
* c im ca cc thit b chnh:

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Cm Chiller:
Cm my lnh chiller l thit b quan trng nht ca h thng iu ho kiu lm lnh
bng nc. N c s dng lm lnh cht lng, trong iu ho khng kh s dng
lm lnh nc ti khong 7oC . y nc ng vai tr l cht ti lnh.
Cm Chiller l mt h thng lnh c lp t hon chnh ti nh my nh ch to, vi
cc thit b sau :
+ My nn : C rt nhiu dng , nhng ph bin l loi trc vt, my nn kn, my nn
pittng na kn.
+ Thit b ngng t : Tu thuc vo hnh thc gii nhit m thit b ngng t l bnh
ngng hay dn ngng. Khi gii nhit bng nc th s dng bnh ngng, khi gii nhit
bng gi s dng dn ngng. Nu gii nhit bng nc th h thng c thm thp gii
nhit v bm nc gii nhit. Trn thc t nc ta , thng hay s dng my gii nhit
bng nc v hiu qu cao v n nh hn.
+ Bnh bay hi : Bnh bay hi thng s dng l bnh bay hi ng ng c cnh. Mi
cht lnh si ngoi ng, nc chuyn ng trong ng. Bnh bay hi c bc cc nhit
v duy tr nhit khng c qu di 7oC nhm ngn nga nc ng bng gy n
v bnh. Cng dng bnh bay hi l lm lnh nc .
+ T in iu khin.
Hnh 5-8 : Cm my chiller my nn pittng na kn Carrier
Trn hnh 5-8 l cm chiller vi my nn kiu pittng na kn ca hng Carrier. Cc
my nn kiu na kn c b tr nm trn cm bnh ngng - bnh bay hi. Pha mt
trc l t in iu khin. Ton b c lp t thnh 01 cm hon chnh trn h thng
khung chc chn.
Khi lp t cm chiller cn lu dnh khng gian cn thit v sinh cc bnh
ngng. Khng gian my thong ng, c th d dng i li xung quanh cm my lnh
thao tc.
Khi lp cm chiller cc phng tng trn cn lp thm cc b chng rung.
My lnh chiller iu khin ph ti theo bc , trong cc cm my c thi gian lm
vic khng u nhau. V th ngi vn hnh cn thng xuyn hon i tun t khi
ng ca cc cm my cho nhau. lm vic trong cc t in iu khin c trang b
cng tc hon i v tr cc my.

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Bng 5.9 l cc thng s k thut c bn ca cm chiller ca hng Carrier loi 30HK.

y l chng loi my iu ho c cng sut trung bnh t 10 n 160 ton v c s
dng tng i rng ri ti Vit Nam.
Hnh 5-9 : S nguyn l h thng iu ho water chiller
Bng 5-10 : c tnh k thut cm my chiller Carrier

FPT - Ni ren trong MPT - Ni ren ngoi F (Flange) : Ni bch

tnl - Nhit nc lnh u ra, tk - Nhit nc ngng u ra
Bng 5-11 cng sut lnh ca cc cm my chiller Carrier, 30HKA
Bng 5-11 Cng sut lnh ca chiller 30HK - Carrier (khi tnl = 7oC)
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tnl - Nhit nc lnh ra khi chiller, oC

tgn - Nhit nc gii nhit ra khi chiller, oC
Qo - Cng sut lnh, kW
Qk - Cng sut gii nhit, kW
N - Cng sut m t in, kW

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Dn lnh FCU
FCU ( Fan coil Unit) l dn trao i nhit ng ng cnh nhm v qut gi . Nc
chuyn ng trong ng, khng kh chuyn ng ngang qua cm ng trao i nhit,
khng kh c trao i nhit m, sau thi trc tip hoc qua mt h thng knh gi
vo phng. Qut FCU l qut lng sc dn ng trc tip.
Hnh 5-10 : Cu to v lp t FCU
Trn bng 5-12 trnh by c tnh k thut c bn ca cc FCU hng Carrier vi 3 m
hiu 42CLA, 42VLA v 42VMA.
Bng 5-12 : c tnh k thut FCU hng Carrier

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tnl - Nhit nc lnh vo FCU

tkk - Nhit khng kh vo
* Cc loi FCU : CLA : Loi du trn, VLA, VMA t nn,
Dn lnh AHU
AHU c vit tt t ch ting Anh Air Handling Unit. Tng t FCU, AHU thc cht
l dn trao i nhit. Nc lnh chuyn ng bn trong cm ng trao i nhit, khng
kh chuyn ng ngang qua bn ngoi, lm lnh v c qut thi theo h thng knh
gi ti cc phng. Qut AHU thng l qut ly tm dn ng bng ai.
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AHU c 2 dng : Loi t nm ngang v t thng ng. Tu thuc vo v tr lp t m

ta c th chn loi thch hp. Khi t nn, chn loi t ng, khi g lp ln trn, chn
loi nm ngang.
Trn hnh 5-11 l hnh dng bn ngoi ca AHU kiu t ng.
Hnh 5.11 : Cu to bn trong ca AHU
Bng 5-13 : c tnh k thut AHU hng Carrier, m hiu 39F

Bm nc lnh v bm nc gii nhit

Bm nc lnh v nc gii nhit c la chn da vo cng sut v ct p
Lu lng bm nc gii nhit :

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Qk - Cng sut nhit ca chiller, tra theo bng c tnh k thut ca chiller, kW
deltatgn - chnh nhit nc gii nhit u ra v u vo, deltat = 5oC
Cpn - Nhit dung ring ca nc, Cpn = 4,186 kJ/kg.oC
Lu lng bm nc lnh

Qk - Cng sut lnh ca chiller, tra theo bng c tnh k thut ca chiller, kW
deltatnl - chnh nhit nc lnh u ra v u vo, deltat = 5oC
Cpn - Nhit dung ring ca nc, Cpn = 4,186 kJ/kg.oC
Ct p ca bm c chn tu thuc vo mng ng ng c th , trong ct p tnh
ca ng ng c vai tr quan trng.
Cc h thng thit b khc
- Bnh gin n v cp nc b sung : C cng dng b gin n khi nhit nc thay
i v b sung thm nc khi cn. Nc b sung phi c qua x l c kh cn thn.
- H thng ng ng nc lnh s dng ti nc lnh t bnh bay hi ti cc FCU
v AHU. ng ng nc lnh l ng thp c bc cch nhit. Vt liu cch nhit l mt,
styrofor hoc polyurethan.
- H thng ng ng gii nhit l thp trng km.
- H thng x l nc
c im h thng iu ho lm lnh bng nc.
u im:
- Cng sut dao ng ln : T 5Ton ln n hng ngn Ton

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- H thng ng nc lnh gn nh, cho php lp t trong cc ta nh cao tng, cng s

ni khng gian lp t ng nh.
- H thng hot ng n nh , bn v tui th cao.
- H thng c nhiu cp gim ti, cho php iu chnh cng sut theo ph ti bn ngoi
v do tit kim in nng khi non ti : Mt my thng c t 3 n 5 cp gim ti.
i vi h thng ln ngi ta s dng nhiu cm my nn tng s cp gim ti ln hn
nhiu.
- Thch hp vi cc cng trnh ln hoc rt ln.
Nhc im:
- Phi c phng my ring.
- Phi c ngi chuyn trch phc v.
- Vn hnh, sa cha v bo dng tng i phc tp.
- Tiu th in nng cho mt n v cng sut lnh cao, c bit khi ti non.

H thng kiu trung tm.

H thng iu ha trung tm l h thng m x l nhit m c tin hnh mt
trung tm v c dn theo cc knh gi n cc h tiu th
Trn thc t my iu ha dng t l my iu ha kiu trung tm. trong h thng
ny khng kh s c x l nhit m trong mt my lnh ln, sau c dn theo h
thng knh dn n cc h tiu th.
C 2 loi :
- Gii nhit bng nc : Ton b h thng lnh c lp t kn trong mt t, ni ra
ngoi ch l cc ng ng nc gii nhit.
- Gii nhit bng khng kh : gm 2 mnh IU v OU ri nhau
* S nguyn l :
Trn hnh 5-12 l s nguyn l h thng my iu ho dng t, gii nhit bng nc.
Theo s , h thng gm c cc thit b sau :
- Cm my lnh :
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Ton b cm my c lp t trong mt t kn ging nh t o qun.

+ My nn kiu kn.
+ Dn lnh cng kiu ng ng cnh nhm c qut ly tm.
+ Thit b ngng t kiu ng lng ng nn rt gn nh.
- H thng knh y gi, knh ht, ming thi v ming ht gi : knh gi bng tole
trng km c bc cch nhit bng thy tinh. Ming thi cn m bo phn phi khng
kh trong gian my ng u.
C trng hp ngi ta lp t cm my lnh ngay trong phng lm vic v thi gi
trc tip vo phng khng cn phi qua knh gi v cc ming thi. Thng c t
mt gc phng no
- Ty theo h thng gii nhit bng gi hay bng nc m IU c ni vi thp gii
nhit hay dn nng. Vic gii nhit bng nc thng hiu qu v n nh cao hn. i
vi my gii nhit bng nc cm my c y dn nng, dn lnh v my nn, ni ra
bn ngoi ch l ng ng nc gii nhit .
u im :
- Lp t v vn hnh tng i d dng

- Kh m v kh bi tt , nn i vi khu vc i hi n thp thng s

dng kiu my dng t.
- Nh c lu lng gi ln nn rt ph hp vi cc khu vc tp trung ng ngi nh :
Rp chiu bng, rp ht , hi trng, phng hp, nh hng, v trng, phng n.
- Gi thnh ni chung khng cao.
Nhc im:
- H thng knh gi qu ln nn ch c th s dng trong cc ta nh c khng gian lp
t ln.
- i vi h thng iu ha trung tm do x l nhit m ti mt ni duy nht nn ch
thch hp cho cc phng ln, ng ngi. i vi cc ta nh lm vic, khch sn, cng
s .. l cc i tng c nhiu phng nh vi cc ch hot ng khc nhau, khng
gian lp t b, tnh ng thi lm vic khng cao th h thng ny khng thch hp.

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- H thng iu ho trung tm i hi thng xuyn hot ng 100% ti. Trong trng

hp nhiu phng s xy ra trng hp mt s phng ng ca lm vic vn c lm
lnh.

Hnh 5-12 : S nguyn l h thng iu ho dng t

1- Hp tiu m ng y 5- Thp gii nhit
2- Hp tiu m ng ht MT - Ming thi gi
3- Cm my iu ho MH - Ming ht gi
4- Bm nc gii nhit VC - Van iu chnh cp gi
Bng 5 -14 : c tnh my iu ho dng t 50BP - Carrier

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THIT K H THNG VN CHUYN

V PHN PHI KHNG KH
THIT K H THNG VN CHUYN V PHN PHI KHNG KH
H thng phn phi v vn chuyn khng kh bao gm cc phn nh sau:
- H thng ng ng gi
- H thng cc ming thi v ht
- Qut gi.
THIT K H THNG KNH GI
Trong h thng iu ho khng kh h thng knh gi c chc nng dn v phn gi ti
cc ni khc nhau tu theo yu cu.
Nhim v ca ngi thit k h thng knh gi l phi m bo cc yu cu c bn sau
:
- t gy n .
- Tn tht nhit nh.
- Tr lc ng ng b.
- ng ng gn, p v khng lm nh hng m quan cng trnh.
- Chi ph u t v vn hnh thp.
- Tin li cho ngi s dng.
- Phn phi gi cho cc h tiu th u.
H thng knh gi
phn lai

ng ng gi c chia lm nhiu loi da trn cc c s khc nhau :

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* Theo chc nng :

Theo chc nng ngi ta chia h thng knh gi ra lm cc loi ch yu sau :
- Knh cp gi (Supply Air Duct - SAD)
- Knh hi gi (Return Air Duct - RAD)
- Knh cp gi ti (Fresh Air Duct)
- Knh thng gi (Ventilation Air Duct)
- ng thi gi (Exhaust Air Duct)
* Theo tc gi :
Theo tc ngi ta chia ra loi tc cao v thp, c th nh sau :
Bng 6-1

* Theo p sut
Theo p sut ngi ta chia ra lm 3 loi : p sut thp, trung bnh v cao nh sau :
- p sut thp : 95 mmH2O
- p sut trung bnh : 95 -> 172 mmH2O
- p sut cao : 172 -> 310 mmH2O
* Theo kt cu v v tr lp t :
- Knh gi treo
- Knh gi ngm

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H thng knh gi ngm

- Knh thng c xy dng bng gch hoc b tng v i ngm di t. Knh gi

ngm thng kt hp dn gi v lp t cc h thng ng nc, in, in thoi i
km nn gn gng v tit kim chi ph ni chung.
- Knh gi ngm c s dng khi khng gian lp t khng c hoc vic lp t cc
h thng knh gi treo khng thun li, chi ph cao v tun hon gi trong phng khng
tt.
- Knh gi ngm thng s dng lm knh gi hi, rt t khi s dng lm knh gi cp
do s nh hng cht lng gi sau khi x l do m mc trong knh, c bit l knh
gi c hot ng lu ngy. Khi xy dng cn phi x l chng thm knh gi tht tt.
- Knh thng c tit din ch nht v c xy dng sn khi xy dng cng trnh.
- H thng knh gi ngm thng c s dng trong cc nh my dt, rp chiu bng.
Cc knh gi ngm ny c kh nng thu gom cc si bng to iu kin kh bi trong
xng tt. V vy trong cc nh my dt, nh my ch bin g thu gom bi ngi ta
thng hay s dng h thng knh gi kiu ngm.
H thng ng kiu treo.

H thng knh treo l h thng knh c treo trn cc gi t trn cao. Do yu

cu i vi knh gi treo l :
- Kt cu gn, nh
- Bn v chc chn
- Dn gi hiu qu, thi cng nhanh chng.
V vy knh gi treo c s dng rt ph bin trn thc t (hnh 6.1).

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1- Trn b tng 5- Thanh st

2- Thanh treo 6- Bng thu tinh cch nhit
3- on ren 7- ng gi
4- Bu lng + ai c 8- Vt n
Hnh 6.1 : H thng knh gi treo

* Vt liu s dng : Tole trng km, inox, nha tng hp, foam nh hnh.
Trn thc t s dng ph bin nht l tn trng km c b dy trong khong t 0,5 ->
1,2mm theo tiu chun qui nh ph thuc vo kch thc ng ng. Trong mt s
trng hp do mi trng c n mn cao c th s dng cht do hay inox. Hin nay
ngi ta c s dng foam lm ng ng : u im nh , nhng gia cng v ch to
kh, do c im kch thc khng tiu chun ca ng ng trn thc t.

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Khi ch to v lp t ng gi treo cn tun th cc qui nh v ch to v lp t.

Hin nay Vit nam vn cha c cc qui nh c th v thit k ch to ng ng. Tuy
nhin chng ta c th tham kho cc qui nh cc ti liu nc ngoi nh DW142,
SMACNA. Bng 6.2 trnh by mt s qui cch v ch to v lp t ng ng gi.
Bng 6.2 : Cc qui nh v gia cng v lp t ng gi
* Hnh dng tit din :
Hnh dng knh gi rt a dng : Ch nht, trn, vung, . .vv. Tuy nhin, knh gi c
tit din hnh ch nht c s dng ph bin hn c v n ph hp vi kt cu nh, d
treo , ch to, bc cch nhit v c bit cc chi tit ct, xuyt, chc 3, chc 4 . .vv d
ch to hn cc kiu tit din khc.
* Cch nhit: trnh tn tht nhit, ng ng thng bc mt lp cch nhit bng
bng thy tinh, hay stirofor, bn ngoi bc lp giy bc chng chy v phn x nhit.
trnh chut lm hng ngi ta c th bc thm lp li st mng.
- Khi ng ng i ngoi tri ngi ta bc thm lp tn ngoi cng bo v ma nng
- ng ng i trong khng gian iu ha c th khng cn bc cch nhit. Tuy nhin
cn lu khi h thng mi hot ng, nhit trong phng cn cao th c kh nng
ng sng trn b mt ng.
* Ghp ni ng:
- tin cho vic lp rp, ch to, vn chuyn ng ng c gia cng tng on ngn
theo kch c ca cc tm tn. Vic lp rp thc hin bng bch hoc bng cc np tn.
Bch c th l nhm c, st V hoc bch tn.
* Treo :
- Vic treo ng ng ty thuc vo kt cu cng trnh c th : Treo tng, trn nh, x
nh .
- Khi ni knh gi vi thit b chuyn ng nh qut, ng c th cn phi ni qua ng
ni mm kh chn ng theo knh gi.
- Khi kch thc ng ln cn lm gn gia cng trn b mt ng gi.
- ng ng sau khi gia cng v lp rp xong cn lm kn bng silicon.

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Thit k h thng knh gi

Cc c s l thuyt

Quan h gia lu lng v tc gi ra ming thi.

Nhim v ca ngi thit k h thng knh gi l phi m bo phn b lu lng gi
cho cc ming thi u nhau. Gi s tt c cc ming thi c kch c ging nhau, lu
lng gi ra cc ming thi bng nhau ta ch cn khng ch tc gi trung bnh cc
ming thi bng nhau l c.
Lu lng gi chuyn ng qua cc ming thi c xc nh theo cng thc:
(6-1)
gx - Lu lng gi ra mt ming thi, m3/s
fx - Tit din thot gi ca ming thi, m2.
vx - Tc trung bnh ca gi ra ming thi, m/s
Quan h gia ct p tnh trn ng v vn tc khng kh ra cc ming thi .
Tc trung bnh vx u ra ming thi c tnh theo cng thc :
(6-2)
Thc ra do b nn p khi ra khi ming thi nn tit din b gim v nh hn tit din
thot gi thc.
Theo nh lut Becnuli p sut tha ca dng khng kh (cn gi l p sut tnh Ht)
chuyn thnh ct p ng ca dng khng kh chuyn ng ra ming thi :

px, l p sut tuyt i ca dng khng kh trong ng dn trc ming thi, N/m2
po l p sut khng kh mi trng ni gi thi vo, N/m2
beta H s thu hp dng ph thuc iu kin thi ra ca dng khng kh

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Ht - Ct p tnh ti tit din ni t ming thi , N/m2

(6-3) T rt ra :

Theo (6-1) v (6-3) c th nhn thy m bo phn b gi cho cc ming thi u

nhau ngi thit k phi m bo p sut tnh dc theo ng ng khng i l c.
V vy thay v kho st tc ra ming thi vx (hay gx vtit din ca cc ming thi
u nhau) ta kho st phn b ct p tnh Ht dc theo ng ng xem xt vi iu
kin no phn b ct p tnh s ng u trn ton tuyn ng.
S phn b ct p tnh dc ng ng dn gi.
Xt mt ng ng gi, tc gi trung bnh v ct p tnh ca dng khng kh ti tit
din c ming thi u tin l mega1 v H1 , ca ming thi th 2 l mega2 v H2 ...
v ca ming thi th n l megan v Hn (hnh 6-2).
Tr khng thy lc tng ca ng ng l tngdeltap
Theo nh lut Becnuli ta c :
(6-4)

Hnh 6.2 : Phn b ct p tnh dc theo knh gi

Hay:

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T suy ra :
(6-5)
Thnh phn p(mega21 - mega2n)/2 gi l gim ct p ng.
Nh vy duy tr ct p tnh trn tuyn ng khng i deltaH =0 ta phi thit k h
thng knh gi sao cho p(mega21 - mega2n)/2 - tngdeltap = 0
Ta c cc trng hp c th xy ra nh sau:
Trng hp p(mega21 - mega2n)/2 = tngdeltap : Gim ct p ng bng tng tn
tht trn tuyn ng.
Nh vy ct p ng bin mt phn b vo tn tht trn tuyn ng.
Khi : H1 = Hn ngha l ct p tnh khng thay i dc theo ng ng. y l trng
hp l tng, tc v lu lng cc ming thi s u nhau.
Trng hp p(mega 2 1 - mega 2 n )/2 > tngdeltap hay H 1 < H n
Gim ct p ng ln hn tng tn tht p lc trn tuyn ng.
Trong trng hp ny ta c Hn > H1 , phn ct p ng d tha gp phn lm tng ct
p tnh cui ng ng, lng lng gi cc ming thi cui ln hn, hay gi dn vo
cui tuyn ng.
Trng hp ny c th xy ra khi :
- Tc on u qu ln, nn p sut tnh trn trong ng rt nh trong khi tc on
cui nh. Trong mt s trng hp nu tc i ngang qua tit din ni lp cc ming
thi on u qu ln th cc ming thi u c th tr thnh ming ht lc to nn
hin tng ht kiu EJect. khc phc, cn gim tc on u, tng tc on
cui. V th khi lu lng dc theo knh gi gim th phi gim tit din tng ng
duy tr tc gi, trnh khng nn tc gim t ngt .
- ng ng ngn, t tr lc cc b nhng c nhiu ming thi hoc on r nhnh.
Trng hp ny tr lc tngdeltap rt nh, nhng tc gim nhanh theo lu lng.
khc phc cn gim nhanh tit din on cui nhm khng ch tc ph hp.

