EC2155 - Circuits - Devices Lab PDF

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Verification of KVL and KCL

M.A.M SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
Siruganur, Trichy-621105
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL
2. Verification of Thevenin and Norton Theorems.

3. Verification of superposition Theorem.
4. Frequency response of series and parallel resonance circuits
5. Verification of Maximum power transfer and reciprocity
theorems.
6. Characteristics of PN and Zener diode
Subject Code: EC2155

Subject Name: CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LAB
Year/Sem: I/II ECE
7. Characteristics of CE configuration
8. Characteristics of CB configuration
9. Characteristics of UJT and SCR
10. Characteristics of JFET and MOSFET
11. Characteristics of DIAC and TRIAC.
12. Characteristics of Photodiode and Phototransistor.
[Type text]
EC2155-CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LAB
1.VERIFICATION OF KVL & KCL

AIM:
To verify (i) kirchoffs current law (ii) kirchoffs voltage law
(i)
KIRCHOFFS CURRENT LAW:
store destroy (or) generate charge. Hence the current must sum to zero. A
hydraulic analog sum is zero. For example consider three water pipes joined
pn the shape of Y. we defined free currents as following into each of 3
pipes. If we insists that what is always
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. Kirchhoffs current law:
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Kirchoff`s current law
Sl.No components
Range
(0-15)V
RPS
Quantity
1.0k
3.3k
1
5V
Resistor
1 K
Ammeter
(0-10)mA
Bread board
------
Connecting
wires
------
few
Practical measurement:
(0-20)mA
1.0k
5V
THEORY:
krichoffs current law:
The algebraic sum of the currents entering in any node is Zero.
The law represents the mathematical statement of the fact change cannot
accumulate at a node. A node is not a circuit element and it certainly cannot
[Type text]
4.7 K
(0-10)mA
3.3k
4.7 K
+
A
-
(0-10)mA
ii) KIRCHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW:

TABULATION:
Voltage
Total current
I(mA)
I1(mA)
I2(mA)
Sl.No
components
Range
Quantity
RPS
(0-15)V
Resistor
1K,2.2K,3.3K
voltmeter
(0-20)V
Bread board
------
Connecting wires
------
few
1
Each 1
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

Check your connections before switch on the supply.
Vary the regulated supply.
Measure the current using ammeter.
Note the readings in the tabulation.
Compare the observation reading to theoretical value.
[Type text]
THEORY:
(i) Kirchhoffs voltage law

The algebraic sum of the voltage around any closed path is zero.
The law represents the mathematical statement of the fact change cannot
accumulate at a node. A node is not a circuit element and it certainly cannot
store destroy (or) generate charge. Hence the current must sum to zero. A
hydraulic analog sum is zero. For example consider three water pipes joined
pn the shape of Y. we defined free currents as following into each of 3
pipes. If we insists that what is always
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:
Krichoffs voltage law:

Voltage
Kirchoff`s voltage law
(V)
1.0k
V1
3.3k
2.7k
V2
V3
V1
(volts)
V2
(volts)
5V
Practical measurement:
Practical measurement
1.0k
+
5V
V
(0-5)V
3.3k
(0-5)V
PROCEDURE:
2.7k
(0-5)V
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Check your connections before switch on the supply.
3. Vary the regulated supply.
4. Measure the voltage using voltmeter.
5. Note the readings in the tabulation.
6. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value.
RESULT:
Thus the Kirchhoffs current law and voltage law were verified.
[Type text]
V3
(volts)
2.VERIFICATION OF THEVENINS THEOREM

AIM:
To verify Thevenins theorem and to find the current flowing through the load
resistance.
Thevenin`s voltage. It is the voltage between the terminals on open circuit

condition, Hence it is called open circuit voltage denoted by V oc. Zth is
called Thevennin`s impedance. It is the driving point impedance at the
terminals when all internal sources are set to zero too.
If a load impedance ZL is connected across output terminals, we can
find the current through it IL = Vth/ (Zth + ZL).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Sl.No
components
RPS
Resistor
Range
Quantity
(0-15)V
1K,2.2K,3.3K
Each 1
2,7K
3
Ammeter
(0-5)mA
voltmeter
(0-5)V
Bread board
------
Connecting wires
------
few
THEORY:
Thevenin`s theorem:
Any linear active network with output terminals can be replaced by

a single voltage source Vth in series with a single impedance Zth. Vth is the
[Type text]
EQUVALENT CIRCUIT:
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Find the Thevenins voltage (or) open circuit voltage.
Replace voltage source by internal resistor.
Determine the Thevenins resistance.
Find IL by using Thevenins formula.
switch off the supply
Disconnect the circuit.
TABULATION:
Vth
Rth
IL(mA)
theoretical practical theoretical practical theoretical practical

RESULT:
Thus the Thevenins theorem was verified.

Theoretical:
Vth =
Rth =
IL =
[Type text]
Practical:
Vth =
Rth =
IL =
VERIFICATION OF NORTONS THEOREM
Nortons theorem:
AIM:
To verify Nortons theorem and to determine the current flow through

the load resistance.
Any linear active network with output terminals can be replaced by a

single current source. Isc in parallel with a single impedance Zth. Isc is the
current through the terminals of the active network when shorted. Zth is
called Thevennin`s impedance.
Current through RL= Isc Zth/( Zth+ZL)
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Norton
To find I sc
10K
10K
8K
8K
I
+ sc
4.7K
5V
RPS
(0-15)V
Resistor
10K,5.6K,8.2K
5.6K
5V
To find IL
XMM1
To find R th
Ammeter
(0-10)mA,mc
10K
10K
8K
Bread board
------
Connecting wires
------
few
[Type text]
4.7K
8K
R th
5V
(0-5)mc,mc
(0-500)mA
Each 1
6K
3
4.7K
4.7K
5.6K
(0-500)mA
Norton`s Equivalent circuit
RL =5.6K
Rth
I sc
(0-500)mA
TABULATION:
PROCEDURE:
Theoretical
Isc
Practical
Rth
Isc
Rth
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Find the Nortons current (or) short circuit current in load resistance.
Replace voltage source by internal resistor.
Determine the equivalents resistance.
Find IL by using Nortons formula.
switch off the supply
9. Disconnect the circuit .
RESULT:
Thus the Nortons theorem was verified.

Theoretical:
Isc =
Rth =
IL =
[Type text]
Practical:
Isc =
Rth =
IL =
3. SUPER POSITION THEOREM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
AIM:
To find I 1 when 12V source is acting alone

220 ohm
To verify superposition theorem and determine the current following

through the load resistance.
Sl.No
Components
12V
Range
RPS
(0-15)V
Resistor
1K,220,470
Ammeter
(0-1)mA,mc
(0-5)mA mc
Bread board
Connecting wires
-----------
1
Each 1
470 ohm
12V
1K
TO find I 2 When 10V source is acting alone

220 ohm
few
TABULATION:
470 ohm
10 V
12V
1K
+
(0-20)mA
220 ohm
10 V
(0-20)mA
To find I when two sources are acting
470 ohm
1K
In a linear circuit containing more than one source, the current that
flows at any point or the voltage that exists between any two points is the
algebraic sum of the currents or the voltages that would have been produced
by each source taken separately with all other sources removed.
10 V
1K
Superposition theorem
[Type text]
220 ohm
Quantity
470 ohm
(0-20)mA
V(volt)
I1(mA)
V
1
theoretic
al
V
2
I2(mA)
practic
al
theoretic
al
I(mA)
practic
al
theoretic
al
practic
al
2. Check your connections before switch on the supply.

3. Determine the current through the load resistance.
4. Now one of the sources is shorted and the current flowing through the
resistance IL measured by ammeter.
5. Similarly, the other source is shorted and the current flowing through
the resistance IL measured by ammeter.
6. Compare the value obtained with the sum of I 1&I2 should equal to I
7. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value.
8. switch off the supply
9. Disconnect the circuit.
RESULT:
Thus the superposition theorem was verified.
PROCEDURE:

[Type text]
4. FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE

CIRCUIT
AIM:
Series resonance
To obtain the resonance frequency of the given RLC series electrical

network.
1.0uF
Sl.No
Fn. gen
Components
Range
50 mH
L
R 1.0k
Quantity
TABULATION:
FREQUENCY (HZ)
Function generator
0-2MHz,0-3MHZ
Resistor
1K,
Voltmeter
(0-5) V
capacitor
1F
Bread board
-----
Connecting wires
------
Few
Decade inductance box
(0-100)mH
FORMULA USED:Series resonance frequency F=1/ (2 (LC))
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Parallel resonance
[Type text]
VR(VOLT)
(0-5)V
Fn. gen
(0-5)V
1.0k
C
1.0uF
L
50 mH
RESULT:
TABULATION:
FREQUENCY (HZ)
2. Vary the frequency of the function generator from 50 Hz to 20

KHz.
3. Measure the corresponding value of voltage across the resistor R
for series RLC circuit.
4. Repeat the same procedure for different values of frequency.
5. Tabulate your observation.
6. Note down the resonance frequency from the graph.
VR(VOLT)
Thus the resonance frequency of series RLC circuit is obtained.

Practical value
Theoretical value =
Thus the resonance frequency of Parallel RLC circuit is obtained.
Practical value
Theoretical value =
PROCEDURE:

[Type text]
5. VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

AIM:
To find the value of resistance RL in which maximum power is

transferred to the load resistance.
Maximum power transfer to the load resistor occurs when it has a value
equal to the resistance of the network looking back at it from the load
terminals.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
Theoretical calculation
(0-10)mA
1.0k
Resistor
1K,2.2 K
Ammeter
(0-10) mA
Bread board
-----
Connecting wires
------
Few
RPS
(0-30)V
DRB
(0-10)K
MODEL GRAPH:
Maximum power transfer theorem:

TABULATION:
[Type text]
To find R th
1.0k
1
5V
2.2k
RL
2.2k
R th
2. By giving various values of the resistance in DRB, note the ammeter

Resistance (RL)
Current I(mA)
Power =I2RL
Reading.
3. Calculate the power and plot the power Vs resistance graph.
4. Note the maximum power point corresponding resistance from the graph.
RESULT:
Thus the value of unknown resistance in which the maximum power

is transferred to the load was found.
Theoretical load resistance
Practical load resistance
Maximum power
VERIFICATION OF RECIPROCITY THEOREM

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

[Type text]
AIM:
To verify Reciprocity theorem and to determine the current flow through

the load resistance.
Sl.No
Components
Range
RPS
(0-15)V
Resistor
100,470,
Quantity
In a linear, bilateral network a voltage source V volt in a branch

gives rise to a current I, in another branch. If V is applied in the second
branch the current in the first branch will be I. This V/I are called transfer
impedance or resistance. On changing the voltage source from 1 to branch 2,
the current in branch 2 appears in branch 1.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1
Each 1
820, 100
3
Ammeter
Bread board
------
Connecting wires
------
few
THEORY:
Reciprocity theorem
[Type text]
(0-30) mA,
TABULATION:
Practical value :( circuit -I)
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

V(volt)
I(mA)
Z=V/I
2. Switch on the supply and note down the corresponding ammeter readings.
3. Find ratio of input voltage to output current.
4. Interchange the position of the ammeter and power supply. Note down the
Corresponding ammeter readings
5. Verify the reciprocity theorem by equating the voltage to current ratio.
PRACTICAL VALUE :( CIRCUIT -I)
RESULT:
Thus the reciprocity theorem was verified
V(volt)
I(mA)
Z=V/I
6. CHARACTERISTICS OF PN JUNCTION DIODE
AIM:
PROCEDURE:
[Type text]
To plot the characteristic of PN junction diode.
2. Reverse Resistance Rr= VR/IR
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
FORWARD BIAS:
1K
1
Diode
IN 4001
RPS
(0-30)V
Resistor
1K,
Ammeter
(0-50)mA
(0-500)A
(0-1)V
(0-30)V
voltmeter
Bread board
Connecting wires
----
------
few
+
RPS(0-30)V
1. Forward Resistance Rf=VF/IF

[Type text]
IN4001
(0-1)V
-
REVERSE BIAS:
FORMULA USED:
(0-50)mA
1K
(0-500)microamps
RPS(0-30)V
IN4001
(0-1)V
+
TABULATION:
PROCEDURE:
FORWARD BIAS
REVERSE BIAS
Forward bias:
Voltage(VF)
Current IF (mA)
Voltage (VR)
Current IR(mA)
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. Vary the power supply voltage such a way that readings are taken in
steps of .1 V in the voltmeter.
3. Note down the corresponding ammeter readings.
4. Plot the graph current Vs voltage.
5. Same steps are followed by reverse bias.
6. calculate dynamic resistance r=(V/I)
RESULT:
Thus the characteristic of PN junction diode was obtained.

(i)Forward resistance=
(ii)Reverse resistance=
MODEL GRAPH:
CHARACTERISTICS OF ZENER DIODE
[Type text]
AIM:
To draw the V-I characteristic of Zener diode and find the parameter.
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
Zener Diode
RPS
(0-30)V
Resistor
1K,
Ammeter
(0-50)mA
voltmeter
(0-1)V
Bread board
----
Connecting wires
------
few
FORMULA USED:
1. Forward Resistance Rf=VF/IF
2. Reverse Resistance Rr= VR/IR
[Type text]
TABULATION:
FORWARD BIAS:
S.No
Forward voltage (V)
Forward current I (mA)
Reverse voltage (V)
Reverse current I
(A)
REVERSE BIAS:
S.No
PROCEDURE:
Forward bias characteristic:

2. Keep the RPS connected in a minimum value and switch ON the
power supply gradually increase voltage in step of .1V .
3. Note down the corresponding ammeter and voltmeter readings.
4. Plot the forward V-I curve .
5. calculate forward resistance Rf=(V/I)
MODEL GRAPH
Reverse bias characteristic:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
[Type text]
2. Keep the RPS connected in a minimum value and switch ON the

power supply.
3. Gradually increase voltage in step of .1V.
4. Vary the power supply in step by 1 V.
5. Note down corresponding reverse voltage and current.
6. Plot the graph current Vs voltage.
7. Plot the reverse V-I curve.
AIM:
To draw input and output characteristics of BJT in CE configuration and

to determine its parameter.
Sl.No
RESULT:
Thus the characteristic of Zener diode was studied and their characteristic
was drawn.
(i)Forward resistance=
(ii)Reverse resistance=
Components
Range
Quantity
Transistor
Bc 547
RPS
(0-30)V
Resistor
1K,
Ammeter
(0-50)mA
(0-500) A
5
7. CHARACTERISTICS OF CE CONFIGURATION
[Type text]
voltmeter
Bread board
Connecting wires
FORMULA USED:
(0-1)V,mc
(0-30)V,mc
----
------
few
1. Input impedance (hie) =VBE/IB at VCE constant
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
2. Forward current gain (hfe) = IC/IB at VCE constant
IE (mA)
3. Output conductance (hoe) = IC/VCE at IB constant

4. Reverse voltage gain (hre) = VBE/VCE at IB constant
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
(0-50)mA
- +
1K
1K
(0-500)micro amps
VBE (V)
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
(0-30)V
RPS(0-30)V
RPS(0-30)V
IC(mA)
IE
(0-2)V
VCB (V)
TABULATION:
MODEL GRAPH:
[Type text]
VCE= (v)
PROCEDURE:
VCE= (v)
VCE= (v)

2. To draw the input characteristics VCE is kept constant
VBE(v)
IB(A)
VBE(v)
IB(A)
VBE(v)
IB(A)
3. Input RPS is varied and the corresponding values of I B and VBE

Voltage are noted
4. To draw the output characteristics IB is kept constant
5. output RPS is varied and the corresponding values of IC and VCE are
Noted.
6. Corresponding input and output characteristics curves are drawn.
IB= (A)
IB= (A)
IB=
(A)
RESULT:
Thus the static characteristics of CE mode configuration is drawn
from the output graph the h - parameter are determined.
VCE(v)
IC(mA)
VCE(v)
IC(mA)
VCE(v)
IC(mA)
(i)Input impedance
(ii)Forward current gain
(iii)Output conductance
(iv)Reverse voltage gain
8. STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CB CONFIGURATION

[Type text]
AIM:
1. Input impedance (hie) =VBE/IE at VCB constant
To draw input and output characteristics of BJT in CB configuration and

to determine its parameter.
2. Forward current gain (hfe) = IC/IE at VCB constant
3. Output conductance (hoe) = IC/VCB at IE constant

4. Reverse voltage gain (hre) = VBE/VCB at IE constant
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
(0-50)mA
1k
Transistor
BC 547
RPS
(0-30)V
(0-100)mA
1k
(0-30)v
Resistor
1K,
Ammeter
(0-30)mA
(0-30) mA
(0-2) V,mc
(0-30)V,mc
(0-30)V,mc
RPS(0-30)V
(0-30)v
voltmeter
Bread board
Connecting wires
FORMULAS USED:
[Type text]
-----
(0-2)V
Few
MODEL GRAPH:
VCB=
VBE(v)
(v)
IE(mA)
VCB=
(v)
VBE(v)
IE(mA)
VCB=
VBE(v)
(v)
IE(mA)
IE=
(mA)
TABULATION:
PROCEDURE:
[Type text]
IE=
(mA)
IE=
(mA)
AIM:
To determine the static characteristics of UJT.
2. To draw the input characteristics VCB is kept constant

3. VBE is varied and the corresponding values of IE are noted
4. To draw the output characteristics IE is kept constant

5. VCB is varied and the corresponding values of IC are noted
Sl.No
6. Corresponding input and output characteristics curves are drawn
UJT
2N2646
RPS
(0-30)V
Resistor
1K,22K
Thus the static characteristics of transistor under the CB mode
Ammeter
(0-50)mA
Was determined.
voltmeter
(0-10)V,mc
(0-30)V,mc
RESULT:
(i)Input impedance (hib)
Components
Range
Quantity
Each 1
(ii)Forward current gain (hfb) =
Bread board
------
(iii)Output conductance (hob) =
Connecting wires
------
Few
(iv)Reverse voltage gain (hrb) =

FORMULA USED:
1. Negative resistance = VBE/IE.

2. Intrinsic stand off ratio = (VP-VBE)/VB1B2.
9. CHARACTERISTICS OF UJT
[Type text]
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:
R2
R1
I1
VB1B2=
2.2K
(0-50)mA
A
B1
E
1k
VBE (V)
Q1
2N2646
0Vdc
IE (mA)
VBE(V)
IE(mA)
B2
V4
V1
VB1B2=
(0-30)V
V3
V
V2
0Vdc
(0-30)V
RPS(0-30)V
RPS(0-30)V
M
ODEL GRAPH:
PROCEDURE:
1. Circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The voltage VB1B2 is kept constant and VBE is varied.
3. The corresponding values of IE are noted.
4. For different constant values of VB1B2 the values of VBE & IE are noted.
5. The input side RPS is varied slowly from zero and the voltmeter readings
are noted.
[Type text]
6. At one point, the needle deflects back and currents starts increasing.
To determine the characteristics of SCR.
7. The currents must not increase beyond 25mA.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED
8. Graph is plotted.
9. The current must not increase beyond .25mA.
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
APPLICATION:
1. Square or Saw tooth wave generator.

2. over voltage detector.
SCR
2P4M
3. Switching, timing phase control circuit etc.
RPS
(0-30)V
Resistor
1K,10K
Ammeter
(0-50)mA
(0-100) A
(0-30)V,mc
RESULT:
Thus the parameter of UJT was determined from its characteristics.

1. negative resistance
=
2. intrinsic stand off ratio =
voltmeter
Bread board
----
Connecting wires
------
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CHARATERISTICS OF SCR
AIM:
[Type text]
Each 1
1
Few
Iak
Vak(V)
TABULATION:
I G=
VAK (V)
MODEL GRAPH:
[Type text]
PROCEDURE:
(A)
IAK (mA)
I G=
VAK(V)
(A)
IAK(mA)
1. Circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the gate current IG equal to firing current vary anode to cathode
AIM:
Voltage, VAK in steps of 0.5V and note down the corresponding anode
current IAK
To determine the drain & transfer characteristics of given JFET & to

find its parameters.
3. VBO is the point where voltages suddenly drops & there is sudden
increase
in anode current IA.
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
4. Note down the current at that point called latching current.

5. Increase VAK insteps of N till its maximum.
6. Open the gate terminal & decrease the VAK.
FET
BFW 10
7. Holding current is the current, flow in which the deflection in both
RPS
(0-30)V
Resistor
1K
Ammeter
(0-10)mA
Voltmeter
(0-30)V
(0-10)V
1
1
Voltmeter VAK & ammeter suddenly reduces to zero.

RESULT:
Thus the characteristic of SCR was determined.
Latching current =
Holding current =
Bread board
----
VBO current
Connecting wires
------
10. CHARACTERISTICS OF JFET

FORMULA USED:
[Type text]
few
1. Drain resistance (rd)
= VDS/ID
MODEL GRAPH:
2. Trans conductance (gm) = ID/VGS
Drain Characteristics
3. Amplification factor () =rd*gm.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Id
Vgs=0v
Vgs=-1v
Vgs=-2v
Vds(v)
TABULATION:
DRAIN CHARACTERISTICS:
VGS=
VDS(V)
[Type text]
ID(mA)
VGS=
VDS(V)
ID (mA)
VGS=
VDS(V)
ID(mA)
MODEL GRAPH:
PROCEDURE:

Transfer Characteristics:
2. Set gate voltage VGS=-1, vary the drain voltage VDS instep of 1V & note
down the corresponding drain current ID.
Id
3. Repeat the above procedure for VGS=0V,-2V.

4. Plot the graph for a constant VDS Vs ID
5. Find the drain resistance (rd) = VDS/ID
TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS:
Vgs(v)

2. Set gate voltage VDS=1V, vary the gate voltage VGS in step of 1V and
VDS=
VDS=
VDS=
note down the corresponding drain current ID
VGS(V)
ID(mA)
VGS(V)
ID(mA)
VGS(V)
ID(mA)
3. Repeat the above procedure for VDS=5V, 10V.
4. Plot the graph for VGS Vs ID.
5. Find the Trans conductance (gm)
gm = ID/VGS
[Type text]
CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET
RESULT:
AIM:
Thus the drain and transfer characteristics of JFET is drawn and the
parameters were determined.
To draw the static characteristics of the given MOSFET and to find

its parameter.
1. Drain resistance (rd)
2. Trans conductance (gm)
3. Amplification factor ()
=...
[Type text]
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
(0-30)V
330 ,470
Each 1
RPS
Resistor
MOSFET
Ammeter
(0-50)mA
Voltmeter
(0-10)V,
(0-30)V
Bread board
------
Connecting wires
------
few
FORMULA USED:
Drain resistance rd =VDS/ ID
TABULATION:
Trans conductance (gm) = ID/VGS

Amplification factor (M) = rd* gm
VGS=
VDS(V)
VGS=
ID(mA)
VDS(V)
VGS=
ID (mA)
VDS(V)
ID(mA)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
VDS=
VGS(V)
[Type text]
VDS=
ID(mA)
VGS(V)
VDS=
ID(mA)
VGS(V)
ID(mA)
PROCEDURE:
11. CHARACTERISTICS OF DIAC
Transfer characteristics:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
AIM:

Set VDS some constant voltage.
vary the input side RPS measure the corresponding VGS and ID
measure the VGS in which ammeter shows deflection and VDS
Plot the graph voltage against current.
To draw the VI characteristics of the given DIAC and determine cut in

voltage.
Sl.No
Drain characteristics:
Components
Range
Quantity
1. Set the input above the threshold voltage.

2. Vary the input side RPS and measure the corresponding VDS and
ID
3. Plot the graph voltage against current.
RESULT:
RPS
(0-60)V
Resistor
1 K
DIAC
DB3
Ammeter
(0-30)mA
Voltmeter
(0-50)V
Bread board
------
Connecting wires
------
few
Thus the characteristics of MOSFET were drawn.

Drain resistance rd =VDS/ ID
Trans conductance (gm)= ID/VGS
Amplification factor (M) = rd* gm
[Type text]
=
=
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MT1 is positive with respect to MT2
DIAC
Sl.NO
Voltage(V)
Current(mA)
MT1 (-ve) with respect to MT2

(0-30)mA
1.0k
(0-60)V
RPS
V1
12 V
V_
MT2 (+)
(0-50)V
MT1(-)
MT1 (+ve) with respect to MT2

(0-30)mA
1.0k
(0-60)V
RPS
V2
12 V
+
+
V_
MT1 (+)
(0-50)V
MT2(-)
Sl.NO
[Type text]
Voltage(V)
Current(mA)
PROCEDURE:
CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIAC
1. MT1 is positive w.r.t MT2.
AIM:

3. Vary the power supply.
To draw the characteristics of the given TRIAC and determine break

over voltage.
4. Note down the corresponding ammeter and voltmeter reading.
5. Plot the graph V against I.

6. MT1 is negative w.r.t. MT2.
7. Repeat the step 3 to 5.
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
RPS
(0-30)V
Resistor
1 K/5w, 1 K
TRIAC
Ammeter
(0-50)mA
Voltmeter
(0-15)V
(0-30)V
RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of DIAC were drawn and the cut in voltage was
determined.
[Type text]
Bread board
------
Connecting wires
------
few
THEORY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
It is a three terminal semiconductor switching device which can
(0-30)mA
control alternating current in a load. Its three terminals are MT 1 and MT2
and the gate. Triac is equivalent to two SCRs connected in parallel but in the
(0-50)mA
reverse direction. So triac will act as a switch for both directions.
1K/5W
Like an SCR, a triac also starts conducting only when the breakover
voltage is reached. Earlier to that the leakage current which is very small in
+ A
1K/5W
A +
MT2
_
MT1
+
V
_
(0-30)V
RPS
(0-15)V
(0-30)V
RPS
magnitude flows through the device and therefore remains in the OFF state.
The device, when starts conducting, allows very heavy amount of current to
flow through it. The high inrush of current must be limited using external
resistance, or it may otherwise damage the device.
During the positive half cycle, MT1 is positive w.r.t MT2, whereas
MT2 is positive w.r.t MT1 during negative half cycle. A
Triac is a
bidirectional device and can be triggered either by a positive or by a
(0-50)mA
1K/5W
negative gate signal. By applying proper signal at the gate, the breakover
voltage of the device can be changed: thus phase control process can be
achieved.
Triac is used for illumination control, temperature control, liquid
level control, motor speed control and as static switch to turn a.c power ON
and OFF.
[Type text]
(0-30)mA
(0-30)V
RPS
+ A
1K/5W
A +
MT1
_
MT2
+
V
_
(0-15)V
(0-30)V
RPS
TABULATION:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

2. To set gate current (Ig),VMT1,VMT2
I G=
3. Vary Vg till VAK suddenly drops.
I G=
4. Note down the corresponding IG,set gate current equal firing

current.
VMT2
IMT2
VMT2
IMT2
5. Vary anode to cathode Vge.

6. Vary VAK supply voltage in steps 7 note down the corresponding
ammeter readings.
7. Open the gate terminal & decrease VAK.
RESULT:
Thus the characteristic of TRIAC was drawn.

MT1 break over voltage (VBO) =

MT1 break over current (IBO)
I G=
I G=
MT2 break over voltage (-VBO) =

MT2 break over current (-IBO) =
VMT2
IMT2
[Type text]
VMT2
IMT2
12.CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTODIODE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
AND PHOTOTRANSISTOR
PHOTO DIODE
Aim:
To study of photo-detectors characteristics.
1. Photo-diode.
2. Photo-transistor
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.
No.
Apparatus
Required
Range
Quantity
Power supply
(0-30) V
Ammeter
(0-10) mA
Voltmeter
(0-10) V
(0-30) V
680
1 K
TABULATION
Resistor
PHOTO TRANSISTOR
5
Breadboard
Connecting wires
10
Photo diode
Phototransistor
[Type text]
TABULATION
Distance(cm)
RESULT
Current
PROCEDURE
1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2) Set the voltage of the bulb (Say 2V), vary the
Voltage of the diode in stepsof 1Vand note down
The corresponding diode value Ir
3) Repeat the above Procedure for Vd=4V, 6V,etc
4) Plot the graph.
[Type text]
Thus the following characteristics of Photo diode & PhotoTransistor

were obtained and graph was drawn.

EC2155 - Circuits - Devices Lab PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

EC2155 - Circuits - Devices Lab PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Verification of KVL and KCL

2. Verification of Thevenin and Norton Theorems.

Subject Code: EC2155

1.VERIFICATION OF KVL & KCL

KIRCHOFFS CURRENT LAW:

Kirchoff`s current law

ii) KIRCHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW:

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

(i) Kirchhoffs voltage law

Krichoffs voltage law:

Kirchoff`s voltage law

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2.VERIFICATION OF THEVENINS THEOREM

Thevenin`s voltage. It is the voltage between the terminals on open circuit

Any linear active network with output terminals can be replaced by

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

theoretical practical theoretical practical theoretical practical

Thus the Thevenins theorem was verified.

VERIFICATION OF NORTONS THEOREM

To verify Nortons theorem and to determine the current flow through

Any linear active network with output terminals can be replaced by a

Norton`s Equivalent circuit

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

Thus the Nortons theorem was verified.

3. SUPER POSITION THEOREM

To find I 1 when 12V source is acting alone

To verify superposition theorem and determine the current following

TO find I 2 When 10V source is acting alone

To find I when two sources are acting

EC2155-CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LAB

2. Check your connections before switch on the supply.

Thus the superposition theorem was verified.

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

4. FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE

To obtain the resonance frequency of the given RLC series electrical

Decade inductance box

FORMULA USED:Series resonance frequency F=1/ (2 (LC))

2. Vary the frequency of the function generator from 50 Hz to 20

Thus the resonance frequency of series RLC circuit is obtained.

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

5. VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

To find the value of resistance RL in which maximum power is

Maximum power transfer theorem:

2. By giving various values of the resistance in DRB, note the ammeter

Thus the value of unknown resistance in which the maximum power

Theoretical load resistance

Practical load resistance

VERIFICATION OF RECIPROCITY THEOREM

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

To verify Reciprocity theorem and to determine the current flow through

In a linear, bilateral network a voltage source V volt in a branch

Practical value :( circuit -I)

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

PRACTICAL VALUE :( CIRCUIT -I)

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF PN JUNCTION DIODE

To plot the characteristic of PN junction diode.

2. Reverse Resistance Rr= VR/IR

1. Forward Resistance Rf=VF/IF

1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram

Thus the characteristic of PN junction diode was obtained.

Forward voltage (V)

Forward current I (mA)