CHNG I : NHNG KIN THC C BN V KHNG KH M

1.1 KHNG KH M
1.1.1 Khi nim v khng kh m
Khng kh xung quanh chng ta l hn hp ca nhiu cht kh, ch yu l N2 v O2 ngoi ra cn mt lng nh cc kh tr, CO2, hi nc . . . - Khng kh kh: Khng kh khng cha hi nc gi l khng kh kh. Trong thc t khng c khng kh kh hon ton, m khng kh lun lun c cha mt lng hi nc nht nh. i vi khng kh kh khi tnh ton thng ngi ta coi l kh l tng. Thnh phn ca cc cht kh trong khng kh kh c phn theo t l phn trm sau y: Bng 1.1. T l cc cht kh trong khng kh kh Thnh phn - Ni t: N2 - xi : O2 - Argon - A - Carbon-Dioxide: CO2 - Cht kh khc: Nn, Hli, Kripton, Xnon, zn, Radon vv . . . T l phn trm, % Theo khi lng Theo th tch 78,084 75,5 20,948 23,1 0,934 1,3 0,03 0,046 0,004 0,05

- Khng kh m: Khng kh c cha hi nc gi l khng kh m. Trong t nhin ch c khng kh m v trng thi ca n c chia ra cc dng sau: a) Khng kh m cha bo ha: L trng thi m hi nc cn c th bay hi thm vo c trong khng kh, ngha l khng kh vn cn tip tc c th nhn thm hi nc. b) Khng kh m bo ha: L trng thi m hi nc trong khng kh t ti a v khng th bay hi thm vo c. Nu tip tc cho bay hi nc vo khng kh th c bao bao nhiu hi bay vo khng kh s c by nhiu hi m ngng t li. c) Khng kh m qu bo ha: L khng kh m bo ha v cn cha thm mt lng hi nc nht nh. Tuy nhin trng thi qu bo ho l trng thi khng n nh v c xu hng bin i n trng thi bo ho do lng hi nc d b tch dn ra khi khng kh . V d nh trng thi sng m l khng kh qu bo ha. Tnh cht vt l v mc nh hng ca khng kh n cm gic ca con ngi ph thuc nhiu vo lng hi nc tn ti trong khng kh. Nh vy, mi trng khng kh c th coi l hn hp ca khng kh kh v hi nc. Chng ta c cc phng trnh c bn ca khng kh m nh sau: - Phng trnh cn bng khi lng ca hn hp: G = Gk + Gh (1-1)

G, Gk, Gh - Ln lt l khi lng khng kh m, khng kh kh v hi nc trong khng kh, kg.

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- Phng trnh nh lut Dantn ca hn hp: B = Pk + Ph (1-2)

B, Pk, Ph - Ap sut khng kh, phn p sut khng kh kh v hi nc trong khng kh, N/m2. - Phng trnh tnh ton cho phn khng kh kh: Pk.V = Gk.Rk.T (1-3)

V - Th tch hn hp, m3; Gk - Khi lng khng kh kh trong V (m3) ca hn hp, kg; Rk - Hng s cht kh ca khng kh kh, Rk = 287 J/kg.K T - Nhit hn hp, T = t + 273,15 , oK - Phng trnh tnh ton cho phn hi m trong khng kh: Ph.V = Gh.Rh.T (1-4)

Gh - Khi lng hi m trong V (m3) ca hn hp, kg; Rh - Hng s cht kh ca hi nc, Rh = 462 J/kg.K

1.1.2 Cc thng s vt l ca khng kh m

1.1.2.1 p sut khng kh.
Ap sut khng kh thng c gi l kh p, k hiu l B. Ni chung gi tr B thay i theo khng gian v thi gian. c bit kh p ph thuc rt nhiu vo cao, mc mt nc bin, p sut kh quyn khong 1 at, nhng cao trn 8000m ca nh Everest th p sut ch cn 0,32 at v nhit si ca nc ch cn 71oC (xem hnh 1-1). Tuy nhin trong k thut iu ha khng kh gi tr chnh lch khng ln c th b qua v ngi ta coi B khng i. Trong tnh ton ngi ta ly trng thi tiu chun Bo = 760 mmHg. th I-d ca khng kh m thng c xy dng p sut B = 745mmHg v Bo = 760mmHg.

