CHNG 4 ANTEN MNG .......................................................................................................

2
4.1

M U ....................................................................................................................... 2

4.2

MNG NG NHT MT CHIU ........................................................................... 4

4.3

MNG NG NHT HAI CHIU ........................................................................... 11

4.4

TNG HP KIU MNG ......................................................................................... 14

4.4.1

Phng php chui Fourier ................................................................................. 14

4.4.2

Mng Chebyshev ................................................................................................. 18

4.5

MNG CP IN CHO MNG ............................................................................... 24

4.6

MNG K SINH........................................................................................................ 27

CHNG 4 ANTEN MNG

4.1

M U

Trong chng trc, mt s loi Anten dipole tiu biu c gii thiu v phn tch.
Cc anten u l cc anten n phn t c cu trc n gin. Tuy nhin cc anten n
ny u c h s nh hng thp. Trong nhiu ng dng c bit l cc h thng thng
tin Point-to-point i hi anten phi c tnh nh hng cao. Mt phng php hiu qu
lm tng tnh nh hng ca anten l t hp cc anten n gin theo mt trt t nht
nh to thnh mt anten mng gm nhiu anten phn t.
Trng tng ca anten mng c xc nh bng phng php cng vector ca cc
trng bc x t cc anten thnh phn. y b qua tc ng tng h gia cc anten
phn t. Trong mt mng gm cc anten phn t ging nhau c t nht nm yu t quan
trng nh hng n kiu bc x ca anten mng:
1. Cch sp xp cc phn t ( xp xp theo ng thng, ng trn, tam
gic....)
2. Khong cch gia phn t
3. Bin dng c kch thch trn cc phn t
4. Pha ca dng c kch thch trn cc phn t
5. Kiu bc x ca cc phn t
Xt mt mng gm N anten ging nhau, c t cng mt hng trong khng gian
c kch thch vi bin Ci v pha i i vi anten phn t th i. V tr ca phn t i
c xc nh bi vector ri .
Trng bc x ca mt anten chun t ti gc ta c kch thch vi bin 1 v
pha bng 0 c dng:
E (r ) = f ( , )

e jk 0 r
4r

(4.1)

khu xa rri, cc tia t cc anten phn t n im kho st c th xem l song song

vi nhau do khong cch t phn t th i n im kho st c tnh nh sau:
Ri = r ar ri

Trng to bi phn t th i s chm pha mt lng k0 ar ri so vi anten chun t ti

gc ta . i vi bin ta s dng Ri r .
Trng tng c dng:
E (r ) = f ( , )

e jk0r
4r

C e
j

i =1

i+

jk0 ar ri

(4.2)

Biu thc (4.2) c th c vit di dng:

E (r ) = F ( , ) f ( , )

e jk 0 r
4r

F ( , ) = Ci e j i + jk 0 a r ri

(4.3)

i =1

Vi F(,) l hm phng hng ca mng.

2

H s nh hng t l vi o h s nh hng ca mng c dng:

2

D( , ) = f ( , ) F ( , )

(4.4)

Nguyn tc nhn gin phng hng: hm phng hng ca mng c xc nh

bng hm phng hng ca mt anten phn t nhn vi hm phng hng c trng
ca mng. y b qua tc ng tng h gia cc phn t trong mng.

RN

Anten
phn t

R1

rN

Ri

ri
r1

ar
ar ri

r2

R1

x
Hnh 4. 1 Anten mng gm N phn t

4.2

MNG NG NHT MT CHIU

Xt mt mng gm N +1 phn t dipole na sng t cch nhau mt khong d, c

kch thch bi cc dng c cng bin C=I0 lch pha lin tip mt lng d v do
n=nd.

r
ar
0

1
2
i
x N
Hnh 4. 2 Anten mng gm N+1 dipole na sng

H s mng c tnh bi cng thc (4.3):

N

F ( , ) = I 0 e jnd + jk 0 nd cos
i =0

(4.5)

Vi l gc gia vector v
trc ca mng, trong trng hp ny l trc x.

Bin i biu thc (4.5) c h s mng F (kiu ca trng bc x) c dng:

N +1
( + k0 cos )d
sin
2

F = I0
sin ( + k0 cos )d / 2

(4.6)

tin li cho vic tm hiu kiu bc x ca mng, t:

u = k0 d cos

(4.7)

u0 = d

(4.8)

H s ca mng c dng v c biu din trn hnh (4.3):

N +1
(u + u0 )
sin
2

F = I0
sin (u + u0 ) / 2

(4.9)

Cc i ca tia chnh xy ra khi u= u0

Khong cch gia im cc i ca tia chnh v im cc i ca tia ph u tin:

u =

3
N +1

Khi N8 th t s gia bin tia ph u tin v tia chnh c gi tr 2/(3 ) (hay 0.21).

C N-1 tia ph gia hai tia chnh. Kiu mng tun hon vi chu k 2 theo bin u.

V k0 d u = k0 d cos k0 d do ch c mt khong ca u vi c ngha vt l gi

l vng kh kin (visible region): k0 d u k0 d .

