PRACTICE PROBLEMS

ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

1.

A piston-cylinder device operates 1 kg of air at 20 bar pressure. The initial

volume is 0.04 m3. The fluid is allowed to expand reversibly following a process
pV1.45 = constant so that the volume becomes double. The fluid is then cooled
at constant pressure until the piston comes back to the original position.
Keeping the piston unaltered, heat is added reversibly to restore it to the initial
pressure. Calculate the work done by the cycle and its efficiency.

2.

A piston and cylinder machine containing a fluid system has a stirring device in
the cylinder. The piston is frictionless, and it is held down against the fluid due
to the atmospheric pressure of 101.325 kPa. The stirring device is turned
10,000 revolutions with an average torque against the fluid of 1.275 mN.
Meanwhile the piston of 0.6 m diameter moves out 0.8m. Find the net work
transfer for the system.

3.

A mass of gas is compressed in a quasi-static process from 80 kPa, 0.1 m 3 to

0.4 MPa, 0.03 m3. Assuming that the pressure and volume are related by pv n =
constant, find the work done by the gas system.

4.

If air of volume 6000 cm 3 and at pressure of 100 kPa is compressed

quasistatically according to pV 2 = constant until the volume becomes 2000
cm3, determine the final pressure and the work transfer.

5.

An electric generator coupled to a windmill produces an average electrical

power output of 5kW. The power is used to charge a storage battery. Heat
transfer from the battery to the surroundings occurs at a constant rate of 0.6
kW. Determine the total amount of energy stored in the battery, in kJ, in 8h of
operation.

6.

680 kg of fish at 5oC are to be frozen and stored at -12 oC. The specific heat of
fish above freezing point is 3.182, and below freezing point is 1.717 kJ/kg K.
The freezing point is -2oC, and the latent heat of fusion is 234.5 kJ/kg. How
much heat must be removed to cool the fish, and what per cent of this is latent
heat?

7.

A gas in a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes an expansion process for which

the relationship between pressure and volume is given by pV n = constant. The
initial pressure is 0.3 MPa, the initial volume is 0.1 M 3 and the final volume is
0.2 M3. Determine the work for the process in kJ if (a) n=1.5, (b) n=1.0 and (c)
=n=0.

8.
A stationary closed system containing air goes through a cycle comprising the
following
processes:
(i) Process 1-2 isochoric heat addition of 235 kJ/kg;
(ii) Process 2-3 adiabatic expansion to its original pressure with loss of
70 kJ/kg
in internal energy;

(iiI) Process 3-1 isobaric compression to its original volume with heat
rejection of
200 kJ/kg
Show that this cycle obeys first law and find its thermal efficiency.
82, Problem 4.6)
9.

(Page

A stationary system consisting of 2 kg of the fluid expands in an adiabatic

process according to pv1.2 = constant. The initial conditions are 1 MPa and
200oC and the final pressure is 0.1 MPa. Find W and E for the process. Why is
p.dv ?
the work transfer not equal to

10. A fluid contained in a cylinder receives 150 kJ of mechanical energy by means

of a paddle wheel,
together with 50 kJ in the form of heat. At the same time, a piston in the
cylinder moves in such
a way that the pressure remains constant at 200 kN/m 2 during the fluid
expansion from 2m3 to
5m3. What is the change in internal energy, and in enthalpy?
11. A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of three processes
beginning at an initial state
where p1 = 1 bar, V1 = 1.5 m3 and U1 = 512 kJ. The processes are as follows:
(i)
Process 1-2 : Compression with pV = constant to p 2 = 2 bar, U2 =
690 kJ
(ii)
Process 2-3 : W23 = 0, Q23 = -150 kJ, and
(iii) Process 3-1: W31 = + 50kJ. Neglecting KE and PE changes,
determine the heat
interactions Q12 and Q31.
12.