Hnh 1.1. S thay i kh p theo chiu cao so vi mt nc bin

1.1.2.2 Nhit .
- Nhit l i lng biu th mc nng lnh. y l yu t nh hng ln nht n cm gic ca con ngi. Trong k thut iu ha khng kh ngi ta thng s dng 2 thang nhit l C v F. i vi mt trng thi nht nh no ca khng kh ngoi nhit thc ca n trong k thut cn c 2 gi tr nhit c bit cn lu trong cc tnh ton cng nh c nh hng nhiu n cc h thng v thit b l nhit im sng v nhit nhit k t. - Nhit im sng: Khi lm lnh khng kh nhng gi nguyn dung m d (hoc phn p sut ph) ti nhit ts no hi nc trong khng kh bt u ngng t thnh nc bo ha. Nhit ts gi l nhit im sng (hnh 1-2). Nh vy nhit im sng ca mt trng thi khng kh bt k no l nhit ng vi trng thi bo ha v c dung m bng dung m ca trng thi cho. Hay ni cch khc nhit im sng l nhit bo ha ca hi nc ng vi phn p sut ph cho. T y ta thy gia ts v d c mi quan h ph thuc. Nhng trng thi khng kh c cng dung m th nhit ng sng ca chng nh nhau. Nhit ng sng c ngha rt quan trng khi xem xt kh nng ng sng trn cc b mt cng nh xc nh trng thi khng kh sau x l. Khi khng kh tip xc vi mt b mt, nu nhit b mt nh hn hay bng nhit ng sng ts th hi m trong khng kh s ngng kt li trn b mt , trng hp ngc li th khng xy ra ng sng. - Nhit nhit k t: Khi cho hi nc bay hi on nhit vo khng kh cha bo ha (I=const). Nhit ca khng kh s gim dn trong khi m tng i tng ln. Ti trng thi bo ho = 100% qu trnh bay hi chm dt. Nhit ng vi trng thi bo ho cui cng ny gi l nhit nhit nhit k t v k hiu l t. Ngi ta gi nhit nhit k t l v n c xc nh bng nhit k c bu thm t nc (hnh 1-2). Nh vy nhit nhit k t ca mt trng thi l nhit ng vi trng thi bo ha v c entanpi I bng entanpi ca trng thi khng kh cho. Gia entanpi I v nhit nhit k t t c mi quan h ph thuc. Trn thc t ta c th o c nhit nhit k t ca trng thi khng kh hin thi l nhit trn b mt thong ca nc.

I kJ/kg A
I= t ns co

d=const

0% 10 =

t ts

C B d, kg/kg

dA = dB

Hnh 1.2. Nhit ng sng v nhit nhit k t ca khng kh 1.1.2.3 m 1. m tuyt i.

L khi lng hi m trong 1m3 khng kh m. Gi s trong V (m3) khng kh m c cha Gh (kg) hi nc th m tuyt i k hiu l h c tnh nh sau:
Gh (1-5) , kg / m 3 V V hi nc trong khng kh c th coi l kh l tng nn: p 1 (1-6) h = = h , kg / m 3 v h R h .T trong : ph - Phn p sut ca hi nc trong khng kh cha bo ho, N/m2 Rh - Hng s ca hi nc Rh = 462 J/kg.oK T - Nhit tuyt i ca khng kh m, tc cng l nhit ca hi nc, oK h =