F
Tia chnh
Vng kh kin
Tia ph
u tin

u0 2

u0 u=0

k0 d

k0 d

BW
Hnh 4. 3 H s mng ca mng ng nht

Thc t thng ch yu cu c mt tia chnh trong vng kh kin iu ny i hi chn

khong cch nh vng kh kin ch cha mt tia chnh nh biu din trong hnh
4.3. C hai trng hp chnh di y:
1. Trng hp =0 ( mng ng pha):

Khi u0=0, cc i ca tia chnh xy ra khi: u = 0 hay cos =0 v =/2. Nh vy

cc i ca tia chnh xy ra ti mt phng vung gc vi trc ca mng.

Nu chn khong cch gia cc phn t d<0, s ch c mt tia chnh xut hin trong
vng kh kin.
5

 rng tia chnh BW( beam width- gc gia hai im khng ca tia chnh) c xc
nh t diu kin :

N +1
k 0 d cos =
2
cos =

0
2
=
( N + 1)k 0 d ( N + 1)d

Khi N c gi tr rt ln, cos c gi tr rt nh. Lc c th xem

t =

, ta c cos(

) = sin do rng ca tia chnh:

BW = 2 =

20
2
= 0
L
( N + 1)d

(4.10)

Vi L = ( N + 1)d l chiu di ca mng.

Nh vy rng ca tia chnh t l nghch vi chiu di ca mng. tn s cao, c th
to mng ng nht ng pha vi bp sng hp.
V d: Mt anten mng c chiu di L=200, c rng tia chnh BW =0.1 rad =6o. Nu
anten hot ng tn s 30GHz (0=1cm), th chiu di ca mng l 20cm. Tuy nhin
nu bc sng vo khong 1MHz (0=300m), chiu di ca mng l 6km khng kh
thi.

Vic tnh chnh xc h s nh hng ca mng l rt kh. Trong trng hp ang xt l

mng ng pha gm N+1 dipole na sng th phi tnh cng sut bc x ton phn bng
cch tnh tch phn sau:
N +1

2 cos(
cos ) sin(
k0 d sin cos )

2
2
sin dd
0 0 sin
k0 d

sin(
sin cos )
2

Cng c th tnh gn ng h s nh hng cc i ca mng bng cng thc:

D0 =

4
4

A HPBWE HPBWH

(4.11)

Vi A l gc c chim bi chm tia chnh, HPBWE l gc na cng sut trong mt

phng E, trng hp ny l gc na cng sut ca dipole na sng c gi tr 780 (1.36
rad). L gc na cng sut trong mt phng H; trong trng hp ny chnh l gc na
cng sut xc nh bi h s mng:

HPBWH = 2 1 / 2 =

2.650
2 2.65
=
( N + 1)k0 d ( N + 1)d

(4.12)

Nh vy h s nh hng cc i ca mt mng ng pha gm N+1 dipole na sng

c tnh bi cng thc:
D0

4
( N + 1)d
= 5.48
0
2 1.36 HPBWH

(4.13)

Tha s 2 mu s tnh cho 2 tia.

Nu phn t mng l anten v hng th kiu bc x s c tnh i xng trc quanh trc
ca mng, khi h s nh hng cc i c tnh bi cng thc:
D0

4
( N + 1)d
= 2.37
0
2 HPBWH

(4.14)

V d: Tnh h s nh hng cc i D0 ca mt mng ng nht gm 10 anen v

hng c t cch nhau mt khong bng bc sng v c kch thch ng pha.

D0 = 2.37

( N + 1)d

= 2.37

100 / 4

= 5.925 = 10 log10 (5.925) = 7.72dB

y
x
(a)
z

y
y
x

(c)

(b)
Hnh 4. 4 (a) Kiu mng ca mng ng pha (b) Kiu bc x ca dipole na sng
(c) Kiu bc x tng hp ca mng gm cc dipole na sng ng pha

2. Trng hp mng c pha ca dng in bin i theo qui lut sng chy
(mng End-fire):

Trng hp chn u0 = k0 d , bp sng chnh t cc i khi:

u = u0 = k0 d = k0 d cos = 0

Hng bc x cc i chnh l hng +x. Nu chn u0 = k0 d , hng bc x cc i s

c hng x.
iu kin ch c mt tia chnh trong vng kh kin: d <0/2.

H s mng c dng:

N +1

k 0 d (cos 1)
sin
2

F = I0

k d
sin 0 (cos 1)

(4.15)

Kiu mng c tnh i xng quanh trc ca mng nh biu din trn hnh 4.5.
Tia chnh bng 0 khi:

N +1
k0 d (cos 1) =
2
Khi N rt ln, ca ti im 0 ca tia chnh c gi tr rt nh do c th thc hin
php tnh gn ng: cos 1 ( ) 2 / 2 .

