6.

4 (a)

Q(x)

Q(x) = W Cox (VGS V (x) VT H )

= W Cox (VGS VT H ) W Cox V (x)

W Cox (VGS VT H )

Increasing VDS

The curve that intersects the axis at x = L (i.e., the curve for which the channel begins to pinch
off) corresponds to VDS = VGS VT H .
(b)
1
Q(x)

RLocal (x)

RLocal (x)

Increasing VDS

Note that RLocal diverges at x = L when VDS = VGS VT H .

6.15

ID

Increasing VDS

VT H

VGS

Initially, when VGS is small, the transistor is in cutoff and no current flows. Once VGS increases
beyond VT H , the curves start following the square-law characteristic as the transistor enters saturation.
However, once VGS increases past VDS + VT H (i.e., when VDS < VGS VT H ), the transistor goes into
triode and the curves become linear. As we increase VDS , the transistor stays in saturation up to larger
values of VGS , as expected.

6.17
1
W
n Cox
(VGS VT H ) , < 2
2
L
ID
,
VGS

W
1
= n Cox
(VGS VT H )
2
L
ID
=
VGS VT H

ID =
gm

6.21 Since theyre being used as current sources, assume M1 and M2 are in saturation for this problem.
To find the maximum allowable value of , we should evaluate when 0.99ID2 = ID1 and 1.01ID2 =
ID1 , i.e., at the limits of the allowable values for the currents. However, note that for any valid
(remember, should be non-negative), we know that ID2 > ID1 (since VDS2 > VDS1 ), so the case
where 1.01ID2 = ID1 (which implies ID2 < ID1 ) will produce an invalid value for (you can check this
yourself). Thus, we need only consider the case when 0.99ID2 = ID1 .
W
1
2
(VB VT H ) (1 + VDS2 )
0.99ID2 = 0.99 n Cox
2
L
= ID1
1
W
2
= n Cox
(VB VT H ) (1 + VDS1 )
2
L
0.99 (1 + VDS2 ) = 1 + VDS1
= 0.02 V1

5.27
VDD ID RD = VGS = VT H +

2ID
n Cox W
L

2ID
2
= (VDD VT H ID RD )
W
n Cox L
i
W h
1
2
2 2
(VDD VT H ) 2ID RD (VDD VT H ) + ID
RD
ID = n Cox
2
L

We can rearrange this to the standard quadratic form as follows:





1
W 2
W
W
1
2
2
n Cox RD ID n Cox RD (VDD VT H ) + 1 ID + n Cox
(VDD VT H ) = 0
2
L
L
2
L
Applying the quadratic formula, we have:

q

2

2
R
(V

V
)
+
1

n Cox W
4 21 n Cox W
n Cox W
DD
TH
L D
L RD (VDD VT H ) + 1
L RD (VDD VT H )


ID =
2
2 21 n Cox W
L RD
q

2

2
W
n Cox W
n Cox W
n Cox L RD (VDD VT H ) + 1
L RD (VDD VT H ) + 1
L RD (VDD VT H )
=
2
n Cox W
L RD
q
n Cox W
1 + 2n Cox W
L RD (VDD VT H ) + 1
L RD (VDD VT H )
=
2
n Cox W
L RD
Note that mathematically, there are two possible solutions for ID . However, since M1 is diodeconnected, we know it will either be in saturation or cutoff. Thus, we must reject the value of ID
that does not match these conditions (for example, a negative value of ID would not match cutoff or
saturation, so it would be rejected in favor of a positive value).

6.33 (a) Assume M1 is operating in saturation.

VGS = 1 V
1
W
2
VDS = VDD ID RD = VDD n Cox
(VGS VT H ) (1 + VDS ) RD
2
L
VDS = 1.35 V > VGS VT H , which verifies our assumption
ID = 4.54 mA
W
(VGS VT H ) = 13.333 mS
gm = n Cox
L
1
= 2.203 k
ro =
ID

+
vgs

gm vgs

ro

RD

(b) Since M1 is diode-connected, we know it is operating in saturation.

W
1
2
(VGS VT H ) (1 + VGS ) RD
VGS = VDS = VDD ID RD = VDD n Cox
2
L
VGS = VDS = 0.546 V
ID = 251 A
W
(VGS VT H ) = 3.251 mS
gm = n Cox
L
1
= 39.881 k
ro =
ID

+
vgs

gm vgs

ro

RD

(c) Since M1 is diode-connected, we know it is operating in saturation.

ID = 1 mA
r

gm =
ro =

2n Cox

W
ID = 6.667 mS
L

1
= 10 k
ID

+
vgs

gm vgs

ro

(d) Since M1 is diode-connected, we know it is operating in saturation.

VGS = VDS
1
W
n Cox
(VGS VT H )2 (1 + VGS ) (2 k)
2
L
= 0.623 V

VDD VGS = ID (2 k) =
VGS = VDS

ID = 588 A
W
gm = n Cox
(VGS VT H ) = 4.961 mS
L
1
ro =
= 16.996 k
ID

+
gm vgs

vgs

2 k

ro

(e) Since M1 is diode-connected, we know it is operating in saturation.

ID = 0.5 mA
r

gm =
ro =

2n Cox

W
ID = 4.714 mS
L

1
= 20 k
ID

+
vgs

gm vgs

ro

6.38 (a)
vout

+
vgs2

gm2 vgs2

ro2

gm1 vgs1

ro1

RD

vin

+
vgs1

(b)
vin

vout

+
vgs1

gm1 vgs1

ro1

RD

+
gm2 vgs2

ro2

vgs2

(c)
vin

vout

+
vgs1

gm1 vgs1

ro1

gm2 vgs2

ro2

+
vgs2

(d)

RD

vin

+
vgs1

gm1 vgs1

ro1

vout
+
vgs2

gm2 vgs2

ro2

(e)
vout

+
vgs1

gm1 vgs1

ro1

RD

vin
+
gm2 vgs2

ro2

vgs2

6.43 (a) Assume M1 is operating in triode (since |VGS | = 1.8 V is large).

|VGS | = 1.8 V
i
W h
1
2
2 (|VGS | |VT H |) |VDS | |VDS | (500 )
p Cox
2
L
|VDS | = 0.418 V < |VGS | |VT H | , which verifies our assumption

VDD |VDS | = |ID | (500 ) =

|ID | = 2.764 mA
(b) Since M1 is diode-connected, we know it is operating in saturation.
|VGS | = |VDS |
1
W
2
p Cox
(|VGS | |VT H |) (1 k)
2
L
|VGS | = |VDS | = 0.952 V

VDD |VGS | = |ID |(1 k) =

|ID | = 848 A
(c) Since M1 is diode-connected, we know it is operating in saturation.
|VGS | = |VDS |
|VGS | = VDD |ID |(1 k) = VDD |ID |(1 k) =
|VGS | = |VGS | = 0.952 V
|ID | = 848 A

1
W
2
p Cox
(|VGS | |VT H |) (1 k)
2
L

6.44 (a)

IX

Saturation

Cutoff

VDD VT H

VDD

VX

VDD

VX

M1 goes from saturation to cutoff when VX = VDD VT H = 1.4 V.

(b)

IX
1 + VT H

Saturation
M1 goes from saturation to triode when VX = 1 + VT H = 1.4 V.
(c)

Triode

IX
VDD VT H

Saturation

VDD

VX

VDD

VX

Cutoff

M1 goes from saturation to cutoff when VX = VDD VT H = 1.4 V.

(d)

IX

Saturation

Cutoff

VT H
M1 goes from cutoff to saturation when VX = VT H = 0.4 V.