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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

MADANAPALLE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE


ANGALLU, MADANAPALLE 517325

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS


LABORATORY MANUAL

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
JULY 2012

Lab Incharge

Dept of ECE

Head of the Department

Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

MADANAPALLE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE


ANGALLU, MADANAPALLE 517325

MITS
LAB WISE-LABMANAUALS

MITS / ECE
DEPARTMENT : ECE

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
LABORATORY MANUAL

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
JULY 2012 -2013

Dept of ECE

Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

INDEX
S.NO

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

PAGE NO

SOFT WARE:
1. COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

2. COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

3. TWO STAGE RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER

10

4. CURRENT SHUNT FEED BACK AMPLIFIER

14

5. WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR USING TRANSISTORS

17

6. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

19

7. CLASS A AND CLASS AB POWER AMPLIFIERS

22

8. HIGH FREQUENCY COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

28

HARD WARE:
9. TWO STAGE RC COUPLED AMPLIFER

31

10. CURRENT SHUNT FEED BACK AMPLIFIER

34

11. CLASS A AND CLASS AB POWER AMPLIFIERS

37

12. SINGLE TUNED VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER

41

13. HARTLEY AND COLPITTS OSCILLATORS

43

14. MOSFET AMPLIFIER

45

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS:
15. SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR

48

16. SHUNTVOLTAGE REGULATOR

50

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

1.COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER


AIM:
a)To design CE single stage amplifier with potential divider circuit using NPN
Transistor 2N2923 for the specifications : IC= 3 mA, Vce = 10v, = 190, & IR1 =
32IB .
b) To observe dc operating point, frequency response, & C.R.O waveforms using
MULTISIM software.

APPARATUS: - Multisim Soft ware.


DESIGN PROCEDURE:
Vcc=
Select Vre Vce
Select Vre = 5v
Re=Vre/Ic
Vrc= Vcc-VCE-VRE
Rc=VRC/Ic
IB=Ic/
IR1=32IB
IR2=IR1-IB
VB=VBE+VRE
R2=VB/IR2
R1= (VCC-VB)/IR1

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:1. Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results using DC
operating point analysis (simulate----analysis ---- DC operating point)

2. Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results using AC
analysis (Simulate ---- analysis ----- AC analysis)
3.Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results using
oscilloscope

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

RESULT:Dept of ECE

Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

2.COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER


AIM: a) To design a single stage FET Common Source amplifier with potential
divider circuit using 2n4861 FET-N channel for the following specifications:
VDD = 24V,ID = 1ma,VGS=2V,VPMAX =13V,RL=1K.
b) To observe dc operating point, frequency response, & C.R.O waveforms.
APPARATUS: Multisim soft ware.
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
VDSmin = Vpmax + 1 - VGS
VS=VRD= (VDD - VDS)/2
RD=RS= VRD/ID
VG=VR2=VS-VGS
SELECT R2 = 1M
R1=(VR1 * R2)/VR2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

PROCEDURE:- 1. Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the
results using DC operating point analysis (simulate----analysis ---- DC operating
point)
2. Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results using AC
analysis (Simulate ---- analysis ----- AC analysis)
3..Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results using
Oscilloscope
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

RESULT:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

3.TWO STAGE RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER


AIM:

Q1) Design a single stage transistor amplifier with potential divider circuit
(using an npn si transistors) with following specifications.
IC=1.6ma,VCE=7.6v,RC=2.2k,VCC=12v, I1=10IB and =54. Verify the DC
values (Voltage and current) at various nodes using Multisim software
DESIGN: IB=IC/

VCC=IC(RC+RE)+VCE ;
RE=0.516k V2=VBE+ICRE ; V2=
V2=I1R2 ; R2=V2/(I1=10IB) ;
I1=VCC/(R1+R2) ; (R1+R2)=
R1=

PROCEDURE: Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the

results using DC operating point analysis (simulate analysis DC


operating point)

Q2) Design a single stage transistor amplifier with potential divider circuit
(using

an

npn

si

transistors)

with

following

specifications.