( ) 2
2
=
2
( N + 1)k0 d
rng tia chnh:
2 / d
BW = 2 = 2 0
N +1

1/ 2

2
= 2 0
L

1/ 2

Vi L l chiu di ca mng.
Nh vy rng tia chnh t l nghch vi cn bc hai ca chiu di mng tnh theo
bc sng.
H s nh hng cc i c tnh gn ng bng rng tia na cng sut.
1/ 2

HPBW = 2 1 / 2

= 2 1.63
d ( N + 1)

(4.16)

Gc c gii hn bi chm tia na cng sut:

2 1 / 2

sin dd = 2 (1 cos
0

1/ 2

) ( 1 / 2 ) 2

H s nh hng cc i:
D0 =

4
( N + 1)d
= 4.73

(4.17)

V d: H s nh hng cc i ca mng end-fire gm 10 phn t t cch nhau mt

khong bng bc sng:

D0 = 4.73

( N + 1)d

= 4.73

100 / 4

= 11.825 = 10 log10 (11.825) = 10.728dB

F
Vng kh kin

k0 d

k 0 d = u0

u=0

=0

(a)
z

y
Tia ph u tin

(b)

Hnh 4. 5 H s mng v kiu bc x ca mng End-fire

iu kin Hansen-Woodyard: tng tnh nh hng ca mng

d = u 0 = k 0 d

(4.18)

Cc i ca tia chnh xy ra khi:

u = u 0 = k 0 d +

(4.19)

u = k 0 d cos = k 0 d +

cos > 1

Nh vy cc i ca chm tia chnh xy ra ngoi vng kh kin do th ca |F(u)|

b dch sang pha tri mt on /N. So vi mng thng thng th bp sng chnh b
thu hp v cc i chnh t gi tr nh hn. Tuy nhin do cng sut bc x ton phn
gim do h s nh hng tng.
10

( N + 1) I 0
Cc i
Vng kh kin

k0 d

k 0 d u0

u=0

Hnh 4. 6 H s mng ca mng end-fire vi iu kin Hansen-Woodyard

4.3

MNG NG NHT HAI CHIU

Xt mt mng gm (N +1)(M+1) phn t dipole na sng t song song vi trc z trong

mt phng xOz nh biu din trong hnh v 4.7. Cc anten phn t c kch thch bi
cc dng c cng bin C=I0, phn b pha c dng e jnd + jmd tng ng vi v tr
(n,m).
C th xem h l mt mng gm (M+1) mng mt chiu c (N +1) phn t. S dng
nguyn tc nhn gin phng hng, h s ca mng hai chiu bng tch ca h s
mng ca mng gm (M+1) phn t vi h s mng ca mng gm (N +1) phn t.
Ta c: ar a x = sin cos v a z ar = cos , do h s mng ca mng hai chiu
c biu din nh sau:

N +1
(k 0 d sin cos + d ) sin M + 1 (k 0 d cos + d )
sin
2

F ( , ) = I 0
sin{(k 0 sin cos + )d / 2}
sin{(k 0 cos + )d / 2}

(4.20)
n gin ta t:

u = k0 d sin cos ,

u 0 = d

v = k0 d cos ,

v0 = d
11

H s ca mng c vit li thnh:

N +1
(u + u0 ) sin M + 1 (v + v0 )
sin
2
2

F = I0
sin{(u + u 0 ) / 2} sin{(v + v0 ) / 2}
(4.21)

z
N+1
phn t
M+1
phn t

ar

d
i
x

d
Hnh 4. 7 Mng hai chiu

Hng bc x cc i chnh c xc nh t iu kin:

u = u 0

v = v0

Nu cc phn t ca mng c kch thch ng pha, = = 0 th hng bc x cc

i chnh vung gc vi mt phng ca mng. Trong trng hp ny mt phng ca
mng l mt phng xOz nn hng bc x cc i chnh l hng y. Bng cch chn
cc gi tr v thch hp c th iu khin hng bc x cc i theo mt hng ty
(mng pha).
Trong trng hp mng c kch thch ng pha, rng tia chnh trong mt phng xy
v xz c xc nh bi cc iu kin sau:

N +1
2 u =

M + 1 v =
2

12

Tng t vi mng mt chiu, rng tia chnh:

20

( BW ) xy = ( N + 1)d

( BW ) = 20
yz

( M + 1)d

(4.22)

2.650

( HPBW ) xy = ( N + 1)d

( HPBW ) = 2.650
yz

( M + 1)d

(4.23)

Gc na cng sut c xc nh:

H s nh hng cc i c tnh gn ng nh sau:

D0

4
A
( N + 1)( M + 1)d 2
= 8.33
= 8.33 2
2
2( HPBW ) xy ( HPBW ) yz
0
0

(4.24)

Vi A = ( N + 1)( M + 1)d 2 l din tch ca mng.