A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasi-static expansion which follows a

relationship p = a + bVm, where a and b are constants. The initial and final
pressures are 1000 kPa and 200 kPa respectively and the corresponding
volumes are 0.20 m3 and 1.20 m3. The specific internal energy of the gas is
given by the relation
U = 1.5 pv 85 kJ/kg
Where p is the kPa and v is in m 3/kg. Calculate the net heat transfer and the
maximum internal
energy of the gas attained during expansion.
13.

A mass of 8 kg gas expands within a flexible container so that the p-v

relationship is of the form pV1.2 = constant. The initial pressure is 1000 kPa and
the initial volume is 1 m3. The final pressure is 5 kPa. If specific internal
energy of the gas decreases by 40 kJ/kg, find the heat transfer in magnitude
and direction.

14.

Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.4 kg/s through an air compressor, entering at
6m/s with a pressure of 1 bar and a specific volume of 0.85 m 3/kg, and leaving
at 4.5 m/s with a pressure of 6.9 bar and a specific volume of 0.16 m 3/kg. The
internal energy of the air leaving is 88 kJ/kg greater than that of the air

entering. Cooling water in a jacket surrounding the cylinder absorbs heat from
the air at the rate of 59 W. Calculate the power required to drive the
compressor and the inlet and outlet cross-sectional areas.
15.

A gas flows steadily through a rotary compressor.

The gas enters the
o
compressor at a temperature of 16 C, a pressure of 100 kPa, and an enthalpy
of 391.2 kJ/kg. The gas leaves the compressor at a temperature of 245 oC, a
pressure of 0.6 MPa, and an enthalpy of 534.5 kJ/kg. There is no heat transfer
to or from the gas as it flows through the compressor. (a) Evaluate the
external work done per unit mass of gas assuming the gas velocities at entry
and exit to be negligible. (b) Evaluate the external work done per unit mass of
gas when the gas velocity at entry is 80 m/s and that at exit is 160 m/s.

16. A turbo compressor delivers 2.33m 3/s at 0.276 MPa, 43oC which is heated at
this pressure to
430oC and finally expanded in a turbine which delivers 1860 kW. During the
expansion, there is
a heat transfer of 0.09 mJ/s to the surroundings. Calculate the turbine exhaust
temperature if
changes in kinetic and potential energy are negligible.
17. In a gas turbine the gas enters at the rate of 5 kg/s with a velocity of 50 m/s
and enthalpy of 900
kJ/kg and leaves the turbine with a velocity of 150 m/s and enthalpy of 400
kJ/kg. The loss of heat from the gases to the surroundings is 25 kJ/kg. Assume
for gas R = 0.285 kJ/kg K and cp = 1.004 kJ/kgK and the inlet conditions to be at
100 kPa and 27oC. Determine the power output of the turbine and the
diameter of the inlet pipe.
18. A turbine operates under steady flow conditions, receiving steam at the
following state: pressure
1.2 MPa, temperature 188oC, enthalpy 2785 kJ/kg, velocity 33.3 m/s and
elevation 3m. The
steam leaves the turbine at the following state: pressure 20 kPa, enthalpy 2512
kJ/kg, velocity
100 m/s, and elevation 0 m. Heat is lost to the surroundings at the rate of 0.29
kJ/s. If the rate of steam flow through the turbine is 0.42 kg/s, what is the
power output of the turbine in kW?
19.

A reciprocating air compressor taken in 2 m3/min at 0.11 MPa, 20oC which it

delivers at 1.5 MPa, 111oC to an after cooler where the air is cooled at constant
pressure to 25oC. The power absorbed by the compressor is 4.15 kW.
Determine the heat transfer in (a) the compressor, and (b) the cooler. State
your assumptions.

20.

A heat pump working on the Carnot cycle takes in heat from a reservoir at 5 oC
and delivers heat to a reservoir at 60oC. The heat pump is driven by a
reversible heat engine which takes in heat from a reservoir at 840 oC and
rejects heat to a reservoir at 60oC. The reversible heat engine also drives a
machine that absorbs 30kW. If the heat pump extracts 17 kJ/s from the 5 oC
reservoir, determine (a) the rate of heat supply from the 840 oC source, and (b)
the rate of heat rejection to the 60oC sink.

