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magstadti
gavigoT politika
ideebi, institutebi
da sakiTxebi
s ar Ge vi
Sesavali
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T aavv i I
Sesavali
p o li ti ki
po
kiss
Se
S e sw av
avl
laa
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magaliTi # 1
kaci, romlis kiserze ori gaupatiureba, mravali SedarebiT umniSvnelo seqsualuri Zaladoba da ramdenime SeiaraRebuli Zarcva
da Tavdasxmaa, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT cixidan gamouSves. is
fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi mkurnalobis periodSi presas ucxadebs,
rom Seicvala, religia daexmara da imedi aqvs, rom mSobliur qalaqSi dabrundeba da normalur cxovrebas daiwyebs. qalaqSi misi dabrunebis pirvelive kviras ramdenime sastiki gaupatiureba xdeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am kacis dadanaSaulebis aranairi safuZveli
ar arsebobs, adgilobrivi mcxovrebni aRSfoTebulebi arian. gaupatiurebis SemTxvevebi amyarebs maT mosazrebas, rom (1) saSiSi damnaSaveebi maT Soris arian; (2) Zalze Znelia maTi daWera, miuxedavad maTi
Tavxeduri da xSiri Tavdasxmebisa; da (3) daWeris SemTxvevaSic, is
qurdebi, mkvlelebi da moZaladeebi, romlebmac danaSauli aRiares,
zogjer sasamarTlo sistemis arasrulyofilebis gamo Tavs iZvrenen
xolme. moqalaqeebi mosamarTleebsa da politikosebs akisreben pasuxismgeblobas im SiSisaTvis, romelic RamiT maT qalaqs mosvenebis
saSualebas ar aZlevs. `rogorc Cans, kanonmdeblobaSi raRac xarvezi
arsebobs, raki aseTi danaSauli xdeba~, _ acxadeben isini.
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magaliTi # 2
xandazmuli qalbatoni meri, romelsac axlaxan Seusrulda
oTxmocdaaTi weli, marto cxovrobs im saxlSi, romelic man da misma
meuRlem patara qalaqSi aiSenes daaxloebiT samocdaxuTi wlis win.
meris sakuTar Tavze zrunva SeuZlia da moxucebulTa saxlSi gadasvla ar surs. asakis Sesaferisi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas
Tavisi mokrZalebuli pensiiT is metnaklebad axerxebs, vidre saxlis gasaTbobad saWiro sawvavis fasi katastrofulad ar gaizrdeba;
amis Semdeg, misi danazogi sxva xandazmuli moqalaqeebis danazogTa
msgavsad, yovelwliurad iklebs. gasulma orma zamTarma, romelic
gansakuTrebiT mkacri iyo, TiTqmis amowura meris piradi finansebi.
meris imedi sagazeTo statiam daubruna, romelic ityobineboda, rom
mTavrobam SemoiRo kanoni, raTa sawvavis subsidiebT uzrunvelyos
xandazmulebi. miuxedavad amisa, cxel xazze darekviT man Seityo,
rom bankSi mis angariSze Tanxis arsebobamde, is subsidias ver miiRebs. meri sasowarkveTilia: `ra xdeba Cems Tavs? Cans, mTavroba ver
moisvenebs, sanam ufulo da usaxlkaro ar viqnebi. sad aris am qveynad
samarTali?~
damnaSavisa da moxuci qalbatonis SemTxveva TvalsaCinos xdis, rom yoveldRiuri politikis praqtikuli problemebi, romlebic, erTi SexedviT, mxolod
calkeul individebze axdens gavlenas, samarTlianobis an sazogadoebrivi interesis dacvis mudmivi Ziebis ganuyofeli nawili xdeba. sxva sityvebiT, sakiTxebi met-naklebad politikuria im zomiT, ra zomiTac saxelmwifo Zalaufleba
gavlenas axdens calkeul moqalaqeTa cxovrebasa da keTildReobaze.
ZiriTadi koncefciebi
politikas sxvadasxvagvarad gansazRvraven _ rogorc `SesaZleblis
xelovnebas~, moZRvrebas `vin ras, rodis da sad iRebs~, `faseulobebis
avtoritetul ganawilebas~ da a. S. Tavad vwyvetT, romel definicias
veTanxmebiT. iseve rogorc adamianis codnis nebismier sxva sferos, politikur
mecnierebasac _ politikis sistemur Seswavlas _ aqvs sakuTari terminebi da ena.
am enis Seswavlas mniSvelovani politikuri wonis mqone `sami patara sityviT~ _
wesrigi, Zalaufleba da samarTlianoba _ daviwyebT.
wesrigi
arsebobs ramodenime donis wesrigi. politikuri gagebiT, wesrigi aRniSnavs im struqturebs, wesebs, ritualebs, procedurebsa da Cveulebebs, romlebic
politikur sistemas Seadgenen. igi dafuZnebulia sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis
(an martivad rom vTqvaT `sazogadoebis~) saZirkvelze. zustad ra aris sazogadoeba? sazogadoeba, rogorc mas Tanamedrove konteqstSi viyenebT, mWidro
kavSirSia sityva TemTan, romelic saerTo identobis pirTa gaerTianebaa. Cveulebriv, identoba, nawilobriv mainc, gansazRvrulia geografiiT, radgan adamianebi, romlebic erTmaneTis axlos cxovroben, rogorc wesi, erTmaneTs icnoben,
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laparakoben erTsa da imave enaze, aqvT saerTo Rirebulebebi, interesebi da gamocdileba. xandaxan, saerTo miznis gancdis an politikuri erTgulebis safuZvelze, gansxvavebuli jgufebi qmnian axal Tems, magram rogorc 90-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSirisa da iugoslaviis daSlam gvaCvena, axali socialuri
wyobis Seqmna, kargad stuqturirebuli politikuri sistemis pirobebSic ki, advili araa.
mTavroba, mmarTveloba qmnis aucilebel wesebs, romelTa saSualebiT marTavs sazogadoebas. rogor SeiZleba msoflioSi mmarTvelobis araerTgvarovani
formebis kategoriebad dayofa? tradiciulad, saxelmwifoebi iyofa respublikebad (sadac Zalaufleba sabolood xalxis xelSia) da saxelmwifoebad, sadac Zalaufleba mmarTvelTa xelSia _ monarqiad an tiraniad. dReisaTvis, TiTqmis yvela respublika demokratiuli (anu warmomadgenlobiTi) respublikaa,
rac imas niSnavs, rom Zalaufleba arCeuli warmomadgenlebis xelSia, romlebic
xalxis winaSe arian pasuxismgebelni.1
zogierTi politologi erTmaneTisgan ubralod ganasxvavebs demokratiul, sadac tardeba Tavisufali arCevnebi, da diqtaturul saxelmwifoebs, sadac aseTi ram ar xdeba. sxvebi, vinc met yuradRebas aqcevs ekonomikas, ganasxvaveben kapitalisturi anu bazarze dafuZnebuli sistemebis mqone da socialistur
anu saxelmwifos mier regulirebuli sistemebis mqone saxelmwifoebs. dabolos,
ganviTarebad qveynebSi mTavrobas iseTi saxis gamowvevebTan, problemebTan,
sirTuleebTan uxdeba gamklaveba, romlebTan brZola ganviTarebul qveynebs ar
sWirdeba; amitom gasakviri araa, rom msoflios dabalanazRaurebad da maRalanazRaurebad regionebSi sakmaod gansxvavebuli mmarTvelobebis formebi gvxvdeba.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi, saxelmwifo aris suverenitetis erTaderTi damcveli. suverenuli saxelmwifo aris sazRvrebiT mkafiod Semofargluli mTlianoba, romelsac erTi mTavroba ganagebs. politikis enaze, saxelmwifo igivea,
rac qveyana (ingliisur enaSi state aRniSnavs saxelmwifosac da Statsac. mTargm.
SeniSvna). magaliTad, SegviZlia safrangeTi movixsenioT rogorc saxelmwifo an
qveyana. (zogierT saxlmwifoSi arsebobs federaciuli sistema, romelSic Sedis
Statebi _ administraciuli erTeulebi, magaliTad, niu-iorki, florida, texasi
an kalifornia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, magram aseTi Statebi suverenuli
ar aris).
eri Sedgeba adamianTa gansxvavebuli jgufebisagan, romelTac aerTianebs
saerTo warsuli da Semdeg niSan-TvisebaTagan yvela an erTi mainc: geografiuli
mdebareoba, istoria, rasobrivi an eTnikuri kuTvnileba, religia, ena, kultura
da saerTo politikuri ideebis rwmena. am CamonaTvalis saTaveSi geografiuli
mdebareoba im mizeziT moxvda, rom erTi eris warmomadgenlebs, rogorc wesi,
axasiaTebT kuTvnilebis Zlieri koleqtiuri grZnoba, romelic dakavSirebulia
konkretul geografiul teritoriasTan, romlisTvis sabrZolvelad, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ki misTvis sikvdilisTvisac mzad arian xolme.
erebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian warsulisa da homogenurobis (erTgvarovnebis anu wevrTa msgavsebis) mixedviT. qveynebi, romlebsac SedarebiT
erTgvarovani mosaxleoba hyavs, ZiriTadad evropaSi gvxvdeba. magaliTad, poloneTi Zalian erTgvarovani eria, iseve rogorc skandinaviuri qveynebi (dania,
SvedeTi da norvegia), fineTi, safrangeTi, avstria, portugalia da saberZneTi.
ufro araerTgvarovania didi britaneTi, germania, niderlandebi, espaneTi da
italia, magram aqac erT saxelmwifo enaze laparakoben (Tumca qveynis sxvadasxva nawilSi sxvadasxva dialeqtzec saubroben). belgia kontinentze im mcire-
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ricxovan qveynebs ganekuTvneba, romlebic mkafiodaa gayofili kulturuli da
lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT (frangulad molaparake valonebad da holandiurad molaparake flamandielebad). misgan gansxavevebiT, amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi, rogorc imigrantebis saxelmwifo, gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT
gamoirCeva. magram `sadnobi qvabi~ (`melting pot~) sabolood yvela axalCamosuls
amerikuli sazogadoebis ZiriTad nakadSi moaqcevs (asimilirebas ukeTebs), riTac aZlierebs saerTo erovnulobas. 2
aSkaraa, rom eri-saxelmwifos, rogorc ideis da rogorc idealis fesvebi, konkretul droSi da adgilas unda veZioT: es Tanamedrove evropis, gansakuTrebiT ki dasavleT evropis istoriaa. igi naklebad miesadageba msoflios
sxva regionebs, sadac suverenuli saxelmwifoebis (romelTagan bevri meore
msoflio omamde evropuli qveynebis kolonia iyo) politikuri sazRvrebi xSirad
ar emTxveva eTnikur Tu kulturul sazRvrebs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, eTnikuri,
religiuri Tu tomobrivi dajgufebebi, romlebic tradiciulad erTmaneTs
Zlier emterebodnen, aRmoCndnen erT `saxelmwifoSi~, ris Sedegadac miviReT
arastabilurobisa da samoqalaqo omebis maRali riskis mqone sazogadoebebi.
meore msoflio omis Semdgomma dekolonizaciam dasabami misca bevr ucbad
Seqmnil mravalerovnul saxelmwifos, romlebSic bevri erovnuli jgufi (eTnikuri Tu tomobrivi) axal sazogadoebriv wyobaSi asimilirebuli ar iyo _ mravali aTwleulis Semdegac; am axal saxelmwifoebSi erad Camoyalibeba Soreuli
perspeqtivaa. argumentis gasaZliereblad ramdenime magaliTs moviyvanT. 1967
wels, nigeria gaafTrebul samoqalaqo omSi CaiZira, romlis drosac erTi didi
eTnikuri jgufi (ibo) warumateblad Seecada qveyanas gamoyofoda da damoukidebeli saxelmwifo Seeqmna. 1994 wels, ruandaSi mowme gavxdiT Tanamedroveobis
erT-erTi yvelaze didi xocva-Jletisa, romelSic hutus ufro mravalricxovani
tomis warmomadgenlebi tutsis tomis asiaTasobiT adamians, qalebisa da bavSvebis CaTvliT, sastikad gauswordnen. sruliad uadgilo da gaumarTlebelia
indoeTis eri-saxelmwifod miCneva, radganac aq aseulobiT enasa da dialeqtze
laparakoben, xSiria Setakebebi indusebsa da muslimebs Soris, penjabSi Zaladobis talRis sporaduli agoreba meomari sinxebis monawileobiT. Sri-lankaze
(yofili ceiloni) indusi Tamilebi didi xania awarmoeben partizanul oms sinhalelebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic budistebi arian da mosaxleobis umravlesobas
warmoadgenen.
saxelmwifoebi daiSala evropis slavur nawilSic, ZvelisZveli eTnikuri
dapirispirebebis gamo. sabWoTa kavSiri, iugoslavia da Cexoslovakia im saxelmwifoTa magaliTia, romlebic 1990-ian wlebSi Signidan daiSalnen.
dabolos, arseboben saxelmwifos armqone erebi, magaliTad, palestinelebi da qurTebi. maT saerTo identobis (an Temis) grZnoba aqvT, magram samSoblo ar gaaCniaT. saxelmwifos gareSe maTi arseboba qmnis Zalze aramdgrad situacias, rac yvelaze aSkarad axlo aRmosavleTSi Cans.
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stimuls ekonomikur zrdas da ver gaatarebs efeqtur politikas. Tumca, politikuri Zalauflebis efeqturi gamoyeneba gacilebiT mets gulisxmobs, vidre
fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis unars. marTlac, arsebobs Zalauflebis mravali da
gansxvavebuli wyaro. damajerebeli saarCevno mandati, oratoruli niWi, simdidre an represiuli saidumlo policia _ yvela es Zalauflebis gansxvavebuli
wyaroa. ra Tqma unda, rac ufro meti Zalauflebis wyaro (an resursi) arsebobs,
miT metia mTavrobis SesaZleblobebi. sust mTavrobas xSirad didi zianis motana ar xelewifeba (yovel SemTxvevaSi, pirdapir mainc), magram kargis gakeTebis
SesaZleblobac iSviaTad aqvs.
nebismier sazogadoebasa Tu saxelmwifoSi SeuZlebelia Zalauflebis Tanabrad gadanawileba. magram, ramdenime adamianis xelSi Zalauflebis koncentrirebis saWiroeba, moqalaqeTa umravlesobaSi kiTxvebs da eWvebs badebs. vis
xelSia Zalaufleba da gamoiyeneben Tu ara Zalauflebas efeqturad? _ es saerTo keTildReobisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebia. amitom, kiTxva `vin marTavs?~
SeiZleba Zalze sakamaTo politikuri sakiTxi iyos. xandaxan pasuxi Zalze martivia, sakmarisia Caixedo qveynis konstituciaSi da gaecno misi xelisuflebis
qmedebebs. magram, Tuki xelisufleba saidumlo burusSia gaxveuli an, rogorc
es xSirad xdeba, Zalauflebis araformaluri modeli mkveTrad gansxvavdeba
qveynis mTavar kanonSi gawerili Zalauflebis formaluri struqturebisagan,
SesaZloa rTuli iyos imis gamovlena, realurad vin marTavs. nebismier eri-saxelmwifoSi, politikuri Tanamdebobebisa da Zalauflebis mqone pirTa ricxvi
Zalze mcirea mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobasTan SedarebiT. `vin marTavs~ da
`ramdenad efeqturad~ _ am kiTxvebTan erTad, aranakleb mniSvelovania kiTxva:
upyria Tu ara mmarTvels politikuri Zalaufleba kanonierad.
Zalauflebas da xelisuflebas xSirad erTmaneTSi ureven, radgan isini
erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba da erTmaneTis magieradac gamoiyeneba xolme. sinamdvileSi, es ori gansxvavebuli cnebaa da politikis or gansxvavebul ganzomilebas aRniSnavs. mao Zedunma, CineTis komunistma liderma, erTxel Tqva, rom
Zalaufleba Tofis lulidan gamomdinareobs, rac sworia, magram Zalze gadaWarbebulicaa. politikuri Zalaufleba nawilobriv marTlac gamomdinareobs
iZulebis instrumentebis mflobelobidan (policia, saidumlo policia, SeiaraRebuli jgufebi, samxedro Zalebi), magram ara mxolod. Zalaufleba SeiZleba
gamomdinareobdes simdidridan, pirovnuli qarizmidan, ideologiidan, religiidan da bevri sxva wyarodan, sazogadoebaSi kerZo piris an jgufis moraluri
wonis, mdgomareobis CaTvliT.
xelisufleba, Tavisi gansazRvrebiT, gamomdinareobs ara mxolod Tofis
lulidan, aramed im normebidanac, romelic aRiarebuli da miRebulia sazogadoebis didi umravlesobis mier. es normebi fesv gadgmulia qcevis zneob riv,
sulier da sakanonmdeblo kodeqsebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, xelisufleba im SinaarsiT, rasac am wignSi viyenebT, gulisxmobs kanonierebas (legitimurobas) _
mdgomareobas, rodesac Zalaufleba xorcieldeba xalxis mier damoukideblad,
samarTlianad da sworad aRiarebuli institutebisa da wesebis saSualebiT.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom es gansazRvreba ar gulisxmobs, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis erTaderTi legitimuri formaa. piriqiT, monarqia an diqtaturis sxva
formac SeiZleba iyos legitimuri. legitimuri xelisuflebis seriozuli
gamocda is ki araa, aZlevs Tu ara xalxs arCevnebSi monawi leobis, gaficvis an
ukmayofilebis Riad gamoxatvis uflebas, aramed is, ramdenad faseulia xalxi-
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saTvis am uflebaTagan romelime an yvela erTad. Tu xalxi kmayofilia arsebuli politikuri wesrigiT, iseTiT, rogoric igi aris (arCevnebSi monawileobis
uflebiT Tu mis gareSe), mmarTvelis legitimuroba eWvs ar iwvevs. Zalaufle ba
am SemTxvevaSi gaerTianebulia xelisuflebasTan da saxelmwi fos stabiluroba amis bunebrivi Sedegia. istoriaSi ki sakmao magaliTia imisa, rom SesaZlebelia Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba da marTva saxalxo mandatis an sazogadoebis
mxardaWeris, moraluri, sulieri Tu kanonieri gamarTlebis gareSe _ sxva sityvebiT, WeSmariti (anu kanonieri) xelisuflebis gareSe. Zalauf lebis xelSi
Cagdebis magaliTebi ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi moiZebneba axlo
aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi, aziaSi da sxv. 1980-ian wlebamde msgavsi
ram xSiri iyo laTinur amerikaSic.
xelisuflebas, meore mxriv, xelSi Cagdebis gziT veravin moipovebs: igi
SeiZleba moipovo an masze pretenzia gamoTqva. Tumca pretenziis gamoTqmas,
moTxovnas azri ara aqvs, Tu ar gagaCnia misi ganxorcielebis saSualebebi. ramdenad seriozul gamowvevas miiRebs mmarTvelobis uflebamosileba (da gaxdeba
Tu ara saWiro zomebis miReba), didadaa damokidebuli legitimurobis sakiTxze.
Tu xalxi uars acxadebs cnos xelisuflebis uflebamosileba, arakanonieri
mmarTvelebi dgebian Semdegi arCevanis winaSe: uari Tqvan Zalauflebaze an
represiebs mimarTon opoziciis winaaRmdeg. gaamarTlebs Tu ara represia, Tavis mxriv damokidebulia or sakiTxze _ jer erTi, ramdenad gabedulia opozicia? meore, gaaCnia Tu ara mTavrobas sakmarisi finansuri resursi da iZulebis
SesaZleblobebi, rom daamarcxos oponentebi da Seakavos (Tavidan aicilos) momavali gamowvevebi?
zogadad, mmarTvelebisaTvis ukeTesia hqondes sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera da ara piriqiT. es principi erTnairad marTebulia diqtaturisTvisac da
demokratiisTvisac, Tundac imitom, rom xangrZlivi `Sekaveba~ SedarebiT Zviri
jdeba. cxadia, rom Tu xalxi pativs scems Tavis mmarTvels da Zaldautaneblad
(muqaris gareSe) emorCileba arsebul wesebs, sazogadoebaSi wesrigisa da stabilurobis SenarCuneba gacilebiT advilia. metic, gulCaTxrobili, ukmayofilo
da daCagruli adamianebi ver iqnebian sakmarisad motivirebuli da nayofieri
muSaobisas. bolo saukuneSi swored es aRmoCnda bevri diqtaturis aqilevsis
qusli. marTlac, aman sakmaod didi roli Seasrula socializmis damxobaSi aRmosavleT evropasa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi.
samarTlianoba
imis gamo, rom marTulebi yovelTvis mmarTvelebze metni arian, warmoiqmneba gansxvavebuli, arcTu iSviaTad dapirispirebuli mosazrebebi xelisuflebis politikis da programebis samarTlianobis Sesaxeb. xSirad amtkiceben,
rom moqalaqeTa erTi nawilis danarCen nawilze batonoba (mmarTveloba) misaRebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es sazogadoebrivi interesebisTvis xelsayrelia. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba samarTlianobis sakiTxis
meSveobiT unda iqnas gawonasworebuli: Zalaufleba samarTlianad, marTulTa
interesebis dacviT xorcieldeba Tu mxolod mmarTvelTa sasargeblod gamoiyeneba? 2000 welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi, politikis damkvirveblebi ganasxvaveben politikuri Zalauflebis gamoyenebas, erTi mxriv sajaro, xolo, meore
mxriv, piradi interesebisaTvis. es adasturebs, ramdenad didi mniSvneloba aqvs
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samarTlianobas politikur cxovrebaSi.
samarTlianobis sakiTxis dasmis saSualebas yvela saxelmwifo ar iZ leva; marTlac, Tuki istorias gadavavlebT Tvals, saxelmwifoTa umrav lesoba
swored ase iqceoda. dResac ki, zogierTi mTavroba sastikad da sistematurad
devnis politikur diskusiasa da debatebs, radgan eSinia, rom Tuki sazogadoebis yu radReba samarTlianobis da saerTo (sazogado ebrivi) sikeTis ZiriTad
sakiTxebze SeCerdeba, arsebuli politikuri wyobis legitimuroba SeiZleba
safrTxeSi aRmoCndes. Zalian xSirad xelisuflebis mmarTvelobis meTodis
kritikam SeiZleba kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenos xelisuflebis zneobrivi da
kano nieri ufleba marTvis Sesaxeb. es erT-erTi mizezia imisa, ratomaa politikuri Tavisufleba ase mniSvnelovani. samarT lianobas xSi rad imis mixedviT gansazRvraven, ramdenad icavs mTavroba individualur uflebebs (esaa,
bunebiTi, adamianisa da samoqalaqo uflebebi). amaTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani
is uflebebia, romelic saSualebas aZlevs moqalaqes, eWvi Seitanos mTavrobis
qmedebis samarT lianobaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia sazogadoebrivi zneobis sakiTxebis
miCumaTeba, maTi sabolood CaxSoba SeuZlebelia. kiTxvebi, romeli mmarTvelia
kanonieri an romeli politikuri kursia sasurveli, TavisTavad Cndeba yoveldRiur saubrebSi. es, rogorc Cans, adamianis bunebaSi Zevs. berZeni filosofosi
aristotele (384-322 Zv. w.) SeniSnavda, rom cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebsac mxolod siamovnebis da tkivilis gamomxatveli xmebis gamocema SeuZliaT,
adamiani gamoiyenebs gonebas da enas `raTa gamoxatos, ra aris sasargeblo da ra
aris samarTliani da usamarTlo~. amitom, gansxvavebiT sxva cxovelebisagan, `mxolod adamianisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli sikeTisa da borotebis, samarTlianobis
da usamarTlobis gancda...~
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zneobrivi gansjis SesaZleblobis da politikuri diskusiis aucileblobasac.
ra mizniT?
garkveuli gagebiT, politikuri mecniereba arafriT ar gansxvavdeba biologiis, istoriis an fsiqologiisagan. iseve rogorc sxva mecnierebaTa Semswavleli studentebi eZieben WeSmaritebas Sesabamis sferoSi, politikuri
mecnierebis mimdevrebic cdiloben Caswvdnen WeSmaritebas politikisa da xelisuflebis Sesaxeb.
codnis miRebis garda, politikis gegmazomier Seswavlas praqtikuli upiratesobebic aqvs. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis interesTa jgufebis Seswavla
ara mxolod mdidar informacias gvaZlevs maTi raodenobis, Semadgenlobisa
da gavlenis Sesaxeb, aramed am ukanasknelT aCvenebs im gzebs, romlebiTac maT
SeuZliaT ufro efeqturad imoqmedon. garda amisa, sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebi aCvenebs amomrCevels, Tu ra Sedegebs unda elodnen arCevnebisgan, aseve
exmareba kandidatebs saarCevno kampaniis dagegmvasa da ama Tu im regionsa an StatSi saarCevno taqtikis daxvewaSi (ix. Tavi X). analogiurad, sagareo politikis an
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eqsperti ara mxolod flobs informacias amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis mier bolo 25 weliwadSi xelmowerili da ratificirebuli
xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb, aramed SeuZlia Camoayalibos rekomendaciebi imis Taobaze, ra garTulebebsa da grZelvadian Sedegebs gamoiRebs axal aliansSi Sesvla
an sakuTar Tavze msoflio masStabis axali valdebulebebis aReba (ix. Tavi XVIII).
Tumca, xSirad eqspertebi da specialistebi ver pouloben saerTo enas.
23
politikur mecnierebaSi, es SeuTanxmeloba scildeba konkre tul Temebs da
moicavs Zireul sakiTxebs, magaliTad, iseTs rogoricaa politikis Sesaxeb
`WeSmariti~ mecnierebis arsebobis SesaZlebloba an SeuZlebloba; unda cdilobdes Tu ara politikuri mecniereba iwinaswarmetyvelos movlenebi ise
zustad, rogorc amas qimikosebi da fizikosebi akeTeben? unda wavuyenoT, mivusadagoT Tu ara politikis mecnierebs igive standartebi, rac vTqvaT, meteorologebs? imi saTvis, rom gavigoT politologebs Soris arsebuli mravalferovneba, Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT is, rasac Cveulebriv `meTodologias~
uwodeben.
ra meTodebiT?
politologTa klasifikaciis araerTi principi arsebobs. Tumca, SevCerdebiT Tanamedrove politikur mecnierebaSi arsebul or mimarTulebaze:
tradicionalistebi bihevioralistebis, xolo politikuri ekonomistebi _ marqsistebis winaaRmdeg. gaiTvaliswineT, rom es kategoriebi erTmaneTs ar gamoricxavs da mecnierebi xSirad sxvadasxva midgomas aerTianeben.
tradiciuli midgoma. politikis ZiriTadi elementebis codnasTan erTad
tradicionalistebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben Sefasebas. isini cdiloben Seafason ara mxolod is, rogor muSaobs esa Tu is politika, procesi an instituti,
aramed isic, ramdenad kargad muSaobs igi garkveuli zneobrivi Tu kanonieri
standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT. magaliTad, kongresis sakomiteto sistemis,
birTvuli safrTxis, an gaerTianebuli erebis qmediTunarianobis ganxilvisas,
isini sakiTxs ase dasvamdnen: `arsebobs ukeTesi alternativa?~.
msgavsi SefasebisTvis arsebobs mravalgvari kriteriumi _ es SeiZleba
iyos filosofia da formaluri logika, konstituciebi, xelSekrulebebi, oficialur dokumentTa teqstebi, sasamarTlo saqmeebi, eqspertTa azrebi da sxv.
amas garda, kvlevis Tematikisa da meTodebis SerCeva xSirad imis mixedviT xdeba,
ra miaCnia konkretul mkvlevars yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovnad. magaliTad, naSromi xelisuflebis (aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo Stoebs Soris) ganawilebis Sesaxeb, konstituciis mimoxilviT daiwyeboda, raSic udavod
jeims medisonis `federalistSi~ (1787-88 ww.) gamoqveynebuli cnobili komentarebic Sevidoda. an kvleva SeiZleba yuradRebas amaxvilebdes im ekonomikur
interesebze, romlebsac damfuZneblebi gamoxatavdnen, an im socialur klasze,
romlis warmomadgenelic praqtikulad yvela damfuZnebeli iyo _ magram aseTi
midgoma mkvlevars ukve tradiciuli politikuri mecnierebis sazRvrebs miRma
ga-iyvanda bihevioralizmis, politikuri ekonomikis an gamoricxuli araa, marqsistuli analizis sferoSi. modiT, axla bihevioralizmi ganvixiloT.
bihevioralistuli midgoma tradicionalisturisagan gansxvavebiT,
romelic aqcents politikis normatiul sakiTxebze akeTebs, met yurad Rebas
mecnierul meTods uTmobs. es msoflmxedveloba, romelic meore msoflio
omis Semdeg gavrcelda, politikuri qcevisa da politikuri procesebis dina mikisa da Sedegebis aRwerisa da prognozirebis ufro konkretul amocanas
isa xavs miznad. tradicionalisti politologebisagan gansxvavebiT, bihevioralistebi, Cveulebriv, eridebian politikis Sesaxeb moralur Tu filoso-
24
fiur Sefasebebs (daskvnebs), radgan miaCniaT, rom aseTi Sefasebebi araferia,
Tu ara spekulacia da maTi mecnierulad dasa buTeba SeuZlebelia.
bihevioralisti mecnierebi arad agdeben `Rirebulebebs~, mis magier upiratesobas `faqtebze~ dayrdnobas aniWeben (arsebobs Tu ara politikur cxovrebaSi aSkara gansxvaveba Rirebulebebsa da faqtebs Soris, is sakiTxia, romelsac
saTanado yuradReba iSviaTad eqceva). bihevioralistebi iyeneben mecnierul
meTods, romelic kargadaa nacnobi iseTi dargebis mkvlevarTaTvis, rogoricaa
biologia, fizika da qimia da svamen iseT SekiTxvebs, romlebzec pasuxis gacema
SesaZlebelia mxolod kvleviTi proeqtis Sedgenis, empiriuli monacemebis Segrovebis, statistikuri analizis meTodebis gamoyenebisa da hipoTezis dasabuTebisaTvis saWiro eqsperimentebis Catarebis gziT. zogierTi bihevioralisti
deduqciur meTodebs ufro mimarTavs vidre induqciurs, qmnis rTul maTematikur modelebs, raTa axsna mouZebnos amomrCevelTa, politikur partiaTa, gadawyvetilebis mimRebTa, koaliciis wevrTa da sxvaTa qcevas. am suliskveTebiT,
ukve naxevar saukuneze metia, rTuli statistikuri da maTematikuri kvlevebi
tardeboda omis korelatebisa (Tanafardi cnebebis) da mizezebis dasadgenad.
bihevioralistuli midgomis erTi magaliTi dagvexmareba misi meTodebis
aRweraSi. 1996 wlis dekemberSi, erT cnobil samecniero JurnalSi gamoqveynda
kvlevis _ `arCevnebSi monawileobis maCveneblebis (amomrCevelTa aqtiurobis)
gavlena sasenatoro da sagubernatoro arCevnebze~, Sedegebi.5 kvleva svamda
Semdeg konkretul kiTxvas, romelze pasuxis gacema Teoriulad, raodenobrivi
meTodis saSualebiT iyo SesaZlebeli: marTalia Tu ara, rogorc es bevrs sjera,
rom amomrCevelTa maRali aqtiuroba demokratebisTvisaa (politikuri partia
aSS-Si. mTarg. Sen.) xelsayreli? gavrcelebuli mosazreba, rom amomrCevelTa
maRali
aqtiuroba
exmareboda
demokratebs
gamarjvebebis
mopovebaSi,
25
1964 wlis Semdeg Sedegebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda. senatorebis arCevnebSi,
arCevnebis dRes amomrCevelTa aqtiurobasa da demokratebisaTvis micemul
xmebis raodenobas Soris araviTari kavSiri ar arsebobda; gubernatorebis arCevnebSi, respublikelebi demokratebze odnav win iyvnen, Tumca statistikurad
sxvaoba umniSvnelo iyo.
ratom gaqarwylda1964 wlis Semdeg amomrCevelTa aqtiurobis sayovelTaod miRebuli Teoria? miuxedavad imisa, rom es kiTxva kvlevis horizonts scildeboda, masze pasuxi exmaureboda kidev erT kompleqsur Teorias amerikeli
amomrCevlis qcevis Sesaxeb. 1964 wlis Semdeg damoukidebel kandidatTa raodenobis zrdis Sedegad (Semcirda partiuli identifikacia da xmis winaswargansazRvruli micema)sul ufro rTuli gaxda imis gaangariSeba, romel partias moutans mogebas amomrCevelTa aqtiurobis mateba.
es rTuli kvleviTi proeqti moicavs im meTodologias, romelsac bihevioristi politologebi iyeneben. bihevioralistebi, iseve rogorc sxva mkvlevari
mecnierebi, codnis gzaze gakeTebuli patara nabijebiTac kmayofildebian. yovel axal nabijs momaval kvlevasTan mivyavarT.
adamianis qcevis Seswavla sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba airebis an laboratoriuli Tagvebis qcevis Seswavlisagan. adamianis qcevas TiTqmis yovelTvis mravalgvari axsna moeZebneba. uaRresad rTulia qcevis erTi romelime mizezi gamoarCio da gamoyo, ganasxvavo WeSmariti mizezi ubralo
sta tistikuri korelaciisagan. magaliTad, ramdenime kvlevis Tanaxmad damnaSaveebi, rogorc wesi, kanonmorCil moqalaqeebze naklebad Wkvianebi arian.
Tuki asea, iqneb dabali inteleqtia danaSaulis mizezi (iqneb bevr damnaSaves
ar esmis kanonis darRvevis Sedegebi an jildo, romelsac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba survilebis `myisier~ dakmayofilebaze uaris TqmisaTvis iZleva)?
rogor mimarTebaSia dabali inteleqti danaSaulis sxva korelatebTan (da
mizezebTan), rogoricaa asaki, sqesi, pirovnuli tipi, bavSvobaSi gadata nili
abuCad agdeba Tu uaryofa, an narkotikebsa da alkoholze damokidebuleba?
ra SeiZleba iTqvas Tavisufal nebaze? unda vivaraudoT Tu ara, rom pasuxismgebeli sazogadoebaa da ara danaSaulis Camdeni individi?
bihevioralisti da tradicionalisti politologebi xSirad ver Tanxmdebian ara marto imaze, rogor unda moxdes politikis Seswavla, aramed imazec, ra
kiTxvebi unda daisvas. bihevioralistebi upiratesobas aniWeben konkretuli da viwrod gansazRvruli sakiTxebis ganxilvas, romlebzec pasuxs raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebiT scemen. msgavsi kvlevebis Tvalsawieris miRma rCeba politikis
bevri gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, gansakuTrebiT ki samarTlianobasTan dakavSirebuli. iseTi kiTxvebi, rogoricaa `ra aris samarTlianoba?~ an `romelia saukeTeso politikuri sistema?~ ukugdebulia, radgan maTze pasuxebi, rogorc amtkiceben, Seicavs politikaze subieqtur Sexedulebebs da RirebulebiT
Sefasebebs. amis pasuxad tradicionalistebi amtkiceben, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki,
Tuki msgavsi sakiTxebis mecnierulad axsna SeuZlebelia, yvela RirebulebiTi Sefaseba rodia TviTneburi (piraduli) an ubralo crurwmenaze dafuZnebuli. maTi
mtkicebiT, politikis Seswavlis mxolod im kiTxvebiT Semofargvla, romlebsac
raodenobrivi pasuxebi moeZebnebaT, politikuri mecnierebis akademiur TamaSad
gadaqcevis safrTxes Seicavs.
adamianis qcevis sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sulac araa gasakviri, rom
26
eqspertebi meTodologiaze kamaToben. kamaTi or mimarTulebas _ tradicionalistebsa da bihevioralistebs Soris, dRes naklebad intensiuria, vidre adre
iyo xolme. orivem SesamCnevi wvlili Seitana politikisa da mmarTvelobis SeswavlaSi. politikis SeswavlaSi aseve mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana politikurma ekonomiam da marqsizmma. axla am or, urTierTsawinaaRmdego midgomas ganvixilavT.
politikuri ekonomia. bevri politologi politikas politikuri ekonomiis prizmaSi ganixilavs. es gulisxmobs politikisa da makroekonomikis ara
or gansxvavebul disciplinad, aramed erTi monetis or sxvadasxva mxared danaxvas. am gadasaxedidan, politikuri analizi, romelic ignorirebas ukeTebs
ekonomikas, ugulvebelyofs realobas. amnairadve, politikisagan daclili
ekonomikuri analizi mxolod fuWi Teoriuli savarjiSoa. realur samyaroSi,
politika da ekonomika imdenad mWidrodaa erTmaneTze damokidebuli, rom maTi
erTmaneTisagan daSoreba mzis Suqisa da dRis sinaTlis erTmaneTisagan daSorebis tolfasia.
kiTxvebi, romlebic politekonomistebs awuxebT, momdinareobs po litikis
am gafarToebuli definiciisgan. ekonomika politikisagan gansxvavebul cnebebze akeTebs aqcents _ konfliqtis magier konkurenciaze, Zalauflebis nacvlad
_ simdidreze, amomrCevlis nebis nacvlad _ momxmareblis arCevanze da a.S. amas
garda, ekonomistebi politologebze metad arian orientirebuli fiskalur
da fulad-sakredito politikaze _ gadasaxadebis da saxelmwifo xarjebis, saprocento ganakveTebisa da fuladi masis, tarifebisa da vaWrobis CaTvliT, _
rogorc gadawyvetilebebis mimRebTa xelSi mZlavr politikur instrumentze.
politologebi, meore mxriv, met yuradRebas uTmoben interesTa jgufebis gavlenas sajaro politikaze an iseTi ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis politikur
mniSvnelobas, rogoricaa saprocento ganakveTis cvlileba, xarjva deficitis
dros, gadasaxadebis Semcireba, vaWrobis liberalizacia.
politekonomistebi cdiloben orive sferos, politikisa da ekonomikis,
saukeTeso mxareebi gaaerTianon, raTa miiRon maRali donis analizi, ganmartebisa da prognozis ufro maRali xarisxiT. politekonomiis meTodebi SedarebiTi
da saerTaSoriso politikis aseve romelime erTi qveynis politikis, Seswavlis
nayofieri saSualebaa. warmogidgenT politikuri ekonomiis pesrpeqtividan danaxuli samyaros mokle aRweras:
1.
2.
27
3.
zemomoyvanili aRwera naTlad aCvenebs, rogor gansazRvravs Cvens mier arCeuli midgoma an perspeqtiva imas, rasac davinaxavT an miviCnevT mniSvnelovnad.
mkvlevris mier arCeuli Temebic da analizis meTodebic mniSvnelovanwiladaa
gansazRvruli im midgomiT, romelsac upiratesobas mivaniWebT. im midgomaTa Soris, romlebmac arsebiTi gavlena iqonies politikur mecnierebaze (da msoflio
politikaze), sayuradReboa marqsistuli analizic, miuxedavad imisa, mogvwons
igi Tu ara.
marqsistuli midgoma. marqsizmi, rogorc ideologia, ganxilulia winamdebare naSromis me-5 da me-12 TavebSi. rogorc ideologia, marqsizmi samudamodaa dakavSirebuli memarcxene totalitarizmTan, yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi
stalinisturi xanisa da msoflios sxva qveynebSi komunisturi reJimebis nairsaxeobebTan (dRemde SemorCenil, komunistebis mier marTul saxelmwifoTa Sorisaa
CineTi, CrdiloeTi korea da kuba). magram arsebobs marqsis ideebis gamoyenebis
gansxvavebuli gzac. mecnierebi komunistur qveynebSi iZulebuli arian marqsizmis oficialuri versia sajarod aRiaron, miuxedavad imisa, eTanxmebian Tu ara
mas piradad. bevri mecnieri arakomunistur qveynebSi (aSS-is CaTvliT) miiCnevs,
rom analizis marqsiseuli kategoriebi sasargebloa politikur-ekonomikuri
procesebis axsnisas. am mecnierTagan zogierTs SeiZleba hqondes piradi politikuri dRis wesrigi _ anu ideologiuri motivebi _ magram ukiduresad aramecnieruli iqneboda, yovelive socialisturis mimarT brma rwmenis gamo, demokratiuli kapitalizmis marqsiseuli kritikis ignorireba.
aSS-Si, marqsizms mokrZalebuli akademiuri (da politikuri) mimzidveloba
hqonda, nawilobriv civi omis da marqsizmsa da sabWouri stilis komunizms Soris aSkara kavSiris gamo. Tumca bevr sxva qveyanaSi, marqsizmma rogorc saSinao,
aseve sagareo doneze, mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina politikis, ekonomikisa
da sazogadoebis Seswavlaze.
magaliTad, ganviTarebadi qveynebiT dainteresebul mkvlevarTa mier
Camoyalibebulma skolam aitaca marqsistuli analizis erT-erTi forma,
romelsac daqvemdebarebis Teoria ewodeba. iziareben ra im azrs, rom dedamiwis bunebrivi resursebis maragi SezRudulia (ulevi araa), daqvemdebarebis
Teoriis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, rom msoflio (anu globaluri sazogadoeba) dayofilia sam ZiriTadad klasad: industriuli birTvi (aSS, dasavleTi evropa da
iaponia), naxevradperiferia (axali industriuli qveynebi, rogorebicaa samxreTi korea, taivani, singapuri, Cile da brazilia) da periferia (aziis, afrikisa
da laTinuri amerikis yofil koloniur regionebSi ganlagebuli qveynebis didi
umravlesoba). periferiis da naxevradperiferiis qveynebi bazriT, kapitaliT
da teqnologiiT daqvemdebarebulni arian industriul birTvze. industriuli
qveynebis interesebs warmoadgens am daqvemdebarebis samudamod SenarCuneba.
daqvemdebarebis sistema msoflio uTanasworobis mudmiv SenarCunebas
28
ramdenime gziT uzrunvelyofs. jer erTi, birTvis saxelmwifoebi awarmoeben
ZviradRirebul saqonels, xolo periferiis qveynebi maT iaf nedleuls (sursaT-sanovagesa da mineralur nedleuls) awvdian. fasebiT manipulireba wamyvani
ekonomikuri Zalebis xelSia _ Sedegad, vaWrobis pirobebi (samrewvelo saqonlis momsaxurebisa da produqtebis fasebi) birTvis saxelmwifoebisTvis ufro
xelsayrelia. moxmarebis sagnebze fasebi wlidan wlamde mniSvelovan cvlilebas ganicdis; bevri ganviTarebadi qveyana damokidebulia erTi an ori saxis moxmarebis sagnis eqsportze (rogoricaa Saqari, yava, banani, juTi). moxmarebis sagnebis eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavali (mogeba) Zalze mgrZnobiarea fasebis
ryevis mimarT, rac eqsportiori qveynebis kontrols ar eqvemdebareba. magram
ganviTarebadi qveynebi iZulebulni arian gaagrZelon importi da importisTvis gadaixadon konvertirebadi valuta (rogoricaa dolari). xSirad es qveynebi
iZulebulni arian fuli ucxoeTSi isesxon, arCevani ara aqvT da ixdian im saprocento ganakveTs, romelsac saerTaSoriso finansistebi birTvis qveynebSi
moiTxoven. amas garda, nebismieri ucxouri daxmareba gulisxmobs pirobebsac.
dabolos, krizisis dros, maT sxva arCevani ar gaaCniaT, garda imisa, rom daTanaxmdnen aSS-is marTuli saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis (IMF) mier moklevadian
sesxebze dawesebul pirobebs.
daqvemdebarebis Teoriis mimdevarTa Tanaxmad, mTeli am sistemis gansakuTrebiT usamarTlo aspeqti birTvis saxelmwofoebis kapitalistTa da periferiuli qveynebis ekonomikur elitas Soris arsebuli SeTanxmebaa. elita
did mogebas naxulobs am SeTanxmebiT, magram garigeba ormxrivad momgebiania:
birTvis saxelmwifoebi exmarebian mTavrobebs Zalauflebis (xSirad diqtaturis) SenarCunebaSi, isini ki, Tavis mxriv, inarCuneben wesrigs da stabulurobas, Tanac, Sida bazars uxsnian saerTaSoriso bizness. samxedro da ekonomikuri
daxmarebis subsidiebi, Tuki am kuTxiT SevxedavT, qrTamia, romlebsac dono ri
qveynebisaTvis ufro didi di videndebi moaqvs, vidre mimRebi qveynebisaTvis,
nawilobriv imis gamoc, rom korumpirebuli mmarTvelebi Tanxebis did nawils
iTviseben.
dasavlel politekonomistTa umravlesoba uaryofs daqvemdebare bis
Teorias. isini xazs usvamen, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobis ubedureba susti institutebi, korumpirebuli da ara kompetenturi liderebi an
qronikuli socialur-politikuri arastabilurobaa. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gza politikuri xasiaTisaa. ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaken mimarTul gonivrul kanonebsa da politikas SeuZlia ganviTarebis karibWis gaxsna _ sxva
SemTxevevaSi es karibWe daxSuli darCeba. miuxedavad amisa, marqsistuli analizi jer kidev rCeba damajerebel Zalad ara mxolod msoflios akademiur wreebSi, aramed amerikel politologTa erT-erT mcirericxovan, mag ram nayofier
jgufSic.
romeli
perspeqtividan?
politikuri ekonomia politikuri mecnierebis mxolod erTi qvedargia.
sxva cnobili qvedargebia politikis Teoria, amerikis mmarTveloba (igulisxmeba calkeuli qveynebi, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelo. mTarg. Sen.), SedarebiTi
politika, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da sajaro mmarTveloba. aRsaniSnavia
29
aseve politikuri mecnierebis kidev ramdenime, ufro specializebuli sfero.
imisda mixedviT, rogor Seiswavlian maT, es specialobebi SeiZleba ukve CamoTvlil erT an ramdenime qvedargSi moeqces. magaliTad, sakonstitucio samarTali
tradiciuli specialobaa, romlis yuradRebis centrSi amerikis mmarTvelobis
erTi konkretuli aspeqtia. sajaro politika, romelic exeba Tanamedrove menejmentis xerxebs, magaliTad, nulovani biujeti, angariSebis warmoeba da sistemuri analizi, Sedis rogorc amerikis mmarTvelobaSi, agreTve sajaro mmarTvelobaSic. politikuri partiebi da interesTa jgufebi (rogorc kvlevisa da
swavlebis calke sfero) jdeba amerikis mmarTvelobis an SedarebiTi politikis
CarCoSi. modiT, axla ufro axlos gavecnoT im eqvs qvedargs, romlebsac politikuri mecnierebis programebSi xSirad gamohyofen xolme.
politikuri Teoria. normatiuli politikuri Teoria anu politikis filosofia platonidan (daaxl. Zv. w. 400 w.) iRebs saTaves. WeSmaritebis Ziebis platoniseuli meTodi mniSvnelovani kiTxvebis dasmaSi mdgomareobda, magaliTad:
rogoria kargi cxovreba? rogoria kargi mmarTveloba? ramdenad moitans kargi
mmarTveloba karg cxovrebas? SeiZleba ki kargi mmarTvelobis miRweva? rogoria
adamianis buneba? adamianebi upiratesad keTilebi arian Tu borotebi? advilad
icvleba Tu ara adamianis buneba? saxelmwifos romeli forma uwevs yvelaze metad angariSs adamianis bunebas saerTo interesis (sikeTis) xelyofis gareSe?
wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis garda, aris Tu ara saxelmwifos umTavresi amocana
zneobrivad daxvewos adamianebi, aqcios isini Tanasworad, uzrunvelyos individualuri Tavisuflebebi da a.S. Tuki am miznebs daisaxavs, rogori unda iyo
saxelmwifo: Zlieri da fxizeli, Tu susti da damTmobi? rodisaa gamarTlebuli
revolucia? rogor SeiZleba davicvaT politikuri stabiluroba?
politikis Teoria cdilobs upasuxos am SekiTxvebs gansjiT da logikiT,
romelic iseT politikur moazrovneTa naSromebs efuZneba, rogorebic sxvebTan erTad iyvnen aristotele, Jan-Jak ruso, jon loki da jon-stiuart mili.
msgavsi Ziebis amocanaa gamoitanos daskvnebi sworis da arasworis an keTilis da
borotis Sesaxeb. vinaidan yvela, vinc cvlilebebs emxroba da ewinaaRmdegeba,
darwmunebulia Tavis moralur marTebulobaSi, politikis gageba moiTxovs im
kriteriumebis codnas, romelTa mixedviTac politika da programebi karg an
cud Sefasebas iRebs.6 normatiuli Teoriis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, rom politikis zneobrivi fasisa da misi Sedegebis Sesaxeb codnis gareSe, verc moqalaqeebs
da verc liderebs sakmarisad cxadad ver eqnebaT gansazRvruli zusti orientiri da cxadi mizani.
SedarebiTi politika. SedarebiTi politika cdilobs erTmaneTs Seadaros da Seafasos mmarTveloba da politikuri sistema. mmarTvelobis formebis, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis safexurebis, saSinao da sagareo politikisa
da politikuri tradiciebis SedarebiTi analizi saSualebas aZlevs politologebs Camoayalibon mniSvnelovani ganzogadebebi. Sedare biTi politikis
zogierTi mimdevari specializdeba msoflios romelime konkretuli regionis
sakiTxebze an intensiurad swavlobs romelime konkretul ers. sxvebi Seiswavlian romelime kerZo politikur movlenas, magaliTad, rogoricaa arastabiluroba an saarCevno qceva.
yvela politikur sistemas aqvs garkveuli saerTo niSan-Tvisebebi. 1-1
30
sqemaze gamosaxulia cnobili modeli, romelic pirvelad politologma devid
istonma Seqmna 1965 wels. mis mixedviT, yvela politikuri sistema moqmedebs
garkveuli politikuri kulturis konteqstSi, romelic Sedgeba tradiciebis,
faseulobebisa da saerTo codnisagan. garda amisa, igi gulisxmobs, rom moqalaqeebs niadag aqvT molodini da moTxovnebi politikuri sistemis mimarT,
magram amasTanave sxvadasxva gziT mxars uWeren sistemas. isini SeiZleba monawileobdnen mmarTvelobaSi, arCevnebSi, an, ubralod, iyvnen kanonmorCilni. moqalaqeTa moTxovnebi da mxardaWera, romlebzec gavlenas axdens sazogadoebrivi Sexedulebebi imis Sesaxeb, ra xdeba da ra unda xdebodes sazogadoebaSi, Tavis
mxriv gavlenas axdens politikuri sistemis unarze _ miiRos gadawyvetilebebi.
es procesi ganapirobebs saxelisuflebo gadawyvetilebebsa da qmedebebs, Cveulebriv, brZanebulebebis, kanonebisa da brZanebebis saxiT.
moTxovnebi
poli t iku r i
mxardaWera
sist e ma
gadawyvetilebebi
da qmedebebi
S e de ge bi
da na xa r j ebi
g a r e mo
g a r e mo
sqema. 1-1.
31
ris. dabolos, zogierTi damkvirvebeli ganasxvavebs sicocxlisunarian da arSemdgar saxelmwifoebs (ix. 8 Tavi).