Nh vy h s nh hng cc i t l thun vi din tch o theo n v bnh phng
bc sng. y l c trng cho tt c cc loi anten.
Khi tia chnh lch khi trc ca mng rng ca tia chnh s thay i. Gi s
= 0, d = k0 d cos 0 , tia chnh nm trong mt phng xy v lch so vi trc x mt gc
0 . S dng php khai trin Taylor c th vit:
k0 d (cos cos 0 ) (k0 d sin 0 )( 0 )

rng tia chnh c xc nh bi biu thc:

N +1
(u + u0 ) =
2
N +1

(k0 d sin 0 )( 0 ) =
2
( BW ) xy = 2 0 = 2 =

20
( N + 1)d sin 0
(4.25)

13

Nh vy rng tia chnh trong mt phng xy tng t l vi 1/sin0. Ta nhn thy

( N + 1)d sin 0 chnh l di ca mng chiu ln hng vung gc vi hng bc x
cc i, v di ca hnh chiu th bao gi cng nh hn di thc do rng tia
chnh c m rng.

4.4 TNG HP KIU MNG

Trong phn trc chng ta tm hiu v mng ng nht. Mng ng nht c th to
ra kiu bc x vi bp sng hp bng cch phn b phn b pha thch hp cho cc dng
c kch thch trn cc phn t. Bng cch iu khin phn b pha gia cc phn t
bc x c th thay i hng bc x ca tia chnh.
Nu thay i phn b ca cc dng kch thch, ta c th iu khin hnh dng v d rng
ca bp sng chnh cng nh v tr v ln ca cc bp sng ph. Do c th to ra
mt kiu bc x gn ging vi kiu bc x cho trc. y chnh l bi ton tng hp
kiu mng hay c th gi n gin l tng hp mng.
C rt nhiu phng php khc nhau c nghin cu v pht trin tng hp kiu
mng, trong phn ny ch gii hn mt s phng php tiu biu. Trong phn ny
chng ta ch cp n vic tng hp kiu mng cho mng mt chiu. Tuy nhin cc
phng php ny hon ton c th ng dng cho mng hai chiu da trn nguyn tc
nhn gin phng hng.

4.4.1

Phng php chui Fourier

Xt mt mng gm 2N+1 phn t v mt mng gm 2N phn t c kch thch ng

pha nh biu din trong hnh 4.8 vi gc ta trng vi tm ca mng.
z

r
1
-1

y
x

-N

(a)

r
1
-1

-N

(b)

Hnh 4. 8 (a) Mng mt chiu vi 2N+1 phn t; (b) Mng mt chiu vi 2N phn t

14

(a) Trng hp mng c s phn t l, 2N+1 phn t:

F ( ) = F (u ) =

C e

jnu

n= N

(4.26a)

(b) Trng hp mng c s phn t l s chn, 2N phn t

1

n= N

n =1

Cn e j[( 2n+1) / 2]u + Cn e j[( 2n1) / 2]u

F ( ) = F (u ) =

(4.26b)

Vi u = k 0 d cos .
Ch : V 0 , do k 0 d u k 0 d ng vi vng kh kin.
Nu mng c tnh i xng, Cn=C-n, h s mng c th vit li thnh:
(a) Mng c 2N+1 phn t:
N

n= N

n =1

F ( ) = F (u ) =

Cne jnu = C0 + Cn (e jnu + e jnu )

F (u ) = C0 + 2 Cn cos nu

(4.27a)

n =1

(b) Mng c 2N phn t:

1

C e

F ( ) = F (u ) =

n= N

j [( 2 n +1) / 2 ]u

+ C n e j[( 2 n 1) / 2 ]u
n =1

= C n (e j[( 2 n 1) / 2 ]u + e j[( 2 n 1) / 2 ]u )
n =1

F (u ) = 2 Cn cos(
n =1

2n 1
u)
2

(4.27b)

Bng cch kch thch cc phn t mng vi bin Cn thch hp c th to c mt

mng c h s mng gn ng vi h s mng Fd(u) cho trc. Cn chnh l h s ca
chui Fourier v c tnh bng cng thc di y:
(c) Mng c 2N+1 phn t:

Cn = C n =

1
2

F (u )e

jnu

du ,

0n N

(4.28a)

(d) Mng c 2N phn t:

Cn = C n =

1
2

Fd (u )e

15

2 n 1
u
2

du ,

1 n N

(4.28b)

V d: Dng phng php bin i Fourier thit k mng i xng c 7 phn

t t cch nhau d=0/2 c kiu mng nh sau:
60 0 120 0
1
Fd ( ) =
0
0 < < 60 0 , 120 0 < < 180 0
Bi gii:
2 0

0
0
= 120 u = k 0 d cos = 2 cos120 = 2

= 60 0 u = k d cos = 2 0 cos 60 0 =
0

2
0 2
S dng 4.28a tnh bin dng c kch thch trn tng phn t:
1
1 /2
C0 =
Fd (u )du =
du = 1 / 2

2
2 / 2
1
Cn =
2
Cn =

F (u )e

jnu

1
du =
2

/2

jnu

/2

1
du =
2

/2

e jnu
1 e jn / 2 e jn / 2
=

2j
jn / 2 n

n
1
sin
2
n

C 1 = C1 =

sin

C2 = C2 =

2
1
3
1
sin
C 3 = C3 =
=
3
2
3

Bin dng trn cc phn t: C0 =

1
2
sin
=0
2
2

1
1
1
, C 1 = , C 2 = 0, C 3 =
2
3

H s mng:
N

F (u ) = = C0 + 2 Cn cos nu
n =1

1 2
2
+ cos u
cos 3u
2
3
1 2
2
F ( ) = + cos( cos )
cos(3 cos )
2
3
F (u ) =

Kiu mng c biu din trn hnh 4.9.