21.

A heat engine is used to drive a heat pump. The heat transfers from the heat
engine and from the heat pump are used to heat the water circulating through
the radiators of a building. The efficiency of the heat engine is 27% and the
COP of the heat pump is 4. Evaluate the ratio of the heat transfer to the
circulating water to the heat transfer to the heat engine.

22. A reversible power cycle is used to drive a reversible heat pump cycle. The
power cycle takes in
Q1 heat units at T1 and rejects fQ2 at T2. The heat pump abstracts Q4 from the
sink at T4 and
discharges Q3 at T3. Develop an expression for the ratio Q 4/Q1 in terms of the
four temperatures.
23.

A reversible cyclic heat engine operates between the maximum and minimum
temperatures of 671oC and 60oC respectively. It drives a heat pump which uses
river water at 4.4oC to heat a block of flats in which the temperature is to be
maintained at 21.1oC. Assuming that a temperature difference of 11.1 oC exists
between the working fluid and the river water, on the one hand, and the
required room temperature on the other, and find the heat input to the engine
per unit heat output from the heat pump.
Why is direct heating
thermodynamically more wasteful?

24. Consider an engine in outer space which operates on the Carnot cycle. The
only way in which
heat can be transferred from the engine is by radiation. The rate at which heat
is radiated is
proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature and to the area of
the radiating
surface. Show that for a given power output and a given T 1, the area of the
radiator will be a
T2 3

T1 4
minimum when
25.

A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at temperatures of

600oC and 40oC. The engine drives a reversible refrigerator which operates
between reservoirs at temperatures of 40 oC and -20oC. The heat transfer to
the heat engine is 2000 kJ and the net work output of the combined engine
refrigerator plant is 360 kJ.
(a) Evaluate the heat transfer to the refrigerant and the net heat transfer
to the reservoir
at 40oC.
(b) Reconsider (a) given that the efficiency of the heat engine and the
COP of the
refrigerator are each 40% of their maximum possible values.

26.

A heat pump is to be used to heat a house in winter and then reversed to cool
the house in summer. The interior temperature is to be maintained at 20 oC.
Heat transfer through the walls and roof is estimated to be 0.525 kJ/s per
degree temperature difference between the inside and outside (a) If the

outside temperature in winter is 5 oC, what is the minimum power required to

drive the heat pump? (b) If the power output is the same as in part (a), what is
the maximum outer temperature for which the inside can be maintained at
20oC?
27.

A heat engine operating between two reservoirs at 1000 K and 300 K is used to
drive a heat pump which extracts heat from the reservoir at 300 K at a rate
twice that at which the engine rejects heat to it. If the efficiency of the engine
is 40% of the maximum possible and the COP of the heat pump is 50% of the
maximum possible, what is the temperature of the reservoir to which the heat
pump rejects heat? What is the rate of heat rejection from the heat pump if
the rate of heat supply to the engine is 50 kW?

28. Two kg of water at 80oC are mixed adiabatically with 3 kg of water at 30 oC in a

constant pressure
process of 1 atmosphere. Find the increase in the entropy of the total mass of
water due to the
mixing process (cp of water = 4.187 kJ/kg K).
29. Calculate the entropy change of the universe as a result of the following
processes:
(a) A copper block of 600gm and with C p of 150 J/K at 100o C is placed in
o
a lake at 8 C.
(b) The same block, at 8oC, is dropped from a height of 100m into the
lake.
(c) Two such blocks, at 100 and 0oC, are joined together.
30. A reversible engine, as shown in Fig. during a cycle of operations draws 5 MJ
from the 400 K
reservoir and does 840 kJ of work. Find the amount and direction of heat
interaction with other
reservoirs. (Page 203, Problem 7.18)
200

300

400

Q3

Q2

Q1 = 5 MJ

W=840 kJ
31.