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi. saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa specialistebi Seiswavlian, rogori urTierTobaa qveynebs Soris. ratomaa, rom saxelmwifoebi xandaxan mSvidobianad Tanaarseboben da sxva dros eomebian erTmaneTs?
rogoria diplomatiis, ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebulebis, gaeros da
birTvuli Sekavebis gavlena mSvidobis SenarCunebis mcdelobebze? birTvuli
xanis dadgomam, ra Tqma unda, moitana saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlis
gansakuTrebuli aucileblobac.
omi da mSvidoba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis yvelaze mwvave sferoa, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi erTaderTi. sxva sakiTxebi sruliad gansxvavebulia,
vaWrobidan da turizmidan _ terorizmamde, sagareo politikidan _ agrarul
politikamde, ekonomikuri politikidan _ emigraciamde. es da sxva sakiTxebi
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistTa saqmianobis sagania, magram aravis
unda hqondes imedi, rom yvela maTganis labirinTebs bolomde Caswvdeba. amitom, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebic, rogorc politikuri mecnierebis sxva qvedargebi, mravalwaxnagovania.
zneobriobis roli sagareo politikaSi kvlavac rCeba mwvave debatebis
Temad. zogierTi mecnieri (maT, Cveulebriv, realistebs uwodeben xolme) amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifo interesebis dacva yovelTvis iyo da iqneba umTavresi principi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.7 sxva mecnierebi (maT xandaxan idealistebs uwodeben) amis sapirispirod amtkiceben, rom zneobriobis mimarT
yuradRebis gazrda migviyvans msoflio mSvidobamde da bolos mouRebs `omis
sistemas~, romelsac realistebi fatalisturad iReben. sxvebis azriT, erovnul
interesebsa da saerTaSoriso zneobriobas Soris gansxvavebis xazgasma mcdaria;
magaliTad, demokratiuli qveyana SeiZleba daexmaros sxva qveyanaSi demokratias da amiT emsaxuros rogorc sakuTar interess, ise msoflio mSvidobasa da
keTildReobas.8
sajaro mmarTveloba. ukanasknel wlebSi sajaro mmarTveloba zogan
iswavleba ara rogorc politikuri mecnierebis erT-erTi qvedargi, aramed rogorc damoukidebeli disciplina, romelic mowodebulia gawvrTnas, moamzados
adamianebi sajaro samsaxurSi karierisaTvis. arsebiTad, sajaro mmarTveloba
ZiriTad yuradRebas aqcevs imas, rogor axorcielebs biurokratia saxelmwifo
politikas. rogorc wesi, ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba erovnul (centralur) mTavrobaze, magram sajaro mmarTveloba aseve interesdeba Statebisa (regionisa,
mTarg. Sen.) da adgilobriv xelisuflebebs Soris urTierTobebiT. mkvlevarebi cdiloben gaigon, ra exmareba da ra uSlis xels sajaro mmarTvelobisas
biurokratias masze dakisrebuli funqciebis SesrulebaSi. biurokratiuli
struqturebis, procedurebisa da procesebis Seswavla xdeba imisaTvis, rom
gaizardos efeqtianoba da Semcirdes zedmeti xarji (gaflangva) da dublireba.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, rogor da ratom ayalibebs biurokratia sakuTar
politikur interesebs, im samTavrobo politikis miRma, romlis cxovrebaSi gasatarebladacaa is mowodebuli.
politologebi, sajaro mmarTvelobis Seswavlas, xSirad calkeul SemTxvevebsac Seiswavlian (case studies), yuradRebas miapyroben ara marto imas, ra saSu-
32
alebebiT xorcieldeba saxelmwifo xelisufleba, aramed imasac, gamoiyeneba Tu
ara Zalaufleba sazogadoebriv interesebSi. am TvalsazrisiT, sajaro mmarTvelobis sfero mTlianad emTxveva politologTa sazrunavs.
piradi interesi
vinaidan pirovnuli bedniereba bevradaa damokidebuli imaze, ras akeTebs
an ar akeTebs xelisufleba, yvela Cvenganis interesSia gaverkveT, rogor muSaobs an ratom ver muSaobs igi. magaliTad, kolejis studentebisaTvis didi
mniSvelobis mqone politikuri sakiTxebia: federaluri programebi `muSaobaswavla~, Statebis subsidiebi sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebisaTvis, dabalprocentiani sesxebi, federaluri grantebi da studentTa interesebis dasacavad (an
ardasacavad) gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi. politikis Seswavlis
gziT, ukeT verkveviT politikuri sistemis mimarT damokidebulebaSi da viZenT
codnas, romelic gvexmareba gavacnobieroT, rodis davuWiroT mxari da rodis
davupirispirdeT cvlilebebs. amave dros, politikis Seswavla gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT, ramdenad SegviZlia dadebiTi zegavlena movaxdinoT masze. yovelTvis gvafxizlebs imis gaazreba, rom TiToeuli Cvengani mxolod erTi pirovnebaa
mravalmilionian erSi (da mravalmiliardian msoflioSi), romelTa umravlesobas Cvenze aranakleb aqvs Sesisxlxorcebuli Tavisi mosazrebebi da crurwmenebi.
sazogadoebrivi interesi
ra SeiZleba sazogadeobrivi interesisaTvis imaze ufro mniSvne lovani
iyos, vidre moqalaqeTa moraluri xasiaTi da qcevaa? samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze aisaxeba ubralo xalxis mier miRebuli yoveldRiuri ga dawyvetilebebi
da arCevani. amave dros, samoqalaqo sazogadeoba da politikis gabatonebuli
kultura da klimati, mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens xalxze. msgavsi SesaZleblobebisa da survilebis mqone adamianebs, garemoebaTa mixedviT, SeiZleba
Zalze gansxvavebuli zneobrivi ganwyobilebebi ganuviTardeT. politika am
garemoebaTa CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs da sazogadoebrivi
interesi, Zalze farTo gagebiT, bewvze hkidia xolme.
uaryofiTi magaliTi. nacisturi germaniis aRzeveba da dacema (1933-1945)
33
naTlad gviCvenebs, ra uzarmazari gavlena SeuZlia politikurma reJimma iqonios
moqalaqeTa zneobriv xasiaTze. adolf hitleris meTaurobiT nacizmis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani da gasaocari aspeqtebi misi principebi iyo. nacizmis politikuri
doqtrina calsaxad efuZneboda rasobrivi upiratesobis doqtrinas. hitleri
mZvinvarebda e.w. ariuli rasis upiratesobis gamo. TiTqosda, germaneli eris
siwmindes emuqreboda ucxo rasebisa da Untermenschen-ebis (qveadamianebis) mier
Seryvna. aseT msoflmxedvelobaze dafuZnebuli politikis Sedegi iyo milionobiT udanaSaulo kacis, qalis da bavSvis sistematuri xocva. daaxloebiT 6
milioni ebraeli da milionobiT sxva adamiani, polonelebis, boSebis, homoseqsualistebis da invalidebis CaTvliT, daundoblad gaanadgures. rasobrivi
`dabinZurebis~ gamogonili problemis bolomde mogvarebas nacistebi iseTi
mondomebiT ekidebodnen, rom meore msoflio omis ukanasknel TveebSi sikvdilis banakebis muSaoba samxedro kampaniebis xarjzec ki grZeldeboda.
holokosti _ gazis kamerebisa da masobriv mkvlelobaTa Semzaravi sanaxaoba _ gvaiZulebs davsvaT kiTxva, rogor SeiZleba aseTi masStabis saSineleba
momxdariyo viTomcda civilizebul qveyanaSi. rogor SeeZlo STambeWdavi humanisturi tradiciebis mqone ers, romelmac Sva amdeni msoflioSi saukeTeso kompozitori, mwerali da moazrovne, daeSva aseTi rame?
nacizmis xanaSi, germaneli eri, erTi SexedviT, warmogvidgeba rogorc hitleris nebis danamati; sxva sityvebiT, holokostisaTvis saSineli
mora luri pasuxismgebloba erT adamians _ adolf hitle rs ekisreba. mag ram
zogierTisaTvis es interpretacia saeWvoa, raki miaCnia, rom hitleri ver
moaxerxebda masobrivi mkvlelobebis miseuli programis ganxorcielebas
TanamoazreTa jgufis ga reSe. ra vuyoT maT, vinc mas politikis dagegmvaSi,
koordinirebasa da marTvaSi exmareboda? erTi mkvlevaris, irving kristolis
sityvebiT:
rodesac nacistebis saqmes ecnobi, geufleba saSineli sicarielis SegrZneba da sagonebelSi vardebi. nuTu sul esaa? gansxvaveba
danaSaulsa da damnaSaves Soris warmoudgenlad didia.
Cven veliT, rom aRmovaCenT borot adamianebs, borotebis
gansaxierebebs, dorblian, maniak mxecebs; mzad varT SeviswavloT
TiToeuli nacistis saxis Tavisebureba, raTa davadginoT nacistis
xasiaTis ganuyofeli niSnebi. magram nacizmis liderebi ar iyvnen eSmakiseulni, isini ar eTayvanebodnen borotebas. radgan nacistebs
raoden ironiuladac ar unda JRerdes es _ rogorc adams da evas
codvis Cadenamde, araferi gaegebodaT keTilisa da borotis Sesaxeb
da swored zneobrivi gulgrilobis elferi aris, maT rom aseT wvrilman, uferul da zedapirul adamianebad warmogvidgens.9
kristoli araa erTaderTi, romelic fiqrobda, rom yvela nacisti imdenad
zneobrivad dacemuli ar iyo, ramdenadac zneobrivad gulgrili. zustad aseT
adamianad warmogvidgens zogierTi mkvlevari albert Speers, hitleris SeiaraRebisa da samxedro momaragebis ministrs.10 politikuri Teoretikosis hana
arendtis mixedviT aseTi iyo, adolf aixmanic, nacisti funqcioneri, romelic
sikvdilis banakebis programis did nawils xelmZRvanelobda. arendtis azriT,
aixmani ar iyo maincdamainc gansakuTrebuli, uCveulo adamiani.11 mas Zalian
undoda win wasuliyo, cxovrebaSi warmatebisaTvis mieRwia, gansakuTrebiT
34
eamayeboda, rom SeeZlo saqme Sedegianad gaekeTebina. miuxedavad imisa, rom
gansakuTrebulad gamWriaxi an dakvirvebuli ar yofila, mainc Wkviani iyo. arendtis aRweriT, igi iyo meryevi, magram ara bevr sxva, `normalur~ adamianze metad. aixmani irwmuneboda, rom ebraelebis mimarT akviatebuli zizRi ar amoZravebda (Tumca, rogorc Cans, is ar iyo sakmarisad skeptikurad ganwyobili an
damoukideblad moazrovne, rom SewinaaRmdegeboda maSindel germaniaSi farTod gavrcelebul antisemitizms). mokled, aixmani iyo zneobrivad gulgrili;
kristolis sityvebiT, `mas araferi gaegeboda keTilisa da borotisa~.
es mkvlevarebi mogviTxroben rigiT adamianebze, romlebic mona wi leobd nen gansakuTrebuli borotebis aqtebSi. isini gvagoneben CvenTvis nacnob
adamia nebs, SeiZleba sakuTar Tavsac ki. rTuli ar iqneba warmovidginoT aixmani
CvenTvis ufro nacnob garemoSi, Tundac imedismomcem, pativmoyvare xelmZRvanel muSakad did amerikul korporaciaSi an axal gazrda, dawinaurebisaTvis
meocnebe TanamSromlad sagareo uwyebaSi. aseTi pirovneba, albaT, `muSaobiT
daavadebuli~ (vorkoholiki), kompanisaTvis an qveynisaTvis Tavgadakluli,
dawinaurebaze mofiqrali da xelmZRvanelis maamebeli iqneba. SeiZ leba sulac ar iyos moklebuli wesier adamianur Tvisebebs da erTguli meuRle da
moyvaruli mSobelic iyos (nacistebis Tvis ucxo ar iyo sakuTari ojaxebis
mimarT siyvarulis, erTgulebis gamovlena). ZiriTadi am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom
es fariseveli pirovneba imdenadaa Cabmuli `realur samyaroSi~, viwro karieristuli miznebis terminologiiT rom vTqvaT, mas `abstraqtuli~ moraluri
sakiTxebisaTvis dro da interesi ar gaaCnia.
Tuki marTalia, rom aixmani rigiTi adamiani iyo, ratom arseboben ase cota
aixmanebi? amis pasuxi ZiriTadad isaa, rom, sabednierod, adamianebis umravlesobas iseT politikur reJimSi uxdeba cxovreba, romelsac nacistur germanias
verc ki Seadareb. nacizmi iyo gadamwyveti faqtori or msoflio oms Soris, germaniaSi yvela aixmanis pirovnebisa da xasiaTis CamoyalibebaSi. iseve, rogorc
yovelma Segnebulma sursaTis maRaziis mepatronem icis, rom misi mizani mogebaa, aseve aixmansa da mis msgavsT esmodaT, rom maTi mizani gazis kamerebSi rac
SeiZleba meti adamianis ganadgureba iyo. amas garda, igi imaSic darwmunebuli
iyo, rom mis warmatebas, iseve rogorc maRaziis mepatronisas, ZiriTadad erTi
kriteriumiT _ efeqtianobiT gansazRvravdnen. aixmanisaTvis mniSvneloba imas
ki ar hqonda, ras akeTebda, aramed imas, ramdenad kargad akeTebda. savaraudod,
is aseTive mondomebiT Seasrulebda dakisrebul movaleobas, parkebis dagegmvaze an yvavilebis dargvaze rom yofiliyo pasuxismgebeli. am borotmoqmedis
banaluroba da misi borotebis mniSvneloba (sidide) erTdroulad saSinelicaa da Wkuis saswavlebelic, vinaidan zustad asaxavs maSindel germaniaSi gabatonebul politikas.12
germaniis xelmZRvaneloba adamianebis masobriv ganadgurebas aigivebda patriotizmsa da sazogadoebriv interesTan. inteleqtualuri damoukideblobisa da zneobrivi gambedaobis iSviaTi erToblioba iyo saWiro, am gabatonebul
azrs rom ar ahyolodi. samwuxarod, zustad es Tvisebebi aklda ase Zalian aixmanisnair uamrav adamians. imis gaazreba, rom sazogadoebrivi interesisaTvis
arasdros kargi araa xelisuflebis brma morCileba, gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad
mniSvnelovania politikis gageba.
35
daskvna
sakvanZo sityvebi
politika
wesrigi
Temi, erToba
mTavroba, mmarTveloba
respublikebi
saxelmwifo
suvereniteti
qveyana
eri
eri-saxelmwifo
mravalerovani saxelmwifo
saxelmwifos armqone erebi
Zalaufleba
xelisufleba
legitimuroba
legitimuri xelisufleba
samarTlianoba
tradicionalistebi
bihevioralistebi
politikuri ekonomistebi
marqsistebi
36
daqvemdebarebis Teoria
vaWrobis pirobebi
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.
2.
3.
4.
SeniSvnebi:
1.
2.
ewoda.
ix. agreTve Arthur Schlesinger Jr.-is The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society (New York: Norton, 1993).
3.
Aristotle, The Politics mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press,
1962), 4.
4.
5.
Jack H. Nagel da John E. McNulty Partisan Effects of Voter Turnout in Senatorial and Gubernatorial Elections, American Political Science Review 90 (dekemberi 1996): 780-793.
6.
ix. Leo Strauss-is What is Political Philosophy? da sxva kvlevebi (New York: Free Press,
7.
arsebobs am midgomis sxvadasxva variacia: magaliTad, tradiciuli realizmis Teoria ganaviTares (Tumca garkveuli winaaRmdegobebis fonze)
1959), 10-12.
37
politologebma, romlebsac neorealistebad an struqturul realistebad moixsenieben. maTi ZiriTadi Sromaa Kenneth Waltz-is Theory of International
Politics, (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979). ix. imave avtoris Realist Thought and
Neo-Realist Theory, Journal of International Affairs XLIV (gazafxuli/zafxuli 1990):
21-37.
8.
9.
am ori midgomis mecnieruli Serwymis mcdelobad ix. Robert O. Keohane-is International Institutions and State Power (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1989), koheinis
Teorias zogjer moixsenieben, rogorc neoliberalur institucionalizms.
Irving Kristol The Nature of Nazism~ in The Commentary Reader, red. Norman Pohoretz
(New York: Atheneum, 1965), 16.
l0.
ix. Albert Speer-is Inside the Third Reich, Targm: R. Winston da C. Winston (New York:
Avon, 1971). SeadareT Stanley Haverwas da David Burrell-is, Self-deception and Autobiography: Reflections on Speers Inside the Third Reich, wignSi Truthfulness and Tragedy:
Further Investigations in Christian Ethics, red. Stanley Haverwas da sxvebi (South Bend,
Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977), 82-97.
11.
Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York, Penguin Books, 1964). SeadareT Gideon Hausner-is, Justice in Jerusalem (New York: Schocken
Bokks, 1968). 465.
12.
yvela germaneli an evropeli rodi iyo borotebisadmi aixmaniviT gulgrili da egoisti. aRsaniSnavi, Tumca aratipuri magaliTia Oskar Schindler (romlis saxeli mxatvruli filmis _ `Schindlers List~ wyalobiT gaxda yvelasaTvis cnobili). Sindleri germaneli saqmosani, nacisturi partiis wevri
iyo. man jer amuSava, Semdeg ki sakuTari saqmiani da partiuli kavSirebis
gamoyenebiT gadaarCina Tavisi ebraeli muSebi. Sindlerisa da sxva keTili
qristianis mamacuri qmedebebi aRwerilia Eva Fogelman-is wignSi Conscience
and Courage: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust (New York: Doubelday, 1994). ix. aseve
Samuel P. Oliner da Pearl M. Oliner, The Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi
Europe (New York: Free Press, 1988). eWvgareSea, rom mkiTxvelTa umravlesoba am
mxsnelebTan da SindlerTan ufro gaaigivebs sakuTar Tavs, vidre aixmanTan, magram SemaSfoTebelia is faqti, rom gacilebiT ufro meti germaneli
(`hitleriugendis~ aTeuloboT aTasi wevris CaTvliT) hitleris siZulvilis propagandiT monusxuli, aixmaniviT ufro iqceoda, vidre SindleriviT.
38
39
\
n aawi
wil
lii I
SedarebiTi
politikuri
sistemebi
Tav i 2 utopia:
uto pi a: sax
s ax el
elm
mw
wif
ifo
oss
m od
mo
d eel
li
Tav i 3 k o
on
n st
s tituc
itu c iuri
iu ri
d em
de
mo
okk ra
ratia:
tia: w arm o mad
m ad genl
ge nl ob
o b iTi re v ol u
uc
cia
ia
Tav i 4 av tor
toritaru
i tar u li
li
s ax eel
l mw ifoe
ifo e bi: tra
trad
dic
ic iul
iu l i
m mar
mm
arTv
Tv el
eloba
Tav i 5 total
tot al itaru
itarul
lii
s ax eel
l mw ifoe
ifo e bi: gganux
anu xo
orc
rciiee le
leb el
be
l i u top
topie
iebi
bi
40
41
T aavv i II
II
utopiebi
sa x eel
lm
m wi
w i fos
f o s m od
o d eli
e li
keTilSobili tyuili
proletariatis
uklaso sazogadoeba
utopiisaken dabruneba
utopiis inspiracia
gza utopiisaken
utopiis praqtikuloba
buneba
utopia da adamianis
utopia da terorizmi
daskvniTi mosazrebani
43
rogorc moqalaqeebi, xSirad mxars vuWerT (an vewinaaRmdegebiT) politikas da liderebs, radgan gvjera, rom isini dagvexmarebian, sazogadoeba
ukeTesi an ufro samarTliani gavxadoT. bevri Cveni politikuri arCevanis ukan
garkveulwilad imaleba sazogadoebrivi sikeTisa da kargi sazogadoebis idea.
rogorc wesi, es Sexeduleba gauazrebelia _ miuxedavad imisa, rom gvjera ama
Tu im politikuri wyobisa, xSirad ver vaxerxebT davasabuToT amis mizezebi.1
miuxedavad amisa, mniSvnelovania SegveZlos Cveni politikuri ideebisa da
idealebis safuZvelSi mdebare warmodgenebis gamoxatva da analizi. Tu gvinda
politikuri sistemebis gaazrebuli Sedareba SevZloT (rac am teqstis I nawilis
mizania), unda ganvsazRvroT, ra aris sazogadoebrivi sikeTe da ra ara. ideebi
utopiis Sesaxeb, romlebic mocemulia ama Tu im filosofosis, Teologisa
da sxvaTa nawerebSi, SeiZleba dagvexmaros politikis SesaZleblobebisa da
SezRudvebis ukeTesad gagebaSi. rogori iqneboda saukeTeso politikuri wyoba? ratom amboben xSirad, rom saukeTeso kargis mteria? ra ufro saSiSia politikisTvis, mcirediT dakmayofileba Tu metismetisken swrafva?
sityva utopia saTaves iRebs ser tomas moris (1478-1535) wignis saTauridan, igi mefe henri VIII-is dros inglisis lord-kancleri da gavleniani humanisti iyo. termini ou topos berZnulad `ararsebul adgils~ aRniSnavs, xolo
`eutopos~adgils, sadac yvelaferi kargad aris. yoveldRiur xmarebaSi, utopia,
rogorc wesi, orive mniSvnelobas erTad moicavs. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom utopia aris ararsebuli adgili, sadac xalxi cxovrobs sruliad
janmrTelad, harmoniulad da bednierad.
dasavluri politikis filosofiis literatura moicavs kargad damuSavebuli utopiuri gegmebis garkveul raodenobas. yoveli maTgani avtoris mier
srulyofili politikuri wyobis Camoyalibebis mcdelobaa. utopiuri modelebi
erTmaneTisagan specifikuri niSnebiT gansxvavdeba, Tumca yvela msgavs miznebs
emsaxureba. uklebliv yvela utopisti cdilobda politikuri cxovrebis logika mis saboloo Sedegebamde mieyvana. am procesSi isini xSirad mimarTavdnen
arsebuli politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri pirobebis farul da aSkara
kritikas. am funqciis gamo, utopiuri konstruqciebi xSirad gamoiyeneboda
politikuri sazomebis standartad an politikuri sistemebis ganxorcielebis
Sefasebis kriteriumad. srulyofili sazogadoebis abstraqtuli modelebi xandaxan politikuri qmedebis praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelos rolsac asrulebda.
amgvarad, miuxedavad misi garegnuli arapraqtikulobisa, utopiuri azrebi
emsaxureba mniSvnelovan miznebs da pirdapir Tu arapirdapir gavlenas axdens
politikur saqmianobaze.
cnobili utopiebis kvlevas viwyebT platonis `respublikiT~, romelsac
utopiis or, mogvianebiT warmoSobil versias SevadarebT _ frensis bekonis
`axal atlantidas~ da karl marqsis naSromebs, romelSic igi `uklaso sazogadoebis~ Rirsebebs gamoyofs. utopiuri Sromebi, romelic aRwerilia am TavSi,
arCeulia im niSniT, Tu ra sferoSi poulobs pasuxs TiToeuli maTgani. platoni
pasuxs filosofiis sferoSi poulobs, bekoni _ mecnierebaSi, marqsi ki _ ekonomikaSi.
utopiuri literaturis mravali sxva mniSvnelovani nimuSi arsebobs. mag-
44
aliTad, tomas moris `utopia ~(1516) dRemde mniSvnelovan nawarmoebad rCeba,
iseve rogoc tomazo kampanelas `mzis qalaqi~, jeims heringtonis `okeaneTis Tanamegobroba~ (1656), frangi utopist-socialistebis _ Carls furies, sen-simonis nawerebi, aseve amerikeli mwerali edvard belami (1850-1898), romelmac ramdenime msgavsi idea asaxa wignSi: `xedva ukan: 2000-1887~ (1888) asaxa. am da bevrma
sxva Sexedulebam xeli Seuwyo utopiis ideisa da misi idealis SenarCunebas.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania literatura distopiaze _ politikuri eqsperimentebze, romlebic sazogadoebaSi srulyofili samarTlianobis miRwevas
isaxavdnen miznad da sruli kraxi ganicades. am nawarmoebTa mizania warmoaCinos is
saSiSroebebi, romlebic arasrulyofil samyaroSi srulyofili wyobis aSenebis
mcdelobas axlavs.
samarTliani qalaqi
dasawyisSi, skeptikuri msmeneli sokrates maqsimaluri politikuri sikeTis koncefciis ganviTarebisken ubiZgebs da cdilobs aaxsnevinos, ratom aris
ukeTesi iyo samarTliani, vidre usamarTlo. gana marTali ar aris, ekiTxebian
mas, rom warmatebuli adamini, romelic usamarTlo qmedebiT mopovebuli ZalauflebiTa da gavleniT sargeblobs, ufro bednieria, vidre sokratesaviT samarTliani kaci, romelsac arc Zalaufleba aqvs da arc gavlena? radgan samarTlis
45
gamovlena qalaqSi ufro iolia, vidre adamianSi, iwyeba samarTliani qalaqis Zebna.3
Tavdapirvelad sokrate varaudobs, rom politikuri cxovreba im faqtidan
gamomdinareobs, rom arc erT individs ar SeuZlia iyos damoukidebeli. Semdeg
igi aRwers Zalian martiv sazogadoebas mTavrobisa da gaWirvebis gareSe, romlis
fermerebi, mejadageebi da sxva xelosnebi mxolod imdens gamoimuSaveben, ramdenic ubralo da mSvidi cxovrebis SesanarCuneblad aris sakmarisi. am sazogadoebaSi, romelic cdilobs daikmayofilos fizikuri moTxovnilebebi (sakvebi,
sasmeli, TavSesafari da a.S.), TiToeuli pirovneba asrulebs erT gansazRvrul
funqcias.
erTferovnebis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa samkaulebi. mag ram fufunebis Seqmna aTavisuflebs survils da sulis daumorCileblobas uyris safuZvels. Sedegad, qalaqi `mSfoTvare~ xdeba da gafarToeba sWir deba. kerZod, mas
da Wirdeba ufro meti miwis aTviseba, xolo am miznisaTvis jariskacebi xdebian saWiro. jariskacebi respublikaSi meore klasis warmomadgenlebi arian da
maT Tadapirvelad mcvelebs uwodebdnen . dialogis msvlelobisas maTi movaleobebi sul ufro naTeli xdeba: maT unda daicvan polisi, rogorc mecxvaris
ZaRlebi icaven faras.
antikuri saberZneTis erT-erTi yvelaze didi filosofosi, platoni
(428-348ww. Zv. w.) miiCnevda, rom idealuri saxelmwifos Zalaufleba filosofosi mefeebis xelSi unda yofiliyo: `sanam filosofosebi ar
gamefdebian, qalaqebi verasdros
moisveneben maTi mtrebisagan~.
rogorc `respublikaSi~ aris aRwerili, mcvelTa ganaTleba mraval adamianur saqmianobas moicavs, rogoricaa cxovrebis esTetikuri, inteleqtualuri, moraluri da fizikuri aspeqtebi. sokrate Tvlis, rom ganaTlebis mizani
simarTlis swavlebaa. amis gamo saWiro xdeba mcdar da saSiS ideebze cenzuris
SemoReba. amgvari aRzrdis mTeli kursis ganmavlobaSi mkacri disciplinaa daculi. yvelaferi saerToa, maT Soris piradi nivTebic da meuRleebic. Temis siyvaruli anacvlebs ubralo adamianur siyvaruls.
oci wlis asakisTvis studentebi iyofian or jgufad: zogierTi maTgani
iniSneba SeiaraRebul qvedanayofSi da qalaqis damcvelis rolSi gvevlineba,
46
isini respublikis jariskacebi xdebian; isini, vinc mcvelis statuss inarCuneben,
swavlas ganagrZoben. Semdgomi SerCevis dros ganisazRvreba samsaxuri, romelsac mcvelTa klasis es warmomadgenlebi sabolood miiReben. yvela arCevani
ganisazRvreba damsaxurebis mixedviT. xangrZlivi swavlis bolos, WeSmaritebis
gagebis Semdeg mcvelebi SeiZleba gaxdnen filosofosebi. umaRlesi donis
brZen-filosofosebi mzad arian daikavon umaRlesi Tanamdebobebi. amgvarad,
respublikas marTavan filosofosi-mefeebi.
platoniseuli `respublika~ Sedgeba miwaTmoqmedTa da xelosanTa, mebrZolebisa da filosofos-mcvelTa klasebisgan. es samwaxnagovani dayofa
asaxavs platonis azrs, rom adamianis suli iyofa sam nawilad: miwieri nawili,
romelic gamomdinareobs fizikuri moTxovnilebebidan; keTilSobili nawili,
romlis Sedegia risxva da aRSfoTeba, rodesac rame emuqreba CvenTvis Zvirfass;
da racionaluri nawili, romelic WeSmaritebis dadgenas cdilobs. TiToeuli
klasi ganasaxierebs erT ZiriTad Tvisebas. muSebi da xelosnebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen qalaqis fizikuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas, TavSekavebulobiT gamoirCevian. maTi cxovreba organizebuli da wesieria. miuxedavad
imisa, rom mebrZolebic TavSekavebulni arian, maTi mTavari Rirseba simamacea,
romelic sulis keTilSobili nawilis srul yofilebaa. racionaluri nawilis
srulyofileba _ sibrZne, filosofosebis kuTvnilebaa (romlebsac, ra Tqma
unda, aqvT agreTve danarCeni ori Rirsebac). mxolod filosofosebs aqvT srulyofili suli; maTi arsebis yvela nawili srulyofilia, rogorc maTi sulis
nawilebis urTierTkavSiri. maTi yovlismomcveli srulyofilebis gamo, mxolod filosofosebs SeuZliaT samarTalis, yvelaze mniSvnelovani Rirsebis srulad aRqma. metic, vinaidan respublikis TiToeuli komponenti masze dakisrebul
samuSaos kargad asrulebs (mosavlis moyvana da sagnebis Seqmna, qalaqis dacva an
marTva) da, amavdroulad, erT-erT mniSvnelovan Rirsebas warmoaCens (TavSekaveba, simamace an sibrZne), es warmosaxviTi qalaqi samarTlianadac iTvleba.
qalaqi da Tanac rogori! erT-erTi komentatoris azriT, `yvela dasavleli kacis miswrafeba samarTlianobisa da kargi cxovrebisaken, sokrates SemoTavazebebSi aris gadmocemuli da ganxoricielebuli~.4 es aris qalaqi, sadac
adamianTa niWis gamoyeneba ar aris SezRuduli siRaribis, dabadebis
an sqesis mixedviT da SemTxveviTi ojaxuri kuTvnileba da qalaqi ar zRudavs adamianis, Semecnebisa da sikeTisaken swrafvas; es aris reJimi, sadac Wkviani, moqalaqeobrivi Segnebis mqone adamianebi marTaven sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisTvis.5
TiToeuli moqalaqe im saqmes asrulebs, romelic yvelaze kargad SeuZlia. isini sazogadoebisaTvis gaweuli samsaxuris Sesabamis aRiarebas, didebasa da pativiscemas moipoveben. es qalaqi pasuxobs kiTxvaze, romelic sokrates
dausves Tavdapirvelad. swored filosofosebi arian samarTliani da yvelaze
bednieri adamianebi (namvilad ufro bednieri, vidre usamarTloni), magram maTi
bedniereba ar aris damokidebuli usamarTlod miRebul Zalauflebaze. cxadia,
respublikaSi filosofosebi ar idevnebian; isini mmarTveli pirebi arian da maT
arasdros asamarTleben.
rom ara filosofosebis mmarTveloba, da rom ara maTi samarTlianoba da
sibrZne, sxvadasxva arasasurveli movlena ganviTardeba. magaliTad, imisaTvis,
47
rom saxelmwifo moxelisaTvis sazogadoebrivi interesebi kerZo interesebze
maRla idges, jariskacTa da mcvelTa klasebs Soris naTesauri kavSiri akrZalulia. sazogadoebaSi niWieri da Wkviani adamianebis mudmivad arsebobas eugeniuri
programa uzrunvelyofs, romelic adamianTa seqsualur kavSirebze saxelmwifo
kontrols axorcielebs. mcvelTa klasi mxolod harmoniulad Sexamebuli `qorwinebis festivalis~ sistemiT mravldeba, romlis erTaderTi mizani koleqtiuri (da SerCeviTi) gamravlebaa garkveuli miznebisaTvis. araferi unda miendos
SemTxveviTobas.
keTilSobili tyuili
qveda fenis wevrTa dasamSvideblad (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom isini savaraudod verc gaigebdnen da arc daTanxmdebodnen maT dabal statuss) filosofosi-mefeebi valdebulni arian mudmivad mimarTon keTilSobil tyuils _ oficialur miTs, romelzec samarTliani qalaqi aris damyarebuli. amgvarad, yvela
moqalaqes (filosofosebis garda) eubnebian, rom maTi warsuli cxovrebis mogonebebi mxolod sizmrebia da rom isini adre cxovrobdnen miwisqveSeTSi, sadac
maT qmnidnen da wvrTnidnen. rodesac saamisod mzad iyvnen, maTi deda _ dedamiwa, gzavnida maT zedapirze. amasTanave, formirebis procesSi maT miecaT suli,
romelic iyo Seqmnili oqrosgan (filosofosebis), vercxlisgan (mebrZolebis),
an rkinisa da brinjaosagan (miwaTmoqmedebisa da xelosnebis). am miTis mizania
respublikis mcxovrebTa darwmuneba, rom yvelani debi da Zmebi arian, agreTve
imisaTvis, rom klasobrivi sistema, romelic respublikis arsebobisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia, yovelTvis popularuli iyos.
saukeTeso politikuri saxelmwifos aRweris dros sokrate aseve saubrobs
im sirTuleebze, romelic axlavs mis Seqmnasa da SenarCunebas. respublikis ara
mxolod zogadi koncefciaa arapraqtikuli, aramed misi ganxorcielebac SeuZlebeli Cans. sokrate naTlad gviCvenebs, ra safasuris gadaxda iqneboda aucilebeli
aseTi politikuri wyobis SeqmnisaTvis. rogorc davinaxeT, safasuri, romelic
aseTi wyobis danergvisTvis iqneboda saWiro, aris ojaxebis aRmofxvra, cenzuris
daweseba, sicruis farTod gavrceleba reJimis moraluri safuZvlis SesanarCuneblad da im xalxis mmarTveloba, romelsac ar surs marTva.
miuxedavad imisa, rom respublika SeiZleba ar iyos romelime momavali
politikuri reJimis sqema, igi sasargebloa sxva kuTxiTac. pirvel rigSi, igi siRrmiseulad ikvlevs iseT saWiro politikur ideebs, rogoricaa samarTlianoba,
tirania da ganaTleba. igi gvTavazobs saukeTeso politikuri wyobis gaazrebul
ideas da amasTanave gviCvenebs misi danergvis praqtikul xarvezebs. sabolood,
respublika unda miviRoT ara rogorc politikuri miTiTeba, aramed rogorc filosofiuri savarjiSo. sokrates eqskursia utopiaSi warmogvidgens adamianis azris srulyofis mcdelobas da ara adamianis qcevis srulyofis formulas.
48
idea imis Sesaxeb, rom utopia realurad miiRweva `aq~ da `axla~, meTxuTmete saukunis Semdeg gaxda popularuli. frensis bekoni (1561-1626) iyo pirveli
da yvelaze gavleniani gamavrcelebeli utopiuri ideisa, romlis mi xedviTac
mecnierebas SeuZlia adamianebs misces yvelaze sasurveli sikeTe _ komfortuli
TviTSenarCuneba. isini, visac dRes sjeraT an adideben adamianis progresis,
mecnieruli miRwevebis, teqnologiuri siaxleebis an msoflio politikuri
modernizaciisa da ganviTarebis brwyinvalebas (ix. Tavi IX), ZiriTadad iseTive politikuri reJimis sisworeSi arian darwmunebulebi, romelic bekonis
sqemasTanaa axlos.
stabiluroba da mecniereba
bensalemis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis praqtikuli detalebis ume tesoba
bekons mxolod zedapirulad aqvs aRwerili. miuxedavad imisa, rom kunZulis
wargzavnilebma evropaSi saidumlo eqspedicia Caatares mecnieruli miRwevebis Sesaswavlad, sxva mxriv kunZuli mowyvetilia msoflios. amgvari geografiuli izolaciis gamo Tavdacvis saWiroeba ar arsebobs. kunZuli ekonomikuradac TviTkmaria. mdidari bunebrivi resursebis xarjze bekoni qmnis
yovelmxriv uzrunvel yofil qveynas.
frensis bekoni (1561-1626) ingliseli filosofosi, mecnieri, eseisti da saxelmwifo
moxele im mosazrebas uWerda mxars, rom
mecniereba kacobriobis TviTSenarCunebis
gasaRebia: `bunebaze rom ibatono, mas unda
daemorCilo~, ambobda igi.
bensalemi qristianuli sazogadoebaa, magram aRiarebs religiur Tavisuflebas. sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsareblobis wevrebs ukaviaT maRali Tana-
49
mdebobebi, aq tolerantoba normaa. religiuri disputebi, romlebmac ganxeTqileba Camoagdo bevr evropul qveyanas Soris, utopiur kunZulze ar arsebobs.
bensalemis socialuri safuZveli ojaxia; qorwineba aris sazogadoebis
fuZe. dResaswaulebis dros, romelic ojaxis zeimad aris cnobili da daarsebuli da dafinansebulia saxelmwifos mier, gansakuTrebul pativs didi ojaxis
ufrosebs miageben. ojaxi da moraluri saqcieli urTierTdakavSirebuli da
stabiluri Temuri cxovrebis qvakuTxedad aris miCneuli. Temis stabilurobas
aZlierebs is faqtic, rom 2000 wlis win didsulovanma mmarTvelma solomonma
Seqmna imdenad srulyofili kanonebi, romelTa ganaxleba mas mere saWiro aRar
gamxdara.
bensalemi Zalian progresuli sazogadoebaa. misi saukeTeso moazrovneebi ikribebian kolejSi, romelsac Sesabamisad solomonis saxli ewodeba; aq mecnierebis kanonebi eqsperimentebisa da dakvirvebis gziT `sagnebis
mizezebis da idumali bunebis garkvevis; yvela SesaZ lo saSualebiT adamianis
imperiis sazRvrebis gafarToebis~ aRmosaCenad gamoiyeneba. platonis ` re-
spublikisgan~ gansxvavebiT, bensalemSi codnas ara mxolod sakuTari keTildReobisTvis iZenen, aramed bunebaze batonobisaTvisac. mecniereba unda iyos
gamoye nebuli `adamianis yofis SemsubuqebisaTvis~.
bekoniseuli meCvidmete saukunis Sexeduleba bevr sakiTxSi winaswarmetyvelurad JRers. magaliTad, kunZulze mecnierebis meSveobiT cxovrebis saSualo xangrZlivoba SesamCnevad izrdeba, vinaidan avadmyofobis mTeli simZime
aRmofxvrilia, Seqmnilia xilisa da yvavilebis axali jiSebi, zogierT maTgans
samkurnalo Tvisebebi aqvs, mkurnalobis sferoSi teqnologiuri revolucia
moxda. bensalemis mkvidrT bunebrivi katastrofebis Tavidan acileba SeuZliaT, vinaidan maTi mecniereba bunebis umkacres saidumloebasac ki xsnis.
momavlis gegma
miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebi ver Tanxmdebian, raSi mdgomareobs bekonis axali atlantidis namdvili mizani, naSromi Zalian mniSvnelovania. erTi
cnobili da avtoritetuli moazrovne bekonSi `pirvel realur, Tanamedrove
utopists~ xedavs, vinaidan bekons egona, rom misi idealuri sazogadoeba arsebobas SeZlebda.6 axali atlantida ar moiazreboda rogorc momavlis zusti gegma; Tumca bekonma SemogvTavaza sazogadoebis erTi SesaZlo forma, romelSic
mecnieruli progresi SeuzRudavad iqneboda nebadarTuli. bekonis teqnologiuri utopiis xedva miznad ar isaxavda arsebuli sazogadoebisadmi protests, es
iyo adamianis mdgomareobis radikaluri gaumjobesebis gegma.
50
Seqmna. is sakuTar Tavs praqtikos-realistad miiCnevda da ara meocnebe idealistad. igi Tavis msoflmxedvelobas istoriuli da socialur-ekonomikuri realobis swor empiriul aRqmad ganixilavda da amiT uaryofda, rom misi ideebi
warmosaxviT azrovnebas efuZneboda.
miuxedavad amisa, marqsizmSi utopiuri elementi aSkaraa. winamorbedi
utopistebisagan gansxvavebiT marqss sjeroda, rom misi idealuri sazogadoeba
ara mxolod SesaZlebeli, aramed gardauvali iyo. klasebs Soris mwvave brZola,
romelsac igi winaswarmetyvelebda (ix. Tavi XIV), mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iqnes sworad gagebuli, Tu es brZola aRiqmeba, rogorc mSvidobisa da siuxvis
aRTqmul qveyanaSi utopiuri cxovrebis aucilebeli Sesavali. es winaswarmetyveleba, marqsis azriT, iyo dauZleveli Zalis saboloo Sedegi, romelic kacobriobis istorias misi gardauvali bediswerisken _ uklaso sazogadoebisken
_ miaqanebda.
karl marqss (1818-1883) _ germanel filosofoss, ekonomistsa da revolucioners _
miaCnda, rom samarTliani samyaro mxolod kacobriobis kapitalisturidan socialistur
ekonomikaze gadasvliTa da sazogadoebis
evoluciiT miiRweva: `aqamde arsebuli yvela
sazogadoebis istoria klasTa brZolis istoriaa~.
ekonomikis centraluroba
marqsis galaSqreba ekonomikuri uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg, mecxramete
saukunis Sua periodSi kapitalizmTan asocirebuli Sromis mZime pirobebiT
da farTod gavrcelebuli tanjviT iyo gamowveuli. mdidari komerciuli
da industriuli elita (burJua kapitalistTa klasi) ewinaaRmdegeboda reformebs, romlebic gaRaribebuli muSaTa klasis (proletariatis) cxovrebis
pirobebis gaumjobesebisaken iyo mimarTuli. marqsis kapitalSi naTlad aris
aRwerili dasaqmebis sferodan motanili iseTi magaliTebi, romlebmac misi
risxva gamo iwvia, magaliTad:
meri en voklim imuSava Sesvenebis gareSe 26.5 saaTi 60 sxva gogosTan
erTad, 30 gogo erT oTaxSi, ris gamoc saWiro raodenobis Jangbadis
nacvlad mxolod erT mesamed kubur futs SeisunTqvdnen... meri en vokli
cudad gaxda paraskevs [da] mokvda kviras... eqimma keisma, romelic dagvianebiT gamoiZaxes, sasamarTloSi ganacxada, rom `meri en vokli mokvda
xalxiT gadatvirTul oTaxSi xangrZlivi muSaobis Sedegad~.7
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veviToba ar yofila. mas swamda, rom ekonomika _ materialur saWiroebaTa warmoeba da ganawileba _ adamianis cxovrebis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvrelia da rom
istoriulad adamianTa sazogadoebebi iqmneboda da ingreoda ekonomikuri faqtorebis mkacri dinamikis Sesabamisad. mas sjeroda isic, rom meri en vokli, raki
kapitalizmis epoqaSi daibada, ganwiruli iyo xanmokle da xelmokle cxovrebisaTvis da saarsebo minimumisTvis samuSaod. warmoebis mepatroneebs _ kapitalistebis klass ki _ SeeZlo sul ufro metad gamdidrebuliyo. en voklis cxovreba
da adreuli sikvdili gamowveuli iyo mecxramete saukunis Sua periodis Semosavalze orientirebuli ekonomikiT. Tumca, marqsis azriT, kapitalizmis ganviTarebis logikam, gardauvali gaxada siZunwesa da eqspluataciaze agebuli
Zalauflebis zestruqturebis ngreva da marqsis sayvareli proletariatis _
Raribi da gariyuli muSaTa klasis didi socialuri aRmasvla.
proletariatis diqtatura
marqsi revoluciuri procesis pirvel safexurs, romelic dauyovnebliv
mohyveba kapitalizmis gadavardnas, proletariatis diqtaturas uwodebs.
marqsis mtkicebiT, es istoriuli epoqa komunizmis pirveli safexuri unda
yofiliyo da kacobriobis istoriaSi socialisturi aTaswleulis dasawyisi ganesaxierebina. proletariatis diqtatura, rogorc droebiTi fenomeni, iarsebebda mxolod im dromde, sanam iarsebebda kontrrevoluciisagan dacvis aucilebloba. am drois ganmavlobaSi Seiqmneboda axali revoluciuri programebi
`yvelasgan misi SesaZleblobebis mixedviT, yvelasTvis saWiroebaTa mixedviT~
principiT. amgvari politika gulisxmobda kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebas, mudmivad mzard saSemosavlo gadasaxads, memkvidreobis uflebis gauqmebas, saxelmwifos yvela sakredito dawesebulebis, agreTve komunikaciisa da transportis
saSualebebis centralizacias, yvela bavSvisaTvis ufaso ganaTlebis SemoRebas,
bavSvTa Sromis gauqmebas, saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qarxnebisa da warmoebis saSualebebis gafarToebas da `gamouyenebeli miwebis kultivaciasa da
miwis gaumjobesebas zogadi gegmis Sesabamisad.~8
am safexurebis Tanmimdevrulad Sesrulebis Sedegad xelisufleba ubralod TavisTavad gaqreboda. roca (marqsis kolegis, fridrix engelsis azriT) klasobrivi gansxvaveba da antagonizmi bunebrivad qreba, saxelmwifo
Zalauflebis CarTva socialur urTierTobebSi, zedmeti xdeba da `adamianTa
mmarTve loba icvleba sagnebis da warmoebis procesis administ rirebiT~. saboloo jamSi `saxelmwifo ar `nadgurdeba,~ igi gadaSendeba.~ 9
arsebiTad, marqsi, proletariatis diqtaturas (komunizmis socialistur
safexurs), uklaso utopiis aucilebel Sualedur rgolad ganixilavda. marqss
swamda, rom adamianebi sufTa gonebiT ibadebian da is, rac mogvianebiT maT gonebaSi aRibeWdeba, ufro metad sazogadoebis bunebiT ganisazRvreba, vidre individualuri genetikuri memkvidreobiT. metic, marqsi ver xedavda pirovnebis
WeSmarit interesebsa da sazogadoebis interesebs Soris SesaZlo daZabulobas.
Sesabamisad, socialistur xanaSi xalxi bunebrivad SeiTvisebda socialistur
Rirebulebebs. kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac, TiTqos,
konkurentuli moqalaqeebis Camoyalibebas uwyoben xels, romlebic sinamdvileSi degradirebulni arian da eqspluatacias uweven erTmaneTs, socialisturi
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saxelmwifo ayalibebda kooperatiul moqalaqeebs, romlebic pativs scemdnen
da exmarebodnen erTmaneTs. klasobrivi konfliqti TavisTavad aRmoifxvreboda da interesTa bunebrivi harmoniiT iqneboda Canacvlebuli.
saxelmwifoTa gaqrobis marqsistuli rwmena interesTa mTlianobis erTgvar logikaze iyo dafuZnebuli: kerZo sakuTrebis SemcirebiTa da Sromis danawilebiT socialuri uTanasworoba mcirdeba, xolo socia luri uTanasworobis SemcirebiT _ SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis mizezebi. TavisTavad, klasebis
ararsebobis SemTxvaSi klasobrivi brZolac SeuZlebeli xdeba. dabolos, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis SemcirebiT saxelmwifos saWiroebac mcirdeba. warsuli sazogadoebebi iyo mxolod adamianTa gamogoneba klasobrivi dominantobis SesanarCuneblad. marqsis Tanaxmad, socialuri klasebis gaqrobasTan
erTad ufunqciod darCenili mTavrobac mokvdeba.
uklaso sazogadoeba
rogorc marqsi winaswarmetyvelebda, mTavrobis arsebobis bunebrivi
dasasruli komunizmis meore safexurze _ uklaso sazogadoebaSi unda
momxdariyo. am komunistur utopiaSi namdvili adamianuri survilebis dakmayofileba SesaZlebeli iqneboda. kapitalizmSi, werda marqsi, `yvelas konkretuli, gansazRvruli saqmianobis Tavsmoxveuli sfero aqvs, romelsac Tavs ver
daaRwevs. monadirea is meTevze, mwyemsi Tu `kritikuli kritikosi~, aseTad unda
darCes, Tu ar unda, rom arsebobis saSualeba dakargos.~10 amis sapirispirod, komunizmSi,
sadac aravis aqvs saqmianobis gansazRvruli sfero, magram SeuZlia
moamzados sakuTari Tavi mis mier arCeul dargisaTvis, saerTo produqciis regulirebis gziT sazogadoeba SesaZlebels xdis CemTvis gavakeTo
erTi saqme dRes da meore xval. vinadiro diliT, viTevzao SuadRes, vmwyemso naxiri saRamos, agreTve gavakritiko vaxSami _ zustad ise, rogorc
me minda _ monadired, meTevzed, mwyemsad an kritikosad gadaqcevis gareSe.11
individualuri TviTrealizaciis paralelurad, ganviTardeboda bednierebis momtani socializmi, romlis drosac adamianebi iqnebodnen `loialuri, brZeni da arakorumpirebuli amxanagebi, romlebic erTmaneTs sruliad
araegoisturi keTilganwyobiT moepyrobodnen.~12 marqsis uklaso sazogadeba am
mxriv virtualurad yvela danarCen utopias mogvagonebs. erT-erTi mecnieri
marqsistuli utopizmis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom komunisturi sazogadoebis marqsiseuli aRwera bevr sxva utopiur SromasTan `saerTo eTikur safuZvels~ iziarebs, romlis mTavari maxasiaTeblebicaa `saerTo da ara konkurentuli Sroma,
sazogadoebisTvis sasikeTo miznebi da ara TviTkmayofileba da hedonizmi _
TiToeul wevrze socialuri pasuxismgeblobis eTika da ara yvelaze ZlierTa
gadarCenisaTvis brZola.~13
momavlis suraTi, romelic marqsma da engelsma msoflios SesTavazes, namdvilad mimzidveli da utopiuri iyo:
53
danaSauli aRmoifxvreboda, cxovrebis xangrZlivoba gaizrdeboda, Zmoba da TanamSromloba axal moralur wesebs daamkvidrebda, mecnieruli progresi swrafi tempiT ganviTardeboda. yvelaferTan erTad,
socializmis mTel msoflioSi gavrcelebiT, kacobriobis udides daavadebas _ omsa da mis tyup Zmas, nacionalizms _ adgili aRar eqneboda.
amas saerTaSoriso megobroba mohyveboda ... socialuri revoluciiT kacobrioba daasrulebda mis `preistoriul~ xanas da pirvelad Seabijebda
iq, rasac SeiZleba misi sakuTari istoria ewodos.
...revoluciis Semdgom gaerTianebul uklaso sazogadoebas pirvelad SeeZleba gadawyvitos, romeli gziT wavides da rogor gamoiyenos
sakuTari resursebi da SesaZleblobebi. pirvelad Cven Tavad SevqmniT
sakuTar istorias! es aris `naxtomi monobidan damoukideblobisaken,
sibnelidan sinaTlisaken.~14
utopiisaken dabruneba
arc erT utopiaSi, romelic ganvixileT, ar arsebobs konfliqti, Suri,
winaaRmdegoba, mtruli disputebi an piradi imedgacrueba. aranairi Rrmad
fesvgadgmuli dapirispireba ar yofs individebs da ar arsebobs didi antagonizmi sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris. Tumca, yvela es idealuri saxelmwifo
sxvadasxva xedviT aris inspirirebuli da wesrigis gegmac sxvadsxvagvari aqvs.
utopiis inspiracia
rogorc vnaxeT, politikuri moazrovneebi utopias sxvadasxva mizezis
gamo qmnian. `respublikaSi~ platonma adamianis srulyofilebis sazRvrebi
gamoikvlia; igi ara marto saukeTeso politikuri wyobis aRweras cdilobda, aramed surda naTeli moefina im problemebisaTvis, romlebic SesaZloa mohyoloda aseTi politikuri wyobis danergvis mcdelobas. misgan gansxvavebiT, bekonma
`axali atlantida~ dawera ara imisaTvis, rom adamianuri SesaZleblobebis zRvari eCvenebina, aramed warmoeCina, Tu risi miRweva SeuZlia Tanamedrove mecnierebaze dafuZnebul sazogadoebas. bekons ainteresebda ara adamianTa SezRudvebi,
aramed maTi SesaZleblobebi. misi naSromi damaimedebelia da adamianis keTildReobis SesamCnev gaumjobesebas gvpirdeba.
marqsis utopiuri Sexedulebac imedismomcemia; Tumca metic, igi Sedgeba misi msoflmxedvelobis logikuri da aucilebeli nawilisgan. gzis bolos
uklaso sazogadoebis dapirebis gareSe, Zaladoba da tanjva, romelic marqsis
rwmeniT, aucileblad Tan unda axldes kapitalizmis dasasruls, sabolood
azrs moklebuli iqneba. marqsis utopia imedis naperwkals saxavs revoluciisa
da brZolis uimedo perspeqtivaSi.
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gza utopiisaken
imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas sruliad bednieri da harmoniuli msoflio, avtorma unda warmoadginos sazogadoebis Semadgenlobis axleburi xedva. platoni
filosofiaSi xedavda gasaRebs. miseuli respublika ver iarsebebda, sanam mis
mmarTvelobaSi yvelaze Wkviani filosofosebi ar movidodnen; sxvagvarad aris
bekonTan, romlisTvisac naTeli momavali aris ara adamianTa abstraqtuli codnis Sedegi, aramed mecnieruli meTodebis teqnikuri ganviTareba. misi `solomonebi~ ar iyvnen filosofosebi, romlebic ideebis sulier sferoze wuxdnen;
isini iyvnen mecnierebi, romlebic adamianTa SesaZleblobebis ganmtkicebis
mizniT aanalizebdnen, ikvlevdnen, sistematizacias ukeTebdnen, iwerdnen da
amowmebdnen bunebis sxvadasxva fenomens. marqsisaTvis filosofia da mecniereba ekonomikam daCrdila: misi azriT, araeqspluataciuri ekonomikuri urTierTobebi, mSvidobiani da mdidari qveynis garantiaa.
utopiis praqtikuloba
Tanamedrove mecnierul da teqnologiur ganviTarebasTan erTad, zogierTi politikuri moazrovne ufro seriozulad dafiqrda utopiis miRwevis
praqtikul SesaZleblobaze. axali utopistebi, raki SeiaraRdnen ufro metad
ganviTarebuli instrumentebiT _ axali mecnierebiT, axali ekonomikiT, axali
bihevioruli fsiqologiiT _ dedamiwaze samoTxis arsebobas sul ufro xSirad
ganixilaven rogorc realur SesaZleblobas da ara ubralod ausrulebel ocnebas.
es tendencia naTlad aris asaxuli zemoT ganxilul utopiur naSromebSi.
magaliTad, platoni gviCvenebda, rom misi utopiis Seqmna da SenarCuneba, sruliad SeuZ lebeli Tu ara, Zalian rTuli iqneboda. misgan gansxvavebiT, bekonma
aRwera sazogadoeba, romelic Tanamedrove mecnierebis yvela SesaZ loblobis
srulad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia gamxdariyo adamianis keTildReobis ganmtkicebis safuZveli. ra Tqma unda, bekoni utopias, momavlis SesaZ leblobad ganixilavda, Tumca miaCnda, rom misi miRweva adamians xelewifeba.
marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba araTu SesaZlebeli, aramed gardauvalic iyo_
proletariatis saboloo gamarjvebis damtkiceba da jildo.
sabolood, utopiebma momavlis gegmis saxe miiRes. am gegmebis saerTo safuZvelia zogadi xedvebi adamianTa modgmisa da imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris maTTvis
saukeTeso.
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sazogadoebebis momakvdinebeli mteri xdeba.
cvlilebebisagan dasacavad utopistma avtorma idealur sazogadoebaSi
araferi unda datovos Sesacvleli, gansakuTrebiT is, rac adamianis bunebas
exeba. xalxis mSvidad da harmoniulad cxovrebisaTvis aucilebelia aRmoifxvras an mkacrad gakontroldes adamianis iseTi fundamentu ri Tvisebebi, rogoricaa uzneoba, boroteba da araprognozirebadoba.
bednieri saxelmwifos ZiebaSi utopiebi, rogorc wesi, moicaven eugeniur
programebs, iZulebiT ganaTlebasa da kerZo sakuTrebis akrZalvas. eugeniuri
programis mizania gaakontrolos xalxis memkvidreobiTi Tvisebebi seleqciuri
gamravlebis gziT, xolo iZulebiTi ganaTleba ganixileboda, rogorc saWiro
meTodi saukeTeso adamianuri Tvisebebis SenarCunebisa da arasasurveli
Tvisebebis aRmofxvrisaTvis. utopiurma moazrovneebma imave mizniT dauWires
mxari kerZo sakuTrebis aRmofxvras, raTa ganidevnos egoizmi, sixarbe da
siZunwe adamianis bunebidan. utopistebis umetesobis azriT, adamianis egoizmi gamowveulia socialur-ekonomikuri institutebiT, romlebic icaven, mxars
uWeren da samudamod inarCuneben uTanasworobas da es institutebi SeiZleba
gauqmdes mxolod sazogadoebis fundamenturi reorganizaciiT. amis gamo bevr
utopiaSi saerTo saTemo aqtivoba, saerTo sacxovrebeli da sazogadoebrivi
kveba anacvlebs qonebis kerZo mesakuTreobas im imediT, rom TanamSromloba
gaimarjvebs konkurenciaze.
sazogadoebis radikaluri reorganizaciis gegmaTa umetesobas safuZvlad udevs adamianis bunebis specifikuri xedva. am TvalsazrisiT, adamianTa Soris konfliqti warmoiSoba cudad organizebul an korumpirebul sazogadoebaSi, rasac xSirad, ubralod `sistema~ ewodeba. Tu fundamenturad arakoreqtuli
institutebis negatiuri gavlena aRmoifxvreba, adamianis qceva pozitiurisken
Seicvleba. utopiuri Sexedulebis mTavari rwmena isaa, rom adamianis buneba kargi Tu ara, damjeri mainc aris (da amis gamo potenciurad kargia).