Nu s lng phn t tng ln kiu bc x ca mng s c gi tr gn ng hn
vi kiu mng cho trc. Ngc li nu mng nh, ch vi vi phn t bi ton
tng hp kiu mng s cho kt qu c sai s ln so vi kiu mng cho trc v
s phn t ca chui Fourier t.

16

1.5

F ( )

Fd (u )
0.5

30

60

90

120

150

180

-0.5

(a)

1 2
2
F (u ) = + cos u cos 3u
2
3

1.5

Fd (u )
0.5

0
-4

k0 d

k0 d
2

kd
0
2

k0 d

-0.5

(b)
Hnh 4. 9 Kiu mng cho trc v kiu mng tng hp bng phng php chui Fourier vi 7 phn t

17

V d 2: Lp li bi ton trn vi mng c 6 phn t:

V mng c tnh i xng do :
/2

j 2 n 1u
2 n 1
2 n 1
j
u
u
/2 j
e 2
1
1
1
2
2
(
)
F
u
e
du
e
du
=
=
=

d
2
2 / 2
2 j 2n 1
2 / 2

Cn = Cn

2
e
=
(2n 1)

2 n 1
2 2

e
2j

2 n 1
2 2

2
2n 1
sin(
)
(2n 1)
2 2

Bin dng kch thch trn cc phn t:

C 1 =

2
2
2 1 1
) = sin( ) =
sin(
2
2
4
(2 1 1)

C 2 =

2
2 2 1
2
3
2
sin(
)=
sin( ) =
(2 2 1)
2
2
3
4
3

C3 =

2
2 3 1
2
5
2
sin(
)=
sin( ) =
(2 3 1)
2
2
5
4
5

Kiu mng:
F (u ) =

2 2

1
2 2
3
2 2
5
cos( u ) +
cos( u )
cos( u )
2
3
2
5
2

F ( ) =

2 2

2 2
3
2 2
5

cos( cos ) +
cos( cos )
cos( cos )
2
3
2
5
2

4.4.2

Mng Chebyshev

Mng Chebyshev c tng hp bng nh s dng a thc Chebyshev. Phng php

ny c p ng thit k mng vi rng nh nht ng vi mt mc ph cho
trc hoc ngc li mt mc ph nh nht vi rng ca mng cho trc. a thc
Chebyshev c s dng tm ra phn b dng ph hp vi mc tiu thit k. Phng
php ny c xut u tin bi C.L. Dolph do mng loi ny cn c gi l
mng Dolph-Chebyshev.

18

 Cc tnh cht c bn ca a thc Chebyshev:

+nh ngha:
T 0( x) = 1,
T 1( x) = x
T 2( x) = 2 x 2 1
T 3( x) = 4 x 3 3 x
T 4( x) = 8 x 4 8 x 2 + 1
T 5( x) = 16 x 5 20 x 3 + 5 x
T 6( x) = 32 x 6 48 x 4 + 18 x 2 1

T7 ( x) = 64 x 7 112 x 5 + 56 x 3 7 x
T 8( x) = 128 x 8 256 x 6 + 160 x 4 32 x 2 + 1
T9 ( x) = 256 x 9 276 x 7 + 432 x 5 120 x 3 + 9 x
Tn ( x) = 2 xTn 1 Tn 2

(4.29)
Tn (x) dao ng trong khong 1 khi x dao ng trong khong 1 v c n nghim trong

khong 1. Khi x > 1, Tn (x) tng n iu nh biu din trong hnh 4. 10.
Nghim ca Tn (x) c cho bi:

xm = cos m = cos

1 + 2m
, m = 0,1, 2, ..., n 1
2n

(4.30)

Gi tr ca a thc c th c tnh theo cng thc di y:

Tn ( x) = cos[n cos 1 ( x)]
1

Tn ( x) = cosh[n cosh ( x)]

19

1 < x < 1
x >1

(4.31)

Tn(x)
T2
T1

-1

-1

Hnh 4. 11 Da thc Chebyshev

Xt mng ng pha i xng c 2N v 2N+1 nh biu din trong hnh 4. 12.

z

CN

CN

r
C1
2C0

r
C1

C1

x
x

CN

C1

CN

(a)

(b)

Hnh 4. 12 Mng Chebyshev vi 2N+1 phn t v 2N phn t

H s ca mng c dng (s dng 4.27):

N

n =1

n =0

F2 N +1 = 2C0 + 2 Cn cos nu = 2 Cn cos 2nv

N

F2 N = 2 Cn cos(
n =1

N
2n 1
u ) = 2 Cn cos[(2n 1)v]
2
n =1

20

H s chun ha ca mng c dng:

N

F2 N +1 = Cn cos 2nv
n =0
N

F2 N = Cn cos[(2n 1)v]

(4.32)

n =1

1
d
Vi v = u / 2 = k 0 d cos =
cos .
2
0

Nh vy h s mng ca mt mng ng pha i xng c dng chi cosin hu hn v

c dng ging vi a thc Chebyshev. Phn b bin Cn ca cc phn t c th c
xc nh bng cch ng dng trin khai a thc Chebyshev thch hp. Ch bc ca a
thc bng s phn t ca mng tr i mt.

