LI M U

Ngnh in t Vin thng l mt trong nhng ngnh quan trng v mang

tnh quyt nh cho s pht trin ca mt quc gia. S pht trin nhanh chng ca
Khoa hc Cng ngh lm cho ngnh in t Vin thng ngy cng pht trin v
t c nhiu thnh tu mi. Nhu cu ca con ngi ngy cng cao l iu kin
thun li cho ngnh in t Vin thng phi khng ngng pht minh ra cc sn
phm mi c tnh ng dng cao, cc sn phm a tnh nng, c bn v n
nh ngy cng cao
Trong truyn dn v tuyn , a tn hiu c tn s thp nh m thanh ting
ni i xa cn c nhng k thut iu ch a ln tn s cao, ni thu s gii
iu ch thu c tn hiu m tn mong mun, gm iu ch tng t v iu
ch s. Phng php iu ch tng t gm iu bin (AM) v iu ch gc (PM
va FM). Mi phng php c u , nhc im ring v c dng ty vo ng
dng c th.
H thng thu pht i tn c dng rng ri trong pht thanh radio FM di
tn 88-108MHZ , truyn hnh audio, ng dng qung b . do u im v kh
nng chng nhiu cao, hiu qu s dng cng sut v cht lng thu tt hn AM.
Tuy nhin mch pht , thu FM cng phc tp hn AM va do gi thanh cng cao
hn.
ng dng FM dn dng c dng ph bin trong cc Micro khng dy.
ti mch thu pht FM ny ,mch pht mt tn s trong dy tn radio FM
v mch thu thu lai tn hiu pht ra.
Rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca cc thy c bi bo co c
hon chnh hn.

Ni dung bo co:
PHN 1: C S L THUYT FM
PHN 2: THIT K V THI CNG
I.

II.

III.

THIT K:
1. S khi.
2. Mch nguyn l.
3. Tnh ton thit k v chn linh kin.
4. V mch nguyn l hon chnh.
5. M phng v nhn xt kt qu.
THI CNG:
1. V mch in.
2. Hn v rp linh kin.
3. o thng s thc t.
TNG HP KT QU:
1. Tng hp kt qu t m phng v kt qu o thc t.
2. So snh v nhn xt cc kt qu .

PHN 1: C S L THUYT FM:

1.1 IU CH TN S:
S khi h thng thu pht:

nh ngha: Nu ghi tn hiu iu ch vo tn s sng mang th tn s sng

mang thay i theo quy lut tin tc . Ta c iu ch tn s.

S(t)
0
t

S(t)

VCO

VCO=Voltage Controlled Ocsillator

t

 iu ch dng mch in VCO

f(t)

MCH VCO (voltage-controlled

oscillator):

 Phng php iu ch tn s trc tip n gin nht l lm thay i tn s

dao ng. C th dng mt micro in dung thay i theo in p a vo
,dng diode bin dung , s dng vi mch VCO, hoc iu tn da trn t
in k sinh tip xc transistor thay i theo in p phn cc..
 Phng php iu ch FM y c thc hin da trn nguyn tc iu
ch FM trc tip dung varicap lm thay i tn s dao ng (tng t VCO)
v tn s ng ra nm trong dy tn FM radio.

Biu thc:
 Tn s tc thi do VCO to ra xc nh bi :
f(t) = f c+ as(t)
 Biu thc pha tc thi ca tn hiu c dng:
(t) = 2 f(t)dt = 2 fct + 2 a x(t)dt +
X(t) l tn hiu n m:

x(t) = Us cos(2 Ft )

 Pha tc thi ca FM:

(t) =2fct + aUs /F sin 2Ft) +
 Biu thc FM:
u FM (t) =U cos(2fct + aUs /F sin 2Ft)
t m= aUs /F =fmax /F : Gi l ch s iu tn

u FM (t) =U cos(2fct + m sin 2Ft)

Dng sng:

c im v ng dng ca FM:
c im:
 Tn hiu pht thay i thnh phn tn s t l vi bin v tn s
ca tn hiu truyn i.
ng dng:
 Pht thanh qung b phi thng mi 88-90MHz
 Pht thanh thng mi 90-108MHz
 Truyn hinh Audio, cc dch v thng tin cng cng

u im v Khuyt im:
u im:

 C nhiu u im v tn s,di tn m thanh sau khi tch sng c cht

lng tt.
 Kh b nh hng ca nhiu
 S dng hiu qu nng lng
Khuyt im:
 Tn hiu c iu ch yu cu bng thng rng hn nhiu tn hiu
truyn i ban u (d liu)
 Hin thc mch iu ch v gii iu ch phc tp hn so vi phng
php iu bin
 Truyn trong c ly ngn.