56
lebis ganxorcielebisas Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis sruli ararseboba.
utopiis mimdevrebi, rogorc wesi, politikisa da mTavrobisadmi mci re
interess iCenen. isini ver xedaven Zalauflebasa da samarTlianobas Soris konfliqturi urTierTobis daregulirebis aucileblobas. materialuri simdidris, samoqalaqo suliskveTebiT ganmsWvaluli moqalaqeebisa da adamianis survilebsa da keTildReobas (an socioekonomikur Tanasworobasa da pirovnul
aRmatebulebas) Soris mcire an ararsebuli konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi, socialuri samarTlianobis miRweva gaxdeba ufro teqnikuri, vidre politikuri saxis
problema. amgvarad, arsebuli mTavrobis muSaobis ZiriTadi meqanizmi _ ZalauflebaTa gamijvna, Sekaveba da gawonasworeba, sasamarTlo zedamxedve loba da
a.S. _ utopistaTa umetesobis Tvis inte resmoklebuli iyo.
orvelis samyaro
`aTas cxraas oTxmocdaoTxSi~ totalitaruli mmarTvelebi (romelTac
ganasaxierebs bundovani figura, romelsac did Zmas uwodeben) inarCuneben Zalauflebas ara marto adamianTa moqmedebebisa da qcevis formebis, aramed maTi
azrovnebis wyarosa da meTodebis manipulirebiT. amgvarad, daarsebulia simarTlis saministro, romelsac aqvs mxolod erTi mizani _ sistematurad moatyuos
moqalaqeebi; gamogonilia axali ena (`Newspeak~) yvela im sityvis, ideis da gamoTqmis aRmosafxvrelad, romelic mTavrobis mier saSiSad aris miCneuli; garda amisa, SemoRebulia urTierTsawinaaRmdego logika (`double-think~), romlis
mizanicaa moqalaqeTa gonebisaTvis misaRebi gaxados oficialuri propagandis
uprincipoba.
oficialuri ideologiis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo teroris, mkacri cenzurisa da mudmivi meTvalyureobis mizania revoluciis mtrebs ar mieceT saSualeba, daarRvion marSi sruli komunizmisken _ mSromelTa samoTxisken, sadac
yvela iqneba bednieri, daculi, warmatebuli da Tanaswori. Teoriulad, masebi
sakuTar beds Tavad ganageben, praqtikulad ki isini monebis axal klasad gadaiqcevian, romelTa bedsac gankargavs yvelaze umowyalo tirani (an tiranebi),
rogoric ki SeiZleba warmovidginoT, an SesaZloa, verc ki warmovidginoT (orvelis daxmarebis gareSe).
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utopia da terorizmi
XV TavSi ganvixilavT terorizmis bunebas da gavlenas Sida da saerTaSoriso politikaze Tanamedrove msoflioSi. teroristuli aqtebi xSirad
asocirdeba religiur an ideologiur fanatizmTan, gansakuTrebiT, Tu aseTi
aqtebi xorcieldeba sruli TavganwirviT, rogorc es xdeba TviTmkvleli teroristebis SemTxvevaSi. normalur xalxs ukvirs, ra SeiZleba iyos adamianis
motivacia Seasrulos misia, romelic erTdroulad barbarosulicaa da TviTgamanadgurebelic. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris SemTxveva _ koordinirebuli Seteva
msoflio savaWro centrze niu-iorkSi da pentagonze vaSingtonSi, romelSic
mravali adamiani monawileobda da iaraRad gatacebuli komerciuli avialainerebi gamoiyenes, Sokis momgvreli da Znelad gasagebia. ra aris saTave aseTi
siZulvilisa, ras SeuZlia ara erTi piris, aramed pirTa jgufebis motivireba,
raTa dagegmon, xangrZlivad moamzadon da sabolood ganaxorcielon erTobliv
TviTmkvlelobaze dafuZnebuli masobrivi mkvleloba.
am kiTxvaze martivi pasuxi ar arsebobs. iqneb kargicaa, rom umravles
CvenTagans ar SeuZlia gaigos, rogor poulobs vinme `karg~ mizezs, udanaSaulo xalxisaTvis aseTi zianis misayeneblad. magram savsebiT SesaZlebelia _ ( da
albaT asec aris) _ rom zogierTi tero risti motivirebulia im damaxinjebuli
ideiT, rogori SeiZleba iyos samyaro borotebis, rogorc mas isini uwodeben,
saTaveebis ganadgurebis Semdeg. 15 es `boroteba~ kapitalizmia, materializmi,
israeli, amerikis SeerTebuli Sta tebi Tu sxva ram, meorexarisxovania. saqme
isaa, rom eqstremistebi, romlebic warmoidgenen dros, rodesac, magaliTad,
islamuri sazogado eba wminda da Seuryvneli iyo, sanam dasavluri ideebi, faseulobebi, musika, fuli da SeiaraRebuli Zalebi wabilwavdnen morwmuneebs,
Zalian iolad ipovian mizezs _ mters, romelic arasworad daanaxvebs maT
warsuls, awm yosa da momavls. SemaSfoTebelia, rom Tanamedrove is toriaSi
swrafva utopiisken, dedamiwis im adgilisken, sadac bednierebas ar aqvs sazRvari, xSirad asocirdeba ZaladobasTan, romelsac aseve ar aqvs sazRvari.
daskvniTi mosazrebani
SesaZloa, zogierTi, SedarebiTi mokrZalebuli instituti mmarTvelobis
rigiani muSaobisTvis ufro met yuradRebas imsaxurebs, vidre maT utopistebi
uTmoben. rogorc vnaxeT, utopiuri gegmebi savsea faruli safrTxeebiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom utopiuri sqemebi xSirad saukeTeso survilebiTaa
motivirebuli da maRali idealebiT ganmtkicebuli, rogorc platonma aRmoaCina,
sxva adamianur swrafvaTa umetesobis msgavsad, mainc warumateblobisTvis
aris ganwiruli. realur samyaroSi, utopiuri ocnebebis msxvreva mTlianad
sazogadoebis ngrevas iwvevs, rac naTlad aCvena meoce saukunis totalitarizmma,
romelic metwilad utopistur idealebs emyareboda.
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daskvna
tomas morma termin utopiaSi srulyofili harmoniisa da bednierebis
warmosaxviTi sazogadoeba igulisxma. meTeqvsmete saukuneSi moris utopia iyo
Semparavi Seteva henri VIII-is mmarTvelobis droindeli inglisis sazogadoebis
mankierebebze. Tumca `srulyofili~ politikuri wyobis gansazRvris pirveli
mniSvnelovani mcdeloba platonis `respublikaSi~ gvxvdeba.
respublikaSi platoni filosofiuri gamokvlevebis gziT samarTlian
sazogadoebas eZebda. meCvidmete saukuneSi frensis bekonis axalma atlantidam
gviCvena, rogor SeiZleba Tanamedrove mecnierebis meSveobiT gaizardos adamianis SesaZleblobebi. mogvianebiT karl marqsma SemogvTavaza Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac mxolod sazogadoebis SigniT ekonomikur urTierTobaTa radikaluri reorganizaciis gziT aris SesaZlebeli WeSmariti samarTlis miRweva
da adamianTa tanjvis dasruleba. marqsis socialuri transformaciis Teoriis
saboloo mizani uklaso sazogadoebis Seqmnaa.
zogadad, utopiuri azrebi idealizmiTa da socialuri usamarTlobis SeuwynareblobiT iyo STagonebuli. Tumca, utopiis savaraudo sasurveloba xSirad
ewinaaRmdegeba mis praqtikul SesaZleblobas. utopiuri sazogadoebis principuli dabrkoleba aris adamianis bunebis udavo araprognozirebadoba da egoizmi, romlis kontrolsac utopiuri moazrovneni eugeniuri programebis, savaldebulo ganaTlebis sistemiT da kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebiT cdilobdnen.
utopistebi xSirad adanaSauleben politikosebs, rom maT ver gaaumjobeses sazogadoebis yofa. Sedegad, bevr utopiur gegmaSi sasurvel cvlilebaTa
gatarebis dros politikosebis roli an mniSvnelovnad SezRudulia, an saerTod gauqmebuli. politikis uaryofa utopiuri sqemebis umetesobas kritikis
samizned xdis, vinaidan isini advilad SeiZleba iqcnen totalitarizmis gegmad.
aseTi gegmebi asaxulia naSromebSi, romlebSic utopia Ramis koSmarad gadaqceul distopiad iqceva.
sakvanZo sityvebi
utopia
filosofosi-mefeebi
proletariatis diqtatura
komunizmis pirveli safexuri
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1. saidan warmoiSva da ras niSnavs sityva `utopia~?
2. azrTa rogori sxvadasxvaoba iyo utopist mweralTa Soris utopiis praqtikulobis Taobaze?
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3. utopisti mwerlebi xSirad garkveul varauds gamoTqvamen adamianis
bunebisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. ganmarteT.
4. risi swavla SegviZlia utopiuri Sexedulebebidan Tanamedrove msoflios politikasTan mimarTebaSi?
5.
meoce saukuneSi totalitarizmma didi gavlena moaxdina calkeul mwerlebze, romelTa moTxrobebSi utopia `Tavdayiraa~ warmodgenili. ganmarteT.
SeniSvnebi:
1. yvelaze didi gavlena iqonia baron de monteskies `kanonTa gonis~ II wignSi mocemulma politikuri
mmarTvelobebis klasifikaciam. monteskie ganasxvavebda respublikebs, monarqiebs da despotur mmarTvelobebs,
xolo Semdeg dayofas axdenda demokratiul respublikebad, romlebic mTeli xalxis mier imarTeba da aristokratul demokratiebad, romlebsac xalxis nawili marTavs (gansakuTrebiT mdidarTa klasi). respublikebs
istoriulad ganasxvaveben pirdapiri demokratiebisagan. amgvarad, jeims medisoni (albaT wamyvani figura
SeerTebuli Statebis damfuZnebelTagan) mmarTvelobebs, romlebSic xalxi pirdapir monawileobda marTvaSi
(da warmomadgenlobis imedze ar iyvnen) pirdapir demokratiebs uwodebda. radgan SeerTebuli Statebis mmarTveloba warmomadgenlobas iTvaliswinebda, mas respulika ewoda.
2. ix. agreTve Arthur Schlesinger Jr.-is The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society (New York: Norton, 1993).
3. Aristotle, The Politics mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 4.
4. platonisgan gansxvavebiT, romelsac politikuri `filosofiis~ mamad moixsenieben xolme.
5. Jack H. Nagel da John E. McNulty Partisan Effects of Voter Turnout in Senatorial and Gubernatorial Elections, American
Political Science Review 90 (dekemberi 1996): 780-793.
6. ix. Leo Strauss-is What is Political Philosophy? da sxva kvlevebi (New York: Free Press, 1959), 10-12.
7. arsebobs am midgomis sxvadasxva variacia: magaliTad, tradiciuli realisturi Teoria (Tumca garkveuli winaaRmdegobebis fonze) gansazRvres poolitologebma, romlebsac neorealistebad an struqturul realistebad moixsenieben. aq ZiriTadi Sromaa Kenneth Waltz-is Theory of International Politics, (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979). ix. imave
avtoris Realist Thought and Neo-Realist Theory, Journal of International Affairs XLIV (gazafxuli/zafxuli 1990): 21-37.
8. am ori midgomis mecnieruli Serwymis mcdelobad ix. Robert O. Keohane-is International Institutions and State Power
(Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1989), koheinis Teorias zogjer moixsenieben, rogorc neoliberalur institucionalizms.
9. Irving Kristol The Nature of Nazism wignSi The Commentary Reader, red. Norman Pohoretz (New York: Atheneum,
1965), 16.
l0. ix. Albert Speer-is Inside the Third Reich, Targm: R. Winston da C. Winston (New York: Avon, 1971). SeadareT Stanley
Haverwas da David Burrell-is, Self-deception and Autobiography: Reflections on Speers Inside the Third Reich, wignSi Truthfulness and Tragedy: Further Investigations in Christian Ethics, red. Stanley Haverwas da sxvebi (South Bend, Ind.: University of Notre
Dame Press, 1977), 82-97.
11. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York, Penguin Books, 1964). SeadareT
Gideon Hausner-is, Justice in Jerusalem (New York: Schocken Bokks, 1968). 465.
12. yvela germaneli an evropeli rodi iyo borotebisadmi aixmaniviT gulgrili da egoisti. aRsaniSnavi,
Tumca aratipuri magaliTia Oskar Schindler (romlis saxeli mxatvruli filmis Schindlers List wyalobiT gaxda
yvelasaTvis cnobili). Sindleri germaneli saqmosani, nacisturi partiis wevri iyo. man jer amuSava, Semdeg ki
sakuTari saqmiani da partiuli kavSirebis gamoyenebiT gadaarCina Tavisi ebraeli muSebi. Sindlerisa da sxva
keTili qristianis mamacuri qmedebebi aRwerilia Eva Fogelman-is wignSi Conscience and Courage: Rescuers of Jews
during the Holocaust (New York: Doubelday, 1994). ix. aseve Samuel P. Oliner da Pearl M. Oliner, The Altruistic Personality:
Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe (New York: Free Press, 1988). eWvgareSea, rom mkiTxvelTa umravlesoba am mxsnelebTan
da SindlerTan ufro gaaigivebs sakuTar Tavs, vidre aixmanTan, magram SemaSfoTebelia is faqti, rom gacilebiT
ufro meti germaneli (`hitleriugendis~ aTeuloboT aTasi wevris CaTvliT) hitleris siZulviliT monusxuli,
60
61
T aavv i II
III
konstituciuri
demokratia
warmomadgenlobiTi
revolucia
demokratiuli konstituciebi
demokratia, rogorc gulisxmieri
xelisufleba
umravlesobis
umravlesobis mmarTveloba
tirania
demokratia, rogorc SezRuduli
xelisufleba
kanonis uzenaesoba
umciresobaTa uflebebi
konstitucionalizmi, rogorc swori profederalizmi
cedura
demokratia, rogorc efeqtiani
xelisufleba
energiis aucistabilurobis aucilebloba
lebloba
xelisuflebis Tavidan gamogoneba:
ganmanaTlebloba da amerikis idea
Tavisuflebis arqiteqtura
saprezidento
Sekaveba da gawonasworeba
Zalauflebis danawileba
umravsistema
lesobis mmarTvelobaze dawesebuli SezRudvebi
ramdenad Zlieria zedmetad Zlieri?
62
demokratiuli konstitucia
saxelmwifos konstitucia qmnis xelisuflebis mowyobisa da moqmedebis
sqemas, Sesabamisad gansazRvravs, rogorc mis uflebamosilebaTa, ise am uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis CarCoebs (SezRudvebs). Tanamedrove demokratiul saxelmwifoTa umetesobas dawerili konstitucia aqvs, magram isini arsebiTad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, ZiriTadad istoriisa da moculobis
mixedviT. zogi maTgani, magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da safrangeTisa, lakonurobis magaliTebia, sxvebisa, vTqvaT, indoeTisa da keniisa _ grZeli da detalurad gawerili. indoeTis konstitucia federaluri kontrolis
sakiTxebs oTxmocdaCvidmet statias uZRvnis, samocdaeqvss _ Statebis iurisdiqcias da ormocdaSvids _ federalur da Statebis xelisuflebaTa saerTo
kontrolis (anu paralelur Zalauflebis) sakiTxebs. keniis konstitucia imdenad detaluria centralur da regionul xelisuflebaTa kompetenciebis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT, rom exeba iseT sakiTxebsac ki, rogoricaa cxovelTa
63
daavadebebis kontroli, dalaqTa saqmianobis regulacia da macxovrebelTa
mier sacxovrebeli farTobis araorganizebulad dakavebis sakiTxebi.
gaerTianebuli samefo da israeli aris ori demokratia, romlebsac formaluri (dawerili) konstitucia arc aqvT. britanuli konstitucia gawerilia
britaneli xalxis gulebsa da gonebaSi. igi sazogadoebaSi Rrmad gamjdari da
sayovelTaod gaziarebuli socialuri kontraqtia, romelic emyareba tradicias da Cveulebas, aseve istoriul dokumentebSi, samefo gankargulebebSi, parlamentis aqtebsa da sasamarTlo precedentebSi asaxul konstituciur principebs, romlebic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi gansazRvraven britaneTis politikur
cxovrebas.
amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom demokratiuli konstitucia iqmne ba
garkveuli ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis safuZvelze. es Rirebulebebia: Tavisufleba, garkveuli saxis Tanasworoba, da sayovelTao, miukerZoebeli samarTlianoba kanonis farglebSi. bolo wlebSi dasavluri demokratiisaTvis saerTaSoriso terorizmis safrTxe ufro mzardi gaxda, vidre SesaZlo sagareo
samxedro agresia an saraketo muqara. es safrTxe demokratias seriozuli dilemis winaSe ayenebs: rogor SenarCundes SezRuduli mmarT velobis Se sabami si
samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi, Tuki aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasa da samarTaldamcav institutebs efeqtiani mmarTvelobis Tvis eZleva meti uflebamosilebebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, aucilebelia im pirobebSi, rodesac boroteba
sazogadoebaSi aRwevs, Cumad vrceldeba da gaufrTxile b lad esxmis mas Tavs.
konstituciuri demokratia unda akmayofilebdes sam konkurentul, xSirad konfliqtur moTxovnas. pirveli isaa, rom raki demokratiulia, igi gulisx-
mieri unda iyos xalxis mimarT. meore _ raki igi imarTeba gansazRvruli wesebisa
da procedurebis Sesabamisad, SezRudulia dasaxuli miznebis ganxorcielebasa
da im gzebis gamoyenebaSi, romlebiTac am miznebis ganxorcielebas eswrafvian. bolos, rogorc yvela mTavroba, konstituciuri demokratiac ar SeiZleba
xangrZlivi iyos an didxans SemorCes sazogadoebas, Tu efeqtianad ver uzrunvelyofs kanonsa da wesrigs, kompleqsuri araa ekonomikis marTvasa da gare
safrTxeTagan moqalaqeebis dacvaSi (aq igulisxmeba ara marto ucxo qveynis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Semoseva Tu SemoWra, aramed organizebuli danaSauli, bunebrivi katastrofebi da terorizmi).
gamomdinare konstituciuri demokratiis arsobrivi koncefciidan, xelisufleba idealuria im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTdroulad gulisxmieric aris,
SezRudulic da efeqtianic. am ZiriTad moTxovnebs Soris saTanado balansis
SenarCuneba erT-erTi gzaa nebismieri demokratiis warmatebis xarisxis gansazRvrisaTvis. am balansis SenarCuneba krizisis pirobebSi demokratiis erT-erTi
yvelaze didi da mudmivad ganmeorebadi gamowvevaa.
64
marTaven programebs, romlebzec damokidebulia kargad organizebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. es principi imdenad TvalnaTelia SeerTebul StatebSi, kanadasa da sxva dasavlur demokratiul qveynebSi, rom misi qmediToba eWvgareSea.
umravlesobis mmarTveloba
Tavad demokratiis qmediToba SeiZleba saeWvoc ki iyos. rogorc ocdaxuTi
saukunis winaT sokratem SeniSna, sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadasaWrelad, bunebrivia, xalxi eqspertebs eZebs. magaliTad, Tu avad varT, mivmarTavT eqims _ samedicino eqsperts. Tuki kargi mmarTveloba gvsurs, ratom unda
mivmarToT adamianebs, romelTa umetesoba politikurad apaTiuri an uvicia?
Tanamedrove avtorma aRniSna, rom `Tuki ewvieT eqims da sTxoveT rCeva, rogor
imkurnaloT, albaT aRSfoTdebiT Tu igi gipasuxebT, rom amis Taobaze SemTxveviT gamvlelebs daekiTxeba da umravlesobis nebis mixedviT imoqmeds.~1 miuxedavad amisa, es swored is gzaa, riTac demokratiebi moqmedeben.
SesaZloa, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis yvelaze pirdapiri dacva aleqsis de tokvilma mogvca Tavis naSromSi `demokratia amerikaSi~ (1835 w.): `umravlesobis moraluri Zalaufleba nawilobriv efuZneba ganmartebas, romlis
mixedviTac meti gansjis unari da sibrZne upiratesad mocemulia didi raodenobis adamianebis erTad Sekrebil jgufSi, vidre calke aRebul individSi~.
tokvils swamda, rom adamianuri gonebis daaxloebiTi Tanasworoba demokratiis ZiriTadi winapirobaa. damatebiT igi Tvlida, rom `umravlesobis moraluri
Zalauf leba aseve emyareba princips, rom bevris interesi aRemateba cotasas~.
tokvilTan demokratiis amgvari ganmarteba sa bolood aseve emyareba adamianTa Tanasworobis rwmenas.2
maSin, rodesac sokratem xazi gausva adamianTa Soris gansxvavebas sibrZnis, gonis, siqvelis mixedviT, tokvilma yuradReba gaamaxvila adamianTa Soris
moralur Tanasworobaze, rogorc umravlesobis Zalauflebis miseuli Tezisis
dacvis safuZvelze. ufro metic, radgan umravlesoba mudmivad icvleba da dRevandeli umciresobebi xvalindel umravlesobad SeiZleba mogvevlinon, umravlesobis principi yvelas exeba da erTi konkretuli jgufis gansazRvraze araa
mibmuli. tokvilis mixedviT, SeerTebul StatebSi `yvela partias surs scnos
umravlesobis uflebebi, radgan isini imedovneben, rom es uflebebi maT upiratesobad iqceva momavalSi~.3
Sesabamisad, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis politikuri principi mxardaWeras poulobs rogorc Tanasworobis ideaSi, ise TviTinteresSi. miuxedavad amisa,
umravlesobis mmarTvelobis miRweva arc ise iolia da yovelTvis arcaa didad dafasebuli, rogorc erTi SexedviT SeiZleba gvegonos. SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac
orpartiuli sistema myaradaa damkvidrebuli, arCevnebi, Cveulebriv, gamokveTs
umravlesobas rogorc Statebis, ise erovnuli donis sakanonmdeblo organoebSi.
arCevnebi aseve ganapirobebs umravlesobis gamovlinebas saprezidento arCevnebis umravlesobaSi. magram rogorc 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebma cxadyo,
kandidati, romelic moipovebs xalxis xmebis umravlesobas, SeiZleba avtomaturad ar gaxdes prezidenti. (`yvelaferi gamarjvebuls~ sistema (winner-takes-all),
sadac xmebis umravlesobis mimRebi kandidati Statis mTeli eleqtoratis xmebs
iRebs VI da X TavebSia ganxiluli).
65
saparlamento sistemebSi umravlesobis mmarTvelobis problema sakmaod
gansxvavebulad dgas. saparlamento sistemebis umetesobas aqvs qveynis sakanonmdeblo organoSi mravalpartiuli warmomadgenlobis sistema (ratom aris es
ase, qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli). Cveulebriv, mravalpartiuli sistemebi ar qmnis
umravlesobas romelime erTi partiisTvis sakanonmdeblo organoSi. ori an meti
partia iZulebulia koaliciaSi gaerTiandes, raTa Camoayalibos mTavroba da
moipovos saparlamento xmebis umravlesoba Tavisi programebisa da politikis
gansaxorcieleblad. Sesabamisad, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis nebismieri Sesa-
Zlebloba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba. rodesac `xmosnebi~ iyofian ara or, aramed,
vTqvaT, xuT an eqvs jgufad, SeuZlebelia gamoTvalo, sad, an ra poziciazea umravlesoba. aseve SeuZlebelia romelime erTma partiam koaliciur mTavrobaSi
Tanmimdevrulad daicvas Tavisi platforma da koaliciuri partniorebis survilebisa da poziciebis ignorireba moaxdinos. amis Sedegad mohyveba viwro partiuli poziciebis waSla da, Sesabamisad, mTavrobis muSaoba daeyrdnoba ufro
mcire saerTo niSnuls da ara umravlesobis mmarTvelobas. Sesabami-sad, xmis
mimcemni xSirad imedgacrulebulni rCebian da maT aRqmaSi araefeqtiani mTavroba maTi cinizmis obieqti xdeba.
gaerTianebul samefoSic ki, msoflios wamyvan orpartiul saparlamento
sistemaSi, umravlesobis mmarTveloba problemuria. britanuli arCevnebi TiTqmis yovelTvis warmoSobs gamokveTil umravlesobas parlamentSi (ix. VI Tavi),
magram gamarjvebuli partia iSviaTad Tu agrovebs saerTo xmebis odenobis
45%-ze mets (xSirad amaze gacilebiT naklebsac ki). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
britanuli demokratia ufro zustad daxasiaTdeba, mas xmosanTa SedarebiTi umravlesobis sistemas (Plurality vote system) Tu davarqmevT. igive, Tumca gacilebiT
naklebi xarisxiT, exeba SeerTebuli Statebis demokratiasac, radgan kongresis wevrebs erTmandatian saarCevno olqebSi irCeven da vinc yvelaze met xmas
iRebs, is imarjvebs (ara aqvs mniSvneloba, amomrCevlebis saerTo raodenobasTan
Tanafardobas, mTavaria, mocemulma kandidatma miiRos meti xma konkurentTan
SedarebiT).
xmis micemis or tips _ umravlesobasa (majority) da SedarebiT umravlesobas (plurality) _ Soris gansxvaveba Teoriul problemas qmnis. Tuki kandidati
an mTavroba arCeulia SedarebiTi umravlesobis da ara xmebis saerTo odenobis
umravlesobis safuZvelze, maSin gamodis, rom amomrCevelTa ufro did nawils am
kandidatisTvis Tu mTavrobisTvis xma ar miucia. es saSiSia, radgan SesaZloa am
analizis logikam iolad miiRos mcdari mimarTuleba. saqme isaa, rom Tuki msgavs
SemTxvevebSi vambobT, rom umravlesoba ar marTavs, imas ki ar vgulisxmobT , rom
umciresobam Zalauflebis uzurpacia moaxdina, aramed imas, rom umravlesoba,
rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, laparaki umravlesobis miTis Sesaxeb,
ar gulisxmobs umravlesobis mmarTvelobis principis gacamtverebas, am SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba ufro im sirTulis aRiarebas, rac Tan axlavs am principis
praqtikaSi danergvas.
umravlesobis mmarTveloba saTqmelad ufro iolia, vidre gasaxorcielebeli. is faqti, rom umravlesoba xSirad efemerulia, problemas qmnis demokratiis TeoriisTvis, xolo umravlesobis tiranuloba _ demokratiis praqtikisaTvis. qvemoT yuradRebas davuTmobT swored am problemebs da imas, rogor
cdiloben demokratiebi maT gadaWras.
66
umravlesobis tirani
tirania
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis mqone xelisuflebis yolis survili aS karaa,
magram msgavsi xelisuflebis arseboba araa imis garantia, rom seriozuli
sa xis usamarTloba ar iCens Tavs. am mosazrebis ilust rirebisTvis, warmovidginoT veluri dasavleTis situacia, rodesac udanaSaulo mawanwala veragulad dadanaSaulebulia qalaqis erT-erTi yvelaze gamoCenili moqalaqis
civsisxlian mkvlelobaSi, Camwyvdeulia sapatimroSi da elo deba mosamarTlisa da nafici msajulebis ganaCens. qalaqSi TiTqmis yvela an aRSfoTebulia, an mTvralia (an orive erTad) da ganrisxebuli brbo mkacrad iTxovs
samarTlis swraf aRsrulebas. am masis winaaRmdeg dgas ori pirovneba, mamaci
Serifi da misive jiuti moxuci TanaSemwe. mTeli am ambis gardauvali finali xdeba quCaSi, Serifis ofisis win. `mkvlelis~ linCis wesiT gasamarTlebis
moTxovniT mosul brbos win uZRvian qala qis meri da qalaqis sabWos wevrebi
(maT Soris pirovneba, romelmac realurad Caidina danaSauli). sabolood,
mxo lod Serifis gmirul saqciels SeuZlia ixsnas udanaSaulo adamiani saknidan gamoTrevisa da uaxloes xeze dakidebisagan.
es banaluri ambavi realurad warmoaCens politikuri mecnierebis erTerT gakveTils, imis cocxal magaliTs, rogoria gulisxmieri mTavroba moqmedebaSi. qalaqis mosaxleobis umravlesobam TvalnaTliv daanaxa Tavisi survilebi Serifs, romelic Zalauflebisa da kanonis uzenaesobis simboloa. yvelaze
ioli gamosavali SerifisTvis iqneboda is, rom dahyoloda umravlesobis nebas
da udanaSaulo adamiani ganrisxebuli brbosTvis miegdo. amis garda, SesaZlebeli iyo rame iseTi moqmedeba, romelic ufro metad iqneboda SesabamisobaSi
umravlesobis marTvis principTan da naklebad _ elementaruli samarTlianobis
moTxovnasTan. demokratiuli mmarTveloba, rodesac igi umravlesobis SeuzRudav Zalauflebas gulisxmobs, SeiZleba brbos mmarTvelobis sinonimuric ki
gaxdes. is, rac Cveulebriv tiraniisgan dacvad, anu umravlesobis mmarTvelobad, aRiqmeba, ragind ironiuladac unda JRerdes, SeiZleba iqces imad, rasac
tokvili umravlesobis tiranias uwodebda.4 imis SiSiT, rom erT dominantur
klasze, religiasa an politikur mrwamsze dafuZnebuli umravlesoba fexqveS
gaTelavda umciresobis uflebebs, politikuri moazrovneebi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi xSirad uars ambobdnen demokratiaze.
brbos mmarTvelobis safrTxis mowmeebi amerikelebi 2001 wlis bolos gaxdnen, im krizisis dros, rodesac teroristulma aqtebma aTasobiT niu-iorkelis sicocxle Seiwira da aTasobiT maTganis janmrTeloba daaziana. rodesac
damnaSaveebi muslimi eqstremistebi aRmoCndnen, danaSaulis masStabiT damfrTxali bevri amerikeli SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi arabuli da muslimuri umciresobebis winaaRmdeg ganewyo. vnebaTaRelva axlo aRmosavleTidan
Casuli migrantebis mimarT mxolod mas Semdeg dacxra, rac prezidentma jorj
buSma STambeWdavi gancxadeba gaakeTa, romliTac amerikelebs tolerantobisa
da gonierebisken mouwoda. dasavleT evropaSi umravlesobis mier umciresobaTa
uflebebze zewolam bolo wlebSi seriozuli xasiaTi miiRo. mas Semdeg, rac imigraciis sakiTxebze daiwyo msjeloba. magaliTad, safrangeTSi partia erovnuli
fronti momentalurad moeqca sazogadoebrivi yuradRebis centrSi da adgilobrivi da saxelmwifo donis arCevnebSi uamravi momxre SeiZina. am partiis swrafma aRmasvlam bevri damkvirvebeli sagonebelSi Caagdo, radgan sazogadoebrivi
67
azris gamokvlevebma cxadyo, rom bevri maTgani, vinc am partias mxars ar uWerda,
realurad iziarebda da TanaugrZnobda mis miznebs. erovnuli frontis kandidatis Jan-mari le penis mier 2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi meore adgilis dakavebam gaaoca safrangeTi da evropa. marTali, arCevnebis bolo etapze le penma
waago xelisuflebaSi myofi Jak Sirakis momxreTa xmebis aSkara upiratesobis
gamo, magram is, rom man seriozulad daamarcxa socialistebis kandidati premier-ministri lionel Jespeni, realurad gamofxizlebisken mowodeba iyo imaTTvis, vinc jerovnad ver afasebda antiimigraciuli moZraobis Zalas evropaSi.
msoflioSi bevri demokratiuli qveyanaa, sadac umravlesoba SeiZleba
ganxilul iqnas, rogorc umciresobis mCagvreli. magaliTad, germaniaSi cxovrobs mravalricxovani Turquli umciresoba, romelsac dResac ki ar gaaCnia
umravlesobis Tanaswori uflebebi. CexeTis respublikaSi (da, saerTod, aRmosavleT evropaSi) umravlesoba sistematurad eweva boSaTa umciresobis diskriminacias. israelSi arabuli umciresoba (igulisxmebian palestineli arabebi,
romlebic israelis moqalaqeebi arian da ara dasavleT sanapiros an Razas seqtoris macxovreblebi) ar sargeblobs sruli politikuri da socialuri TanasworobiT ebraul umravlesobasTan. TurqeTSi qurTuli umciresobis uflebebi
xSirad ewireba Turquli umravlesobis SiSsa da stereotipebs.
yovelive zemoaRniSnuli msoflioSi arsebuli umravlesobis tiraniis magaliTebis mxolod nawilobriv CamoTvlaa. SemaSfoTeblad iolia demokratiul
68
mmarTvelobaze SezRudvis daweseba. es SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva saxiT gamoixatos. SeerTebul StatebSi xelisufleba SezRudulia im aspeqtSi, rogor miiRos
kanonebi an dasajos am kanonebis damrRvevi adamianebi. konstituciis mixedviT
(muxli 1, nawili 9 da10) mTavrobas ar SeuZlia miiRos ex post facto kanoni, romelic
retrospeqtiulad, ukana TariRiT sjis qmedebebs, an bill of attainder _ parlamentis
aqti, romelic SesaZlebels xdis damnaSavis dasjas sasamarTlos gareSe.
konstitucia zRudavs saxelmwifo Zalauflebas aseve sxva mniSvnelovan
aspeqtSi. uflebaTa kanonproeqti (Sedgeba konstituciis pirveli aTi Casworebisgan) ukrZalavs mTavrobas uari uTxras moqalaqeebs sityvis, presis,
Sekrebis, piradi cxovrebis Tavisuflebaze da samarTliani sasamarTlos garantias aZlevs kanonis darRvevaSi eWvmitanil moqalaqeebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom `TavisuflebaTa
diadi qartia~ (Magna Carta) 800 wlisaa,
man drois gamocdas gauZlo da pirveli
da umniSvnelovanesi dokumentia im
ideis damkvidrebas uwyobs xels, rom
xelisufleba kanonis uzenaesobasa da
moqalaqeTa uflebebis pativiscemas
unda uzrunvelyofdes.
umciresobaTa uflebebi
xelisuflebaze dawesebuli konstituciuri SezRudvebi mkacrad gansazRvravs umravlesobis mmarTvelobis principis CarCoebs amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ramden adamians surs waarTvas konkretul individs Tavisufali sityvis ufleba, da arc imas, ramdenad mizanmimarTulni arian
isini Tavis ganzraxvaSi, arc erTi xma CaxSobili ar iqneba.
imisaTvis, rom SezRuduli mmarTveloba iyos imaze meti, vidre, ubralod,
carieli koncefcia, sul mcire, mTavrobam unda SeZlos umciresobis dacva
mzardi umravlesobis muqarisagan. miuxedavad amisa, zRvari umravlesobis
mmarTvelobasa da umciresobis uflebebs Soris realurad xSirad dauzustebeli da sakamaToa. Sesabamisad, konstituciuri uflebebi araa TviTgansazRvradi.
moqalaqeebs eniWebaT TviTgamoxatvis ufleba, magram igi araa absoluturi. magaliTad, sityvis Tavisufleba ar iZleva uflebas vinmes telefonis saSualebiT
Seuracxyofa miayenoT an fostiT sicocxlis xelyofis muqara gaugzavnoT, amitom yovelTvis rTulia mkafio sazRvris gavleba erTi pirovnebis `azris gamoxatvasa~ da sxvebis uflebebisa da usafrTxoebis riskqveS dayenebas Soris.
SedarebisTvis, SeerTebuli Statebi gacilebiT Sorsaa wasuli samoqalaqo
uflebebisa da pirovnuli Tavisuflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, vidre sxva
demokratiuli qveynebis umravlesoba. magaliTad, bevri evropeli gaocebulia
SeerTebuli Statebis mier kvotebis gamoyenebiT `kompensaciuri diskriminaciis~ (Affirmative Action) farTo programis farglebSi, riTac Tavis moqalaqeebs
Tanabar saSualebas aZlevs ganaTlebisa da samuSao adgilebis xelmisawvdomo-
69
bis kuTxiT. msgavsad amisa, feministuri moZraoba imdenad gamokveTili ar
aris msoflios bevr sxva qveyanaSi, maT Soris iqac ki, sadac demokratiuli
tradiciebi, Ria sazogadoeba da sekularuli kultura ukve damkvidrebulia,
rogorc StatebSi. danaSaulSi eWvmitanilTa uflebebis dacvis praqtikis kuTxiTac Statebi ufro winaa, vidre sxva demokratiuli qveynebi. maT umetesobaSi,
sadac nafici msajulebis instituti ar arsebobs, sasamarTlo darbazi iSviaTad
gamoiyeneba imisTvis, rom samarTalSi micemuli piris sawinaaRmdego Cvenebebi
gabaTildes. amis garda, demokratiul saxelmwifoTa umetesoba gacilebiT nakleb Tavisuflebas aZlevs moqalaqeebs samoqalaqo sarCelis aRZvraze, vidre
SeerTebuli Statebi, romelic samoqalaqo davebis sasamarTlo wesiT gadaWris
sixSiris TvalsazrisiT msoflioSi wamyvania.
kanonis uzenaesoba
idea miukerZoebeli da sayovelTaod savaldebulo kanonebiT saxelmwifoebis marTvis Sesaxeb siaxle ar aris. aristotele amtkicebda, rom kanonis
uzenaesoba TiTqmis yovelTvis upiratesia konkretuli pirebis SeuzRudav Zalauflebaze. am arguments igi samarTlianobis koncefciaze afuZnebda da amtkicebda, rom radgan adamianebi damokidebulni arian fizikuri, materialuri
da fsiqologiuri impulsebis dakmayofilebis vnebebze, kanoni aris `goni, romelic Tavisufalia yvela vnebisagan~.5 amitom kanonis mmarTveloba upiratesia,
vidre erTeuli individisa, Tumca kanonebi interpretirebuli da gatarebuli
unda iqnes individebis mier (kanonmdeblebi da samarTlis aRmsruleblebi).
ori aTasi wlis wlis Semdeg ingliselma filosofosma jon lokma (16321704 ww.) kanonis uzenaesobis principi individualuri Tavisuflebis principTan
axlo kavSiris safuZvelze daicva. loks swamda, rom Tavisufleba ver iarsebebda
dawerili kanonis gareSe da rom kargi xelisufleba garkveuli winaswargansazRvruli wesebiT unda xelmZRvanelobdes (magaliTad, gadasaxadebi ar unda wesdebodes xalxis Tanxmobis gareSe).
lokisTvis es wesebi umaRlesi Tanrigis `kanonebia~, radganac isini moicaven yovelive imas, razec samoqalaqo sazogadoebaa damyarebuli. isini
`kanonTa kanonebia,~ romlebic aucileblad da samarTlianad aweseben SezRudvebs kanonmdeblebze, amasTan, mniSvne loba ara aqvs imas, ramdenad didia umravlesoba, romelic am kanonmdeblebs eqvemdebareba. `maRali rangis kano nis~
lokiseuli koncefciidan warmoiSva konstitucionalizmis idea. rogorc lokma SeniSna (da rogorc vaSingtonSi, kolumbiis olqSi, iusticiis departamentis Senobis Sesasvlelze amotvifruli warwera metyvelebs) `sadac mTavrdeba
kanoni, iq iwyeba tirania~.6
loki im saamayo inglisuri tradiciis gamgrZelebelia, romelic 1215
wlidan dawyebuli mmarTvelobaze SezRudvis dawesebas eZiebda. 1215 wels amboxebulma baronebma inglisis mefe joni aiZules, xeli moewera cnobili Magna
Carta-sTvis (`TavisuflebaTa didi qartia~). Tavdapirvelad es dokumenti SeRa-
70
xalxis mzardi raodenoba moicva. sabolood, Magna Carta britanul TavisuflebaTa safuZveli gaxda. es dokumenti, romelic 63 muxls moicavda, monarqiis
absoluturi Zalauflebis SezRudvisaTvis dawesebuli Sekavebis da gawonasworebis sistemis sawyisi monaxazi iyo. magaliTad, igi acxadebda, rom mefis vasalebi ikribebian sabWod, raTa rCeva da Tanxmoba miscen samefos mniSvnelovani
saqmeebis Taobaze da rom gansakuTrebuli gadasaxadebis daweseba unda moxdes
mxolod maTi dasturis SemTxvevaSi. SesaZloa yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo 39-e
muxli, romelic gamoxatavda valdebulebis pirobas kanonis aRsrulebis procesSi _ is, vinc braldebuli iqneboda danaSaulis CadenaSi, daeqvemdebareboda miukerZoebel sasamarTlos da daculi iqneboda TviTneburi patimrobisa
da sasjelisagan. am TvalsazrisiT dokumenti amtkicebda, rom `aravin iqneba
dapatimrebuli, datyvevebuli an kanongareSed gamocxadebuli, an gaZevebuli,
an mokluli... misi perebis mier ganxorcielebuli kanonieri sasamarTlosa da
samefos kanonebis gareSe~.
meCvidmete saukunis ganmavlobaSi, lokis dros, didi nabijebi gadaidga
kanonis safuZvelze xelisuflebis SezRudvis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, ufle-
baTa peticiam~ (Petition of Rights, 1628) wamoayena savaldebulo samarTlebrivi procedurebis idea, riTac SeizRuda monarqis sagadasaxdo Zalaufleba. amasTan,
saSineli varskvlavebiani palatis~ gauqmebam (1641) daasrula periodi, rodesac
sasamarTlos hqonda Zalaufleba, wamebis gziT mieRo aRiarebiTi Cveneba da samefos qveSevrdomebze sasjeli taxtis moTxovniT daewesebina. sabolood, Habeas
Corpus Act -is (1679) safuZvelze SeizRuda xelisuflebis ufleba, sakuTari mo-
`maRali rangis kanonis~ Teoriam fexi ver moikida inglisSi, sadac parlamentis upiratesoba wesad iqca, magram sabolood SeerTebul StatebSi damkvidrda. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia da uflebaTa bili (didwilad inglisuri zogadi samarTlidan gamomdinareobs) iqca im standartebad,
romelTa mimarTebaSic fasdeba xalxis mier miRebuli kanonebi.
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konstitucionalizmi, rogorc swori procedura
konstitucionalizmi swori proceduris anu kanonis uzenaesobis sinonimuria. magaliTad, SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT,
konstitucia kongresis Tanxmobis gareSe qveynis prezidents ukrZalavs samrewvelo sawarmoebis nacionalizacias an CamorTmevas omis pirobebSic ki.8 msgavsad amisa, kanonis uzenaesoba da samarTlebrivi procedura (swori proceduris saxeli) iTvaliswinebs, rom danaSaulSi eWvmitanili piri unda daicvas
advokatma, ufleba unda hqondes daupirispirdes Tavis sawinaaRmdego Cvenebas,
informirebul iqnes braldebis Sesaxeb da ase Semdeg. igive mosazrebidan gamomdinare, administraciuli organoebi emorCileba kanons, _ miawodon sajaro informacia dainteresebul pirebs.
yovel am SemTxvevaSi samarTlebrivi procedurebis arsi erTi da igivea:
arc erTi gadawyvetileba ar SeiZleba miRebul iqnes, rogorc saboloo an
samarTliani, sanam dadasturebuli araa, rom ganxilvisas `TamaSis wesebi~ mkacrad iyo daculi. Sesabamisad, konstituciur demokratiaSi Tu gairkveva, rom,
magaliTad, arCevnebSi gamarjvebulma icrua, anu `TamaSis wesebis~ mixedviT ar
imoqmeda, Sedegi iqneba is, rom misi Sedegebi legitimurobas dakargavs. faqtobrivad es swored isaa, rac moxda SeerTebul StatebSi 1974 wels, rodesac
uotergeitis skandalma prezidenti niqsoni aiZula (impiCmentis safrTxis gamo)
postidan gadamdgariyo.
miuxedavad amisa, SeerTebul StatebSi samarTlebrivi procedurebi, sadac
gare damkvirveblis mier ukiduresobad aRiqmeba. magaliTad, policiam aucileblad dakavebisTanave unda waukiTxos danaSaulSi eWvmitanils Tavisi uflebebi
da Seaxsenos, rom dumilis ufleba aqvs (konstituciis mexuTe Sesworeba, romelic
icavs moqalaqes TviTdadanaSaulebisagan). Tuki eWvmitanili aRiarebs danaSauls
imis gareSe, rom mas es ufleba ar Seaxsenes (aseve sxva uflebebic), msgavsi aRiareba miuRebeli iqneba sasamarTlosTvis. faqtobrivad, yvela sxva liberaluri
demokratiisTvis msoflioSi, maT Soris gaerTianebuli samefosTvis, safrangeTisTvis, kanadisa da avstraliisTvisac, aRiareba aRiarebaa da misi miuReblobis
xarisxi izrdeba imis mixedviT, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara misi mopoveba moraluri
Tu fizikuri zewolis sxvadasxva formis Sedegad.
demokratiisTvis sakmarisi araa ubralod gamoacxados kanonis uzenaesoba,
rogorc principi; sityvebi da qmedebebi erTmaneTs unda emTxveodes. magaliTad,
afroamerikelebi da sxva umciresobebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi diskriminaciis
msxverplad rCebodnen mas Semdegac ki, rac samoqalaqo omi dasrulda da
miRebuli iqna konstituciis meToTxmete Sesworeba, romelic araorazrovnad
ganmartavs `kanonis winaSe Tanasworobas~. msagavsad amisa, qalebs saarCevno
uflebebi 1920 wlamde ar miuRiaT da bolo dromde saxlis da ojaxis gareT
saqmianobis mciredi SesaZleblobebiT sargeblobdnen. sabolood, amerikis
cixeebSi tusaRTa umravlesoba axalgazrda Savkaniani amerikelebi arian,
sikvdiliT dasjis molodinSi myof tusaRTa umetesobac aseve afroamerikelia,
rac, miuxedavad sasamarTloebis mier kanonisa (Cvenebebis miRebis wesi) da
samarTlebrivi procedurebis mkacrad dacvisa, mainc aRZravs kiTxvebs amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis iusticiis sistemis samarTlianobis Sesaxeb.
swori procedura arsebiTia samarTlis Tanaswori xelmisawvdomo bis Tvis, romelic, Tavis mxriv, arsebiTia demokratiisTvis. amavdroulad, samarT-
72
lebrivi procedura ar iZleva imis garantias, rom igi myari jav Sani iqneba
seriozuli usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg. msgavsi garantiis moTxovna, SesaZloa,
zedmeti iyos nebismieri politikur-samarTlebrivi sistemis mimarT. rogorc
wina TavSi aRvniSneT, utopia araa gamosavalis momcemi alternativa.
federalizmi
konstituciuri xelisuflebis SezRudvis sxva gzaa federalizmad wodebuli ZalauflebaTa dayofa. Tanamedrove federaluri respublikebia: amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi, meqsika, germania, kanada, indoeTi, brazilia da nigeria.
Teoriulad, federalizmi Zalauflebis danawilebaa saxelmwifo xelisuflebasa da regionul erTeulebs Soris. am erTeulebs inglisur enaze
xSirad states uwodeben, magram radgan inglisur enaSi Tavad saxelmwifoc
state - ad JRers, igi ar unda agverios suverenul sa xelmwifoSi, romelic samec-
niero literaturaSi ufro xSirad nation-state (eri-saxelmwifo) terminiT gvxvdeba. (saxelmwifos politikur-teritoriuli erTeuli state TargmanSi Stats
niSnavs. mTargmnelis SeniSvna!) SeerTebul StatebSi arsebobs Zalauflebis
konstituciuri danawileba saxelmwifo anu federalur xelisuf lebasa da
Statis xelisuf lebas Soris. konstituciis pirveli muxlis, merve nawili,
magaliTad, ganmartavs im sferoebs, romlis farglebSic erovnuli kongresi
uflebamosilia awarmoos kanonmdebloba. amavdroulad konstituciis meaTe
Sesworeba uzrunvelyofs imas, rom is kompetenciebi, romlebic konstituciis
ZaliT miniWebuli ar aqvs saxelmwifo xelisuflebas, Statis uflebamosilebebad darCes. tradiciulad, Statis xelisuflebis funqciebSi Sedioda Sida
wesrigisa da mSvidobis SenarCuneba, ganaTlebis, sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis dacvisa da usafrTxoebis, aseve keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa (e.w.
Statebis sapolicio Zalaufleba anu sa xelmwifos samarTlebrivi wesrigi).
erT dros am Zalauflebas TiTqmis eqskluziurad Tavad Stati axorcielebda, magram 1930-iani wlebidan saxelmwifo mTavrobis roli warmoudgenlad
gaizarda, rodesac prezidentma franklin delano ruzveltma (1933-1945) Tavisi New Deal-is politikis farglebSi farTomasStabiani federaluri programebi wamoiwyo didi depresiis socialur-ekonomikuri efeqtebis aRmosafxvrelad, kerZod, ekonomikis stimulirebisa da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis
mizniT.
prezidentma riCard niqsonma (1968-1973) scada sapirispiro mimarTulebiT waremarTa erovnuli xelisuflebis rolis zrdis procesi da axali federalizmis (new federalism) politika SeimuSava, romelic miznad isaxavda Statebis
xelisuflebis rolis gazrdas, rogorc misi qmediTobis, ise Sedegis TvalsazrisiT. am politikis ori ZiriTadi elementi StatebisTvis e.w. erTdrouli subsidiebis micema da saerTo Semosavlis ganawileba iyo. SemdgomSi, sxva prezidentebma, kerZod, konservatorma respublikelma ronald reiganma (1980-1988) da
demokratma bil klintonma (1992-2000) aseve gaagrZeles StatebisTvis kompetenciisa da uflebamosilebis ukan dabrunebis politika. SeerTebul StatebSi msgavs politikas Zalauflebis gadacema (devolution) hqvia.
ra aris Zalauflebis danawilebis msgavsi formis sazrisi? SeerTebuli
Statebis istoriaSi isini, visac swamda, rom Tavisuflebis dacvis saukeTeso sa-
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Sualeba xalxTan xelisuflebis maqsimalurad daaxloeba iyo, federalizms qadagebdnen. xalxis ganwyobisa da adgilobrivi interesebisgan Sors mdgari erTiani
centraluri xelisuflebis tiraniaSi gadazrdis SiSiT, 1787 wels gamarTuli
konstituciuri konventis zogierTi delegati warmatebulad amtkicebda, rom
Statis arseboba axali saxelmwifo xelisuflebis tiranuli Zalauflebis SemzRudvel meqanizmebs Seqmnida. Sedegad, konstituciam calkeul Stats Tanabari
warmomadgenloba dauwesa axlad dafuZnebul senatSi da prezidentis federaluri wesiT arCevac SemoiRo (saarCevno kolegiis saSualebiT). amasTan, damatebiT ganisazRvra Statis mniSvneloba konstituciis Sesworebis SemTxvevaSi.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, pirveli kongresi daTmobaze wavida da konstituciis
meaTe Sesworebis miRebisas Statebis mosazrebebi da SeTavazebebi gaiTvaliswina.
SeerTebul StatebSi federalizmis funqciebi dRes mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba saxelmwifos ganviTarebis adreul periodSi arsebulisagan. Tavdapirvelad, didi winaaRmdegobebi wamoiWra sakiTxze, ramdenad SeeZlo Stats
(virjinia da kentuki 1798-1799 ww. samxreTi karolina 1830-ian ww.) an regions
(samxreTis Statebi 1860-ian ww.) gamoeyenebina Tavisi uflebebi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebul specifikur politikasTan uTanxmoebis SemTxvevaSi. rodesac interesisa da principis sakiTxebma saxelmwifoSi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia (kanonebi ucxoelebisa da amboxis waxalisebis Sesaxeb, 1798
w., gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb, 1830-iani ww., monobis Sesaxeb 1860-iani ww.), politikuri dapirispirebebi gaiSala mTavrobis konkretuli qmedebisa da politikuri
gadawyvetilebebis konstituciurobis sakiTxze, romelTa arsi imaze dadioda,
vis hqonda legitimurad saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba _ Stats, Tu
erovnul xelisuflebas.
sakiTxebi, romlebic konstituciis meeqvse muxlma ver gadawyvita, samoqalaqo omma moagvara. marTalia, garkveulwilad mniSvnelovani dapirispirebebi federalur da Statis xelisuflebas Soris SenarCunda, gansakuTrebiT
samxreTSi 1950-1960-ian ww. skolebis desegregaciis Taobaze, magram dReisaTvis
sajaro politikis mraval sakiTxSi, dawyebuli gzebis mSeneblobidan, dasrulebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZoliT, maT Soris urTierToba ufro TanamSromlobis princips emyareba, vidre konfliqts.9
miuxedavad amisa, bolo wlebSi seriozuli Sejibri SeiniSneboda xelisuflebis am or dones Soris. magaliTad, 1990-ian wlebSi zogierTi Statis xelisuflebam ganaTlebis sferoSi reformebis gatareba (skolebisTvis iuridiuli da
finansuri avtonomiis miniWeba _ charter schools, swavlebis vauCerebis principiT
dafinanseba, religiis swavlebis danergva da gaRrmaveba) da antikriminaluri
RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba scada (sasjelis savaldebulo daweseba, sami gaficvis kanoni, msxverplTa kompensaciis kanoni). zogierTma Statma aseve scada,
uari eTqva kompensaciuri diskriminaciis (affirmative action) politikaze.
msgavsi tendenciebi adasturebs, rom federalizmi amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi xasiaTdeba, rogorc Statisa da federalur xelisuflebebs Soris
TanamSromlobiT, ise maT Soris SejibriTac. kons titucia ki iSviaTad ganixileba, rogorc barieri sxvadasxva donis mTavrobaTa Soris regularuli
TanamSromlobisTvis, riTac gamsWvalulia amerikuli politikuri sistema.
federalizmi da Tavisufleba zedmeti centralizaciis safrTxisagan
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dacvis gziT federalizmi Tavisuflebasac icavs, radgan zRudavs centraluri xelisuflebis Zalauflebas. am gziT federalizmi individebs icavs potenciurad mbrZaneblobisken midrekili centraluri mTavrobisagan.10 admin-
federalizmsa da Tavisuflebas Soris kavSiri gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia germaniis SemTxvevaSi. germaniaSi demokratia xelaxla daibada meore
msoflio omis Semdeg, rodesac omisagan gamofituli saxelmwifo, damarcxebuli da okupirebuli iyo ucxo jarebis mier. mokavSire sa xelmwifoebi SeerTebuli Statebis meTaurobiT Tvlidnen, rom ar unda daeSvaT axali germanuli saxelmwifos xelaxali militarizacia da mis mier axali samxedro kampaniis
ganxorcieleba evropaSi. amis saukeTeso saSualeba, maTi azriT, germaniis
diqtatorul virusze `acra~ iyo. `vaqcina~, romlis gamoyenebac gadawyvites,
demokratiuli federalizmi iyo.
rogor SeeZlo federalizms ar daeSva axali hitleris SesaZlo aRzeveba? amis pasuxi germaniis xelisuflebis decentralizebul struqturaSi unda
veZioT. germanuli politikur-teritoriuli erTeulebi, rasac germanulad
Land anu miwa ewodeba, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben mmarTvelobaSi, rogorc
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samefoSia. mas unitaruli hqvia imis gamo, rom politikur sistemas mTavrobis
mxolod erTi, ZiriTadi erTeuli aqvs. esaa centraluri xelisufleba, romelic
sxvadasxva sakiTxis Taobaze xSirad mimarTavs adgilobriv xelisuflebas,
magram, rogorc wesi, es mas ar moeTxoveba. Sesabamisad, is, rac am sistemas federalurisgan gansxvavebiT aklia, centralur da adgilobriv politikur-administraciul erTeulebs Soris arsebuli zemoT xsenebuli Statis an miwis ekvivalenturi Sualeduri fenaa.
zogi unitaruli sistema, magaliTad, safrangeTsa da italiaSi, ufro meti
mondomebiT icavs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Zalauflebasa da prerogativebs
adgilobrivi magistratebis, merebisa da politikosebis mxridan SesaZlo daumorCileblobisagan, vidre britaneTSi. safrangeTSi, prefeqtebi (centraluri
xelisuflebis mier daniSnulni) aSualeben urTierTobebs centralur xelisuflebasa da adgilobriv departamentebs Soris. manam, sanam fransua miteranis
socialisturi mTavroba instituciur reformebs wamoiwyebda 1980-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi, prefeqtebi valdebulni iyvnen adgilobrivi departamentebis mTavrobebisTvis zedamxedveloba gaewiaT da imis uflebac hqondaT, rom maT miRebul garkveul gadawyvetilebebze veto daedoT. am sistemis momxreebi didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi msgavs politikur-administraciul mowyobas, romelic tu-
telaJis (meurveobis) saxeliT iyo cnobili, racionaluri politikuri marTvis modelad miiCnevdnen. tutelaJis sistema imdenad centralizebuli da
sistematizebuli iyo, rom gaTviTcnobierebul damkvirvebels saaTze ubralo
SexedviT iolad SeeZlo eTqva, ra sagans gadiodnen mocemul momentSi skolaSi moswavleebi mTel safrangeTSi. bevr amerikels, romlebic miCveulni arian
ganaTlebis sistemis Tavisuflebas, skolebis, saganmanaTleblo programebis,
saakreditacio moTxovnebis da akademiuri standartebis mravalgvarovnebas,
mTavrobis dawesebuli msgavsi erTgvarovneba uTuod ucnaurad moeCveneboda.