Cc bc thit k mng Chebyshev:

1. Xc nh dng ca h s mng da theo biu thc (4.32)
2. Khai trin h s mng da vo cng thc khai trin a thc Chebyshev(4.29)
3. Xc nh gi tr x = x1 sao cho Tm(x1) = R vi R l t s gia mc chnh v mc
ph. Hoc xc nh x1 da vo rng tia chnh.
1
x1 = cosh[ cosh 1 ( R)]
n
Hoc

x1=

xz
cosv z

4. Thay
cos v =

x
x1

(4.33)

vo biu thc trin khai ca h s mng bc 2.

5. S dng biu thc khai trin ca h s mng sau khi thay (4.33) vo v so
snh vi biu thc khai trin ca Tm(x). Vi m c gi tr nh hn s phn t
mng l 1. So snh h s ca cc s hng cng bc tm h s Cn.
6. Dng cc h s tm c chun ha theo h s ca phn t ngoi cng biu
din h s mng.
V d1: Thit k mng Chebyshev vi t s mc chnh ph cho trc
Hy thit k mt mng i xng ng pha vi 5 phn t t cch nhau d= 0/2 c t s
gia mc chnh ph R=20dB.

21

Bi gii:
1. H s mng ca mng ng pha gm 5 phn t c biu din di dng:
N =2

F2 N +1 = Cn cos 2nv
n =0

cos = cos
0
2
2. Bin i h s mng:
F5 = C0 + C1 cos 2v + C2 cos 4v
Vi v =

= C0 + C1 (2 cos 2 v 1) + C2 (8 cos 4 v 8 cos 2 v + 1)

= (C0 C1 + C2 ) + (2C1 8C2 ) cos 2 v + 8C2 cos 4 v
3. Xc nh x1
R = 20dB R = 10 20 / 20 = 10
T (4.31),ta c :
T4 ( x1 ) = cosh[4 cosh 1 ( x1 )] = R = 10
1
x1 = cosh[ cosh 1 (10)] = 1.293
4
x
4. Thay cos v = vo h s mng:
x1

x2
x4
F5 = (C0 C1 + C2 ) + (2C1 8C2 ) 2 + 8C2 4
x1
x1
= T4 ( x) = 1 8 x 2 + 8 x 4
ng nht cc h s tng ng, ta c h phng trnh:
8C 2
x4 = 8
C2 = x14
1
C2 = 2.8

2C 1 8C 2

4
2
C1 = 4.5
2 2 = 8 C1 = 4 x1 4 x1
x1
x1

C = 2.7
4
2
0
C0 = 1 + 3 x1 4 x1
C0 C1 + C2 = 1

C2 = 1

5. Cc h s chun ha : C1 = 1.61
C = 0.97
0
6. H s mng chun ha:
F5 = 0.97 + 1.61cos 2v + cos 4v
v=

cos

22

Bin dng c kch thch trn cc phn t ln lt l: 1.94I0 cho phn t

trung tm ca mng, 1.61 I0 i vi phn t v tr 1, v I0 i vi hai
phn t v tr 2, v tr ngoi cng ca mng.

rng tia chnh:

im 0 ca tia chnh chnh l nghim u tin ca a thc T4(x):

1
= cos( / 8) = 0.924
2n
0.924
x

cos vz = cos( cos z ) = z =

= 0.714
2
x1 1.293
xz = cos

cos z = 0.775
2
z = cos 1 (2 0.775 / ) = 1.054rad = 60.430

vz =

rng tia chnh:

BW=2(90-60.43)=59.130

V d 2: Thit k mng Chebyshev vi rng tia chnh cho trc.

Hy thit k mt mng i xng ng pha vi nm phn t t cch nhau d= 0/2 c
rng tia chnh bng 400.
Gii:

Cc bc 1, 2, 4, 5 v 6 lm tng t v d 1, ch khc bc th 2, xc nh x1,

3. Xc nh x1 v t s gia mc chnh v ph:
im khng ca tia chnh xc nh bi:
1
xz = cos = cos( / 8) = 0.924
2n
z = 90 BW / 2 = 90 40 = 200

cos z = 0.537
2
cos vz = cos 0.537 = 0.859
vz =

Ta c
cos vz =

0.924
xz

= 0.859
x1
x1

0.924
= 1.075
0.859
R = T4 ( x1 ) = cosh[4 cosh 1 (1.075)] = 2.44 = 20 log10 (2.44) = 7.75dB
x1 =

