Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Advanced Digital Communication Lecture-1,: Msc. Telecomm Engineering PTCL Academy, Islamabad
Advanced Digital Communication Lecture-1,: Msc. Telecomm Engineering PTCL Academy, Islamabad
Communication
Lecture-1, 30/01/2014
MSc. Telecomm Engineering
PTCL Academy, Islamabad
Course Books
Text:
References:
Digital Communications, Fourth Edition, J.G. Proakis, McGraw Hill, 2000.
Course Outline
Course Evaluation
Final Exam 50 %
Midterm 20 % (No re-mid)
Assignments 20%
Course information
Main Topics
Equalization
Detection and Probability of Error
Correlation Filtering
Matched Filtering
Signal Design
Fading Channels
Channel Coding
Inter-Symbol Interference
Nyquest Filtering
Block Coding
Convolutional Coding
Lecture 1
UE
UE
UE
User Equipment (UE)
Lecture 1
Source
SOURCE
Received
Transmitted
Received
info.
signal
signal
Transmitter
Receiver
Channel
User
Transmitter
Formatter
Source
encoder
Channel
encoder
Modulator
Receiver
Formatter
Lecture 1
Source
decoder
Channel
decoder
8
Demodulator
Communication System
Brief Description
Types of information
Voice, data, video, music, email etc.
Why digital?
Coding/Decoding
Translating info bits to transmitter data symbols
Techniques used to enhance info signal so that they are
less vulnerable to channel impairment (e.g. noise, fading,
jamming, interference)
Two Categories
Waveform Coding
Structured Sequences
Performance Metrics
P p( b b)
Main Points
Disadvantages
Requires reliable synchronization
Requires A/D conversions at high rate
Requires larger bandwidth
Nongraceful degradation
Performance Criteria
Probability of error or Bit Error Rate
Information Source
Character
Member of an alphanumeric/symbol (A to Z, 0 to 9)
Characters can be mapped into a sequence of binary digits
using one of the standardized codes such as
Digital Message
M - ary
Digital Waveform
Bit Rate
Baud Rate
Refers to the rate at which the signaling elements are
transmitted, i.e. number of signaling elements per
second.
x(t) = 5Cos(10t)
x(t) = x(t + T0 )
t denotes time
T0 is the period of x(t).
for
- < t <
(1.2)
x(t) is classified as an energy signal if, and only if, it has nonzero
but finite energy (0 < Ex < ) for all time, where:
T/2
Ex =
lim
T
T / 2
x (t) dt
x 2 (t) dt
(1.7)
A signal is defined as a power signal if, and only if, it has finite
but nonzero power (0 < Px < ) for all time, where
T/2
Px =
lim
T
1
2
x
(t) dt
T T / 2
(1.8)
(t) dt = 1
(1.9)
(t) = 0 for t 0
(t) is bounded at t 0
(1.10)
(1.11)
x(t ) (t-t
)dt = x(t 0 )
(1.12)
x( f ) X ( f )
(1.14)
According to Parsevals theorem, the energy of x(t):
Ex =
Therefore:
x 2 (t) dt =
Ex =
2
|X(f)|
df
(1.13)
(f) df
(1.15)
E x = 2 x (f) df
0
(1.16)
n=-
represented as:
1 0
2
2
Px
T0
x (t) dt
|C
n=-
T0 / 2
(1.17)
Px
(f) df 2 G x (f) df
0
(1.19)
1.4 Autocorrelation
1. Autocorrelation of an Energy Signal
R x ( ) =
x(t) x (t + ) dt
for
- < <
(1.21)
R x ( ) =R x (- )
R x ( ) x (f)
the
energy of the
signal
2
R x (0)
(t) dt
R x ( )
T /2
lim
T
1
x(t) x (t + ) dt
T T / 2
(1.22)
When the power signal x(t) is periodic with period T0, the
autocorrelation function can be expressed as
1
R x ( )
T0
T0 / 2
T0 / 2
x(t) x (t + ) dt
(1.23)
R x ( ) =R x (- )
R x ( ) Gx (f)
R x (0)
1
T0
T0 / 2
T0 / 2
x 2 (t) dt
All useful message signals appear random; that is, the receiver
does not know, a priori, which of the possible waveform have been
sent.
FX ( x) P ( X x)
dFX ( x )
PX ( x )
dx
x p X ( x )dx
E{ X 2 }
x 2 p X ( x)dx
var( X ) E{( X m X ) 2 }
( x m X ) 2 p X ( x) dx
var( X ) E{ X 2 } E{ X }2
2. Random Processes
E{ X (tk )}
xp
Xk
( x) dx mX (tk )
(1.30)
(1.31)
1 n
1
p ( n)
exp
2
2
(1.40)
Gn ( f )
watts / hertz
N0
Rn ( ) {Gn ( f )}
( )
2
1
p ( n)
N0
df
2
y (t ) x(t ) h(t )
x( )h(t )d
x( )h(t )d
0
X(f )
H ( f ) H ( f ) e j ( f )
(1.50)
( f ) tan 1
Im{H ( f )}
Re{H ( f )}
(1.51)
If a random process forms the input to a timeinvariant linear system,the output will also be a
random process.
(1.53)
The output signal from an ideal transmission line may have some
time delay and different amplitude than the input
It must have no distortionit must have the same shape as the
input.
For ideal distortionless transmission:
y (t ) Kx (t t0 )
(1.54)
Y ( f ) KX ( f )e j 2 ft0
(1.55)
H ( f ) Ke j 2 ft0
(1.56)
1 d ( f )
( f )
2 df
H ( f ) H ( f ) e j ( f )
(1.58)
Where
1
H( f )
0
for | f | f u
for | f | f u
(1.59)
j ( f )
j 2 ft0
(1.60)
Ideal Filters
h(t ) 1{H ( f )}
H ( f )e j 2 ft df
fu
e j 2 ft0 e j 2 ft df
fu
fu
e j 2 f ( t t0 ) df
fu
sin 2 f u (t t0 )
2 fu
2 f u (t t0 )
2 f u sin nc 2 f u (t t0 )
Ideal Filters
e j ( f )
1 j 2 f
1 (2 f ) 2
Figure 1.13
Realizable Filters
Phase
characteristic of RC filter
Figure 1.13
Realizable Filters
Hn ( f )
1
1 ( f / fu )
2n
n 1
(1.65)
Butterworth filters
are popular because
they are the best
approximation to the
ideal, in the sense of
maximal flatness in
the filter passband.
Theorems of
communication and
information theory are
based on the
assumption of strictly
bandlimited channels
The mathematical
description of a real
signal does not permit
the signal to be strictly
duration limited and
strictly bandlimited.
(1.73)
sin ( f f c )T
Gx ( f ) T
(
f
f
)
T
c
Bandwidth of signal
a) Half-power bandwidth
b) Noise equivalent bandwidth
c) Null-to-null bandwidth
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
75
(e)50dB