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fad da moqnilad, unda eyrdnobodes Zalauflebis Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis
struqturebs, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom garkveul garemoebebSi mTavrobas
energiuli moqmedebis unari unda dausustdes. am TvalsazrisiT, gasaTvaliswinebelia jeims medisonis moswrebuli naTqvami pirveli konstituciuri konventis Sesaxeb: `im sirTuleTa Soris, romlebsac konventi Seejaxa, Zalian mniSvnelovani is unda iyos, rom moxdes mTavrobaSi aucilebeli stabilurobisa da
energiulobis Serwyma Tavisuflebisa da respublikuri formis xelSeuxeblobasTan~.12 medisoni amtkicebda, rom xelisuflebis stabiluroba aucilebelia
Sida simSvidisa da wesrigisaTvis, erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da sazogadoebrivi
TviTrwmenisTvis, energia ki aucilebelia Sida da gare gamowvevebis gadaWrisaTvis. misi sityvebiT, energia da stabiluroba erTad efeqtiani xelisuflebis
ZiriTadi sazrisia.
stabilurobis aucilebloba
stabiluroba efeqtiani mTavrobis arsebiTi atributia. politikuri da
sitemuri stabiluroba SeiZleba gansakuTrebulad mwvave problema iyos axlad
aRmocenebuli demokratiisa da ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis, magram es araa
msoflios mxolod konkretulad am tipis romelime qveynis an regionisTvis damaxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, italia ganviTarebuli demokratiaa, magram igi cnobilia mTavrobaTa xSiri cvalebadobiT.
stabiluroba SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnes sxvadasxva gziT. arCeul warmomadgenlebs sakmarisi dro da vada unda mieceT imisTvis, rom ganaxorcielon
an miaRwion rame Rirebuls. unda arsebobdes garkveuli saxis politikuri disputebisa da socialuri konfliqtebis mogvarebis instituciuri gzebi, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli qveynis nawilebad daxleCisa da destabilizaciis albaToba (SeerTebul StatebSi umaRlesi sasamarTlo xSirad asrulebs am funqcias,
magram politikur partiebsa da saknonmdeblo organosac mniSvnelovani rolis
Sesruleba SeuZliaT). liderebis Secvlis instituciuri procedurebi iseTi
regulirebuli meTodebis saSualebiT, rogoricaa arCevnebi da daniSvnebi, Zalian mniSvnelovania da Tdemokratiis erT-erTi principuli upiratesobaa Tanamedrove diqtaturebTan SedarebiT. monarqia, Cveulebriv, am problemas memkvidreobis principis SenarCunebiT Wris, mefis Tu dedoflis gardacvalebis
SemTxvevaSi taxti mis ufros Svils gadaecema.
istoria da tradicia, iseve, rogorc simbolizmi da rituali, aZlierebs
gangrZobiTobis SegrZnebas mTavrobebSi (gaviTvaliswinoT Tundac is zar-zeimi da gansakuTrebuli garemo, romelic Tan axlavs SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis inauguracias an britaneTis samefo ojaxis wevrebis daqorwinebas).
msgavsi gangrZobiTobis SegrZnebis aucileblobaze saubrisas jeims medisoni
daupirispirda Tomas jefersonis winadadebas konstituciuri konventebis
periodulobis sixSiris gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT imis safuZvelze, rom `xalxisadmi yoveli mimarTva mTavrobaSi raRac defeqtis arsebobis maniSnebeli iqneba,
xSiri mimarTvebi ki didwilad moaxdens imas, rom mTavrobas moakldeba sazogadoebis mxridan mowiweba da Tayvaniscema, ris gareSec SesaZloa yvelaze Wkvian da
yvelaze Tavisufal mTavrobasac ki ar eqnes esoden saWiro stabiluroba~, ufro
metic `yvelaze Wkviani mTavrobac ki ar CaTvlis zedmet upiratesobad imas, rom
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sazogadoebrivi stereotipebi da crurwmenebi Tavis mxardamWerad ixilos~.13
energiis aucilebloba
imisTvis, rom efeqtiani iyos, xelisufleba energiulic unda iyos. energiulobis Tezisis mimarT damfuZnebel `mamaTa~ mxardaWera SeerTebul StatebSi
naTlad iqna asaxuli konstituciaSi, romelmac ara marto gadasca mTavrobas,
rogorc erTs, sakmarisi Zalaufleba, aramed Seqmna Zlieri aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, romelsac sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasTan Widilis SesaZleblobebi misca. konstituciam kongress uflebamosileba mianiWa `miiRos yvela
kanoni, romelic aucilebelia da Sesabamisia Zalauflebis aRsrulebisTvis~
(muxli1-2). es naTelyofs damfuZnebel `mamaTa~ ganzraxvas, rom xelisuflebisaTvis SeeqmnaT SesaZlebloba saWiroebebis SemTxvevaSi gadaedga gadamwyveti
nabijebi. am TvalsazrisiT aleqsander hamiltoni aRniSnavda, rom `mTavroba Tavis TavSi unda moicavdes yovelgvar Zalauflebas, romelic aucilebelia masze
gadacemuli sazogadoebrivi miznebis misaRwevad... Tavisufali unda iyos yoveli saxis kontrolisagan, magram unda iTvaliswinebdes sazogadoebrivi sikeTis
principsa da xalxis azrs~.14
rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, erovnuli mTavrobis Zalaufleba droTa
ganmavlobaSi erTmniSvnelovnad gaizarda, Statis xelisufalTa uflebamosilebebi ki SedarebiT meryevia: xan izrdeba, xan klebulobs. zogadad SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom 1789 wlidan dRemde yvela donis xelisuflebis Zalaufleba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. SeerTebul StatebSi mTavrobis rolis amgvari zrda pasuxia sazogadoebaSi, ekonomikaSi da, ra Tqma unda, amerikis sanapiroebs miRma arsebul samyaroSi momxdar cvlilebebze. am tendenciis Sedegi, kargia Tu cudi,
isaa, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mTavroba dRes ufro energiuli, vidre erTi
saukunis winaT iyo, da gacilebiT enrgiulia, vidre ori saukunis win. Tuki vinme
fiqrobs, rom SeerTebuli Statebi msoflios mowinave samxedro da ekonomikuri
Zalaa, erTaderTi WeSmariti zesaxelmwifoa XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, misTvis iolia dainaxos, rom demokratiam amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi amisTvis sakmaod
kargad imuSava. erTia, rom sistema SeiZleba gaakritiko imisTvis, rom is araa
sakmarisad gulisxmieri an amtkico, rom igi zedmetad eqspansiuria anu araa sakmarisad SezRuduli, magram vin Seitans eWvs mis efeqtianobaSi?
mogvianebiT, VI TavSi vixilavT, rom safrangeTis meoTxe respublikisTvis
(1945-1958) efeqtiani mTavroba (energiuli) naklebadaa damaxasiaTebeli. safrangeTma sabolood am problemis daZleva Zveli konstituciis axliT SecvliTa
da Zalauflebis simZimis centris parlamentidan prezidentze (mexuTe respublikis axali institucia) gadanacvlebiT SeZlo. am qveyanas aseve hyavs premierministri, romelic mTavrobas xelmZRvanelobs, magram prezidents, romelic
pirdapiri arCevnebiT xuTi wlis vadiT irCeva, ufleba aqvs daakompleqtos an
gadaayenos mTavroba. Zlieri saprezidento Zalauflebis SeqmniT, mexuTe respublikis konstituciam franguli demokratiis istoriaSi axal periods daudo
saTave, romelmac iseTi stabiluroba da ayvaveba moutana safrangeTs, rogoric
mas bolo ori aswleulis ganmavlobaSi ar axsovs.
safrangeTisgan gansxvavebiT, italias jerjerobiT ar gadauWria efeqtiani
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis amocana. nebismieri sxva dasavluri saparlamento
demokratiisgan gansxvavebiT, igi samTavrobo arastabilurobis nimuSia. radgan
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aq saparlamento sistemaa, mTavrobas premier-ministri marTavs, da imis gamo,
rom italias qaosuri partiuli sistema aqvs, premiers iSviaTad aqvs xangrZlivi
an masze damokidebuli Tu misdami daqvemdebarebuli partiuli koaliciis (saparlamneto umravlesobas gacilebiT mcire Zala aqvs) mxardaWera. Sedegi isaa,
rom meore msoflio omis Semdgomi or aTwleulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi italiaSi mTavrobebi saSualod eqvs TveSi erTxel icvleboda. bolo wlebSi italiis
saarCevno sistemis reformirebis mcdelobam am problemis mogvarebis TvalsazrisiT Sedegi ar gamoiRo. sabednierod, meore msoflio omis Semdgomi italia,
miuxedavad politikuri stabilurobis TvalsazrisiT saamayo miRwevebis naklebobisa, ekonomikis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT warmatebuli qveynis magaliTia.
rTuli warmosadgeni araa, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ra simaRleebs miaRwevda
italia bolo naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi, mTavrobas efeqtianad rom emarTa.
es sami magaliTi adasturebs, rom demokratiuli mTavroba SeiZleba iyos
efeqtiani, magram amis garantia ar arsebobs. warmatebuli demokratiis am TavSi
ganxilul sam TvisebaTagan, efeqtianoba erTaderTia, romelic mxolod da mxolod demokratiuli mTavrobisTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli. diqtatura, Cveulebriv, ar cdilobs iyos gulisxmieri an SezRuduli, magram erTaderTi mizani,
rac aqvs is aris, rom efeqtiani iyos, rac SeuZlebelia konstituciuri demokratiis SemTxvevaSi. arcerT demokratiul xelisuflebas ar ZaluZs Seasrulos danapirebi, Tuki gulisxmieri araa, da arcerTi maTganis pasuxismgeblobis
sakiTxi ar dgeba amocanebis Cavardnis SemTxvevaSi, Tu SezRuduli araa. bolo
dromde Zalze mwvaved idga sakiTxi imis Taobaze, ramdenad ZaluZs demokratias
ajobos diqtaturas, rogorc mmarTvelobis efeqtianma formam. bolo drois istoriuli cvlilebebidan gamomdinare, axla sakiTxi sxvagvarad dgas SeuZlia ki
diqtaturas ajobos demokratias efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT?
79
sxva revoluciuri liderebis gonebaSi ar momwifebula. politikuri Teoria,
romelic amerikis `mamebis~ ideebSi gamoixata, myarad iyo dafuZnebuli im drois
gamoCenili moazrovneebis _ nikolo makiavelis, Tomas hobsis, jon lokis, baron
de monteskies da sxvaTa inteleqtualur Rvawlze. yoveli maTgani, arsitotelesgan gansxvavebiT, amtkicebda, rom mTavrobis mizani aris ara siqvelis danergva, aramed borotebis da mankierebis winaaRmdeg brZola. adamianis bunebis
msgavsma, marTebulad xedvam, es moazrovneebi realisturi miznebis, magaliTad,
Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis Ziebamde miiyvana, rac politikurad miRwevadia, siqvele ki aseTi araa.
Tavisuflebis arqiteqtura
am qveTavSi politikis universaluri problemaa dasmuli: Tuki xalxi Tavisi bunebiT araa qveli, da amave dros Tavadaa mmarTveli, maSin rogoraa SesaZlebeli, rom marTvis nebismieri sistema ar gadagvardes da tiraniad ar iqces?
amerikis `mamebma~ am Tavsatexis gadaWra iseTi midgomis ganviTarebiT scades,
rasac politikis axali mecniereba uwodes. es axali mecniereba politikuri
institutebis manam ucnobi da axleburi mowyobis irgvliv gaiSala, ramac Tavisuflebis praqtikis meti SesaZlebloba dabada da xelisuflebis funqciebis danawilebis saSualebiT, Zalauflebis despoturi gamoyenebisgan (tiraniis) misi
dacva da, Sesabamisad, Zalauflebis koncentraciis safrTxis Tavidan acileba
uzrunvelyo. swored ise, rogorc ser isaak niutonma revoluciuri gadatrialeba moaxdina Tanamedrove sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaSi, damfuZnebel mamebsac sjerodaT, rom maT socialur mecnierebaSi axali safuZvlebis danergviT politikis revoluciuri gageba Semoitanes.
hamiltoni am aRmoCenis arss federalistSi ( amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
konstituciis ratificirebis da calke arsebuli Statebis gaerTianebis safuZvelze federaluri saxelmwifos Seqmnis momxre inteleqtualTa da politikur
moRvaweTa 85 statiis krebulia. avtorebi aleqsander hamiltoni (51 statiis
avtoria), jeims medisoni (29 statiis avtoria) da jon jei (5 statiis avtoria)
arian. statiebi 1787-1788 ww. seriulad ibeWdebodnen niu-iorkis gazeTebSi. 1788
wels statiebi krebulis saxiT iqna gamocemuli da mas The Federalist Papers ewoda.
(mTargmnelis SeniSvna)) naTelyofs. amtkicebda ra, rom amerikis konstitucia Tavi-
80
deputatebis meSveobiT _ yovelive es an sruliad axali aRmoCenebia, an
Tanamdroveobis moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad principuli progresis gziT
srulyofili. es aris saSualebebi, Zlieri saSualebebi, imisTvis, rom respublikuri mmrTvelobis upiratesoba SenarCundes da misi naklovanebebi an Semcirdes, an Tavidan iqnes acilebuli.15
Sekaveba da gawonasworeba
am miznis misaRwevad damfuZneblebma scades xelisuflebis Stoebi erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel organoebad CamoeyalibebinaT, Sesabamisad yoveli
Stos Zalaufleba konstituciis specifikuri muxlidan gamomdinareobs (pirveli muxli exeba sakanonmdeblo organos, meore _ aRmasrulebels, mesame _ sasamarTlos). xelisuflebis yovel Stos mieniWa konstituciuri Zalaufleba
masze dakisrebuli specifikuri movaleobebis gansaxorcieleblad da yovel
maTgans mieca saimiso meqanizmebi, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios sxva Stos mxridan
aralegitimuri saSualebebiT zemoqmedebis mcdelobebs. es meqanizmebi, romlebsac uwodeben Sekavebas da gawonasworebas, Sedgeba, rogorc Cveulebrivi
(prezidentis mier vetos gamoyenebis ufleba), ise gansakuTrebuli (kongresis
mier prezidentis impiCmentis procedura) prerogativebisagan.
isini erToblivad TiToeuli Stos wevrebisaTvis `aucilebeli konstituciuri saSualebebia~ sxva Stoebis mier mis kompetenciebSi eqspansiisTvis
winaaRmdegobis gasawevad. `individis interesi unda ukavSirdebodes adgilis
konstituciur uflebebs~.19 damfuZneblebi grZnobdnen, rom institucionalizebuli TviTinteresi Zalauflebis grZnobiT aRWurvil Tanamdebobis pirebs,
maTi konkretuli institutis mniSvnelobisa da aRmatebulobis grZnobas gauZlierebda da gazrdida maT mondomebas TavianTi samsaxuris prestiJis SesanarCuneblad (Sesabamisad, sakuTari karieruli winsvlis uzrunvelsayofad).
amgvarad, kongresis mier 1974 wels prezident niqsonis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli
impiCmentis erT-erTi mizezi is iyo, rom igi, rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo politikaSi, aSkara upativcemulobas iCenda sakanonmdeblo organos Zalauflebis
mimarT (Zalauflebis gadameteba, uotergeitis saqmis CaTvliT, niqsonis wi-
81
naaRmdeg wamowyebuli procesis mTavari Tema iyo). 1998 wels prezident klintonis (demokratiuli partiidan) winaaRmdeg impiCmentis procesis mcdeloba
imas ukavSirdeboda, rom man winaaRmdegoba gauwia kongress (respublikelebi
umravlesobas warmoadgendnen), gamoeZiebina misi qcevis Sesabamisoba zneobriv
normebTan samsaxureobrivi valdebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. misi oponentebi
mas aseve bralad sdebdnen sasamarTlo xelisuflebis upativcemulobas, rac
cru Cvenebebis micemaSi gamoixata.
afuZnebdnen ra demokratiul institutebs pirad interesze (self-interest),
damfuZneblebi adamianis bunebis sikeTisa da zneobrivi srulyofisadmi misi
midrekilebis mimarT erTgvar skepticizms gamoxatavdnen. hamiltonis mixedviT,
`adamianebi ambiciurebi, SurismaZiebelni da xarbebi~20 arian. medisoni eTanxmeboda da ufro mkveTradac ki gamoxatavda am azrs:
SesaZloa adamianis bunebaze msjelobidan gamomdinareobs, rom amgvari meqanizmebi (Sekaveba da gawonasworeba) aucilebelia Zalauflebis
gadametebis gasakontroleblad. raa Tavad mTavroba, Tu ara adamianis
bunebaze fiqris yvelaze didi gamoxatuleba? adamianebi angelozebi rom
iyvnen, araviTari mTavroba saWiro ar iqneboda. angelozebi rom marTavdnen adamianebs, mTavrobaze kontrolis arc gare da arc Sida meqanizmebi
ar iqneboda saWiro~.21
kargad awyobil respublikaSi ganaTlebuli piradi interesis mqone adamiani sayovelTao sikeTisTvis iRvawebs. politikosebi aRmoaCenen, rom piradi
interesebis (ganmeorebiT arCeva) ganxorcielebis saukeTeso gza sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaa da ara Zalauflebis gadameteba an borotad
gamoyeneba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, medisonis sistema, iseve rogorc adam smitis `uxilavi xeli~, avtomaturad moawesrigebs procesis mimdinareobas, raTa
instituciuri Zalauflebis wonasworoba ar dairRves. amgvarad, SeerTebuli
Statebis politikis axali mecniereba Tavis argumentebs maRalfardovan da
zedapirul zneobriobaze an religiur grZnobebze ki ar afuZnebda, aramed realobaze myarad mdgar instituciuri piradi interesis principze.
damfuZnebelTa naazrevis ufro axlodan ganxilva yvelaferi `amerikulis~
gandidebis, da Sesabamisad, masSi eTnocentrizmisa da SezRudulobis warmoCenis albaTobaze mianiSnebs. am SemTxvevaSi mainc aris gamamarTlebeli argumenti,
romelic logikasa da istorias eyrdnoba. ubralod, ise moxda, rom Tanamedrove
istoriis pirveli warmatebuli demokratiuli eqsperimenti CrdiloeT amerikaSi XVIII saukunis dasasruls ganxorcielda, da revolucionerebi, romlebmac
igi wamoiwyes, politikis filosofosebi iyvnen (im periodSi politikuri mecniereba, rogorc aseTi, arc arsebobda). politikis mecnierebis SeqmniT, maT
SeimuSaves demokratiis praqtikuli Teoria, romelsac konkretuli istoriuli
konteqstidan daSorebuli Sinaarsi da gamoyeneba aRmoaCnda. rogorc dasawyisSi aRiniSna, misi gamoyeneba scildeba msoflios romelime konkretuli saxelmwifosa Tu regionis farglebs.
saprezidento sistema
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SeerTebuli Statebis mmarTvelobas xSirad saprezidento sistemas uwodeben, vinaidan aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri kongresis wevrebisagan
damoukideblad da calke irCeva. sistema Zalauflebis danawilebiT xasiaTdeba, romlis farglebSic sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo Stoebi
Sesabamisi uflebamosilebebis da valdebulebebis ganxorcielebisTvis calcalke arian pasuxismgebelni amomrCevelTa sxvadasxva jgufis winaSe. mTavroba
formalurad sxvadasxva funqciuri CarCos mixedviTaa Camoyalibebuli. vinaidan yoveli mTavrobisTvis savaldebuloa kanonebis formulireba, aRsruleba
da interpretireba, logikuria, rom amaTgan pirveli funqciis Sesasruleblad
saWiroa Seiqmnas sakanonmdeblo organo (wesebis SemuSaveba), meore funqciisTvis _ aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba (wesebis gamoyeneba da danergva) da mesame,
zedamxedvelobis funqciisaTvis _ sasamarTlo xelisufleba (wesebis ganmarteba da interpretacia).
msgavsi mowyobis logikam ar icis arc politikuri da arc geografiuli sazRvrebi, dReisaTvis igi gvxvdeba msoflios yvela regionis mravali demokratiis
struqturaSi. saprezidento demokratia amJamad gansakuTrebiT Cveulebrivi
gaxda laTinuri amerikis qveynebisTvis, magram xelisuflebis demokratiuli
mowyobis msgavsi forma sxvadasxva saxiT iseT qveynebSic gvxvdeba, rogoricaa
ruseTi, safrangeTi, nigeria, samxreTi afrika, indonezia, filipinebi.
Zalauflebis danawileba
SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia xelisuflebis yovel Stos specifikur amocanebs akisrebs. magaliTad, kongress miniWebuli aqvs e. w. xazinadaris Zalaufleba. prezidenti waradgens wliuri biujetis proeqts da cdilobs miznobrivi dafinansebis Sesaxeb kongresis gadawyvetilebebze gavlena
moaxdinos, magram saxelisuflebo xarjebze saboloo sityvis ufleba mainc
kongress rCeba. aRmasrule bel xelisuflebaze aseTi mZlavri SezRudvis meqanizmi sxva saprezidento demokratiebSi farTod araa danergili, da aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cveulebriv, biujetis xarjviTi nawilis dagegmvasa da damtkicebaSi
saboloo sityva xelisuflebis aRmasrule bel Stos ekuTvnis, Semosavlebisa
da begara-mosakreblebis Sesaxeb gadawy vetilebebis saboloo instanciad ki
sakanonmdeblo organo rCeba.
Zalauflebis danawilebis amerikul modelSi aris garkveuli sferoebi,
romlebSic Zalauflebas sxvadasxva Sto erToblivad axorcielebas. magaliTad,
msgavsi gamWoli da urTierTgadamkveTi pasuxismgeblobebiT `omis gamocxadebis~
ufleba xasiaTdeba. kongress aqvs imis ufleba, rom Sekribos da mxari dauWiros
armias (Tumca konstitucia am uflebis gamoyenebas kongress orwliani vadiT
ganusazRvravs), saWiro resursebiT uzrunvelyos da zedamxedveloba gauwios
samxedro flotis mdgomareobas, Seqmnas SeiaraRebuli Zalebis maregulirebeli wesebi da, rac mTavaria, gamoacxados omi. Tumca, amavdroulad, konstitucia
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardlad prezidents acxadebs. Sesabamisad, gamocxadebuli Tu gamoucxadebeli nebismieri mniSvnelovani samxedro aqcia xelisuflebis orive Stos TanamSromlobas moiTxovs. zogadad, urTierTqmedebis
es tipi msgavsi institutebis mqone sxva qveynebSicaa gadaRebuli, magram Seiara-
83
Rebul Zalebze samoqalaqo kontroli, rogorc principis, ise praqtikis saxiT,
arsad ise myarad araa dafuZnebuli, rogorc SeerTebul StatebSi. Sesabamisad,
bevr saprezidento sistemaSi krizisis periodSi samxedro gadatrialebis albaToba demokratiisTvis principul safrTxes qmnis.
aq sadme foto wignis 67-e gverdidan!
warwera fotoze:
SeerTebuli Statebis kongresi or palatad aris gayofili senati da warmomadgenelTa palata (fotoze gamosaxuli). iniciatorebi gegmavdnen, rom
sakanonmdeblo Sto sazogadoebis mosazrebebs asaxavda da srulyofda.
horizontalurad: Dennis Brack / Brack Star
garda imisa, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis sami Stos wevrebi sxvadasxva amocanis Sesrulebas emsaxurebian da sxvadasxva gziT Wrian maT, isini sxvadasxva vadiTa da sxvadasxva amomrCevlis mier arian arCeulni. konstituciisa da
misi Sesabamisi Sesworebis mixedviT, prezidenti yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel
unda irCeodes da erTsa da imave pirs or vadaze metad Tanamdebobis dakaveba
ar SeuZlia. mxolod prezidenti da vice-prezidenti arian mTavrobis umaRlesi
Tanamdebobis pirebi, romelTac Zalauflebis mandati sruliad saxelmwifo
eleqtoratis mier gadaecemaT. amis sapirispirod, kongresSi arCeuli warmomadgenlebi konkretuli olqis (Statis Sida erTeulis) eleqtoratisgan iReben
mandats ori wliT. senatorebi warmoadgenen Stats da Tanamdebobas eqvsi wlis
vadiT ikaveben. umaRlesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi (da yvela sxva federaluri mosamarTle) ar arian arCeulni, maT niSnavs prezidenti senatis Tanxmobis
safuZvelze. damfuZneblebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen daniSvnis am saxes, vinaidan miaCndaT, rom miukerZoebeli samarTlis aRsrulebisTvis
saWiroa sasamarTlo Tavisufali iyos politikuri zewolisgan. mosamarTlis
Tanamdeboba arCeviTi rom yofiliyo, misi mopovebisa da SenarCunebisaTvis kandidatebi politikur jgufebTan aliansebSi an farul garigebebSi Sevidodnen,
rac kanonis interpretaciaSi garkveuli jgufuri da kerZo interesebis asaxvis
gamo, samarTlianobis princips daazaralebda.
ama Tu im Tanamdebobis dakavebis vada sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvagvaradaa gansazRvruli, Tumca oTxwliani vada TiTqmis yvelgan standartia.
magaliTad, ruseTsa da braziliaSi am TvalsazrisiT SeerTebuli Statebis
analogiuri suraTia: prezidents oTxi wliT irCeven da mas SeuZlia vadis gasvlisTanave isev iyaros kenWi am Tanamdebobaze. amis sapirispirod, meqsikasa da
nigeriaSi prezidentebs eqvswliani vadiT irCeven, magram xelmeored arCevis
ufleba ar aqvT. bolo dromde, safrangeTis prezidents, xelmeored arCevis SesaZleblobiT, Svidwliani vadiT irCevdnen (2000 wels vada xuT wlamde Semcirda,
ix. VI Tavi). bevr saprezidento sistemaSi qveynis mTavrobis umaRles Tanamdebobis pirs gacilebiT meti Zalaufleba aqvs sakanonmdeblo organosTan mimarTebaSi, vidre es SeerTebul StatebSia.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis mixedviT,
mTavrobis arc erT Stos ara aqvs ufleba dominirebdes sxvaze. Zalaufleba
ganawilebulia da garkveulwilad misi erTianad mocva SeuZlebelicaa. msgavsi politikuri mowyobis pirobebSi gasakviri araa, rom SeerTebuli Statebis
84
politika politikuri kamaTiTa da gavlenisaTvis brZoliT xasiaTdeba, gansakuTrebiT prezidentsa da kongress Soris urTierTobaSi. msgavsi politikuri urTierTobebis tipi SeiniSneba sxva qveynebis prezidentebsa da parlamentebs Sorisac. Tumca, sxva qveynebis prezidentebs partiebTan da parlamentebTan brZolisTvis aqvT iseTi `iaraRi~, rac SeerTebuli Statebis prezidents aSkarad ar gaaCnia.
umravlesobis mmarTvelobaze
dawesebuli SezRudvebi
amerikis politikuri sistemis damfuZneblebi umravlesobis tiraniis
(umravlesobis midrekileba, gaTelos umciresobaTa uflebebi) SesaZlo safrTxiT erTnairad iyvnen SeSfoTebulni. umravlesobis Zalis Sesarbileblad,
garkveulwilad, mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo sakanonmdeblo organos orpalatian
principze mowyoba (or palatad _ warmomadgenelTa palatad da senatad dayofa). Sesabamisi mniSvneloba hqonda Zalauflebis danawilebasac. saprezidento
veto, sasamrTlos damoukidebloba da federalizmi aseve Cafiqrebuli iyo umravlesobis mmarTvelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli potenciuri safrTxeebis Tavidan asacileblad.
kvlav aRvniSnavT, rom msgavsi politikur-instituciuri modeli sxva qveynebSic aris. sakanonmdeblo organos orpalatiani mowyoba TiTqmis yvelgan wesad
iqca. umravles SemTxvevaSi prezidentebs kanonebis mimarT vetos gamoyenebis
ufleba aqvT, magram erTian da gabedul sakanonmdeblo organos SeuZlia saprezidento vetos daZleva. Cveulebriv, sasamarTloebi isea mowyobili, rom damoukidebeli iyos, magram is sakiTxi, ramdenad arian konkretuli mosamarTleebi
politikurad neitralurni da samarTlebrivad miukerZoeblebi, xSirad problemuria. msoflios bevri federaluri sistema aseve saprezidentoa. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba ruseTi, meqsika, brazilia da nigeria (amis sapirispirod kanada,
germania da indoeTi saparlamento federalizmis magaliTebia).
85
gamoscada. rodesac prezidentma niqsonma scada gamoeyenebina gamoZiebis
federaluri biuro (Federal Bureau of Investigation _ FBI) da sagadasaxado sammarTvelo
(Internal Revenue Service _ IRS) Tavisi oponentebis dasaSineblad, es, sabednierod,
masve moubrunda cudad. magaliTad, ruseTis prezidenti, Cveulebriv, msgavs
sakiTxebs aseTive uxeSi meTodebiT uproblemod wyvets (ix. VII Tavi). sad gadis
an sad unda gadiodes uflebamosilebebsa da SezRudvebs Soris gamyofi xazi,
didadaa damokidebuli politikur kulturasa da garemoebebze.
daskvna
86
sakvanZo sityvebi
doqtor bonemis saqme
respublika
konstitucionalizmi
konstituciuri demokratia
samarTlebrivi procedura
konstitucia
federalizmi
policiuri uflebamosileba
umravlesobis mmarTveloba
axali federalizmi
umravlesobis tirania
Zalauflebis gadacema
SezRuduli mmarTveloba
administraciuli decentralizacia
unitaruli sistema
prefeqti
meurveoba (tutelaJi)
samarTlos gareSe
kanonis uzenaesoba
Sekaveba da gawonasworeba
Magna Carta
saprezidento sistema
Zalauflebis danawileba
varskvlaviani palata
orpalatianoba
87
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.
2.
ra aris respublika?
ra maxasiaTeblebi unda hqondes konstituciur demokratias imisTvis, rom
sazogadoebis sikeTes emsaxuros?
3.
4.
ratom aris efeqtiani mmarTveloba energiisa da stabilurobis erToblioba? rogor miiRweva TiToeuli maTgani?
5.
6.
7.
SeniSvnebi:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
88
14*
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
21.
22.
23.
`federalisti~ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis ratificirebis da calke arsebuli Statebis gaerTianebis safuZvelze federaluri
saxelmwifos Seqmnis momxre inteleqtualTa da politikur moRvaweTa 85
statiis krebulia. avtorebi aleqsander hamiltoni (51 statiis avtoria),
jeims medisoni (29 statiis avtoria) da jon jei (5 statiis avtoria) arian.
statiebi 1787-1788 ww. seriulad ibeWdebodnen niu-iorkis gazeTebSi. 1788
wels statiebi krebulis saxiT iqna gamocemuli da mas The Federalist Papers
ewoda. (mTargm. SeniSvna)
iqve, no.9, 48-49.
iqve, no. 10, 57.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve, no. 6, 27.
iqve, no. 51, 337.
Martin Diamond, Winston Fisk, and Herbert Garfinkel, The Democratic Republic: An
Introduction to American National Government (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1970),
136.
89
T aavv i I V
avtoritaruli
saxelmwifoebi
trad ic iu
iuli
li mm
m m arT v elob
elo b a
avtoritarizmis Rirsebebi
avtoritarizmis naklovanebebi
avtoritaruli saxelmwifos niSnebi
avtoritaruli politika
avtoritarizmis magaliTi _ nigeria
avtoritarizmis Teoria: miTi da realoba
avtoritarizmi Tanamedrove fenomenia
avtoritaruli reJimi tiranulia
avtoritaruli reJimi aralegitimuria
avtoritaruli reJimebi popularobiT
ar sargeblobs
avtoritaruli reJimi sazogadoebriv interesebs ugulebelyofs
avtoritarizmi yvelaze arademokratiuli mmarTvelobaa
avtoritarizmis epoqis dasasruli?
90
91
avtoritarizmis Rirsebebi
ramdenime, SedarebiT mokle istoriul periods _ klasikuri saberZneTisa da romis, Sua saukuneebisa da renesansis epoqis italiis, agreTve uaxles
istorias Tu ar CavTvliT, monarqia, rogorc politikuri sistema, seriozuli
safrTxis winaSe arasodes damdgara (Tavad monarqebs am TvalsazrisiT naklebad
umarTlebdaT). TviT `ganmanaTleblur~ epoqebSic ki monarqia mmarTvelobis upirates formad rCeboda. berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifoebis oqros xanaSic monarqiis ZiriTadi alternativa avtoritarizmis kidev erTi forma _ oligarqia iyo
da ara respublikuri mmarTveloba.
ratom aris avtoritarizmi istoriaSi mmarTvelobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma? es ramdenime mizeziT aris ganpirobebuli: pirveli, igi martivia da
ar moiTxovs rTuli kompleqsuri struqturebis, procedurebis da kanonebis SemuSavebas; meore _ xistia da amdenad (Teoriulad) efeqtiani: gamoricxavs azrTa
92
sxvadasxvaobas da, Sesabamisad, mxareTa Soris garigebis, SeTanxmebisa da konsensusis aucileblobas. biurokratia arsebuli reJimisadmi loialuri adamianebiTaa dakompleqtebuli: samsaxurSi ayvana nepotizmisa da mfarvelobis principiT
xdeba da ara damsaxurebis mixedviT; mesame _ sazogadoebas ar ZaluZs win aRudges xelisuflebis nebas: arc calkeul interesTa jgufebs da arc sazogadoebriv
azrs ar SeuZlia saxelmwifos qmedebaTa blokireba. msgavs mcdelobas Zaladobrivi reaqcia mohyveba. opozicia da represiebi erTi medlis or sxvadasxva mxarea. meoTxe _ iq, sadac usafrTxoeba mWidro kavSirSia gare safrTxeebisagan
TavdacvasTan, Zlieri lideris unari, Seagrovos gadasaxadebi, aSenos gzebi komunikaciisa da vaWrobis xelSewyobis mizniT, Seqmnas jari da darazmos xalxi,
TviTgadarCenis umTavresi faqtoria; mexuTe _ demokratia, mxolod ekonomikuri
keTildReobis, Zlieri saSualo fenis arsebobis pirobebSi yvavis.
demokratiuli sistemis Seqmnis realuri kandidatebi arian qveynebi,
romelTac SeuZliaT, sakuTar Tavs skolebisa da sxva socialuri infrastruqturis Seqmnis ufleba miscen, rac zrdis sazogadoebis informirebulobis xarisxs.
Rarib, naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSe ki adamianebi mxolod gadarCenisTvis
yoveldRiur brZolaSi arian CarTulni. rogorc politikur procesebSi kargad
Caxedulma erTma pirovnebam aRniSna, `Zalaufleba ryvnis, xolo absoluturi
Zalaufleba ryvnis absoluturad~. Zalaufleba narkotikiviTaa _ igi adamians
Sxamavs da imonebs. sakmarisia gemo gaugo da iseTi mada giCndeba, romlis dakmayofileba Znelia (andazac xom gveubneba: mada WamaSi modiso).
avtoritarizmis naklovanebebi
avtoritarul saxelmwifoebs saTaveSi an erTpirovnuli lideri udgas, an
elitaruli mmarTveli jgufi. erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba avtokratiis, xolo
jgufuri mmarTveloba oligarqiis saxeliTaa cnobili (aseT jgufebs zogjer
xuntasac uwodeben). maTi xelisuflebaSi yofnis vada arCevnebiT (xalxis aqtiuri nebiT) ki ar ganisazRvreba, aramed miTisa da Zalauflebis sinTezzea dafuZnebuli. erTi mxriv, xalxs mudmivad unergaven, rom xelisuflebisadmi utyvi
morCileba maTi wmidaTawmida movaleobaa, meore mxriv, mmarTvelebi mudmiv mzadyofnaSi arian, gamoiyenon Zala yovelgvari ajanyebis winaaRmdeg da nebismier
fasad SeinarCunon TavianTi mdgomareoba.
tradiciulad avtoritaruli xelisuflebis saTaveSi diqtatori dgas.
yvelaze ufro saxelganTqmulni maT Soris, romlebic xelisuflebaSi meore
msoflio omis Semdeg movidnen, am droisaTvis an gardacvlilni arian, an xelisuflebas CamoSordnen. maT Sorisaa idi amini (uganda), imperatori bokasa I
(centraluri afrikis respublika), rafael truilo (dominikis respublika),
fransua `papa dok~ duvalie da misi vaJi `beibi dok~ duvalie (haiti), ferdinand
markosi (filipinebi), anastasio somoza (nikaragua), manuel noriega (panama), Sah
reza fehlevi (irani), generali suharto (indonezia), sadam huseini (erayi).
dRemde inarCunebs xelisuflebas muamar kadafi (libia). kidev sami diqtatori: hafez al-asadi (siria), mobutu sese seko (kongo, yofili zairi) da generali sani abaCa (nigeria) me-19 saukunis 90-iani wlebis miwuruls gardaicvalnen.
dRes sirias asadis vaJi marTavs, kongo anarqiis pirasaa, xolo demokratiuli
mmarTvelobis damyarebis frTxili nigeriuli eqsperimenti seriozul safrTxe-
93
Si rCeba mudmivi Sida eTnikuri da religiuri konfliqtebis fonze.
1980-iani wlebidan laTinurma amerikam gezi demokratiisaken aiRo, manamde ki aq samxedro xelisufleba xangrZlivad gamgeblobda. Tumca, is am TvalsazrisiT gamonaklisi ar yofila. meore msoflio omis Semdeg analogiuri situacia
iyo umetes regionebSi, maT Soris aziaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi, CrdiloeT afrikaSi (e.w. arabul nawilSi) da samxreT afrikaSi. bevr maTganSi diqtatura dasrulda, Tumca zogierTSi jer kidev arsebobs. TviT laTinur amerikaSic ki, sadac
amJamad demokratia normadaa qceuli, samxedro kontrolis damyarebis safrTxe
gamoricxuli bolomde ver iqneba.
iq, sadac samxedro Zalaufleba dominirebs politikur sistemebze, kontrols axorcieleben samxedro institutebi da ara calkeuli pirovnebebi. generlebisgan Semdgari mmarTveli komiteti (an xunta), romelsac saTaveSi prezidenti
an generali udgas, aseTi sistemebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa. samxedro reJimi Tavis legitimurobas samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis korumpirebulobiT xsnis da
imiT asabuTebs, rom mxolod mas ZaluZs wesrigisa da stabilurobis SenarCuneba.
94
laq hamas, muslimTa saZmos ZiriTadi koncentraciis adgilis, aTasobiT mcxovrebi daaxocvina
(sxvadasxva Sefasebis mixedviT, 5000-dan 30 000-mde sirieli). dRes sirias asadis vaJi, profesiiT ofTalmologi baSar asadi marTavs (igi siriaSi didi britaneTidan dabrunda, sadac didxans cxovrobda). mas Semdeg, rac misi ufrosi Zma 1994 wels avtokatastrofaSi daiRupa, baSari
polkovnikis Cinidan generlobamde dauyovnebliv daawinaures da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis umaRles mTavarsardladac daniSnes. 2000 wels mamis sikvdilis Semdeg man xelisufleba yovelgvari
winaaRmdegobis gareSe gadaibara. amis Semdeg gasakviri aRar unda iyos, rom siriis samxedro
diqtatura dRemde ucvleli da ualternativoa.
95
avtoritari mmarTvelebi xelisuflebaSi ZiriTadad Zaladobrivi gziT modian. wina xelisuflebas jer Zirs uTxrian, xolo Semdeg saxelmwifo gadatrialebis meSveobiT amxoben. uaxloes warsulSi swored ase moxda aziis, laTinuri
amerikis, axlo aRmosavleTis, saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikul qveynebSi,
sadac diqtatorebi modian da midian ise, rom araferi icvleba im xalxisaTvis,
TiTqosda visi saxeliTac (da visi gulisTvisac) isini moqmedeben.
Zalauflebaze monopoliis SenarCuneba avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebis
mTavari mizania. amdenad, avtoritari mmarTvelebi cdiloben SeinarCunon kontroli im saSualebebze, romliTac TavianT politikur oponentebs daaSineben, Seaviwroeben, daapatimreben, gadaasaxleben an sikvdiliT dasjian. jari da
policia iZulebis mTavari iaraRia, aqedan gamomdinare, didia samxedro reJimis
damyarebis albaToba. avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebis meTaurTa umravlesoba
iwyebs rogorc samxedro piri da Semdeg, ZiriTadad mxolod iersaxisTvis, samoqalaqo statuss irgebs. magaliTad, egviptis mmarTvelebi gamal abdel naseri,
anvar sadaTi da amJamad hosni mubaraqi samxedro maRalCinosnebi iyvnen, sanam
prezidentebi gaxdebodnen.
moqmedi Tu potenciuri opoziciis gasaneitraleblad avtoritari mmarTvelebi xSirad mimarTaven cenzuras presaze, ukanonod acxadeben opoziciur
partiebs da sasamarTlo sistemaze mkacr kontrols aweseben, rasac Semdeg politikuri oponentebis devnis iaraRad iyeneben. monopolia masmediasa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaze absolutur mmarTvelebs maTi Zalauflebis gaxangrZlivebis
saSualebas aZlevs da Zalauflebis gadaWarbebis SeniRbvisa da samarTlebriv
CarCoSi moqcevis meqanizmia. represiuli politika da institutebi wesrigisa
da stabilurobis saxeliT aris gamarTlebuli. am SemTxvevaSi magaliTad mohyavT iseTi problemebi, romlebsac Cveulebisamebr awydebian ganviTarebadi qveynebi (gareSe mtrebi, Sida eTnikuri da religiuri ganxeTqilebebi, ekonomikuri
krizisi da Rrma klasobrivi gansxvavebebi).
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi xasiaTdeba Zalauflebis koncentraciiT da ar
cnobs politikur opozicias
avtokratiuli
(mefe, xalifa, a.S.)
oligarquli
(samxedro xunta da a.S.)
keTili nebis
diqtatoruli
tiranuli
keTili nebis
aratiranuli
diqtatoruli
tiranuli
tiranuli da aratiranuli
diqtatura marTvis gansxvavebul saxes iyenebs
aratiranuli
96
avtoritaruli politika
avtoritari mmarTvelebi naklebad arian motivirebulni xalxis sasikeTod
imoqmedon. aristotele amtkicebda, rom avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis yvela
forma, miuxedavad maT Soris mniSvnelovani sxvaobisa, kargi xelisuflebis damaxinjebuli saxea. saxelmwifo mowyoba, romelic sazogado interess emsaxureba,
absoluturi samarTlianobis principidan gamomdinare, swor mowyobas ganasaxierebs, acxadebda igi, xolo saxelmwifo mowyoba, romelic mxolod mmarTvelis pirad interesebzea orientirebuli _ araswor mowyobas ganasaxierebs anu
swori formebis damaxinjebuli saxea. aseTi maxinji formebi despoturia.2 aristotele aseve amtkicebda, rom swori mmarTveloba erTi pirovnebis an privilegirebuli umciresobis interesebze ki ara, moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze unda
iyos orientirebuli. diqtatorebisa da tiranebisTvis sazogado interesebze
maRla piradi interesi dgas. TaRliTi mkurnalis msgavsad, romelic imiT mdidrdeba, rom yalb samkurnalo saSualebebs saswaulmoqmedad asaRebs, avtoritari mmarTvelebic Zalauflebas imiT moipoveben, rom keTildReobas hpirdebian xalxs, romelsac sinamdvileSi eqspluatacias uweven.
mizani amarTlebs saSualebas _ TavianT egocentrul politikas avtoritari mmarTvelebi wesrigsa da Tavdacvaze mudmivi zrunviT xsnian. usafrTxoebis
sakiTxze yuradRebis aseTi gamaxvileba saxifaToc ki aris, radgan mmarTvelebma
SesaZloa (xSir SemTxvevaSi isini swored ase iqcevian) gadaWarbebul Zaladobas
mimarTon Sida areulobis mosagvareblad, romelic maTive araswori politikis
Sedegia.
istoriulad, yvelaze xSirad avtoritarul saxelmwifoTa meTaurebs Ta-
97
vianTi politikuri oponentebisadmi sastiki mopyrobisaTvis kicxaven. rogorc
wesi, aseT saxelmwifoebSi Tavad politikis mimarT negatiuri damokidebuleba
arsebobs: mmarTveli an politikaze maRla dgas, an politikuri moRvaweoba saerTod akrZalulia. es ki imas niSnavs, rom sajarod sakiTxis dasmac ki ikrZaleba
imis Sesaxeb, vin an rogor unda marTos; saxelmwifos meTauris mimarT gamoTqmuli yovelgvari saxis kritika orgulobad da Ralatad aRiqmeba.
98
aixsneba is, ratom ar gaamarTla nigeriulma eqsperimentma demokratiisa da
arCeuli xelisuflebis Sesaxeb. aseT qaosur fonze politikuri wesrigis damyareba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania da Zlieri xelisufleba, romelsac Sida
konfliqtebis CaxSoba SeuZlia, farTo mxardaWeriT sargeblobs. magram 19831999 wlebSi samxedro mmarTvelobam qveyanaSi mxolod vardna, undobloba da ganxeTqileba moitana.
nigeriis politikur cxovrebaSi korufciis nakleboba arc manamde SeimCneoda, piks ki swored aRniSnul periodSi miaRwia. samxedro diqtatorebi da
mmarTveli gundi urcxvad mdidrdeboda da srulad ugulebelyofda qveynis
ekonomikur da socialur interesebs. erT-erTi Sefasebis mixedviT, 1999 wlamde
nigerias msoflioSi yvelaze korumpirebuli mTavroba hyavda. meqrTameoba
da gamoZalva cxovrebis wesi iyo, xolo patronaJis sistemam, sadac samxedro
mmarTvelebi Tanamdebobebsa da sxva privilegiebs mxolod reJimis mxardamWerebs aniWebdnen, gaberili, araefeqtiani, upasuxismgeblo biurokratiis Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli.
nigeriis samxedro mmarTvelebi momavalSi samarTliani arCevnebis Catarebasac hpirdebodnen xalxs, magram piroba pirobad darCa. 1993 wlis arCevnebis
SedegebiT xelisufleba ukmayofilo iyo. sapasuxod, nigeriis samxedro meTaurma generalma ibrahim babangidam Sedegebi gaauqma, gamarjvebuli kandidati
daaWerina da RalatSi daadanaSaula. mogvianebiT samxedro reJimis sxva mowinaaRmdegeebis devna da dapatimrebac daiwyo, ramdenime maTgani sikvdiliTac
dasajes.
cxrili 4.1
korumpirebul saxelmwifoTa reitingi *
1. nigeria
2. pakistani
3. kenia
4. bangladeSi
5. CineTi
6. kameruni
7. venesuela
8. ruseTi
9. indoeTi
10. indonezia
11. filipinebi
12. uganda
13. kolumbia
14. egvipte
15. brazilia
16. ekvadori
17. meqsika
18. tailandi
19. bolivia
20. argentina
21. italia
22. TurqeTi
23. espaneTi
24. ungreTi
25. iordania
26. taivani
27. saberZneTi
28. samxreTi korea
29. malaizia
30. CexeTi
31. poloneTi
32. samxreTi afrika
33. portugalia
34. Cile
35. belgia
36. safrangeTi
99
sa da nigeriis Zlevamosili meTuris _ general sani abaCas moulodneli gardacvalebis Semdeg qveyanas kvlav mieca samarTliani arCevnebis Catarebis SesaZlebloba. yofili samxedro lideri olusegun obasanio 1983 wlis Semdeg nigeriis
pirveli demokratiuli gziT arCeuli prezidenti gaxda. obasanio gamonaklisia nigeriaSi: sazogado moRvawe samxedro warsuliTa da zneobrivi pirovnebis
reputaciiT. SeZlebs Tu ara igi nigeriis sabolood dayenebas demokratiisa da
keTildReobis gzaze, amas momavali gviCvenebs. (2007 wlidan qveyanas marTavs
umaru iaradea. mis arCevnebze saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam araerTi darRveva daafiqsira. mTargmn. SeniSvna.) rogorc ar unda iyos, samxedro generlebis
mmarTveloba nigeriaSi Semdeg politikur WeSmaritebas adasturebs: pirveli,
avtoritari mmarTvelebis upiratesi mizani xelisuflebis SenarCunebaa nebismier fasad; meore, yvelaze sastiki diqtaturac ki ver gaeqceva Tavisive araswori mmarTvelobis damRupvel Sedegebs.
avtoritarizmis Teoria:
miTi da realoa
xSirad xdeba avtoritarizmis ukiduresi formebis ganzogadeba, rac araswori Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. damRa, romelic avtoritarizms
mudam Tan sdevs da risi arsebobac gasagebia da gamarTlebuli, ramdenime popularuli mcdari mosazrebis Camoyalibebas ganapirobebs. qvemoT ganvixilavT
eqvs aseT mosazrebas, romlebic realobisa da miTis sinTezzea damyarebuli.
100
rovne nikolo makiavelim. misi naSromi politikuri Zalauflebis mopovebisa
da SenarCunebis strategias eZRvneba. `mTavari~ (1513) warmatebuli avtoritari mmarTvelis samagido wignad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. makiaveli amtkicebda, rom mmarTveli zneobriv pirovnebad unda aCvenebdes Tavs maSinac ki,
rodesac amoralur saqciels Cadis. warmatebuli mmarTveli sicruis namdvili didostati unda iyos, amoraluri saqcieli ki xSirad Tavis gadarCenis erTaderTi gzaa. liderma dadebiT pirovnebad unda aCvenos Tavi maSin,
roca `cudad iqceva~.
qeT, aq unda foto 82-e gverdidan!
warwera fotoze:
nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527) naSromSi `mTavari~ asabuTebs, rom mmarTvelebs
Zalauflebis SenarCuneba mxolod uzneo taqtikisa da strategiis gamoyenebiT SeuZliaT.
makiaveli momaval mmarTvelebs imasac urCevs, rom danapirebi ar Seasrulon, Tu es maT interesebSi aRar Sedis, SeniRbon TavianTi WeSmariti miswrafebebi, daTeson SiSi siyvarulis nacvlad da uangarobis ieriT Seimoson, rodesac
mxolod sakuTar interesebze zrunaven. keTilSobileba am SemTxvevaSi sakuTar
interesebze zrunvasa da xalxis interesebis ugulebelyofasTanaa gaigivebuli.
rodesac qonebis CamorTmevaze, oponentebis dapatimrebasa Tu moRalateTa dasjaze midgeba saqme - es yvelaferi dauyovnebliv da erTdroulad unda moxdes.
sisxlian saqmeebs rac ufro adre daasruleb, miT ufro swrafad daaviwydebaT.
rac Seexeba keTildReobas, Zunwad, nawil-nawil unda daurigo xalxs, raTa gemo
kargad gaugon da mudam axsovdeT, visi wyalobaa igi. dabolos, sasjeli umkacresi unda iyos: msubuqma sasjelma SeiZleba ajanyebis survili gaaRvivos da susti
da meryevi pirovnebis reputacia Seuqmnas xelisufals.
zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom sityva `makiaveliseuli~ sastik da uzneo qmedebebTan asocirdeba. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, es
meTodebi makiavelis gamogonili ar aris. man mxolod me-16 saukunis italiis
qalaqi-saxelmwifoebis marTvis arsebuli gamocdilebis sistematizacia moaxdina. rogorc masze bevrad ufro adre aristotelem, makiavelim avtokrati
mmarTvelebis mier politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebis teqnika da meTodebi
daamuSava, romlebic dRemde gamoiyeneba.
101
med rCeulis saxiT wardgebian.4 ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSic uzenaesi kvlav
mmarTvelis piradi interesia. is mxolod STabeWdilebis moxdenas cdilobs,
raTa xalxSi buntis yovelgvari survili da motivacia gaaqros. aseTi mmarTveli, aristoteles azriT, `naxevrad kargia~. Tumca, cxadia, aseTi `naxevrad kargi~ mmarTvelis xelSi cxovreba sjobs, vidre `tradiciuli~ diqtatorisa.
mniSvneloba eniWeba ara mxolod masStabebs, romliTac avtoritari mmarTveli individTa cxovrebaze zemoqmedebs, aramed meTodebs, romelTac igi am
miznis misaRwevad iyenebs. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, zogierTi maTgani dapatimrebiTa da sikvdiliT uswordeba arsebul da potenciur mtrebs, zogierTi ki Zalas
iSviaTad iyenebs. avtoritari mmarTvelebi sxva TvalsazrisiTac gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan _ erTni qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mimarT gulgrilni
arian da mxolod politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebaze arian orientirebulni, meoreni ki ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobesebas dauRalavad cdiloben. magaliTad, Sahi muhamed reza fehlevi (1929-1980) garda imisa, rom Tavisi
politikur mtrebs sdevnida, iranis kulturuli, ekonomikuri da socialuri
cxovrebis modernizebasac cdilobda. misi drois iranSi pirovnuli Tavisufleba garkveuli xarisxiT mainc arsebobda. Tanamedrove taivansa da singapurSic demokratiisa da diqtaturis aseve ucnauri sinTezi SeiniSneba. am or qveyanas wlebis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri zrdis swrafi tempi da cxovrebis maRali
done axasiaTebT, rac maT mesame msoflios qveynebis Suris obieqtad xdis.
102
msoflio omis Semdeg qarizmatuli lideris magaliTebia naseri egvipteSi, sukarno indoneziaSi da kadafi _ libiaSi. mesame msoflios postkoloniuri diqtatura mTlianad ganmaTavisuflebeli gmiris Tayvaniscemazea damyarebuli _
pirovnebisa, romelic adgilobriv mosaxleobas evropis koloniuri mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg warmatebul brZolebSi miuZRoda.
sarwmunoeba, tradiciebi, qarizma _ avtokratuli mmarTvelobis istoriuli sayrdenia. rogorc wesi, isini amarTleben ideas, rom mmarTvelebs ufleba
aqvT, marTon xalxis nebis winaaRmdeg. magram marTvis ufleba jer kidev ar niSnavs sworad marTvas. samwuxarod, diqtatorebi da tiranebi am uflebis gamoyenebisas xSirad uSveben seriozul Secdomebs.
103
sazrisiT, Tanamedrove tiranebi me-19 saukunis rusi klasikosis dostoevskis
mier gamoTqmul WeSmaritebas adastureben: Tanasworobis epoqaSi masebi, uwinares yovlisa, eswrafvian ra usafrTxoebas, siamovnebiT miiReben despotizms,
raTa pasuxismgeblobis im tvirTs gaeqcnen, romelic Tavisuflebas axlavs Tan.6
WeSmariteba isaa, rom despoturi xelisufleba imaze ufro popularulia, vidre
Cven gvinda gvjerodes.