23

Cc bc cn li lm tng t v d trn ta thu c h s dng kch thch v h

s chun ha nh sau:
C2 = x14
C2 = 1.34
C2 = 1

4
2
C1 = 0.72 C1 = 0.54
C1 = 4 x1 4 x1

C = 0.39 C = 0.29
4
2
0
0
C0 = 1 + 3 x1 4 x1

H s ca mng c dng:
F5 = 0.29 + 10.54 cos 2v + cos 4v
v=

cos

F ( ) = 0.29 + 10.54 cos( cos ) + cos(2 cos )

4.5 MNG CP IN CHO MNG

Vn thit k mng ng truyn cung cp cc dng in c bin v pha nh
trc cho mi phn t ca mng rt phc tp v tr khng vo ca mi phn t chu nh
hng ca tr khng tng h vi tt c cc phn t khc. Trng hp dng kch thch
c bin khng ng nht cn s dng mt s mch chia cng sut vi tn hao thp
kch thch cc dng c bin d khc nhau trn mi phn t. Cn phi phi hp tr
khng gia cc anten phn t vi ng truyn cung cp trong di tn cng tc.
Thng thng ta chia mng thnh cc nhm nh hoc vng da trn tnh i xng
ca mng. Cc vng s c cp in vi cc mng cp in i xng.
V d: Mng gm 9 phn t c chia thnh 3 nhm, mi nhm c nui bi mt
ng truyn n ni vi ng truyn chnh nh biu din trong hnh v 4.13. Nh
tnh i xng ca mng cp in s kch thch ca mng s c tnh i xng cao khng
ph thuc vo nh hng ca s phi hp tr khng v tr khng tng h.

24

Hnh 4. 13 Mng gm 9 phn t c tnh i xng chia thnh 3 vng

Trong mng biu din trn hnh v, c 3 nhm c cng dng kch thch: (1,3,7,9), (2,8),
(4,6).
Mi phn t c ni vi ng truyn chnh nh mt on ng truyn c di
bng bc sng. Dng in kch thch trn mi anten phn t lin quan trc tip n
pha v bin ca in th trn ng truyn chnh.
t:

Zf : tr khng c trng ca ng truyn chnh

Za : tr khng c trng ca on bc sng
Za,in : tr khng vo ca phn t anten
Vf : in th ti u vo ca on bc sng

Za

0
4

I a
I a+
Vf

Zf

Hnh 4. 14 Dipole phn t c cp in bi ng truyn bc sng

Dng v in th ti u vo ca on bc sng:
I a = I a+ I a
V f = Z a ( I a+ + I a )

25

(4.34)

Vi I a+ v I a l dng ti v dng phn x. Ti u vo ca mi anten phn t dng in

s b tr pha 900 so vi u vo ca on bc sng. Dng ti u vo ca anten phn
t:

I in = I a+ e j / 2 I a e j / 2 = j ( I a+ + I a )
=

jV f
Za

(4.35)

= jYaV f

Vi Ya l dn np c trng ca on bc sng.
Nh vy, dng vo ti anten phn t ch ph thuc vo in th ca ng truyn chnh
v tr khng c trng ca on bc sng m khng ph thuc vo tr khng c
trng ca ng truyn chnh cng nh tr khng ca anten phn t.
p dng nguyn tc trn cho ba anten phn t dng kch thch ng pha v bin t l
vi Ya , Yb , Yc biu din trong hnh. V in th ti cc u vo ca mi on bc
sng ging nhau do cc u vo ny cch nhau ng bng bc sng 0 trn ng
truyn chnh. Nu mun dng kch thch trn phn t b ngc pha vi dng kch thch
trn hai phn t cn li th khong cch gia u vo ca mi on bc sng trn
ng truyn chnh bng bc sng.

Ya
ng truyn
c chiu di 0

Yb

Yc
0 / 4

Z in

Hnh 4. 15 Mng gm 3 anten dipole phn t c cp in bi ng truyn bc sng

Tr khng vo ca c mng chnh bng tr khng tng ng ca mng c ba phn t

vi tr khng c gi tr ln lt l Z a2 / Z a ,in , Z b2 / Z b ,in , Z c2 / Z c ,in mc song vi nhau. Nu
c s phi hp tr khng hon ton gia on bc sng v cc anten phn t th tr
khng vo ca mng chnh bng tr khng tng ng ca mng c ba phn t vi tr
khng bng tr khng c trng ca mi on bc sng mc song song.