A fluid undergoes a reversible adiabatic compression from 0.5 MPa, 0.2m 3 to

0.05m3 according to the law, pv1.3 = constant. Determine the change in
enthalpy, internal energy and entropy, and the heat transfer and work transfer
during the process.

32.

A thermally insulated 50-ohm resistor carries a current of 1A for 1s. The initial
temperature of the resistor is 10oC. Its mass is 5g and its specific heat is 0.85J
gK. (a) What is the change in entropy of the resistor? (b) What is the change
in entropy of the universe?

33.

An iron block of unknown mass at 85oC is dropped into an insulated tank that
contains 0.1 m3 of water at 20oC. At the same time a paddle-wheel driven by a
200 W motor is activated to stir the water. Thermal equilibrium is established
after 20 min when the final temperature is 24 oC. Determine the mass of the
iron block and the entropy generated during the process.

34.

A piston cylinder device contains 1.2 kg of nitrogen gas at a 120kPa and 27 oC.
The gas is now compressed slowly in a polytropic process during which pV 1.3 =
constant.
The process ends when the volume is reduced by one-half.
Determine the entropy change of nitrogen during this process.

35.

A rigid tank contains an ideal gas at 40 oC that is being stirred by a paddle

wheel. The paddle wheel does 200 kJ of work on the ideal gas. It is observed
that the temperature of the ideal gas remains constant during this process as a
result of heat transfer between the system and the surroundings at 25 oC.
Determine (a) the entropy change of the ideal gas and (b) the total entropy
generation.

36. Eighty kg of water at 100oC are mixed with 50 kg of water at 60oC, while the
temperature of the
surroundings is 150C. Determine the decrease in available energy due to
mixing.
37. Air flows through an adiabatic compressor at 2 kg/s. The inlet conditions are 1
bar and 310 K
and the exit conditions are 7 bar and 560 K. Compute the net rate of
availability transfer and the
irreversibility. Take T0 =298 K.
38.

In a steam boiler, hot gases from a fire transfer heat to water which vaporizes
at constant temperature. In a certain case, the gases are cooled from 1100 oC
to 550oC while the water evaporates at 220 oC. The specific heat of gases is
1.005 kJ/kg-K, and the latent heat of water at 220 oC, is 1858.5 kJ/kg. All the
heat transferred from the gases goes to the water. How much does the total
entropy heat transfer? Obtain the result on the basis of 1 kg of water
evaporated.
If the temperature of the surroundings is 30oC, find the increase in unavailable
energy due to irreversible heat transfer.

39.

Calculate the decrease in available energy when 25 kg of water at 95 oC mix

with 35 kg of water at 35 oC, the pressure being taken as constant and the
temperature of the surroundings being 15oC (cp of water = 4.2 kJ/kg K).

40.

Exhaust gases leave an internal combustion engine at 800 oC and 1 atm, after
having done 1050 kJ of work per kg of gas in the engine (c p of gas = 1.1 kJ/kg
K). The temperature of the surroundings is 30 oC. (a) How much available

energy per kg of gas is lost by throwing away the exhaust gases? (b) What is
the ratio of the lost available energy to the engine work?
41.

Air enters an adiabatic compressor at atmospheric conditions of 1 bar, 15 oC

and leaves at 5.5 bar. The mass flow rate is 0.01 kg/s and the efficiency of the
compressor is 75%. After leaving the compressor, the air is cooled to 40 oC in
an after cooler. Calculate (a) the power required to drive the compressor, and
(b) the rate of irreversibility for the overall process (compressor and cooler).

42.

(a) Derive the equation

2 p
c

T
=

and hence

(b) Prove that cv of an ideal gas is a function of T only.

43.

44.