IC=2.32ma,VCE=5.7v,RC=2.2k,VCC=12v, I1=10IB and =33. Verify the DC


values (Voltage and current) at various nodes using Multisim software
DESIGN:

IB=IC/ =
VCC=IC(RC+RE)+VCE ;
RE=0.51k V2=VBE+ICRE ;
V2=I1R2 ; R2=V2/(I1=10IB) ;
I1=VCC/(R1+R2) ; (R1+R2)=
PROCEDURE: Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the

results using DC operating point analysis (simulate


operating point)
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analysis

DC
10

Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

Q3) Cascade above two stages and find overall gain (choose Cc=4.7f,
Ce=470f, hfe=50) find the frequency response, DC operating points and
parameter sweep of load resister.
ANALYSIS:
Stage-2: AI2= -hfe/(1+hoeRL2) ;
Ri2 = hie+hreAI2RL2 ;

Av2= -AI2*RL2/Ri2 ;
Stage -1: RL1
AI1 =
Ri1 =
Av1 =
Overall gain Av = Av1*Av2
Avs = Av*Ri/(Ri+RS) ; Ri =
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

PROCEDURE:- 1. Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the
results using DC operating point analysis (simulate----analysis ---- DC operating
point)
2. Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results using AC
analysis (Simulate ---- analysis ----- AC analysis)
3..Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results using
Oscilloscope
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

RESULT:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

4.CURRENT SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER


AIM: Design

current shunt feed back amplifier with a feedback resistance 5K

using transistor BC 107. Obtain DC operating point and frequency response.


APPARATUS: Multisim software.

DESIGN PROCEDURE:
R
I
F
I E R F E R E
I
I
I
I
I
R
C2
B2
C1
AI I I
I
I
IB1
S
B2
C1
B1
S
I
I
C2 hFE 50, C1
hFE 50
I
I
B2
B1
I
R

C2
I R CR1
C1
C1
I2
I
R

IB1 R hie
S

AI
D 1 AI
A

D =

IF

A
VF

V
0

VS

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R
O

C2

IS RS

A
IF

C2

RS

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:- 1. Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the
results using DC operating point analysis (simulate----analysis ---- DC operating
point)
2. Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results using AC
analysis (Simulate ---- analysis ----- AC analysis)
3..Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results using
Oscilloscope

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

RESULT:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual


5.WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR USING TRANSISTORS
AIM: To study and calculate frequency of. Wein Bridge Oscillator.
APPARATUS:
Transistor (BC107) 2no,
Resistors 10K - 4no,1K - 3no,2.2K, 33K, 6.8K,
Capacitors - 10 F - 2no, 100uF, 0.01uF 2no, SDC Kit, CRO, Connecting
wires.
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
Formula f =1/2(R1C1R2C2)
Given R=10k, C=0.01uf
If R1=R2 ; C1=C2
fT = 1/ 2RC
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual


PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. Feed the output of the oscillator to a C.R.O by making adjustments in the
Potentiometer connected in the +ve feedback loop, try to obtain a stable
sine Wave.
3. Measure the time period of the waveform obtained on CRO. & calculate
the Frequency of oscillations.
4. Repeat the procedure for different values of capacitance.
MODEL WAVE FORM:

RESULT:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

6.RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR


AIM:
a) Design RC phaseshift oscillator to have resonant frequency of 6KHz.
Assume R1 = 100k, R2 = 22K, RC = 4 K ,RE =1K & VCC = 12V.
b) Obtain hfe for the above designed value for AV > - 29, R 2 RC.
APPARATUS: Multisim software.
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
A) Let R = 10K
Fr

1
___________

2Rc(6+4K)

WHERE K=Rc/R

B)hfe 23= 29/K for sustained oscillations

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

VCC
12V
VCC
R1
100kohm

R3
4kohm

C2

10

C1

Q2
4

2N2222A

10uF
R2

11
R4
1kohm

22kohm

100uF

C6

C5

C4

7
9
R7

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R6

R5

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

PROCEDURE: Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results
using Oscilloscope.