104
biurokratiuli aparatisa da evropuli standartebisaTvis uCveulo radikaluri imperiuli diqtaturis damyarebas. rogorc Zveli drois mogzaurebi da
vaWrebi aRniSnavdnen, CineTis mTvroba yvelaze didi miwaTmflobeli iyo (kerZo sakuTreba mkacrad iyo akrZaluli). ufro metic, samTavrobo politikasa da
programebs gansazRvravda da axorcielebda centralizebuli biurokratia,
romlis warmomadgenlebic kargi administratorebi iyvnen. am klasSi miReba
xdeboda ara memkvidreobiTobis, sakuTrebis flobis an simdidris mixedviT
(rogorc es evropaSi xdeboda), aramed gamocdebiT, romliTac mowmdeboda kandidatis mier konfucis moZRvrebis, Sesabamisad ki qcevis swori normebisa da
urTulesi Cinuri damwerlobis codna. piramidis kenweroSi imperatori imyofeboda, romelsac `zeciuri mandati~ da absoluturi Zalaufleba hqonda.
rogori iyo saSualo Cineli moqalaqis xvedri am uaRresad centralizebuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi? saSualo adamiani sakvebi produqtebiT vaWrobda da mmarTveli ZalisTvis mxolod da mxolod warmoebis faqtori iyo. garda
imisa, rom ubralo adamianebs mkacr samuSao disciplinas uwesebda, biurokratia
am xalxiT ar interesdeboda. xelisufleba saxalxo revoluciis mudmivi SiSiT
ar iyo Sepyrobili. imperiuli CineTi gansakuTrebiT stabiluri sazogadoeba
iyo. religiisa da xelisuflebis Serwyma, is, rom masebi brinjis moyvaniTa da
farTomasStabiani samuSaoebiT iyvnen dakavebulni, Tanamedrove sabrZolo da
sakomunikacio saSualebebis ararseboba, gansakuTrebuli privilegebi mxolod
swavlulTa maRali klasisTvis _ yvela es faqtori erTad potenciur politikur
opozicias zRudavda. `hidravlikurma despotizmma~ dRemde arsebuli mmarTvelobis yvela formaze didxans iarseba.
aziuri despotizmi erTgvari paradoqsiia. erTi mxriv igi aris politikuri
reJimis magaliTi, romelic tradiciuli dasavluri avtoritarizmis formebze
bevrad ufro despoturia:
aRmosavluri despotizmi ufro Zlieri da Rrmaa, vidre XVI-XIX saukuneebis evropuli avtokratia an Tundac romis imperia misi aRzevebis
periodSi. umciresoba akontrolebda da eqsploatacias uwevda xalxis
gacilebiT did masas da bevrad ufro efeqtiani biurokratiuli aparati
hqonda, vidre qalaq-saxelmwifoTa tiraniebs.10
105
niSnos, rom uaxloes warsulSi maT, rogorc avtoritarulma saxelmwifoebma,
mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwies cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebisa da Sida erovnuli produqtis zrdis TvalsazrisiT. xelisuflebisa da kerZo biznesis TanamSromloba aziuri korporatizmis qvakuTxedia. amis Sedegad ganxorcielda
farTomasStabiani industrializacia da samrewvelo da teqnologiuri progresi, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda eqsporti. xelisuflebam adgilobrivi sawarmoebi
SeinarCuna sxvadasxva proteqcionistuli strategiis meSveobiT, savaWro SezRudvebisa da valutis regulirebis gziT. am qveynebis amJamindeli ekonomikuri
miRwevebi avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis memkvidreobis Sedegia. es imis maniSnebelia, rom saxelmwifo politika sazogadoebriv interesebs Tavisuflebisa da
demokratiis ararsebobis pirobebSic SeiZleba emsaxurebodes.
yvelaze
sworxazovani
da
martivi
gzaa,
politologebi
ukve
106
mmarTveloba ufro demokratiuli mmarTvelobiT Seicvala. maT centraluri
amerikis qveynebmac mibaZes. ukanasknel wlebSi demokratiam saharis samxreTiT
mdebare afrikul qveynebSi SeaRwia. mxolod 1990 wels, sul cota 9 afrikulma
qveyanam Caatara mravalpartiuli arCevnebi da kidev ufro meti am arCevnebis
CatarebisaTvis aucilebeli reformebis gatarebas Seudga.12 odnav mogvianebiT,
samxreT afrikis represiuli aparteidis sistema, romelic TeTrkanianTa
upiratesobis rasistul modelze iyo dafuZnebuli, gauqmda da bevrad ufro
demokratiuli mmarTvelobiT Seicvala.
ramdenad mdgradi (Tu efemeruli) aRmoCndeba avtoritarizmze uaris Tqmis
aRniSnuli mcdeloba, am SekiTxvaze pasuxi jer kidev gaucemeli rCeba. SesaZlebelia Tu ara momavalSi, pirvelad kacobriobis istoriaSi, demokratia Cveulebrivi movlena iyos, xolo arademokratiuli reJimi _ iSviaTi gamonaklisi?
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mravladaa warmatebuli demokratiisa da warumatebeli diqtaturis magaliTebi. ufro metic, keTildReoba, romelic demokratiul qveynebTan asocirdeba, bevrs aRfrTovanebisa da mibaZvisken ubiZgebs.
bolo xanebSi demokratiuli modeli ufro da ufro did warmatebas aRwevs.
Tumca
naadrevia. warsulSi demokratiam ukuqceviTi procesebi ramdenjerme ganicada.13 amitom danamdvilebiT Tqma, ra moxdeba amjerad, Znelia. miuxedavad sakmaod
damaimedebeli niSnebisa me-19 saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, demokratiam
afrikis qveynebSi ver gaamarTla. me-19 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi zambiam am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze met warmatebas miaRwia. 1991 wels arCevnebi Catarda da kenet
kaunda, romelic zambias 25 welze met xans marTavda, frederik CilubasTan damarcxda. Tumca 1996 wels, rodesac axali arCevnebis dro dadga, Cilubam kaundas arCevnebSi mis winaaRmdeg monawileoba aukrZala. rogorc avtoritetuli
britanuli yovelkvireuli gamocema aRniSnvda, `es Cveulebriv movlenad iqca
afrikuli qveynebisaTvis~.
afrikuli arCevnebi axla naklebad gamoxatavs xalxis nebas. erTiori gamonaklisis garda, romlebic ZiriTadad afrikis samxreTSi gvxvdeba, afrikis qveynebSi demokratiis parodia ufroa. mTeli Zalaufleba
erTi pirovnebis _ prezidentis xelSia Tavmoyrili. xelisufleba arCevnebs niSnavs, opozicia boikots ucxadebs an mis Sedegebs ar aRiarebs,
xelisufleba ignorirebas ukeTebs opozicias. problemaa isaa, rom tiranebma ician, rogor akontrolon arCevnebi: [saarCevno olqebis] sazRvrebs, medias, ekonomikasa da saarCevno siebs survilisamebr marTaven.
oponentebi Seviwroebulni arian. TamaSis wesebi jariskacebmac iswavles.
dasavleTi da centraluri afrikis qveynebis umetesobas arCeuli yofili samxedroebi marTaven, maT Soris arian gambiisa da nigeriis meTaurebi, romlebic saxelmwifos saTaveSi mas Semdeg movidnen, rac demokratiulad arCeuli xelisufleba daamxes.14
107
aisaxa. laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi gamokiTxulTa 70% acxadebda,rom isini `ar
arian kmayofili~ an `srulebiT ukmayofiloni arian~ demokratiuli sistemebiT.15
riTi aixsneba avtoritarizmis uwyvetoba postmodernul msoflioSi? am
kiTxvaze pasuxi, upirveles yovlisa, im Rrma gansxvavebaSi unda veZeboT, romelic msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeebs Soris arsebobs. aRmosavleT evropaSi,
aziaSi, laTinur amerikaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da saharis samxreTiT mdebare
afrikul qveynebSi jer kidev ar arsebobs Tanamedrove ekonomika. droTa ganmavlobaSi gansxvavebebi ekonomikisa da ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT, kidev ufro
Rrmavdeba. uzarmazari sagareo valebi da resursebis deficiti mZime tvirTad
awveba am qveynebis ekonomikas. eTnikuri ganxeTqilebebi ganviTarebad sazogadeobas arastabilurs xdis. im qveynebSic ki, sadac samxedro mmarTveloba
Seicvala, samxedro maRalCinosnebi samoqalaqo xelisuflebas farulad mainc
akontroleben. maSin,roca demokratia farTo nabijebiT miiwevs win danarCen
msoflioSi, axladaRmocenebuli demokratiuli sistemebi jer kidev aramyaria.
aseT pirobebSi avtoritarizmis aRsasrulis gamocxadeba naadrevia.
daskvna
rodesac erTi an ramdenime TviTgamocxadebuli mmarTveli politikur Zalauflebas yovelgvari kontrolis gareSe axorcielebs, saqme gvaqvs
diqtaturasTan. keTili nebis avtokratebi (romlebic garkveulwilad xalxis keTildReobaze zrunaven), tradiciuli diqtatorebi (romlebis mxolod
sakuTar interesebze zrunaven) an tiranebi (romlebic gansakuTrebuli enTuziazmiT aCaReben sisxlisRvrasa da Zaladobas) _ yvelani erTad diqtatorebs warmoadgenen. maT Soris mcireodeni gansxvaveba ki sxvadasxva masStabiT
aisaxeba im adamianTa cxovrebaze, romlebic marTvaSi raime saxiT monawileobis
SesaZleblobas moklebulni arian. istoriulad yvelaze xSirad avtoritari
mmarTvelebi gvxvdebian. miuxedavad imisa, rom farTodaa warmodgenili,
avtoritarizmi swori mmarTvelobis damaxinjebul saxed miiCneva, radganac
is pirad interesebs sazogadoebrivze maRla ayenebs. nigeria avtoritaruli
mmarTvelobis TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens.
avtoritarizmis irgvliv bevri mcdari mosazrebac arsebobs. sinamdviles ar Seesabameba mtkiceba imisa, rom avtoritarizmi Tana medrove fenomenia
an yvela avtoritaruli saxelmwifo identuria, aralegitimuria an arapopularulia Tavisive moqalaqeebs Soris. garda amisa, avtoritari mmarTvelebi
SeiZleba erTmaneTisagan moraluri TvalsazrisiTac ganvasxvavoT: erTni
sazogadoebriv interesebze arian orientirebulni, meoreni ki ara. aqve unda
aRiniSnos, rom avtoritaruli reJimebi ar warmoadgens mmarTvelobis yvela ze
arademokratiul formas.
dabolos, miuxedavad imisa, rom avtoritarizmi gzas TandaTanobiT demokratias uTmobs, saboloo daskvnebis gakeTeba jerjerobiT naadrevia.
108
sakvanZo sityvebi
avtoritarizmi
avtokratia
oligarqia
xunta
coup detat
qarizmatuli lideri
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
SeniSvnebi:
1. Bernard Crick, Basic Forms of Government: A Sketch and a model (London: Macmillan, 1980), 53.
2. Aristotle, The Politics, Targm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962),
1279a, 112 [xazgasma Cvenia].
3. iqve, 1313b, 245.
4. iqve, 1312b, 240.
5. Maurice Latey, Patterns of Tyranny (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 115.
6. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Brothers Karamazov, red. Ernest Rhys (London: Dent, 1927), 259.
7. Crick, Basic Forms of Government, 35.
8. ix. Karl Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power (New York: Random
House, 1981).
9. iqve.
10. Crick, Basic Forms of Government, 36.
11. Samuel P. Huntington, How Countries Democratize, Political Science Quarterly 106, no. 4 (199192): 579.
12. Robert M. Press, Africas Struggle for Democracy, Christian Science Monitor, March 21, 1991,
4.
13. Huntington, How Countries Democratize, 579.
14. Polls to Nowhere, Economist, November 23, 1996, 20-21.
15. The Backlash in Latin America, Economist, November 30, 1996, 19.
109
110
111
T aavv i V
totalitaruli
saxelmwifoebi
warumatebeli
utopiebi
totalitarizmis arsi
totalitarizmis revoluciuri etapi
lideroba
ideologia
organizacia
propaganda
Zaladoba
Zalauflebis konsolidacia
opoziciuri partiebis ganadgureba
partiis realuri an warmosaxviTi mtrebisagan gawmenda
qmna
sazogadoebis transformacia
sabWoTa kavSiri stalinis mmarTvelobisas
germania hitleris mmarTvelobisas
CineTi maos mmarTvelobisas
totalitarizmis nairsaxeobebi
totalitarizmis usaxelo msxverplni
totalitaruli reJimebis xangrZlivoba
112
113
114
saxelmwifos mSeneblobis utopiuri eqsperimenti. meoTxe, totalitarizmis gaCenis SesaZlebloba kvlavac arsebobs iq, sadac didi siRaribe, usamarTloba da,
Sesabamisad, Zaladobisa da areulobis potenciaa; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
dRevandeli msoflios did nawilSi.
saxifaToa imis fiqri, rom msofliom ukanaskneli totalitari tiranebi
naxa. marTlac, 2001 wlis Semodgomaze amerikis SeerTebul Statebze teroristuli Tavdasxma mwvave SekiTxvas badebs: SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom mSvidobasa
da Tavisuflebas momavali totalitaruli safrTxeebi maincdamainc mTavrobis
meTaurisgan an saxelmwifos mmarTvelisgan ar daemuqros? warmoadgenen ki usama bin ladeni da al qaidas qseli amgvar safrTxes? bolos da bolos, avRaneTSi
Talibebis reJims, romelic bin ladensa da mis organizacias mfarvelobdnen,
totalitaruli saxelmwifos mravali maxasiaTebeli hqonda. Cven am sakiTxs
araerTxel davubrundebiT qvemoT. 2001 wlis 11 seqtemberi erT-erTi gakveTilia imisa, rom civilizebul xalxs yvelgan sWirdeba eqstremizmis Seswavla misi
yvela politikuri gamoxatulebiT, raTa Tavidan aviciloT Zlieri masobrivi
moZraobebis aRorZineba, oportunisti liderebis meTaurobiT, romelTaTvisac
civilizacias aranairi mniSvneloba ar aqvs.
totalitarizmis arsi
Zaladoba yvela totalitaruli saxelmwifos safuZvelia _ kontrolirebadi, sistematuri, saxelmwifos mier Tavsmoxveuli Zaladoba. es Zaladoba
xSirad ganurCeveli masobrivi teroris da genocidis saxes iRebs, romelic
xalxis mTeli jgufebis, kategoriebis an klasebis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli, romelTac mtrebis, kontrrevolucionerebis, jaSuSebis an sabotaJis momwyobTa iarliyebs awebeben. Cveulebriv moqalaqeebsac ki sxvadasxva saxiT reJimis mimarT upirobo erTgulebis demonstrireba moeTxovebaT da isini mkacri
meTvalyureobis qveS arian. politikuri da ekonomikuri miznebisTvis masobrivi
mobilizeba xorcieldeba ukiduresad centralizebuli da disciplinirebuli
erTpartiuli sistemis mier, romelic erTi, yovlismomcveli ideologiis mimdevaria. am ideologiis gasavrceleblad, saxelmwifo propagandasa da cenzoris
aparats iyenebs, romelic gacilebiT daxvewili da efeqtiania, vidre tipur avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi.
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebis mizania totaluri politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri kontrolis damyareba: totalitaruli
diqtatura moicavs totalur batonobas, romelic arc miRebuli kanonebiTa an kodeqsebiT (rogorc tradiciuli avtoritarizmis dros) da
arc mTavrobis funqciiT (rogorc klasikuri tiranul saxelmwifoSi)
aris SezRuduli, ramdenadac isini saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris
gansxvavebas spoben... totalitarizmi SezRudulia mxolod im saWiroebiT, rom xalxis didi raodenoba mudmivi moqmedebis mdgomareobaSi amyofos, rasac elitebi akontroleben.1
sazogadoebis sruli kontroli saWiroa, radgan totalitaruli ideologiebi axali socialuri wyobis damyarebis pirobas deben, iqneba es rasobrivad
sufTa ariuli super-rasa, romlis Seqmnasac adolf hitleris nacisturi reJi-
115
mi apirebda germaniaSi, Tu daCagruli da gawamebuli muSebis proletaruli Zmobis Seqmna, rasac sabWoTa liderebi v.i. lenini da ioseb stalini hpirdebodnen
xalxs, Tu egoisturi interesebis arqmone glexebis axali, masobrivi sazogadoeba, romelic mao Zedunis poetur warmosaxvaSi iZerweboda. detalebis miuxedavad, totalitaruli ideologiebis zogadi Sexedulebebi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb
_ bolodroindeli avRaneTis sastiki Talibi mmarTvelebis CaTvliT _ aSkarad
erTmaneTs hgavs. yvela totalitarulma mociqulma `gamoamJRavna erTmaneTTan
mimarT msgavseba... TavianT ganzraxvaSi, rom Seqmnan ufro maRali da uprecedento saxis adamianuri yofiereba~.2
totalitaruli
lideris
pretenzia
legitimurobaze
swored
axali
`totalitaruli
mmarTvelobis
maxasiaTebelia
saxelmwifosa
da
am harmoniuli sazogadoebis safuZvels adamianuri bunebis Secvlis koncefcia warmoadgens. totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi, pirovnebis erTbaSad gadakeTeba is aucilebeli pirobaa, romelic oficialuri ideologiis mier aRTqmul
utopiur sazogadoebaSi mosaxvedrad aris saWiro. adamianuri srulyofisken
swrafva aisaxa leninis mier araerTxel gakeTebul gancxadebebSi `axali sabWoTa
adamianis~ Seqmnis Sesaxeb da nacistebis mtkicebaSi, rom partiuli muSakebi da
116
liderebi adamianis axal tips an `rasobrivad sufTa~ mmarTvelebis axal modgmas warmoadgendnen. mao Zeduni lamis akviatebul azrs hyavda Sepyrobili ganw-
mendis Sesaxeb, rac Cinuri sazogadoebis yvela doneze kapitalisturi elementebis (magaliTad, materializmi da individualizmi) radikalur wmendas niSnavda.
sakvirvelia, rom meoce saukunis yvela totalitaruli moZraoba cdilobda, ara
marto sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da sazogadoebis garegnuli mxaris, aramed
sazogadoebis wevrebis piradi da zneobrivi normebis Secvlasac.
yvelaze represiulma totalitarulma reJimebmac ki ver moaxerxes am
gardaqmnebis bolomde miyvana. yvela totalitarul saxelmwifoSi arsebobda
`gancalkevebuli kunZulebi~6 _ ojaxi, eklesia da sxva socialuri institutebi, romlis meSveobiTac gabatonebuli mTavrobis mimarT Sinagani winaaRmdegoba
narCundeboda. gamogonili qveynis _ okeaneTis _ gansakuTrebiT totalitarulma
mTavrobamac ki, romelic cnobil britanel mwerals aqvs aRwerili romanSi aTas
cxraas oTxmocdaoTxi weli, ver moaxerxa Tavisi moqalaqeebis sruli kontroli
(Tumca, is ki SeZlo, rom gansakuTrebiT mZime sakiTxavi Seeqmna).
imis miuxedavad, rom totalitarulma saxelmwifoebma ver SeZles adamianis bunebis gadakeTeba an utopiis Seqmna, maT xSirad gasaocari miRwevebi hqondaT oponentebis gaCumebis TvalsazrisiT maSin, rodesac isini radikalur (da
saboloo jamSi damangrevel) socialuri gardaqmnebis programebs atarebdnen.
totalitar mmarTvelebs kargad esmodaT, rom maTi TanamebrZolebis mier Seqmnili axali sazogadoeba sxvagvarad moazrovneTa, deviantTa, skeptikosTa da
mterTa Soris ver gadarCeboda. im faqts, rom maTi miznebi da saSualebebi saR
azrs ewinaaRmdegebda, mniSvneloba ar hqonda. isini aseve ar cnoben politikuri
Zalis gamoyenebisas raime saxis zneobriv SezRudvas. dRevandeli amomavali varskvlavi xval, SesaZloa, xalxis mtrad gadaiqces imisda mixedviT, ra aris mizanSewonili mocemul momentSi. rodesac gamocxadebuli mizani ubralod xelisuflebis mopoveba da misi SenarCuneba ki ara, msoflios Secvlaa, gansakuTrebuli
politikuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba advili gasamarTlebelia, gacilebiT advili. aRTqmuli miwisaken mimavali lideris miyolisas arc erTi msxverpli araa
Zalian didi, aranairi fasi araa maRali.
amgvari utopiuri politikuri wyobis yvelaze naTeli magaliTebia: nacisturi germania, sabWoTa kavSiri (gansakuTrebiT stalinisturi teroris dros)
da maoisturi CineTi. Tumca, totalitarizmi mxolod am qveynebiT ar Semoifargleboda. amgvari saxelmwifoebi jer kidev ar gamqrala msoflios politikuri
rukidan. dabolos, iq, sadac amgvari reJimebi gaqra, totalitaruli tiraniis
datovebuli kvali Rrmaa da kvlav uaryofiT gavlenas axdens im qveynebis politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri institutebis muSaobaze, romlebic axla
post-totalitarul eraSi cxovroben.
117
romelTagan TiToeuli dawvrilebiT Seswavlas saWiroebs. esenia: ideologia,
organizacia, propaganda da Zaladoba.
lideroba
totaluri revoluciebis albaT yvelaze ufro aSkara maxasiaTebeli li-
derebis kultze damokidebulebaa. faqtobrivad, yvela amgvari revolucia gaigivebuli, personificirebuli iyo konkretul figurasTan. ruseTis revolucias Tavisi lenini hyavda, mesame raixs _ Tavisi hitleri, CineTis revolucias
_ Tavisi mao, kubas _ Tavisi kastro da ase Semdeg. TiToeuli maTgani gaRmerTebuli hyavdaT. erik hoferi liderobis mniSvnelobas Tanamedrove masobriv moZraobebSi Semdegnairad afasebs:
rogorc ki scena momzaddeba, gamoCenili lideris arseboba saWiro
xdeba. mis gareSe moZraoba ver iarsebebs. drois simwife avtomaturad
masobriv moZraobas ar warmoSobs, iseve rogorc arCevnebi, kanonebi da
administraciuli organoebi ver Sobs mas.
swored lenini iyo is adamiani, romelmac movlenebi bolSevikuri
revoluciisken warmarTa. is rom SveicariaSi an 1917 wels ruseTisken mimaval gzaze momkvdariyo, TiTqmis danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
sxva cnobili bolSevikebi koaliciur mTavrobas SeuerTdebodnen. Sedegi ki met-naklebad liberaluri respublika iqneboda, romlis marTvas
burJuazia ganaxorcielebda. musolinis an hitleris SemTxvevebi kidev
ufro woniania: maT gareSe arc faSisturi da arc nacisturi moZraoba ar
iarsebebda.7
marTalia, yvela revolucia masebis saxeliT iqna dawyebuli, magram iniciativa yovelTvis zemodan modioda. revoluciur liderebs instinqturad esmodaT, rom msoflios Sesacvlelad saWiro potenciuri Zala mxolod masebs hqondaT, magram maT neba da mimarTuleba akldaT (bolSevikebis azriT, maT akldaT
`klasobrivi cnobiereba~; nacistebis azriT, _ Volksgeist anu `germaneli eris
suliskveTeba~). revoluciur masobriv moZraobaSi aRmafrenisa da fanatikuri
Tavdadebis mqone adamianebis Serwyma egoisturi interesebis mqone didi raodenobis xalxTan ver moxerxdeboda iseTi usisxlo abstraqciis gareSe, rogoricaa `partia~. Tumca, is mxolod qarizmatuli lideris pirovnuli dinamizmidan
warmoiSveba, romelsac SeuZlia masebis gulisTqmas Caswvdes, yuradReba miipyros da maTi guli moigos (ironiaa, rom yvela Tanamedrove masobrivi moZraoba
xazs usvamda lideris pirovnebas da amavdroulad akninebda mimdevarTa individualobas). liderebi, rogorebic lenini an mao iyvnen, masobrivi moZraobebisTvis imave funqcias asrulebdnen, rasac bombisaTvis _ detonatori: mniSvneloba ar aqvs, ramdenad Zlieri (an momakvdinebeli) asafeTqebeli nivTierebaa
bombis SigniT, is umoqmedo da uwyinaria manam, vidre asafeTqebeli mowyobiloba
ar dauyendeba.
ideologia
118
xelmZRvanelobis xarisxis miuxedavad, totaluri revoluciebi damokidebulia didi raodenobis xalxis survilze _ miznis misaRwevad sakuTari Tavi
gawiron da moZraobaSi CaerTon. amgvari gauazrebeli Tavdadebis gamowveva racionaluri mowodebebiT ver moxdeba. is unda gamomdinareobdes mimdevaris im
absoluturi WeSmaritebis brma rwmenidan, romelsac yovlismomcveli politikuri doqtrina iZleva.
gantevebis vacis saWiroeba: warsulis xelaxali interpretacia. rogorc warsulis kritikosi, ideologia zogadad fokusirebulia absoluturi
borotebis raime formaze, romelsac yvela erovnul (an msoflio masStabis)
Secdomasa da socialur usamarTlobas miaweren. revoluciuri ideologiisaTvis, ekonomikuri vardna, inflacia, samxedro damarcxeba, saxelmwifo korufcia, erovnuli damcireba, zneobrivi gadagvareba da sxva aRTqmuli problemebi
momdinareobs uaryofili warsulis misticizmidan da SeTqmulebebidan.
absoluturi boroteba iSviaTad aris sxeulis armqone Zala. is TiTqmis
yovelTvis advilad Sesacnobi mtris saxes iRebs. Tu amgvari mteri ar arsebobs,
maSin is unda Seiqmnas. Cveulebiv, amgvar rols romelime adamiani an jgufi asrulebs, romlis aqamdec eSinodaT, ezizRebodaT an SurdaT. lenini muSebis
gaWirvebul mdgomareobas fulismomxveWel kapitalistebs abralebda, hitleri
pirvel msoflio omSi germaniis damarcxebas da mis xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde
dawyebul ekonomikur kriziss _ ebraelebsa da komunistebs. maom mtrebi mdidar
miwaTmflobelebSi ipova. aSkaraa, rom amgvari gadawyvetilebebis mizani masebis
yuradRebis gamzadebul, adviladamosacnob gantevebis vacebze fokusireba iyo,
romlebsac saxelmwifos mTeli ubedureba unda dakisrebodaT.
erTi avtoritetuli mkvlevaris TqmiT, `masobrivi moZraobebi SeiZleba
daiwyos da gavrceldes RmerTis rwmenis gareSe, magram arasodes eSmakis gareSe~.8 saerTo miznisaTvis xalxis gasaerTianeblad yvelaze ufro efeqtian Zalas
zizRi da stereotipebi warmoadgenen da ara siyvaruli da diadi principebi.
zizRis obieqtis ganzrax Seqmna mxolod imas emsaxureba, rom warsulSi momxdari usamarTlobebis gamo, fokusireba masze moxdes da, amavdroulad, es xels
uwyobs dRes arsebuli gaWirvebis mizezis winaaRmdeg masebis mobilizebas.
revoluciuri brZola: Tanamedroveobis axsna. rogorc TanamedroveobaSi megzuri, ideologia WeSmarit morwmunes saSualebas aZlevs Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi moqmedi Zalebis `swori~ analizi moaxdinos. iseTi koncefciebi,
rogorebicaa klasobrivi brZola marqsizm-leninizmisaTvis, Herrenvolk (`gabatonebuli rasa~) nacistebisaTvis da `winaaRmdegobebi~ maos mimdevrebisaTvis,
instrumentebad gamoiyeneboda, raTa socialuri realoba aexsnaT da prognozi
gaekeTebinaT. guSin mteri iyo gamarjvebuli; dRes mteri damarcxdeboda.
totaluri revoluciis momxreebs sjeraT, rom brZola politikis arsia.
marqsizm-leninizmis momxreebisaTvis klasobrivi brZola progresis gamomwvevi
iyo istoriaSi. maoistebisaTvis Tavad brZola iyo sasurveli mizani. maT sjerodaT, rom mxolod revoluciuri brZolis uSualo gamocdilebiT SeeZloT masebs
(gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdobas) Tavganwirvis namdvili mniSvnelobis gageba.
hitleri ZalauflebisTvis brZolas adidebda, man omi saxelmwifos sidiadis
udides gamocdad gamoacxada (niSandoblivia, rom hitlerma Tavis wigns, sadac
politikaSi Tavis gza gansazRvra, Mein Kampf _ `Cemi brZola,~ uwoda.) imis miuxe-
119
davad, mizani kapitalistebis monopoliis dasrulebaa Tu rasis gawmenda, revoluciuri brZola yovelTvis aRiwereba, rogor keTilis borotis winaaRmdeg
brZola. nacistTa liderebi ebraelebs ubralod saxelmwifos mtrebad ki ar
saxavdnen, aramed untermenschen-ad [qveadamiani, arasrulyofili rasis warmomadgeneli. mTargmn. Sen.] da xSirad, araraobebad an tilebad.9 ra Tqma unda, amgvari
damamcirebeli daxasiaTebis ganmeorebiTi gamoyeneba sabolood masobriv cnobierebaSi gantevebis vacad gamoyenebuli jgufis dehumanizacias isaxavs miznad
_ ufro advilia mwerebis gawyveta daasabuTo, vidre _ adamianebisa.
utopia: momavlis winaswarmetyveleba. ideologia aRTqmul momavals
srulyofili samarTlianobisa da samaradJamo mSvidobis naTel suraTad warmoaCens. marqsist-leninistebi am utopias ganixilavdnen, rogorc uklaso sazogadoebas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, yvela socialur da ekonomikur usamarTlobas
aRmofxvrida. nacisturi utopia iyo rasobrivi `dabinZurebis~ gareSe arsebuli
sazogadoeba, romelic rasobrivi TvalsazrisiT `CamorCenilebis~ gawyvetas da
an damonebas iTvaliswinebda. imis miuxedavad, rogori iyo ama Tu im ideologiis konkretuli buneba, amgvari motivaciis momcemi xedva Seicavda materialuri siuxvis dapirebas, romelic mqonebelTagan uqonelTa sasargeblod qonebis
gadanawilebas iTvaliswinebda. marqsizm-leninizmi pirobas iZleoda, rom mdidrebs (burJuazias) waarTmevda da Raribebs (proletariats) daurigebda. sainteresoa, rom hitlerma msgavsi piroba dado, rodesac ganacxada, rom miznad
isaxavda aRmosavleTiT lebensraum-is (`sasicocxlo sivrce~) Seqmnas: is miwiT mdidar, magram zant slavebs miwas waarTmevda da mciremiwian, magram Sromismoyvare
germanelebs daurigebda.
am utopiuri msoflmxedvelobebs TiTqmis yovelTvis Tan axlda maT misaRwevad gamarTul brZolaSi warmatebis garantia. maSasadame, marqsizmi deterministul msoflmxedvelobazea dafuZnebuli (im TvalsazrisiT, rom proletaruli revoluciis gamarjveba nakarnaxevia istoriis udreki `kanonebiT~).
hitleric aseve gamousworebeli deterministi iyo. Mein Kampf-Si is werda: `adamianma unda gaiazros, rom aucileblobis fundamenturi kanoni bunebis yvela
sferoze batonobs~.10 mTeli Tavisi karieris ganmavlobaSi, is xSirad laparakobda `Cveni istoriuli ganviTarebis rkinis kanonze~, `istoriis aRlumsa~ da
`movlenebis Sinagan logikaze~. hitleri, iseve rogorc lenini, stalini an mao,
acxadebda, rom mas (da germanel volk-s) msoflios gardaqmnis misia hqonda gansaxorcielebeli da rom warmateba gardauvali iyo. man aRniSnuli koncefcia Tavis
albaT yvelaze ufro cnobil gancxadebaSi Camoayaliba: `me mTvareuliviT im
gzas vadgavar, romelsac gangeba mkarnaxobs~.
ideologia da WeSmariteba. mocemuli revoluciuri ideologiis mier aRwerili warsuli, awmyo da momavali, SesaZloa, dauinteresebel damkvirvebels
arabunebrivad an sasacilodac ki moeCvenos. magaliTad, nacistebis mier Camoyalibebuli rasobrivi Teoria istoriul, sociologiur, genetikur da moralur
safuZvels absoluturad moklebuli iyo. amave TvalsazrisiT, hitleris ideologiis ekonomikuri aspeqti _ `socializmi~ nacional-socializmSi _ realur
Sinaarss moklebuli iyo. amdenad, gaufasurebuli iyo socializmis hitleriseuli gageba, romelsac erTi avtoritetuli mkvlevaris azriT, `nebismieri,
romelsac xalxis bedi namdvilad aRelvebda, hitleris TvalSi socialisti
iyo~11.
ratom aRiqvamda vinme aseT ideologias seriozulad? upirveles yovlisa,
120
imitom, rom is popularul stereotipebze apelirebda da maT respeqtabelurobas sZenda. meore, gzavnilze metad gzavnilis mTqmeli fasobda anu lideris
pirovnul momxibvlelobas ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda, vidre _ sityvebis
azrs. mesamec, erTguleba gacilebiT seriozulad aRiqmeboda, vidre _ simarTle.
mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT yvelaferi, rac warmatebulma ideologiam
calkeul mimdevars unda misces:
mas mecnierul avtoritetulobaze unda hqondes pretenzia, romelic morwmunes yovelgvari codnis eqskluziuri gasaRebis rwmenas
aZlevs; man unda aRuTqvas aTaswlovani raixi, romelsac rCeul rasas an
klass am gasaRebis mflobeli, maT mier arCeuli lideri moutans; man unda
daasaxelos tiranebisa da demonebis krebuli, romelzec unda gaimarjvos manamde, vidre bednieri saxelmwifo damkvidrdeba; is unda Seerwyas
(klasis an rasis) siZulvilis, eWvis, SiSis dinamikas da gaamarTlos es mdabali vnebebi misi miznebis sidiadiT; mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebis mizniT
yovelgvari saSualeba da danaSauli gamarTlebulia, mtris Rirseba SeiZleba gadaiqces mis naklovanebad misTvis martivi iarliyis _ `burJuis~
mikerebiT; saxeldobr, WeSmariteba is aris, rasac rCeuli rasisa Tu klasisTvis sargebeli moaqvs, mcdaroba ki is _ rac maT interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba; radgan es WeSmariteba mecnierulad damtkicebadia da radgan
ar arsebobs ori adamianic ki, romelic, savaraudod, mas daeTanxmeba,
amisaTvis saWiroa, arsebobdes erTaderTi interpretatori, romelic
kanoniT ixelmZRvanelebs, Tu ideologias surs sruliad qmediTi iyos;
rogorc yovelgvari WeSmaritebis matarebels, liders ufleba aqvs Tavisi mimdevrebisgan religiur Tayvaniscemas, msxverplSewirvasa da danaSaulis Cadenas elodebodes, Tu isini mas sargeblobas moutanen.12
saboloo analiziT, ideologiebi xSirad TviT yvelaze absurduli gancxadebebiTa da tyuilebiT SeiZleba iyos warmatebuli, Tu isini exebia Cveulebrivi adamianis winaSe mdgom realur problemebs. bevri germaneli acnobierebda
nacistebis rasobrivi Teoriebis eqstremalur xasiaTs, Tumca maT, albaT, sjerodaT, rom aseT absurdebs hitleri aRar gahyveboda, rogorc ki qveynis gaerTianebis, ekonomikis aRmasvlis da eris dakarguli didebis aRdgenis samuSao
dasruldeboda. imave TvalsazrisiT, saeWvoa, rom yvelaze Tavdadebuli bolSevikebis garda vinmes muSaTa samoTxis moaxloeba daejerebina, Tumca rus xalxs,
savaraudod, marTlac sjeroda, rom miwis reforma moxdeboda, rom damTavrdeboda ruseTis saSineli Sedegebis mqone Careva pirvel msoflio omSi, rom bolo
moeReboda SimSils, ganviTardeboda jandacva da ganaTleba, rasac lenini maT
hpirdeboda.
organizacia
ideologia yovlismomcvel revoluciebSi myari organizaciis gareSe ver
ganxorcieldeba. meoce sukunemdel ajanyebebs organizebuloba akldaT. aseTi
uecari afeTqebebis umravlesoba spontanur xasiaTs atarebda. moZraoba agor-
121
deboda, iSviaTad farTodac gavrceledeboda, magram TiTqmis yovelTvis, bolos sakuTar Tavs diskreditirebas uwevda.
sxvadasxva revoluciis liderebi politikuri ZalauflebisTvis brZolisas formaluri organizebis gansxvavebul meTodebze akeTebdnen aqcents.
miuxedavad imisa, rom bolSevikurma partiam ruseTSi realurad 1917 wlis oqtombramde ver moipova Zalaufleba, lenins partia ToTxmeti wlis win hqonda
daarsebuli. leninma partiaSi gulqva revolucionerebi miiRo. is fiqrobda,
rom ruseTis mefis damarcxeba mxolod grZelvadiani, iatakqveSa brZoliT SeiZleboda ganxorcielebuliyo. amgvarad, patara, magram mtkiced SekavSirebuli
profesional revolucionerTa jgufi ufro metad efeqtiani iqneboda, vidre
didi, ukontrolo da ukmayofilo adamianebis uformo masa.
konspiraciis, disciplinisa da centralizebuli kontrolis uzrunvelsayofad, leninma bolSevikuri partia patara ujredebad dahyo, romlebsac SemdgomSi ewodaT ZiriTadi partiuli organizaciebi. TiToeul ujreds sakuTari
lideri hyavda, metsaxelad mdivani, romelic miTiTebebsa da instruqciebs zemodan iRebda. sabolood, strategiis, taqtikisa da `partiuli xazis~ Sesaxeb yvela mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebas Tavad lenini iRebda (TumcaRa, is amtkicebda,
rom partiis centraluri komitetis saxeliT laparakobda). sankt-peterburgSi arsebuli Stabis garda, sxva qalaqebSi warmomadgenlobebisa da momxreebis
ricxvis zrdis kvaldakval, saxelisuflo struqturebis Seqmnis aucilebloba
warmoiSva, magram mkacri partiuli disciplinisa da zemdgomebis mimarT qvemdgomebis sruli morCilebis principebi ar Secvlila.
mas Semdeg, rac sakuTari fraqcia Camoayaliba, leninma sabolood formalurad akrZala fraqciebis Seqmna. nebismier bolSeviks, vinc partiul xazs SeewinaaRmdegeboda, fraqcioneris iarliyis miwebeba emuqreboda. 1917 wlis oqtomberSi realuri Zalauflebis xelSi aRebamde, urCobisaTvis sasjeli xSirad
partiis rigebidan garicxva iyo. 1917 wlis Semdeg revoluciuri samarTali xSirad naklebad Semwynarebeli iyo. fraqciebad dayofas aravis patiobdnen. partiis wevrebs moeTxovebodaT, partiuli interesebi yovelTvis pirad interesebze
maRla daeyenebinaT. Tavganwirvasa da partiis srul erTgulebas specialuri
saxeli hqonda miniWebuli _ partiuloba, termini, romelic xSirad gamoiyeneboda yofil sabWoTa kavSiriSi, raTa uxilavi Tvisebebis erToblioba aReniSna
(rogoricaa, erTguleba, TviTdisciplina da revoluciuri suliskveTeba), romlis gamovlenac partiis yvela wevrs evaleboda.
leninTan SedarebiT, maos revolucias warmatebis misaRwevad oc welze
meti dasWirda da masSi gacilebiT meti adamiani monawileobda. ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, CineTis revolucia, ZiriTadad, soflebidan dawyebuli ukmayofilo
glexebis masobrivi moZraoba iyo. am viTarebaSi maosTvis yvelaze ufro did organizaciul problemas glexebis efeqtian samxedro Zalad gadaqceva warmoadgenda, romelsac xangrZlivi partizanuli omis warmoebis unari eqneboda. glexTa amorfuli masis efeqtian sabrZolo Zalad gadaqcevaSi miRweuli warmateba
damajerebel arguments warmoadgenda imisa, rom organizebuli Raribebi da
Cagrulebi, erTi SexedviT gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobebs daZlevdnen. amitomac,
maos glexobaze dafuZnebuli revoluciis Teoria da praqtika bevrma radikalma
(gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi) revoluciuri organizebis magaliTad miiCnia.
politikuri Zalauflebis mosapoveblad maos xangrZlivi, koordinirebuli brZolisagan gansxvavebiT, hitleris mcdeloba, germaniaSi Zalaufleba
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moepovebina, arastabilur gzas warmoadgenda. igi 1920-ian wlebSi CaxSobili
Zaladobrivi saxelmwifo gadatrialebidan daiwyo da 1930-ian wlebSi qveynis
konstituciuri sistemis warmatebuli manipulaciiT dasrulda. hitleris saboloo warmatebisaTvis gadamwyveti iyo morCili organizacia nacisturi partiis saxiT.
xelisuflebaSi aRzevebis dros hitlerma opoziciis dasaSineblad uxeSi
Zala farTod gamoiyena, magram amavdroulad man partiis mier kontrolirebadi
uamravi klubi da asociacia Seqmna. hitlerulma axalgazrdobam, nacisti qalebis ligam, nacisti muSebis organizaciam, nacisti studentebis ligam da kidev araerTma akademiurma da sazogadoebrivma organizaciam nacistebs mniSvnelovani politikuri Zalaufleba SesZina manamde, vidre Tavad hitleri aiRebda
xelSi marTvis sadaveebs (ix. cxrili 9-3). mogvianebiT, Gleichschaltung-is (`unifikacia~) politikis meSveobiT, man TiTqmis yvela manamde arsebuli sazogadoebrivi
organizacia gaanadgura da isini nacisturi asociaciebiT Caanacvla. nawilobriv amis gamo, hitleris dapirebas da muqaras mTel germanul sazogadoebaSi
didi wona hqonda. yvela Tanamedrove revolucioneris msgavsad, hitlers kargad Camoyalibebuli revoluciuri organizaciis fasi esmoda.
propaganda
ramdenadac Tanamedrove politika sul ufro meti adamianis cxovrebas
exeba, propaganda _ ideebisa da informaciis farTod gavrceleba, romelic sagangebod isea agebuli, rom konkretuli politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebas
Seuwyos xeli _ mZlavri politikuri iaraRi gaxda. warmatebis misaRwevad, rogorc hitlerma SeniSna, propaganda mxolod masebisken unda iyos mimarTuli.
Sesabamisad, `misi moqmedebis ZiriTadi samizne emociebi unda iyos da naklebi
propagandis usazRvrod farTo kampaniisa da nacisturi ideologiis STagonebis kombinaciiT adolf hitlerma (1889-1945) SeZlo germaneli xalxi ebraelTa devnis, saboloo omisa da germanuli sazogadoebis radikaluri gardaqmnis aucileblobaSi daerwmunebina.
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rema Camoayaliba, romelic dResac inarCunebs aqtualobas. pirvelad unda
aRiniSnos misi naTqvami, rom `yvela propaganda saxalxo unda iyos da misi inteleqtualuri done auditoriis yvelaze SezRudul nawilze unda iyos misadagebuli~. aqedan gamomdinare, `rac ufro didia xalxis masa, romelic man unda
moicvas, miT ufro dabali unda iyos misi inteleqtualuri done... efeqtiani
propaganda SezRuduli unda iyos mcire odenobis mosazrebebiT da lozungebis
meSveobiT isini unda ismodes manamde, vidre sazogadoebis ukanaskneli wevri
ar gaigebs imas, rac Sen ginda, rom man gaigos~. zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT,
`yvela propagandistuli saqmianobis upirvelesi aqsiomaa, rom mas ZiriTadad
subieqturi da calmxrivi damokidebuleba unda hqondes yvela sakiTxis mimarT,
romelsac is exeba~14. amas garda, rac ufro didia tyuili, miT ukeTesi.
hitleri amtkicebda, rom nebismieri propagandistuli kampaniis warmateba
damokidebulia propagandistis mier saxalxo masebis `primitiuli grZnobebis~
gagebaze. propagandas ver eqneba ramdenime Sre: koncefciebi da `faqtebi~ sazogadoebas unda waredginos, rogorc marTali an tyuili, swori an araswori, Savi an
TeTri. hitleri Mein Kampf-Si maRal Sefasebas aZlevda pirveli msoflio omis
dros britanuli propagandis mcdelobebs da zizRs gamoxatavda germanuli propagandis mimarT, romelmac msoflio mkveTrad, Sav da TeTr ferebSi ver daxata.
hitleris xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde didi xniT adre, leninma ganaviTara
da daxvewa masobrivi propagandis miseuli teqnika. leninma daiwyo propagandisa
da agitaciis erTmaneTisagan gansxvaveba. am ors Soris gansxvavebis miseuli axsna hitleris Teoremis fonze unda ganvixiloT:
rodesac umuSevrobas ganixilavs, propagandistma krizisis kapitalistur bunebaze unda ilaparakos; man unda aCvenos Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi misi gardauvalobis mizezi; man unda daanaxos socialistur bazaze sazogadoebis xelaxla Senebis saWiroeba da a.S. erTi sityviT, man bevri idea erTbaSad, koncentrirebulad unda gadasces, imdenad
bevri, rom saSualo adamianma yvela maTgani ver gaigos da mTlianobaSi
mxolod mcire nawilma aRiqvas isini.
agitatori, meore mxriv, aiRebs problemis erT nacnob da konkretul aspeqts. vTqvaT, SimSilis Sedegad umuSevari muSis sikvdils. misi
mcdeloba am faqtze iqneba koncentrirebuli, raTa masebs erTi idea
CauWedos _ simdidris zrdisa da siRaribis zrdis uazro dapirispirebis
idea. is Seecdeba masebs Soris am didi usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg ukmayofileba da janyi gaaRvivos da am dapirispirebis srul ganmartebas is
propagandists dauTmobs.15
Zaladoba
Zalado
ba
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125
cialisti funqcionerebis an opoziciuri partiebis gavleniani wevrebis
mokvliT, isini Seecadnen mosaxleobisaTvis daemtkicebinaT, rom safrTxes [sazogadoebis] ubralo wevrobac ki warmoadgenda. amgvari masobrivi
terori, romelic Semdgom SedarebiT mcire masStabiT ganagrZobda moqmedebas, mudmivad izrdeboda, radgan arc policia da arc sasamarTloebi politikur moZaladeebs seriozulad ar asamarTlebdnen. erTma
nacistma publicistma mas moswrebulad `Zalis propaganda~ uwoda: mosaxleobisaTvis metwilad naTeli iyo, rom nacistebis Zalaufleba ufro
didi iyo, vidre xelisuflebisa da rom ufro usafrTxo iyo nacisturi
naxevradgasamxedroebuli organizaciis wevroba, vidre _ erTguli respublikeloba. es STabeWdileba gaaZliera nacistebis mier politikuri
danaSaulis specifikurma gamoyenebam. isini mas yovelTvis sajarod aRiarebdnen, arasodes ixdidnen bodiSs `qveda donis moxeleebis mier Zalis gadaWarbebis gamo~ _ amgvar bodiSs mxolod nacistebis momxreebi
mimarTavdnen xolme _ da mosaxleobas uCendnen gancdas, rom isini gansxvavdebian sxva partiebis `molaybeebisgan~.
msgavseba amgvar terorsa da ubralo gangsterizms Soris Zalze
aSkaraa, rom masze specialurad mivuTiToT. es imas ar niSnavs, rom nacistebi gangsterebi iyvnen, rogorc es zogjer miuCneviaT, aramed imas,
rom nacistebma, amis aRiarebis gareSe, iswavles imdeni, ramdenic SeeZloT amerikuli gangsteruli organizaciebidan eswavlaT iseve, rogorc
maTma propagandam iswavla bevri ram amerikuli biznesis mier gamoyenebuli reklamidan~.18
Zalauflebis konsolidacia
Zveli wesrigis dangrevis anu misi fataluri diskreditaciis Semdeg, totalitaruli reJimis xelmZRvanelobas kontrolis ganxorcieleba ukve mtkice saxelisuflebo sayrdenidan SeuZlia. mis winaSe mdgomi Semdegi amocanaa,
gaanadguros nebismieri mowinaaRmdege politikuri partia Tu fraqcia. Semdeg,
partiis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi unda ganawildnen qveynis yvela regionSi
da daekisroT samTavrobo funqciebi, gansakuTrebiT ki im provinciebSi, romlebic revoluciis adreul safexurze mis suliskveTebas ar iziarebdnen. konsolidaciis procesis saboloo nabijia partiis SigniT yvela iseTi piris ganadgureba, romelic realurad an potenciurad totalitari liderisTvis safrTxis
matareblia.
yvela am stadiaze, totalitari lideri iseve, rogorc nebismieri avtoritaruli mmarTveli, ZiriTadad Zalauflebis mopovebiTa da SenarCunebiT
aris dainteresebuli. lideris gankargulebebSi igive meTodebi da saSualebebi
figurirebs, rac moZraobis revoluciur safexurze gamoiyeneboda. ideologia
da propaganda lideris moqmedebebis gasamarTleblad da popularizebisTvis
gamoiyeneba, Zaladoba _ oponentebis SesaSineblad da gasaCumeblad. partiuli
organizacia liders popularobisa (erTgul mimdevarTa jgufi) da Zalauflebis
(partiis erTguli xdeba yovlis SemZle saxelmwifos Tvali da yuri) TvalsaCino
mtkicebulebas sZens.
am etapze momavali totalitari liderebis mTavar saSualebas maTive una-
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rebi warmoadgens. bevri swori gadawyvetileba unda iqnas miRebuli, Tu maT
warmatebis miRweva surT. maT zustad unda icodnen, ra surT da ar SeizRudon
mis ganxorcielebaSi. maTi megzuri unda iyos frTxili gaTvla da ara sindisi. am
TvalsazrisiT, makiavelis rCeva dasafasebelia: `adamianma meore adamians, visi
mokvlac mas surs, ar unda uTxras, `momeci Seni iaraRi, romliTac mogklav~, aramed `momeci Seni iaraRi~, da roca ukve iaraRs xelSi Caigdebs, survilic maSin
unda aisrulos~.19 aseTi rCevis Sesaferisoba maSinve gaxdeba naTeli, rogorc ki
Cven im meTodebs ganvixilavT, romlebsac momavali totalitari liderebi Zalauflebis konsolodaciisTvis iyenebdnen.
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leninis Zexvis taqtika warmoadgenda mxolod erT-erT meTods, romlis
meSveobiT totalitarulma moZraobam oponentebi da mowinaaRmdege partiebi
gaanadgura. misgan gansxvavebiT, mao Zeduns, garemoebaTa gamo, Tavis mTavar
metoqesTan _ kuomintanTan, anu Can kai-Sis mTavrobasTan _ xangrZliv partizanul omSi Cabma mouxda. hitlerma ki sruliad sxva strategia airCia. arCevnebSi
nacisturi partiis mzardi warmatebebis, momxreTa didi odenobis, pirvelxarisxovani oratoruli unarebisa da Tavzardamcemi specjgufis meSveobiT gaZlierebis fonze, man lodini arCia. 1933 wlisTvis xelisuflebaSi myofi adamianebis SiSisa da politikuri SezRudvebis moxerxebuli gamoyenebiT hitlerma
germaniis kanclerad gaxdoma moaxerxa. rogorc ki Tanamdeboba daikava, man TandaTanobiT gazarda Tavisi Zalaufleba: pirvelad, sagangebo viTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli uflebebis miniWebiT, Semdeg samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis aRkveTiT,
dabolos, germaniaSi realuri demokratiis aRmofxvriT.
mxolod amis Semdeg, Zlieris poziciidan daiwyo man opoziciuri partiebis daxurva. maosgan gansxvavebiT, romelic opoziciuri Zalebs samxedro ZaliT ebrZoda, hitlerma gaiZverobisa da kanonebis manipulirebis meSveobiT misi
mowinaaRmdegeebi politikurad gaanadgura, xolo Semdeg ki saxelmwifos Zala
maTi fizikuri ganadgurebis dasawyebad gamoiyena.
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da partiis sxva wevrebs daupirispirda, romlebmac nacistebis xelisuflebaSi
mosvlis saqmeSi sakvanZo roli Seasrules. fiureris brZanebiT, romis fraqcia 1934 ganadgurda. hitlerma mTeli incidenti Tavis politikur mtrebs
gadaabrala da romis mkvlelobis faqtic Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyena, germaniaSi mxar daWera gaimyara da saxelmwifos winaSe mdgar (misi mtkicebiT)
uzarmazar safrTxeebze moaxdina koncentrireba.
leninis mier ganxorcielebuli wmendebi ufro masStaburi iyo. 1921 wels
yvela konkurenti partiis ganadgurebis Semdeg, man yuradReba im xalxze gadaitana, romlebic Tavad moZraobis SigniT mis liderobas eWvqveS ayenebdnen. profkavSirebis aTasobiT wevri da mravali mezRvauri, romelic adre bolSevikebis
mxardamWerTa xerxemals Seadgenda, saidumlo policiam mokla, radgan maT Tavisufali profkavSirebi da arCevnebi moiTxoves. amis Semdeg, lenini bolSevikur partiaSi e.w. muSaTa opoziciur fraqcias gausworda, romelic moiTxovda,
rom partias politika Seecvala da muSebisTvis TavianTi sawarmoebis kontrolis ufleba mieca. leninma jgufs brali dasdo `fraqcionalizmSi~ da partiisa
da revoluciis safrTxeSi CagdebaSi daadanaSaula. muSaTa opoziciuri jgufis
wevrebi garicxul iqnen partiidan, magram am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania, rom
isini ar dauxocavT.
amgvari, SedarebiT rbili aqciebi leninis memkvidres, ioseb stalins
ar
axa siaTebda, romelic, rogorc sabWoTa komunisturi partiis xelmZRvaneli
(1924-53 ww.) politikuri mtrebis likvidaciaze ar yoymanobda. politikur
mtrebze stalinis saboloo gamarjveba or faqtorze iyo damokidebuli. pirveli,
man ostaturad aiTvisa leninis Zexvis taqtika, romelsac lenini misi mowinaaRmdege partiebis gasaCumeblad iyenebda, stalini ki Sidapartiuli metoqeebis
winaaRmdeg. meore, stalinma Sidapolitikuri brZolebis gamorCeuli talanti
gamoamJRavna. igi leninis viwro wreSi yvelaze ufro aqtiuri, mizandasaxuli da
rkiniseburi nebisyofis mqone aRmoCnda. es faqtori 1924 wels leninis sikvdilis
Semdeg atexil memkvidreobisaTvis brZolaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamodga.
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Cabardes. es procesi dokumenturad gansakuTrebiT kargad iyo aRwerili hitleris germaniaSi.25 xelisuflebas CamoaSores momcro qalaqebis Tanamdebobis
pirebic, romlebic manamde sajarod mxars ar uWerdnen nacistebs, . amavdroulad, `xalxis uamravi mteri~ iqna `aRmoCenili~ da Gestapo-s (saidumlo policia)
mier dauyovnebliv sastikad dasjili. sasjelis simkacres, Gestapo-s yovlisSemZleobas da nacistebis mimarT gamovlenil mxardaWeras gansakuTrebul reklamas uwevdnen da mediiT da xalxSi xmebis gavrcelebiT azviadebdnen. moqalaqeebi
darwmunebulebi iyvnen TavianT sastik xvedrSi, Tuki nacistebs SeewinaaRmdegebodnen. amdenad, daSineba da iZuleba nacistebis warmatebas didwilad uwyobda
xels.
teroris am taqtikis efeqturoba gvexmareba gavigoT, ratom gauwies mcire
winaaRmdegoba nacistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlas, magram es srul suraTs mainc
ar gvaZlevs.
nacistebma Zalauflebis mopoveba daSinebis gziT SeZles, magram maT
warmatebaSi Tavisi roli moralurma apaTiam da egoisturma interesebmac Seasrula. es azri, albaT, yvelaze kargad warmoaCina germaneli ltolvilis mier
moTxrobilma namdvilma ambavma, romelic prestiJul frankfurtis universitetSi aswavlida. nacistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis dros universitets samagaliTo
(da liberaluri) akademiuri dawesebulebis reputacia hqonda, sadac profesura
mecnierebis, sindisis Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis erTguli iyo.26 gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad, Tu nacistebi SeZlebdnen frankfurtis universitetze seriozuli incidentebis gareSe kontrolis damyarebas, maSin isini daSinebis meTodiT sxva germanuli universitetebis damorCilebasac moaxerxebdnen. nacistebis
oponentebi gansakuTrebiT imedovnebdnen, rom partias gauWirdeboda cnobili
bioqimikos-fiziologis winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva, romelic frankfurtis universitetSi aswavlida da romlis akademiuri reputacia da humanizmi msoflio
masStabiT iyo cnobili. universitetSi nacisti komisris daniSvnis Semdeg, yvela
profesori da studenti mniSvnelovan krebaze daibares:
axal nacist komisars dro ar daukargavs zrdilobian mimarTvebze. man dauyovnebliv gamoacxada, rom ebraelebs universitetis teritoriaze Sesvla aekrZalebodaT da xelfasis gacemis gareSe 15 marts
daTxovnilebi iqnebodnen. nacistebis xmamaRali antisemituri gancxadebebis miuxedavad, amas mainc aravin eloda. Semdeg man daiwyo Seuracxyofis, uwmawuri sityvebisa da samasoiani sityvebis tirada, romelsac
barakebSic ki iSviaTad gaigonebdiT da akademiur samyaroSi _ verasodes.
man rigrigobiT TiTi gaiSvira kaTedrebis gamgeebisaken da Tqva: `Tqven an
imas gaakeTebT, rasac me getyviT, an sakoncentracio banakSi moxvdebiT~.
misi laparakis Semdeg siCumem daisadgura. yvelani cnobil bioqimikosfiziologs elodnen.
didi liberali fexze wamodga, xma Caiwminda da Tqva: `Zalian sainteresoa es yvelaferi, batono komisaro, da, garkveuli aspeqtiT, mravlismTqmeli, magram erTi ram mTlad kargad ver gavige. `fiziologiaSi
kvlevebisaTvis ufro meti fuli gamoiyofa?~ amis Semdeg kreba Zalian
male damTavrda, komisarma mecnierebs aRuTqva, rom sakmao fuli gamoiyofoda `rasobrivad sufTa mecnierebebisaTvis~. mxolod mcireodens
eyo gambedaoba oTaxi TavianT ebrael kolegebTan erTad daetovebina,
magram umravlesobam arCia distanciaze yofiliyo am adamianebisgan,
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romlebTanac sul ramdenime saaTis win megobroba akavSirebda~.27
sazogadoebis transformacia
politikuri Zalis konsolidacia mxolod preludiaa totalitaruli
saxelmwifos arsebobis ufro gansakuTrebul safexurze gadasasvlelad _
saxelmwifoSi wamyvani politikuri doqtrinis mixedviT sazogadoebis transformirebis mcdelobis dasawyebad. es safexuri, zogadad, reJimis mier ekonomikis kontrolsa da saxelmwifos aqtiur dagegmvasa da intervencias moiTxovs.28
imisTvis, rom gaamarTlos axali socialuri wesrigis Seqmnis ganzraxva, reJimi
xSirad miuTiTebs saqveynod gavrcelebul socialur usamarTlobaze, romelic
yoveli revoluciis Semaferxebelia da ambobs, rom yovelgvari arastabiluroba qveyanaSi kontrrevolucionerebis, jaSuSebisa da diversantebis mieraa
mowyobili.
am TvalsazrisiT, totalitaruli reJimebi naTlad avlenen TavianT idumal maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic erTmniSvnelovnad gamosaxaven im revoluciur
moZraobebs, romlidanac Tavad iReben saTaves. karl fridrixma da zbigniev
bJezinskim, am sakiTxebis gamoCenilma mkvlevarebma, totalitaruli saxelmwifoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli eqvsi Tviseba gamoyves29. TiToeul saxelmwifos
gaaCnia sakuTari ideologia, anu politikuri ideebis wyoba, romelic realobas uaryofs da saxelmwifos qmedebebs gamarTlebas uZebnis momavali bednieri
cxovrebis saxeliT. yvela totalitarul saxelmwifos hyavs erTaderTi, ierarqiuli partia, romelic an xelisuflebazea gadaxlarTuli, an masze maRla dgas.
yvela maTgani endoba saidumlo policias, romelsac surs da SeuZlia saxelmwifos mtrebis winaaRmdeg teroris kampania awarmoos. yvela totalitaruli
saxelmwifo inarCunebs mWidro kavSirs SeiaraRebul ZalebTan da organizebuli
Zaladobis sxva saSualebebTan. aseve, yvela cdilobs ganaxorcielos monopo-
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sabWoTa kavSiri stalinis mmarTvelobisas
politikuri mtrebis damarcxebis Semdeg, 1928 wels stalinma sabWoTa ekonomikis koleqtivizaciasa da industrializacias Cauyara safuZveli. ekonomikaSi misi pirveli xuTwliani gegmiT (1928-1932 ww.) sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi
kataklizmebis periodi daiwyo. Semdegi aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi milionobiT udanaSaulo adamiani gaagzavnes an daxoces muSaTa banakebSi. SedarebiT SeZlebul
miwaTmflobelTa, e.w. kulakTa mTelma klasma arseboba Sewyvita. amas garda,
sabWoTa kavSiris soflis meurneobis produqciis mTeli struqtura radikalurad Seicvala.
imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu ratom daatexa stalinma sabWoTa regionebs
aseTi kataklizmebi Tavs, upirveles yovlisa, kargad unda gaviazroT totalitarul saxelmwifoSi ideologiis gansakuTrebuli roli. stalinis pirveli
xuTwliani gegma Zalian centralizebuli ekonomikuri sistemis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda, raTa sabWoTa ekonomika swrafad ganviTarebuliyo da mniSvnelovanwilad Zalauflebis politikiT iyo motivirebuli. Tumca, faqtebi gveubneba, rom stalini amave dros ganviTarebuli industriuli sazogadoebis Seqmnis
ideologiuri miznis WeSmaritad erTguli gaxldaT, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
marqsizm-leninizmis principebze iyo dafuZnebuli. am miznis ganxorcieleba
marqsizms danarCeni msofliosTvis ara mxolod saCvenebel magaliTad gaxdida,
aramed, agreTve, axladfexadgmul revolucias mtruli `kapitalisturi garemocvisagan~ daicavda. stalinma gadawyvita, rom erTaderTi saSualeba am sagmiro saqmis misaRwevad mZime mrewvelobaSi masiuri investireba iqneboda. amavdroulad, mogeba maqsimalurad unda gamowuruliyo soflis meurneobidan,
ruseTis ekonomikis tradiciuli dasayrdenidan. aq marqsiszm-leninizmis dogma
batonobda: fermebis, cxovelebisa da sawarmoo saSualebebis kerZo mflobeloba unda ganadgurebuliyo da miwaTmflobeloba `koleqtivizebuli~ gamxdariyo. stalinis koleqtivizaciis gegmis mixedviT, soflis meurneobis warmoebis
didi nawili did kooperatiul erTeulebSi ganaTavses, romlebsac kolxozebs
(koleqtiur fermebs) eZaxdnen. maTi wevrebi mogebis danatovars iyofdnen mas
Semdeg, rac mosavlis savaldebulo nawils Caabarebdnen saxelmwifos an e.w.
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stalinma gadaWarbebuli zomis ganurCeveli Zaladoba da sisastike gamoiCina.
daxoces an gadaasaxles ara mxolod kulakebi, aramed mTeli glexoba aRgaves
miwisagan pirisa. vrceldeboda istoriebi, rogor dalies stalinis agentebma
uzomo raodenobiT arayi da Semdgom mTeli soflebi gadacxriles, raTa qveyanas daundobeli rusuli zamTrisTvis gaeZlo. bevrma rusma glexma amjobina,
nebayoflobiT gadaewva Tavisi mosavali da daexoca saqoneli, vidre stalinis
agentebis miTiTebebi Seesrulebina da maTTan eTanamSromla. Sedegi mosalodneli iyo. miuxedavad saxelmwifos yovelgvari mcdelobisa, industriuli warmoeba Zalian nela viTardeboda, Tu amas saerTod ganviTareba erqva. amasobaSi
SimSilma mTeli soflebi gawyvita.
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, stalinma ar aRiara piradi damarcxeba. man ubralod ugulvebelyo SimSili da ukusvla, romelic misi ekonomikuri politikiT
iyo gamowveuli da imis `dasamtkiceblad,~ rom realurad progresi mimdinareobda, statistika gaayalba. veravin bedavda es monacemebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS
daeyenebina. erT-erTi eqspertis TqmiT, `stalinis reJimi daundobeli da Tanmimdevruli iyo: yvela faqti, romelic ar eTanxmeboda an naklebad eTanxmeboda
mis Tvalsazriss _ monacemebi marcvleulis mosavalze, kriminalur viTarebebze, `kontrrevolucionerebis~ namdvil qmedebebze... ararsebul faqtebad iTvleboda~.30
Tumca, stalini, romelic imaze wuxda, rom misi politika masaxal da farul
mtrebs sZenda, ufro da ufro paranoiduli xdeboda. 1934 wels, rodesac pirveli xuTwliani gegma arcTu saxarbielo SedegebiT dasrulda, sabWoTa diqtatorma gamoacxada, rom man Sors mimavali miznebis mqone SeTqmuleba aRmoaCina,
romelsac ucxoeTis agentebi da kontrrevolucionerebi axorcielebdnen, raTa
sabWoTa ruseTSi kapitalizmi aeRorZinebinaT. am SeTqmulebis Teorias damajerebloba Seemata, rodesac sergei kirovi, leningradis partiuli organizaciis dinamiuri axalgazrda lideri, 1934 wlis dekemberSi mokles. am incidents
sastiki represiebi, uamravi Tavdasxma, moCvenebiTi sasamarTloebi, sikvdiliT
dasja da masStaburi gadasaxlebebi mohyva. gakvriT iqna naTqvami, rom msxverplTa umetesoba e.w. leningradis centris wevrebi iyvnen.
meoce saukunis erT-erTma yvelaze daundobelma diqtatorma ioseb stalinma (18791953) saerTaSoriso komunisturi revoluciis marqsisa da leniniseul sabWoTa
models `gadauxvia~, raTa `erT qveyanaSi
daemyarebina socializmi~. miznebisaken saval gzaze man masStaburi sikvdiliT dasja
gamoiyena da milionobiT adamiani monad aqcia gulagebSi (iZulebiTi Sromis banakSi).
133
rom stalini Tavad idga kirovis mkvlelobis ukan). Tumca, am `gegmam~ stalins
uzarmazari Sansi misca imisaTvis, raTa `moRalateebis~, albaT, yvelaze didi,
sisxliani wmenda moewyo istoriaSi. daakaves da daapatimres leninis Tavdapirveli wris gamoCenili liderebi, e.w. Zveli bolSevikebi. pirveli fazis dros,
romelsac Semdeg didi terori uwodes (1934 wlis ianvridan 1936 wlis aprilamde)
komunisturi partiis wevrTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 800 000 kaciT, anu 25 procentiT Semcirda. sabWoTa presa maT kicxavda, rogorc `mavneblebs, jaSuSebs,
diversantebsa da mkvlelebs, romlebic partiuli baraTs efarebodnen da bolSevikebad iniRbebodnen~.31
stalinuri wmendebis meore faza (1936-38) gamoirCeoda cnobili saCvenebeli sasamarTloebiT, sadac Zvel bolSevikebs, partiis maRalCinosan liderebs
saxalxod asamarTlebdnen da aiZulebdnen aRmaSfoTebeli `aRiarebebi~ miecaT.
Tumca, sasamarTloebi mxolod aisbergis wveri iyo. 1934 wlis meCvidmete partiuli yrilobis daaxloebiT 2000 delegatidan 1100-ze meti (daaxloebiT 56
procenti) 1934-1938 wlebSi daxvrites. yrilobaze damswre 1827 Tanamdebobis
mqone delegatidan mxolod 35 procenti daeswro Semdgom yrilobas, romelic
xuTi wlis Tavze gaimarTa. 1934 wels arCeuli partiis centraluri komitetis
139 wevris samocdaaTi procenti 1938 wlisTvis likvidirebuli iyo. 1939 wlisTvis partiis aparati saguldagulod iyo gawmendili.
wiTel armiaSi igive movlenebi xdeboda. didma terorma Seiwira sabWoTa kavSiris 5-dan 3 marSali, 16-idan 14 sardali, rvave admirali, 67-dan 60 SenaerTis
meTauri da 397 brigadis meTauris daaxloebiT naxevari. amas garda, 81 umaRlesi
rangis politikuri komisaridan mxolod 5 gadaurCa wmendas.
aseve ar daundiaT dawinaurebuli muSebi. 1930-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi
stalinma gaatara politika, romelic estafetis saxeliTaa cnobili, rodesac
sabWoTa muSebis koleqtivizacia samuSao Zalis iZulebiT gawvevis gziT moxda.
samuSao erTeulebi samxedro analogiiT iqmneboda da muSebi diviziebis msgavsad iyvnen organizebuli. am politikis Sedegad daibada e.w. gulagis arqipelagi, ukacriel adgilebSi aSenebuli monuri Sromis banakebi, romelsac sabWoTa saidumlo policia icavda da marTavda, sadac socialuri da politikuri
TvalsazrisiT arasasurvel pirebs cxovrebas aiZulebdnen. gulagis sistemis
meSveobiT rkinigzas, arxebsa da kaSxlebs aSenebdnen moSorebul da Znelad misadgom adgilebSi, sadac muSebi nebiT ar wavidodnen. gamoCenili rusi mwerlis,
aleqsandre solJenicinis SefasebiT, romelmac banakSi arsebuli cxovreba
aRwera, yovel mocemul momentSi am banakebSi daaxloebiT 12 milioni adamiani
hyavdaT dapatimrebuli, romelTa naxevari politikuri patimari iyo. `zogierTebis gardacvalebis paralelurad~, SeniSnavs igi, `manqanas maTi Semcvlelebi moh yavda~.32
dabolos, meore msoflio omis dawyebis win stalini mwvervalze marto
idga. mrewveloba ayvavebuli iyo, magram sabWoTa kavSiri muSaTa samoTxis garda,
yvelaferi iyo. terorma didi politikuri cvlilebebi moitana, romlis drosac
sabWoTa komunisturi partiis istoriis furclebze aRbeWdili mravali gamoCenili adamiani moRalated gamocxadda da saxalxo sasamarTloze warsdga. braldebulTa sia oqtombris revoluciis sapatio monawileTa reestrs hgavda. umaRlesi samxedro xelmZRvaneloba daTxovnil iqna, partiaSi Tanamdebobis pirTa
wmenda moxda da `umweo masebi~ samrewvelo monobis doneze daiyvanes. marTalia,
stalini 1953 wlamde _ sakuTar sikvdilamde marTavda qveyanas, magram misi sa-
134
xeli, pirvelyovlisa, 1930-iani wlebis sisxlian wmendebTan asocirdeba.
xelovnebaze nacistebis Seteva imis maCvenebeli iyo, sadamde SeeZlo hitlers wasvla, raTa nacisturi Rirebulebebis propaganda momxdariyo. Tumca,
germanuli cxovrebis verc erTma sferom ver gamoxata hitleris Tavdadeba axali momavlisadmi ise, rogorc es saskolo sistemaSi moxda. rogorc braxerma
aRniSna, `nacional-socializmis mcdeloba Tavidanve mimarTuli iyo totalitaruli politikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani instrumentebis _ propagandisa da
ganaTlebis mimarTulebiT~.34
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nacisturi partiis ideologiis wamyvani Tema iyo ebraelTa da sxva `socialurad arasasurvelTa~ ganadgureba da Semdgom `rasobrivad dawmendili~ ariuli eris Seqmna. 19331945 ww. nacistur sikvdilis banakebSi daaxloebiT 6 milioni evropeli ebraeli daiRupa.
nacisturi saganmanaTlebo politika sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT ganxorcielda. Tavdapirvelad, skolis administratorebi da maswavleblebi, romlebic eWvmitanilebi iyvnen hitleris, nacizmis an nacisturi `reformis~ mimarT
winaaRmdegobis gawevaSi, dauyovnebliv gaTavisufldnen dakavebuli Tanamdebobebidan. amis Semde, yvela akademiuri sagani gaiJRenTa ideologiuri SinaarsiT.
istoria gadaiqca `rasobriv istoriad~, biologia gardaiqmna `rasobriv biologiad~ da a.S. yvela sagani ise Seicvala, rom maTSi hitleris antisemituri
rasobrivi Teoriebi asaxuliyo. dRe ar gaivlida, rom moswavleebisaTvis is sazareli rasobrivi Teoriebi ar eqadagaT, romlebic nacistur politikur wyobilebas amarTlebdnen. xSirad es Teoriebi gadajaWvuli iyo samxedro Zlierebis
istoriebTan. faqtobrivad, yvela akademiuri sagans laitmotivad gasdevda
arielebis CamorCenil rasebze triumfis idea. dabolos, nacistebma daaarses
specialuri skolebi, sadac partiis momaval elitas wvrTnidnen, maT Soris samxedro liderebs, partiul muSakebsa da saxelmwifo moxeleebs. moswavleebi am
skolebSi asakobrivi jgufisa da karieruli interesebis mixedviT iricxebodnen. magaliTad, adolf hitleris skolebSi swavlobdnen Tormetidan Tvramet
wlamde axalgazrdebi, visac partiuli funqcioneroba surda. zogadad rom vTqvaT, yvela specskola garkveuli saxis ZiriTad kursebs aswavlida (magaliTad,
rasobriv istoriasa da biologias) da aqcents samxedro varjiSebze akeTebda
(amis magaliTia `saxelganTqmuli~ hitleruli axalgazrdoba).
nacisturi saganmanaTleblo programa Zalze warmatebuli gamodga. erTi
avtoritetuli pirovnebis azriT, `reJimis winaSe maswavleblebisa da mSoblebis kapitulaciis paralelurad axalgazrdebis indoqtrinaciac warmatebulad
midioda. axalgazrdobas, romelic heroikul legendebsa da Sav-TeTr ferebad
gamartivebul samyaros suraTs advilad ijerebda, reJimis gansacvifrebel
xatebas gadascemdnen~.35 axalgazrdebis ganaTlebas aZlierebda kargad dagegmili zar-zeimebi da ceremoniebi: `adreuli bavSvobidan maT aswavlidnen droSis
awevas, aRlumebSi monawileobis miRebas, qveynis masStabiT xorcieldeboda skolebze mauwyebloba, bavSvebi dahyavdaT salaSqrod~.36 STagoneba, propaganda da
136
ara terori gaxda is instrumentebi, romlis meSveobiT mesame raixis bavSvebs
axal wyobas aziarebdnen.
savaraudod, yvelaze metad amgvari masobrivi STagonebis programam SesaZlebeli gaxada is, rom hitleri atarebda sastik rasobriv politikas, romlis kulminaciac holokosti iyo. Zalauflebis mopovebis Semdeg, hitlerma
antiebrauli politika etapebad ganaxorciela, romelTagan TiToeuli winaze
ufro radikaluri iyo.37 pirvelad daiwyo imis gansazRvra, vin iyo ebraeli. amis
Semdeg reJimma daiwyo ebraelebis germanuli cxovrebidan izolaciis kampania
da maTi qonebis eqspropriacia. Semdgom, yvela ebraeli, romelmac qveyana 19331938 wlebSi ar datova, germanuli sazogadoebidan ZaliT gamoacalkeves da cnobil sakoncentracio banakebSi gaagzavnes. masobrivi deportacia win uswrebda
meoTxe da saboloo etap: yvela ebraeli kacis, qalisa da bavSvis ganadgurebas,
viszec xeli miuwvdeboda mesame raixs.
im dros, rodesac 1930-ian wlebSi antiebrauli politika Zalas ikrefda
germaniaSi, hitlerma germanuli sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela elementi Tavisi
mkvlelobebis sqemaSi CarTo. biurokratia antiebraul brZanebebs adgenda da ganadgurebis procesisTvis aucilebel logistikur process gegmavda. germanuli
biznesi sargeblobda ebrauli qonebiTa da sakoncentracio banakebSi iZulebiTi muSaxeliT. maSin, rodesac germania aRmosavleTiT miwebs ipyrobda, armiis
specdanayofebi mTlianad CaerTvnen mkvlelobis operaciebis yvela aspeqtSi.
dabolos, Tavad nacisturi partiis ierarqia mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda ganadgurebis mTliani programis dagegmvasa da warmarTvaSi. partiis naxevrad gasamxedroebuli organo SS-i realurad xelmZRvanelobda sasikvdilo banakebSi
daxocvis operaciebs.
hitlerisTvis meore msoflio omi iyo SesaZlebloba, rom mTel evropaSi gaevrcelebina misi xedva wminda ariuli germaniis Sesaxeb. adrindeli tiranebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic oms teritoriis, Zalauflebis an didebis
siyvarulis gamo awarmoebdnen, hitleris motivacias radikalurad axal da
revoluciur sazogadoebaze ocneba warmoadgenda. ase rom, maSinac ki, rodesac
germaniis armia da mesame raixi damarcxebis piras iyo, hitleri kidev ufro Sors
wavida ebraelebis ganadgurebis TvalsazrisiT. sabolood, daaxloebiT 6 milioni evropeli ebraeli iqna mokluli. adre arsebuli rasobrivad motivirebuli
politikuri mkvlelobebi daCrdila holokostis barbarosobam, romlis Semoqmedi adolf hitleri `gabatonebuli rasis~ Camoyalibebas da Tavis warmosaxvaSi
arsebuli groteskuli samyaros Seqmnas cdilobda.
137
valricxovani da ukeT aRWurvili nacionaluri armia. 1949 wlisTvis, rodesac
man sabolood moigo ukanaskneli gadamwyveti brZola da CineTis xelmZRvaneli
gaxda, mao Zedunis `klasobrivi brZola~ CineTis masebis saxeliT or aTwleulze
mets iTvlida.
mao ara marto Tavisi revoluciuri gmirobiT amayobda, aramed Tavisi
politikuri azrovnebiTac. im droisTvis mis `wiTel wignSi~ Setanilma `Tavmjdomare maos azrebma~ Cinur sazogadoebaSi wminda werilis statusi SeiZina. misma
xedvam axali, uklaso saxelmwifosa da samagaliTo komunisti kadrebisa da amxanagebis Sesaxeb, romelTac zneobrivad gadaxalisebuli sazogadoeba unda ganesaxierebinaT, dasabami misca radikalur politikas, romelsac icnoben saerTo
saxeliT _ maoizmi.
marTalia, maos msoflmxedveloba marqsizmis ZiriTadma postulatebma
Camoayaliba, magram 1920-ian wlebSi CineTi preindustriuli sazogadoeba iyo
realuri proletariatis (sawarmoSi momuSave) an `monopolisti kapitalistis~
gareSe, romelic marqsma `kapitalSi aRwera. Cineli glexobis ubedureba fabrikebis bosebi ki ar iyvnen, aramed xarbi miwaTmflobelebi da biurokratebi,
romelTac statuskvos, TavianTi Zalauflebisa da privilegiebis SenarCuneba
aRelvebdaT. Cagruli umravlesobis gasaTavisufleblad xelisuflebaSi myofni
unda CamoegdoT. maos sjeroda, rom amgvari istoriuli misiis gansaxorcieleblad, aucilebeli iyo `qvemodan~ Zaladobrivi revoluciis mowyoba. `politikuri Zalaufleba~, werda igi, `Tofis lulidan amodis~.38
marqsizmis Cinur realobasTan adaptirebisas (an `sinifikaciisas~) mao
adidebda didi xnis manZilze Cagrul Cinel glexobas, romelsac komunisturi
Rirsebebis matarebel modelad ganixilavda. misi azriT, Cineli glexebi `Raribebi
da sufTebi~ iyvnen. maos sjeroda, rom vinaidan isini arasodes garyvnilan `burJuaziuli materializmiT~ da didi qalaqebis dekadansiT, maTi samagaliTo komunistebad gardaqmna ufro advili iyo, vidre maTi qalaqeli daxvewili TanamoZmeebisa. amgvarad, maom glexebi utopiuri, uklaso sazogadoebis qvakuTxedad aqcia,
sadac eqspluatacia arasodes moxdeba da masebi harmoniasa da TanasworobaSi
mdidrad icxovreben.
am didebuli xedviT aRWurvilma maom 1949 wlis Semdeg CineTi erTgvar socialur laboratoriad aqcia. postrevoluciur wlebSi CineTis komunisturi
partia da CineTis armia biheviorul da biologiur inJineriaSi grandiozul eqsperimentebs atarebdnen. pirveli nabiji moicavda masobrivi kampaniis warmoebas
specifikuri borotebebis aRmosafxvrelad an imgvari arasasurveli socialuri
elementebis gasanadgureblad, rogorebic iyvnen miwaTmflobelebi, kontrrevolucionerebi da e.w. banditebi. am `gadasamzadebel kampaniebs~ Tan axlda yovlismomcveli miwis reformis programa, romelic sabolood CineTis soflis
meurneobis mTliani koleqtivizaciiT dasrulda. rogorc wesi, rTulad gasatarebeli miwis reforma masobrivi propagandisa da fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis
TanxlebiT ganxorcielda. 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi CineTSi daiwyo stalinuri gegmis msgavsi industrializacia.
maos mmarTvelobaSi erTmaneTs enacvleboda Tavisuflebisa da represiebis periodebi. 1956 wels, magaliTad, man gamoacxada asi yvavilis kampania,
romelic mkacri socialuri wesrigis Serbilebas hpirdeboda mosaxleobas. rogorc partiis maRalCinosanma maSin ganacxada, `CineTis komunisturi partia
cdilobs, rom asi yvavili ayvavdes ganaTlebuli muSebisaTvis da Seecdeba asi
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skola waaxalisos samecniero sferoSi... damoukidebeli azrovneba, Tavisufali
debatebi, Tavisufali Semoqmedeba da kritika, adamianis mier sakuTari azris
Tavisuflad gamoTqmis ufleba~.39 ise Canda, rom TviT partiis xelmZRvanelobis
SezRuduli doziT kritikac nebadarTuli iqneboda.
iman, rac amas mohyva, mao gaakvirva. mTeli qveynis masStabiT oficialur
politikas akritikebdnen. saxalxo protesti da antipartiuli demonstraciebi
gamorCeulad kritikuli iyo pekinis universitetsa da sxva umaRles saswavlo
dawesebulebebSi mTeli CineTis masStabiT. daiwyo gaficvebi da mcire ajanyebebi. Tavdapirvelad frTxilad gamoTqmuli gansxvavebuli azrebi ufro xmamaRali gaxda. partiis Tanamdebobis pirebze calkeuli Tavdasxmebic moxda. asi
yvavilis nacvlad, aTasobiT `sarevelam~ gaixara CineTis baRSi. maT amosaZirkvad
mZlavri kampania daiwyo. partiis oficialurma saxalxo yoveldRiurma gazeTma
saxis SesanarCuneblad ganmarteba gaavrcela, rom asi yvavilis mTeli kampania
saxelmwifos mtrebis gareT gamosatyueblad Catarda.
retroperspeqtivaSi asi yvavilis kampania ubralo moTelva iyo maos didi
naxtomis win (1957-60ww.). didi naxtomi atyorcnis gamorCeuli mcdeloba iyo
_ CineTi, masobrivi mobilizaciis saSualebiT, `sruli komunizmis~ safexurze
unda aetyorcnaT.
maom wamoiwyo socialuri transformaciis programa, romelic im rwme naze iyo dafuZnebuli, romlis mixedviTac adamianis nebisyofas SeuZlia obieqtur movlenebze gaimarjvos, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, CineTSi gavrcelebuli siRaribidan, gaunaTleblobisa da garemoze damokidebulebidan iRebdnen saTaves.
CineTis cnobili amerikeli mkvlevaris jon king ferbenkis TvalsazrisiT:
1958 wels didi naxtomis strategiis ganviTareba iyo is, risi mofiqrebac partizanebs SeeZloT. maT iswavles kampaniis warmoeba da xalxis mobilizeba, raTa im konkretuli socialuri miznebisTvis mieRwiaT,
romlebic omSi poziciebis dakavebas waagavda _ samxedro terminologiis
gamoyeneba aq swored rom upriania. kampaniis mTeli meqanizmi axla ukve
ekonomikuri transformaciisken, soflis meurneobisa da warmoebis erTdrouli ganviTarebisken, dualizmis strategiis anu rogorc mao ambob-
139
da `or fexze siarulisken~ iyo mimarTuli, raTa daenergaT Tanamedrove
warmoebis procesebi da mieRwiaT ganviTarebisTvis... CineTis komunistur partias surda CineTis soflebis CamorCenilobiTa da damatebiTi
muSaxeliT sargebloba. maoistebs swamdaT, rom ideologiuri motivacia
ekonomikur Sedegebs moitanda, rom axali suliskveTeba materialuri
waxalisebis gareSe gamoiyenebda adamianuri energiis aqamde auTvisebel
resursebs.40
didi naxtomis yvelaze ufro naTeli da dramatuli simbolo uTvalavi komunis daarseba iyo, romlebic SedarebiT did, damoukidebel da TviTkmar socialur, ekonomikur da administraciul erTeulebs warmoadgendnen. komunalurma miwebma STanTqa kerZo sakuTreba, magaliTad, qvabi, tafa da sxva saojaxo
nivTebi saerTo moxmarebis nivTebad gadaiqca. amas garda, ferbenki SeniSnavs:
bevri glexi garkveul dros uzarmazar mouwesrigebel derefanSi
Wamda saWmels. yvela muSa kontroldeboda. yvela valdebuli iyo TveSi
28 dRe emuSava, bavSvebs dRisiT ZiZebTan tovebdnen. es yvelaferi Zalian efeqtiani unda yofiliyo soflisTvis, mTeli muSaxeli, maT Soris
qalebi, mzad unda yofiliyvnen sruli datvirTviT emuSavaT.41
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umravlesoba daangria da maT xelisuflebasa da gamocdilebas Zala daukarga~.43
wmendebma, sajaro damcirebebma, dasjam da marTulma anarqiam xalxi gatanja.
taZrebi da istoriuli simdidreebi ganadgurebuli iyo, iseve, rogorc partia,
mTavroba da SeiraRebuli Zalebi.
mosalodneli iyo, rom kulturuli revoluciis meore etapi nakleb
warmatebuli iqneboda, vidre pirveli. meore etapisagan gansxvavebiT, pirveli
metwilad negatiuri iyo im gagebiT, rom mis mizans arsebul socialur da politikur wesrigSi erTgvari arasasurvili elementebis ganadgureba warmoadgenda.
meore etapi pozitiuri qmedebisaken mouwodebda, raTa warsuli wyoba axliTa da
ukeTesiT Secvliliyo. samwuxarod, ekonomika, gansakuTrebiT qalaqebSi, Zlier
Seryeuli iyo. skolebi, romelic maos axali revoluciuri wyobisaTvis daixura,
aRar gaxsnila Tveebis an wlebis ganmavlobaSi. Sedegad, Cineli axalgazrdobis
mTelma Taobam ver SeiZina is codna da unarebi, romlebic qveynis ganviTarebad
ekonomikas aserigad sWirdeboda.
kulturuli revoluciis saboloo fasis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia. Tumca
erTi faqti naTelia: maos dauRalavi mcdeloba, daemtkicebina, rom adamianis
buneba ukiduresad moqnili iyo da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis srulyofac dausruleblad SeiZleboda, politikuri realobis kldovan napirs Seejaxa. 1976
wels misi sikvdiliT Tanamedrove samyaros politikuri istoriis unikaluri
Tavi dasrulda.
totalitarizmis nairsaxeobebi
stalinuri ruseTis, hitleruli germaniisa da maos CineTis garda, arseboben sxva totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi, romelTa dasaxeleba da Seswavla upriania. marTalia, am naklebtotalitaruli saxelmwifoebis umravlesoba gaqra
an reJimebis mmarTveloba ufro Serbilda, magram maTi saqmianobis Sedegad saxelmwifoebis istoriaSi Rrma Wrilobebi da rTuli memkvidreoba darCa.
141
pol poti kambojas (saxeli gadaerqva da kampuCia ewoda) 1975-dan 1979
wlamde marTavda. is da misi momxreebi cdilobdnen radikalurad gansxvavebuli
sazogadoebis Seqmnas, romelic glexobidan SerCeuli kadrebis sada da spartanul cxovrebaze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. Zveli wyobilebis yvela nakvalevi,
dawyebuli kalendridan da dasrulebuli ojaxiT, ganadgurda. pol potma 1978
weli `nulovan wlad~ gamoacxada, rac absurdi iyo, magram erTgvarad Seesabameboda im Sedegs, rac misi xanmokle mmarTvelobis bolos miiRo qveyanam: am wlebSi
daixoca 2 milioni kambojeli (7.5 milioniani mosaxleobidan). isini wmendebis,
SimSilis an gasamarTlebis msxverplni gaxdnen.
totalitari mmarTvelis meore magaliTia eTiopieli mengistu haile mariami, romelic qveyanas 1970-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan 1991 wlis maisamde meTaurobda. mengistu saxelmwifos reorganizacias xalxis diviziebSi gaerTianebiTa
da ltolvilTa banakebSi ganTavsebiT Seecada, raTa mTavrobas maTi intensiuri
TvalTvalis, propagandis da STagonebis saSualeba miscemoda. misma mcdelobebma qveynis soflis meurneoba daangria da SimSili gamoiwvia. marTalia, dasavleTma scada eTiopiaSi bavSvebs sakvebiT daxmareboda, magram Tavad eTiopiis
mTavroba am sakiTxiT aSkarad naklebad iyo dainteresebuli. maSin, rodesac misi
xalxi SimSilobda, mengistu pompezur samxedro aRlumebs atarebda, xorbals
mezobel saxelmwifoebze yidda da miRebul Semosavals iaraRis Sesyidvaze xarjavda. 1991 wlis maisSi, roca misi mTvroba ajanyebulebis koaliciurma Zalebma
alyaSi moamwyvdies, mengistu qveynidan gaiqca.
totalitari mmarTvelebi mTel msoflioSi modiodnen xelisuflebis saTaveSi. fidel kastro, romelic 1959 wlidan kubis lideria, yvelaze xangrZlivadaa
am Tanamdebobaze. [2008 wels, janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo, fidel kastrom
qveynis prezidentis posti Tavis Zmas raul kastros gadasca. mTargmn. SeniSvna.]
1994 wlamde CrdiloT koreas rkiniseburi xeliT marTavda kim ir seni da misi
sikvdilis Semdeg es qveyana kvlav totalitarul saxelmwifod darCa. aziaSi bevrgan, magaliTad CineTsa da vietnamSi, kvlav iyeneben arademokratiul, adreuli
totalitaruli reJimebis meTodebs.
rogorc am Tavis dasawyisSi ukve aRiniSna, totalitaruli reJimebi sxvadasxva formas iReben, amis magaliTia iranis fanatikuri memarjvene fundamentalisti lideri aiaTola ruhola xomeini (1979-89). xomeinim irani Teokratiad
gardaqmna, mmarTvelobad, romelic religiazea dafuZnebuli da romelsac sasuliero pirebi xelmZRvaneloben. sabolood iranSi cxovrebis arc erTi aspeqti
ar darCenila mTavrobis kontrolsmiRma. maswavleblebi, saxelmZRvaneloebi,
ganaTleba, garToba, samarTlebrivi sistema, arSiyoba da seqsualuri qcevac ki
fundamentalistur islamur Sexedulebebs daumorCiles. reJimma omi gamoucxada sajaro moxeleebs, inteleqtualebs, saSualo klasis profesionalebsa da
mewarmeebs da yvela maT, vinc Tanamdrove dasavluri cxovrebis wess da kulturas aRiarebda.
xomeneis iranma totalitarul mmarTvelobasTan asocirebuli mravali
Tviseba gamoamJRavna: sazogadoebis gardaqmnis mcdeloba, diqtatura, romelic
usityvo erTgulebas, morCilebasa da Tavganwirvas moiTxovda, yovlismomcveli
kredo, romelic awesrigebda, xsnida da asabuTebda saxelmwifos qmedebebs, presis cenzura da saidumlo policia, saCvenebli sasamarTloebi, dasja da wminda
omebi. iranis magaliTi kargad aCvenebs, rom totalitarulma reJimebma, demokratiulisa da tradiciuli diqtatorulis msgavsad, SeiZleba msoflios sx-
142
vadasxva wertilSi sxvadasxva saxe miiRon, magram amavdroulad hqondeT saerTo arsi.
143
kasinelis gamoTvlebiT, 1938-dan 1950 wlamde iZulebiT samuSao banakebsa da cixeebSi, savaraudod, 12 milioni adamiani mokvda. mTlianobaSi stalini (da SedarebiT
naklebi xarisxiT lenini) pasuxismgebelia milionobiT udanaSaulo daucveli moqalaqis sikvdilSi, romelTaTvisac `revoluciuri samarTali~ samuSao banakebSi
nel sikvdils an sadamsjelo aTeulis mier nasrol tyvias niSnavda.
maoisturi revolucia, msxverplTa raodenobis mixedviT, ufro `mokrZalebulad~ gamoiyureba, vidre nacisturi an sabWoTa revoluciebi, Tumca,
1927-1949 wlebSi, CineTSi daaxloebiT 50 000 adamiani daiRupa. maTi sikvdilis
faqtebi, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebuli iyo komunisturi kontrolis qveS moqceul
teritoriebze miwis mflobelebisa da mdidari glexebis ganadgurebasTan.
1949 wels komunistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan 1957 wlis `didi naxtomis~ programamde araerTi masobrivi kampania daiwyo kontrrevoluciuri ZalebTan sabrZolvelad. kasinelis TqmiT:
1949 wlidan 1952 wlamde mimdinare miwis reformis programam
ueWvelia, rom ramdenime milioni `miwismflobeli~ da msgavsi kategoriis adamiani Seiwira. kontrrevolucionerebis winaaRmdeg 1951-52 wlebSi
warmoebuli kampaniis gamo, damatebiT milionnaxevari adamiani daiRupa;
banditebis ganadgurebis kampaniis dros, romlis mizans fizikuri winaaRmdegobis saboloo gatexva warmoadgenda, 1949-dan 1956 wlamde uamravi
adamiani daiRupa. 1951-53 wlebSi `sami anti~ da `xuTi anti~ kampaniebis da
1958-59 wlebSi anti-memarjvene kampaniis Sedegad uamravi mkvleloba moxda. dabolos, 1957-dan 1967 wlamde soflis meurneobis koleqtivizacias
Tan axlda mniSvnelovani danakargebi. zusti informacia ar arsebobs da
saxalxo respublikis pirvel aTwleulSi adamianuri danakargebis Sesaxeb xSirad informirebuli pirebis varaudebic naklebia. daaxloebiT 12
milioni sicocxle mokrZalebuli, magram realisturi Sefasebaa.47
es monacemebi ar exeba gaWirvebisa da qonebis dakargviT gamowveul sikvdilianobas, romelic yvelaze xSiri iyo 1950-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebuli `didi
naxtomis~ dros xalxis sacxovrebeli adgilidan ayrisas.
`kulturuli revolucia~ (1966-69) CineTis istoriis kidev erTi sisxliani
epizodi iyo, Tumca, daRupulTa zusti monacemebis mopoveba SeuZlebelia. gacilebiT didi iyo CineTis gulagis sistemis Sedegad gamowveuli danakargi. savaraudod, 15 milioni adamiani daiRupa iZulebiT samuSao banakebSi araadamianuri mopyrobis Sedegad. roca kasineli politikur mkvlelobebs ajamebs da mas
`sxvadasxva mizeziT gardacvlil 1 milions amatebs~, is gansacvifrebel monacemamde midis: `daaxloebiT 33.5 milioni.~48 marTalia, am ricxvis Semowmeba SeuZlebelia, magram is arsebul faqtebs Seesabameba. TviT is faqti, rom aRniSnuli
ricxvi daujerebeli ar Cans, metyvelebs amgvari mkvlelobebis masStabebze.
rogorc wesi, totalitarul reJimebs ar surT imis aRiareba, rom nebismieri mizani _ zneobrivi Tu uzneo _ politikurad miuRwevelia. SesaZloa, swored
am Zalze mcdari koncefciebis Semowmebis surviliT aixsnas is paTologiuri Zaladoba, romliTac totalitaruli mmarTveloba gamoirCeva.
144
adgili ar gveyofa imisaTvis, rom srulad aRvweroT meoce saukunis yvela
totalitaruli reJimis mier Cadenili Zaladoba da despotizmi. Tumca, mniSvnelovania gaviazroT, rom omebSi, revoluciebsa da sistematur saxelmwifo
terorSi monawileobiT, totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi pirdapir Tu iribad pasuxismgeblebi arian adamianTa uzarmazari raodenobis sikvdilsa da wamebaSi.
totalitaruli reJimebi xSirad xmamaRla acxadebdnen pretenzias TavianTi arsebobis xangrZlivobasa da sicocxlisunarianobaze. magaliTad, hitleri
Tavis imperias aTaswlovans eZaxda. ufro da ufro meti samxili arsebobs imis
savaraudod, rom totalitaruli reJimebis arseboba xanmoklea. isini scenaze
dramatulad Cndebian, Semdeg Zalian maleve sakuTar Tavs amowuraven xolme. yvelaze didxans, totalitaruli reJimebi maTi revoluciuri liderebis
sikvdilis Semdeg ramdenime aTwleuls Zleben. ratom xdeba ase?
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebis uecari aRsasruli SeiZleba gamoiwvios
sxva erebTan fatalurma omebma, magaliTad gamodgeba meore msoflio omSi mokavSire saxelmwifoebis mier hitleris damarcxeba. agreTve, konkretuli qarizmatuli da warmatebuli lideris sikvdilma _ magaliTad, stalinis an maosi
_ SeiZleba daaCqaros spiraliseburi daRmasvla. uRimRamo memkvidreebma, romlebic saxelmwifos marTaven Zalisa da teroris meSveobiT da ara SeTanxmebiT,
SeiZleba is ekonomika, moraluri Zala da politikuri idealizmi daasuston,
romlebsac legitimuri politikuri Zalaufleba realurad efuZneba. amdenad, sabWoTa kavSiris dangreva gamowveuli iyo, upirveles yovlisa imiT, rom
xangrZlivad gagrZelda ekonomikuri daRmavloba da xalxSi reJimisa da politikuri ideebisadmi rwmena mTeli qveynis masStabiT daikarga. es iyo `totalitarizmis daRmasvlis~ periodi.49 oficialuri ideologiisadmi (komunizmis) rwmenis Sesabamis dakargvas dRes, rogorc Cans, adgili aqvs CineTSic.
miuxedavad imisa, rom totalitarizmis mmarTveloba sabWoTa kavSirSi
sul raRac samocdaaTi weli gagrZelda, xolo CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi ki
TiTqmis xuTi aTeuli wlis Semdegac xeluxlebelia, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT
es periodebi mainc xanmoklea. samwuxarod, gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom totalitaruli diqtaturis mcire xniT arsebobac ki didi zianis momtania.
daskvna
145
bi nadgurdeba, partiis erTguli pirebi sakvanZo adgilebs ikaveben da spoben
partiis realur an warmosaxul mtrebs. mesame etapze xdeba sazogadoebis sruli transformaciis mcdeloba. 1928 wels sabWoTa kavSirSi stalinma pirveli
xuTwliani gegmis ganxorcieleba daiwyo. nacistur germaniaSi hitleris mizanma, moexdina `rasobrivi wmenda~, gaamarTla totalitaruli Zalis gamoyeneba,
romelmac kulminacias meore msoflio omsa da holokostSi miaRwia. maoistur
CineTSi sazogadoebis transformirebis pirveli mcdeloba `didi naxtomi~ gvian
1950-ian wlebSi damarcxda, Tumca mas `kulturuli revolucia~ (1966-69) mohyva.
totalitarizmis mier gamowveuli adamianuri danakargi yovelgvar sazRvrebs scildeba. arsebuli statistikis gadamowmeba xSirad ar xer xdeba,
Tumca yvelaze uxeSi gaangariSebiTac rom vimsjeloT, meoce saukunis totalitarulma eqsperimentebma milionobiT adamians moutana wameba da sikvdili.
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi mravalgvari formiT Cndebian da aranairi
garantia ar arsebobs, rom amgvari saxelmwifoebi momavalSi aRar gamovlen asparezze. realurad, axlaxan avRaneTSi xelisuflebidan CamoSorebuli Talibebis reJimi kvalificirdeba, rogorc totalitarizmis axali forma, romelmac
masobrivi religiis (islamis) damaxinjebuli forma politikur ideologiad
gamoiyena.
totalitarizmi
sakvanZo sityvebi
masobrivi moZraoba
gestapo
ganwmenda
kulakebi
gancalkevebuli kunZulebi
koleqtivizacia
WeSmariti morwmune
partiis yriloba
ujredebi
gulagis arqipelagi
centraluri komiteti
partiuloba
didi naxtomi
Gleichschaltung (unifikacia)
propaganda
revolucia
Zexvis taqtika
Teokratia
kuomintani
wmendebi
gasameorebeli kiTxvebi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ra iyo stalinis mTavari mizani sabWoTa sazogadoebis gardaqmnis mcdelobisas 1930-ian wlebSi? ra meTodebs iyenebda amisTvis?
6.
146
gardaqmnas?
7.
8.
9.
SeniSvnebi:
1. William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (New York: Free Press, 1959), 123.
2. C.W. Cassinelli, Total Revolution: A Comperative Study of Germany, the Soviet Union under
Stalin and China under Mao (Santa Barbara, Calif.: Clio Books, 1976), 225.
3. gansazRvreba ekuTvnis hans buqheims, citirebulia Leonard Shapiro, Totalitarianism (New
York: Praeger, 1972), 104.
4. Carl Friedrich da Zbigniew Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy, me-2 gamocema
(New York: Praeger: 1966), 88.
5. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 231.
6. Friedrich and Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship, 279-339.
7. Eric Hoffer, The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements (New York: Harper &
Row, 1951), 104-105.
8. iqve, 86.
9. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York: Harper& Row,1961), 12.
10. citirebulia Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 16.
11. Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship (New York: Holt, 1972), 181.
12. Maurice Latey, Patterns of Tyranny (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 172.
13. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, mTargm. R. Manheim (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), 179-180.
14. iqve, 182.
15. citirebulia David Shub, Lenin (Baltimore: Pelican, 1966), 62.
16. E.Kohr Bramstedt, citirebulia Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York:
Harcourt,1951), 333.
17. iqve.
18. iqve, 335-336.
19. citirebulia Leo Strauss, Thoughts on Machiavelli (Seattle: University of Washington
Press,1968), 9.
20. Latey, Patterns of Tyranny, 100.
21. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 103.
22. iqve, 186.
23. citirebulia Bracher, German Dictatorship, 257.
24. iqve, 187.
25. W.S. Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The experience of a Single German Town, 1930-1935 (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1965).
26. Peter Drucker, The Monster and the Lamb Atlantic (December 1978): 84.
27. iqve.
28. Friedrich and Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship, 374.
29. iqve, 9-10.
30. Hannah Arendt, Totalitarianism (Orlando: Fla.: Harcourt, 1968), xiv.
31. ix. Stalin, Mastering Bolshevism, 10; citirebulia Merle Fainsod, How Russia Is Ruled, ganaxlebuli
147
gamocema (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), 435.
32. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956 (New York: Harper & Row, 1974),
595.
33. Bracher, German Dictatorship, 258.
34. iqve, 259-260.
35. iqve, 262.
36. iqve.
37. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 31.
38. Mao Zedong, Selected Works (Beijing:Foreign Languages Press,1960-1965), 224.
39. Franz Michaels and George Taylor, The Far East in the Modern World (New York: Holt, 1964),
479.
40. John King Fairbank, The United States and China, me-4 gamocema (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 1979), 409.
41. iqve, 413.
42. iqve.
43. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 195.
44. iqve, 243. rasakvirvelia, monacemebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. magaliTad, rumeli, romelic sxva kriteriumebs iyenebs, hitleris, lenin-stalinis da
maosTvis sagrZnoblad gansxvavebul ricxvebs asaxelebs. Tumca mis mier dasaxelebuli mTliani monacemi 105.5 milioni mokluli adamiani sakmaod axlosaa kasinelis
gamoTvlebTan. ix. R. J.Rummel, Death by Government. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction,
1996 ), 8.
45. magaliTad, manamade gasaidumloebuli dokumentebis 1.5 milioni gverdi (britaneTis
mier meore msoflio omis dros gadaWerili germanuli Setyobinebebi, iseve, rogorc axladgamomzeurebuli rusuli dokumentebi) cxadyofs, rom hitlerma savaraudod 7 milionamde ebraeli gawyvita (gansxvavebiT xuTi-eqvsi milionisa, rogorc amas kasineli da sxvebi varaudobdnen). ix. aseve 47-e SeniSvnis komentari.
46. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 46.
47 iqve, 186. kasinelis wignis gamosvlis Semdeg aRmoCenili axali faqtebi cxadyofs, rom
es monacemebi mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeboda aRniSnul periodSi moklul adamianTa ricxvs. erTi avtoritetuli mkvlevaris azriT, 1959-1962 wlebSi, mxolod
SimSilobis Sedegad, sul mcire 30 milioni Cineli daiRupa. SimSilobis ZiriTadi
mizezi maos politika iyo, romlis mixedviT Cinel glexebs sakuTreba waarTves da
komunebad daasaxles. ix. Jasper Becker, Hungry Goasts: Maos Secret Famine (New York:
Free Press, 1997).
48. iqve, 187.
49. lakori am koncefcias sabWoTa kavSirs argebs, gansakuTrebiT totalitarizmis Sesaxeb TavSi. ix. Walter Laqueur, The Dream That Failed, Reflections on the Soviet Union (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 77-95, 84.
148
149
n aawi
wil
lii I I
ganviTarebuli
da ganviTarebadi
demokratiebi
T aavv i 6
ssaapa
p a r lam
la m ent
e n to
o
demo
okkr
r ati
a ti a
T aavv i 7
ssaaxx el
e lm
m w i fo
f o eb
ebi
tr a n
nzi
zi c iiis
is
p ro
pr
oc
cee ssS
Sii : ax
a x ali
a li
demo
okkr
r ati
a ti e b i da
da
aR
Rmo
m o c e ne
n e b ad
adi
b aaz
zrr eebi
bi
T aavv i 8
g a nv
n v iT
i T ar
a r eb
e b ad
adi
qqvv eey
y n eb
e b ii::
d e m ok
o kr
r ati
a tiaa T u
d i q ta
tat
tur
ur a?
a?
150
T aavv i V I
saparlamento
demokratia
151
konstitucionalizmis cneba (igive kanonis uzenaesoba) Rrmad aris fesvgadgmuli britanul istoriaSi. Tumca, amerikis `dawerili~ konstitucia mkveTrad gansxvavdeba britaneTis `dauwereli~ konstituciisagan, romelic efuZneba
precedentebs, kanonebs, tradiciebs, da aseve saparlamento uzenaesobis princips.
maSin roca amerikuli saprezidento sistema racionaluri gansjisa da azrovnebis Sedegad Seqmnil da furcelze gadatanil erTgvari `wesdebis~ praqtikul ganxorcielebas warmoadgens, britanuli saparlamento sistema britaneTis
politikuri cxovrebis mdidar gamocdilebas efuZneba. britaneTis politikuri
institutebi ganviTarda da TandaTan Camoyalibda samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
erTgvar `laboratoriaSi,~ am ukanasknelis evoluciis paralelurad. amrigad,
britanul `konstitucias~ aqvs sakmaod Rrma istoriuli fesvebi. britanuli saparlamento sistemis organuli bunebidan gamomdinare, ismis logikuri kiTxva
_ ramdenad SesaZlebelia misi gadanergva da adaptireba sxva sazogadoebebSi?
Tumca, vidre am sakiTxs gavarkvevT, ufro detalurad ganvixiloT warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis britanuli formis Taviseburebebi.
Sereuli wyoba
me-17 saukunidan britaneTis saparlamento sistema iqca pirvel magaliTad
aristoteles mier daxasiaTebuli `Sereuli reJimisa~, sadac sxvadasxva klasebs
sxvadasxva institutebi warmoadgenen. me-19 saukuneSi parlamentis mzardi upiratesoba samefo xelisuflebasTan SedarebiT, miuTiTebda im faqtze, rom parlamentis ori palata warmoadgenda britanuli sazogadoebis sxvadasxva klasis
152
interesebs. lordTa palata warmoadgenda tradiciuli mmarTveli klasebis interesebs, maSin roca TemTa palata Tavisufali arCevnebis gziT TandaTanobiT
iqca amomrCevelTa sul ufro farTo wreebis interesebis gamomxatvelad.
153
ZalauflebaTa Serwyma
britanuli saparlamento sistemis mixedviT, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, anu premier-ministri da kabineti, dakompleqtebulia TemTa palataSi xmaTa
umravlesobiT gamarjvebuli partiis liderebiT. arCevnebis Semdeg, gamarjvebuli partia asaxelebs axali kabinetis wevrebs (ministrebs), romelTac amtkicebs
parlamenti da niSnavs dedofali. amgvarad yalibdeba axali mTavroba. mTavroba
pasuxismgebelia sakanonmdeblo iniciativebis Camoyalibebasa da wardgenaze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom parlamentis yvela wevrs, maT Soris opoziciuri partiis
warmomadgenlebs gaaCniaT sruli ufleba gaakritikon an sulac saeWvo gaxadon
sakanonmdeblo iniciativis marTebuloba, mTavrobas faqtobrivad garantirebuli aqvs sakanonmdeblo programis damtkiceba, radganac britanul sistemaSi
yovelTvis aris erTgvarovani umravlesoba.
saparlamento sistemebis umravlesoba moqmedebs britanuli sistemis
msgavsad, Tumca, umetes SemTxvevebSi, mTavrobas ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos erTgvarovan umravlesobas sakanonmdeblo organoSi. amis mizezi gaxlavT is, rom saparlamento mmarTvelobis qveynebSi sakanonmdeblo struqtura dakompleqtebulia
xuTi-eqvsi sxvadasxva konkurenti politikuri partiiT, gansxvavebiT britaneTisagan, sadac mxolod ori ZiriTadi partiaa warmodgenili. Tavis mxriv, mravalpartiul parlamentebSi, xSirad arc erT partias ar aqvs xmaTa aSkara umravlesoba imisaTvis, rom Camoayalibos mTavroba. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli xdeba
koaliciis Seqmna (ori an meti partiis SeTanxmebiT da ZalTa gaerTianebiT). zogierT SemTxvevaSi koaliciuri mTavroba sakmaod warmatebulad muSaobs, zogjer
_ ver amarTlebs. uares SemTxvevaSi, ise rogorc es, magaliTad, italiaSia, saparlameto mmarTveloba SesaZloa iyos arastabiluri da qaosuric ki.
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xangrZlivos xelisuflebaSi yofnis vadebi dadgenil xuT weliwadze meti xniT.
premier-ministrma margaret tetCerma zedmiwevniT kargad gamoiyena amgvari
SesaZlebloba. magaliTad, 1983 wels _ premier-ministrobis meoTxe weliwads _
britanuli partiotizmis erTgvari aRzevebis fonze, rac provocirebuli iyo
folklendis kunZulebis krizisiTa da misi Tanmdevi xanmokle omiT argentinasTan, man warmatebiT moaxerxa mmarTveli konservatiuli partiis mandatis gaxangrZliveba damatebiT xuTi wlis vadiT. Semdgom, 1987 wels _ isev xelisuflebaSi
meore vadiT yofnis oTxi wlis Tavze _ man gamoacxada vadamdeli arCevnebi da
mmarTveloba kidev damatebiT xuTi wlis vadiT gaixangrZliva. premier-ministris
funqciis vadaze adre Sewyveta SesaZloa sxva mizeziTac iyos gamowveuli. kerZod, Tu politikuri zewola an daZabuloba matulobs, politikuri liderebis
Secvla SesaZloa arsebuli situaciidan optimaluri gamosavli gaxdes. 1992
wels premier-ministr margaret tetCeris reitingi mkveTrad daeca qveyanaSi mis
mier Zalze arapopularuli da, bevris azriT, regresuli da usamarTlo individualuri gadasaxadis mxardaWeris gamo. tetCeri sakuTari partiis SigniTac
mwvave kritikis obieqtad iqca. man arCevnebSi damarcxebas partiis liderisa da
premier-ministris postis datoveba arCia, mmarTvelobis sadaveebi ki mis mierve
xeldasxmul jon meijors gadasca. margaret tetCers britaneTis premier-ministris Tanamdeboba uwyvetad aT weliwadze met xans ekava, rac am postze yofnis
yvelaze xangrZlivi vadaa. konservatorTa (`torTa~) partiam meijoris TaosnobiT bevris gasaocrad moigo momdevno arCevnebi, Tumca mcire _ cxra saparlamento mandatis upiratesobiT, ramac `torTa~ mTavrobas SeunarCuna da gauxangrZliva xelisuflebaSi yofnis vada 1997 wlis gazafxulamde, roca `tetCeris
epoqa~ leiboristTa STambeWdavma gamarjvebam daasrula.
margaret tetCeris gadadgoma partiis lideris postidan ar yofila uprecedento. 1940 wels konservatori premier-ministri nevil Cemberleni gadadga, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi partia kvlavac warmoadgenda aSkara umravlesobas
TemTa palataSi. magram, miunxenSi adolf hitlerTan daTmobebze wasvlis gamo,
misi popularoba da reitingi xalxSi imdenad daeca da imdenad Seirya misTvis
miniWebuli `ndobis~ mandati partiis SigniT, rom premieri iZulebuli gaxda
ganze gamdgariyo da posti daetovebina. Tumca, amis Semdgom axali arCevnebi ar
daniSnula, radgan konservatorebs parlamentSi myari umravlesoba hqondaT
da partiis erT-erTma gamorCeulma warmomadgenelma TemTa palataSi, uinston
CerCilma, warmatebiT SeZlo britanelTa mobilizeba misi pirovnuli qarizmis
irgvliv.
arsebobs sxva garemoebebic, ramac vadamde, anu dadgenil xuT wlamde, mTavrobis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta SeiZleba gamoiwvios. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu umravlesobis partia gansakuTrebiT arapopularuli xdeba, an mTavroba gaexveva
raime skandalSi, opozicias SeuZlia isargeblos zemoT naxsenebi `undoblobis
gamocxadebis~ uflebiT. am uflebis ganxorcieleba Cveulebriv moiTxovs umravlesobis `rigebidan~ ramdenime ukmayofilo an mTavrobis politikiT gaRizianebuli wevris `gadmobirebas~ da maTi xmebis daxmarebiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba
mTavrobis iZulebiT daTxovna. rogorc wesi, roca kabineti gadadgeba, premierministri mimarTavs dedofals, daiTxovos parlamenti da daniSnos axali arCevnebi. amgvari ram xSiria mravalpartiul saparlamento sistemebSi, Tumca did
britaneTSi axlo warsulSi es ar momxdara.
dabolos, aris kidev erTi mizezi, ramac SesaZloa mTavrobis vadaze adre
daSla gamoiwvios. amgvari viTareba SeiZleba Seiqmnas maSin, roca umravlesobas
155
Zalze umniSvnelo upiretesoba aqvs parlamentSi da mesame partiis mcire warmomadgeloba or ZiriTad partias Soris balansisaTvis kritikul mniSvnelobas
iZens. magaliTad, germaniaSi msgavsi viTareba grZeldeba ukve ocdaaT weliwadze
met xans. mTavrobas SesaZloa seriozuli problemebi Seeqmnas xelisuflebis
stabilurobis TvalsazrisiT an sulac daiSalos, Tu misi `umcrosi partniori~
meryeobs, icvlis `mxareebs~ an mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebisas uars
acxadebs mxardaWeraze.
`disciplinebuli~ partiebi
britanuli saparlamento sistemis kidev erTi maxasiaTebelia e.w. `disciplinebuli~ partiebis arseboba. amgvari partiebi, romlebic midrekilni arian
koordinirebuli qmedebebis, erTsulovani xmis micemis principebisken da mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba amerikuli partiebisagan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, ufro
decentralizebulni, naklebad mkacrad struqturizebulni da individebze
orientirebulni arian. amrigad, britaneTSi konservatuli da leiboristuli
partiebi inarCuneben mdgrad partiul platformebs, romlebic gansxvavebul
filosofiur da tradiciur wanamZRvrebs efuZneba: kerZod, erTi _ konservatul Rirebulebebsa da biznesze, xolo meore socialistur ideebsa da muSaTa klasze orientirebul tradiciul politikur Zalas warmoadgens.
parlamentSi arCevnebis Sedegad mosuli umravlesoba, iRebs ra qveynis
marTvis sadaveebs xelSi, Tavisi wevrebisagan moiTxovs erTsulovan mxardaWeras saarCevno programis ganxorcielebaSi. parlamentis im wevrebs (umravlesobidan), romlebic mTavrobis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan kanonproeqts mxars
ar dauWeren, partiis ukmayofileba emuqrebaT, rac ZiriTadad gamoixateba momdevno arCevnebSi am pirebis partiuli siidan `amoRebaSi~. `ukompromisoTa~ mxolod Zalze mcire ricxvi axerxebs am riskis Tavidan acilebas.
Tumca, mkacri partiuli disciplina sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom parlamentis wevrebi arasdros gadadian `dawesebul zRvars~ iqiT da sakuTar xmas ar
iyeneben opoziciuri gadawyvetilebebis mxardasaWerad, an kidev imas, rom naklebad pompezurma wevrebma yovelTvis uyoymanod Tavi unda uqnion kolegebs
ama Tu im sakiTxis kenWisyrisas da xma miscen mis sasargeblod. magaliTisaTvis,
maT SeuZliaT Zalze mniSvnelovan SemTxvevebSic ki, warmatebiT gamoiyenon
xmis micemisagan Tavis Sekavebis SesaZlebloba. gansakuTrebiT ukmayofilo
wevrebs ki SeuZliaT sruladac ganudgnen partias da Seqmnan axali politikuri
organizacia. es praqtikaSi iSviaTad xdeba, Tumca SesaZloa gamoiwvios mniSvnelovani politikuri gadajgufebebi da cvlilebebi. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi amgvar SemTxvevas hqonda adgili. kerZod, tradiciuli liberalu ri partia (vigebi) daCrdila da faqtobrivad Caanacvla mzardi popularobis mqone
leiboristulma partiam, romelmac warmatebiT SeZlo britaneTis muSaTa klasis angariSgasawev politikur Zalad mobilizeba. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi,
parlamentis zogierTma imedgacruebulma leiboristma wevrma datova partia
da Camoayaliba socialur-demokratiuli partia, romelic 1987 wlis zafxulSi
SeuerTda Zvel liberalur partias (da Seqmna e.w. aliansi), romelic politikuri centris dakavebas Seecada. 1990 wels socialur-demokratiuli partia
sakuTari gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze daiSala.
Cndeba logikuri kiTxva: ra rols asrulebs am saparlamento sistemaSi e.w.
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`misi aRmatebulebis /dedoflis/ erTguli opozicia~, rogorc mas xSirad uwodeben did britaneTSi? imdenad, ramdenadac umravlesobis partias xelewifeba
sasurveli sakanonmdeblo programis `gatana~ parlamentSi sakuTari xmebis meSveobiT, opoziciur partiebs, anu umciresobas, limitirebuli, Tumca ara umniSvnelo funqciis Sesruleba uwevs. isini akritikeben umravlesobis mier warmodgenil iniciativebs da calkeul SemTxvevebSi, gavlenasac axdenen Sesabamis
gadawyvetilebebze. maSinac ki, rodesac opoziciuri partiis gavlena umniSvneloa, misi kritika ZiriTadad safuZvliania da pasuxismgeblobiT ganmsWvaluli,
radgan oponentebi `sakuTar Tavze fiqroben, rogorc momdevno xelisuflebaze, da `keTilgonieri opozicia~ moqmedebs im farglebSi, romelsac imedovnebs,
rom aseve ar gadaaWarbeben misi momavali oponentebi, roca ZalTa ganlageba
Seicvleba.~2 aRsaniSnavia, rom britanul saparlamento tradiciaSi opoziciis
cneba aranair stigmas ar ukavSirdeba. rogorc loialur opozicias, umciresobis wevrebs miaCniaT, rom maTi movaleobaa mTavrobis kritika. rogorc erTi
eqsperti aRniSnavs:
britanul politikur cxovrebaSi ukve tradiciad iqca, rom unda
arsebobdes partia, romelic ayalibebs mTavrobas, iseve rogorc partia,
romelic ayalibebs opozicias da romelic faqtobrivad warmoadgens
alternatiul mTavrobas. organizebuli opozicia axla ar iTvleba sabotaJur an moRalateobriv Zalad. 1973 wlidan, opoziciis lideri iRebs
specialur gasamrjelos sajaro fondidan da xalxi xSirad saubrobs
`misi aRmatebulebis opoziciaze~, radgan opoziciis arseboba moiazreba, rogorc dedoflis xelisuflebis mniSvnelovani nawili.3
157
didi
britaneTis ormagi aRmasrulebeli sistema warmodgenilia dedoflis elizabed IIs
is (marcxniv) saxelmwifos meTauris erovnuli simbolosa da premier ministris, toni
bleris (marjvniv) qveynis xelisuflebis realuri meTauris saxiT (2007 wlidan didi
britaneTis premier-ministri gordon braunia _ mTargmn. Sen.).
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doebebi ufro Rrma socialuri dapirispirebebiTa da radikaluri politikuri
partiebis mxardaWerisken midrekilebiT xasiaTdeba. orive qveyanaSi politizebis maRalma donem xeli Seuwyo mravalpartiulobis ganviTarebasa da mcire
politikuri dajgufebebis warmoqmnas. amgvar viTarebaSi, partiuli sistema
danawevrda, Sidapartiuli disciplina faqtobrivad moiSala, da mTavroba iqca
dausrulebeli sakanonmdeblo qiSpobis mZevlad. ganzogadebulad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rac ufro aqtiuri da rTulad samarTavia sazogadoeba, da ramdenadac ufro danawevrebulia politikuri speqtri, miT ufro qaosuri da aramyari
xdeba xelisufleba. amgvar sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovania Zlieri da energiuli
aRmasrulebeli Stos arseboba, romelic safrangeTSi 1958 wlamde ar arsebobda,
xolo italiaSi, faqtobrivad, dRemde ar arsebobs.
amgvarma situaciam politikuri Cixis mdgomareobamde miiyvana orive qveyana sxvadasxva dros. safrangeTSi, mesame da meoTxe respublikis mmarTvelobis
ganmavlobaSi, verc erTma partiam ver SeZlo adgilebis umravelsobis mopoveba
nacionalur asambleaSi. imave periodSi, safrangeTma 119 mTavroba gamoicvala,
romelTa saSualo sicocxlisunarianoba mxolod weliwads Seadgenda. calkeul
SemTxvevebSi ki mTavrobaTa xelisuflebaSi yofna mxolod ramdenime Tve an kvira grZeldeboda. aseTive meryeobiT xasiaTdeboda politikuri mmarTveloba italiaSic, sadac 1945-dan 1986 wlamde 40 premier-ministri Seicvala, (saSualod
TiToeulis mmarTvelobis weliwadze naklebi xangrZlivobiT).
ekonomika da eleqtorati
meore msoflio omis Semdeg ekonomikis mdgomareoba did britaneTSi mTavari politikuri
sakiTxi iyo. germaniis, italiis da safrangeTis mudmivad ukeTesi maCveneblebiSeSfoTebas
iwvevda. leiboristTa xelmZRvanelobiT XX saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi britaneTi ganviTarda
keTildReobis saxelmwifos modelad, rogorc mas keTilganwyobili damkvirveblebi uwodebdnen. 1970-ian wlebSi britaneTis daRmavali ekonomika `stagflaciam~ (inflaciisa da recesiis yvelaze cudma kombinaciam) daasusta.
konservatori lideri margaret tetCeri didi, Zlieri mTavrobis mkacri oponenti iyo.
1979 wels, premier ministrad gaxdomis Semdeg tetCerma saxelmwifo sawarmoebis xelaxali
privatizacia da britaneTis ekonomikis sistematuri dabalanseba daiwyo. miuxedavad imisa,
rom 1980-ian wlebSi tetCeris xelmZRvanelobiT, ekonomikis mdgomareoba gaumjobesda, did
britaneTSi SedarebiT kvlav maRalia umuSevroba, arasaxarbieloa zrda da pasiuria sawarmoo
seqtori. 1992 wels tetCeri sakuTari survilis sawinaaRmdegod gadadga, konservatorebma arCevnebSi rogorRac kidev erTi gamarjveba moipoves da jon meijorma, tetCeris memkvidrem,
qveyanas igive ekonomikuri kursi SeunarCuna. meijoris xelmZRvanelobiT britaneTis ekonomikam winsvla daiwyo _ 1996 wels 2.2%, xolo 1997 wels 3.2%-iT gaizarda. inflacia zomieri iyo,
daaxloebiT 2.5%. 1997 wlis dasawyisSi umuSevrobis donec ki Semcirda 6.2%-mde (safrangeTis
umuSevrobis donesTan SedarebiT, romelic 12%-s Seadgenda).
britaneli amomrCevlebi jer isev cud gunebaze iyvnen da 1997 wlis maisSi, pirvelad Tvrameti wlis manZilze, konservatorebs xelisuflebidan iSorebdnen. amis erTi mizezi is iyo, rom
statistikuri monacemebis miuxedavad, britaneTis saSualo klasis mravali warmomadgeneli
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cxovrebis xarisxis dacemas grZnobda. axlad arCeuli premier ministris toni bleris winaSe
mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da politikuri kiTxva dadga evropis ekonomikur kavSirSi gaerTianebasTan dakavSirebiT.
160
Zleba iTqvas, rom saparlamento wyoba aris didi britaneTis saCuqari mTlianad evropisaTvis.
161
zedmiwevniTi wesrigisa da disciplinis Camoyalibebis survils gulisxmobs.
magram dasavleT germaniis Semdgomma warmatebam am Teorias safuZveli gamoacala. aseve, iaponiasac demokratiuli cxovrebis gamocdileba ar hqonia meore
msoflio omamde da misi konsensusis principze damyarebuli da mfarveli-mxardamWeris (patron-client) tipis urTierTobebze agebuli sazogadoeba sruliad winaaRmdegobrivi Canda demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis. Tumca, iaponia ukve naxevari saukunea demokratiul mmarTvelobas axorcielebs. rogorc mogvianebiT
vnaxavT, indoeTi da israeli aseve qmediT demokratiebs warmoadgenen pirvel
SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis mkveTri siWrelis, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi mudmivi
dapirispirebebis pirobebSi.
sainteresoa gavarkvioT, es magaliTebi gamonaklisia, Tu marTlac adasturebs, rom arasworia ganzogadebiTi daskvna demokratiis zogierT sazogadoebaSi ararelevanturobis Sesaxeb? safrangeTis, germaniis, iaponiis, indoeTisa
da israelis magaliTebi cxadyofen, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis saocrad moqnili da adaptirebadi formaa.
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susti koaliciuri mTavrobebi, (aseT qmedebas uaryofiTi veto ewodeba).
safrangeTSi bevrs imedi hqonda, rom 1958 wlis konstitucia qveyanaSi
gamefebul politikur arastabilurobas daasrulebda. axali konstitucia SedarebiT mokled da gasagebi eniT iyo dawerili. misi debulebebi de golis politikur Sexedulebebs efuZneboda, risi ZiriTadi principebi man Tavis cnobil
gamosvlaSi konstituciis miRebamde 12 wliT adre ase Camoayaliba:
aSkaraa, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ar unda iyos damokidebuli parlamentze, romelic Tavis mxriv orpalatiania da warmoadgens
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, adgili eqneba
pasuxismgeblobebis aRrevas, sadac mTavroba sxva araferi iqneba Tu ara
partiuli delegaciebis dajgufeba... safrangeTis xelisuflebis erTianoba, koordinirebuloba da Sida wesrigi unda iqces mTavar amocanad, Torem qveynis mmarTveloba iqceva uunarod da sneulad. maS rogor
unda iqnas miRweuli amgvari erTianoba, koordinirebuloba da wesrigi,
Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gamomdinarobs sxva organodan, romelic wesiT mis dabalansebas unda axdendes, da Tu mTavrobis TiToeuli
wevri, romelic qveynis warmomadgenlobiTi organos winaSe koleqtiur
pasuxismgeblobas unda iziarebdes, araferia, Tu ara sakuTari partiis
emisari? amitomac aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba unda iyos warmodgenili
saxelmwifos meTauris saxiT, romelic iqneba partiebisagan damoukidebeli da airCeva im organos mier, romelic moicavs parlamentsac, magram
masze ufro farToa...
saxelmwifos meTauris prerogativaa sazogado interesebis ganxilva mis mier SerCeul pirebTan erTad da aseve, parlamentis orientaciis gaTvaliswinebiT. misive uflebaa ministrTa nominireba, da maT
Soris, pirvel rigSi premier-ministris dasaxeleba, romelmac unda warmarTos mTavrobis politika da muSaoba, misi movaleobaa kanonis propaganda da gancxadebebis gakeTeba, radganac isini vrceldeba mTeli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebze. aseve is unda xelmZRvanelobdes kabinets da am
funqciiT daicvas erovnuli gangrZobiToba. man unda Seasrulos arbitris funqciac, romelic yoveldRiur politikur garemoebebze maRla
dgas da uzrunvelyofs kabinetis normalur muSaobas, an gansakuTrebuli areulobis periodSi, daniSnos arCevnebi, raTa xalxma gamoavlinos
misi suverenuli gadawyvetileba am gziT. man, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qveyana
raime safrTxis winaSe dadgeba, unda aiRos qveynis usafrTxoebis garantiebisa da yvela im xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis valdebuleba, rasac
safrangeTi SeuerTdeba.4
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
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sajaro xelisuflebis CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebuli de golis koncefciis ZiriTadi elementebi 1958 wlis konstituciis TiTqmis yvela debulebaSia asaxuli. saparlamento modelis Sesabamisad, safrangeTis aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebac dayofilia. konstituciis mixedviT, premier-ministri aris mTavrobis meTauri, xolo prezidenti ki saxelmwifos meTauria. britaneli monarqisagan gansxvavebiT, bunebrivia, safrangeTis prezidenti arCeulia demokratiuli wesiT da gacilebiT meti politikuri Zalauflebac aqvs. safrangeTis
prezidenti, romlis farTo uflebamovaleobebi TviTon de golis ambiciebs
moarges, qveynis wamyvani politikuri figuraa. igi damoukidebelia saknonamdeblo Stosagan, gaaCnia Zalauflebis mravali berketi da saprezidento posts
gansazRvruli vadiT ikavebs (Svidi weli 1962-dan 2000 ww., amJamad xuTi weli).
konstituciam prezident de gols konfliqturi interesebisa da konkurenti politikuri partiebis momrigeblis funqciac SeuTavsa. konstituciam aseve
mianiWa de gols da mis memkvidreebs sagareo politikis sferoSi upiratesi ufle-
164
bebi. prezidents SeuZlia daniSnos da gaaTavisuflos premier-ministri, daiTxovos sakanonmdeblo organo, daniSnos axali arCevnebi, gamoacxados sagangebo
mdgomareoba, gamosces kanonis Zalis mqone brZanebulebebi da uxelmZRvanelos
kabinetis Sexvedrebs. garda amisa, prezidentma SeiZleba Caataros erovnuli referendumi qveynisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxebze.
1958 wlis konstitucia Tavdapirvelad iTvaliswinebda, rom prezidenti
arCeuli unda yofiliyo amomrCevelTa kolegiis mier, romelSic Sevidodnen
adgilobrivi da cetraluri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, raTa am gziT prezidenti yoveldRiur politikaze maRla damdgariyo. 1962 wels de golma TviTneburad daniSna referendumi, sadac frang xalxs prezidentis pirdapiri wesiT
arCevis sakiTxi unda gadaewyvita (`TviTneburad~ imdenad, ramdenadac mas konstitucia cvlilebebis Setanis procesSi nacionaluri asambleis gverdis avlis
uflebas ar aZlevda). referendumma absoluturi umravlesobis gadawyvetilebiT safrangeTis prezidentis mmarTvelobas saxalxo mandati mianiWa. de golma kargad icoda, rom demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi araferi aZlevs
politikur liders imxela Zalauflebas da legitimurobas, rogorc amomCevelTa pirdapiri mxardaWera.
safrangeTSi premier-ministrs prezidentTan SedarebiT naklebi Zalaufleba da gavlena aqvs, Tumca ukanasknel periodSi am or instituts Soris gacilebiT meti balansia, vidre de golis mmarTvelobis dros iyo. premieri prezidentis mier irCeva da emsaxureba mis nebas. rogorc mTavrobis meTauri, premieri
marTavs ministrTa kabinets da sakanonmdeblo organos winaSe pasuxismgebelia
sajaro politikasa da erovnul Tavdacvaze. premieri da misi kabineti Tvalyurs
adevnebs da akontrolebs mTavrobisa da biurokratiis muSaobas. Tumca, mexuTe
respublikis konstitucia zustad arc gansazRvravs ra uflebamosilebani da
funqciebi aqvs prezidents, da ra _ premier-ministrs. de gols, frangul politikaSi misi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, moswonda konstituciis miseburi interpretirebis SesaZleblobis arseboba. amitom de golis mmarTvelobis periodSi saprezidento Zalaufleba Zalze moqnili iyo da mocemul momentSi yvela
saWiro resursisa da berketis gamosayenebis SesaZleblobas uqmnida.
de golis Semdgom, arcerTi prezidenti ar yofila ase dominanturi frangul politikaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom socialist fransua miterans safrangeTis prezidentis posti 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi ekava (1981-1995), misi reputacia
verasdros miuaxlovda de golis reitings. Tumca, miteranis mmarTvelobis
umetes periodSi ZalTa balansi mainc prezidentis sasargeblod ixreboda premieris sapirispirod. safrangeTs, mexuTe respublikis daarsebidan 1988 wlamde,
ar hyolia iseTi premieri, romelic prezidentis Zalauflebas daabalansebda an
daCrdilavda. 1986 wlis erovnul arCevnebSi miteranis socialistur partiaze
centristul-memarjvene partiis gamarjvebis Semdgom or weliwadSi safrangeTis premieri am ukanasknelis warmomadgeneli Jak Siraki gaxda. 1997 wels ki
lionel Jospeni gaxda premier-ministri mas Semdeg, rac misma socialisturma
partiam erovnul arCevnebSi daamarcxa ori wlis win prezidentad arCeuli Sirakis momxreebi nacionalur asambleaSi. orive SemTxvevaSi, prezidentis partiis
warumatebloba parlamentSi saprezidento gavlenis Sesustebasa da axali premieris (da mTavari opoziciuri partiis lideris) Tundac droebiT politikur
upiratesobaSi gamoixata.
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politikuri partiebi
safrangeTSi politikuri partiebis sakmaod didi speqtria. evropis sxva
mravalpartiul sistemaTa msgavsad, safrangeTSic politikuri partiebi klasificirebulni arian memarjvene da memarcxene Zalebad. umniSvnelovanesi memarcxene partiebi arian komunisturi da socialisturi (Sesabamisad, radikaluri
da liberaluri orientaciis).
meore msoflio omis Semdeg 1970 wlamde komunisturi partia saSualod
166
xmaTa 20 procents iRebda erovnul arCevnebSi. Tumca, bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi misi poziciebi mniSvnelovnad Sesustda. socialisturi partia iqca
memarcxeneTa mxardaWeris ZiriTad mimRebad. 1981 wels socialisturma partiam
STambeWdavi gamarjveba moipova arCevnebSi, xolo misi kandidati, fransua miterani safrangeTis prezidenti gaxda. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1986 wlis arCevnebSi
partiis mimarT mxardaWeram iklo, socialistebma poziciebi 1988 wels miteranis
xelmeored arCevisas aRidgines da kvlavac wamyvan politikur Zalad iqcnen parlamentSi (Tumca, maT ar hqondaT mandatebis umravlesoba).
1990-iani wlebSi saxalxo mxardaWera centristul-memarjvene Zalebisaken
gadaixara. 1993 wels ki maT absoluturi gamarjveba izeimes da nacionalur asambleaSi daibrunes dominanturi pozicia. ori wlis Semdeg, neogolisti kandidati
_ Jak Siraki arCeuli iqna qveynis prezidentad. Sirakis arCevam, romelsac daemata imave wels centristuli-memarjvene Zalebis triumfi senatis arCevnebSic,
konservatiuli Zalebs marTvis sruli sadaveebi Caugdo xelT, Tumca ara xangrZlivi vadiT. 1997 wels prezident Sirakis mierve vadaze adre daniSnulma saparlamento arCevnebma yvela gaakvirva, gansakuTrebiT TviTon Siraki, romelic
mniSvnelovani saxalxo mxardaWeris mopovebas eloda misi seriozuli ekonomikuri programis gamo. magram memarcxene Zalebma, isev socialistTa xelmZRvanelobiT, damajerebeli gamarjveba moipoves. Siraks aRar hqonda sxva arCevani,
garda socialisti lionel Jospenis axal premier-ministrad gamocxadebisa.
Jak Sirakma, yofilma neogolistma premier ministrma 1995 wlis maisSi socialisti prezidenti fransua miterani Secvala. 1997 wlis ivnisSi prezidentma Sirakma axali saparlamento arCevnebi moiTxova da iZulebuli gaxda socialisti lionel Jospini daesaxelebina axal premier ministrad, mas mere rac centristuli partiebi memarcxene partiebTan
damarcxdnen. 2002 wlis gazafxulze Jospeni saprezidento arCevnebis dasrulebis Semdeg
gadadga.
TavisTavad is faqti, rom Jan mari le penis ultra memarjvene nacionalisturma partiam 1997 wlis arCevnebSi mxolod erTi saparlamento mandati
miiRo, safrangeTis oretapiani saarCevno proceduris ucnauri Sedegia. gamarjvebulis gamosavlenad saWiroa arCevnebis meore turis Catareba im saarCevno
olqebSi, sadac pirvel etapze verc erTi kandidati ver miiRebs gadamwyvet um-
167
ravlesobas (Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom 2002 wlis arCevnebSi le penis STambeWdavma poziciebma saprezidento arCevnebis pirvel turSi ultramemarjveneebs
gaZlierebisaTvis damatebiTi biZgi misca). xSirad, urTierTmsgavsi politikuri
Sexedulebebis mqone partiebi arCevnebis pirvel da meore turs Soris ayalibeben aliansebs, sxvadasxva olqSi erTmaneTis kandidatebis mxardaWeris pirobiT,
riTac parlamentSi marginaluri da radikaluri partiebis gavlena mcirdeba.
168
sazogadoebisaTvis, romelsac igi emsaxureba. iqidan gamomdinare, rom prezidenti 2000 wlamde Svid weliwadSi erTxel, xolo axali parlamenti xuT weliwadSi erTxel mainc irCeva, arCevnebis sixSire da masTan dakavSirebuli mzadeba franguli politikis erT-erT mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgens. marTlac,
1962-dan 1997 wlamde ToTxmetjer Catarda arCevnebi. erT-erTi avtoris TqmiT,
`saarCevno taqtikis logikidan gamomdinare, grZelvadian programebs momentalur Sedegebze gaTvlili politika da partiuli aliansebi sWarbobs~.6 (arCevnebi kidev ufro meti sixSiriT tardeba aSS-Si, magram warmomadgenelTa palatis
arCevnebi yovel or weliwadSi an senatis mesamedis ganaxlebasTan dakavSirebuli procesebi, rogorc wesi, didi eleqtoraluri interesiT da aqtivobiT ar
gamoirCeva).
mexuTe respublikis dasawyisSi arsebobda imis potenciuri safrTxe, rom
safrangeTis gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba mniSvnelovan winaaRmdegobebs Seqmnida im SemTvevaSi, Tu prezidenti da premieri sxvadasxva politikuri Zalebis warmomadgenlebi iqnebodnen, sxvadasxva politikur ideologias gaatarebdnen da gansxvavebuli politikuri xedva eqnebodaT. dRemde sami
amgvari precedenti iyo, Tumca amas raime mniSvnelovani problema namdvilad
ar gamouwvevia. 1986 wels, roca memarjvene Zalebma gaimarjves erovnul arCevnebSi, socialisti prezidenti fransua miterani iZulebuli iyo moewvia parizis
neogolisti meri Jak Siraki premierad, romelsac unda Camoeyalibebina axali
mTavroba. 1993 wels, roca socialistebi ganmeorebiT damarcxdnen saparlamento arCevnebSi memarjvene-centristuli koaliciis mier, miterani isev iZulebuli gaxda moewvia gamarjvebuli Zalis warmomadgeneli eduard baladuri
premier-ministrad. dabolos, 1997 wlis ivnisSi prezidentma Jak Sirakma analogiuri garemoebebis gamo (mxolod amjerad konservatorebze memarcxeneebis
gamarjvebis mizeziT), premier-ministrad socialisti lionel Jospeni daniSna,
romelmac, sxvaTa Soris, 2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis pirvelive turSi
samarcxvino damarcxeba iwvnia Sirakis kanidaturasTan dapirispirebis gamo.
gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis problemam dRis wesrigSi `Tanaarsebobis~ aucilebloba daayena, roca gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba sxvadasxva partiebis mier kontroldeba. ramdenad kargad muSaoben erTad prezidenti da premier-ministri sxva sakiTxia. rogorc aRvniSneT, am or
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas Soris Zalauflebis formaluri gayofa xSirad
samarcxvino formas iRebs da xelisuflebas CixSi aqcevs. miuxedavad amisa,
`Tanaarsebobis~ xanmokle gamocdilebam aCvena, rom Tavad sistemas safrTxe
ar eqmneba.
169
qveynebSi konkurentebis mxridan erTgvari safrTxe igrZno. frangi fermerebi gansakuTrebuli simkacriT moiTxovdnen proteqcionisturi zomebis miRebas zogjer gaafTrebuli protestebisa da demonstraciebis (magaliTad, traqtorebiT ZiriTadi quCebisa da gzebis gadaketva) gamarTviT. evropul monetarul kavSirSi gawevrianebas azrTa didi sxvadasxvaoba mohyva,
radgan franguli sazogadoebis didi seqtori nebismier supranacionalur da saerTaSoriso
organizaciebTan mimarTebaSi yovelTvis gaafTrebiT icavda erovnuli suverenitetis ideas.
amas garda, unificirebuli evropuli valutis Seqmna damokidebuli iyo erovnuli biujetis
deficitis 3%-iT Semcirebaze qveynis mTlian Sida produqtSi standarti, romelmac prezident SirakisaTvis biujetis Sekvecis zomebis mxardaWeris motivis roli iTamaSa. es arapopularuli RonisZiebebi, Tavis mxriv, socialistebisa da sxva memarcxene partiebis xelSi 1997
wlis ivnisis arCevnebSi Sirakis partiis damarcxebis iaraRac iqca.
umuSevroba da ekonomika
Tanamedrove frangul sazogdoebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli imedgacruebis mizezebis gamocnoba Zneli ar aris. 1996 wels gadasaxadebma da umuSevrobam rekordul simaRles miaRwia,
xelfasebi gaiyina, sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi da sazogadoebrivi seqtori Seikveca; erovnuli vali 1993 wlis mSp-s 45.4%-dan 1997 wels daaxloebiT 58%-mde gaizarda. franguli ekonomika 1996 wels neli tempiT 0.9%-iT, xolo 1997 wels daCqarda da daaxloebiT 2.6%-iT gaizarda.
safrangeTi umuSevrobis maRali doniT - 12%-iT evrokavSirSi espaneTis Semdeg meore adgilze
iyo. es mudmivi problema kidev ufro amZafrebs daZabul urTierTobebs profkavSirebSi gaerTianebul muSebsa da xelisuflebas Soris im qveyanaSi, sadac muSebi xSirad awyoben gaficvebsa
da demonstraciebs. bevri frangi kargad xedavs mWidro kavSirs umuSevrobasa da emigracias
Soris emigrantebi Tanaxma arian dabal xelfasad imuSaon, qalaqebSi iyrian Tavs da SezRuduli samuSao adgilebisaTvis konkurenciaSi ebmebian.
emigracia da sazogadoeba
ukiduresi memarjvene erovnuli fronti Jan mari le penis xelmZRvanelobiT yvelaze seriozulad moekida emigraciis sakiTxs. amJamad safrangeTSi ZiriTadad CrdiloeT afrikidan
Camosuli 3 milionze meti arabi da afrikisa da aziis yofili koloniebidan emigrirebuli
mravali adamiani cxovrobs. umuSevrobam da qalaqebis saxis dakargvam tradiciuli franguli
stumarTmoyvareoba politikuri devnilebis, ltolvilebis da TavSesafris maZebarTa mimarT
Seasusta. sazogadoebis mxridan zewolisa da ukiduresi memarjveneebis pretenziebis sapasuxod xelisuflebam gaaZliera moTxovnebi aralegaluri emigrantebis mimarT da politikuri devnilebis mier TavSesafris Ziebas meti skepticizmiT moekida. ucxoelebi, turistebis
CaTvliT, xSirad Civian, rom maT safrangeTSi gulRiad ar xvdebian. le penis meore adgilma
2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis pirvel turSi safrangeTi (da mTeli evropa) SokSi Caagdo;
miuxedavad imisa, rom Sirakma sruli gamarjveba moipova, le peni da misi mimdevrebi wamyvani
170
partiebisaTvis seriozul safrTxes warmoadgenen.
sasamarTlo sistema
safrangeTis sasamarTlo sistema dayofilia ori umTavresi tipis sasamarTlod: Cveulebrivi sasamarTlo da administraciuli sasamarTlo. miuxedavad am
sakmaod rutinuli klasifikaciisa, safrangeTis iuridiuli sistema ramdenime
sakmaod saintereso da uCveulo inovacias Seicavs. magaliTad, iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo respublikis prezidentis TavmjdomareobiT ganixilavs sasamarTlo
dawinaurebebisa da disciplinarul sakiTxebs. uzenaesi sasamarTlo uflebamosilia gaasamarTlos respublikis prezidenti qveynis RalatisaTvis da xelisuflebis wevrebi sajaro valdebulebebis Sesrulebisas kriminaluri danaSaulis CadenisaTvis.
sakonstitucio sabWo Sedgeba cxra mosamarTlisa (romelTaganac sami respublikis prezidentis, sami _ nacionaluri asambleis prezidentis, xolo danarCeni sami ki _ senatis prezidentis mier aris dasaxelebuli) da aseve qveynis
yvela yofili prezidentisagan. mas sasamarTlo meTvalyureobis funqciac aqvs,
rac sakmaod mniSvnelovania frangul sistemaSi. igi zedamxedvelobs prezidentis arCevnebs da aseve ZaluZs winaaRmdegobrivi sakanonmdeblo davebis gamoZieba da gadawyveta. garkveul SemTxvevebSi, mas SeuZlia moamzados daskvnebi momavali kanonmdeblobis an ukve ZalaSi Sesuli kanonebis konstituciurobis
Sesaxeb. sabWosaTvis gadacemuli saqmeebi ar atarebs individualuri davebis
an mimarTvis xasiaTs (rogorc es aSS-Sia). es saqmeebi sabWoSi xelisuflebis danarCeni ori Stos specialuri mimarTvis safuZvelze SeiZleba moxvdes. aqedan
gamomdinare, sakiTxebi, romelsac sabWo ganixilavs, ZiriTadad politikuria
da pirdapir exeba konstituciuri uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebas xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stosa Tu struqturis mier.
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germaniis Tanaswori partniori da Crdilo-atlantikuri aliansis (natos) erTerTi wamyvani wevri. qsenofobiuri politikis uaryofa umravlesobis mier, rac
2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis meore turSi Jan mari le penis damarcxebam
cxadyo, safrangeTis eleqtoratis samoqalaqo simwifeze miuTiTebs. safrangeTSi, yvela Sesabamisi parametris mixedviT, demokratia funqcionirebs kargad
(ramdenadac es saerTod SesaZlebelia idealurisgan Sors myof msoflioSi).
vaimaris respublika
hitleris mesame raixi aRmocenda vaimaris respublikaSi, romelic Tavis
mxriv germaniaSi konstituciuri demokratiis Camoyalibebis pirveli eqsperimenti iyo. bevri eqsperti miiCnevs, rom problema iyo ara vaimaris respublikis
warumatebloba TavisTavad, aramed warmatebis Sansis ararseboba. daarsebisTanave, 1919 wels igi asocirebuli iyo germaniis samarcxvino damarcxebasTan
pirvel msoflio omSi da SezRuduli iyo versalis samSvidobo xelSekrulebiT
dadgenili mkacri pirobebiT. respublikas dakisrebuli hqonda mZime kompensacia gamarjvebulTa aliansis mxridan, ramac gamoiwvia mwvave ekonomikuri
problemebi, umuSevrobis maRali done, biznesis Cavardna, swrafi inflacia da
Sedegad, vaimaris respublikis Sesusteba. amgvari daZabuli viTarebis fonze,
germanulma sazogadoebam polarizeba ganicada ukidures memarjvene da ukidures memarcxene mimdinareobebad. eqstremizmis aRmocenebam ki TavisTavad
xelisuflebis krizisi ganapiroba. erT-erTi eqspertis SefasebiT: `stabiluri
demokratiuli mmarTveloba vaimaris respublikis arsebobis periodSi mudmivad safrTxis qveS imyofeboda. qveyana imarTeboda... arapopularuli umciresobaTa kabinetebis, Signidan susti `didi koaliciebis~, an kidev, parlaments miRma
avtoritaruli saprezidento kabinetebis mier.~7
Tu warsuls gadavavlebT Tvals, aSkaraa, rom vaimaris respublikis dacema gardauvali iyo. rogorc varaudoben, Zalian cota demokratia Tu SeZlebda
amgvari winaaRmdegobebis daZlevas. Znelia imis warmodgenac, Sedgeboda Tu ara
demokratia pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom germaniaSi ufro ukeTes politikur
da ekonomikur pirobebSi. bolos da bolos, kancler oto fon bismarkisa (18711890) da vilhelm II-is mmarTvelobis (1888-1891) periodSi germania demokratiulobis ideisagan namdvilad Zalian Sors idga. am avtoritari mmarTvelebis
dros, sityvis Tavisufleba, politikuri monawileoba da partiuli politika
akrZaluli iyo. metic, mmarTvelisadmi morCileba germanul Taviseburebad
iqca. amdenad, germanuli sazogadoeba 1919 wels, rogorc Cans, moumzadebeli
iyo demokratiisaTvis. Tumca amavdroulad, versalis SeTanxmebiT dawesebulma
araSorsmWvretelma sadamsjelo politikam kidev ufro daamZima demokratiis
172
ganviTarebisaTvis isedac araxelsayreli garemo. am gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 1949 wels [meore mdoflio omis Semdeg _ mTargmn. Sen.] erTi ZiriTadi
kiTxva gaCnda: saerTod, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara demokratiis muSaoba odesme im
qveyanaSi, romelic cota xnis win Tavs uxrida sastik tirans (hitlers), emsaxureboda totalitarul mTavrobas (nacistur reJims) da Tvals xuWavda, roca
milionobiT udanaSaulo adamians (maT Soris bavSvebs) gazis kamerebSi xocavdnen?
173
deg sabWoTa kavSiris mier aRmosavleT evropaSi damyarebuli arapopularuli
da warumatebeli komunisturi reJimebi TandaTan dauZlevel problemad iqca.
gorbaCovis periodSi, sabWoTa kavSirs aRar Seswevda am warumatebeli ekonomikuri sistemebisa da dangrevis piras myofi saxelmwifoebis aRorZinebis unari.
aRmosavleT germaniis reJimis aRsasruli dadga maSin, roca aRmosavleT evropaSi erovnuli winaaRmdegobis talRa pikSi iyo: poloneTsa da ungreTs ukve gadadgmuli hqondaT mniSvnelovani nabijebi komunisturi reJimis rRvevis mimarTulebiT. maT didad ar CamorCeboda Cexoslovakia, rumineTi da bulgareTic.
aRmosavleT germaniis komunizmis rRveva daiwyo masobrivi emigraciebiT.
asobiT aTasi adamiani gaiqca ungreTis, poloneTisa da Cexoslovakiis mimarTulebiT, sadac iqauri komunisti liderebi uSedegod cdilobdnen azvirTebuli talRis Sekavebas. imavdroulad, adgilze darCenili aTasobiT aRmosav leT
germaneli masobriv demonstraciebSi iRebda monawileobas berlinSi, laifcigsa da sxva qalaqebSi. amas mohyva berlinis kedlis ngrevis emociuri epizodebi
da aRmosavleT germaniis reJimis rRveva 1989 wels.
germanuli federalizmi
demokratia namdvilad yvavis germaniaSi. 1989 wlamde germaniis federaluri respublika 10 federalur miwas (Lnder, mxolobiTSi Land) da berlinis
dasavleT nawils moicavda. mas daaxloebiT aSS-is oregonis Statis Tanazomadi
teritoria ekava. gaerTianebam ki federaluri respublikis struqtura eqvsi
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axali miwiTa da, Sesabamisad, damatebiTi mosaxleobiTa da teritoriiT gaafarTova. sainteresoa imis aRniSvna, rom gaerTianebuli germaniis analogiuri teritoriuli farTobis mqone 25 saxelmwifoc ki Tavisuflad `daeteoda~ aSS-is
kuTvnil teritoriul farTobze. Tumca, germaniis federalizmi, romelic centralur xelisuflebaze mudmiv kontrols uzrunvelyofs, ufro politikuri
movlenaa, vidre geografiuli.
gaerTianebulma Zalebma meore msoflio omis Semdgom daadgines germanuli
miwebis sazRvrebi, romlebic faqtobrivad maT istoriul sazRvrebs emTxveoda.
miuxedvad imisa, rom germaniis geografiuli kompaqturoba erTi SexedviT gamoricxavs regionalur mravalferovnebas, mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi CveulebebSi, midgomebSi, dialeqtSi da a.S. mainc TvalSisacemia. TumcaRa, amgvari regionuli Tu adgilobrivi mravalferovneba sulac ar axasiaTebs zogierT miwas
da amitomac gasakviri ar aris, rom germaniis federaluri sistemis SigniT am
federaluri erTeulebis standartizaciis done ufro maRalia, vidre aSS-is
Statebis SemTxvevaSi.
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lisuflebis ZiriTad uflebamosilebas ganekuTvneba adgilze kanonebis amoqmedeba iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa ganaTleba an kultura. mxolod maT gaaCniaT Sesabamisi berketebi federalur doneze miRebuli kanonebis aRsrulebis
uzrunvelsayofad, maT Soris adgilobriv administraciebSi Sesabamisi gankargulebebis gacemisa da saganmanaTleblo sistemis marTvis ufleba, iseve rogorc
sapolicio Zalaufleba. dabolos, mxolod maT gaaCniaT presaze limitirebuli,
magram mainc garkveuli SezRudvebis dawesebis ufleba.
miuxedavad amisa, federaluri xelisufleba namdvilad ar warmoadgens
germanuli sistemis sust rgols. berlinSi ganlagebul mTavrobas aqvs eqskluziuri sakanonmdeblo uflebebi sagareo, savaluto da fiskaluri politikis,
moqalaqeobis miniWebis, sarkinigzo komunikaciis, safosto momsaxurebisa da
telekomunikaciis, agreTve saavtoro uflebebis sferoebSi. zogierTi sxva
sakiTxi, kerZod ki samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba da ekonomikuri regulaciebi centraluri da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis saerTo
kompetenciebis sferos ganekuTvneba.
germania ufro federaluria vidre aSS; federaluri miwebi aRWurvilni
arian ufro meti ZalauflebiT da gadasaxadebis proporciulad ufro didi
wilic adgilobriv biujetSi miemarTeba. magaliTisaTvis, kerZo da korporatiuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi centrsa da miwebs Soris Tanabrad nawildeba da
TiToeuli 40 procents iRebs, danarCen 20 procenti ki qalaqebis biujetSi midis. miwebi aseve iReben damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadis (dRg) erT mesameds,
rac evropaSi udides, magram xSirad dafarul brunvis gadasaxads warmoadgens.
Sedegad, maSin roca berlinidan kidev garkveuli damatebiTi Tanxebis gadaricxva xdeba federaluri erTeulebisa da qalaqebis biujetSi, maT ar uwevT ganmeorebiTi mimarTvebis gzavna centrSi aSS-is Statebisa da qalaqebis msgavsad,
romlebic cdiloben am gziT miiRon saWiro dafinanseba vaSingtonidan.8
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
germania warmoadgens saparlamento mmarTvelobis formas danawevrebuli
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebiT. centraluri samTavrobo figura aris kancleri,
romelic parlamentis TanxmobiT niSnavs da aTavisuflebs kabinetis wevrebs. sagangebo mgomareobis SemTxvevaSi, kancleri xdeba armiis mTavarsardali da sajaro politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaze pasuxismgebeli piri.
saxelmwifos titularuli meTauria prezidenti, romelsac metwilad mxolod simboluri funqcia aqvs, garda im gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevisa, Tu parlamenti politikur CixSi moeqceva.
did britaneTSi mefisa da dedoflis msgavsad, germaniaSi prezidents
partiuli politikis miuxedavad SeuZlia SeinarCunos Zalaufleba da amdenad
ganasaxierebdes sistemis gangrZobiTobasa da stabilurobas. prezidenti irCeva arapirdapiri arCevnebis gziT xuTi wlis vadiT. parmalentis qveda palataSi
umravlesobis partiis lideri xdeba qveynis kancleri. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vercerTi partia ver moipovebs umravlesobas, da xSirad asec xdeba praqtikaSi, maSin
kanclers irCevs ramdenime partiisagan Semdgari mmarTveli koalicia.
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sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba
germaniaSi sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba orad aris gayofili: bundestagi
warmoadgens parlamentis qveda palatas da bundesrati _ zeda palatas. iseve
rogorc safrangeTsa da did britaneTSi, germaniis orpalatian parlamentSic,
qveda palata ufro mniSvnelovania. Tumca, am ori qveynisagan gansxvavebiT, zeda
palata (bundesrati) germaniaSi gacilebiT ufro qmediTia da funqciurad datvirTuli.
bundestagi. bundestagis Tavmjdomare yovelTvis irCeva umravlesobis
partiis liderTagan. proceduruli sakiTxebi mowesrigebulia im normebiT,
romlebic raixstagidan (sakanonmdeblo organo omamde) momdinareobs. mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi, rogorc aris sakomiteto davalebebis, debatebis
dRis wesrigis da saparlamento muSaobis sxva yoveldRiuri sakiTxebis gansazRvra xdeba uxucesTa sabWos mier. es organo Sedgeba bundestagis prezidentis
(Tavmjdomaris), misi sami moadgilis (ori didi partiis _ social-demokratiuli da qristian-demokratiuli da aseve ufro patara, Tavisufal-demokratiuli partiis warmomadgenlebi) da ramdenime sxva wevrisagan, romelTac irCevs
TiToeuli partia.
bundestagis wevrebi demokratiulad irCevian oTxi wlis vadiT, Tumca,
rogorc sxva saparlamento sistemebSi, maTi funqcionirebis vada SesaZloa
Semcirebuli iqnes mTavrobisaTvis `undoblobis~ gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi.
amgvar viTarebaSi kancleri unda gadadges da prezidentma unda daiTxovos
parlamenti. Tumca, germaniaSi, sxva saparlamento sistemebisagan gansxvavebiT,
ZiriTadi kanoni moiTxovs `undoblobis xmis konstruqciul~ gamoyenebas, rac
imas gulisxmobs, rom kancleri ar SeiZleba daTxovnili iqnas bundestagis mier
`undoblobis xmiT,~ Tu imavdroulad wardgenili da arCeuli ar aris misi Semcvlelis, axali kancleris kandidatura.
bundestagis yvelaze mniSvnelovan komponentebs wamoadgens fraqciebi.
imisaTvis, rom Camoayalibos fraqcia, politikurma partiam sul mcire 15 adgili unda moipovos parlamentSi. bundestagis procedurebiTa da ganawesiT,
mxolod am saparlamento organizaciis meSveobiT SeiZleba deputatebis wardgena komitetebSi da partiebis formaluri aRiareba parlamentSi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo samuSao mimdinareobs swored
komitetebis SigniT, partiebisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania parlamentSi
adgilebis sakmarisi raodenobis mopoveba da Sesabamisad fraqciis Camoyalibeba.
bundesrati. zeda palatis kompetencias miekuTvneba yvela is sakiTxi,
rac centralur da regionul (miwebis) ZalauflebaTa balansis dacvas Tu Secvlas gulisxmobs. bundesratis wevrebi arian miwebis xelisuflebis mier daniSnuli da ara arCeuli deputatebi da blokuri xmis micemis princips iye neben.
amrigad, germanul miwebs gaaCniaT qmediTi da efeqtiani berketi, raTa Tavi
daicvan fe de raluri xelisuflebis mxridan SesaZlo Seviwroebisagan. Sedegad, bundesrati msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze ufro qmediTi da mniSvnelovani
zeda saparlamento palataa. germaniis miwebi umTavres rols asruleben federaluri politikis ganxorcielebaSi, iseve rogorc saerTo an gamijnuli
kompetenciis sferoebisTvis Sesabamisi politikis gansazRvraSi, rogorc es
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ZiriTadi kanoniT aris gansazRvruli.
politikuri partiebi
politikuri partiebis sistema imgvarad iqna Camoyalibebuli, rom partiebis raodenoba garkveul zRvars ar gascileboda da mcire eqstremistur
dajgufebebs qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani rolis Sesrulebis
Sansi ar hqonodaT. partiebma unda gadalaxon xuTprocentiani barieri saerTo
arCevnebSi da sul mcire sam saarCevno raionSi moipovon adgilebi imisaTvis,
rom bundestagSi iqnan warmodgenilni.
kidev erTi faqtori, rac ZiriTadi partiebis gaZlierebas kidev ufro uwyobs xels, aris bundestagis arCevnebis principi. TiToeuli amomrCeveli orjer
aZlevs xmas: erTs _ konkretul kandidats, meores _ partiis mier gansazRvrul
sias. arCevnebis es Tavisebureba saSualebas aZlevs ZiriTad partiebs gadamwyveti roli Seasrulon politikuri da sajaro karieris mosurneTa momavlis
gansazRvraSi,
178
brivi Tu religiuri mravalferovnebisa, maT Soris muslimuri da ebrauli umciresobiT. amgvar partiebs ganekuTvneba: nacionalur-demokratiuli partia
(NPD), germaniis saxalxo kavSiri (GVU) da respublikuri partia. jerjerobiT es
sasamarTlo
xelisufleba
germaniis sxva federaluri institutebis msgavsad, sasamarTlo siste-
179
bebs. diskriminaciis yvela forma, maT Soris religiuri da rasobrivi, calsaxad
akrZalulia. sityvis, gadaadgilebis, Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba
garantirebulia, im SemTxvevis gamoklebiT, roca es uflebebi gamoyenebulia
`Tavisufali demokratiuli wesrigis xelyofisaTvis.~ es ukanaskneli Casworeba
aSkarad ori radikaluri polusisaTvis _ erTi mxriv, ultramemarcxene komunizmisa da meore mxriv, ultramemarjvene nacizmisTvis, iyo gamiznuli, romelTa
aRzevebam seriozuli kvali daasva germaniis istorias meoce saukuneSi. udavod,
es aris omisSemdgomi periodis gamoZaxili, roca mTel atlantikur sivrces da,
gansakuTrebuli simZafriT, germaniis aRmosavleT nawils komunizmis seni moedo. Tumca, arc ukiduresad memarjvene Zalebis isev gaZlierebis saSiSroebaa
mxolod zedapiruli. amitom, aRniSnuli SezRudva omisSemdgom periodSi `Tavisufali demokratiuli wesrigis~ winaaRmdeg mimarTul ZiriTad safrTxed, neonacizms gulisxmobs.
180
germanuli gegma: magaliTi
yofili germaniis demokratiuli respublikis
ekonomika da rekonstruqcia
germaniis xelaxla gaerTianeba `Zviri dajda~. yofili aRmosavleT germania dasavleTTan SedarebiT ekonomikurad dasustebuli iyo. infrastruqtura cud mdgomareobaSi iyo, qarxnebi moZvelebuli manqana-danadgarebiT muSaobda, muSebs mniSvnelovani unarebi ar hqondaT, sawarmoTa daxurvis gamo umuSevrobis done maRali iyo da komunisturi epoqis wvrili
biurokratia, romelsac Tanamedrove menejmentis araferi gaegeboda, sakuTar poziciebs ar
Tmobda. ekonomikam winsvla daiwyo mas Semdeg, rac gaerTianebuli xelisuflebis saTaveSi
helmut koli movida. 1994 wlis oqtomberSi koli meoTxe vadiT airCies kanclerad. marTalia,
ekonomika 1992 wlidan 1994 wlamde weliwadSi 7-8%-iT izrdeboda, aRmosavleT germaniis ekonomika 1996 wels mxolod 3.5%-iT gaizarda, xolo 1997 wels mxolod 1.0%-iT zrdas elodnen.
amrigad, unda vivaraudoT, rom germaniis ekonomika, sadac dasavleTi qveynis mTlian erovnul
Sida produqtSi 90%-s iTvlis, male ver Seicvleba.
evrokavSiris aRmavloba
kolis xelisufleba kvlav ucvlelad uWerda mxars evrokavSirs axali evropuli monetaruli kavSiris Seqmnis CaTvliT. germaniisaTvis saerTo evropis idea xelsayrelia, radgan
amgvari legitimuri struqturis gareSe axali germanuli fanatizmis safrTxe dgeba dRis wesrigSi, romlis msgavss 1930-ian wlebSi hitlerma Cauyara safuZveli. meore mizezi is aris, rom
germaniam kargad uwyis gaerTianebul evropaSi Tavisi dominanturi Zalauflebis Sesaxeb. misi
Zlieri ekonomika imis garantias iZleva, rom mas sxva wevr qveynebze politikuri gavlena da
konkurentuli upiratesoba eqneba.
aRmosavleTSi investireba
miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleT germaniis upirvelesi mizani aRmosavleTi nawilis
aRorZinebaa, germanelebi istoriulad da geografiuladac centralur evropaSi eZeben bazrebs, nedleuls da investirebis SesaZleblobebs. germania bunebrivi savaWro partnioria poloneTisa da CexeTis respublikisaTvis, aseve didi interesi aqvs gaafarToos vaWroba yofili
sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebTan.