Derive the third TdS equation

T
T

dV
p v
TdS = Cv
dp + Cp
and hence prove that
T
dV
k
TdS = Cv dT +

dV

Derive the equation using Maxwells relations.

2V
C p

45.

-T

Show that equation

2

Cp Cv = -T
46.

V p

T T V

Derive the equations

V p

T p T s
(a) Cp = T

(b)

Cp
V T

47. In an air standard Otto cycle the compression ratio is 7, and compression
begins at 35oC, 0.1

MPa. The maximum temperature of the cycle is 1100 oC.

done per kg of air,
(b)the cycle efficiency.
48.

Find (a) the work

In an air standard Diesel cycle, the compression ratio is 15. Compression

begins at 0.1 MPa, 40oC. The heat added is 1.675 MJ/kg. Find (a) the maximum
temperature of the cycle, (b) the work done per kg of air, (c) the cycle
efficiency, (d) the cut-off ratio, (e)) the m.e.p. of the cycle.

49. In an air standard Brayton cycle the compression ratio is 7 and the maximum
temperature of the
cycle is 800oC. The compression begins at 0.1 MPa, 35 oC. Compare the
maximum specific volume and the maximum pressure with the Otto cycle.
Find (a) the heat supplied per kg of air, (b) the net work done per kg of air, (c)
the cycle efficiency, and (d) the temperature at the end of the expansion
process.
50.
A gas turbine plant operates on the Brayton cycle between the temperatures
o
27 C and 800oC. (a)
Find the pressure ratio at which the cycle efficiency approaches the Carnot
cycle efficiency, (b)
find the pressure ratio at which the work done per kg of air is maximum, and
(c) compare the
efficiency at this pressure ratio with the Carnot efficiency for the given
temperatures.
51.
In an air standard Diesel cycle, the compression ratio is16, and at the
beginning of isentropic
compression, the temperature is 15 oC and the pressure is 0.1 MPa. Heat is
added until the
temperature at the end of the constant pressure process is 1480 oC. Calculate
(a) the cut-off ratio,
(b) the heat supplied per kg of air, (c) the cycle efficiency, and (d) the m.e.p.
52.

An air standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 16, and compression
begins at 1 bar, 50oC. The maximum pressure is 70 bar. The heat transferred
to air at constant pressure is equal to that at constant volume. Estimate (a) the
pressures and temperatures at the cardinal points of the cycle, (b) the cycle
efficiency and (c) the m.e.p. of the cycle, cp = 0.718 kJ/kg K, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K.

53.

In an ideal Brayton cycle, air from the atmosphere at 1 atm, 300 K is

compressed to 6 atm and the maximum cycle temperature is limited to 1100 K
by using a large air-fuel ratio. If the heat supply is 100 MW, find (a) the thermal
efficiency of the cycle, (b) work ratio, (c) power output, (d) energy flow rate of
the exhaust gas leaving the turbine.

54.

An engine working on the Otto cycle has an air standard cycle efficiency of 56%
and rejects 544 kJ/kg of air. The pressure and temperature of air at the
beginning of compression are 0.1 MPa and 60 oC respectively. Compute (a) the
compression ratio of the engine, (b) the work done per kg of air, (c) the
pressure and temperature at the end of compression, and (d) the maximum
pressure in the cycle.

55.

Two engines are to operate on Otto and Diesel cycles with the following data:
Maximum temperature 1400 K, exhaust temperature 700 K. State of air at the
beginning of compression 0.1 MPa, 300 K.
Estimate
the
compression
ratios, the maximum pressures, efficiencies, and rate of work outputs (for 1
kg/min of air) of the respective cycles.

56.

A mass of 1.5 kg of air is compressed in a quasi-static process from 0.1

MPa to 0.7 MPa for which pv = constant. The initial density of air is 1.16
kg/m3. Find the work done by the piston to compress the air.

57.

A thermometer is calibrated in such a way that it reads 320N when placed

in melting ice and 2120N when placed in boiling water. What will it read
when the measured temperature is 2880K

58.