RESULT:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

7.CLASS A,AB,B,C POWER AMPLIFIERS

AIM :
To study the operation of Class A, Class AB, Class B, Class C power
amplifiers.
APPARATUS:

Multisim soft ware.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

V2 12V R2
1kohm

R5
1kohm
47uFC2

R1

47uF

R3
30kohm

C1

XSC1

Q1

PN2369A
A

100ohm
V1
50mV
35.36mV_rms
1000Hz
0Deg

R4
100ohm

THEORY:
The classification of amplifiers is based on the position of the quiescent
point and extent of the characteristics that is being used to determine the method
of operation.
There are 4 classes of operations.They are
1.Class A

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2.Class AB

3.Class B

4.Class C

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

CLASS A:- In class A operation the quiescent point and the input signal are such
that the current in the output circuit (at the collector) flows for all times. Class A
amplifier operates essentially over a linear portion of its characteristic there by
giving rise to minimum of distortion .
CLASS B:- In class B operation , the quiescent point is at an extreme end of the
characteristic , so that under quiescent conditions the power drawn from the dc
power supply is very small .If the input signal is sinusoidal, amplification takes
place for only half cycle.
CLASS AB:- A class AB amplifier is the one that operates between the two
extremes defined for class A and Class B. Hence the output signal exists for
more than 1800 of the input signal.
CLASS C :- In class C operation, the quiescent operating point is chosen such
that output signal (voltage or current)is zero for more than on half of the input
sinusoidal signal cycle.

PROCEDURE:
1. An input sine wave (peak-peak)of 50mV is applied to the circuit.
2. connect the output to the C.R.O.
3. varying R3 value, observe and record the output waveforms for different
classes of operation.
4. Also observe the Vi & Vo waveforms using parameter sweep for different
classes of operation.

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Electronic Circuits
Analysis Lab Manual

OBSERVATIONS:
CLASS A:

CLASS AB :
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Electronic
Circuits
Analysis Lab
Manual

CLASS B :

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

CLASS C :

RESULT :

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

8.HIGH FREQUENCY COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER


AIM - Design a common Base high frequency amplifier with a over all gain of 30
and Lower cut off frequency of 130 Hz and Higher cut frequency 10 MHz .
Transistor Specifications: hib = 22.6, hfb = -0.98, hrb = 2.910-4 , hob = 0.49 s, IC =
1.35ma = -IE, VCE = 5.85V, VEB = 0.6V, VCB = 5.25V.
Verify the DC values (Voltage and current) at various nodes using Multisim software
APPARATUS: Multisim software.
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
1. DESIGN OF BIASING CIRCUIT :
VBE = 0.6V, VCE = 5.85V, IC = 1.35mA = -IE
VCB = 5.25V
Find the value of Re :
KVL to Input:
Find the value of RC :
KVL to Output :
Vcc ICRC - VCB = 0
RC =

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

2.DESIGN OF AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT :


1.To find Cb
Assume Rs = 100 Calculate the value of Cb
f L=

1
_____________
2(Rs + Ri)Cb

2. To calculate RL
Av = - hfb RL/Ri
Overall gain = Avs = Av * Ri/(Ri+Rs)
For the above circuit Ri1=Ri = hib
Avs = - hib * RL1/(Ri+Rs) ;
RL1= RL// Rc

3. To Calculate Shunt Capacitance Csh


fh

2RL C sh

The Internal junction capacitance Cbc 3pf


Csh = Cbc + Csh

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
XSC1
G
A

Rs
10

Cb 10uF
11
12

100ohm

V1

Re
1kohm

10uF

BC107BP

1000Hz

0Deg

Cb1
3

Q1

Rc

5kohm

R5

10mV

7.07mV_rms

15kohm

7 VEE
2V

12V

Csh
2pF

VCC
0

PROCEDURE: 1.Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the
results using DC operating point analysis (Simulate ------Analysis------ DC
operating point)
2. Rig up the circuit using multisim software and verify the results using AC
analysis (Simulate--- Analysis--- AC analysis)

RESULTS:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

9.TWO STAGE RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER

AIM:
1. To study the Two-stage RC coupled amplifier.
2. To measure the voltage gain of the amplifier at 1KHz.
3. To obtain the frequency response characteristic and the band width of the
amplifier.