PHN 2. THIT K V THI CNG

I. MY PHT FM:
S KHI V

1.

NGUYN L HOT NG CA MY PHT (FM).

a.

S KHI:

NGUYN


L CA S KHI:

Tn hiu c a vo Tin khuch i m tn: Tng ny c nhim v

khuch i in p tn hiu vo n mc cn thit a vo tng in khng
iu ch FM. i vi my pht iu tn yu cu tn hiu m tn iu ch
khng ln lm, nn tn hiu m tn t micro ch qua b tin khuch i.

Tn hiu thu c t Tin khuch i m tn c a vo Tng in
khng: Tng ny s dng cc phn t in khng bin i tn hiu m tn
thnh in khng thay i ( dung khng hoc cm khng bin thin) thc
hin vic iu ch FM. Phn t in khng c th l transistor in khng, n
in khng hoc varicap ( in dung bin i theo in p t vo varicap).


Tn hiu thu c t Tng in khng c a vo Tng Nhn

tn: Tn hiu iu ch tn s lm vic cao hn nhiu so vi tn hiu
iu bin nn trong phn tin khuch i cao tn cn phi c nhiu
tng nhn tn. Do dung nhiu tng nhn tn nn di tn thng ln
hn (delta f= +- 75kHz), v vy n nh tn s trong my pht iu
tn cng yu cu cao hn ( 10-5 - 10-8) , nn h thng AFC thng c
cu to phc tp.

Mch ra: Phi hp vi tr khng gia tng KCSCT cui cng ra
anten.
Ngun cung cp: in

p phi c cng sut ln cung cp cho transistor hoc n in t

cng sut.
Thit b an ton v

lm ngui:

 Thit b an ton bao gm cc thit b ng, m bo v, kim tra cc

ch lm vic my pht.
 Thit b lm ngui cho cc transistor cng sut ( cc phin ta
nhit), v lm ngui cho cc n in t cng sut (thit b thi
khng kh, qut, bm nc, bc hi..)
Khi ch sng: To

dao ng cao tn (sng mang), c bin v tn s n nh, c tm

bin i tn s rng. Dng mch dao ng LC kt hp vi mch iu
chnh tn s AFC.

b. S NGUYN L V S MCH IN
 CC LINH KIN S DNG:
1 PHONEJACK INPUT, 1 cun RFC, 1 transistor C828 (NPN), 1 kho, 1 n
Led, 1anten pht, Vcc=9V, GND
R1=4.7k
R2=220 Ohm
R3=3.9k
R4=5.6k
R6=120 Ohm
R7=1k
Co=102
C1=105

C3=103
C5=10uF
C6=30pF
C7=33 pF
C8=102
C9=100uF
L2=100mH

 S NGUYN L CA MY PHT FM:

L1
J1
CHOKE
L2
R4

D2

100nH

5.6k
C3
103

+ C5
10uF

1
2

LED

R1
4.7k

CON2
C8

C1

102

R2

Q2
NPN ECB
105

E1
ANTENNA

C2
C6
R7
30pF 820

100 uF

220

J2
1
2
3
4
5

SW2
R3
102
CAP NP

PHONEJACK AUDIO INPUT

3.9k

R6
120

SW SPST/SM
C7
33p

 S MCH IN CA MY PHT FM:

c. NGUYN TC HOT NG:

- Mch pht n gin s dng 1 transistor va lm nhim v dao ng va lm
nhim v khuych i. Khng c cc khi tin khuych i. Cc transistor c
th s dng trong mch l cc transistor cao tn nh 2N2222, S9018, C828
- Tn hiu a vo mch pht c th l tn hiu m thanh t my pht nhc hoc
tn hiu t electret microphone, qua phonejack audio output n chn B ca
transistor.
- Dao ng B chung, c cng hng ni tip L2-C6-C7 ng ra. Mt thnh
phn tn hiu t cc C ca transistor qua C6 a v hi tip vo R6=120 ohm
t dao ng.
- Mch dao ng colpitt to tn s sng mang trong di FM. Tn hiu sng mang
thay i theo tn hiu m tn a vo, tn hiu cao tn t cc C qua t lc n
anten bc x.
- C2 v C5 l cc t lc ngun, C1 v C8 l cc t ni cho tn hiu m tn v cao
tn i qua.

