V.

ANBAZHAGAN,
Manager,WRI

Crystal Structures
- Body centered cubic (BCC)

- Face centered cubic (FCC)

723 C

METHODS OF STRENGTHENING

MICRO ALLOYING (Ti, Nb, V)

PEARLITE CONTENT (C, Mn)
ACCICULAR FERRITE (Tempering)
FINE GRAIN SIZE (Controlled rolling)
PRECIPITATION HARDENING (Cu)

ASME

Material Specification

Section II, Part A

Wrought, castings & forgings
Ferrous : Cast iron, carbon steels
: Heat resisting (Cr-Mo)
steels
: Stainless steels
Structural & Pressure vessels

Test
Certificate

API Standard : 1104

Welding of Pipelines
and Related Facilities
API Specification : 5L
Specification for Line
pipe

SCOPE
SEAMLESS LINEPIPES
WELDED LINEPIPES

SERVICE :
Oil, Gas, Water & Petroleum Products

ALLOYING ELEMENTS
MANGANESE

ALUMINIUM

CARBON

CHROMIUM

NICKEL

TITANIUM

COPPER

VANADIUM

NIOBIUM

MOLYBDENUM

NITROGEN

BORON

API - X60 (wt%)

C
Si
P
Nb
Cr
Ti
Mo
B

: 0.15 max
Mn : 1.60 max
: 0.15 - 0.45
S : 0. 01 max
: 0.02 max
Al : 0.07 max
: 0.05 max
V : 0.05 max
: 0.20 max
Ni : 0.20 max
: 0.10 max
Cu : 0.35 max
: 0.08 max
N : 0.012 max
: 0. 0005 max (5ppm)

PIPE SPECIFICATION
API - 5L
- 5LX
- 5LS
ASTM - A 53
- A 135
- A 139
- A 211
BS

Linepipe
High Test Line
Spiral welded
Seamless Pipe
ERW Pipe
Fusion welded
Spiral welded

3001
3002

C-Steel (ORD)
C-Steel (High Duty)

3003

C-Steel (Low Temp)

STEEL GRADES

A25, X42, X46, X52, X60, X65, X70, X80, X100

PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE :
Type of pipe
SEAMLESS &

WELDED

Longitudinal seam :

SAW, GMAW

Double seam

SAW, GMAW

Helical seam

: SAW

PROPERTIES REQUIRED IN STEELS

EXCELLENT TOUGHNESS
(Fine grains, Bainite)
GOOD WELDABILITY
RESISTANCE TO BRITTLE FRACTURE
DEFORMABILITY (GOOD DUCTILITY )

21

Heat Affected Zone

FCHAZ

CGHAZ

Microstructure constituents in steels

Ferrite - low carbon solubility : BCC
Pearlite - combination of ferrite and cementite
Austenite - FCC
Bainite :

Iron carbide with good toughness

Martensite - Rapidly cooled by quenching

Untempered martensite is the hardest and most brittle
of the microstructures

Multi pass weld beads

METHOD OF MAKING PIPE

U O E PIPE
U Bent, O Bent, E Expanded

:A

E R W PIPES

:E

CONTINUOUE BUTT WELD

:B

SEAMLESS PIPE

:S

SPIRAL WELDED PIPE

:A

Macro Bead
of SMAW E430

Macro Bead
of E430 Nb

Macro
Unpulsed weld

Macro
Pulsed weld

Petrochemical Vessels (KRL, MRPL)

Process vessels (ALUMINA

PLANT-HINDALCO,ZUARI AGRO)

View of LPG Gas pipeline

Pin Hole, Dent in Crack

Visible Cracks

Cracks in a pipe

MICROSTRUCTURE : F + P

BM Lamination

Lamination Band

Bend test : Opening

SEM Study Ductile Fracture

INCLUSION