A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following

processes:
(i) Process 12: Constant pressure p = 1.4 bar, V1 = 0.028 m 3, W12 =
10.5kJ
(ii)Process 23: Compression with pV = constant, U3 = U2
(iii)
Process 31: Constant volume, U1 U3 = 26.4 kJ. There are no
significant changes in KE and PE.
(a) Sketch the cycle on a pV diagram
(b)Calculate the net work for the cycle in kJ.
(c) Calculate the heat transfer for process 12.
(d) Show that cycle Q
=
W
Cycle

cycle

59.

Steam enters a horizontal nozzle at an enthalpy of 2764.85 kJ/kg, a specific

volume of 0.25547 m3/kg, a temperature of 2800C and at a steady velocity of
40 m/s. At the exit, the steam has the enthalpy and specific volume of 2755.5
kJ/kg and 0.31546 m3/kg, respectively. If the nozzle is adiabatic and if the
diameter of the nozzle at the inlet is 15 cm, calculate (i) the velocity of steam
at the exit, (ii) the rate of flow of steam per second and (iii) the exit diameter
of the nozzle.

60.

Two reversible heat engines 1 and 2 are connected in series such that 1
is rejecting heat directly to 2. Engine 1 receives 200 kJ at a temperature
of 4210C from a hot source, while Engine 2 is in communication with a
cold sink at a temperature of 4.40 C. The work output of 1 is two times
that of 2. Calculate (i) the intermediate temperature between 1 and 2,
(ii) the efficiency of each engine, and (iii) the heat rejected to the cold
sink.

61.

State and prove clausius inequality.

62.

The volume of 1 kg of air increases from 0.5 m 3 to 1.3 m3 while its pressure
decreases from 1 MPa to 0.25 MPa. Then 100 KJ of heat is added to it is a
constant pressure process. Calculate the entropy change for the whole events.
Assume for air CP = 1.005 KJ/KgK and R = 0.287 KJ/KgK.

63.

1250 KJ of heat is supplied to a reversible cyclic engine at 527 oC. The

surrounding are at 20oC. Find the available energy and unavailable energy.

64.

Using Maxwells relations deduce the two TdS equations.

65.

A dual combustion cycle operates with a volumetric compression ratio r k = 12,

and with a cut-off ratio 1.615. The maximum pressure is given by p max = 54p1,
where p1 is the pressure before compression. Assuming indices of compression
and expansion of 1.35, show that the m.e.p. of the cycle p m = 10 p1. Hence
evaluate (a) temperatures at cardinal points with T 1 = 335 K, and (b) Cycle
efficiency.

66.

If a gas of volume 6000 cm3 and at pressure of 100 kPa is compressed

quasi-statically according to pV2 = constant until the volume becomes
2000 cm3, determine the final pressure and the work transfer

67.

A gas contained in a piston cylinder arrangement expands from 0.75m 3 volume

to 1.25m3 volume while the pressure remains constant at 200kPa. If the
gaseous system receives 80kJ of work from a paddle wheel, determine the net
work done by the system.

68.

A mass of 8 kg gas expands within a flexible container so that the pv

relationship is of the from pvl.2 = constant. The initial pressure is 1000
kPa and the initial volume is 1 m3. The final pressure is 5 kPa. If specific
internal energy of the gas decreases by 40 kJ/kg, find the heat transfer in
magnitude and direction.

69.
70.

71.
72.

73.
74.

State the limitations of first law of thermodynamics.