EQUIPMENT:
Two stage RC coupled amplifier, trainer.
1. Signal Generator.
2. C.R.O
3. Connecting patch cords.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

VCC
12V

R1
33kohm

RC
2.2kohm

R3

R6
2.2kohm

CC 15kohm

C1

Q1
10uF
BC107BP

RG
15kohm

Q2
10uF
BC107BP

10uF

INPUT V
50mV

C3 OUTPUT
CE
R2

5.1kohm

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C2

RE
510ohm

10uF
10uF
2.7kohm

R4

VO

R5
1kohm

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

PROCEDURE:
1.Switch ON the power supply.
2. Connect the signal generator with sine wave output 50mV p-p at the
input terminals.
3. Connect the C.R.O at output terminals of the module.
4. Measure the voltage at the second stage of amplifier.
5. Now vary the input frequency from 10Hz to 1MHz in steps,and for every
value of input frequency note the output voltage

keeping the input

amplitude at constant value.


6. Calculate the gain magnitude of the amplifier using the formula
Gain = Vo/Vi
Gain in dB= 20 log (Vo / Vi )
7. Plot a graph of frequency versus gain (dB) of the amplifier. Sample
frequency response graph is as shown in fig. Below.
OBSERVATION:
Vi = 50mV(p-p)
Frequency

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VO

Gain =20 log


(Vo/Vi)dB

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

FREQUENCY RESPONSE:

0.707 VO/VI
Gain VO/VI
FL

FH

Frequency

RESULT:
The gain of the amplifier at 1 KHz is -----The BW of the amplifier is -------

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

10.CURRENT SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

AIM:
1. To study the current shunt feedback amplifier
2. To measure the voltage gain of the amplifier at 1KHz.
3. To obtain the frequency response characteristic and the band width
of the amplifier.

EQUIPMENT:
Current shunt feed back amplifier trainer.
4. Signal Generator.
5. C.R.O
6. Connecting patch cords.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON the power supply.
2. Connect the signal generator with sine wave output 50mV p-p at the
input terminals.
3. Connect the C.R.O at output terminals of the module.
4. Measure the voltage at the second stage of amplifier.
5. Now vary the input frequency from 10Hz to 1MHz in steps, and for
each value of input frequency note the output voltage keeping the
input amplitude at constant value.
6. Calculate the gain magnitude of the amplifier using the formula
Gain = Vo/Vi
Gain in dB= 20 log (Vo / Vi )
7. Plot a graph of frequency versus gain (dB) of the amplifier. Sample
frequency response graph is as shown in fig. Below.

OBSERVATIONS :
Vi = 50mV(p-p)
Frequency

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VO

Gain =20 log (Vo/Vi)dB

35

Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

FREQUENCY RESPONSE:

RESULT:
The gain of the amplifier at 1 KHz is -----The BW of the amplifier is -------

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

11.CLASS A/B/C/AB POWER AMPLIFIER

AIM: To study the operation of Class A, Class B, Class AB and Class C power
amplifiers.
EQUIPMENT:
1.Class/A/B/C/AB amplifier trainer
2.Function generator.
3.C.R.O
4. Connecting patch cords.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

PROCEDURE:
1.Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram, and get the circuit
verified by your Instructor.
2. Connect the signal generator with sine wave at 1KHz and keep the
amplitude at .5V (peak-to-peak)
3. Connect the C.R.O across the output terminals.
4. Now switch ON the trainer and see that the supply LED glows.
5. Keep the potentiometer at minimum position, observe and record
the waveform from the C.R.O.
6. Slowly varying the potentiometer, observe the outputs for the
Class A/B/AB/C amplifiers as shown in fig.
CLASS A:

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Electronic
Circuits
Analysis Lab
Manual

CLASS B:

CLASS AB:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

CLASS C :

RESULT:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

12.SINGLE TUNED VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER

AIM: 1.To calculate the resonant frequency of tank circuit.