- Led D2 c gim dng qua in tr R7 bo hiu ngun, cng tc SW

bt tt ngun cung cp cho mch.
- Anten bc x c th s dng l 1 si dy dn di khong 1m
- Mch n gin, linh kin sai s, khng c linh kin ng nh thit k nn c
nhiu cc tn s hi pht quanh tn s chnh.
- Cun dy L2 c th t qun bng dy ng c 0.6 mm khong 6 vng dy, li
khng kh.
- iu chnh t vi chnh R6 thay i tn s pht sng.
Ti sao l FM:
Khi c tc ng mt dng vo mi ni BE, ngoi s thay i v dng in
trong mch th s di chuyn in t v l trng qua mi ni BE s thay i in
dung BE. S thay i lm in dung mi ni BE thay i - C(be) l rt b,
khong 0,005pF n 0,015 pF tu theo mc dng d (I) tc ng. Trong mch
dao ng, s thay i in dung ny tc ng vo mch cng hng lm thay
i tn s cng hng. V vy m d(I) x d C(be) / C(ch) quy nh mc thay i
tn s.
V in dung trong mch cng hng l 15pF, gi s tn s pht sng l
100 Mhz. Mc iu bin tn s l :
d(F) = (
d(F) =

 di iu bin tn s l khz, hon ton ph hp vi tiu

chun bng thng FM quc t. V y chnh l mch Frequency Modulation

(FM).

 Cng sut pht:

Ta c:

P = Ic * Vce

Vce =Vc Ve = 9 - Ve
Vbe = Vb Ve =0.7 (V)
Vb =
 Ve = 5.31-0.7 = 4.61 (V)
 Vce =9- 4.61= 4.39 (V)
Ie =

 Cng sut pht:

P = Ic * Vce = 0.039*4.39 = 0.17 (W) =170 (mW)

 Tn s pht:
Mch dao ng colpitt, tn s pht c tnh theo cng thc
f =

V C6 l t vi chnh nn f c th thay i c
V d: C6 = 30 (pF)
Ta c: L= 100nH
C= C6 +C7 = 33+ 30 = 63 (pF)

 f=

= 63.44 (MHz)

II.MY THU FM
1. S KHI V NGUYN L HOT NG CA MY THU
KHUCH I TRC TIP.
a.S KHI:

Lc bng

K cao

Gii iu

KCS

Thit b

anten

thng

tn

ch

m tn

cui

 NGUYN L CA S KHI :
Tn hiu ban u thu c t anten c a vo b Lc bng thng
lc ly tn hiu mun thu vo v hn ch nhiu. Sau tn hiu thu c
c a vo b khuch i cao tn khuch i tn hiu. Tn hiu sau khi
khuch i qua b Gii iu ch tch sng, loi b sng mang v ti lp
li tin tc ban u. Tn hiu thu c t b Gii iu ch c a vo b
Khuch i cng sut m tn khuch i tn hiu m tn. Sau a vo
Thit b cui.

b . S NGUYN L V S MCH IN :
 CC LINH KIN S DNG:
1 anten thu, cun dy L1, L2, 1 diode, 3 transistor C828, 1 A564, 1 PHONEJACK
STEREO SW, 1 kho, 1 n Led, Vcc=9V, GND
R1= 22k
R2= R7= 1k
R3= 6.8k
R4=R8=470 Ohm
R5=330 Ohm
R6= 2.2k
R15=1.2k
C1=100uF
C2=C3=47pF
C4=C6=C7=C12=C17=103
C5=100pF

R7=1k
R9=1k
R10=68k
R11=R13=39k
R12=R16=4.7k
C8=2200pF
C9=105
C10=C11=C13=104
C15=90pF

S NGUYN L :

R1
22k

C4
103

R3
6.8k

E1
ANTENNA

C5
100p

C2
47 pF

L1
CHOKE

R2
1k
DIODE

D2

Q1
NPN ECB

R5

330

DIODE

D1

C6
103

C3 L2
47 pF
CHOKE

C13
104

C1
100uF

C10

104

C15
90p

C7
103

R10
68k

C8
2200p

470k
R18

R6
2.2k

R7
1k

Q2
NPN ECB

R9
820

D3
LED

R4
470

PNP ECB

Q3

C9
105

C11

104

R8
470

R11
3.9k

R12
39k

R14
330

Q4
NPN ECB

R15
1k

C12

104

C14
10uF

R13
3.9k

R16
39k

J3

PHONEJACK AUDIO OUTPUT

C17

104

330 R17

Q5
NPN ECB

R18
1.2k

C16
10uF

1
2
3
4
5

C18
100uF

1
2

J2

CON2

SW SPST

SW2

 S MCH IN CA MY THU FM:

 NGUYN TC HOT NG:

- y l mch my thu d rp, d dng v n gin c th thc hin vic thu
tn hiu FM. My thu ny c th thc hin trong mt di rt rng v d dng
thay i di tn, t khong 5 MHz n 220 MHz.
- Trong mch, L1 // 47pF v L2 // 47pF l by cng hng thc hin
cun RF output my pht, ly ra im gia cun dy. Transitor Q1 khuch
i chn tn kiu BC nn c tng tr vo rt cao. Diod 1 chn E ca n
dng in p thun to thin p cho Diod 2 vt in th "ro" lm nhim
v tch sng. Phn tch sng FM ny da theo nguyn tc l tn hiu sai tn
s ca khung cng hng s gim bin .
- Transistor Q2 khuch i m tn , ni darlington vi Transistor A564
c li sut cao, in p m tn xut ra chn E / A564 (Q3) . in p chn
C ca Q2 cp in p cho B / Q1 hot ng siu ti sinh (khi tn hiu m tn
thp th t ng tng phn cc chn B cho Q1).

-Hai tng khuych i n gin pha sau s dng 2 trasistor Q4 v Q5 c th l

C828 hoc C1815 c nhim v khuych i tn hiu m tn n mt gi tr nht
nh trc khi a ra phone jack output
-D3 l n led bo hiu ngun in 9V, SW2 l kha ng m ngun.
- C18 l t lc ngun c gi tr khong 100uF.
- C11, C12, C17 l cc t ni.

Nhng hn ch ca Mch thu khuch i trc tip:
 S tng khuch i khng th tng ln mt cch ty . V khi s
tng cng tng th tnh n nh ca b khuch i cao tn cng
gim. Ngoi ra, khi s tng cng tng th s mch cng hng
cng lm tng h thng iu chnh cng hng phc tp cng
knh v t tin.
 Tn s cao kh t c h s khuch i ln
 Tn s cng cao th di thng cng rng lm gim chn lc ca
my thu. Mun di thng hp phi dng mch cng hng c h
s phm cht cao, c khi vt qua kh nng ch to.
 Do khng dng c cc h thng cng hng phc tp nn khng
c kh nng t c tuyn tn s c dng ch nht l tng.
NHN XT:
 Qu trnh thit k mch nguyn l theo cc yu cu ra.
 Tuy nhin khi thc hin mch in khng tm c linh kin c cht lng
nh yu cu.
 Cun dy khng chnh xc nh yu cu thit k nn tn s ng ra ca
mch dao ng khng nh tnh ton.
 ti thc thi cng c my pht v my thu nn tng i kh. Cht
lng ca h thng khng c cao.

NHN XT CHUNG:
Qua qu trnh tin hnh lm n gip chng em nm vng s nguyn l,
nguyn tc hot ng, cng c li nhng kin thc hc trc cc mn hc:
Nguyn l truyn thng, in t tng t, in t thng tin...
Chng em c trc tip o c, thit k, lp rp cc mch thu pht FM. To
c hi cho chng em nng cao kh nng t duy, phn tch, sng to.
Ngoi ra, vi tinh thn on kt, hp tc v c trch nhim ca cc thnh vin
trong nhm gip qu trnh tin hnh lm n c din ra nhanh chng v
hiu qu. y cng l c hi gip chng em pht huy tinh thn lm vic nhm l
k nng cn thit tip cn dn vi cng vic sau khi ra trng.
Tuy nhin trong qu trnh thc hin cng gp mt s kh khn vi vic tm
kim mt s linh kin...
Chng em xin cm n Thy to iu kin v gip chng em hon thnh
n ny.