A blower handles 1 kg/s of air at 20C and consumes a power of 15 kW.
The inlet and outlet velocities of air are 100m/s and 150m/s respectively.
Find the exit air temperature, assuming adiabatic conditions. Take cp of
air is 1.005 kJ/kg K.
Make an energy analysis of the steam nozzle and heat exchanger.
A heat engine is used to drive a heat pump. The heat transfers from the
heat engine and from the heat pump are used to heat the water
circulating through the radiators of a building. The efficiency of the heat
engine is 27% and the COP of the heat pump is 4. Evaluate the ratio of
the heat transfer to the circulating water to the heat transfer to the heat
engine.
State and prove Carnots theorem
5 kg of air at 1.3 bar and 27oC is compressed to 24 bar pressure
according to the law
PV1.33 = C. After compression air is cooled at
o
constant volume at 30 C. Determine
i) Change of entropy during compression and ii) change of entropy during
constant volume cooling. For air take CP=1.01 and CV = 0.72.

75.

76.

2 kgs of water at 50 oC is mixed with 3 kgs of water at 100 oC in a steady

flow process calculate (a) the mixture temperature (b) in mixing
reversible or irreversible (c) what is the unavailable energy w.r.t the
reservoir at 50oC.
If entropy S be imagined as a function of T and V, then show that
dS = cv (dT/T) + (p/T)v dV

77.

Show that the air standard efficiency for a cycle comprising two constant
pressure processes and two isothermal processes (all reversible) is given
by
= ( T1 T2 ) ln ( rp )( - 1 ) / / T1[ 1 + ln ( rp )( - 1 ) / - T2 ]
Where T1 and T2 are the maximum and minimum temperatures of the
cycle, and rp is the
Pressure ratio.

78.

Distinguish between Macroscopic and Microscopic points of view of

thermodynamic system investigation.

79.

What are different forms of work energy? Explain each briefly.

80.
A stationary system consisting of 2 kg of the fluid of Problem 4.8 expands
in an adiabatic process according to pv 1.2 = constant. The initial
conditions are 1 MPa and 200C, and the final pressure is 0.1 MPa. Find
W and E for the process. Why is the work transfer not equal to pdV?
81.

Derive an expression for heat transfer in non-flow constant volume

process.

82.

Derive an Expression for SFEE. Discuss its application to compressors

and nozzles.

83.

A heat pump working on the Carnot cycle takes in heat from a reservoir
at 5C and delivers heat to a reservoir at 60C. The heat pump is driven
by a reversible heat engine which takes in heat from a reservoir at 840C
and rejects heat to a reservoir at 60C. The reversible heat engine also
drives a machine that absorbs 30 kW. If the heat pump extracts 17 kJ/s
from the 5C reservoir, determine
(i) The rate of heat supply from the 840C source
(ii) The rate of heat rejection to the 60C sink.

84.

A Carnot engine operates between 1000 K and 300 K. The change in

entropy of the source is 0.6 KJ/K. Find the heat added and net work
output.

85.

86.

An ideal gas R = 0.2 KJ/kgk is throttled adiabatically from 12.2 bar 37 oC

to 1 bar. If the surroundings are at 27 oC find the irreversibility of the
process in KJ/Kg.
If entropy S be imagined as a function of T and p, then show that
TdS = cp dT - T( V/T )p dp

87.

Two engines are to operate on Otto and Diesel cycles with the following
data: Maximum temperature 1400 K, exhaust temperature 700 K. State
of air at the beginning of compression 0.1 MPa, 300 K. Estimate the
compression ratios, the maximum pressures, efficiencies, and rate of
work outputs (for 1 kg/min of air) of the respective cycles.

88.

1 kg of gas at 240 0C expands adiabatically so that its volume is doubled

and the temperature falls to 1150C . The work done during the expansion
is 89.86 kJ. Calculate the two specific heats.

89.

State Zeroth law of thermodynamics. Briefly explain how it forms the

basis for temperature measurement.

90.

A slow chemical reaction takes place in a fluid at the constant pressure of

0.1 MPa. The fluid is surrounded by a perfect heat insulator during the
reaction which begins at state 1 and ends at state 2. The insulation is
then removed and 105 kJ of heat flow to the surroundings as the fluid
goes to state 3. The following data are observed for the fluid at states 1,
2 and 3.
Stat
v (m3
t (C)
e
)
1
0.003
20
2
0.3
370
3
0.06
20
For the fluid system, calculate E2 and E3, if E1 = 0.

