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, which is 400Hz
Voltage Gain
( Vo / Vin )
2
1.98
1.94
1.79
1.6
1.41
1.25
0.74
0.26
Gain, (dB)
20log( Vo / Vin )
6.02
5.93
5.76
5.06
4.08
2.98
1.94
-2.61
-11.70
5,000
10,000
0.15
0.07
-16.48
-23.09
5
0
-5
Gain (dB)
Series 1
-10
-15
-20
fc=400
-25
Frequency (Hz)
-23.09
Thus, the operation of a low pass active filter can be verified from the frequency
gain equation above as:
Thus, the Active Low Pass Filter has a constant gain AF from 0Hz to the high
frequency cut-off point, C. At C the gain is 0.707AF, and after C it decreases at a
constant rate as the frequency increases. That is, when the frequency is increased
tenfold (one decade), the voltage gain is divided by 10. In other words, the gain
decreases 20dB (= 20log 10) each time the frequency is increased by 10. When
dealing with filter circuits the magnitude of the pass band gain of the circuit is
generally expressed in decibels or dB as a function of the voltage gain, and this is
defined as:
Av (dB)= 20log(Vout/Vin)
Voltage Gain
( Vo / Vin )
Gain, (dB)
20log( Vo / Vin )
100
0.22
-13.15
200
0.43
-7.33
500
0.97
-0.26
800
1.33
2.48
900
1.41
2.98
1,000
1.49
3.46
3,000
1.92
5.67
5,000
1.97
5.89
10,000
1.99
5.98
50,000
2
6.02
100,000
2
6.02
The frequency response data from the table above can now be plotted as
shown below. In the stop band (from 100Hz to 900Hz), the gain increases at a rate
of 20dB/decade. However, in the pass band after the cut-off frequency, C = 900Hz,
the gain remains constant at 6.02dB. Then the bode plot of the filter circuit will look
like this.
5
0
Gain (dB)
Series 1
-5
fc=900
-10
-15 -13.15
Frequency (Hz)
Just like the low pass filter, the operation of a high pass active filter can be
verified from the frequency gain equation above as:
1. At very low frequencies, < c: Vout/Vin is less than AF