TP GHI BI

V K THUT

VKT LNT HHVKT BKHCM

Chng 1

Vt liu v dng c v

1 Vt liu
1.1 Giy v
- Giy v tinh
- Giy can
- Giy v phc

1.2 Bt ch
- Loi cng H, 2H
- Loi mm B, 2B
- Loi va HB

1.3 Ty

2 Dng c
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6

Vn v
Thc T
ke
Hp com pa
Thc cong
Thc thng

3 CAD

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Chng 2

Tiu chun v trnh by bn v k thut

1 Khi nim v tiu chun

Tiu chun l nhng quy nh trong mt lnh vc no m ngi hot ng trong lnh
vc phi tun theo.
Cc tiu chun thng gp:
- Tiu chun nh nc Vit Nam: TCVN
- Tiu chun vng: TCV
- Tiu chun ngnh: TCN
- Tiu chun c s: TC
- Tiu chun quc t: ISO
V d v s hiu tiu chun: TCVN 8-20:2002

2 Kh giy (TCVN 7285:2003)

Bn v c thc hin trn kh giy nh nht, m bo s r rng v chnh xc cn
thit.
Kh giy kh ISO-A gm kh A0 c din tch 1m2 v cc kh c c bng cch chia
i cnh di ca kh giy trc.

Bng kch thc ca cc t giy xn (mm)

K hiu
A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
a1

841

594

420

297

210

b1

1189

841

594

420

297

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3 Cch trnh by (TCVN 7285:2003)

3.1 L v khung bn v
Tt c cc kh giy phi c l. L tri rng 20 mm, l ny thng dng ng bn v
thnh tp. Cc l khc rng 10 mm.
Khung bn v gii hn vng v c v bng nt lin c chiu rng nt 0,7 mm.

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3.2 Du nh tm
d dng nh v bn v khi sao chp, mi bn v phi c 4 du nh tm. Cc du
ny t cui ca hai trc i xng ca t giy xn vi dung sai i xng l 1 mm. Du
nh tm nn v bng nt lin c chiu rng nt 0,7 mm bt u mp ngoi ca li ta
v ko di 10 mm vt qua khung bn v.

3.3 Li ta (h thng tham chiu li)

T giy phi c chia thnh cc min, Mi min c tham chiu bng cc ch ci
vit hoa t trn xung di (khng dng ch I v O) v cc ch s vit t tri qua phi, t
c hai cnh ca t giy. i vi t A4 ch t cnh pha trn v bn phi. Chiu cao cc ch
ci v ch s l 3,5 mm. Chiu di mi min l 50 mm bt u t trc i xng ca t giy
xn (du nh tm). Li ta v bng nt lin c chiu rng 0,35 mm.

3.4 Du xn
tin xn giy, phi c du xn t bn gc t giy. Cc du ny c dng hai hnh
ch nht chng ln nhau vi kch thc 10 mm x 5 mm.

3.5 Khung tn
Khung tn nm gc phi pha di vng v. nh dng ny ch cho php i vi cc
t giy t nm ngang.
i vi kh giy t A0 n A3, bn v c trnh by ngang,
Kh A4, bn v c trnh by ng, khung tn t cnh ngn hn ca vng v.
Hng c bn v l hng ca khung tn.
Ni dung v hnh thc ca khung tn do ni thit k quy nh.
Sau y l mu khung tn dng trong hc tp. ng nt c s dng l nt lin c b
rng nt 0,7 v 0,35.

Ni dung cc trong khung tn:

1- Ngi v
1- Tn ngi v
1- Ngy hon thnh bn v
2- Kim tra
2- trng
2- trng
3- Trng, lp, m s sinh vin
4- Tn bi v, tn vt th
5- Vt liu ch to
6- T l bn v
7- K hiu bn v
Ch s ghi trong khung tn dng ch thng, theo quy nh ca TCVN v ch v ch
s trn bn v k thut. s 4 dng ch hoa, kh ch phi ln hn cc ghi ch khc. s 5
ch thng kh ln hn cc ghi ch khc.

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4 T l (TCVN 7286:2003)
T l l t s gia kch thc di ca mt phn t thuc vt th biu din trong bn v
gc v kch thc thc ca chnh phn t .
Cc t l u tin s dng trn bn v k thut:
- T l nguyn hnh:
1:1
- T l thu nh:
1:2; 1:5; 1:10; 1:20; 1:50; 1: 100; 1:200; 1: 500; 1:1000;
1:2000; 1: 5000; 1:10000
- T l phng to:
2:1; 5:1; 10:1; 20:1; 50:1
K hiu gm ch T L v tip theo l t s v d: T L 1:2. Nu khng gy hiu
nhm c th khng ghi t T L.
Khi cn dng nhiu t l khc nhau trn mt bn v, t l chnh c ghi trong khung
tn, cc t l khc c ghi bn cnh ch dn ca phn t tng ng.

5 ng nt (TCVN 8-20:2002)
5.1 Kiu ng nt
S
hiu

Hnh biu din

Tn nt

01

Nt lin (contnuous)

02

Nt t (dash)

03

Nt t rng (dash space)

04

Nt gch di chm (long dash dot)

05

Nt gch di hai chm (long dash double dot)

06

Nt gch di ba chm (long dash trible dot)

07

Nt chm chm (dot)

08

Nt gch di gch ngn (long dash double short dot)

09

Nt gch di hai gch ngn

(long dash double short dash)

10

Nt gch chm (dash dot)

11

Nt hai gch chm (double dash dot)

12

Nt gch hai chm (dash double dot)

13

Nt hai gch hai chm (double dash double dot)

14

Nt gch ba chm (dash triple dot)

15

Nt hai gch ba chm (double dash trible dot)

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5.2 Kch thc ca nt v

5.2.1 Chiu rng nt v
Ty thuc vo lai v kch thc ca bn v, chiu rng d ca tt c cc nt v phi
chn theo dy s sau:
0,13; 0,18; 0,25; 0,35; 0,5; 0,7; 1; 1,4; 2mm
Chiu rng cc nt rt m, m, v mnh tun theo t l 4:2:1
Chiu rng nt ca bt k ng no phi nh nhau trn sut chiu di ca ng .

5.2.2

Khong cch

Phn t

Chm

Khang h

Gch ngn

Gch

Gch di

Khang h
ln

Chiu di

0,5 d

3d

6d

12 d

24 d

18 d

5.3 Cc loi ng nt thng gp

Tn gi

Nt lin m

ng bao, cnh thy

Nt t

Mnh

ng bao, cnh khut

Nt gch di
chm mnh

Mnh

ng trc, ng tm

Hnh dng

Chiu

TT

Nt lin
mnh

rng

Mnh

p dng

ng dng, ng kch
thc, ng dn v ch dn,
ng gch gch mt ct,
ng bao mt ct chp, giao
tuyn tng tng, ng
tm ngn
ng gii hn hnh biu

Nt ln
sng

Mnh

Nt dch dc

Mnh

Nt gch di
chm m

V tr mt phng ct

Nt gch di
hai chm
mnh

Mnh

ng trng tm, v tr ti
hn ca chi tit chuyn ng,
ng bao ban u trc khi
to hnh.

din
ng gii hn hnh biu
din

Cch s dng mt s loi ng nt.

ng trc, ng tm, nt ln sng

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Nt dch dc

Nt t

5.4 Cch v
ng nt phi thng nht trn cng bn v
Khong cch ti thiu gia cc ng song song l 0,7 mm.
Cc nt v ct nhau, tt nht l ct nhau bng nt gch.
Th t u tin ca ng nt:
ng bao hay cnh thy
ng bao hay cnh khut
Nt ct
ng trc, ng tm
ng dng.

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6 Ch v ch s (TCVN 7284:2003)
6.1 Kh ch danh ngha
L chiu cao h ca kiu ch hoa. Dy kh ch danh ngha c quy nh (mm): 2,5;
3,5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20.

6.2 Cc kch thc (kiu ch B)

Chiu cao ch:
Chiu cao ch thng
ui ch thng
Khong cch cc k t
Khong cch t
Khong cch nh nht gia cc ng c s
Ch hoa v ch thng c du
Ch hoa v ch thng khng du
Ch hoa

h
c1 = 7/10 h
c2 = 3/10 h
2/10 h
6/10 h
19/10 h
15/10 h
13/10 h

6.3 Kiu ch
L loi nt trn, vit thng ng hoc nghing 75 so vi phng ngang.
Chiu rng d ca tt c cc nt ch u bng nhau, d = 1/10 h (kiu ch B).

6.4 Cu to ch

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c im
Ch hoa:
Ch thng:
Ch s:

6.5 Cch vit ch

Khi vit ch phi k ng dn.
Chia ch thnh nhiu phn ri rc, ch v thun tay (trn xung, tri qua phi)

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7 Ghi kch thc (TCVN 7583-1:2006)

7.1 Quy nh chung

Kch thc ghi trn bn v l kch thc tht ca vt th, khng ph thuc vo t l ca
cc hnh biu din.
Thng tin v kch thc phi y v ghi trc tip trn bn v.
Mi kch thc ch c ghi mt ln.
Cc kch thc nn t v tr sao cho n th hin r rng nht cc yu t c lin quan.
Cc kch thc c lin quan nn nhm li mt cch tch bit d c.
n v o:
Cc kch thc ch c ghi cng mt n v o
Khi c nhiu n v o kch thc c dng trong mt ti liu, phi ghi mt
cch r rng n v.
Dng , pht, giy lm n v o gc (V d 302010)

7.2 ng kch thc

ng kch thc c v bng nt lin mnh.
ng kch thc phi c v trong cc trng hp sau:
Kch thc di song song vi on cn ghi kch thc.
Kch thc gc hoc kch thc ca mt cung.
Cc kch thc xut pht t tm hnh hc ca bn knh.

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Khi khng ch, ng kch thc c th ko di v o chiu mi tn.

Khi mt b phn b ct la, ng kch thc phi v nh khng b ct
Nn trnh khng cho ng kch thc giao nhau vi bt k ng no khc nhng nu
khng trnh c, ng kch thc phi v lin tc.

Cc ng kch thc c th khng v y khi:

V cc ng kch thc cho ng knh v ch v cho mt phn ca yu t i
xng trong hnh chiu hoc hnh ct.
Mt na l hnh chiu v mt na l hnh ct.

7.3 Du kt thc
ng kch thc phi kt thc bng mt du kt thc (mi tn, vch xin, chm) thng
nht trn cng bn v

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Nu khng ch c th thay cc mi tn i nhau bng mt chm hay vch xin

7.4 ng dng
ng dng c v bng nt lin mnh v vt qu ng kch thc mt khong xp
x 8 ln chiu rng nt.
ng dng nn v vung gc vi di cn ghi kch thc.
ng dng c th v nghing nhng chng phi song song vi nhau
ch c vt gc hay c cung ln, ng dng c v t giao im cc ng bao.
ng ko di ca cc ng bao phi vt qu giao im mt khong xp x 8 ln chiu
rng nt.

ng dng c th b ngt qung nu khi v lin tc s gy mp m kh hiu.

7.5 Gi tr kch thc

Cc gi tr kch thc phi t song song vi ng kch thc, gn im gia ng
kch thc v pha trn ng kch thc mt cht.
Khng cho bt k ng no ct hoc tch i gi tr kch thc.

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Cc gi tr kch thc phi c hng ghi theo hng c bn v theo hnh sau:

Nu khng ch ghi, gi tr kch thc c th t trn phn ko di ca ng kch

thc hoc ghi trn ng ch dn.

7.6 Ghi kch thc c bit

7.6.1 ng knh
K hiu phi t trc gi tr kch thc. Khi mt ng knh c th minh ha bi
mt u mi tn th ng kch thc phi vt qua tm.
Cho php ghi kch thc tit din vt th trn xoay trn hnh chiu song song vi trc
trn xoay.

7.6.2

Bn knh

C k hiu R trc gi tr bn knh. Khi ghi cc kch thc bn knh, ch c dng mt

u mi tn, u mi tn t vo giao im ca ng kch thc vi cung.
Khi tm ca bn knh vt ra ngoi phm vi v, ng kch thc phi v hoc l b ct
bt hoc l b ngt vung gc ty theo vic c cn hay khng cn thit phi xc nh tm.

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7.6.3

Hnh cu

c ghi kch thc theo ng knh hoc bn knh v c ch S trc gi tr kch

thc.

7.6.4

Cung, dy cung v gc

7.6.5

Hnh vung

C k hiu trc gi tr kch thc nu hnh vung ch c ghi kch

thc trn mt cnh.

7.6.6

Cc yu t lp li v cch u nhau

Cc yu t c cng gi tr kch thc c th ghi kch thc bng cch

ch r s lng nhn x vi gi tr kch thc

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7.6.7

Cc chi tit i xng

Cc kch thc ca cc yu t phn b i xng ch phi ghi mt ln.

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Chng 3

V hnh hc

V hnh hc l gii cc bi ton hnh hc bng php v m khng tnh

1 Dng hnh
1.1 ng thng song song
Dng thc T
Dng ke

1.2 ng thng vung gc

Dng gc vung ca ke
Dng cc gc nhn ca ke

1.3 Chia u on thng

Cha on AB thnh n phn bng nhau
- Qua A v ng Ax bt k
- Trn Ax t n on bng nhau bng cc
im 1,2..,n
- Ni n vi B, t 1,2.. v song song vi nB ta
c cc im chia

1.4 Chia u vng trn

1.4.1 Cha 3, 6, 12

Chia vng trn (O, R) lm 3 phn bng nhau

o Dng ng knh AB
o Dng (A, R)
o M, N = (A, R) (O, R)
o A, M, N l cc im chia
Chia 6
o Dng (B, R)
o P, Q = (B, R) (O, R)

1.4.2

Chia 5
Chia vng trn (O, R) lm 5 phn bng nhau
- Dng ng knh AB v CD vung gc nhau
- Dng (M, MC) ct CD ti N
- AN l di cnh ng gic u ni tip

1.4.3

Chia 7
Chia gn ng vng trn (O, R) lm 7 phn bng nhau
- Dng ng knh AB
- Dng (A, R)
- M, N = (A, R) (O, R)
- P = MN AB
- MP l di cnh ca tht gic u ni tip

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2 dc v cn
2.1 dc
dc i ca ng thng AC i vi ng thng
B) = tg
AB l i = tan g(CA
K hiu: hoc
V d v cch v dc

2.2 cn
cn ca nn ct trn xoay
Dd
k=
= 2i
L
vi i l dc ca ng sinh so vi trc.
K hiu: hoc
V d:

3 V ni tip
3.1 Khi nim
Cc ng nt khc nhau ni tip vi nhau mt cch trn tru khng b gy gi l v ni
tip. S ni tip c th xut hin gia ng thng vi ng cong hay gia hai ng cong.
Trong chng trnh, ch gii hn kho st ng cong l ng trn.

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v ni tip phi xc nh cc yu t ca v ni tip cho phn t ni tip:

- Tm ni tip 0
- Bn knh ni tip R
- im ni tip N1
Trong bi ton ni tip thng thng ta ch bit trc mt trong ba yu t ni tip.
v ni tip, t yu t bit trc (thng l bn knh ni tip) phi xc nh c hai yu t
cn li.
Tm tm ni tip O v im ni tip N1 khi bit trc bn knh ni tip R
- Cung trn ni tip ng thng d: O d // d v d cch d mt khong R
N1 l chn ng vung gc h t O xung d
O (O1, |R1 R|)
- Cung trn ni tip cung trn:
N1 O1O (ng ni hai tm)

3.2 Cc v d
3.2.1 V d 1
Cho hai ng thng d1 v d2, ni tip hai ng
thng bng cung trn bn knh R

3.2.2

V d 2
Cho hai vng trn (O1, R1) v (O2, R2), ni tip hai vng trn bng mt ng thng

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3.2.3

V d 3

Cho vng trn (O1, R1) v ng thng d. ni tip cung trn v ng thng bng mt
cung trn bn knh R.

3.2.4

V d 4

4 Mt s ng cong hnh hc

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Chng 4

Cc loi hnh biu din

1 Hnh chiu vung gc (TCVN 7582-2:2006)

1.1 K hiu cc hnh chiu
Hng quan st

K hiu hnh chiu

Hnh chiu theo hng

Hnh chiu

T trc

T trn

B (E)

T tri

T phi

T di

T sau

Hnh chiu cha nhiu thng tin nht ca i tng thng c gi l hnh chiu chnh
(hnh chiu t trc). Hnh chiu ny k hiu l A, thng biu din i tng v tr lm
vic, hoc v tr ang ch to hoc v tr ang lp rp. V tr cc hnh chiu khc cn c theo v
tr hnh chiu chnh v ph thuc vo phng php chiu chn (gc th nht, gc th ba,
cc mi tn tham chiu). Cc hnh chiu A n F c gi l cc hnh chiu c bn. Trong
thc t thng khng cn phi dng ti 6 hnh chiu c bn.

1.2 Phng php biu din

1.2.1 Phng php gc chiu th nht
Phng php gc chiu th nht l mt cch biu din bng php chiu vung gc trong
i tng cn biu din c t gia ngi quan st v mt phng ta trn i
tng c chiu vung gc.

V tr cc hnh chiu khc so vi hnh chiu chnh c xc nh bng cch quay cc

mt phng hnh chiu ca chng quanh cc ng thng trng (hoc song song) vi cc trc
ta n v tr nm trn mt phng ta (b mt bn v), trn hnh chiu ng (hnh
chiu chnh, hnh chiu t trc A) c chiu ln.
Nh vy trn bn v cn c vo hnh chiu chnh A cc hnh chiu khc c b tr
nh sau:
Hnh chiu B: hnh chiu t trn t ngay bn di.

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1.2.2

Hnh chiu E: hnh chiu t di t ngay bn trn.

Hnh chiu C: hnh chiu t tri t ngay bn phi.
Hnh chiu D: hnh chiu t phi t ngay bn tri.
Hnh chiu F: hnh chiu t sau t bn phi hoc bn tri.

Phng php gc chiu th ba

Phng php gc chiu th ba l mt cch biu din bng php chiu vung gc trong
i tng cn biu din, khi nhn t pha ngi quan st, c t pha sau mt phng
ta m trn i tng c chiu vung gc. Trn mi mt phng chiu, i tng
c biu din nh l c chiu vung gc t xa v tn ln cc mt phng hnh chiu trong
sut.

V tr cc hnh chiu khc so vi hnh chiu chnh c xc nh bng cch quay cc

mt phng hnh chiu ca chng quanh cc ng thng trng (hoc song song) vi cc trc
ta n v tr nm trn mt phng ta (b mt bn v), trn hnh chiu ng (hnh
chiu chnh, hnh chiu t trc A) c chiu ln.
Nh vy trn bn v cn c vo hnh chiu chnh A cc hnh chiu khc c b tr
nh sau:

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1.2.3

B tr mi tn tham chiu

Trong trng hp khng th b tr v tr ca cc hnh chiu theo ng cc quy nh

nghim ngt ca phng php gc chiu th nht hoc th ba, vic dng phng php mi
tn tham chiu cho php b tr cc hnh chiu v tr bt k.
Ngoi tr hnh chiu chnh, mi hnh chiu c th c nh danh bng mt ch ci ph
hp. Trn hnh chiu chnh dng mt ch hoa ch r hng quan st ca cc hnh chiu
khc. Cc hnh chiu ny c nh danh bng mt ch hoa tng ng v c t pha
trn.
Cc hnh chiu c nh danh ny c th t v tr bt k so vi hnh chiu chnh.
Bt k hng quan st th no, cc ch nh danh cho cc hnh chiu phi c vit theo
hng c bn v.

1.2.4

Biu din bng hnh chiu vung gc qua gng

Hnh chiu vung gc qua gng l mt cch biu din bng hnh chiu thng gc,
trong vt th cn biu din c t pha bn trn mt gng phng, gng ny t song

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song vi mt phng nm ngang ca vt th, mt gng

hng ln trn; hnh nh ca vt th qua gng chnh l hnh
chiu vung gc qua gng.
Hnh chiu loi ny c th c ch dn bi mt ch in
hoa k hiu cho hnh chiu ny (ngha l hnh chiu E).

1.3 Quy c c bn v hnh chiu

Mi hnh chiu, loi tr hnh chiu t trc hoc cc
hnh chiu c bn khc phi c t tn r rng bi mt ch
ci vit hoa, km theo mt mi tn ch hng chiu i vi
hnh chiu . Vi bt k hng chiu no, ch ci vit hoa cng phi vit theo hng c
ca bn v v t pha trn hoc bn phi ca mi tn.
Quy cch mi tn v ch:

Chiu cao h ca ch ci ch tn hnh chiu phi ln hn chiu cao cc ch thng thng

trn bn v k thut.
Ch ci vit hoa xc nh hng chiu phi c t ngay trn cc hnh chiu c lin
quan.

1.4 Chn hnh chiu

Hn ch s lng hnh chiu (hnh ct v mt ct) n mc ti thiu cn thit nhng
m t y v r rng vt th.
Trnh c vic phi dng ng bao khut v cnh khut
Trnh vic lp li khng cn thit cc phn ca vt th.

1.5 Hnh chiu ring phn (TCVN 8-30:2002)

1.5.1 Quy nh chung
Khi cn minh ha y v r rng cc b phn ca vt th cha c biu din r trn
hnh chiu ton b, c th dng hnh chiu ring phn. Hnh chiu ring phn c gii hn
bng nt dch dc (hoc nt ln sng) v c b tr theo mi tn tham chiu.

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1.5.2

V tr c bit ca hnh chiu

Khi cn, cho php v hnh chiu ring phn v tr khc so vi v tr xc nh bi mi

tn ch hng chiu.
Hnh chiu ring phn loi ny phi c ch r bi mi tn cong cho bit hng xoay.
C th ch r gc xoay, khi phi ghi treo trnh t: Ch ci trn hnh chiu mi tn cong
gc xoay.

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Quy cch v mi tn cong:

1.5.3

Hnh chiu ring phn ca chi tit i xng

tit kim thi gian v din tch v, cc vt th i xng c th v mt na thay cho

v ton b.
ng trc c nh du ti hai u bng hai nt mnh, ngn, song song nhau v v
vung gc vi trc i xng.

2 Hnh chiu cc b (TCVN 8-34:2002)

Cho php dng hnh chiu cc b thay cho hnh chiu ton b, min l hnh chiu phi
r rng.

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Hnh chiu cc b phi v gc chiu th ba bt k bn v chnh s dng gc chiu

no biu din. Hnh chiu cc b c v bng nt lin m v ni vi hnh chiu c bn
bng nt gch di chm mnh.

3 Hnh ct v mt ct
3.1 Khi nim
Tng tng c mt mt phng i qua phn t bn trong cn kho st. Mt phng ny
s chia vt th lm hai phn. Ly i phn vt th nm gia ngi quan st v mt phng tng
tng ri chiu ton b phn cn li ln mt phng song song vi mt phng tng tng.
Hnh biu din thu c gi l hnh ct.
Mt phng tng tng gi l mt phng ct
Phn vt th thuc mt phng ct gi l mt ct thuc hnh ct
Hnh biu din ch th hin cc ng bao ngoi ca phn vt th nm trn mt phng
ct gi l mt ct.
Nh vy hnh ct l mt ct c ch r thm cc ng bao pha sau mt phng ct.

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3.2 Quy nh chung

Cc quy tc chung b tr hnh chiu cng p dng cho mt ct v hnh ct.
Mi mt ct v hnh ct phi c t tn r rng bng mt cp ch vit hoa, t bn
cnh cc mi tn ch hng chiu i vi mt ct hoc hnh ct tng ng. Cc ch ny phi
t theo hng c ca bn v.
Cc mi tn v bng nt lin m. Gc nh mi tn c th bng 30 hoc 90.
V tr mt phng ct phi c v bng nt gch di chm m. v c v vi mt
di thch hp cho d c.
Nu mt phng ct thay i hng, nt ct ch cn v cc ch cui ca mt phng ct.
ni m mt phng ct i hng.
Nt ct c th v sut chiu di ca mt phng ct (v bng nt gch di chm mnh)
nu cn m bo d c.

V nguyn tc gn , chi tit sit, trc, nan hoa ca bnh rng v cc chi tit tng t
khng b ct dc, khi khng v ng gch gch.
Tng t nh hnh chiu, hnh ct cng c th v v tr khc vi v tr nh bi mi
tn ch hng nhn ca n.

3.3 K hiu vt liu trn mt ct (TCVN 7-93)

3.3.1 K hiu
K hiu chung ca cc vt liu, khng ph thuc loi vt liu (s
dng khi khng xc nh vt liu)
Nu cn ch r k hiu c dng th s dng cc k hiu trnh
by trong bng sau:

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VKT LNT HHVKT BKHCM

Nu trn bn v cn th hin nhng vt liu m k hiu cha c quy nh trong tiu

chun ny th cho php dng k hiu ph nhng phi ch thch.

3.3.2

Cc nguyn tc v k hiu vt liu trn mt ct

Cc ng gch gch ca k hiu vt liu c v bng nt mnh nghing mt gc

thch hp, tt nht l 45 vi ng bao quanh chnh hoc vi trc i xng ca mt ct.

Nu ng gch gch trng vi phng ng bao mt ct th gc thch hp l 30

hoc 60.
Khong cch gia cc ng gch gch chn ty thuc vo ln ca min cn v k
hiu v t l ca bn v nhng khng nh hn 2 ln chiu rng ca nt m v khng nh hn
0,7 mm. Thng thng khong cch nn chn 23 mm.
Nu vng gch qu rng cho php ch gch vng bin.
Cho php t en cc mt ct hp.

Nhng mt ct k nhau ca cc chi tit khc nhau th phi gch khc nhau (phng hoc
khang cch) hoc so le nhau

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t khang trng khng nh hn 0,7 mm gia cc mt ct hp k nhau.

3.4 Phn loi hnh ct

3.4.1 Theo s lng mt phng ct
3.4.1.1 Hnh ct s dng mt mt phng ct
V d hnh ct trnh by trong phn khi nim.
Ch rng mt phng ct c th khng song song vi cc mt phng hnh chiu c bn

3.4.1.2 Hnh ct s dng hai mt phng ct song song (hnh ct bc)

3.4.1.3 Hnh ct s dng 3 mt phng ct lin tip

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3.4.1.4 Hnh ct s dng hai mt phng ct giao nhau (hnh ct xoay)

Trong trng hp ny, mt mt phng ct c xoay ti v tr song song vi mt phng
hnh chiu.

3.4.2

Theo phm vi ct

3.4.2.1 Hnh ct bn phn

Cc chi tit c th v mt na l hnh chiu cn mt na l hnh ct. ng phn chia
hnh chiu v hnh ct l trc i xng.

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3.4.3

Hnh ct cc b

Khi xt thy khng cn thit phi v hnh ct ton b hay bn phn th c th v hnh ct
cc b (hnh ct mt phn vt th). ng phn cch phi v bng nt dch dc hoc bng nt
ln sng.

Ch :
Nu hnh biu din khng i xng ch c p dng hnh ct cc b.
Nu hnh biu din i xng nhng c nt lin m trng vi trc i xng th khng
c dng hnh ct bn phn m ch c p dng hnh ct cc b.

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3.5 Mt ct
3.5.1 ng dng
Mt ct l hnh biu din ca phn vt th nm ngay trn mt phng ct. Mt ct thng
dng din t tit din vt th ti mt v tr no m khng phi din t phn pha sau mt
phng ct.
Mt ct thng ct vung gc vi chiu di vt th,

3.5.2

Mt ct ri

Mt ct c v ra pha ngoi hnh chiu, phi t n gn vi hnh chiu v c lin h

vi hnh chiu bng nt gch di chm mnh.

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Khi c nhiu mt phng ct lin tip c th b tr theo cc cch sau:

3.5.3

Mt ct chp

Nu khng gy kh hiu, mt ct c th c xoay ngay trn hnh chiu tng ng. Khi
, ng bao ca mt ct phi v bng nt lin mnh.

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4 Hnh trch
L hnh biu din c trch ra t mt hnh biu din c trn bn v. Hnh trch c
gii hn bng nt ln sng v thng c phng to

Cho php dng hnh trch biu din c nhng phn t khng th hin ch trch
Loi hnh biu din ca hnh trch c th khc vi ch trch, v d hnh trch l hnh ct
trong khi hnh biu din ch trch l hnh chiu.

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