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Trng hp p(mega 2 1 - mega 2 n )/2 < tngdeltap hay H 1 > H n

Gim ct p ng nh hn tng tn tht p lc trn tuyn ng.
Trong trng hp ny gi tp trung vo u tuyn ng.
Nguyn nhn gy ra c th l:
- Tc on u nh, p sut tnh ln nn lu lng gi ca cc ming thi u ln v
cui tuyn ng lu lng khng ng k.
- Tn tht ng ng qu ln : ng ng qu di, c nhiu ch khc khuu.
- Tit din ng ng c gim qu nhanh khng tng ng vi mc gim lu
lng nn tc dc theo tuyn ng gim t, khng gim thm ch cn tng. V th ct
p tnh u tuyn ng ln hn cui tuyn ng.
V vy khi thit k ng ng cn phi ch :
- Thit k gim dn tit din ng ng dc theo chiu thi mt cch hp l , tu thuc
vo tr lc ca ng ng.
S phn b ct p tnh trn ng ng ht.
Xt mt knh ht, tc trung bnh v ct p tnh ca dng khng kh ti tit din c
ming ht u l mega1 v H1 , ca ming ht th 2 l mega2 v H2 ... v ca ming
ht th n l megan v Hn .
Tr khng thy lc tng ca ng ng l tngdeltap
Hnh 6.3 : Phn b ct p tnh dc theo knh ht
Theo nh lut Becnuli ta c :

Hay:

Hay :
(6-6)
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 deltaH = 0 ta phi m bo : p(mega21 - mega2n)/2 - tngdeltap = 0

Hay ni cch khc tc gi dc theo chiu chuyn ng ca dng khng kh phi gim
dn v mc gim phi tng ng vi mc tng tn tht tngdeltap.
Do lu lng dc theo chiu chuyn ng ca gi trong knh ht tng dn v tc gi
cng phi gim dn , v th tit din knh ht phi ln dn.
Mt s vn lien quan ti thit k ng ng

La chn tc khng kh trn ng ng

La chn tc gi c lin quan ti nhiu yu t.
- Khi chn tc cao ng ng nh, chi ph u t v vn hnh thp, nhng tr lc h
thng ln v n do kh ng ca dng khng kh chuyn ng cao.
- Ngc li khi tc b, ng ng ln chi ph u t v vn hnh ln, kh khn lp
t, nhng tr lc b.
Tc hp l l mt bi ton kinh t, k thut phc tp. Bng 6.3 di y trnh by
tc gi thch hp dng tham kho la chn khi thit k.
Bng 6.3 : Tc gi trn knh gi, m/s

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Xc nh ng knh tng ng ca ng ng
vn chuyn khng kh ngi ta s dng nhiu loi ng gi: Ch nht, vung, van,
trn. Tuy nhin tnh ton thit k ng ng gi thng thng ngi ta xy dng cc
gin cho cc ng dn trn. V vy cn qui i tit din cc loi ra tit din trn tng
ng, sao cho tn tht p sut cho mt n v chiu di ng ng l tng ng
nhau, trong iu kin lu lng gi khng thay i.
ng knh tng ng c th xc nh theo cng thc hoc tra bng. thun li
cho vic tra cu v la chn , ngi ta lp bng xc nh ng knh tng ng
ca cc ng ng dng ch nht nu bng 6-4.
- ng knh tng ng ca tit din ch nht c xc nh theo cng thc sau :

a, b l cnh ch nht, mm
Tuy tn tht ging nhau nhng tit din trn 2 ng khng ging nhau

- ng knh tng ng ca ng van:

A - Tit din ng van :

a, b l cnh di v cnh ngn ca van, mm

p L chu vi mt ct : p = .b + 2(a-b), mm
Bng 6-4 : ng knh tng ng ca ng ch nht

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Tip bng (6-4)

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Tn tht p sut trn ng ng gi

C 2 dng tn tht p lc:
- Tn tht ma st dc theo ng ng deltapms
- Tn tht cc b cc chi tit c bit : Cn, ct, t, van ...
Tn tht ma st
Tn tht ma st c xc nh theo cng thc :

- H s tr lc ma st
l - chiu di ng, m
d - ng knh hoc ng knh tng ng ca ng, m
p - Khi lng ring ca khng kh, kg/m3
mega - Tc khng kh chuyn ng trong ng , m/s

146/291

H s tr lc ma st c th tnh nh sau :
i vi ng nhm hoc tn mng b mt bn trong lng v tit din trn

trong :
Re l tiu chun Reynolds : Re = megad/
- nht ng hc ca khng kh , m2/s
* i vi b mt nhm

k1 l h s mc g gh trung bnh, m
Bng 6-5

i vi ng bng nha tng hp

-i vi polyetilen

-i vi vinylpast

147/291

Vic tnh ton theo cc cng thc tng i phc tp, nn ngi ta xy dng th
xc tn tht ma st, c th nh sau:
T cng thc (6-9) ta c th vit li nh sau :

l - Chiu di ng ng, m
deltap1 - Tn tht p lc trn 1m chiu di ng ng, Pa/m
Ngi ta xy dng th nhm xc nh deltap1 trn hnh 6.4. Theo th ny khi
bit 2 trong cc thng s sau : lu lng gi V (lt/s), tc khng kh mega (m/s)
trong ng ng, ng knh tng ng dt (mm) l xc nh c tn tht trn 1m
chiu di ng ng. Phng php xc nh theo th rt thun li v nhanh chng.
Hnh 6-4 : th xc nh tn tht ma st
Tn tht cc b
Tn tht p lc cc b c xc nh theo cng thc:

Tr s C tr lc cc b ph thuc hnh dng, kch thc v tc gi qua chi tit.

Nu tc trn ton b ng u th c th xc inh

.
C 2 cch xc nh tn tht cc b :
- Xc nh tn tht cc b theo cng thc (6-16), trong h s C c xc nh cho
tng kiu chi tit ring bit: Ct, cn, T, Chc ...vv
- Qui i ra di ng thng tng ng v xc nh theo cng thc tn tht ma st:

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Di y chng ti ln lt gii thiu cch tnh tn tht cc b theo 2 cch ni trn.

Xc nh h tn tht cc b theo h s C
deltapcb - Tn tht tr lc cc b , N/m2
C - H s tr lc cc b.
p - Khi lng ring ca khng kh. Ly p = 1,2 kg/m3
mega - Tc gi i qua chi tit nghin cu , m/s
Ct tit din trn

Hnh 6-5: Ct tit din trn

Ct tit din trn c cc dng ch yu sau:
- Ct 90o tit din trn, cong u
- Ct 90o tit din trn, ghp t 3->5 on
- Ct 90o ni thng gc
- Ct tit din trn alfao cong u hoc ghp.
- Ct 90 o , tit din trn, cong u .

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H s tr lc cc b C c tra theo t s R/d bng 6.6 di y:

R - Bn knh cong tm ct ng, m
d - ng knh trong ca ng, m
Bng 6.6 : H s

i vi ct khc 90o cn nhn h s hiu chnh K cho bng 6.7 di y:

Bng 6.7 : H s xt ti nh hng ca gc ct
fi 0o 20o 30o 45o 60o 75o 90o 110o 130o 150o 180o
K 0

0,31 0,45 0,60 0,78 0,90 1,00 1,13 1,2

1,28 1,4

. Ct 90 o , tit din trn, ghp t 3-5 on

Bng 6.8 : H s

R - Bn knh cong tm ct ng, m

d - ng knh trong ca ng, m
Ct tit din trn, ghp thng gc
Bng 6.9 : H s C

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alfa- Gc ca ct
Ct tit din ch nht

Hnh 6-6: Ct tit din ch nht

Trn hnh 6-6 l cc dng ct tit din ch nht c th c.
- Trng hp 1 : Ct 90o, tit din ch nht, cong u. Yu cu k thut l bn knh
trong R1 tu chn, nhng khng nn qu b. Ti u l R1= 0,75W , R2=1,75W v R =
1,25W
- Trng hp 2 : Ct 90o, thng gc v khng c cnh hng. Loi ny t dng trn
thc t.
- Trng hp 3 : Ct 90o, thng gc v c cc tm hng dngcnh n vi bc cnh
l S, on thng ca cnh l L
- Trng hp 4 : Ct 90 o , thng gc v c cc cnh hng dng kh ng, bc cnh
S, bn knh cong ca cnh l R.
Ct 90 o , tit din hnh ch nht , cong u
R - Bn knh cong tm ct ng, mm
H - Chiu cao ca ct (khi t nm), mm
W - Chiu rng ca ct : W = R2 - R1

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R1, R2 - Bn knh trong v ngoi ca ct, mm

Bng 6.10 : H s C

T s ti u trong trng hp ny l R/W = 1,25

Ct 90 o , tit din ch nht, thng gc, khng c cnh hng
Bng 6.11 : H s C

Ct 90 o , tit din ch nht , thng gc, c cnh hng n

Bng 6.12 : H s C

trong :
R - Bn knh cong ca cnh hng, mm

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S- Bc cnh hng, mm
L- di phn thng ca cnh hng, mm
* S liu tham kho
Ct 90 o , tit din ch nht, thng gc, c cnh hng i (dng kh ng)
Bng 6.13 : H s C

trong :
R- Bn knh cong ca cnh hng, mm
S - Bc cnh, mm

153/291

Cn m v t m
Cn m v t m
Cn m hay t m l chi tit ni tit din tng dn t t hay t ngt
Trong trng hp ny tc tnh theo tit din u vo
A1- Din tch tit din u vo, m2
A2- Din tch tit din u ra, m2
i vi cn m v t m ta c cc trng hp ph bin sau :
- Cn hoc t m tit din trn
- Cn hoc t m tit din ch nht

Hnh 6-7 : Cn m v t thu

Cn tit din trn hoc t m trn (khi fi =180o)
Bng 6.14 : H s C

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trong :
A1 - Tit din u vo cn, mm2
A2- Tit din u ra, mm2
Re = 66,34.D.mega
D - ng knh ng nh (u vo), mm
mega- Tc khng kh trong ng nh (u vo), m/s
fi - Gc cn, i vi t m fi = 180o
Cn tit din ch nht hoc t m (khi fi =180o)
Bng 6.15 : H s C

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A1 - Tit din u vo cn, mm2

A2- Tit din u ra, mm2 fi - Gc cn, i vi t m fi = 180o
Cn thu v t thu
- Cn thu l ni tit din gim theo chiu chuyn ng ca khng kh. Cn thu c 2 loi
: loi tit din thay i t t v loi tit din thay i t ngt (t thu). Tit din cn c
th l loi trn hay ch nht.
- Khi tnh ton tr lc tnh theo tit din v tc u vo

Hnh 6-8 : Cn thu v t thu

A1 - Tit din u vo ca cn, mm2
A2- Tit din u ra ca cn (A2 > A1) , mm2
fi - Gc cn, o
Bng 6.16 : H s C

156/291

on ng hi t
on ng hi t l on ng gp t 2 dng khng kh tr ln. Thng thng ta gp cc
on ng hi t trong cc ng ht v, ng thi. Trn hnh 6-9 l cc trng hp thng
gp.

tnh ton trong trng hp ny , tc c chn l tc on ng ra

Hnh 6-9: on ng hi t tit din ch nht
T hi t: ng nhnh trn ni vi ng chnh ch nht
Bng 6.17 : H s C, tnh cho ng nhnh

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Lb - Lu lng gi nhnh, m3/s

Lc- Lu lng gi tng (sau khi hi t), m3/s
mega - Tc khng kh u ra (sau khi hi t), m/s
* Cc gi tr m chng t mt phn p sut ng bin thnh p sut tnh v vt qu tn
tht
ng nhnh ch nht ni vi ng chnh ch nht
Bng 6.18 : H s C, tnh cho ng nhnh

T hi t : ng nhnh hng gc 45 o vi ng chnh ch nht

Bng 6.19 : H s C , tnh cho ng nhnh

T hi t : Dng ch Y , tit din ch nht.

Bng 6.20.a : H s Cbc , tnh cho ng nhnh

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Ab - Tit din nhnh ng, mm2

As - Tit din vo ca ng chnh, mm2
Ac- Tit din ra ca ng chnh, mm2
Lb - Lu lng gi ng nhnh, m3/s
Lc - Lu lng tng u ra, m3/s
Cbc - H s tn tht cc b khi tnh theo ng nhnh t b n c
Csc - H s tn tht cc b khi tnh theo ng nhnh t s n c
Bng 6.20.b : H s Csc , tnh cho ng chnh

T hi t ch Y ng nhnh nghing gc fi vi ng chnh

Bng 6.21 : H s C

T hi t ch Y i xng tit din ch nht

Trong trng hp i xng :

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Bng 6.22 : H s C

on r nhnh
- on ng r nhnh l on ng m dng phn thnh 2 dng nh tr ln. Trong trng
hp ny tnh tn tht theo tc u vo ca on ng.
Trn hnh 6-10 trnh by cc trng hp thng gp ca on ng r nhnh, di y l
h s tr lc cc b cho tng trng hp c th :

Hnh 6-10 : on ng r nhnh

T r nhnh 45 o , ng chnh v ng nhnh ch nht
Bng 6.23 : H s C, tnh cho ng nhnh

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T r nhnh 45 o , ng chnh v ng nhnh ch nht c cnh hng

Bng 6.24 : H s C, tnh cho ng nhnh

T r nhnh , ng chnh v ng nhnh ch nht, khng c cnh hng

Bng 6.25 : H s C, tnh cho ng nhnh

161/291

T r nhnh , ng chnh v ng nhnh ch nht c cnh hng

Bng 6.26 : H s C, tnh cho ng nhnh

T r nhnh , ng chnh v ng nhnh ch nht c nhiu cnh hng

Bng 6.27.a : H s C , tnh cho ng nhnh

Bng 6.27.b : H s C , tnh cho ng chnh

T r nhnh , ng chnh ch nht, ng nhnh trn

Bng 6.28 : H s C , tnh cho ng nhnh
162/291

T r nhnh , ng chnh ch nht, ng nhnh trn c on cn trn

Bng 6.29 : H s C , tnh cho ng nhnh

T ch Y r nhnh , tit din ch nht

Bng 6.30.a : H s C , tnh cho ng nhnh

Bng 6.30.b : H s C , tnh cho ng chnh

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on ng r nhnh ch Y i xng

Hnh 6-11 : on ng r nhnh ch Y i xng

on ng ch Y i xng, nhnh r nghing vi nhnh chnh mt gc fi
Bng 6.31 : H s C

on ng ch Y i xng, nhnh r vung gc nhnh chnh

Bng 6.32 : H s C

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Tn tht do cc vt chn
- Cc vt chn trn h thng ng ng ch yu l cc van iu chnh lu lng
gi, van chn la ...
Trn hnh 6-12 trnh by 3 dng van iu chnh ch yu
+ Van iu chnh dng cnh bm.
+ Van iu chnh dng cng (trn, ch nht)
+ Van iu chnh kiu l sch (song song hoc i nhau)

Hnh 6-12: Cc dng vt chn trn ng ng

Van iu chnh gi dng cnh bm trn hoc tit din (hnh 6-12, 1)
* Tit din trn
Bng 6.33 : H s C

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D- ng knh cnh van, mm

Do- ng knh ng, mm
fi- Gc nghing ca cnh iu chnh so vi tm ng.

* Tit din ch nht

Bng 6.34 : H s C

Lu : H, W l chiu cao v rng ca tit din van.

- Loi 1 : C trc van song song cnh ln ca ng
- Loi 2 : C trc van song song cnh b ca ng
- fi - Gc nghing ca trc van vi tm ng
Van iu chnh dng cng tit din trn (hnh 6-12, 2)

Bng 6.35 : H s C

Ao - Tit din ng dn trn, m2

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Ah - Tit din ca on ng khng b van iu chnh che, m2

Van iu chnh dng cng tit din ch nht (hnh 6-12, 3)

Bng 6.36 : H s C

Van iu chnh dng l sch c cc cnh song song (hnh 6-12, 4)

Van iu chnh dng l sch cnh song song c biu th cc trng hp 1,3,4 trn
hnh 6-12
Bng 6.37 : H s C

trong :
N - S cnh thng song song ca van.
W - Cnh song song trc quay ca van, mm
H- Chiu cao ca ng, mm
L - Tng chiu di ca cc cnh, mm
R- Chu vi ng ng lp t, mm
fi- Gc nghing ca cnh vi trc ng.