2. To plot the frequency response of the tuned amplifier.
EQUIPMENT:
1. Tuned voltage amplifier trainer.
2. Function generator.
3. C.R.O.
4. Connecting patch cords.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

PROCEDURE:
1.Connect the circuit as shown in fig and get the circuit verified by
your Instructor.
2. Connect the signal generator with sine wave at the input and
keep the amplitude to minimum position, and connect a C.R.O at
output terminals of the circuit.
3. Apply the amplitude between 1.6v to 4.4v to get the distortion
less output sine wave.
4. Now, vary the input frequency in steps and observe and record
The output voltage.
5. Calculate the gain of the tuned RF amplifier using the formula
Gain = out put voltage/ input voltage.
6. plot a graph with input frequency versus gain (in dBs)
Gain (in dBs) = 20 log (Vo/Vi)
Graph :-

Gain

Frequency

RESULT:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual


13.HARTLEY AND COLPITTS OSCILLATORS
AIM: To design Hartley and Colpitts Oscillators to have resonant frequency of 1KHz.

APPARATUS:
BJT(BC107),Resistors(2.2k,100k,10k,1k),
Capacitors(10f,100f,0.33 f), Decade inductance box ,RPS.

EQUIPMENT:
1. SDC kit.
2. Function generator.
3. C.R.O.
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
Hartley Oscillator

F = 1 / (2LeqC)
Where Leq=L1+L2
Colpitts Oscillator

F = 1 / (2LCeq)
Where Ceq= (c1*c2) / (c1+c2)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

COLPITTS OSCILLATOR:

EXPECTED WAVEFORM:

RESULT:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

14.COMMON SOURCE FET AMPLIFIER


AIM: 1. To obtain the frequency response of the common source FET Amplifier
2. To find the Bandwidth.
APPRATUS:
N-channel FET (BFW11),Resistors (6.8K, 1M, 1.5K),Capacitors (0.1F, 47F)
Regulated power Supply (0-30V), Function generator, CRO,CRO probes,Bread board,
Connecting wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.


2. A signal of 1 KHz frequency and 50mV peak-to-peak is applied at the
Input of amplifier.
3. Output is taken at drain and gain is calculated by using the expression,
Av=V0/Vi
4. Voltage gain in dB is calculated by using the expression,
Av=20log 10(V0/Vi)
5. Repeat the above steps for various input voltages.
6. Plot Av vs. Frequency
7. The Bandwidth of the amplifier is calculated from the graph using the
Expression,
Bandwidth BW=f2-f1
Where f1 is lower 3 dB frequency, f2 is upper 3 dB frequency

OBSERVATIONS:

S.NO

INPUT
VOLTAGE(Vi)

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OUTPUT
VOLTAGE(V0)

VOLTAGE GAIN
Av= (V0/Vi)

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

15.SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR


AIM : To study and design a Series voltage regulator and to observe the load
regulation feature.

EQUIPMENT :
1. Series voltage regulated power supply trainer.
2. Multimeter.
3. Patch chords

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3055
560E
Rs

IL
+

IR

Un Regulated
Input

- IZ

500E

VO

VZ=12V

50%

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON the power supply.
2. Observe the Unregulated voltage at the output of rectifier.
3. Connect this voltage to the input of series voltage regulator circuit.
4. Keep the load resistance 1K at constant.
5. Observe the output voltage VO = VZ-VBE

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

6. And also observe the voltage across RS,and values of IR,IL and IZ.
7. Compare the practical values with theoretical values.
8. By changing the load resistance, observe the output voltage and various
currents.
OBSERVATIONS:
RL

VO

IR

IZ

IL

LOAD REGULATION :

VO

RL

RESULT:

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

16.SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR

AIM : To study and design a Shunt Regulator and to observe the load
regulation feature.
EQUIPMENT :
1. Shunt regulated power supply trainer.
2. Multimeter.
3. Patch chords.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RS

IL

220E
+
Un Regulated
In put

8.2V

IC
-

1K
RL
3055

VO

50%

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch On the main power supply.
2. Observe the unregulated voltage at the output of rectifier.
3. Connect this voltage to the input of shunt Regulator circuit
4 .Keep the load resistance 1K constant.
5. Observe the output voltage across the load resistor V0 =VZ + VBE

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Electronic Circuits Analysis Lab Manual

6. Also observe IL, IS & IC.


7. Compare the practical values with theoretical values.
8. By changing the load resistance, observe the output voltage and
various currents.
OBSERVATIONS:
RL

VO

IS

IC

IL

LOAD REGULATION:

VO

RL
RESULT:

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