26

4.6 MNG K SINH

Mng k sinh l mng m khng phi tt c cc phn t ca mng u l phn t tch
cc (phn t c kch thch bi dng nui-driven element). Cc phn t th ng
(nondriven element) c kch thch bi s cm ng vi phn t tch cc cng nh vi
cc phn t th ng khc thng qua tr khng tng h gia chng.
Mng k sinh thng c thit k bng con ng thc nghim bi v rt kh tnh
tr khng tng h, kch thc cc phn t v khong cch thch hp gia cc phn t
do cc phn t tc ng tng h phc tp gia cc phn t.
d
Phn t
phn x

Phn t
tch cc

Phn t
phn x

Phn t
tch cc
Phn t
dn x

Hng ca
tia chnh

(a)

(b)

Hnh 4. 16 (a)Mng k sinh vi 2 phn t (b) Mng k sinh vi 3 phn t

Xt mng k sinh n gin nht vi 2 phn t gm mt phn t tch cc v mt phn t

phn x c biu din trong hnh 4.16a. Ta c th xem mng nh mt mng ca cp
phn t hai u. Vi phn t phn x, do khng c dng nui nn in th bng 0.
Ta c:
0 = Z11I1 + Z12 I 2

(4.36a)

V2 = Z12 I1 + Z 22 I 2

(4.36b)

Vi Z11: tr khng ring ca phn t phn x

Z22: l tr khngphn t tch cc
Z12: l tr khng tng h gia hai phn t
T (4.36) tnh dng trn cc phn t thu c:
I1 =

Z12V2
Z11Z 22 Z 122

27

(4.37a)

I2 =

Z11V2
Z11Z 22 Z 122

(4.37b)

I1 Z12
=
I2
Z11

Biu din t s gia dng I1 v dng I1 di dng:

(4.37c)

I1 Z12
Z
=
= 12 e jd th h s ca
I2
Z11
Z11

mng c dng:

F =1

Z12 jd jk 0 d cos
e
Z11

iu kin c hng bc x cc i ti =0 :

d k0 d = hay d =

(4.38)

k0

iu kin hng = c bc x bng khng:

d k0 d = 0, 2

Z12
Z =1
11

Z12
=1 o ch c th lm cho bc x theo hng = c
Z11
gi tr nh nht ch khng th lm cho bc x theo hng ny b trit tiu.
Tuy nhin rt kh c

Gc pha ca Z11 c th thay i bng cch thay i chiu di ca phn t:

Nu l1 < 0 / 2 Z11 : dung khng
l1 > 0 / 2 Z11 : cm khng

Tr khng tng h Z12 ph thuc vo khong cch d gia hai phn t.

Phn t phn x phi c chiu di ln hn na bc sng v khong cch d phi c gi
tr vo khong 0.150.

iu kin l tng c phn x ton phn:

28

d = 0 / 4

d = / 2

Z12 = 1
Z11

(4.39)

Nu phn t k sinh c chiu di nh hn phn t tch cc th phn t k sinh s l

phn t dn x v hng bc x cc i s hng v pha phn t dn x. tng tnh
nh hng ca mng k sinh ta s dng kt hp c phn t phn x v phn t dn x
nh biu din trong hnh 4.16b. y l loi anten Yagi-Uda n gin nht vi 3 phn t.
Mng Yagi-Uda
Nhc im ln ca mng k sinh l in tr bc x nh. Vi phn t tch cc l dipole
na sng in tr bc x c gi tr vo khong 20 khi c mt phn t k sinh.
Nu dng mt dipole gp th in tr bc x tng ln khong 4 ln v c gi tr vo
khong 80.
Di tn cng tc rt hp ch vo khong t 2~3 % do phi thit lp phn t k sinh tht
chnh xc c kt qu ti u.
Mng Yagi-Uda l mt mng end-fire vi mt phn t tch cc, mt phn t phn x v
nhiu phn t dn x nh biu din trong hnh v di y.

Phn t
phn x

Phn t
tch cc

Phn t
dn x
d1
l1

V0

-1

Hng ca
tia chnh
1

Hnh 4. 17 Mng Yagi-Uda

t Zii: tr khng ring ca phn t th i

Zij: l tr khng tng h gia hai phn t th i v j
Ch ngoi phn t tch cc c in th u vo l V0, cc phn t cn li c in th
u vo bng 0, ta c h phng trnh sau cho mng Uda-yagi vi N phn t:
29

0 = Z 11I 1 + Z 10 I 0 + Z 11I1 + ... + Z 1N I N

V0 = Z 0 1I 1 + Z 00 I 0 + Z 01I1 + ... + Z 0 N I N
.................................................................
0 = Z N 1I 1 + Z N 0 I 0 + Z N 1I1 + ... + Z NN I N

(4.40)

Nu c th xc nh c tr khng tng h Zij v dng Ii trn mi phn t th c th

tnh c trng bc x to bi anten mng.
Yu cu thit k l chn khong cch gia cc phn t v chiu di ca cc phn t
thch hp dng trn cc phn t c pha thch hp tha mn iu kin cng ng pha
v trng bc x theo hng thun (Hng t phn t phn x n phn t tch cc v
phn t dn x). Tuy nhin cc thng s nh hng ln nhau nn rt kh gii bi ton
mt cch chnh xc. Do vic thit k mng Yagi-Uda thng da trn thc nghim.
Mng Yagi-Uda thng gp c t 8 n 10 phn t vi li vo khong 14dB. Mng
c di tn hot ng hp ch khong vi phn trm. Tuy nhin mng c cu trc n
gin nn c s dng rt ph bin.

30