91.

A turbine operates under steady flow conditions, receiving steam at the

following state: Pressure 1.2MPa, temperature 188C, enthalpy
2785kJ/kg, velocity 33.3m/s and elevation 3m. The steam leaves the
turbine at the following state: Pressure 20kPa, enthalpy 2512kJ/kg,
velocity 100m/s, and elevation 0m. Heat is lost to the surroundings at the
rate of 0.29kJ/s. If the rate of steam flow through the turbine is 0.42 kg/s,
what is the power output of the turbine in kW?

92.

List out the differences between control mass system and control volume
system.

93.

A household refrigerator is maintained at a temperature of 2C. Every

time the door is opened, warm material is placed inside, introducing an
average of 420 kJ, but making only a small change in the temperature of
the refrigerator. The door is opened 20 times a day, and the refrigerator
operates at 15% of the ideal COP. The cost of work is Rs. 2.50 per kWh.

What is the monthly bill for this refrigerator? The atmosphere is at 30C.
94.

Explain the principle of increase of entropy.

95.

Calculate the entropy change of the universe as a result of the following

processes:
(i) A copper block of 600 g mass and with Cp of 150 J/K at 100C is
placed in a lake at 8C.
(ii) The same block, at 8C, is dropped from a height of 100 m into the
lake.
(iii) Two such blocks, at 100 and 0C, are joined together.

96.

Prove that cp cv = - T (V/T)p2 x (p/V)T

97.

Helium is used as the working fluid in an ideal Brayton cycle. Gas enters
the compressor at 27C and 20 bar and is discharged at 60 bar. The gas
is heated to l000C before entering the turbine. The cooler returns the
hot turbine exhaust to the temperature of the compressor inlet.
Determine: (a) the temperatures at the end of compression and
expansion, (b) the heat supplied, the heat rejected and the net work per
kg of He, and (c) the cycle efficiency and the heat rate. Take Cp =
5.1926 kJ/kg K.

98.

A spherical balloon contains air at a pressure of 1.5 bar. The diameter of the
balloon is increased to 40 cm by heating and during the process the pressure is
proportional to its diameter. Calculate the work done assuming the process to
be quasi static.

99.

Prove that energy is a property of the system.

100. 5 kg of air at 40 C and 1 bar is heated in a reversible non-flow constant

pressure process until the
volume is doubled. Find (i) work done (ii) change in internal energy and (iii)
change in entropy.
101. A heat pump is used to maintain an auditorium hall at 24 C when the
atmospheric temperature is 10 C. The heat lost from the hall is 1500 kJ/min.
Calculate the power required to run the heat pump if its COP is 30% of Carnot
machine working between the same temperature limits.
102.
Explain (i) Availability (ii) Second law efficiency.
103. One kg of air is contained in a rigid tank at 500 kPa and 700 K. The dead
state is taken as 20 C and 100 kPa. Calculate maximum useful work (i) if the
system were to change to dead state. (ii) when air is cooled to 400 K in the
tank.
104. State and prove Clausius Inequality.

105.

One kg of water at 300 K is first heated to 400 K by bringing in contact with an

intermediate reservoir at 400 K and ten to 500 k as before. What will be the
entropy change of the universe.
106. Derive the equation

2 p

and hence

107.

Prove that cv of an ideal gas is a function of T only.

108.

Derive an expression for air standard efficiency of a Diesel cycle.

109.
An engine operating on ideal Otto cycle for which the following information is
available:
Maximum temperature
: 1277 C
Exhaust temperature
: 447 C
Ambient conditions
: 1 bar and 37 C
Air consumption
: 2 kg/min
Estimate (i) Air standard efficiency and (ii) power output. Take C p = 1.005 kJ/kg
and
Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg.