2 x 2 Table Statistics

Exposure

Single Table Analysis

Disease
(+)
(+)
0.5
(-)
3.5
4

(-)
0.5
33.5
34

1
37
38

Chi Square and Exact Measures of Association

Test

Value

p-value(1-tail)

p-value(2-tail)

Uncorrected chi square

Yates corrected chi square
Mantel-Haenszel chi square
Fisher exact
Mid-P exact

1.699
0.1208
1.654

0.09634
0.3641
0.09933
0.1053
0.05263

0.1927
0.7281
0.1987
0.2105
0.1053

At least one expected value (row total*column total/grand

total) is < 5
Fisher or Mid-P exact tests are recommended rather than
chi square.

Risk-Based* Estimates and 95% Confidence Intervals

(Not valid for Case-Control studies)
Confidence
Limits

Point Estimates
Type
Risk in Exposed
Risk in Unexposed
Overall Risk

Value
50%
9.459%
10.53%

Lower, Upper

Type

5.463, 94.54 Taylor series

2.868, 23.68 Taylor series
3.59, 24.71 Taylor series

Risk Ratio
Risk Difference
Etiologic fraction in pop.
(EFp)
Etiologic
fraction
in
exposed(EFe)

5.286
40.54%

0.5864, 47.65 Taylor series

-57.9, 139 Taylor series

10.14%

-20.2, 40.47

81.08%

-70.53, 97.9

Odds-Based Estimates and Confidence Limits

Point Estimates
Type
CMLE Odds Ratio*

Odds Ratio
Etiologic fraction in pop.(EFp|
OR)
Etiologic fraction in exposed(EFe|
OR)

Confidence Limits
Value
undefined

9.571

Lower, Upper

Type

Mid-P
Exact
Fisher
0.2179, 'undefined'
Exact
Taylor
0.1632, 561.2
series
0.4474, 'undefined'

11.19%

-21.9, 44.29

89.55%

-100, 99.82

*Conditional maximum likelihood estimate of Odds Ratio

(P)indicates a one-tail P-value for Protective or negative association;
otherwise one-tailed exact P-values are for a positive association.
Martin,D; Austin,H (1991) An efficient program for computing conditional
maximum likelihood estimates and exact confidence limits for a common
odds ratio. Epidemiology 2, 359-362.
95% confidence limits testing exclusion of 0 or 1, as indicated
LookFirst items: Editor's choice of items to examine first.

Results from OpenEpi, Version 3, open source calculator--TwobyTwo

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