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Ta c :

Van iu chnh dng l sch c cc cnh i nhau (hnh 6-12, 5)

Bng 6.38 : H s C

Tn tht u ra ca qut
Tn tht u ra ca qut khi thi vo khng gian rng

- Chiu di hiu dng Le

trong :
Ab - Din tch ming ra ca qut v tr nh nht, m2
megao - Tc khng kh trong ng dn, m/s
Le - Chiu di hiu dng, m
Ao - Din tch ng ng , m2
L - Chiu di ca on ng thng u ra ca qut, m

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Bng 6.39 : H s C

Tn tht u ra ca qut khi thi vo cc ct

C 2 dng u ht ca qut
- Qut c 01 ca ht
- Qut c 02 ca ht

Khi u ra ca qut ni vi ct lin tc. Ta c 4 trng hp xy ra

Hnh 6-13 : Cc v tr lp t ct u ra
Bng 6.40 : H s C u ra qut c 1 ca ht

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Bng 6.41 : H s C u ra qut c 2 ca ht

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Tn tht u vo ca qut
ng ht tit din trn, ni ct lin tc, cch ming ht qut on L
Bng 6.42 : H s C

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R - Bn knh cong tm ct, m

D- ng knh ng ht, m
L- Khong cch t ming ht ca qut ly tm ti ct, m
ng ht tit din trn, ni ct thng gc hoc ct ghp t nhiu mnh, cch ming ht
mt khong L
- Ct thng gc:
Bng 6.43: H s C

- Ct thng gc ghp t 3 v 4 on on:

Bng 6.44 : H s C

a) Ct ghp t 3 mnh b) Ct ghp t 4 mnh

ng ht tit din vung, ni ct cong lin tc qua on ng thng di L v on ng
chuyn i tit din vung-trn
Bng 6.45 : H s C

172/291

Xc nh h tn tht cc b theo chiu di tng ng

Theo nh ngha chiu di tng ng l chiu di ca on ng thng c tit din bng
tit din tnh ton ca chi tit gy nn tn tht cc b, nhng c tn tht tng ng
nhau . Hay

(6-22)
Chiu di tng ng ca ct trn
Bng 6.46 : Chiu di tng ng lt

Trong :
R - Bn knh cong ca tm ct, mm
d- ng knh tit din ct, mm
Chiu di tng ng ca ct ch nht
Bng 6.47 : Chiu di tng ng lt

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174/291

Tnh ton thit k ng ng dn khng

kh.
Tnh ton thit k ng ng dn khng kh.
+Cc phng php thit k knh gi
Cho ti nay c rt nhiu phng php thit k ng ng gi . Tuy nhin mi phng
php c nhng c im ring. La chn phng php thit k no l tu thuc vo c
im cng trnh, thi quen ca ngi thit k v cc thit b ph tr i km ng ng.
Ngi ta thng s dng cc phng php ch yu sau y:
- Phng php tnh ton l thuyt : Phng php ny da vo cc cng thc l thuyt
trn y , nhm thit k mng ng ng tho mn yu cu duy tr p sut tnh khng
i. y l phng php c th coi l chnh xc nht. Tuy nhin phng php ny tnh
ton kh phc tp.
- Phng php gim dn tc . Ngi thit k bng kinh nghim ca mnh ch ng
thit k gim dn tc theo chiu chuyn ng ca khng kh trong ng ng. y l
phng php thit k tng i nhanh nhng ph thuc nhiu vo ch quan ngi thit
k.
- Phng php ma st ng u : Thit k h thng knh gi sao cho tn tht trn 1 m
chiu di ng ng u nhau trn ton tuyn, bt c tit din no v bng tn tht
trn 1m chiu di on ng chun. y l phng php c s dng ph bin nht,
nhanh v tng i chnh xc.
- Phng php phc hi p sut tnh
Phng php phc hi p sut tnh xc nh kch thc ca ng dn sao cho tn tht p
sut trn on ng bng gia tng p sut tnh do s gim tc chuyn ng ca
khng kh sau mi nhnh r .
Phng php ny tng t phng php l thuyt nhng y thit k ngi ta ch
yu s dng cc th.
Ngoi cc phng php trn ngi ta cn s dng mt s phng php sau y :
- Phng php T

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- Phng php tc khng i

- Phng php p sut tng.
+Phng php thit k l thuyt
Ni dung ca phng php nh sau
Da vo phng trnh (6-5) tin hnh thit k mng ng ng m bo p sut tnh
khng i tt c cc ca r nhnh ca ton tuyn ng (deltaH=0) .
Cc bc thit k:
Bc 1 - Chn tc on ng u tin mega1 . Da vo lu lng gi, xc nh kch
thc ca on ng u tin.
Bc 2 - Xc nh tc cc on tip theo mega2 da vo phng trnh :

trong tngdeltap12 tng tn tht p sut tnh t im phn nhnh th nht n im

phn nhnh th 2, bao gm tn tht ma st v cc tn tht cc b. Trong cng thc ny
cn lu l cc tn tht c tnh theo tc mega2, v vy xc nh mega2 cn
phi tnh lp.
Da vo lu lng on k tip, xc nh kch thc on
F2 = L2/mega2
Bc 3 - Tip tc xc nh tun t tc v kch thc cc on k tip cho n on
cui cng ca tuyn ng nh tnh bc 2
Phng php l thuyt c cc c im sau:
- Cc kt qu tnh ton chnh xc, tin cy cao.
- Tnh ton tng i di v phc tp, nn thc t t s dng.
+ Phng php gim dn tc
Ni dung ca phng php gim dn tc l ngi thit k bng kinh nghim ca
mnh la chn tc trn c s n cho php v ch ng gim dn tc cc on
k tip dc theo chiu chuyn ng ca khng kh.

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Phng php gim dn tc c thc hin theo cc bc sau :

Bc 1 : Chn tc trn knh chnh trc khi r nhnh mega1.
Ch ng gim dn tc gi dc theo tuyn ng chnh v ng r nhnh mega2,
mega3... megan
Bc 2:
Trn c s lu lng v tc trn mi on tin hnh tnh ton kch thc ca cc
on .
Fi = Li/megai
Bc 3 :
Da vo th xc nh tn tht p sut theo tuyn ng di nht (tuyn c tr lc ln
nht) . Tng tr lc theo tuyn ny l c s chn qut.
Phng php gim dn tc c nhc im l ph thuc nhiu vo ch quan ca ngi
thit k, v th cc kt qu l rt kh nh gi.
y l mt phng php n gin, cho php thc hin nhanh nhng i hi ngi thit
k phi c kinh nghim.
+Phng php ma st ng u
Ni dung ca phng php ma st ng u l thit k h thng knh gi sao cho tn
tht p sut trn 1m chiu di ng ng bng nhau trn ton tuyn ng. Phng php
ny cng m bo tc gim dn v thng hay c s dng cho knh gi tc
thp vi chc nng cp gi, hi gi v thi gi.
C hai cch tin hnh tnh ton
- Cch 1 : Chn tit din on u ni gn qut lm tit din in hnh, chn tc
khng kh thch hp cho on . T xc nh kch thc, tn tht ma st trn 1m
chiu di ca on ng in hnh. Gi tr tn tht c coi l chun trn ton tuyn
ng.
- Cch 2 : Chn tn tht p sut hp l v gi nguyn gi tr trn ton b h thng
knh gi. Trn c s lu lng tng on bit tin hnh xc nh kch thc tng
on.

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Cch 2 c nhc im l la chn tn tht th no l hp l. Nu chn tn tht b th

kch thc ng ng ln, nhng nu chn tc ln s gy n, chi ph vn hnh tng.
Trn thc t ngi ta chn cch th nht . Sau y l cc bc thit k:
Bc 1 : La chn tit din u lm tit din in hnh. Chn tc cho tit din
v tnh kch thc on ng in hnh : din tch tit din f, kch thc cc cnh a,b v
ng knh tng ng dt.
T lu lng v tc tin hnh xc nh tn tht p sut cho 1 m ng tit din in
hnh (da vo th hnh 6-4) . Gi tr c c nh cho ton tuyn.
Bc 2 :
Trn c s tn tht chun tnh kch thc cc on cn li da vo lu lng bit.
Ngi ta nhn thy vi iu kin tn tht p sut khng i th vi mt t l % lu lng
so vi tit din in hnh s c t l phn trm tng ng v tit din. qu trnh tnh
ton c d dng v thun tin ngi ta xy dng mi quan h t l % tit din so
vi on ng in hnh theo t l % lu lng cho bng 6-48.
Bc 3 :
Tng tr lc on ng c chiu di tng ng ln nht l c s chn qut dn lnh.
Bng 6-48 : Xc nh t l phn trm tit din theo phng php ma st ng u

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- Phng php ma st ng u c u im l thit k rt nhanh, ngi thit k khng

bt buc phi tinh ton tun t t u tuyn ng n cui m c th tnh bt c on ng
no tu , iu ny c ngha trn thc t thi cng cng trng.
- Phng php ma st ng u cng m bo tc gim dn dc theo chiu chuyn
ng, c tin cy cao hn phng php gim dn tc .
- Khng m bo phn b lu lng u trn ton tuyn nn cc ming thi cn phi b
tr thm van iu chnh.
- Vic la chn tn tht cho 1m ng kh khn. Thng chn deltap= 0,5 - 1,5 N/m2 cho
1 m ng
- Phng php ma st ng u c s dng rt ph bin.

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V d 1:
Gi s c 08 mt knh gi thi c 8 ming thi vi cc c im trn hnh 6-14. Lu
lng yu cu cho mi ming thi l 0,32 m3/s. Thit k h thng knh gi .

Hnh 6-14 : S ng ng
Bc 1: Chn v xc nh cc thng s tit din in hnh
- Chn on u tin AB lm tit din in hnh. Lu lng gi qua tit din u l
L1 = 8 x 0,32 = 2,56 m3/s
- Chn tc on u mega1 = 8 m/s
- Din tch tit din on ng u : f1 = L1/mega1 = 2,56 / 8 = 0,32 m2
- Chn kch thc on u : 800x400mm
- Tra bng (6-3) ta c ng knh tng ng : dt = 609mm
- Da vo lu lng L1 = 2560 L/s v dt = 609mm tra th ta c tn tht deltap1 =
1,4 Pa/m.
Bc 2 : Thit k cc on ng

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Trn c s t l phn trm lu lng ca cc on k tip ta xc nh c t l phn

trm din tch ca n, xc nh kch thc ai x bi ca cc on , xc nh din tch
thc v tc thc.
Bng 6-49 : Kt qu tnh ton

Bc 3 : Tnh tng tr lc
Bng 6.50

Tng chiu di tng ng ca on AK l 60,6m bao gm cc on ng thng v

chiu di tng ng ca cc ct.
Tng tr lc ng ng :

+Phng php phc hi p sut tnh

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Ni dung ca phng php phc hi p sut tnh xc nh kch thc ca ng dn sao

cho tn tht p sut trn on ng bng gia tng p sut tnh do s gim tc
chuyn ng ca khng kh sau mi nhnh r.
Phng php phc hi p sut tnh c s dng cho ng cp gi, khng s dng cho
ng hi. V thc cht ni dung ca phng php phc hi p sut tnh ging phng
php l thuyt , tuy nhin y ngi ta cn c vo cc th xc nh tc on
ng k tip.
Cc bc tnh thit k :
Bc 1: - Chn tc hp l ca on ng chnh ra khi qut mega1 v tnh kch thc
on ng .
Bc 2: Xc nh tc on k tip nh sau
- Xc nh t s Lt/Q0,61 da vo tnh ton hoc th (hnh 6-16) cho on ng u.
trong
Lt - Chiu di tng ng ca on u gm chiu di thc ng ng cng vi chiu
di tng ng tt c cc ct.
Q - lu lng gi trn on u
- Da vo tc on u mega1 v t s a = Lt/Q0,61 , theo th hnh (6-13) xc
nh tc on ng tip theo , tc l tc sau on r nhnh th nht mega2.
- Xc nh kch thc on ng th 2
F2 = L2/mega2
Bc 3: Xc nh tc v kch thc on k tip nh xc nh vi on th 2
* c im ca phng php phc hi p sut tnh
- m bo phn b lu lng u v do h thng khng cn van iu chnh.
- Tc cui tuyn ng thp hn nn m bo n cho php.
- Khi lng tnh ton tng i nhiu.

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- Kch thc ng ng ln hn cc cch tnh khc nht l cc on r nhnh, nn chi

ph u t cao.
V d 2:
Thit k h thng knh dn gi cho h thng knh gi gm 4 ming thi , mi ming c
lu lng gi l 0,9 m3/s. Kch thc cc on nh trn hnh 6-15.

Hnh 6-15 : S ng ng
* Xc nh cc thng s on u
- La chn tc on AB : mega1 = 12 m/s
- Lu lng gi : Q1 = 4 x 0,9 = 3,6 m3/s
- Tit din on u : F1 = 3,6/12 = 0,3m2
- Kch thc cc cnh 600 x 500mm
- Tra bng ta c ng knh tng ng : dt = 598 mm
- Tn tht cho 1m ng : 0,4 Pa/m
* Xc nh tc v kch thc on tip
- T s a= L/Q0,61 : L1/Q0,61 = 49 / 7628 0,61 = 0,211
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- Xc nh mega2 theo th vi mega1 =7628 FPM v L/Q0,61 = 0,211 : mega2 =

2000 FPM
hay mega2 = 10,16 m/s
* Xc nh cc on k tip mt cch tng t bc 2 v ghi kt qu vo bng di y
Bng 6-51 : bng kt qu tnh ton

Hnh 6-16 : th xc nh tc on ng k tip

THIT K H THNG MING THI V MING HT

Cc c s l thuyt
Cu trc lung khng kh trc mt ming thi
* Tnh hnh chuyn ng khng kh trong phng
Qu trnh trao i nhit m trong phng thc hin ch yu nh chuyn ng ca khng
kh trong phng, cc chuyn ng bao gm:
- Chuyn ng i lu t nhin : ng lc gy nn chuyn ng i lu t nhin l s
chnh lch nhit v m gia cc vng khc nhau trong phng. Khng kh nng
v kh nh hn nn thot ln cao v khng kh lnh nng hn s chm xung. Thc t
chuyn ng i lu t nhin ch yu l do chnh lch nhit , khi nhit chnh lch
cng cao th chuyn ng cng mnh.
- Chuyn ng i lu cng bc : Do qut to nn v ng vai tr quyt nh trong
vic trao i khng kh trong nh.
- Chuyn ng khuych tn : Ngoi 2 dng chuyn ng i lu t nhin v cng bc,
khng kh trong phng cn tham gia chuyn ng khuych tn. Chuyn ng khuych

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tn l s chuyn ng ca khng kh ng yn vo mt lung khng kh ang chuyn

ng.
Chuyn ng khuch tn c ngha ln trong vic gim tc ca dng khng kh sau
khi ra khi ming thi, lm ng u tc khng kh trong phng v gy ra s xo
trn cn thit trn ton b khng gian phng.
* Lung khng kh t mt ming thi trn
Mt dng khng kh thi vo mt th tch khng gian no v chon y th tch y
gi l lung khng kh.
Khi nghin cu lung khng kh c thi ra t mt ming thi trn ng knh do, tc
thi trung bnh ra ming thi l vo ngi ta nhn thy:
- Do chuyn ng khuych tn ca khng kh trong phng nn tit din lung cng ra
xa cng ln .
- Phn b tc trn lung ban u c dng hnh thang chiu cao l vo, sau chuyn dn
dng tam gic v tc tm gim dn.

Hnh 6-17 : Cu trc lung khng kh u ra ming thi

Trn hnh 6-17 l cu trc ca lung khng kh u ra mt ming thi trn.
Ngi ta xc nh c tc ca lung khng kh ti mt v tr cch ming thi mt
khong x nh sau

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- i vi ming thi trn

+tc ti tm

+ Tc trung bnh

- i vi ming thi dt
Ming thi dt l ming thi m cnh ln ln gp t nht 5 ln cnh b ao> 5.bo
+ Tc cc i ti tm

+ Tc trung bnh

alfa- L gc khuych tn ca on u : alfa o = 14o30' vi ming thi trn v alfa o =

12o40' vi ming thi dt.
do, bo - ng knh ca ming thi trn v chiu nh ca ming thi dt

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Mun lung khng kh i xa cn chn m ln, tc lung suy gim chm v khi cn
lung i gn th chn m nh, lung suy gim tc nhanh. V vy trong cc x nghip
cng nghip khi khng gian iu ha rng, tc cho php ln c th chn ming thi
dt, cn trong cc phng lm vic, phng khng gian thng hp, trn thp, tc cho
php nh th nn chn ming thi kiu khuych tn hoc c cc cnh hng .
Cu trc ca dng khng kh gn ming ht.
Khc vi lung khng kh trc cc ming thi, lung khng kh trc cc ming ht
c 2 c im khc c bn:
- Lung khng kh trc ming thi c gc khuych tn nh, lung khng kh trc
ming thi chim ton b khng gian pha trc n .
- Lu lng khng kh trong lung trc ming thi tng dn do hin tng khuych
tn , lu lng ca lung trc ming ht coi nh khng i.
Do 2 c im trn nn khi i ra xa, cch ming ht mt khong x no th tc
gim rt nhanh so vi trc ming thi. Nn c th ni lung khng kh trc ming ht
trit tiu rt nhanh.
Tc trn trc ca lung khng kh trc ming ht xc nh theo cng thc sau :

Vo - Tc khng kh ti u vo ming ht, m/s

Do - ng knh ca ming ht
X - Khong cch t ming ht ti im xc nh
KH - H s ph thuc dn ming ht
Bng 6-52: Xc nh h s kH

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T gi tr kH ta c nhn xt l tc khng kh ti tm lung trc ming thi gim

rt nhanh khi tng khong cch x. V d di vi ming thi trn, kh b tr nh ln khi
tng (gc khuych tn alfa > 180o ) khi x=do th vx = 0,06.vo tc khng kh ti tm
lung ch cn 6% tc u vo ming ht.
Vi cc kt qu trn ta c th rt ra kt lun sau :
- Ming ht ch gy xo ng khng kh ti mt vng rt nh trc n v do hu nh
khng nh hng ti s lun chuyn khng kh trong phng. V tr ming ht khng
nh hng ti vic lun chuyn khng kh.
- Vic b tr cc ming ht ch c ngha v mt thm m . to iu kin ht c
u gi trong phng v vic thi kit cc cht c hi cn to ra s xo trn trong phng
nh qut hoc lung gi cp.
Ming thi, ming ht v la chn lp t
. Yu cu ca ming thi v ming ht
- C kt cu p, hi ho vi trang tr ni tht cng trnh , d dng lp t v tho d
- Cu to chc chn, khng gy ting n .
- m bo phn phi gi u trong khng gian iu ho v tc trong vng lm vic
khng vt qu mc cho php.
- Tr lc cc b nh nht.
- C van diu chnh cho php d dng iu chnh lu lng gi. Trong mt s trng
hp ming thi c th iu chnh c hng gi ti cc v tr cn thit trong phng.
- Kch thc nh gn v nh nhng, c lm t cc vt liu m bo bn p v khng
r
- Kt cu d v sinh lau chi khi cn thit.
Phn loi
Ming thi v ming ht c rt nhiu dng khc nhau.
a) Theo hnh dng
- Ming thi trn.