2. m tng i.
m tng i ca khng kh m, k hiu l (%) l t s gia m tuyt i h ca khng kh vi m bo ha max cng nhit vi trng thi cho. (1-7) = h ,% max hay: p (1-8) = h ,% p max m tng i biu th mc cha hi nc trong khng kh m so vi khng kh m bo ha cng nhit . Khi = 0 l trng thi khng kh kh. 0 < < 100 l trng thi khng kh m cha bo ho. = 100 l trng thi khng kh m bo ha. - m l i lng rt quan trng ca khng kh m c nh hng nhiu n cm gic ca con ngi v kh nng s dng khng kh sy cc vt phm. - m tng i c th xc nh bng cng thc, hoc o bng m k. m k l thit b o gm 2 nhit k: mt nhit k kh v mt nhit k t. Nhit k t c bu bc vi thm nc hi nc thm vi bc xung quanh bu nhit k khi bc hi vo khng kh
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s ly nhit ca bu nhit k nn nhit bu gim xung bng nhit nhit k t t ng vi trng thi khng kh bn ngoi. Khi m tng i b, cng bc hi cng mnh, chnh nhit gia 2 nhit k cng cao. Do chnh nhit gia 2 nhit k ph thuc vo m tng i v n c s dng lm c s xc nh m tng i . Khi =100%, qu trnh bc hi ngng v nhit ca 2 nhit k bng nhau.

1.1.2.4. Khi lng ring v th tch ring.

Khi lng ring ca khng kh l khi lng ca mt n v th tch khng kh. K hiu l , n v kg/m3. G (1-9) = , kg/m3 V i lng nghch o ca khi lng ring l th tch ring. K hiu l v
1 , m3/kg (1-10) Khi lng ring v th tch ring l hai thng s ph thuc. Trong : p V p G = G h + G k = . k + h T R k R h Do : p 1 p = . k + h T Rk Rh Mt khc: v=
RK =

(1-11)

(1-12)

8314 8314 = = 287 J / kg.K = 2,153mmHg.m 3 / kg.K K 29 8314 8314 Rh = = = 462 J / kg.K = 3,465mmHg.m 3 / kg.K h 18

Thay vo ta c:

p 1 1 pk 1 . + h = [0,465p k + 0,289.p h ] = .[0,465.B 0,176, p h ] , (1-13) T R k R h T T trong B l p sut khng kh m: B = pk + ph - Nu l khng kh kh hon ton: 0,465 (1-14) k = .B T - Nu khng kh c hi m: .p max p (1-15) = k 0,176. h = k 0,176. T T Lu trong cc cng thc trn p sut tnh bng mmHg iu kin: t = 0oC v p = 760mmHg: = o = 1,293 kg/m3. Nh vy c th tnh khi lng ring ca khng kh kh mt nhit bt k da vo cng thc: o 1,293 (1-16) k = = t t 1+ 1+ 273 273 Khi lng ring thay i theo nhit v kh p. Tuy nhin trong phm vi iu ho khng kh nhit khng kh thay i trong mt phm vi kh hp nn cng nh p sut s =
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thay i ca khi lng ring ca khng kh trong thc t k thut khng ln nn ngi ta ly khng i iu kin tiu chun: to = 20oC v B = Bo = 760mmHg: = 1,2 kg/m3

1.1.2.5. Dung m ( cha hi).

Dung m hay cn gi l cha hi, c k hiu l d l lng hi m cha trong 1 kg khng kh kh.
Gh , kg/kg khng kh kh Gk - Gh: Khi lng hi nc cha trong khng kh, kg - Gk: Khi lng khng kh kh, kg Ta c quan h: d=

(1-17)

G h h ph R k . = = G k k pk R h (1-18) Sau khi thay R = 8314/ ta c d=

d = 0,622. ph p = 0,622. h pk p ph

(1-19)

1.1.2.6 Entanpi
Entanpi ca khng kh m bng entanpi ca khng kh kh v ca hi nc cha trong n. Entanpi ca khng kh m c tnh cho 1 kg khng kh kh. Ta c cng thc: I = Cpk.t + d (ro + Cph.t) kJ/kg kkk (1-20) Trong : Cpk - Nhit dung ring ng p ca khng kh kh Cpk = 1,005 kJ/kg.oK Cph - Nhit dung ring ng p ca hi nc 0oC: Cph = 1,84 kJ/kg.oK ro - Nhit n ha hi ca nc 0oC: ro = 2500 kJ/kg Nh vy: I = 1,005.t + d (2500 + 1,84.t) kJ/kg kkk (1-21)

1.2 CC TH TRNG THI CA KHNG KH M

1.2.1 th I-d.
th I-d biu th mi quan h ca cc i lng t, , I, d v pbh ca khng kh m. th c gio s L.K.Ramzin (Nga) xy dng nm 1918 v sau c gio s Mollier (c) lp nm 1923. Nh th ny ta c th xc nh c tt c cc thng s cn li ca khng kh m khi bit 2 thng s bt k. th I-d thng c cc nc ng u v Lin x (c) s dng. th I-d c xy dng p sut kh quyn 745mmHg v 760mmHg. th gm 2 trc I v d nghing vi nhau mt gc 135o. Mc ch xy dng cc trc nghing mt gc 135o l nhm lm gin khong cch gia cc ng cong tham s c bit l cc ng = const nhm tra cu cc thng s thun li hn. Trn th ny cc ng I = const nghing vi trc honh mt gc 135o, ng d = const l nhng ng thng ng. i vi th I-d c xy dng theo cch trn cho thy cc
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ng cong tham s hu nh ch nm trn gc 1/4 th nht ca to Cc . V vy, hnh v c gn ngi ta xoay trc d li vung gc vi trc I m vn gi nguyn cc ng cong nh biu din, tuy nhin khi tra cu entanpi I ca khng kh ta vn tra theo ng nghing vi trc honh mt gc 135o. Vi cch xy dng nh vy, cc ng tham s ca th s nh sau: a) Cc ng I = const nghing vi trc honh mt gc 135o. b) Cc ng d = const l ng thng ng c) Cc ng t = const l ng thng chch ln pha trn, gn nh song song vi nhau. Tht vy, ta c biu thc: I (1-22) = 2500 + 1,84t d t = const ng t = 100oC tng ng vi nhit bo ho ca hi nc ng vi p sut kh quyn c t m d) ng ph = f(d) Ta c quan h: p (1-23) d = 0,622. h p ph Quan h ny c xy dng theo ng thng xin v gi tr ph c tra cu trn trc song song vi trc I v nm bn phi th I-d. e) Cc ng =const Trong vng t < ts(p) ng cong = const l nhng ng cong li ln pha trn, cng ln trn khong cch gia chng cng xa. i t trn xung di m cng tng. Cc ng = const khng i qua gc ta . ng cong =100% hay cn gi l ng bo ho ngn cch gia 2 vng: Vng cha bo ho v vng ngng kt hay cn gi l vng sng m. Cc im nm trong vng sng m thng khng n nh m c xung hng ngng kt bt hi nc v chuyn v trng thi bo ho. Trn ng t > ts(p) ng = const l nhng ng thng ng Khi p sut kh quyn thay i th th I-d cng thay i theo. p sut kh quyn thay i trong khong 20mmHg th s thay i l khng ng k. Trn hnh 1-2 l th I-d ca khng kh m, xy dng p sut kh quyn Bo= 760mmHg. Trn th ny xung quanh cn c v thm cc ng =const gip cho tra cu khi tnh ton cc s iu ho khng kh.

Hnh 1.3. th I-d ca khng kh m

1.2.2 th d-t.
th d-t c cc nc Anh, M, Nht, c vv... s dng rt nhiu. th d-t c 2 trc d v t vung gc vi nhau, cn cc ng ng entanpi I=const to thnh gc 135o so vi trc t. Cc ng = const l nhng ng cong tng t nh trn th I-d. C th coi th d-t l hnh nh ca th I-d qua mt gng phn chiu. th d-t chnh l th t-d khi xoay 90o, c Carrrier xy dng nm 1919 nn thng c gi l th Carrier (hnh 1-4). Trc tung l cha hi d (g/kg), bn cnh l h s nhit hin SHF (Sensible) Trc honh l nhit nhit k kh t (oC) Trn th c cc ng tham s sau y: - ng I=const to vi trc honh mt gc 135o. Cc gi tr entanpi ca khng kh cho tbn cnh ng =100%, n v kJ/kg khng kh kh - ng =const l nhng ng cong lm, cng i ln pha trn (d tng) cng ln. Trn ng =100% l vng sng m. - ng th tch ring v = const l nhng ng thng nghing song song vi nhau, n v m3/kg khng kh kh. - Ngoi ra trn th cn c ng Ihc l ng hiu chnh entanpi (s sai lch gia entanpi khng kh bo ho v cha bo ho)

Hnh 1.4. th t-d ca khng kh m

1.3 MT S QU TRNH C BN TRN TH I-D

1.3.1 Qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh.
Qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh m t trng thi A (tA, A) n B (tB, B) c biu th bng on thng AB, mi tn ch chiu qu trnh gi l tia qu trnh.

I IB B

IA A

45

C D

=100%

Hnh 1.5. ngha hnh hc ca

t (IA - IB)/(dA-dB) = I/d =AB gi l h s gc tia ca qu trnh AB Ta hy xt ngha hnh hc ca h s AB K hiu gc gia tia AB vi ng nm ngang l . Ta c = m.AD I = IB - IA d= dB - dA = n.BC Trong m, n l t l xch ca cc trc to . m - kCal/kg kkk / 1mm n - kg/kg kkk / 1mm T y ta c
I m.AD , Kcal/kg (1-24) = d n.BC m m (1-25) hay AB = ( tg + tg 45 o ). = ( tg + 1). , kCal/kg n n Nh vy trn trc to I-d c th xc nh tia AB thng qua gi tr AB. tin cho vic s dng trn th ngoi bin ngi ta v thm cc ng = const ly gc O ca to lm khi im. Nhng khng lm ri th ngi ta ch v 01 on ngn nm bn ngoi th pha trn, bn phi v pha di. Trn cc on thng ngi ta ghi gi tr ca cc gc tia . Cc ng c ngha rt quan trng trong cc tnh ton cc s iu ho khng kh sau ny v c nhiu qu trnh ngi ta bit trc trng thi ban u v h s gc tia qu trnh . Nh vy trng thi cui ca qu trnh s nm v tr trn ng song song vi on c cho v i qua trng thi ban u. Cc ng = const c cc tnh cht sau: - H s gc tia phn nh hng ca qu trnh AB, mi qu trnh c mt gi tr nht nh. - Cc ng c tr s nh nhau th song song vi nhau. - Tt c cc ng u i qua gc ta (I=0 v d=0). AB =

1.3.2. Qu trnh ha trn hai dng khng kh.

Trong k thut iu ha khng kh ngi ta thng gp cc qu trnh ha trn 2 dng khng kh cc trng thi khc nhau. Vn t ra l phi xc nh trng thi ho trn. Gi s ha trn mt lng khng kh trng thi A(IA, dA) c khi lng phn kh l LA vi mt lng khng kh trng thi B(IB, dB) c khi lng phn kh l LB v thu c mt

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lng khng kh trng thi C(IC, dC) c khi lng phn kh l LC. Ta xc nh cc thng s ca trng thi ho trn C.
I IC C B IA A IB

0% =10

d dB dC dA

Hnh 1.6. Qu trnh ho trn trn th I-d

Ta c cc phng trnh: - Cn bng khi lng LC = LA + LB (1-26) - Cn bng m dC.LC = dA.LA + dB.LB (1-27) - Cn bng nhit IC.LC = IA.LA + IB.LB (1-28) Th (1-25) vo (1-26) v (1-27) v chuyn v ta c: (IA - IC).LA = (IC - IB).LB (dA - dC).LA = (dC - dB).LB
IA IC I IB = C dA dC dC dB

hay:

(1-29)

I A IC d A d C L B (1-30) = = IC I B d C d B L A - Phng trnh (1-28) l cc phng trnh biu th ng thng AC v BC, cc ng thng ny c cng h s gc tia bng nhau (tc cng nghing) v chung im C nn ba im A, B, C thng hng. im C nm trn on AB. - Theo phng trnh (1-29) suy ra im C nm trn AB v chia on AB theo t l LB/LA c th : AC I A I C d A d C L B (1-31) = = = CB I C I B d C d B L A Thng s trng thi ca im C c xc nh nh sau: L L (1-32) IC = IA . A + IB. B LC LC d d (1-33) dC = dA. A + dB. B dC dC

T biu thc ny ta rt ra:

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