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- Ming thi ch nht, vung

- Ming thi dt
b) Theo cch phn phi gi
- Ming thi khuych tn
- Ming thi c cnh iu chnh n v i
- Ming thi kiu l sch
- Ming thi kiu chn ma
- Ming thi c cnh c nh.
- Ming thi c l
- Ming thi kiu li
c) Theo v tr lp t
- Ming thi gn trn.
- Ming thi gn tng.
- Ming thi t nn, sn.
d) Theo vt liu
- Ming thi bng thp
- Ming thi nhm c.
- Ming thi nha.
Cac loi ming thi thng dng
+Ming thi kiu khuych tn gn trn (ceiling diffuser)
L loi ming thi c s dng ph bin nht v n gin v b mt p. Thng c
gn trn trn, dng khng kh khi i qua ming thi s c khuych tn rng ra theo
nhiu hng nn tc khng kh ti vng lm vic nhanh chng gim nh v ng

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u. Nh vy ming thi kiu khuych tn thng c s dng nhiu trong cc cng

s, phng lm vic, phng ng khi m cao laphng thp.
Hnh 6-18 : Cu to ming thi khuych tn
Trn hnh 6-18 l cu to ca ming thi kiu khuch tn. Cc b phn chnh gm phn
v v phn cnh. Cc cnh nghing mt gc t 30, 45 v 60o, nhng ph bin nht l
loi nghing 45o. B phn cnh c th tho ri v sinh cng nh thun tin khi lp
ming thi.
Ming thi khuych tn c th c 1, 2, 3 hoc 4 hng khuych tn (hnh 6-19), ngi
thit k c th d dng chn loi tu b tr ti cc v tr khc nhau. V d khi lp t
gia phng chn loi a, tng chn loi b, gc phng th chn loi c, cui hnh
lanh th chn loi d.
Ming thi khuych tn thng c dng hnh vung, ch nht hoc trn. La chn kiu
no l tu thuc vo cng trnh c th v s thch ca khch hng. Vi hnh dng nh
vy nn chng rt d lp t ln trn. C th phi kt hp vi cc b n hnh th khc
nhau to nn mt mt bng trn p. C th tham kho cc c tnh k thut ca ming
thi khuych tn ACD ca hng HT Air Grilles trn bng 6-50.
* Vt liu
- Cnh thng lm t nhm nh hnh dy 1,2 mm hoc tn
- Khung lm nhm nh hnh dy 1,5mm hoc tn
- Sn tnh in theo mu khch hng
a) b) c) d)
6-19 : Cc loi ming thi kiu khuych tn
+Ming thi c cnh chnh n v i (Single and double Deflection Register)
Trn hnh 6-20 l ming thi cnh chnh n v cnh chnh i.
c im s dng :
- Thng s dng lm ming ht . C th lm ming thi khi cn lu lng ln.
- c lp trn trn, tng hoc trn ng gi
- Khi lm ming ht cn lp thm phin lc.
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- Cc cnh c th iu chnh gc nghing tu theo yu cu s dng.

- Tu theo v tr lp t m chn loi cnh n hay cnh i cho ph hp
Vt liu v mu sc
- Cnh lm t nhm nh hnh dy t 1 n 1,5mm hoc tn.
- Khung l t nhm nh hnh dy 1,5mm hoc 2,0mm hoc tn
- Sn tnh in mu trng hoc mu khc theo yu cu khch hng.
C th tham kho cc c tnh k thut ca ming thi c cnh chnh i ARS ca hng
HT Air Grilles trn bng 6-51.
a) Ming gi c cnh chnh n b) Ming gi c cnh chnh i
Hnh 6-20 : Ming gi c cnh chnh
+Ming thi di khuych tn
Ming thi di kiu khuych tn lm t vt liu nhm nh hnh. C kch thc tng
ng cc hp n trn nn c kh nng to ra mt bng trn hi ho , p. Cc cnh
hng cho php d dng iu chnh gi ti cc hng cn thit trong khong 0 n 180o.
Ming thi c t 1 n 8 khe thi gi. Kch thc chun ca cc khe l 20 v 25 mm.
Cc cnh hng gi cn ng vai tr l van chn, khi cn thit c th chn hon ton
mt ming thi hay mt khe bt k. C th d dng iu chnh cnh hng ngay c khi
ming thi c lp t, ph hp vi tt c cc loi trn.
C th tham kho cc c tnh k thut ca ming thi di khuych tn ALD ca hng
HT Air Grilles trn bng 6-52.
a) Ming thi c 1 khe gi b) Ming thi c 2 khe gi
Hnh 6-21 : Ming thi di kiu khuych tn
+ Ming gi di kiu l sch (Linear Bar Grille)
Ming thi di kiu l sch c thit k t nhm nh hnh c kh nng chng n mn
cao. B mt c ph lp men chng try xc. Ming thi di kiu l sch c s
dng rt ph bin cho h thng lnh, si v thng gi. N c thit k cung cp
lu lng gi ln nhng vn m bao n v tn tht p sut c th chp nhn c.

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Ming thi di kiu l sch c thit k ch yu lp t trn cc tng cao. C th s

dng lm ming ht hay ming thi. nghing ca cnh t 0o n 15o.
Khong cch chun gia cc tm cnh l 12mm. T pha trc ming thi c th iu
chnh m ca van iu chnh pha sau nh inh vt t gc.
Hnh 6-22 : Cu to ming gi di kiu l sch
+ Ming gi kiu l sch cnh c nh (Fixed louvre Grille ) - AFL
Ming gi kiu l sch cnh c nh AFL c th s dng gn tng hay trn. N c
thit k thng lm ming hi gi v ht x , c lu lng gi ln, nhng tr lc v
n b . C th s dng lm tm ngn cch gia cc phng m vn m bo thng
thong.
Cc cnh ming gi nghing 45o v cch khong 18mm t vt liu nhm nh hnh c
dy t 1,0mm n 1,5mm.
Khung lm bng nhm nh hnh hoc tn dy 1,5mm. Ton b c sn tnh in mu
trng hay theo yu cu ca khch hng.
Hnh 6-23 : Cu to ming gi kiu l sch cnh c nh
+Ming gi l sch kiu chn ma cnh n
* c im s dng:
- Ming gi l sch cnh n c 2 loi : Loi cnh 1 lp v cnh 2 lp (hnh 6-22).
- c s dng lm ming thi gi , ming ht hoc tm ngn gia phng v ngoi tri.
c gn ln tng bo v cho ni s dung khng b nh hng bi thi tit bn ngoi.
Ming gi c th gn thm li chn cn trng.
- Cc cnh c nghing 45o v c c nh.
* Vt liu lm cnh
- Cnh c lm t nhm nh hnh hoc tn dy 2mm. Khung lm bng nhm nh
hnh dy 2->3mm hoc tn.
- Ton b c sn tnh in mu trng hoc theo yu cu ca khch hng.
a) Cnh n 1 lp b) Cnh n 2 lp

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Hnh 6-24 : Ming gi l sch kiu chn ma cnh n

+Ming gi l sch cnh i
* c im s dng:
- Ming gi l sch cnh i c 2 loi : Loi cnh i 1 lp v cnh i 2 lp (hnh
6-23).
- c s dng lm tm ngn trn tng, hoc ca ra vo ti v tr ngn cc gia cc
ni s dng. C tc dng ngn cch nh snh lt vo ni s dng m vn m bo thng
thong.
* Vt liu lm cnh
- Cnh c lm t nhm nh hnh hoc tn dy 1mm. Khung lm bng nhm nh
hnh dy 1,5->2mm hoc tn.
- Ton b c sn tnh in mu trng hoc theo yu cu ca khch hng.
a) Cnh i 1 lp b) Cnh i 2 lp
Hnh 6-25 : Ming gi l sch cnh i

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Tnh chn ming thi

Tnh chn ming thi
+Chn loi ming thi
chn loi ming thi thch hp nht ta cn c vo :
- Cc ch tiu k thut, c tnh ca tng loi ming thi do cc nh sn xut cung cp.
- c im v kt cu v kin trc cng trnh, trang tr ni tht.
- Yu cu ca khch hng.
+Tnh chn ming thi
a) Cn c vo c im cng trnh , mt bng trn chn s b s lng ming thi
b) Tnh lu lng trung bnh cho mt ming thi

trong
L - Lu lng gi yu cu trong khng gian iu ho, m3/s.
N - S lng ming thi.
LMT - Lu lng gi ca mt ming thi , m3/s
c) Cn cu vo lu lng v qung ng i t ming thi n vng lm vic tin hnh
tnh ton hoc chn ming thi thch hp sao cho m bo tc trong vng lm vic
t yu cu.
+ Tnh tc u ra megao ming thi da vo cng thc (6-23) v (6-25), trong
vmax = 0,25 m/s v x l khong cch t ming thi n vng lm vic.
Vi ming thi trn

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(6-29)
Vi ming thi dt

+ Kch thc u ra ca ming thi:

F = LMT/megao
Vic tnh ton theo cc cng thc trn gp kh khn l ta khng bit c trc gc
khuych tn alfa ca tt c cc loi ming thi. V vy thc t ngi ta cn c vo qung
ng T t v tr ming thi n im m tc gi ti tm t 0,25m/s . Cc s liu
ny thng c dn ra trong cc ti liu ca cc ming thi .
Cn c vo qung ng T v lu lng gi ta c th chn loi ming thi thch hp.
V d : Tnh chn ming gi cho phng iu ho vi cc thng s : Lu lng gi yu
cu cho L = 0,8 m3/s. Qung ng i t ming thi n vng lm vic l 3,5m.
- Chn kiu ming thi khuych tn lp trn
- Chn s ming thi n = 8 ming
- Lu lng gi qua 01 ming thi
LMT = 0,8 /8 = 0,1 m3/s = 100 Lt/s
- Cn c vo LMT = 100 Lit/s v T = 3,5m ta chn loi ming thi ACD 150 x 150. Tc
gi ti khi vo vng lm vic megaT = 0,25 m/s
- Kch thc c ming thi 150 x 150
- Kch thc ca ra ming thi : 240 x 240
- Din tch ca ra : F = 0,24 x 0,24 = 0,0576 m2

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- Tc u ra ming thi : megao = 0,1 / 0,0576 = 1,74 m/s

Bng 6-53: Thng s hot ng ming thi khuych tn gn trn - ACD (Air Ceiling
Diffuser)- hng HT Air Grilles (Singapore)

SP - p sut tnh
NC - n
T - Qung ng i t tc 0,25 m/s
Bng 6-54: Thng s hot ng ming thi cnh chnh i - ASR (Air supply Register)
- hng HT Air Grilles (Singapore)

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Bng 6-55: Thng c tnh k thut ming thi di kiu khuych tn ALD (Supply Air
Linear Diffuser) - HT (Singapore)

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SP (Stactic Pressure, Pa) - p sut tnh

NC (dB) - n
T (m) - Qung ng t ming thi n v tr tc tm lung t 0,25 m/s
Bng 6-56: Thng s hot ng ming di kiu l sch - ABL (Air Bar Linear Grille) hng HT Air Grilles (Singapore)

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Bng 6-57: Thng s hot ng ming ht l sch - AFL (Air fixed Louvres) - hng HT
Air Grilles (Singapore)

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TNH CHN QUT GI

Khi nim v phn loi qut
Qut l thit b dng vn chuyn v phn phi khng kh l thit b khng th thiu
c trong h thng iu ha khng kh v i sng. C 2 loi qut : Loi c lp t
trong cc my iu ho hoc qut c s dng thng gi.
Mi qut u c c trng bi 2 thng s c bn sau:
Lu lng gi, V, m3/s, m3/hr
Ct p Hq , Pa hoc mmH2O
* Phn loi
- Theo c tnh kh ng
+ Hng trc : Khng kh vo v ra i dc theo trc. Gn nh c t cho lu lng ln
vi p sut b. Thng dng trong h thng khng c ng gi hoc ng ngn

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+ Ly tm : i vo theo hng trc quay i ra vung gc trc quay, ct p to ra do ly

tm. V vy cn c ng dn gi mi to p sut ln. N c th to nn lung gi c p
sut ln. Trong mt s my HKK dng Package thng s dng qut ly tm.
- Theo ct p:
+ Qut h p : Hq < 1000 Pa
+ Qut trung p : 1000 pa < Hq < 300 Pa
+ Qut cao p Hq > 3000 Pa
- Theo cng dng
+ Qut gi
+ Qut khi
+ Qut bi
+ Qut thng hi
Cc loi qut gi
Qut ly tm
Qut ly tm c chia ra lm cc loi sau (hnh 6-26):
- Qut ly tm cnh cong v pha trc (forward Curve - FC)
- Qut ly tm cnh nghing v pha sau (Backward Inclined - BI)
- Qut ly tm cnh hng knh (Radial Blade - RB)
- Qut ly tm dng ng (Tubular Centrifugal - TC)

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Hnh 6-26 : Cc loi qut ly tm

Nguyn tc hot ng ca hu ht cc qut ly tm nh sau : Khng kh c gung cnh
quay ht vo bn trong v p ln thnh v qut. V qut c cu to c bit bin p
sut ng thnh p sut tnh ln u ra, ng thi i hng chuyn ng ca lung
gi. Mt dn ng thng c gn trc tip ln trc qut hoc dn ng bng ai.
Di y l c im ca mt s qut ly tm thng gp.
Qut ly tm cnh cong v pha trc (FC)
Qut ly tm cnh hng v pha trc c s dng trong cc trng hp cn lu lng
ln nhng p sut tnh thp. S lng cnh ca qut thng nm t 24 n 64 cnh.
Khong lm vic c hiu qa cao (hiu sut cao) ca qut nm trong khong 30% n
80% lu lng nh mc. Hiu sut c th t ti 70%. Qut ly tm c cnh cong v
pha trc c cc u im :
- n gin nn gi thnh r
- Tc quay thp.
- Phm vi hot ng rng.
Tuy nhin , qut FC cng c nhc im l khi ct p tnh thp c kh nng ng c b
qu ti, kt cu cnh khng vng chc.
Qut ly tm cnh nghing v pha sau (BI)

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Qut ly tm cnh hng sau c 2 dng cnh n v cnh dng kh ng (cnh 2 lp).
c im ca qut BI l tc quay ln, p sut to ra ln. Do c im cu to nn
hiu sut qut BI kh ln, c th t 80%. Kh nng qu ti ca ng c t xy ra do
ng c tnh ca cng sut t cc i gn ngoi vng lm vic. Khong lm vic
hiu qu t 45% n 85% lu lng nh mc.
Qut ly tm cnh hng knh (RB)
Qut RB t c s dng trong k thut do ng knh rto ln. c im ca qut RB
l kh nng to p sut tnh ln , chnh v vy n thng c s dng vn chuyn
vt liu dng ht. ng c tnh cng sut N gn nh t l vi lu lng, v th loi
ny c th kim sot lu lng thng qua kim sot nng lng cung cp mt. Nhc
im ca qut RB l gi thnh cao v hiu sut khng cao. Hiu sut cc i c th t
68%.
Qut ly tm dng ng (TC)
Qut ly tm thi thng (dng ng) : (Tubular centrifugal fan, in-line centrinfugal fan)
Qut TC gm mt v hnh tr, gung cnh, cnh, ming ht v ng cn. Dng kh i vo
qut theo trc, qua qut i hng 90o v b p vo v tr to nn p sut, sau li i
hng song song vi trc. Qut TC thot trng ging qut hng trc nhng nguyn l
kh ng khc hn. Hiu sut thp v n cao, nhng khng thay i dng nn c
s dng thay cho qut hng trc khi cn p sut cao.
Qut hng trc :
C 3 loi ch yu :
- Qut dc trc kiu chong chng
- Dng ng
- C cnh hng
Hnh 6-27 : Cc loi qut hng trc
i vi qut hng trc ccc c tnh ca n ph thuc rt ln vo t s ng knh
chn cnh v nh cnh Rh = Do/D1
Qut hng trc dng chong chng :

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S dng tng i rng ri, c 3 n 6 cnh , t s Rh nh hn 0,15 nn ct p b trong

khi lu lng ln. Loi qut ly tm kiu chong chng thng thm vnh cnh hay vnh
a pha trc.
Qut hng trc dng ng
Loi dng ng thng c 6 n 9 cnh, t trong v tr, hai u un cong dng kh ng.
T s Rh khng qu 0,3. Qut c lu lng v ct p ln so vi kiu chong chng
Qut c cnh hng
Qut c cnh hng cng c v tr tng t qut dng ng. trit tiu dng xoy v
nn thng dng pha sau gung cnh cn c thm cc cnh hng . Cc cnh hng cn
c tc dng bin mt phn p sut ng thnh p sut tnh.
Qut c cnh hng thng c t s Rh> 0,3 , nn c kh nng to ra p sut cao v lu
lng ln. S lng cnh thng nhiu t 8 n 16 cnh.
c tnh qut v im lm vic ca qut trong mng ng ng.
* th c tnh:
th biu din quan h gia ct p H v lu lng V ng vi s vng quay n ca
gung cnh ca qut gi l th c tnh ca qut.
Trn th c tnh ngi ta cn biu th cc ng tham s khc nh ng hiu sut
qut nq, ng cng sut qut Nq.
* c tnh mng ng ng:
Mi mt qut mt tc quay no u c th to ra cc ct p Hq v lu lng
Vkhc nhau ng vi tng tr lc deltap dng kh i qua
Quan h deltap - V gi l c tnh mng ng ng.
Trn th c tnh im A c xc nh bi tc lm vic ca qut v tng tr lc
mng ng ng gi l im lm vic ca qut. Nh vy mt tc quay qut c th
c nhiu ch lm vic khc nhau ty thuc c tnh mng ng ng. Do hiu
sut ca qut s khc nhau v cng sut ko i hi khc nhau.
Nhim v ca ngi thit k h thng ng ng l phi lm sao vi mt lu lng V
cho trc phi thit k ng ng sao cho t hiu sut cao nht hoc ch t cng gn
nmax cng tt.

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Hnh 6-28 : th c tnh ca qut

La chn v tnh ton qut gi.
Mun chn qut v nh im lm vic ca qut cn phi tin hnh xc nh cc i
lng:
- Lu lng cn thit Vq
- Ct p cn thit Hq
Cc i lng Vq v Hq c xc nh thng qua lu lng tnh ton Vtt v ct p tnh
ton Htt. Sau cn lu mt s yu t nh : n cho php, rung ni t my,
nhit cht kh, kh nng gy n mn kim loi, nng bi trong kh
-Lu lng tnh ton V tt
Lu lng tnh ton Vtt c xc nh tu thuc vo chc nng ca qut.
i vi h thng iu ho khng kh, qut dn lnh, dn ngng c lp t km theo
my. Ta c th xc nh im lm vic da vo ng c tnh ca qut
Qut dn lnh : Lu lng tnh ton ca qut dn lnh chnh l lu lng gi
cn thit Lv ca thit b x l khng kh xc nh trong chng 4

Qo - Cng sut lnh ca dn lnh, W

IC, IO - Entanpi ca khng kh vo ra dn lnh, J/kg
p - Khi lng ring ca khng kh : p = 1,2 kg/m3
- Qut dn ngng : Khi qua dn ngng ch c trao i nhit khng c s trao i m nn
lu lng khng kh c xc nh theo cng thc
trong :

Qk - Cng sut gii nhit ca dn ngng

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+Ct p tnh tan chnh l Htt = tngdeltap

+Lu lng cn thit ca qut chn nh sau :
- Vi mi trng sch : Vq = Vtt
- Vi qut ht hay ti liu : Vq = 1,1 Vtt
+Ct p cn tit ca qut Hq chn theo p sut kh quyn v v nhit cht kh

pk , pkk khi lng ring ca cht kh v khng kh tnh 0oC v Bo = 760mmHg

- Nu qut ti bi hoc cc vt rn khc (bng, vi, si . . ) th chn

K l h s ty thuc vo tnh cht ca bi

N - Nng khi lng ca hn hp c vn chuyn

+Cn c vo Vq v Hq tin hnh chn qut thch hp sao cho ng c tnh H-V c
hiu sut cao nht (gn nmax).
+nh im lm vic ca qut v xc nh s vng quay n v hiu sut ca n. T
tnh c cng sut ng c ko qut.
Khi chn qut cn nh tc tip tuyn cho php nm trong khong u < 40 -> 45 m/
s trnh gy n qu mc. Ring qut c kch thc ln hn Do> 1000mm cho php
chn u < 60m/s
+Cng sut yu cu trn trc

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Trong Vq m3/s v Hq , Pa
Vi qut ht bi hoc qut ti:

+Cng sut t ca ng c:

nt - Hiu sut truyn ng

+ Trc tip nt = 1
+ Khp mm : nt = 0,98
+ ai : nt = 0,95
Kdt - H s d tr ph thuc cng sut yu cu trn trc qut.
Bng 6-58

Khi chn qut phi lu n. n ca qut thng c cc nh ch to a ra

trong cc catalogue. Nu khng c catalogue ta c th kim tc di trn nh qut.
Tc khng c qu ln

***

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tnh ton thit k h thng ng ng dn

nc
TNH TON THIT K H THNG NG NG DN NC
Trong cc k thut iu ho khng kh c s dng cc loi ng ng nc nh sau :
- ng ng nc gii nhit cho cc thit b ngng t.
- ng ng nc lnh lm lnh khng kh.
- ng ng nc nng v hi bo ho si m khng kh
- ng ng nc ngng.
Mc ch ca vic tnh ton ng dn nc l xc nh kch thc hp l ca ng ng,
xc nh tng tn tht tr lc v chn bm. lm c iu cn phi bit trc lu
lng nc tun hon. Lu lng c xc nh t cc phng trnh trao i nhit.
H thng ng ng dn nc
* Vt liu ng ng : Ngi ta s dng nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau lm ng ng
c th nh sau :
Bng 7-1 : Vt liu ng dn nc

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* c tnh ca ng ng thp
Cc loi ng thp en thng c s dng dn nc c nhiu loi vi dy mng
khc nhau. Theo mc dy ngi ta chia ra lm nhiu mc khc nhau t Schedul 10
n Schedul 160. Trn bng 7-2 cc loi ng k hiu ST l ng c dy tiu chun,
cc ng XS l loi ng c chiu dy rt ln
Bng 7-2 : c tnh ca ng ng thp

209/291

ng ng ng c chia ra cc loi K, L, M v DWV. Loi K c b dy ln nht,

loi DWV l mng nht. Thc t hay s dng loi L. Bng 7-3 trnh by cc c tnh k
thut ca mt s loi ng ng khc nhau.
Bng 7-3 : c tnh ca ng ng ng

* S gin n v nhit ca cc loi ng ng

Trong qu trnh lm vic nhit ca nc lun thay i trong mt khon tng i
rng, nn cn lu ti s gin n v nhit ca ng ng c cc bin php ngn nga
thch hp.
Trn bng 7-4 l mc gin n ca ng ng ng v ng thp, so vi trng thi
0oC. Mc gin n hu nh t l thun vi khong thay i nhit . b gin n
trong k thut iu ho ngi ta s dng cc on ng ch U, ch Z v ch L.
Bng 7-4 : Mc gin n ng ng

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Ngoi phng php s dng cc on ng nu trn , trong thc t b gin n ngi

ta cn s dng cc ron gin n, dng ng mm cao su nu nhit cho php.
* Gi ng ng
treo ng ng ngi ta thng s dng cc loi st ch L hoc st U lm gi
. Cc gi phi m bo chc chn, d lp t ng ng v c khu hp l.
Khi khu nh th s lng gi tng, chi ph tng. Nu khu ln ng ng s
vng, khng m bo chc chn. V th ngi ta qui nh khong cch gia cc gi
. Khong cch ny ph thuc vo kch thc ng ng, ng ng cng ln khong
cch cho php cng ln.

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Tnh ton ng ng dn nc v chn bm

Lu lng nc yu cu
Lu lng nc yu cu c xc nh tu thuc trng hp c th
- Nu nc s dng gii nhit bnh ngng my iu ho

(7-1)
- Lu lng nc lnh

(7-2)
- Lu lng nc nng

(7-3)
trong :
Qk, Qo v QSI - Cng sut nhit bnh ngng, cng sut lnh bnh bay hi v cng sut
b gia nhit khng kh, kW.
deltatn, deltatNL, deltatNN - chnh nhit nc vo ra bnh ngng, bnh bay hi v
b sy. Thng deltat gn bng 3 -> 5 oC.
Cp - Nhit dung ring ca nc, Cp gn bng4186 J/kg.oC.
Dc theo tuyn ng lu lng thay i v vy cn phi thay i tit din ng ng mt
cch tng ng.
Chn tc nc trn ng ng
Tc ca nc chuyn ng trn ng ng ph thuc 2 yu t

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- n do nc gy ra. Khi tc cao n ln , khi tc nh kch thc ng ng

ln nn chi ph tng
- Hin tng n mn : Trong nc c ln cn bn nh ct v cc vt khc , khi tc
cao kh nng m mn rt ln
Bng 7-7 : Tc nc trn ng ng

Xc nh ng knh ng dn
Trn c s lu lng v tc trn tng on ng tin hnh xc nh ng knh trong
ca ng nh sau : .

(7-4)
trong :
V- Lu lng th tch nc chuyn ng qua on ng ang tnh, m3/s

L - Lu lng khi lng nc chuyn ng qua ng, kg/s

- Khi lng ring ca nc, kg/m3
omega- Tc nc chuyn ng trn ng, c la chn theo bng 7-7, m/s
Xc nh tn tht p sut
C 2 cch xc nh tn tht p lc trn ng ng
- Phng php xc nh theo cng thc
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- Xc nh theo th
Xc nh tn tht p sut theo cng thc
Tn tht p lc c xc nh theo cng thc

trong

* H s tr lc ma st
- Khi chy tng Re = omegad/ < 2.103

- Khi chy ri Re > 104 :

* H s ma st cc b ly theo bng 7-8.

Bng 7-8 : H s ma st

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i vi on ng m rng t ngt, h s tn tht cc b c th tnh theo cng thc sau

:

trong : A1, A2 - ln lt l tit din u vo v u ra ca ng

Trng hp ng ng thu hp t ngt th h s tr lc ma st c th tra theo bng 7-9.
Cn lu l tc dng tnh tn tht trong trng hp ny l on ng c ng
knh nh.
Bng 7-9 : H s ma st on ng t m

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* Xc nh tr lc cc b bng di tng ng
xc nh tr lc cc b ngoi cch xc nh nh h s tr lc cc b , ngi ta cn
c cch qui i ra tn tht ma st tng ng v ng vi n l chiu di tng ng.
Di y l chiu di tng ng ca mt s thit b ng ng nc.
Bng 7- 10 : Chiu di tng ng ca cc loi van (mt ng ng)

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Bng 7- 11 : Chiu di tng ng ca T, ct

217/291

Bng 7- 12 : Chiu di tng ng ca mt s trng hp c bit

218/291

Cc trng hp ng ng ni vo thng :
(1) - Nc chuyn ng t ng vo thng v ng ng ni bng mt vi cnh thng.
(2) - Nc chuyn ng t thng ra ng ng v ng ng ni bng mt vi cnh
thng.
(3)- Nc chuyn ng t ng vo thng v ng ng ni nh ln khi cnh thng.
(4) - Nc chuyn ng t thng ra ng ng v ng ng ni nh ln khi cnh
thng.
Xc nh tn tht p sut theo th

Ngoi cch xc nh theo cng thc, trn thc t ngi ta hay s dng phng php
th. Cc th thng xy dng tn tht p sut cho 1m chiu di ng ng. Khi bit
2 trong ba thng s : Lu lng nc tun hon (L/s), ng knh ng (mm) v tc
chuyn ng (m/s). Thng thng chng ta bit trc lu lng v chn tc s xc
nh c kch thc ng v tn tht p sut cho 1m ng.

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Hnh 7-1 : Tn tht p sut (Pa/m) trn ng dn thp en Schedul 40

Hnh 7-2 : Tn tht p sut (Pa/m) trong ng dn nc bng ng
Trn hnh 7-2 biu din th xc nh tn tht p sut (Pa/m) trong cc ng dn ng
loai K, L, M
Hnh 7-3 : Tn tht p sut (Pa/m) trong cc ng dn nc bng plastic
Hnh 7-3 trnh by th xc nh tn tht p sut trong cc ng dn plastic . Khi xy
dng th ngi ta ly nhit nc l 20oC.
V d 1 : Xc nh tn tht p sut trn mt tuyn ng thpfi100mm trc u y bm,
bit chiu di tng l 50m, 01 van ca v c 6 ct 90o
- Chiu di tng ng ca 6 ct 90o

- Chiu di tng ng ca van chn

- Tng chiu di tng ng
Lt = 50 + 18,28 + 1,372 = 69,652 m
- i vi on ng trc u y ca bm , theo bng tc nm trong khong 2,4 ->
3,6 m/s. Chn omega = 3 m/s.
- Cn c vo th hnh 7-1 , xc nh c L= 25 Li/s v deltap = 800 Pa/m
- Tng tn tht trn ton tuyn

Thp gii nhit v bnh gin n

Thp gii nhit
Trong h thng iu ho khng kh gii nhit bng nc bt buc phi s dng thp
gii nhit. Thp gii nhit c s dng gii nhit nc lm mt bnh ngng trong h
thng lnh my iu ho khng kh.

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Trn hnh 7-4 trnh by cu to ca mt thp gii nhit

Hnh 7-4 : Thp gii nhit RINKI (Hng Kng)
Cu to gm : Thn v y thp bng nha composit . Bn trong c cc khi si nha
c tc dng lm ti nc, tng b mt tip xc, thng c 02 khi. Ngoi ra bn trong
cn c h thng ng phun nc, qut hng trc. H thng ng phun nuc quay xung
quanh trc khi c nc phun. M t qut t trn nh thp. Xung quanh phn thn cn
c cc tm li , c th d dng tho ra v sinh y thp, cho php quan st tnh hnh
nc trong thp nhng vn ngn cn rc c th ri vo bn trong thp. Thn thp c
lp t mt vi tm ring bit, cc v tr lp to thnh gn tng sc bn cho thn thp.
Phn di y thp c cc ng nc sau : ng nc vo, ng nc ra, ng x cn, ng
cp nc b sung v ng x trn.
Khi chn thp gii nhit ngi ta cn c vo cng sut gii nhit . Cng sut c
cn c vo m hiu ca thp. V d thp FRK-80 c cng sut gii nhit 80 Ton
Bng 7-3 di y trnh by cc c tnh k thut ca thp gii nhit RINKI. Theo bng
ta c th xc nh c lu lng nc yu cu, cc thng s v cu trc v khi
lng ca thp. T lu lng ca thp c th xc nh c cng sut gii nhit ca
thp

G- Lu lng nc ca thp, kg/s

Cn- Nhit dung ring ca nc : Cn = 1 kCal/kg.
deltatn - chnh lch nhit nc vo ra thp deltatn = 4oC
Bng 7-13: Bng c tnh k thut ca thp gii nhit RINKI

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Bnh (thng) gin n

Trong cc h thng ng dn nc kn thng c trang b bnh gin n. Mc ch ca
bnh gin n l to nn mt th tch d tr nhm iu ho nhng nh hng do gin n
nhit ca nc gy ra, ngoi ra bnh cn c chc nng b sung nc cho h thng trong
trng hp b r r .
C 2 loi bnh gin n : Loi h v loi kn.
Bnh gin n kiu h l bnh m mt thong tip xc vi kh tri trn pha u ht ca
bm v v tr cao nht ca h thng.
cao ca bnh gin n phi m bo to ra ct p thu tnh ln hn tn tht thu lc
t v tr ni thng bnh gin n ti u ht ca bm.

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Hnh 7-5 : Lp t thng gin n

Trn hnh 7-5 , ct p thu tnh on AB phi m bo ln hn tr lc ca on AC,
nu khng nc v trn ng (1) khng tr v u ht ca bm m b y vo thng
gin n lm trn nc. Khi lp thm trn ng ht ca bm cc thit b ph, v d nh
lc nc th cn phi tng cao on AB.
tnh ton th tch bnh gin n chng ta cn c vo mc tng th tch ca nc
cho bng 7-14 .
Bng 7-14 : Gin n th tch nc theo nhit

Bnh gin n kiu kn c s dng trong h thng nc nng v nhit cao . Bnh
gin n kiu kn khng m ra kh quyn v vn hnh p sut kh quyn. Bnh cn trang
b van x kh. Bnh gin n kiu kn c lp t trn ng ht ca bm, cho php khi
vn hnh p sut ht ca bm gn nh khng i.
Trong h thng iu ho chng ta t gp bnh gin n kiu kn.
Lp t h thng ng ng nc
Khi lp t h thng ng ng nc cn lu b tr sao cho tr lc trn cc nhnh ng
u nhau, mun vy cn b tr sao cho tng chiu di cc nhnh u nhau.
223/291

Trn hnh 7-6 trnh by s ng dn nc lnh cung cp cho cc FCU v AHU .

hnh 7-6a , ta thy chiu di ca cc nhnh ABGHA, ABCFGHA v ABCDEFGHA l
khng u nhau , do tr lc ca cc nhnh khng u nhau. S ny gi l s
ng quay v trc tip. y l s n gin, d lp t v tng chiu di ng ng
nh. Tuy nhin do tr lc khng u nn cn lp t cc van iu chnh iu chnh
lng nc cp cho cc nhnh u nhau.
hnh 7-6b l s ng quay v khng trc tip , trong trng hp ny chiu di
ng i ca cc nhnh n cc FCU v AHU u nhau. Cc FCU (AHU) c ng cp
nc di th ng hi nc ngn v ngc li.
Cn lu khi tr lc ca cc FCU u nhau th nn s dng s khng trc tip. Nu
cc FCU c tr lc khc nhau th v mt kinh t nn chn s loi trc tip , lc
cn s dng cc bin php khc hiu chnh cn thit. Mt trong nhng bin php m
ngi ta hay p dng l s dng van cu trn ng ht.
Hnh 7-6 : Cc loi s b tr ng ng
Trn hnh 7-7 trnh by hai trng hp lp t ng ng theo s khng trc tip ,
phng n thng c p dng cho h thng kn.
Hnh 7-7a trnh by minh ha ng vi trng hp cc FCU b tr vi cao khc nhau
v trn hnh 7-7b l trng hp cc FCU b tr trn cng mt cao. Trong trng hp
ny ngoi vic cn ch b tr ng ng i v v cho cc nhnh u nhau, ngi thit
k cn lu ti ct p tnh do ct nc to nn. Theo cch b tr nh trn qung ng
i cho tt c cc FCU gn nh nhau v ct p tnh u nhau, do m bo phn b
nc n cc nhnh u nhau.
Hnh 7-7 : Cch b tr ng ng cp nc FCU
***

224/291

thng gi
THNG GI
Thng gi
Phn loi
Khi nim
Trong qu trnh sn xut v sinh hot ca con ngi thng sinh ra cc cht c hi v
thi vo trong phng.
Do mt yu cu khng th thiu c l phi thc hin thng gi. Qu trnh thng
gi thc cht l qu trnh thay i khng kh trong phng nhim bng khng kh
mi bn ngoi tri.

Phn loi
Theo hng chuyn ng ca gi
Ngi ta chia ra cc loi sau :
Thng gi kiu thi : Thi khng kh sch vo phng v khng kh trong phng
thi ra bn ngoi qua cc khe h ca phng nh chnh lch ct p
Thng gi kiu ht : Ht x khng kh b nhim ra khi phng v khng kh
bn ngoi rn vo phng theo cc khe h nh chnh lch ct p.
Thng gi kt hp : Kt hp c ht x ln thi vo phng, y l phng php
hiu qu nht.
Theo ng lc to ra thng gi
Thng gi t nhin : L hin tng trao i khng kh trong nh v ngoi tri
nh chnh lch ct p. Thng ct p chnh lch do nhit khc nhau l ph
bin nht.
Thng gi cng bc : Qu trnh thng gi thc hin bng qut.
Theo phng php t chc
Thng gi tng th : Thng gi tng th cho ton b phng hay cng trnh
Thng gi cc b : Thng gi cho mt khu vc nh c bit trong phng hay
cc phng c sinh cc cht c hi ln.
225/291

Lu lng thng gi
Lu lng gi s dng thng gi c tnh ph thuc vo mc ch thng gi. Mc
ch c th l kh cc cht c hi, thi nhit tha, m tha pht sinh trong phng,
kh bi...vv.
Lu lng thng gi kh kh c

(8-1)
trong
G - Lng cht c hi ta ra phng , g/h
yc - Nng cho php ca cht c hi (tham kho bng 2.8), g/m3
yo - Nng cht c hi trong khng kh thi vo, g/m3
Lu lng thng gi kh hi nc tha
Ghn - Lng hi nc to ra phng , kg/h

(8-2)
dmax - Dung m cc i cho php ca khng kh trong phng, g/kg
do - Dung m ca khng kh thi vo phng, g/kg
Lu lng thng gi kh bi
trong :

(8-3)
Gb - Lng bi thi ra phng, g/h

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Sc - Nng bi cho php trong khng kh, g/m3

So - Nng bi trong khng kh thi vo, g/m3
Lu lng thng gi kh nhit tha

(8-4)
QT- Lng nhit tha trong phng, kCal/h
Ir, Iv - Entanpi ca khng kh thi vo v ht ra phng, KCal/kg.
Trong trng hp khng kh trong phng ch to nhit m khng ta hi m th c th
p dng cng thc :

(8-5)
tr, tv - Nhit ca khng kh thi vo v ht ra phng, oC
Nhit dung ring ca khng kh Ck = 0,24 kCal/kg.oC
Khi tnh ton cn lu
- Nhit khng kh trong phng ly theo yu cu v sinh v cng ngh ca qu trnh
sn xut.
- Nhit khng kh vo phi tho mn iu kin v sinh tv > tT - a . Gi tr a tu thuc
v tr lp t ming thi nu chng 4.
- Nhit khng kh ra : C th ly bng nhit khng kh trong phng. Nu ming
ht t cao th tnh theo cng thc sau :

(8-6)
H - Khong cch t mt sn n ming ht, m

227/291

Z - Chiu cao vng lm vic, m

beta - Gradien nhit theo chiu cao.
+ Thng thng : beta = 0,2 -> 1,5 oC/m
+ i vi rp ht, rp chiu bng : beta = 0,2 -> 0,3
+ i vi xng ngui : beta = 0,4 -> 1,0
+ i vi xng nng : beta = 1 -> 1,5
Bi s tun hon
Khi thng gi theo yu cu iu kin v sinh ni chung m khng v mt mc ch c
th no th ngi ta tnh lu lng gi thng gi da vo bi s tun hon.
Bi s tun hon l s ln thay i khng kh trong phng trong mt n v thi gian.

(8-7)
trong
K - Bi s tun hon
Vkk - Lu lng khng kh cp vo phng, m3/h
Vgm - Th tch gian my, m3
Bng 8-1 : Bi s tun hon v lu lng gi thng gi, m3/h

228/291

Thng gi t nhin
Thng gi t nhin l hin tng trao i khng kh trong nh v ngoi tri do chnh
lch mt khng kh. Thng gi t nhin c thc hin nh gi, nhit hoc tng hp
c hai.
Thng gi t nhin bao gm :
Thng gi do thm lt
Thng gi do kh p : nhit p v p sut gi
Thng gi nh h thng knh dn
229/291

Thng gi t nhin di tc dng ca nhit tha

Khi nhit trong phng ln hn nhit bn ngoi th gia chng c s chnh lch p
sut v do c s trao i khng kh bn ngoi vi bn trong.
Cc phn t khng kh trong phng c nhit cao, khi lng ring nh nn bc ln
cao, to ra vng chn khng pha di phng v khng kh bn ngoi s trn vo th
ch. pha trn cc phn t khng kh b dn p v c p sut ln hn khng kh bn
ngoi v thot ra ngoi theo cc ca gi pha trn. Nh vy mt cao nht nh no
p sut trong phng bng p sut bn ngoi, v tr gi l vng trung ho

Hnh 8-1 : Nguyn l thng gi do nhit p

Trn hnh 8-1 biu th s phn b chnh lch ct p trong nh v ngoi tri.
- Ct p to nn s chuyn ng i lu khng kh l:
(8-8)
h = h1 + h2 - L khong cch gia cc ca cp gi v ca thi, m
- Ct p to ra s chuyn ng ca khng kh vo phng:
(8-9)
- Ct p x kh ra khi phng:
230/291

(8-10)
Tc khng kh chuyn ng qua cc ca vo v ca thi :

- Lu lng khng kh qua cc ca l :

(8-13)
(8-14)
F1, F2 : Din tch ca vo v ca thi, m2
1, 2 : H s lu lng ca ca vo v ca thi.
Thay vo ta c:

ch n nh ta c L1 = L2 hay:
(8-17)
T y ta rt ra :

(8-18)
231/291

Gii h phng trnh

h = h1 + h2

V thay vo phng trnh tnh lu lng ta c lu lng khng kh trao i trong trng
hp ny l :

(8-19)
Lu lng khng kh trao i ph thuc vo cao h v chnh mt gia bn trong
v ngoi.
Trng hp c bit khi F1 = F2 v 1 = 2

(8-20)
Thng gi t nhin di tc dng p sut gi.
Ngi ta nhn thy khi mt lung gi i qua mt kt cu bao che th c th to ra
chnh ct p 2 pha ca kt cu :
- pha trc ngn gi : Khi gp kt kt cu bao che tc dng khng kh gim t
ngt nn p sut tnh cao, c tc dng y khng kh vo gian my.
- Ngc li pha sau cng trnh c dng khng kh xoy qun nn p sut gim xung
to nn vng chn khng, c tc dng ht khng kh ra khi gian my.
Ct p (hay chn khng) do gi to ra c gi tr:

(8-21)

232/291

Kk - H s kh ng
g - Tc gi , m/s
N - Khi lng ring ca khng kh bn ngoi tri, kg/m3
H s Kk c xc nh bng thc nghim, ngi ta to ra nhng lung gi gi thi
vo cc m hnh cc cng trnh ri o p sut phn b trn cc im cn xt trn m
hnh ri da vo l thuyt tng t suy ra p sut trn cng trnh thc.
H s Kk c ly nh sau :
- Pha u gi : Kmax = 0,8 thng ly k = 0,5 -> 0,6
- Pha khut gi : Kmin = - 0,75 thng ly k = - 0,3
H s Kk khng ph thuc vo tc m ph thuc vo gc thi ca khng kh vo so
vi nh , hnh dng nh v v tr tng i gia cc nh vi nhau
Nu tnh nh hng ca nhit p v kh p ta c lu lng khng kh trao i l

(8-22)
S dng thng gi t nhin do kh p cn phi kho lo b tr cc ca vo v ca thi
mi em li hiu qu cao.
- V ma h chnh nhit trong phng vo ngoi tri thp nn vic thng gi do
kh p ch yu nh p sut gi.
- V ma ng chnh ln nn vic thng gi do kh p tng, nhng lu lng khng
kh trao i cn t do nhit tha gim, v th nn khp cc ca thng gi li mt phn.
+ Vic s dng thng gi t nhin i vi cc phng ln rt kinh t v hiu qu v hu
nh khng c chi ph vn hnh.
+ Tuy nhin c nhc im l phn phi gi khng u, khng ch ng a c ti
ni yu cu
Thng gi t nhin theo knh dn gi

233/291

Vic thng gi do nhit p c nhc im l khi kt cu cng trnh xy dng khng kn

th c rt nhiu ca gi vo v ra . Kt qu chnh lch cao gia cc ca ht v thi
nh nn lu lng khng kh trao i s gim.
Mt khc nhiu cng trnh phc tp c nhiu tng, mun thi gi ln trn nh thng gi
t nhin khng d dng thc hin c.
V th ngi ta s dng cc knh dn gi a gi ln cao v ht nhng ni cn thit
trong cng trnh.
Cc knh gi thng c b tr kn bn trong cc kt cu xy dng. pha nh ca
knh gi thng c cc nn chn ma, nng. trnh hin tng qun gi cc ng
thng gi cn nh ln cao hn so vi mi nh 0,5m.
Ct p do knh gi to nn l:
Ct p do knh to nn cng ph thuc ma v c gi tr ln v ma ng.
V pha bn trong ngi ta s dng cc ming ht c tnh cht trang tr kt hp . Vi h
thng ny khng cn phi thc hin thi gi vo phng m nh thng gi thm lt b
li lng gi thot ra.
Vic tnh cao knh gi c thc hin nh sau:
- Cn c vo lu lng thng gi yu cu, tit din knh gi ta xc nh c tc gi
:

- Trn c s tc v tit din xc nh tng tr lc

- Chiu cao h phi ln khc phc tr lc ng ng , hay :

Thng gi cng bc
Thng gi nh qut gi l thng gi cng bc
Phn loi cc h thng thng gi cng bc

234/291

Cc qut thng gi s dng cho cc cng trnh thng c 2 loi ch yu :

- Thng gi cc b : L thng gi cho mt khu vc nh hp.
Trong cng nghip thc hin thng gi cc b ngi ta thng s dng 2 cch :
Thng gi thi cc b v thng gi ht cc b.
Trong cc cng trnh dn dng khi thng gi cc b ngi ta s dng cc qut gn
tng, gn trn v ht trc tip khng kh t bn trong phng thi ra bn ngoi . Ngoi
ra thng gi ngi ta c th thi khng kh bn ngoi vo phng, tuy nhin nu phng
c sinh ra nhiu cht c hi th khng c lm theo cch ny v nh vy cc kh c
c th trn ra cc phng xung quanh .
- Thng gi tng th : Thng gi tng th l thng gi cho mt vng rng hoc mt tp
hp gm nhiu phng. thc hin c thng gi tng th cn thit phi c h thng
knh gi. Qut thng gi thng t trn laphng v c lu lng ln. Thng gi tng
th c th kt hp vi h thng iu ho trung tm vi chc nng cung cp kh ti cho
h thng.
Thng gi cc b
. Thng gi cc b trong cng nghip
* Thng gi thi cc b : Khi cn thng gi cho mt khu vc nh v d nh khu vc
nhit cao v c nhiu cht c hi ngi ta b tr cc ming thi gi ti v tr ngi
ang lm vic . Cc ming thi thng c dng hoa sen
Trong mt s trng hp khc ngi ta s dng thit b lm mt kiu di ng . Thit b
ny gm bm, qut v mt t ng bn trong c b tr cc vi phun nc, lp lc chn
nc. Khng kh trong phng c qut ht vo thit b , i qua ngn phun nc trao
i nhit m v h nhit trc khi thi ra lm mt .
* Thng gi ht cc b :
- Chp ht : Chp ht l dng ht cc b n gin v ph bin , thng c s dng
ht thi gi nng , bi, kh c c tnh cht nh hn khng kh
Nu chp c dng ch nht th kch thc ca chp c xc nh nh sau:

trong a, b l kch thc cc cnh ca vt sinh cht c hi

235/291

A, B Kch thc chp ch nht

Za - Khong cch t chp ti chp ht
Nu chp ht dng trn th ng knh ca ming chp xc nh nh sau

trong dH l ng knh ca vt pht sinh cht c hi

Gc loe ca chp thng c ly l 60o, hs = 0,1 -> 0,3m
- T ht : T ht dng ht thi cc loi kh c bn trong t thi ra ngoi. Khc
vi chp ht, t ht l ni ngi cng nhn thc hin cc thao tc cng vic.
- Phu ht : Phu ht c s dng thi cc loi bi, hi c cc thit b cng ngh
nh my mc gia cng c kh, my dt ..vv
8.3.2.2. Trong dn dng
thc hin thng gi cho cc phng nh v tip xc vi khng kh ngoi tri ngi ta
thng lp t cc qut gn tng. Tu tng trng hp m c th chn gii php ht
thi khng kh trong phng hay thi cp kh ti vo phng.

a) Qut khung nha b) Qut khung st

Hnh 8-2 : Lp t qut gn tng

236/291

Trn hnh 8-2 trnh by 2 kiu qut thng gi hay c s dng. Qut khung nha hnh
thc ph hp cc cng trnh dn dng, qut khung st thung c s dng trong cc x
nghip cng nghip.
Cch lp t qut thng gi kiu gn tng n gin. Tuy nhin khng phi phng no
cng lp t c. i vi cc phng nm su trong cng trnh ngi ta s dng qut
thng gi t trn laphng cng h thng knh thng gi, ming ht, ming thi.
Hnh 8-3 : Qut thng gi gn tng GENUIN
Trn hnh 8-3 l qut thng gi ca hng GENUIN thng hay c s dng thng
gi cc b . Qut ny c th gn tng hoc trn vi cc thng s k thut v m thut
rt tt. Cc c tnh k thut ca qut trnh by trn bng 8-2.
Bng 8-2 : cc thng s qut gn tng GENUIN

8.3.3. Thng gi tng th

Hnh 8-4 : S b tr qut thng gi

237/291

Trn hnh 8-4 l mt v d v thng gi tng th. Qut s dng thng gi tng th thng
l qut dng ng hoc cc qut ly tm..
thng gi cho cc phng ln hoc nhiu phng mt lc ngi ta s dng thng gi
kiu tng th.
***

238/291

tiu m v lc bi
TIU M V LC BI
Khi nim.
Ting n l tp hp nhng m thanh c cng v tn s khc nhau sp xp khng c
trt t, gy kh chu cho ngi nghe, cn tr con ngi lm vic v ngh ngi.
Cc c trng c bn ca m thanh
-Tn s m thanh
n v o l Hz. Mi m thanh c c trng bi mt tn s dao ng ca sng m.
Bnh thng tai ngi cm th c cc m thanh c tn s t 16 -> 20.000 Hz
-Ngng nghe v ngng chi tai
m thanh l nhng dao ng c hc c lan truyn di hnh thc sng trong mi
trng n hi, nhng khng phi bt c sng no n tai cng gy ra cm gic m
thanh nh nhau. Cng m thanh nh nht mt sng m xc nh m tai ngi nghe
thy c gi l ngng nghe. m thanh c tn s khc nhau gi tr ngng nghe cng
khc nhau. Cng m thanh ln nht m tai ngi c th chu c gi l ngng
chi tai.
-Mc cng m L (dB)
Mc cng m thanh c xc nh theo cng thc :

I - Cng m thanh ang xt, W/m2

Io - Cng m thanh ngng nghe : Io = 10-12 W/m2
-Mc p sut m (dB)
Mc p sut m thanh c xc nh theo cng thc :

239/291

p - p sut m thanh , Pa
po - p sut m thanh ngng nghe: po = 2.10-5 Pa
-Mc to ca m (Fn)
Mc to ca m l sc mnh cm gic do m thanh gy nn trong tai ngi, n khng
nhng ph thuc vo p sut m m cn ph thuc vo tn s m thanh. Tn s cng
thp th tai ngi cng kh nhn thy.
Ngi ta xc nh c rng mc to ca m thanh bt k o bng Fn , c gi tr bng
mc p sut m ca m chun c cng mc to vi m . i vi m chun , mc to
ngng nghe l 0 Fn , ngng chi tai l 120 Fn. Cc m c cng gi tr p sut m
nu tn s cng cao th mc to cng ln.
-Di tn s m thanh
C quan cm gic ca con ngi khng phn ng vi tng tuyt i ca tn s m
thanh m theo mc tng tng i ca n. Khi tn s tng gp i th cao ca m
tng ln 1 tng , gi l 1 cta tn s.
Ngi ta chia tn s m thanh ra thnh nhiu di, trong gii hn trn ca ln gp
i gii hn di. Ton b di tn s m thanh m tai ngi nghe c chia ra lm 11
cta tn s v c gi tr trung bnh l 31,5; 63; 125; 250; 500; 1000; 2000; 4000; 8000;
16.000
Tiu chun v sinh v mc cho php ca ting n c quy nh 8 cta : 63; 125; 250;
500; 100; 200; 400; 800
Bng 9-1

Cc my o n , o mc to ca m n v l xibenA (dBA) l mc cng m

chung ca tt c cc di cta tn s qui nh v tn s 1000 Hz. Ta gi m thanh
l dBA l m thanh tng ng. Khi dng dBA ch m thanh ta khng cn ni m
thanh tn s bao nhiu. Tr s dBA gip ta nh gi s b xem n c vt qu
mc cho php hay khng.

240/291

nh hng ca n
Ting n c nh hng nhiu n sc kho con ngi. Mc nh hng tu thuc vo
gi tr ca n. Bng 9-2 di y a ra cc s liu v mc nh hng ca n
ti sc kho ca con ngi.
Bng 9-2

n cho php i vi cc cng trnh

Bng thc nghim ngi ta lp c h cc ng cong th hin mc n cho php
ca ting n di rng cc cta tn s. Nhng ng ny gi l ng NC (Noise
Criteria Curves), th hin mc n cho php ca ting n di rng cc cta tn s
Hnh 9-1 : Mc n cho php ca ting n di rng cc cta tn s
Trn bng 9-3 trnh by cc tiu chun NC ca cc cng trnh

241/291

Tnh ton n
Ngun gy n v cch khc phc
-Cc ngun gy n :
Ngun n gy ra cho khng gian iu ha c cc ngun gc sau:
- Ngun n do cc ng c qut, ng c, my lnh t trong phng gy ra
- Ngun n do kh ng ca dng khng kh .
- Ngun n t bn ngoi truyn vo phng
242/291

+ Theo kt cu xy dng
+ Theo ng ng dn khng kh
+ Theo dng khng kh
+ Theo khe h vo phng
- Ngun n do khng kh ra ming thi
-Cch khc phc
Ngun n do cc ng c, thit b trong phng.
- Chn thit b c n nh : Khi chn cc my iu ho, cc dn lnh, FCU, AHU cn
lu n ca n, trnh s dng thit b c n ln.
- Bc tiu m cm thit b : Trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta chn gii php bc tiu
m cm thit b. Chng hn cc FCU, AHU v qut thng gi cng sut ln khi lp t
trn laphng s gy n khu vc nn ngi ta thng bc cch m cm thit b ny.
- Thng xuyn bi trn cc c cu chuyn ng gim ma st gim n
- t thit b bn ngoi phng
Ngun n do kh ng ca dng khng kh
Dng khng kh chuyn ng vi tc cao s to ra ting n. V th khi thit k phi
chn tc hp l.
Ngun n truyn qua kt cu xy dng
- i vi cc phng c bit, ngi thit k xy dng phi tnh ton v cu trc sao cho
cc ngun n khng c truyn theo kt cu xy dng vo phng, bng cch to ra cc
khe ln, khng xy lin dm, lin trc vi cc phng c th to ra chn ng.
- Mt trong nhng trng hp hay gp l cc ng c, bm v my lnh t trn sn
cao. kh cc rung ng do cc ng c to ra lan truyn theo kt cu xy dng lm
nh hng ti cc phng di, ngi ta t cc cm thit b ln cc b qun tnh t
trn cc b l xo gim chn. Qun tnh ca vt nng v sc cng ca l xo s kh ht
cc chn ng do cc ng c gy ra.
- i vi cc FCU, AHU v qut dng treo , thng ngi ta treo trn cc gi c m
cao su hoc l xo.
243/291

Ngun n truyn theo cc ng dn gi, dn nc vo phng

Cc ng dn gi, dn nc c ni vi qut v bm l cc c cu chuyn ng cn
lu ti vic kh cc chn ng lan truyn t ng c theo ng ng. Trong qu trnh
hot ng cc chn ng t cc thit b c th truyn vo phng v to ra n nht
nh. kh cc chn ng truyn theo ng ny ngi ta thng s dng cc on
ng ni mm bng cao su
Ngun n do truyn theo dng khng kh trong ng dn.
Do knh dn gi dn trc tip t phng my n cc phng, nn m thanh c th truyn
t gian my ti cc phng, hoc t phng ny n phng kia. kh n truyn theo
dng khng kh ngi ta s dng cc hp tiu m, hoc on ng tiu m.
Trong k thut iu ho ngi ta c gii php bc cch nhit bn trong ng ng. Lp
cch nhit lc ngoi chc nng cch nhit cn c chc nng kh m.
Ngun n bn ngoi truyn theo khe h vo phng
ngn nga phi lm phng kn, c bit cc phng yu cu v n kht khe.
Ngun n do khng kh ra ming thi
Khi tc khng kh ra ming thi ln, c th gy n. V vy phi chon tc khng
kh ra ming thi hp l.
Tnh ton cc ngun n .
- Nu c nhiu ngun n vi mc m l L1, L2, ... Ln th mc m tng c tnh theo
cng thc :

- Nu cc ngun n c mc m ging nhau th

Di y ch ra mc n ca mt s thit b:
n ca qut
Ting n do qut gy ra ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, nh chng loi qut, vn tc, hng
qut, ch lm vic, tr lc h thng, bn cht mi trng...vv

244/291

 n do qut gy ra c xc nh theo cng thc :

KW - Mc cng m ring (dB) ph thuc loi qut v xc nh theo bng 9-4 di

y.
V - Lu lng th tch ca qat, CFM (1 m3/s 2120 cfm)
H - Ct p ton phn ca qut, in.WG
C - H s hiu chnh ly theo bng 9-3 di y :
Bng 9-3 : H s hiu chnh C (dB)

Bng 9-4 : Tr s Kw ca cc loi qut

245/291

Ghi ch :
AF - Qut ly tm cnh rng profile kh ng
BC - Qut ly tm c cnh hng bu cong
BI - Qut ly tm c cnh hng bu xin
BFI - tng ting n (dB) do tn s dao ng ca cnh fc ( fc = s cnh x s vng
quay ca qut trong 1 giy)
n pht ra t my nn v bm
Nu c catalogue ca thit b c th tra c n ca n. Trong trng hp khng c
cc s liu v n ca thit b do nh sn xut cung cp, ta c th tnh theo cng sut
c th nh sau:
- i vi my nn ly tm

trong :
USTR - Tn lnh M : 1 USTR = 3024 kCal/h

246/291

- i vi my nn pttng

Khi my lm vic non ti th tng t 5 n 13 dB cc di tn khc nhau.

Nu cn tnh mc p sut m thanh Lp cc tn s trung tm th cng thm cng thc
tnh LPA (9-7) cc gi tr bng di y :
Bng 9-5

- i vi bm nc tun hon

HP - Cng sut ca bm, HP

Lu : Tt c cc gi tr tnh trn l khong cch 1m t ngun m.
Ting n ca dng khng kh chuyn ng
Ting n do dng khng kh chuyn ng sinh ra do tc dng qu ln , do qua cc
on chi tit c bit ca ng ng v cc u vo ra qut.
Ting n ca dng khng kh chuyn ng l kt qu ca hiu ng xoy quanh vt cn,
gy ra s thay i v vn tc, bin dng t ngt v dng chy v do to ra sc p
ng lc cc b ca khng kh.
C cc dng gy n ca dng khng kh chuyn ng nh sau :
a. Ting n ca dng khng kh thi thng
Trong on ng thng , khi tc qu ln th n s c gi tr ng k. Tuy nhin khi
thit k tc gi c chn v m bo yu cu. Thng khi tc trn ng ng
om < 10 m/s th n ny khng ng k.
n ti cc v tr c bit ca ng ng

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Ti cc v tr c bit nh : R dng, co tht dng, v tr lp t van ... n c gi tr

ng k ngay c khi tc dng khng kh khng cao. l do hin tng xoy to
nn. n ti cc v tr c tnh nh sau :

trong
Laf - Mc cng m pht sinh ra , dB
K s - Thng s ring ca kt cu ng ng;
- Vi van iu chnh : Ks = -107
- Ct cong c cnh hng : KS = -107 + 10.lgn vi n l s cnh hng dng
- Ch ng chia nhnh : Ks = -107 + deltaL1 + deltaL2
+deltaL1 - H s hiu chnh cong r nhnh, dB. H s ny ph thuc t s gia bn
knh cong r ca ch chia nhnh vi ng knh ng nhnh d
Nu r/d 0 ly deltaL1 = 4->6 dB
Nu r/d 0,15 ly deltaL1 = 0
+ deltaL2 - H s hiu chnh ri, dB. Bnh thng ly deltaL2 = 0. Nu v tr u
ngun cch v tr ang xt 5 ln ng knh ng c lp t van iu chnh th ngi ta
mi xt ti i lng ny. Trong trng hp ny ly deltaL2 = 1 -> 5 dB tu theo mc
ri lon ca dng kh u ngun..
Vcon- Tc khng kh ti ch tht , hoc ti ng nhnh, FPM;

V - Lu lng khng kh qua ng, cfm

FTL - h s cn tr
i vi van iu chnh nhiu cnh : FTL = 1 nu h s tn hao p sut Cpre = 1. Nu
Cpre 1 th :

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trong : CPRE - L h s tn hao p sut, l i lng khng th nguyn v c tnh

theo cng thc :

i vi van iu chnh ch c 1 cnh :

Nu CPRE < 4 th FTL tnh nh i vi van nhiu cnh
Nu CPRE > 4 th FTL = 0,68.C-0,15PRE - 0,22
S- Din tch tit din ng ni tht c lp t van iu chnh, ca ct hoc ca ng nhnh,
ft 2
D - Chiu cao ca ng hoc ct cong, ft
f - Tn s trung bnh ca di cta, Hz
K - h s tra theo ng tuyn tnh ca kt cu ng ng, dB (hnh 9-1)
Tr s c tnh K ca kt cu c xc nh da vo chun s Strouhal :

Vbr - Tc khng kh trong nhnh, fpm

- i vi van iu chnh :
K = -36,3 - 10,7 lg.St nu St < 25
K = -1,1 - 35,9.lg.St nu St > 25
- i vi ct cong c cnh hng dng

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- i vi ch chia nhnh gi tr K c xc nh theo th hnh 9-1 vi Vma l tc

dng kh t ng ng chnh (fpm)
Hnh 9-1 : Quan h gia h s K vi s St v t s Vma/Vbr ti ch chia nhnh
c. Ting n u vo v u ra ca qut :
Ting n sinh ra trong qut do nhiu nguyn nhn . Tuy nhin ch yu vn l do thay
i hng t ngt v i qua ch thu hp. Ting n do qut gy ra thng ln v kh
khc phc.
Ting n do khng kh thot ra ming thi.
Ting n do dng khng kh ra ming thi ph thuc vo tc ca dng khng kh khi
ra ming thi v kt cu ca n.
Trong cc catalogue ca cc ming thi u c dn ra n ca n tng ng vi tc
u ra no . V th khi thit k cn lu khng c chn tc qu ln
Tn tht m trn ng truyn dc trong lng ng dn.
Tn tht trong ng dn :
S gim m l s gim cng m tnh bng Watt trn mt n v din tch khi m i
t ni pht ti ni thu. S gim m do cc nguyn nhn chnh sau :
- Nh vt liu ht m hp th nng lng sng m
- Do phn hi sng m trn b mt ht m
- Qu trnh truyn m di dng sng lan truyn trong khng kh di dn tt dn do
ma st.
Mc gim m c c trng bi i lng IL (Insertion Loss). Tr s IL mi tn
s ring cho ta bit s gim cng m (dB) trn ng truyn t ni pht n ni thu
nhn. Kh nng hp th nng lng s m ca vt liu gi l kh nng ht m. Khi sng
m va chm vo b mt vt liu xp khng kh s dao ng trong nhng l h nh , s
cn tr ca dng kh v s dao ng ca dng kh trong khe h bin mt phn nng
lng sng m thnh nhit v lm gim nng lng sng m i n.
Cc vt liu c kh nng ht m tt l vt liu ti xp v mm. Cc sng m khi i vo
lp vt liu s b lm yu mt phn. Vt liu ht m thng s dng l : Bng thu
tinh, bng vi, vi vn . Cc tm vi dy, mm khi treo trn tng c kh nng chng
phn x m rt tt.
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 tiu m trn ng ng, thng ngi ta bc cc lp bng thu tinh bn trong ng

ng . Lp bng s ht m rt tt.
Khi trong ng ng khng c lp vt liu ht m, vn tn ti s gim m t nhin do
ma st.
ng ng trn khng c lp ht m
Khi sng m lan truyn trong khng kh, do tnh cht n hi ca mi trng khng kh
nn dao ng song m l dao ng tt dn, mc nng lng m gim dn
Ngi ta tnh c rng trung bnh n gim t nhin l 0,03 dB trn 1feet chiu di
ng tn s di 1000 Hz v tng khng u n 0,1 dB/ft tn s 1000Hz.
i vi ng ch nht khng c lp ht m v cch nhit
i vi ng ng ch nht gim m t nhin c tnh theo bng 9-6 di y :
Bng 9-6 : gim m thanh dB/ft

P - Chu vi ng, in
A - Din tch tit din ng , in2
ng ch nht khng c lt lp ht m, nhng c bc cch nhit bn ngoi
i vi loi ng ng ny, th mc gim m ly gp i s liu nu trong bng 9-6.
ng trn c lt lp ht m
gim m ph thuc vo din tch tit din ngang ca ng ng v tnh cht vt liu
ht m . Cc s liu c dn ra bng 9-7.
Bng 9-7 : gim m thanh dB/ft

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i vi ng ng ch nht c lt lp ht m
- i vi tn s di m di 800 Hz gim m c tnh nh sau :

IL - gim m thanh, dB
t - dy ca lp vt liu ht m, in
h - Cnh ngn lng ng, in
P - Chu vi lng ng, in
A- Din tch lng ng, in2
L Chiu di on ng, ft
f- Tn s m thanh, Hz
d- Khi lng ring vt ht m, lb/ft3
- i vi tn s trn 800 Hz

trong :
k = 2,11.109
W - Cnh di ca lng ng, in
L - Chiu di on ang xt, ft

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Cng thc 9-11 tnh khi L < 10 ft. Khi L > 10ft th ly L = 10ft
Bng 9-8 : gim m trn on ng hnh ch nht c lt lp ht m dy 1in, dB/ft

trnh lm cho IL qu ln , i vi ng ng ch nht c lt ht m , th IL khng

c vt qu 40 dB bt k tn s no.
gim IL nu trn khng tnh ti gim m thanh t nhin, nn khi tnh cn phi
cng vo
i vi ng ng van
- i vi ng ng van vi t s hai trc l 3 : 1 th IL c ly ging ng ng
trn c ng knh bng trc ngn ca ng van.
dy lp ht m c nh hng n tr s IL. tn s 800 HZ , khi chiu dy lp ht
m l 2in th hiu qura gim m tng 2 ln so vi lp dy 1in. V vy cn lt lp ht m
dy t 2in n 3in nng cao hiu qu ht m.
Tn tht ti ct cong v ch chia nhnh
gim m ti ct cong trn
Ti v tr ct cong m thanh b phn hi ngc li mt phn. V th cc ct cong c hay
khng c lp ht m th u c tc dng gim n nht nh
Tn tht ti ct cong ph thuc vo kch thc ca n v tn s m v cho bng 9-9
di y :

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9-9: gim m qua ct trn, dB

f - Tn s m , kHz
D- ng knh ng trn, in
gim m ti ct cong ch nht
Ct vch nht lm gim ti a nhng m thanh trong di cta m tn s trung tm gn
bng hoc ln hn 125 Hz.
Bng 9-10 a ra cc kt qu gim m khi dng khng kh i qua ct ch nht c v
khng c lp ht m.
9-10: gim m qua ct ch nht, dB

W - Cnh ln ca ng ch nht, in
f - Tn s m tnh bng, kHz
c. gim m ti ch chia nhnh

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 gim m do chia nhnh c tnh theo cng thc:

deltaLWB - gim nng lng m do chia nhnh, dB

Abr - Din tch nhnh r ang xt, ft2
tongAbr - Tng din tch cc nhnh r, ft2
Tn tht m do phn hi cui ng ng
Khi sng m thot ra cui ng ng vo phng , do m rng t ngt nn gy ra s
phn hi m ngc li. iu ny gim ng k cc m thanh tn s thp.
Tn tht m do phn hi khng cn tnh nu :
- Ming thi kiu khuych tn gn trc tip ln trn
- Ming thi khuych tn ni vi on ng ng thng di hn 3 ln ng knh ng
- Ming thi khuych tn ni vi ng ni mm
Tn tht m do phn hi cui ng ng c tnh theo bng di y:
Bng 9-11 : Tn tht do m phn hi cui ng ng, dB

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Ch : Cc s liu bng 9-8 khng s dng cho ming thi c lt lp ht m hoc

ming thi gn trc tip ln ng ng. Nu u cui cng ca ng ng l ming thi
khuych tn th phi tr i t nht 6 dB

256/291

S truyn m kiu pht x v tn tht trn

ng truyn
S truyn m kiu pht x v tn tht trn ng truyn
S pht x m
Ting n do sng m hoc s ri lon ca dng khng kh bn trong ng ng c th
xuyn qua thnh ng lm thnh ng dao ng. S truyn m theo cch gi l s pht
x m.
Ting n ngc li cng c th truyn vo bn trong ng, chy theo h thng ng ng
v vo phng hoc ra ngoi.
Tn tht m pht x trn ng truyn
a. Khi nim.
- Mc suy gim m thanh do truyn TL (Transmission loss) khi qua tng, vch ngn
hoc cc vt cn khc trong trng hp tng qut c tnh theo cng thc :
TL =

TL - Tn tht m trn ng truyn, dB

Wvao - Nng lng sng m ti, W
WCL - Nng lng cn li ca sng m khi qua vch, W
Tn tht do truyn m ph thuc vo khi lng ring ca vt liu vch v tn s m
thanh.
i vi tng b tng hoc ng kim loi khi tng gp i khi lng vch th tr s TL
tng t 2 -> 3 dB cho ting n di 800 Hz v tng t 5 -> 6 dB cho ting n trn 800
Hz. Quan h gia TL v khi lng vt liu b nh hng ca nhiu yu t khc nh
khe nt, cng, cng hng, s khng ng nht ca vch ngn ...vv
Tn tht m do pht x t trong ng ra trong trng hp tng qut :

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trong :
LV - Mc nng lng m thanh u vo ng, dB
LR - Mc nng lng m pht x sau khi xuyn qua ng, dB
AN, AT - Din tch pht x mt ngoi ng v din tch tit din ngang bn trong ng, in2
- Tn tht pht x m vo ng ng trong trng hp tng qut :

dB (9-15)
WV - Cng m truyn ti ng, dB
WR- Cng m c truyn qua ng, dB
b. Tn tht m do pht x qua thnh ng ch nht ra ngoi
tnh tn tht trn ng truyn qua ng ch nht ngi ta gii hn tn s m thanh
sau y lm mc:

(9-16)
trong :
fL gi l tn s m mc.
a, b l hai cnh ca ng ch nht, in
- Khi tn s f < fL th kiu sng phng l ch yu v gim m tnh theo cng thc :

- Khi f > fL th sng m l kiu hn hp c tnh theo cng thc:

258/291

trong :
m - Khi lng trn 1 n v din tch thnh ng, lb/ft2
Theo cng thc trn, tn tht m do truyn qua ng ch nht khng ph chiu di ng
m ph thuc vo khi lng trn 1 n v din tch thnh ng m.
Di y l tn tht m khi truyn qua ng ng cc di tn s khc nhau.
Bng 9-12 : Tn tht m khi truyn t ng ra ngoi TLR, dB

Bng 9-13 : Tn tht m khi truyn vo ng ng TLV, dB

c. Tn tht m do pht x qua thnh ng dn trn ra ngoi
Tn tht m khi truyn qua ng dn trn khc vi ng dn ch nht. Khi tn s thp cc
sng phng ngn cn s truyn m trong ng ra ngoi nn tn tht rt ln.
Bng 9-14 di y trnh by cc tn tht do truyn m t ng dn ra ngoi
Bng 9-14 : Tn tht truyn m t ng trn ra ngoi TLR, dB

259/291

trong
D - ng knh ng, in
sichma- Chiu dy ca ng, in
L - Chiu di ng, ft
Trong trng hp tp m nn che khut ting n pht x, th gii hn thp hn ca TL
c biu th bng du >. Cc s liu trong du ngoc n cho bit rng ting ng nn
s sinh ra mt gi tr ln hn s liu thng thng.
Tn tht m TL ca ng van
Mc tn tht m thanh khi truyn qua thnh ng van c dn ra bng
Bng 9-15 : Tn tht truyn m t ng van ra ngoi TLR, dB

Tn tht m khi qua cu trc xy dng

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Khi truyn m qua cc kt cu xy dng , nng lng m thanh b tn tht mt lng

ng k , qua nghin cu ngi ta a ra cc kt qu xc nh tn tht m thnh.
Tn tht qua tng, vch ngn, ca knh v khong trng trn trn c tnh theo bng
9-16 di y:
Bng 9-16 : Tn tht m khi i qua kt cu xy dng, dB

4 Hiu ng lm gim m kt hp gia trn v khong trng trn trn

Trn v khong trng trn trn c tc dng gim m pht x t ng ng ra mt cch
ng k, c bit l trn c cch m.
i vi trn cch m bng si v c khi lng 35 lb/ft3 th mc gim m theo cc
di tn cho bng 9-17 :
Bng 9-17 : Tn tht m qua trn cch m, dB

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Quan h gia mc p sut m trong phng vi cng m

Trng hp c mt hoc nhiu ngun m trong phng
Cn c vo thc nghim ngi ta a ra cng thc tnh mc p sut trong phng Lpr
(dB) t mc cng m LWr

(9-19)
trong :
Lwr - Mc cng m trong phng, dB
V - Th tch ca phng, ft3
f - Tn s trung tm ca di cta, Hz
r - Khong cch t ngun m ti ni thu nhn, ft
Nu trong phng c nhiu ngun m th tnh Lpr ring r v cng li tnh tng p su
m ti ni thu nhn.
Trng hp c nhiu ming thi khuych tn t st trn
Trong cc vn phng v phng ln trong to nh thng c nhiu ming thi . Nu s
lng ln hn hay bng 4 v cao lp t nh nhau th mc p sut m trong phng
cao 5 ft cch sn c xc nh nh sau :

LWS - Mc cng m thanh ca ming thi, dB

h - cao ca trn, ft
N - S ming thi

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X = F/h2 : F - Din tch sn do 1 ming thi m nhn, ft2

Hiu ng khng gian
Hiu ng khng gian l s chnh lch gia mc p sut m thanh v mc cng m
thanh trong phng Lp - Lw

Thit b tiu m
Trong k thut iu ho khng kh ngi ta thng s dng cc thit b tiu m nhm
gim m thanh pht ra t cc thit b v dng khng kh chuyn ng truyn n khu
vc xung quanh v c bit l truyn vo phng.
i vi cc thit b nh nh cc qut, FCu v AHU ngi ta bc kn thit b bng cc
hp tiu m ht ht cc m thanh pht x t thit b khng chng lan truyn ra
chung quanh
i vi cc AHU ln, phng my Chiller ngi ta t trong cc phng my kn c bc
cch m.
i vi dng khng kh ngi ta s dng cc hp tiu m t trn ng i. Cc hp
tiu m ny c nhim v ht ht m lan truyn theo dng khng kh chuyn ng. Di
y trnh by cu to ca hp tiu m t trn ng ng.

Hnh 9-2 : Cu to hp tiu m

Trn hnh 9-2 l cu to ca hp tiu m thng c s dng trong k thut iu ho
khng kh.
Cu to ca hp tiu m gm cc lp sau y (k t trong ra ngoi) :
- Lp tn c c l fi6, a=20mm
- Lp vi mng
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- Lp bng ht m
- Lp tn v ngoi
Hp tiu m c nh hnh nh khung g bao quanh . dy D ca lp bng thu tinh
nm trong khong 100 -> 300mm. dy cng ln kh nng ht m cng tt. Lp trong
cng l lp tn c l , cc l c tc dng ht m thanh, trong mt s trng hp ngi
ta s dng li st hoc li nha thay th.

Lc bi
Khi nim
Bi l mt trong cc cht c hi . Tc hi ca bi ph thuc vo cc yu t : Kch c
bi, nng bi v ngun gc bi.
- Ngun gc:
+ Hu c : Do cc sn phm nng nghip v thc phm nh thuc l, bng g, cc sn
phm nng sn, da, lng sc vt
+ Bi v c : t, , xi mng, aming, bi kim loi
- Kch c ht: Bi c kch c cng b tc hi cng ln do kh nng xm nhp su, tn
ti trong khng kh lu v kh x l.
+ Rt mn : 0,1 - 1 m
+ Mn : 1 - 10 m
+ Th : > 10 m
- Nng :
+ Nng bi cho php trong khng kh thng cho theo nng xit silic
Bng 9-18

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Khi la chn thit b lc bi cn c vo cc c tnh sau:

Hiu qu lc bi ?b :

G'b, G"b - Lng bi vo ra thit b trong mt n v thi gian

z'b, z"b - Nng bi vo ra thit b trong mt n v thi gian
- Ph ti khng kh : L (m3/h.m2) Lu lng lu thng khng kh tnh cho 1m2din tch
b mt lc.
- Tr lc thy lc deltap = C.p.om2/2: Tr lc thy lc ca thit b lc
Cc thit b lc bi v tnh ton
Thit b lc bi c nhiu loi, tu thuc vo nguyn l tch bi, hnh thc bn ngoi,
cht liu ht bi m ngi ta chia ra :
- Bung lng bi
- Thit b lc bi kiu xiclon
- Thit b lc bi kiu qun tnh
- Thit b lc bi kiu ti vi, li lc, thng quay.
- Thit b lc bi kiu tnh in
Bung lng bi.
Bung lng bi c cu to dng hp , khng kh vo 1 u v ra u kia. Nguyn tc
tch bi ca bung lng bi ch yu l :
- Gim tc hn hp khng kh v bi mt cch t ngt khi vo bung. Cc hi bi
mt ng nng v ri xung di tc dng ca trng lc.
- Dng cc vch chn, vch ngn khi khng kh va p vo cc ht bi b mt ng
nng v ri xung y bung.
- Ngot dng khi chuyn ng trong bung.

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Trn hnh 9-3 trnh by mt s kiu dng bung lng bi

Bung lng bi n gin ch da trn nguyn tc gim tc t ngt c nhc im l
hiu qu khng cao , ch t 50 -> 60% v ph ti khng ln.
Bung lng bi c nhiu ngn v loi c tm chn hiu qu cao hn . Trong cc bung
lng bi ny khng kh chuyn ng dch dc hoc xoy trn nn khi va p vo cc
tm chn v vch ngn s mt ng nng v ri xung. Hiu qu c th t 85 -> 90%
a) Bung lng bi n gin
b) Bung lng bi nhiu ngn
c) bung lng bi c tm chn
Hnh 9-3 : Cc loi bung lng bi
* Tnh ton bung lng bi n gin:
- Chiu di ti thiu cn thit ca bung lng bi gi li ht bi c ng knh d:

trong :
- nht ng hc ca khng kh, kg.s/m2
L - Lu lng khng kh i qua bung lng , m3/s
gamam - Trng lng n v ca bi, kg/m3
d - ng knh ht bi, m
B - Chiu rng bung lng, m

- Ngc li, khi kch thc bung xc nh, ta c th xc nh ng knh ht bi b

nht m bung c kh nng gi li :

266/291

Cc cng thc trn y ch tnh trong trng hp khng kh chuyn ng trong bung
l chy tng. Thc t khng tc khng kh chuyn ng trong bung thng chn l
0,6 m/s.
Khi dng khng kh ang chy tng. Khi chuyn sang ch chy ri cng thc trn
khng cn ng na.
B lc bi kiu xicln
B lc bi xiclon l thit b lc bi c s dng tng i ph bin . Nguyn l lm
vic ca thit b lc bi kiu xiclon l li dng lc ly tm khi dng khng kh chuyn
ng tch bi ra khi khng kh
Hnh 9-4 : Cu to lc bi kiu xiclon
Nguyn l lm vic ca thit b lc bi xiclon nh sau : Khng kh c bi ln i qua ng
1 theo phng tip tuyn vi ng tr 2 v chuyn ng xoy trn i xung di pha
di, khi gp phu 3 dng khng kh b y ngc ln chuyn ng xoy trong ng 4
v thot ra ngoi. Trong qu trnh chuyn ng xoy c ln v xung trong cc ng cc
ht bi di tc dng ca lc ly tm va vo thnh, mt qun tnh v ri xung di .
y xiclon ngi ta c lp thm van xn x bi vo thng cha. Van x 5 l van x
kp 2 ca 5a v 5b khng m ng thi nhm m bo lun cch ly bn trong xiclon
vi thng cha bi, khng cho khng kh lt ra ngoi.
* Tnh ton Xiclon :
tnh ton ngi ta gi thit
1- Cc ht bi c kch thc hnh cu.
2- Lc ly tm tc dng ln ht bi theo hng bn knh ca xiclon v b qua lc tc
dng ca trng lc.
3- Ht bi c tch ra khi khng kh sau khi va chm v thnh xiclon
Da vo cc gi thit ngi ta xc nh c c ht bi nh nht c th gi li
c trong xiclon v thi gian chuyn ng ca ht bi t lc vo n lc lng ng
di y xiclon :

267/291

trong :
v - nht ng hc ca khng kh, m2/s
gamak, gamam - Khi lng ring ca khng kh v bi, kg/m3
R1 - Bn knh ca ng thot kh , m
R2 - Bn knh hnh tr ca xiclon, m
om - Vn tc trung bnh ca ht bi , s-1
B lc bi kiu qun tnh
Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b lc bi kiu qun tnh l da vo lc qun tnh ca ht
bi khi thay i chiu chuyn ng t ngt.
Trn hnh 9-5 trnh by cu to ca thit b lc bi kiu qun tnh. Cu to gm nhiu
khoang ng hnh chp ct c ng knh gim dn xp chng ln nhau to ra cc gc
hp vi phng thng ng khong 60o v khong cch gia cc khoang ng khong t
5 -> 6mm.
Khng kh c bi c a qua ming 1 vo phu th nht, cc ht bi c qu tnh ln
i thng, khng kh mt phn i qua khe h gia cc chp v thot ra ng 3. Cc ht bi
c dn vo cui thit b .
Thit b lc bi kiu qu tnh c cu to v nguyn l hot ng tng i n gin
nhng nhc im l hiu qa lc bi thp , tng hiu qu lc bi ngi ta thng
kt hp cc kiu lc bi vi nhau, c bit vi kiu lc kiu xcln, hiu qu c th t
80 -> 98%. Phn khng kh c nhiu bi cui thit b c a vo xicln lc tip.
B lc bi kiu ti vi.
Thit b lc bi kiu ti vi c s dng rt ph bin cho cc loi bi mn, kh kh
tch khi khng kh nh lc qun tnh v ly tm. lc ngi ta cho lung khng kh
c nhim bi i qua cc ti vi mn, ti vi s ngn cc ht bi li v khng kh i
thot qua.

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Qua mt thi gian lc, lng bi bm li bn trong nhiu , khi hiu qu lc bi cao
t 90 -> 95% nhng tr lc khi ln deltap = 600 -> 800 Pa, nn sau mt thi gian
lm vic phi nh k r bi bng tay hoc kh nn trnh nghn dng gi i qua thit
b. i vi dng kh m cn sy kh trc khi lc bi trnh hin tng bt dnh trn b
mt vi lc lm tng tr lc v nng sut lc. Thit b lc bi kiu ti vi c nng sut
lc khong 150 -> 180m3/h trn 1m2 din tch b mt vi lc. Khi nng bi khong
30 -> 80 mg/m3 th hiu qu lc bi kh cao t t 96->99%. Nu nng bi trong
khng kh cao trn 5000 mg/m3 th cn lc s b bng thit b lc khc trc khi a
sang b lc ti vi.
B lc kiu ti vi c nhiu kiu dng khc nhau, di y trnh by kiu ti vi thng
c s dng.
Trn hnh 9-5 l cu to ca thit b lc bi kiu ti vi n gin. Hn hp khng kh v
bi i vo ca 1 v chuyn ng xoy i xung cc ti vi 2, khng kh lt qua ti vi
v i ra ca thot gi 5. Bi c cc ti vi ngn li v ri xung phu 3 v nh k x
nh van 4
r bi ngi ta thng s dng cc cnh gt bi hoc kh nn chuyn ng ngc
chiu khi lc bi , cc lp bi bm trn vi s ri khi b mt bn trong ti vi.

Hnh 9-5 Thit b lc bi kiu ti vi

B lc bi kiu li
B lc bi kiu li c ch to t nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau nhm lm cho dng
khng kh i qua chuyn ng dch dc nhm loi b cc ht bi ln trong khng kh.
Loi ph bin nht gm mt khung lm bng thp , hai mt c li thp v gia l

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lp vt liu ngn bi. Lp vt liu ny c th l cc mu kim loi, s, si thu tnh, si

nha, ...
Kch thc ca vt liu m cng b th khe h gia chng cng b v kh nng lc bi
cng cao. Tuy nhin i vi cc loi lc bi kiu ny khi hiu qu lc bi tng u km
theo tng tr lc
Trn hnh 9-6 l tm li lc vi vt liu m l li kim loi hoc s. Kch thc thng
thng ca tm lc l 500 x 500 x (75 -> 80)mm, khu kim loi c kch thc 13 x 13
x 1mm. Li lc c tr lc kh b 30 -> 40 Pa. Hiu qu lc bi c th t 99%, nng
sut lc t 4000 -> 5000 m3/h cho 1m2 din tch b mt li lc . Loi lc bi kiu li
ny rt thch hp cho cc loi bi l si bng, si vi .. . Hm lng bi sau b lc t 6
-> 20 mg/m3
Tu theo lu lng khng kh cn lc cc tm c ghp vi nhau trn khung phng
hoc ghp nhiu tng tng hiu qu lc.
Trong mt s trng hp vt liu m c tm du nng cao hiu qu lc bi. Tuy
nhin du s dng cn lu m bo khng mi , lu kh v kh xi ho.
Sau mt thi gian lm vic hiu qu kh bi km nn nh k v sinh b lc
Hnh 9-6 Thit b lc bi kiu li

B lc bi kiu tnh in
B lc tnh in c s dng lc ht gia cc ht nh np in m. Cc ht bi bn
trong thit b lc bi ht nhau v kt li thnh khi c kch thc ln cc tm thu gp.
Chng rt d kh b nh dng kh.
Thit b lc bi kiu in hnh trnh by trn hnh 9-7. Thit b c chia thnh 2 vng:
Vng in ho v vng thu gp. Vng in ho c cng cc si dy mang in tch dng
vi in th 1200V. Cc ht bi trong khng kh khi i qua vng in ho s mang in
tch dng. Sau vng in ho l vng thu gp, gm cc bn cc tch in dng v m
xen k nhau ni vi ngun in 6000V. Cc bn tch in m ni t. Cc ht bi tch
in dng khi i qua vng thu gp s c bn cc m ht vo. Do gia cc ht bi
c rt nhiu im tip xc nn lin kt gia cc ht bi bng lc phn t s ln hn lc
ht gia cc tm cc vi cc ht bi . Do cc ht bi kt li v ln dn ln. Khi kch
thc cc ht ln s b dng khng kh thi ri khi b mt tm cc m. Cc ht bi
ln ri khi cc tm cc vng thu gp s c thu gom nh b lc bi th kiu trc
quay t cui gom li.
Hnh 9-7: B lc bi kiu tnh in
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Thit b lc bi kiu tnh in rt hiu qu i vi cc loi bi kch c t 0,5 m 8m.

Khi cc ht bi c kch c khong 10m v ln hn th hiu qu gim. Tn tht p sut
khi i qua vng in ho v vng thu gp thp v nm trong khong t 0,15 n 0,25 in .
WC (t 37 n 62 Pa) v tc khong kh t 300 n 500 fpm (1,5 n 2,5m/s).
Cn lu vn an ton v in th s dng rt cao v nguy him n tnh mng con
ngi.

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phn ph lc
PHN PH LC
Nhit ln nht t max v nhit b nht t min tuyt i trong nm

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Nhit trung bnh ln nht cc ngy trong thng t tb max

Nhit trung bnh ln nht cc ngy trong thng t tb max (tip theo)

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Nhit trung bnh ln nht cc ngy trong thng t tb max (tip theo)

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Nhit nh nht trung bnh cc ngy trong thng, t tb min

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Nhit nh nht trung bnh cc ngy trong thng, t tb min (tip theo)

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Nhit nh nht trung bnh cc ngy trong thng, t tb min

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 m tng i trung bnh trong thng, fi tb

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 m tng i trung bnh trong thng, fi tb (tip theo)

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 m tng i trung bnh trong thng, fi tb (tip theo)

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Thng s vt l ca khng kh kh

BNG CHUYN I N V
p sut :
1 psi = 6,89476 kPa = 6894,76 N/m2
1 in Hg = 3,38639 kPa
1 in H2O = 0,24908 kPa
1 ft H2O = 2,98896 kPa
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1 tonf/in2 = 15,4443 MPa

1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 105 Pa
1 at = 0,9807 Bar = 735,5 mmHg = 10 mH2O
1 kgf/cm2 = 1 at = 98,0665 kPa = 104 mmAq
1 mm Hg = 1 torr = 133,322 Pa
1 mmH2O = 9,80665 Pa
1 mmAq = 1 kgf/m2 = 9,807 N/m2
Nhit :

Khi lng ring

1 lb/in3 = 27,68 g/cm3
1 lb/ft3 = 16,019 kg/m3
1 kg/m3 = 0,06243 lb/ft3
Gia tc
1 ft/s2 = 0,3048 m/s2
1 m/s2 = 3,2835 ft/s2
Lu lng th tch
1 cfm = 4,71947.10-4 m3/s = 1,699 m3/h
1 m3/h = 0,588578 cfm
Chiu di

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1 in = 25,4 mm
1 ft = 12 in = 304,8 mm = 0,333 yard
1 yard = 0,9144 m
1 mile = 1,609344 km = 5280 ft
1 m = 3,2808 ft
Din tch
1 m2 = 10,7639 ft2 = 1550 in2
1 are = 100 m2
1 hectare = 104 m2
1 ft2 = 144 in2 = 929 cm2
1 in2 = 645,16 mm2
Th tch
1 Gal (US) = 3,7854 Lt = 0,13368 ft3
1 in3 = 16,387 cm3
1 ft3 = 0,0283168 m3
1 m3 = 35,3147 ft3
1 cm2 = 0,061024 in3
Khi lng
1 oz = 28,3495 g
1 lb = 0,45359237 kg = 16 oz
1 quital = 100 kg

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1 Ton = 1016,05 kg
1 kg = 2,2046 lb
1 g = 15,432 grains
Cng sut
1 HP = 0,7457 kW
1 W = 1 J/s
1 Ton lnh (US) = 12.000 Btu/h = 3,5169 kW
1 Tonlanh (Japan) = 13.175 Btu/h = 3,86 kW
Nng lng
1 kWh = 3600 kJ = 3412 Btu
1 kCal = 4,187 kJ
1 Btu = 1,05506 kJ = 0,25198 kCal
1 Cal = 3,968 Btu
1 ft.lbf = 1,35582 J
1 Therm = 105,506 MJ
1 kJ = 1 kW.s
Tc :
1 fpm = 0,00508 m/s
1 fps = 0,3048 m/s
1 m/s = 196,85 fpm
Lc :
1 lbf = 4,44822 N

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1 tonf = 9,964 kN
1 kip = 4,44822 kN
1 kgf = 1 kp = 9,80665 N
TI LIU THAM KHO
H ng Trung, Nguyn Qun . Gio trnh thng gi v iu tit khng kh. Trng i
hc Bch khoa, H Ni , 1993
H ng Trung, Nguyn Qun . C s k thut iu ho khng kh . Nh xut bn Khoa
hc v K thut, H Ni, nm 1997.
L Ch Hip . K thut iu ho khng kh. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, HNi,
nm 1998
Trn Ngc Chn . K thut thng gi. Nh xut bn xy dng, H Ni, nm 1998
Catalogue cc my iu ho ca hng Carrier
Catalogue cc my iu ho ca hng Trane
Catalogue cc my iu ho ca hng Toshiba
Catalogue cc my iu ho ca hng Mitsubishi
Catalogue cc my iu ho ca hng Daikin
Catalogue cc my iu ho ca hng National
Catalogue cc my iu ho ca hng Hitachi
Catalogue cc my iu ho ca hng York
Catalogue cc my iu ho ca hng LG
ASHRAE 1985 Fundamentals Handbook (SI) - Atlanta, GA, 1985
ASHRAE 1989 Fundamentals Handbook (SI) - Atlanta, GA, 1989
ASHRAE 1993 Fundamentals Handbook (SI) - Atlanta, GA, 1993
ASHREA 1993 Air conditioning system design manual

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A.D. Althouse / C.H.Turnquist / A.F Bracciano. Modern Refrigeration and Air

Conditioning . The goodheart Willcox Company, inc. 1988
Billy C Langley, Reffrigeration and Air Conditioning, Reston Publishing Company
1978
Carrier , Air handling unit
Carrier , Chilled water fan coi unit
Carrier , Direct expansion fan coil unit
Carrier, Handbook of air conditioning system design
Carrier , Owners Manual
Carrier , Packaged Hermetic Reciprocating Chillers
Carrier , Reciprocating liquid Chiller
Carrier , System design manual
Carrier ,Technical Development Program
Carrier , Water cooled packaged units
Daikin industries, LTD. Engineering Data (VRV System). 1991
Daikin industries, LTD. Engineering Data (VRV System). 1992
Dreck J, Croome Brian M Roberts, Air conditioning and Venlation of Buildings.
Pergamon press - New York, 1980
Edward G. Pita . Air Conditioning Principles and Systems. John Wiley & Sons.
NewYork
Jan F.Kreider/Ari Rabl. Heating and Cooling of Building. McGraw Hill - Book
Company
Roger W Haines/C.Lewis Wilson. HVAC Systems Design Handbook. McGraw Hill Book Company.
R.P. Parlour . Air Conditioning. Integral Publishing. Sedney

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Shan K,Wang. Handbook of air Conditioning and Refrigeration . McGraw Hill

Sinko, Modular Air Handling Unit
Sinko, Fan coi unit
SMACNA - HVAC System Duct Design - Sheet Metal and Air Condioning Contractor
National Association Inc., USA, July 1991
Trane Company. Reciprocating Refrigeration
Wilbert F.Stoecker / Jerold W.Jones. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. McGraw Hill
- Book Company. Singapore
***

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Tham gia ng gp
Ti liu: tnh ton thit k h thng iu ha khng kh
Bin tp bi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/c/16e43e87
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: NHNG KIN THC C BN V KHNG KH
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/4c9c10db
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: MI TRNG KHNG KH V CHN THNG S TNH TON CHO
CC H THNG IU HO
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/e96f8556
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: CN BNG NHIT V CN BNG M
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/38d69bbc
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Bc x mt tri qua knh thc t
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/425bb423
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: THNH LP V TNH TON CC S IU HO KHNG KH
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/2fd5a082
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: TNH TON CC S IU HO KHNG KH THEO TH d-t
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh

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URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/b223741b
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: LA CHN CC H THNG IU HA KHNG KH
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/017df956
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: H thng kiu phn tn.
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/ac36e01d
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: THIT K H THNG VN CHUYN V PHN PHI KHNG KH
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/b886f972
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Cn m v t m
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/bf06620f
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Tnh ton thit k ng ng dn khng kh.
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/75e90450
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Tnh chn ming thi
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/a4756c5e
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: tnh ton thit k h thng ng ng dn nc
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/33213e50

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Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: thng gi
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/a9815515
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: tiu m v lc bi
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/a46c8bbb
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: S truyn m kiu pht x v tn tht trn ng truyn
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/b56bd0e2
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: phn ph lc
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/8e273c97
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam

Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (Vietnam Open Educational Resources
VOER) c h tr bi Qu Vit Nam. Mc tiu ca chng trnh l xy dng kho
Ti nguyn gio dc M min ph ca ngi Vit v cho ngi Vit, c ni dung phong
ph. Cc ni dung u tun th Giy php Creative Commons Attribution (CC-by) 4.0
do cc ni dung u c th c s dng, ti s dng v truy nhp min ph trc
ht trong trong mi trng ging dy, hc tp v nghin cu sau cho ton x hi.
Vi s h tr ca Qu Vit Nam, Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (VOER) tr thnh
mt cng thng tin chnh cho cc sinh vin v ging vin trong v ngoi Vit Nam. Mi
ngy c hng chc nghn lt truy cp VOER (www.voer.edu.vn) nghin cu, hc
tp v ti ti liu ging dy v. Vi hng chc nghn module kin thc t hng nghn
tc gi khc nhau ng gp, Th Vin Hc liu M Vit Nam l mt kho tng ti liu
khng l, ni dung phong ph phc v cho tt c cc nhu cu hc tp, nghin cu ca
c gi.
Ngun ti liu m phong ph c trn VOER c c l do s chia s t nguyn ca cc
tc gi trong v ngoi nc. Qu trnh chia s ti liu trn VOER tr ln d dng nh
m 1, 2, 3 nh vo sc mnh ca nn tng Hanoi Spring.
Hanoi Spring l mt nn tng cng ngh tin tin c thit k cho php cng chng d
dng chia s ti liu ging dy, hc tp cng nh ch ng pht trin chng trnh ging
dy da trn khi nim v hc liu m (OCW) v ti nguyn gio dc m (OER) . Khi
nim chia s tri thc c tnh cch mng c khi xng v pht trin tin phong
bi i hc MIT v i hc Rice Hoa K trong vng mt thp k qua. K t , phong
tro Ti nguyn Gio dc M pht trin nhanh chng, c UNESCO h tr v c
chp nhn nh mt chng trnh chnh thc nhiu nc trn th gii.

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