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evropasa da msoflioSi sakuTari rolis xelaxla gansazRvra
Tanamedrove germania gardamaval periodSia. misi mniSvneloba da dinamika gvkarnaxobs,
rom evropasa da mis farglebs miRma is lideris rols iTamaSebs, Tumca am rolis zusti buneba
bundovania. 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi bosniaSi gaerTianebuli erebis mSvidobis misiis Sesrulebisas germaneli jariskacebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg pirvelad gagzavnes sazRvargareT. germania ar Seurigdeba naxevari saukunis winandel samxedro SezRudvebs. jer ucnobia,
kerZod rogori roli eqneba mas evropasa da msoflioSi.
Tumca, federaluri respublikis demokratiuli cxovrebis naxevarsaukunovani gamocdileba namdvilad STambeWdavia. vaimaris istoriuli ganmeoreba ar
momxdara. Tu vaimaris respublika mZime ekonomikurma krizisma CixSi moaqcia,
1949 wlis Semdgom dasavleT germaniis swrafi omisSemdgomi reabilitacia da
mgdradi industriuli ganviTareba xSirad ekonomikur saswauladac ki moixsenieba. federaluri respublika dasavleT evropis wamyvan industriul saxelmwifod da `Tavisufali msoflios~ mesame udides ekonomikur Zalad iqca, aSS-sa
da iaponiis Semdeg. ekonomikuri warmateba erT-erTi im ZiriTad mizezTagania,
ris Sedegadac demokratia warmatebulad ganviTarda, xolo vaimaris respublika daemxo. swored dinamikuri ekonomikis wyalobiT, Tanamedrove germanelebma SeZles sicocxlisunariani da efeqtiani demokratiis Seqmna im miwaze, sadac
erT dros warmoudgeneli iyo demokratiis muSaoba. am warmatebam, yvela sxva
calkeul faqtorze ufro metad, daaCqara `mezobel~ aRmosavleT germaniaSi komunizmis marcxi.
jer adrea daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Taobaze, Tu ra grZelvadian Sedegebs
moitans germaniis gaerTianeba evropisa da mTlianad msofliosaTvis. Tanamedrove germania warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis erTgulia da misi ekonomika
mzardi evrokavSiris farglebSi viTardeba. eWvi TiTqmis aRaravis epareba, rom
axali germania evropaSi nebismieri axali politikuri Tu ekonomikuri formaciis wamyvani Zala iqneba. isic eWvgareSea, rom germaniis demokratia kvlavac ganviTardeba im rTuli gamowvevis daZlevis Semdgom, rasac aRmosavleT germaniis
momakvdavi diqtaturidan srulfasovan demokratiad gadaqceva warmoadgenda.
182
istoriuli wanamZRvrebi
iaponiaSi feodaluri xana 1868 wels meiZis dinastiis (Meiji Restoration)
aRorZinebamde grZeldeboda. Zveli didebis dabrunebis fonze, taxtze axali imperatori (meiZis dinastiidan) avida da daiwyo iaponiis modernizacia. miuxedavad imisa, rom demokratiuli principebi marginalurad, magram mainc ukve Sesuli iyo qveyanaSi, meiZis dinastiis iaponia kvlavac oligarqiad rCeboda. marTvis
sadaveebs uxuces saxelmwifo moRvaweTa sabWo, anu gerno, flobda. imperatoris
funqcia, rogorc es istorikosebs didi xnis ganmavlobaSi miaCndaT, simboluri iyo. Tumca, Tanamedrove kvlevebma cxadyo, rom amgvari Sefaseba arasworia.
marTlac, miiCnevdnen ra xorciel RvTaebad, imperators Tayvans scemdnen da
aRiqvamdnen, rogorc erovnuli erTianobis simbolos. Tumca, amavdroulad,
qveynisaTvis kritikul situaciaSi imperatori realurad aqtiur saxelmwifo
figurad da gadawyvetilebis mimReb xelisuflad iqceoda xolme.11
183
perioduli winaaRmdegobisa, xelisuflebis ekonomikuri politika kapitalis
ganviTarebis programiT xelmZRvanelobda da miznad isaxavda mZime mrewvelobis xelSewyobas. qveynis liderebma meiZis dinastiis mmarTvelobis ramdenime
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi periodSi, rogorc erTi mkvlevari aRniSnavs, `gaauqmes feodaluri institutebi, daakanones miwaze kerZo sakuTreba, aamuSaves
dasavluri tipis samarTlebrivi sistema, SemoiRes savaldebulo ganaTleba,
Camoayalibes centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis axleburi formebi da
aRmofxvres legaluri barierebi socialur klasebs Soris.~12
pirveli msoflio omisa da meiZis dinastiis mmarTvelobis dasrulebis
Semdeg, iaponia politikuri ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Sevida. nacionalizmi,
romelsac skolebSic aswavlidnen rogorc disciplinas, erTgvar religiadac ki
iqca. xelisufalni Zalian swrafad da qaosurad icvlebodnen. Tumca, iyo demokratiuli reformebis ganxorcilebis garkveuli mcdelobebi: magaliTisaTvis,
1925 wels moixsna arCevnebSi monawileobisaTvis ekonomikuri cenzi da xmis micemis
uflebiT sargeblobis neba mieca 25 wels gadacilebul yvela mamakacs. magram,
1930-ian wlebSi militarizmis mzardma talRam axladCamoyalibebuli demokratiuli Canasaxi gadafara. ultranacionalistebi acxadebdnen, rom demokratiis mesveuri politikosebi iaponiis Zlevamosilebas akninebdnen da qveyana msoflioSi
misi sakadrisi adgilis mopovebas mxolod Zlieri militaristuli mmarTvelobis
pirobebSi SeZlebda. militaristebma gaimarjves, magram maTi gamarjveba iaponias
meore msoflio omSi samarcxvino damarcxebis fasad daujda.
1930ian wlebSi pirveladi demokratiuli reformebis sakmaod swrafi da
umtkivneulo CaSla cxadyofs, rom iaponiaSi realurad arc momxdara konstituciuri mmarTvelobis ideis gatareba. zogadi rwmeniT, suvereniteti gamomdinareobda imperatoris RvTaebriobisagan da ara xalxisgan. amdenad, omamde periodis iaponia demokratiis ideas mxolod zedapirulad Seexo.
axali konstitucia
iaponiis 1947 wlis konstitucia, romelic meore msoflio omSi iaponiaze
gamarjvebuli aSS-is mier iqna SemoRebuli, miznad isaxavda qveynis politikuri
sistemis gardaqmnas. axali konstituciis mixedviT, suverenitetis wyaros ukve
xalxi warmoadgenda da ara imperatori. amerikuli gavlena aSkaraa iaponiis konstituciaze, gansakuTrebiT mis preambulaze:
Cven, iaponeli xalxi, vmoqmedebT ra erovnul parlamentSi Cven mier
arCeuli warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT, viRebT gadavwyvetilebas, CvenTvis da Cveni keTildReobisaTvis davamyaroT mSvidobiani TanamSromloba
yvela erTan, davicvaT Tavisufleba am miwaze, aRarasdros davuSvaT omis
ganmeoreba da gamowveva xelisuflebis raime qmedebiT, vacxadebT, rom
Zalaufleba momdinareobs xalxisgan da vamtkicebT am konstitucias...
xelisufleba aRWurvilia xalxis ndobiT, xelisuflebis Zalaufleba
momdinareobs xalxisgan da xelisufleba emsaxureba xalxs.
184
biTi demokratiis detalurad gawerili sistema SeemuSavebinaT. im fundamentur
uflebebs Soris, romelTac konstitucia iTvaliswinebda, iyo moqalaqeTaTvis
ganaTlebis miRebis Tanaswori ufleba da muSaTa Sekrebisa da koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis ufleba. iaponiis konstituciis kidev erTi Tavisebureba gaxldaT
isic, rom igi erTmniSvnelovnad gmobda oms da acxadebda, rom qveyana arasdros
iqoniebda `saxmeleTo, sazRvao da sahaero Zalebs an omis warmoebis sxva potencials~ (Tumca, am daTqmam iaponiis xelisufleba mainc ver SeaCera, Seeqmna limitirebuli `TavdacviTi Zalebi~).
partiuli sistema
liberalur-demokratiuli partia (ldp) dominirebda iaponur politikaSi 1955-dan 1993 wlamde. marTalia, arsebobda sxvadasxva, ufro mcire politi-
185
kuri partiebic, magram isini araefeqturni da naklebad gavlenianni iyvnen. am
opoziciur partiebs Soris, socialistebma da komunistebma ramdenjerme SeZles
xmaTa mniSvnelovani raodenobis dagroveba, magram maTi sakanonmdeblo roli
ZiriTadad saparlamento oponirebiT Semoifargleboda. daaxloebiT oTxi aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, qveynis realuri marTvis sadaveebs TiTqmis eqskluziurad flobda liberalur-demokratiuli partia.
Tu erTi partia xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs saparlamento adgilebis umravlesobas Tavisufali arCevnebis pirobebSi, es rogorc wesi,
imaze mianiSnebs, rom am partiam SeZlo socialuri interesebis farTo speqtris
dakmayofileba. liberal-demokratebis warmateba iaponiaSi ganapiroba iman, rom
ldp-m viwro partiul interesebze maRla farTo saxalxo moTxovnebi daayena,
gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare iyo ramdenime specifikuri da yvelaze aqtualuri
interesis mimarT, gaaCnda Zalian didi upiratesoba finansuri da organizaciuli resursebis TvalsazrisiT da kargad sargeblobda politikuri inerciiT.
ori mosazrebis Tanaxmad:
im mizezebis dadgena, Tu ram gamoiwvia konservatorebis xangrZlivi dominireba, rTuli ar aris. pirvel rigSi, es ganapiroba konservatorebis mier ganxorcielebulma reformebma, romelTac sazogadoebas
daanaxes, rom ar xdeboda sruli wyveta warsulTan. damoukideblobis
miiRebisTanave gaatares miwis reforma. is cvlilebebi, rac maT ganaxorcieles ufro centralizebuli mmarTvelobis sasargeblod, mimarTuli
iyo okupaciuri mmarTvelobis mier daSvebuli aSkara Secdomebis gamosworebisaken.
liberal-demokratebis, rogorc iaponiis umTavresi partiis mier damkvidrebuli konsensusis miRwevis principi qveynis politikis maxasiaTebel niSnad
iqca. partia ar warmoadgenda monoliTur politikur bloks, igi iyo sxvadasxva
interes-jgufebis erTgvari Tavisufali koalicia, sadac Sida konsensusis miRweva umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobda. 1993 wlamde partiis mier arCeuli Tavmjdomare, sayovelTao arCevnebis Semdgom, avtomaturad xdeboda qveynis premierministri. partiis lideris arCeva ki, rogorc wesi, dakavSirebuli iyo sakmaod
intensiur molaparakebebsa da garigebebTan partiis Semadgenel gansxvavebul
fraqciebs Soris, romelTac TavianTi liderebi, samoqmedo programebi da mxardamWeri regionebi hyavdaT.
iaponiis stabiluri, erTi partiis mier dominirebuli sistema Seirya 1993
186
wlis istoriuli sayovelTao arCevnebis Sedegad. sinamdvileSi liberalur-demokratiulma partiam TviTon ganapiroba sakuTari damarcxeba. 1990-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi partia faqtobrivad daiSala: im gaxmaurebuli politikuri skandalebis Semdeg, raSic partiis maRalCinosnebi iyvnen CarTuli da ramac partiis
imiji mkveTrad Selaxa, mas gamoeyo ramdenime fraqciis lideri. politikuri
skandalebi kiiCi miiaZavas mTavrobis damxobis katalizatorad iqca. ufro Rrma
da realur mizezs ki sazogadoebaSi uxvad dagrovili socialuri problemebi
warmoadgenda: dRiTidRe mzardi socialuri ukmayofileba, maRali fasebi,
grZeli samuSao dReebi da a.S.
Tumca, mmarTveli partiis damarcxebas ar gamouwvevia gamokveTili alternativis gaCena: liberal-demokratebi aSkarad damarcxebulebi iyvnen, Tumca ar Candnen aseTive aSkara gamarjvebulni. rva centristuli, memarcxene centristuli da memarcxene partiis aramyarma koaliciam axalbeda politikosi
morihiro hosokava airCia premier-ministrad. hosokava manamde patara partiis
_ `axali iaponiis~ lideri iyo, romelmac mxolod 35 mandati moipova parlamentSi da am parametriT mexuTe adgili daikava liberal-demokratebis (223 mandati), social demokratebis (70 mandati), iaponiis aRorZinebis partiisa (55 mandati) da `sufTa mmarTvelobis~ partiis (51 mandati) Semdeg. miuxedavad imisa,
rom rvave partia erTiandeboda koaliciaSi liberal-demokratebis winaaRmdeg,
es gaerTianeba ar iyo sakmarisad erTsulovani imisaTvis, rom xangrZlivad daeWira mxari hosokavas mmarTvelobisaTvis.
amrigad, hosokavas mmarTveloba erT weliwadsac ar gagrZelebula. momdevno mTavrobam cutoumo hatas xelmZRvanelobiT kidev ufro mokle xans, sul
raRac or Tves dahyo xelisuflebaSi. hosokavas msgavsad, hatac yofili liberal-demokrati iyo, romelic gamoeyo partias imisaTvis, rom axali politikuri
organizacia Seeqmna. mis mier Camoyalibebuli partia `axali fronti~ ar aRmoCnda politikurad dRegrZeli, hatam axali politikuri berketi _ nacionaluri partia Seqmna. am da sxva axali organizaciebis erTdrouli gamoCena arenaze
iaponiaSi mniSvnelovan politikur transformacias moaswavebda. erT dros Zalze stabiluri partiuli sistema mokle xanSi gadaiqca danawevrebul da Znelad
prognozirebad politikur speqtrad. iaponia partiuli Zalebis gadajgufebisa
da cvlilebebis procesSi aRmoCnda, romlis saboloo Sedegi sakmaod bundovani
iyo.
iaponiis politikuri meryeoba kvlav grZeldeboda. 1994 wlis ivnisSi, liberal-demokratebis marTuli koaliciis mier iaponiis mTavrobis axal xelmZRvanelad arCeul iqna socialisturi partiis lideri. amgvari ram Tundac erTi
wliT adre warmoudgeneli iqneboda. weliwadnaxevris Semdgom ki ruiuitaro
haSimoto, liberal-demokratebis Tavmjdomare gaxda bolo sami wlis ganmavlobaSi iaponiis ukve rigiT mexuTe premier-ministri. amavdroulad, 1996 wlis
arCevnebis Sedegebma moaxdina liberal-demokratebis erTgvari politikuri
reabilitaciac sakanonmdeblo organoSi, sadac maT gaimarjves, Tumca aradamajereblad (xmebis umravlesobis mopoveba mainc ver SeZles). partia rCeboda
konservatiuli cvlilebebis mowinaaRmdege liderebis kontrolis qveS da am
mouqnelma politikam 1990-iani wlebis bolos ekonomikuri regresi da Sesabamisad, eleqtoratis mxardaWeris Sesusteba gamoiwvia.
2001 wlis gazafxulze sakmaod daZabuli politikuri brZolis Sedegad,
qarizmatuli reformisti, Ziunitiro koiZumi, gaxda liberal-demokratiuli
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partiis prezidenti. koiZumi partiis uxucesTa da maTi mkacrad konservatiuli midgomebis winaaRmdeg gamodioda. sainteresoa, rom mas ar gaaCnda sakuTari
partiis saparlamento warmomadgenlobis mxridan sakmarisi mxardaWera, magram
partiaSi garkveuli wreebi da aseve zogadad xalxi enTuziazmiT Sexvda koiZumis
pirovnul qarizmas, axlebur ideebsa da mizanmimarTulobas. misi xedva Zireul
reformebs gulisxmobda, gansakuTrebiT qveynis daxuruli da izolirebuli ekonomikuri sistemis reformirebas, romelmac ganapiroba xangrZlivi ekonomikuri
Cavardna, arcTu STambeWdavi mdgomareoba safondo birJaze (kargad gamoixata
Nikkei-s indeqsSi [tokios safondo birJis indeqsi _ mTargmn. Sen.]), da uZrav qone-
baze fasebis mkveTri dacema (1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sakuTrebis Rirebuleba zogierT SemTxvevaSi 80 procentiTac ki gaufasurda). Tumca, vidre iaponiis ekonomikur `Semobrunebas~ uzrunvelyofda, koiZumis mouxda 1993 wlidan
inicirebuli da Semdgom Seferxebuli politikur-ekonomikuri reformebis
bolomde miyvana. tradiciebis erTgul iaponiaSi es udavod rTul da sapasuxismgeblo amocanas warmoadgenda.
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iseve rogorc patron-klinteluri tipis urTierTobebi, konsensusis principi aseve Rrmad fesvgadgmulia iaponiis kulturasa da tradiciaSi da amitom
naklebad mosalodnelia am Rirebulebebis Canacvleba axlo momavalSi. Tumca,
arsebobs imis garkveuli molodinic, rom mravalpartiulobam da politikuri
arastabilurobis zrdam SesaZloa gaarTulos da moSalos kidec sazogadoebrivi konsensusis miRwevis principi da gansxvavebul azrs, politikur sistemaSi
faruli TanamSromlobisa da Cumi garigebebis nacvlad pirdapiri oponirebisaken ubiZgos.
189
190
imgvari industriebi, rogoricaa mSenebloba, uZravi qonebis biznesi da sacalo
vaWoba, iqcnen sabanko sistemidan miRebuli uzarmazari sesxebis nakleb gadaxdisunarian mevaleebad.
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im `ekonomikuri saswaulis~ Semdgom, romelic iaponiaSi demokratiis ganviTarebis sawyis aTwleulebs da 1980-iani wlebis ekonomikur bums daemTxva,
da rasac STambeWdavi pikidan swrafi vardna mohyva, sainteresoa, aRmoCnda Tu
ara safrTxis qveS iaponiis saparlamento demokratia? pasuxia ara. miuxedavad
1990-iani wlebis Seferxebebisa, sazogadoebrivi azri pozitiuria: iaponelTa 60
procenti kvlavac kmayofilia arsebuli cxovrebis doniT, rac imaze miuTiTebs
rom es maCvenebeli sruliadac ar Secvlila im `Zveli kargi drois~ Semdgom,
roca iaponia SesaSurad swrafad viTardeboda da aziisa da mTeli msoflios
mowinave qveynad iqca. amgvari optimizmis arseboba qveynisaTvis sakmaod rTul
etapze garkveulwilad iZleva im rwmenis safuZvels, rom iaponiaSi demokratia
myaria da mas mniSvnelovani safrTxe ar emuqreba. metic, warmateba TavisTavad
Sedegiania. SemTxveviTi sulac ar aris, rom ekonomikurma warmatebam ganapiroba imgvari politikuri sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebs yovelgvar avtoritarul mmarTvelobasa Tu samxedro eqspansionizmze maRla ayenebda.
192
bisTvis.
193
dusebis, muslimebis, siqhebis) da eTnikuri Zaladoba mniSvnelovan safrTxes
uqmnida indoeTis saxelmwifoebriobasa da stabilurobas.
da mainc, saparlamento demokratia ager ukve naxevar saukuneze metia funqcionirebs im sazogadoebaSi, romelic sxvadasxva tipis uamravi da urTulesi
problebis winaSe dgas da sadac TavisTavad ukve erTiani saxelmwifos arseboba,
erTi xelisuflebis kontrolqveS _ ra formisac unda iyos es xelisufleba _ ukve
saocrebaa. erTi SemTxvevis garda (rodesac 1970-iani wlebis bolos premier-ministrma indira gandim gamoacxada sagangebo mdomareoba da SeiTavsa diqtatoruli Zalaufleba), indoeli liderebi (didi javaharlar nerudan moyolebuli)
britanuli stilis saparlamento demokratiis CarCoebSi moqmedebdnen.
indoeTi federaluri sistemaa arapirdapiri wesiT arCeuli prezidentiT,
romelsac xelisuflebaSi metwilad ceremonialuri datvirTva aqvs. realur
Zalauflebas flobs xalxis mier arCeuli parlamenti da premier-ministri, romelic arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli umravlesobis lideria (iseve rogorc sxva saparlamento sistemebSi). premier-ministri akompleqtebs kabinets da dasamtkiceblad
warudgens parlamentis qveda palatas, romelsac loq sabha ewodeba. parlamentis
zeda palata (raja sabha) arapirdapiri wesiT irCeva. igi erTgvarad qveda palatis
`meore xmas~ warmoadgens, Tumca ganixilavs da SeuZlia gaaWianuros kidec kanonis miReba, riTac Tavis wevrebs kanonSemoqmedebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesze garkveuli gavlenis moxdenis saSualebas aZlevs.
194
israeli omisa da cecxlis Sedegad Seiqmna, Tumca mis legitimurobas sami
wamyvani Zalis _ aSS-is, didi britaneTisa da gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis (erTa ligis `STamomavali~) _ erToblivi mxardaWera uzrunvelyofda. Tavdapirvelad iyo idea, rom Seqmniliyo ori saxelmwifo: israeli da palestina, xolo
ierusalimi, rogorc sami religiis wminda adgili, yofiliyo saerTaSoriso qalaqi gaeros egidis qveS. am ideis ganxorcielebis perspeqtiva CaiSala, maSin,
roca palestinelma arabebma uaryves amgvari winadadeba (ebraelebma miiRes).
amis Semdeg, palestinel arabTa umravlesoba gaaZeves teritoriidan. gaZevebulebma Tavi ltolvilTa banakebs Seafares Razas seqtorSi, mdinare iordanes
dasavleT sanapirosa da libanSi. nawili ltolvilebisa sxva arabul qveynebSi
gaiqca.
am movlenebma sasowarkveTiTa da SurisZiebiT aRsavse Zalian mZime memkvidreoba datova, ramac waruSleli daRi daasva axlo aRmosavleTis istorias. israelma sami omi awarmoa egviptesTan da samiveSi gamarjveba moipova: 1956 wlis
suecis omi, 1967 wlis eqvsdRiani omi, 1973 wlis iom kipuris omi. 1967 wlis omis
Sedegad israelma Tavisi kontrolis qveS moaqcia Razas seqtori da sinais udabno egvipteSi, mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapiro (iordania), siriis golanis
maRlobebi. 1973 wlis omSi israelma moipova imgvari upiratesoba, roca SeeZlo
mTeli egviptis dapyroba, magram aSS-is mxridan seriozuli diplomatiuri zewolis Sedegad, gadaifiqra amis ganxorcieleba. 1978 wels aSS-is prezident jimi
karteris ZalisxmeviTa da SuamavlobiT gaformda kemp-devidis SeTanxmeba _ zavi
israelsa da egviptes Soris. es istoriuli garigeba aSS-is mxridan orive mxarisaTvis gamoyofil seriozul subsidiebs ukavSirdeboda. samagierod, am SeTanxmebam realurad imuSava: israelsa da egviptes 1973 wlis Semdgom anu ukve sam
aTeul weliwadze meti xania aRar hqoniaT SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba.
miuxedavad amisa, samwuxarod, axlo aRmosavleTisa da gansakuTrebiT israelis istoria 1978 wlidan arastabilurobisa da Zaladobis pirobebSi viTardeba. umetes SemTxvevebSi amgvari movlenebis epicentrSi swored israelia.
daZabulobisa da konfrontaciebis am dausrulebel jaWvSi libani, libia, siria, erayi da irani warmoadgenen israelis ZiriTad antagonistebs da dapirispirebul mxareebs. 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi, okupirebul teritoriebze xangrZlivma palestinurma ajanyebam _ romelsac arabulad intifada ewodeba _
uamravi sicocxle Seiwira da aunazRaurebeli tanjva da danakargi gamoiwvia
orive mxares. xSirad or amgvar ajanyebas moixsenieben, Tumca realurad es erTi
xangrZlivi procesia, romelic 1990-ian wlebSi samSvidobo garigebis imedad
droebiT Sewyda. magram mSvidobis molodini ar gamarTlda. axlac, israeli okupirebul teritoriebis palestinelebTan SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi imyofeba,
xolo palestinelebi agrZeleben TviTmkvleli teroritebis mier ganxorcielebuli afeTqebebs serias israelSi.
yvela am winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, israeli daarsebis dRidan Seferxebis gareSe funqcionirebda, rogorc saparlamento demokratia. didi britaneTis msgavsad, israels ara aqvs dawerili konstitucia. konstituciuri
principebis werilobiT gaformebas Tavi aari des im mize zis gamo, rac saparlamento mmarTvelobis SenarCunebisaTvisac mniSvnelovania: arsebobs imis
gancda, rom aucilebelia usafrTxoebis eqstremaluri zomebis gatareba, rac
iwvevs samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis garkveul SezRudvas da faqtobrivad 600
000 palestineli arabis sistematiur diskreditacias (SedarebisaTvis, ebrau-
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li mosaxleoba daaxloebiT, 5,1 milionia). Tumca, israelis moqalaqeebs Tavisufal arCevnebSi regularuli monawileobis ufleba da SesaZlebloba aqvT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom israeli zogierT SemTxvevaSi zedmetad demokratiulic ki aris: arCevnebi, romelic Ria sistemas eyrdnoba, Riaa yvelasaTvis da
saSualebas aZlevs Tundac axladCamoyalibebul patara partiebs mandatebis
garkveuli raodenoba moipovon qneseTSi (parlamenti), rac zogjer qaosur
siWrelesac ki qmnis. yalibdeba koaliciuri mTavrobebi, sadac xSirad SesaZlebelia erTad vixiloT memarjvene da memarcxene Zalebi, gamomdinare qveyanaSi
arsebuli viTarebidan, arab mezoblebTan urTierTobebis mdgomareobidan da
bunebrivia, arCevnebis Sedegebidan. krizisulma situaciebma da safrTxeebis ganeitralebis mudmivma aucileblobam erTgvarad gadaarCina kidec sazogadoeba
winaaRmdegobrivi politikuri kulturis aRzevebis, qaosuri partiuli sistemis Camoyalibebisa da Sedegad, xelisuflebis arastabilurobisagan.
Tumca, isreali rCeba erTgvarad saocar ekonomikur da politikur fenomenad, romelic viTardeba daarsebis dRidan misTvis araxelsayrel, xSirad
mtrul garemoSi. da Tuki israels ZaluZs qmediTi saparlamento demokratiis
SenarCuneba, Tundac aSS-is uzarmazari saxelmwifo Tu sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeriT, SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom nebismier sazogadoebas Sesabamisi
kulturuli wanamZRvrebiT, SeuZlia igive.
dasavleTis (gansakuTrebiT didi britaneTis) gavlena garkveulwilad,
Tumca ara srulfasovnad, gvexmareba avxsnaT, ra aris demokratiis war matebis
mizezi indoeTSi. am ori qveynis magaliTi, sadac warmoudgenel pirobebSi muSaobs saparlamento demokratia, ar amtkicebs imas, rom saxalxo TviTmmarTveloba yvelgan iqneboda qmediTi, magram namdvilad cxadyofs, rom igi muSaobs zogjer sruliad warmoudgenel adgilebSic ki.
sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis funqcia nebismier konstituciur demokratiaSi kanonSemoqmdebeba da kanonis amoqmedebaa. am ZiriTadi saerTo niSnis garda,
britanuli da amerikuli sakanonmdeblo Stoebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. britanuli tradiciis mixedviT parlamenti suverenuli organoa.
cnobili britaneli iuristis, ser uiliam bleqstounis (1723-1780 ww.) sityvebiT
parlaments SeuZlia `yvelafris keTeba, rac bunebrivad SeuZlebeli ar aris~.
kidev erTi cnobili avtoris Tanaxmad `saparlamento suverenitetis koncefcias
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs da gamoarCevs britaneTs demokratiuli qveynebis umravlesobisagan. parlaments SeuZlia miiRos nebismieri kanoni, romelsac is miiCnevs mizanSewonilad da arc erT sxva organos ar ZaluZs am kanonis ugulebelyo-
196
fa misi arakonstituciurad gamocxadebis an arasasurvelad miCnevis motiviT.~16
amerikuli sistema konstitucias kongresze maRlac ki ayenebs. 1803 wlis `marberi
medisonis winaaRmdeg~ saqmis Semdgom, aSS-is uzenaesma sasamarTlom warmatebiT
daamkvidra sakuTari ufleba da movaleoba kongresis mier damtkicebuli nebismier kanoni `daZiros,~ Tu mas arakonstituciurad miiCnevs.17
aRsaniSnavia, rom ori qveynis sakanonmdeblo Stos bevri msgavsi funqcia
aqvs. magaliTad, es arCeuli organo orive sistemaSi uflebamosilia miiRos
an `Caagdos~ esa Tu is kanoni, daamtkicos ministrebi da aseve, orives gaaCnia
ufleba moiTxovos an moikvlios informacia umaRlesi aRmasruleblis da aseve
kabinetis wevrebis Sesaxeb, maSin roca es ufleba ufro aSkarad da masStaburad
britanul sistemaSi gamoiyeneba, vidre amerikulSi. garda amisa, es organoebi
orive qveyanaSi warmoadgens forums qveynis yoveldRiurobaSi yvelaze aqtualuri sakiTxebis Ria ganxilvisaTvis.
Tumca, didi britaneTisagan gansxvavebiT, sxva saparlamento demokratiebs (garda israelisa) gaaCnia dawerili konstitucia. rogorc wesi, konstituciis mierve Seqmnili parlamenti ar aris uflebamosili daarRvios uzenaesi
kanoni an misiT manipulireba moaxdinos. Sesworebebis Setana, ra Tqma unda SesaZlebelia, magram es procesi, rogorc wesi, Zalian rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivia.
konstitucia iTvaliswinebs specialuri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Seqmnis
SesaZleblobas, rogorc es, magaliTad, germaniaSi, safrangeTsa da espaneTSia,
mas miniWebuli aqvs ufleba gamoacxados esa Tu is kanoni an samTavrobo aqti
arakonstituciurad.
sakanonmdeblo Stos damoukidebloba. marTalia, kongresis Zalaufleba SezRudulia konstituciiT, magram aSS-is kanonmdeblebs damoukideblad
manevrirebisaTvis gacilebiT ufro farTo asparezi aqvT britanel kolegebTan
SedarebiT, radganac amerikeli warmomadgenelTa palatis wevrebisa da senatorebis arCevisas pirovnuli faqtori gacilebiT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs,
vidre `partiuli bileTi.~ kongresi faqtobrivad 500-ze meti potenciuri popularuli lideris asambleas warmoadgens. politikur partiebs udavod aqvT
garkveuli gavlena, magram aSS-Si naklebad Zlevamosilni arian imisaTvis, rom
mtkice da mkacri kontroli ganaxorcielon. aseve, imis realuri SesaZlebloba,
rom kongresis erT palataSi erTi partia dominirebdes, xolo meoreSi ki sxva,
kompromiss aucileblobadac ki aqcevs, rac, Tavis mxriv, azrs ukargavs mkacri
partiuli disciplinisa Tu morCileba-erTgulebis raime saWiroebas. amave albaTobiT, SesaZlebelia kongress akontrolebdnen, magaliTad, demokratebi,
xolo TeTr saxls _ respublikelebi (rac sakmaod xSirad xdeba), rasac igive efeqti aqvs.18 dabolos, kongresmenebi ZiriTadad konkretul da lokalur interesebze ufro arian orientirebulni, vidre saqveyno masStabis saerTo sakiTxebze.
isini arCeulni arian swored konkretuli Statisa da saarCevno olqis mier imisaTvis, rom adgilobrivi interesebis lobireba moaxdinon, maT Soris, im gavleniani interes-jgufebisa, romelic TiTqmis yvela arCeul kandidats sWirdeba winasaarCevno kampaniis mxardaWerisa da dafinansebisaTvis da amitom gamarjvebis
Semdgom `valSi~ arian maTTan.
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garegnulad, finansdeba politikuri aqtivobis komitetis (PAC) mier, naclad
nebismieri erTeuli Statis Sida resursisa. amitomac, xSirad swored finansebi yovelgvar partiul kuTvnilebaze metadac ki gansazRvravs kanonmdebelTa
gadawyvetilebebs sakiTxebis umetesobis irgvliv.
saparlamento sistemebis umravlesoba aSS-sTan SedarebiT gacilebiT
ufro mkacr partiul disciplinas da wesrigs emyareba, gansakuTrebiT im qveynebSi, sadac proporciuli saarCevno sistemaa. am SemTxvevaSi, sakanonmdeblo
organos deputatebi airCevian mravalmandatian saarCevno olqebSi partiuli
siis mixedviT. imisaTvis, rom esa Tu is kandidati arCeuli iqnas, saWiroa kargi
urTierTobebi hqondes partiasTan da mis gavlenian gundTan, romelic wyvets,
Casvas Tu ara kandidati saarCevno siaSi da ra nomrad (anu, siis dasawyisSi, bolos Tu Sua nawilSi). siis dasawyisSi myof kandidatebs yvelaze didi Sansi aqvT
iyvnen arCeulni.
struqturuli sirTule. gavlenisa da Zalauflebis dayofa kongresSi
mis struqturas britaneTis parlamentTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro kompleqsurs xdis. aRsaniSnavia, rom britaneTis TemTa palataSi mxolod eqvsi mudmivi komitetia, romelic 20-dan 50-mde deputats aerTianebs da ar gaaCnia specializacia, anu ganixilavs kanonproeqtebis mTel rigs Tematikis miuxedavad.
Sesabamisad, komitetebi ar arian uflebamosilni moiwvion specialuri mosmena
an moiTxovon saeqsperto ganxilva da aseve ar SeuZliaT Tavi aaridon ganxilvas.
yvelaze meti, maT SeuZliaT garkveuli teqnikuri da lingvisturi cvlilebebis
Setana proeqtSi. sakomiteto muSaoba amitom sakmaod mosawyeni da trivialuric
ki SeiZleba iyos, Tumca is limitirebul, magram mainc garkveul saSualebas iZleva lobizmisaTvis.
amdenad, britaneTis parlamentis sakomiteto sistema Zalian gansxvavdeba
aSS-is kongresisagan. warmomadgenelTa palataSi, iseve rogorc senatSi TxuTmetze meti specializebuli komitetia, romlebic qmnian politikur landSafts. am
komitetebs gaaCnia mravalricxovani qvekomitetebi kidev ufro viwro specializaciiT. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis programebisa da saqmianobis gamoZiebis
SemTxvevaSi, komitetebsa da qvekomitetebs SeuZliaT specialuri mosmenis
mowveva da mowmeebis sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebis moTxovna. es kargad struqturirebuli sakomiteto sistema didwilad gansazRvravs sakanonmdeblo saqmianobas qveyanaSi. imdenad, ramdenadac deputatebi ver iqnebian erTdroulad
yvela sakiTxis eqspertebi, isini irCeven konkretul specializacias _ iqneba es
soflis murneoba, sagareo politika, SromiTi urTierTobebi da a.S. amasTanave,
amgvari specializacia sakmaod did dros moiTxovs. politologebi xSirad saubroben erTgvar sakvalifikacio sistemaze kongresis orive palataSi. zogadad,
yvelaze gavleniani da qmediTi kanonmdeblebi arian isini, vinc ukve garkveuli
periodis ganmavlobaSi floben mandats da Sesabamisad, kargad erkvevian ama Tu
im sakiTxSi. maT mosazrebas da pozicias gansakuTrebuli wona aqvs.
kongresis mxridan mudmivi monitoringisa da kontrolis funqcia sxvadasxva formiT gamoixateba. Secdomebs SesaZloa adgili hqondes kanonSemoqmedebiTi procesis ama Tu im etapze (magaliTad, sabiujeto procesis avtorizaciis da asignebis fazaSi, an sakiTxis mokvlevisa da sakomiteto mosmenis dros).
is kanonmdeblebi, romelTac sakmarisi raodenobis profesionali kadrebi hyavT, regularulad axorcieleben programis Sefasebasa da politikis revizias.
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es kadrebi ki xSirad gavleniani funqcionerebi arian `kulisebidan~, romelTa
rCevebsa da eqspertizas eyrdnobian.
britanuli saparlamento sistema mkveTrad gansxvavdeba am kuTxiT. angariSvaldebulebis gamoxatvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani meqanizmia kiTxvebis saaTi,
romelic kviris ramdenime dRes tardeba da sadac calkeuli ministrebi parlamentarTa mier miRebul SekiTxvebs pasuxoben. SekiTxvebi TavisTavad SeiZleba
iyos rogorc mwvave xasiaTis, ise sakmaod trivialuri, SesaZloa miznad isaxavdes mTavrobisaTvis misi pasuxismgeblobebis Sexsenebas, sajaro yuradRebis
miqcevas konkretul sakiTxze, da/an damatebiTi informaciis miRebas. SedarebisaTvis, amerikuli kongresisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specializacia TiTqmis srulad ignorirebulia angariSvaldebulebis saparlamento sistemaSi.
sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebli funqciebis SekavSireba. kidev erTi
TvalSisacemi gansxvaveba or politikur sistemas Soris gaxlavT is, Tu ra doziT monawileobs sakanonmdeblo organo aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis dakompleqtebaSi. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, parlamenti gadamwyvet rols asrulebs
axali administraciis (kabinetis) CamoyalibebaSi. premier-ministri aris saparlamento umravlesobis partiis lideri da kabinetis danarCeni wevrebis SerCevac partiis liderTa rigebidan xdeba. radganac saparlamento sistemaSi `wyalgamyofi xazi~ aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas Soris arc ise
mkafioa, Znelia imis zustad Camoyalibeba, sad iwyeba erTis da mTavrdeba meoris
Zalaufleba.
ZalTa amgvar gaerTianebas adgili ara aqvs saprezidento sistemaSi. senatorebisa da warmomadgenlebisagan gansxvavebiT, prezidents gaaCnia nacionaluri saxalxo mandati da misi Zalaufleba gamomdinareobs konstituciis
calke segmentidan. TumcaRa, kongress mainc gaaCnia garkveuli gavlenis moxdenis berketi aRmasruleblis dakompleqtebaze, radgan misma orive palatam
unda daamtkicos warmodgenili Semadgenloba da aseve gadawyvitos sxva maRali
Tanamdebobis pirebis daniSvnis sakiTxi. Tu aRmasruleblis esa Tu is qmedeba
winaaRmdegobrivia an eWvs iwvevs, sakanonmdeblo organos Sesabamis komitets,
konstituciis mier miniWebuli makontroleblis funqciis gamoyenebiT, SeuZlia
moiTxovos aRmasrulebeli pirebis da/an sxva mowmeebis sasamarTlo dakiTxva.
amdenad, adgili aqvs mudmiv urTierTqmedebas sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel
Stoebs Soris. Tumca, britaneTis parlamentisagan gansxvavebiT, aSS-is kongress
ar SeuZlia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis daTxovna `undoblobis gamocxadebis~
uflebiT. im SemTxvevaSic, Tu kongresi ar miiRebs TeTri saxlis mier warmodgenil raime sakvanZo mniSvnelobis programas, prezidenti darCeba Tanamdebobaze
sruli oTxwliani vadiT (eqstraordinaruli SemTxvevebis _ impiCmenti, gardacvaleba, an gadadgoma _ gamoklebiT).
aRmasrulebeli
xelisufleba
199
britaneTSi es funqciebi gayofilia premier-ministrsa da monarqs Soris. am ori
uflebamosilebis SeTavseba aSS-is prezidentis instituts ufro gavleniansa
da prestiJuls xdis britanuli premier-ministris institutTan SedarebiT.
prezidenti ara mxolod uZRveba mTavrobas da gamodis saxelmwifos saxeliT,
aramed, britaneTis premierisgan gansxvavebuiT, arCeulia personalurad saerTo erovnul arCevnebSi.
aSS-is prezidentis fiqsirebuli samoqmedo vadac sakmaod daculia.
bri taneTis premieris pozicia ki mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia imaze, Tu
ramdenad SeZlebs igi TemTa palataSi umravlesobis mxardaWerisa da ndobis
SenarCunebas. sakmaod xSirad yofila premier-ministris postidan daTxovnis
precedentebi, saxalxo ukmayofilebis an parlamentSi sakvanZo umravlesobis
dakargvis gamo.
mxolod amomrCevlebs SeuZliaT moqmedi prezidentis gadayeneba, Tu ar
CavTvliT aseve eqstraordinaruli garemoebebs. amerikis arc erTi prezidenti
ar yofila impiCmentis wesiT gadayenebuli (endriu jonsons da uiliam klintons
kongresis warmomadgenelTa palatam gamoucxada impiCmenti, magram arc erT SemTxvevaSi senats ar daudasturebia es gadawyvetileba). didi albaTobiT, riCard
niqsoni SesaZloa realurad gamxdariyo prezidenti, romelsac
impiCmentis
200
sistemasTan ufro axlos dgas, vidre amerikulTan.
sasamarTlo xelisufleba
miuxedavad mniSvnelovani struqturuli gansxvavebebisa amerikul da britanul sasamarTlo sistemebs Soris, maT aerTianebT e.w. saerTo samarTlis (common law) tradicia. saerTo samarTali emyareba mosamarTleTa gadawyvetilebebs
saerTo samarTlis wanamZRvrebs Soris msgavsebas Tu ar CavTvliT, britanuli da amerikuli sasamarTlo sistema bevri niSniT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan: mosamarTleTa SerCevis wesiT, sasamarTlos organizaciiT, sasamarTlo
kontrolis ganxorcielebiT da sxva sakvanZo struqturuli aspeqtiT.
mosamarTleTa SerCeva. did birtaneTSi ori tipis samarTlis skola
arsebobs. qveda donis skolebSi xdeba studentis kvalificireba solisito-
201
sicocxlis vadiTaa), mas unda hqondes umaRlesi kvalifikacia samarTlis skolidan da amasTanave gaaCndes warmatebuli iuridiuli praqtikis mravalwliani
gamocdileba.
amerikaSi sasamarTlos dakompleqtebis principi ufro politikuria.
aqac, mosamarTled SeiZleba daniSnuli iyos piri prestiJuli iuridiuli
skolis warCinebiT damTavrebis an gamorCeuli da xangrZlivi praqtikuli sasamarTlo gamocdilebiT, Tumca yovelTvis ara. ufro xSirad, federalur
doneze mosamarTleTa SerCeva aSkara politikuri gaTvlebiT aris ganpirobebuli _ iqneba es konkretuli pirisaTvis garkveuli damsaxurebebis gamo erTgvari jildo, gavleniani kongresmenis Tu adgilobrivi partiuli xelmZRvanelis interesis dakmayofileba, Tu garkveuli geografiuli balansis miRweva
mosamarTleTa wamomadgenlobaSi. Statisa da adgilobriv doneebze mosamarTlis posti xSirad arCeviTia.
federaluri sasamarTloebi unitarulTan mimarTebaSi. amerikuli sasamarTlo sistema federalur safuZvelzea agebuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi
moicavs 51 sasamarTlo sistemas. federaluri sasamarTlo ganixilavs im saqmeebs, sadac erT-erT mxares warmoadgens federaluri xelisufleba an miesadageba federaluri kanoni. federaluri sasamarTlo iyofa qvesistemad, romelic
warmodgenilia saolqo sasamarTloebiT _ sadac ZiriTadad iwyeba kidec saqmeTa ganxilva, saapelacio sasamarTloebiT _ romelic apelaciis safuZvelze
ganixilavs saolqo sasamarTloebis mier warmoebul saqmeebs da uzenaesi sa-
samarTloTi _ romelic faqtobrivad funqcionirebs rogorc umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTlo, iRebs ra gadawyvetilebebs im gansakuTrebul saqmeebze, sadac
winaaRmdegobriv iuridiul interpretacias an konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis
dadgenis saWiroebas vawydebiT.
federalur sasamarTlo erTeulTan erTad funqcionirebs kidev ormocdaaTi Statis sasamarTlo, romelTa umravlesobas msgavsi samsafexuriani
struqtura gaaCnia. Statis sasamarTloebi federaluri sasamarTlosagan srulad gancalkevebuli ar aris. aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlo xSirad ganixilavs Statis umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTlodan wamosul saqmes im SemTvevaSi, Tu iuridiul sakiTxebs konstituciuri Sinaarsi aqvs.
aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT, britanuli sasamarTlo sistema ufro sworxazovania, rac britaneTis unitaruli wyobis gamoZaxilia. Statis sasamarTloebis
analogis ararseboba britanul sistemas amerikuli sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iurisdiqciuli da proceduruli sirTuleebisagan aTavisuflebs.
sasamarTlo kontroli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelaze mkveTri politikuri
gansxvaveba or sasamarTlo sistemas Soris sasamarTlo kontrolis ganxorcielebas ukavSirdeba, anu sasamarTlos uflebas Tvalyuri adevnos da kanongareSed
gamoacxados aRmasrulebeli Tu sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis qmedeba/gadawyvetileba. aSS-Si orives, Statis da federalur sasamarTlos aqvs xelisuflebis
sxva Stoebis aqtebis ganxilvis ufleba, pirvels _ Statis konstituciasTan, xolo
meores _ federalur konstituciasTan mimarTebaSi.
sasamarTlo kontrolis mniSvnelobas kidev ufro zrdis dawerili konstituciis arseboba, radgan igi wamoadgens mkveTr sazoms, ris mixedviTac fasdeba
Cveulebrivi (statuturi) kanonebi. garkveulwilad, federalurma wyobam, rogorc aseTma, TavisTavad ganapiroba sasamarTlo kontrolis aucilebloba. Tu
202
Statis sasamarTloebs eqnebodaT imis ufleba, moexdinaT federaluri kanonis
survilisamebr interpretireba, iurisprudenciis nacionaluri organos arseboba dakargavda yovelgvar mniSvnelobas.19 iuridiuli erTgvarovnebis saWiroebisa da im saerTo kanonieri principebis mniSvnelobis gaTaviseba, romelTac
nebismier doneze warmodgenili xelisuflebis qmedebebi unda daeqvemdebaros,
warmoadgens sasamarTlo kontrolis arsebobis safuZvels ara mxolod aSS-Si,
aramed konstituciuri demokratiebis umravlesobaSi.
rac Seexeba britanel mosamarTleebs, isini mxolod marginalurad monawileoben qveynis marTvaSi. maSin roca aSS-Si kanonmdeblisa da aRmasruleblis
nebismieri gadawyvetileba aqtiurad ganixileba konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis kuTxiT, did britaneTSi sasamarTlos ar ZaluZs parlamentis mier miRebuli
aqtebis gauqmeba. maT, amerikeli kolegebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar gaaCniaT samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis `konstituciuri mcvelebis~ funqcia, maSin roca amerikeli mosamarTleebi ama Tu im sakanonmdeblo aqtze individis uzenaesi uflebebis
mtkicebisas, xSirad swored am ampluaSi gvevlinebian. iSviaT SemTxvevebSi, britaneli mosamarTleebi mxolod mianiSneben aRmasulebels Tu igi gascdeba moqmedebis kanonier CarCoebs. erT-erTi SefasebiT:
britaneTis mTavrobis Zalaufleba SezRudulia samarTlis formaluri institutebis miuxedavad da ara maT mier. ingliselebi ufro naklebad asaCivreben samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis an kanonieri samarTlebrivi procesis ugulvebelyofas, vidre im qveynebis moqalaqeebi,
romelTac gaaCniaT dawerili konstitucia, adamianis uflebaTa bili an
mkveTrad gansazRvruli sasamarTlo kontrolis procedura.20
aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlo damoukidebeli organoa, romelic gamiznulad daculia politikuri cxovrebis gavlenisagan. britaneTis sasamarTlo
xelisuflebas ki saTaveSi udgas kabinetis wevri _ cnobili lordi kancleris
statusiT, romelic amavdroulad aris lordTa palatis Tavmjdomare da iZleva rekomendaciebs sasamarTlo daniSvnebTan dakavSirebiT. Teoriulad, britaneTis umaRles sasamarTlos lordTa palata warmoadgens. praqtikulad ki es
erToba warmodgenilia palatis mxolod ramdenime iuridiuli kvalifikaciis
mqone gamorCeuli wevriT. ZalauflebaTa gaerTianeba, romelic zogadad damaxasiaTebelia britaneTis saparlamento sistemisaTvis, am SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba
parlamentis zeda palataSi sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebebis SeTavsebiT, iseve rogorc es xdeba, mis qveda palataSi sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel funqciebs Soris.
203
laruli, arapraqtikuli an winaaRmdegobrivi aRmoCndeba, SesaZlebelia premier-ministris an mmarTveli partiis Secvla mTeli politikuri sistemis Sokis
gareSe. dabolos, zogierTi analitikosi miiCnevs, rom britaneTis partiebis
disciplinirebuloba ufro efeqtians xdis mis saparlamento sistemas aSS-is saprezidento sistemasTan SedarebiT.
rogorc kritikosebi aRniSnaven, aSS-is saprezidento wyoba xSirad awydeba
dilemebs, rac misi samganStoebiani stuqturis gawonasworebisa da dabalansebis
(checks and balances) principidan gamomdinareobs. Zalian xSirad, erTi partia warmoadgens saprezidento xelisuflebas, xolo meore akontrolebs kongress. metic, Zalian rTulia arakompetenturi da Tundac arapopularuli prezidentis
daTxovna. garda amisa, orpartiuli aramoqnili sistema bevr gansxvavebul interesTa jgufs kongresSi warmomadgenlobis saSualebas saSualebas ar aZlevs.
bolos, e.w. prezidentis saxalxo arCevnebi sakmaod iluzorulia: saqme isaa, rom
prezidents realurad irCevs aSS-is xmis micemis uflebis mqone mosaxleobis
mxolod daaxloebiT 25 procenti. kritikosTa mosazrebiT, maJoritarul principze (winner-takes-all) principze damyarebuli amomrCevelTa kolegiis arCevis
ukve dromoWmuli praqtika xSirad imgvar suraTs qmnis, rom realuri umravlesobis neba ar sruldeba _ magaliTisaTvis gamodgeba 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebi, sadac kandidatma al gorma miiRo xmebis realuri umravlesoba, magram
jorj buSi umcrosi gamocxadda gamarjvebulad.
saprezidento sistemis momxreebi ki aRniSnaven, rom namdvilad aris SemTxvevebi, roca saWiro da mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi swored vaSingtonSi
miiReba da ara sxvagan (SegviZlia gavixsenoT lindon jonsonisa da ronald reiganis sawyisi sakanonmdeblo warmatetebi). maTive azriT, legalurad fiqsirebuli saprezidento vada swored rom uparatesobaa. miuxedavad sirTuleebisa,
rasac xandaxan prezidentis impiCmentis uaRresad rTuli procesi qmnis (magaliTad, riCard niqsonis gadayenebis proceduruli sirTule, miuxedavad mis
mier Zalauflebis gadametebis faqtis TvalsaCinoobisa), prezidentisaTvis
garantirebuli vadis arseboba pozitiur maxasiaTebels warmoadgens. magaliTad, hari trumani, romelic dResdReobiT amerikis erT-erT udides prezidentad miiCneva, misi mmarTvelobis umetes periodSi sakmaod arapopularuli iyo.
aseve, prezidents gaaCnia krizisul viTarebaSi qveynis marTvis efeqtiani konstituciuri berketebi, maSinac ki, roca sazogadoebrivi interesi mas ubiZgebs
arapopularuli nabijebis gadadgmisaken. es SesaZloa ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc
saprezidento sistemis aSkara upiratesoba.
konstitucia da konteqsti
kont eqsti
saparlamento mmarTvelobebis Sedegianobis empiriuli Seswavla, maTi
gansxvavebulobidan gamomdinare, kidev erTxel adasturebs jer kidev aristoteles mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom politikuri swavlebebi SesaZloa Zalian abstraqtuli gaxdes. aristoteles mixedviT, mTavaria ara is, Tu ra aris
umjobesi, aramed is, ra aris SesaZlebeli arsebul garemoebebSi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi saparlamento wyoba amarTlebs, zogan ki _ vera. amdenad, aristoteles
mosazrebani dResac aqtualuria.
204
Cven ar unda vfiqrobdeT mxolod imaze, Tu rogori unda iyos idealuri konstitucia. Cven unda vifiqroT imazec, rac praqtikulia [anu,
saukeTeso mocemuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT] _ da amasTan erTad, advilad ganxorcielebadi da zogadad ufro Sesaferisic... konstituciuri sistemis imgvari forma unda iqnas SerCeuli, rac xalxs advilad
daarwmunebs ukve arsebuli sistemis naclad misi danergvis aucileblobaSi da SeaZlebinebs kidec amis ganxorcielebas.22
daskvna
sakvanZo sityvebi
saparlamento sistema
205
Sereuli reJimi
undoblobis gamocxadebis ufleba
disciplinebuli partiebi
loialuri opozicia
ormagi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
nacionaluri asamblea
gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
`Tanaarseboba~
vaimaris respublika
civi omi
bundestagi
bundesrati
meiZis dinastiis aRorZineba
mogolebi
britaneTis kolonialuri mmarTveloba
qaSmiri
loq sabha (qveda palata)
raja sabha (zeda palata)
palestineli arabebi
palestina
sionizmi
balfuris deklaracia
kemp devidis SeTanxmeba
intifada
qneseTi
saparlamento suvereniteti
kiTxvebis saaTi
koleqtiuri pasuxismgebloba
saerTo kanoni
solisitori
baristeri
saolqo sasamarTlo
saapelacio sasamarTlo
uzenaesi sasamarTlo
sasamarTlo kontroli
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
206
7.
8.
9.
SeniSvnebi
1.
1958 wlis the Life Peerage Act (warCinebulTa titulis sasicocxlod miniWebis
Sidney Bailey, British Parliamentary Democracy, me-3 gamocema (Westport, Conn.:Greenwood, 1978), 130.
3.
iqve, 131.
4.
5.
6.
Roy Macradis, red., Modern Political Systems: Europe, (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: PrenticeHall, 1986), 120.
7.
Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship, (New York: Holt, 1970), 75.
8.
9.
Guido Goldman, The German Political System (New York: Random House, 1974), 56.
10.
ix. John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II, (New York: Norton,
2000).
11.
Franz Michael and George Taylor, The Far East in the Modern World,
(New York: Holt, 1964), 263.
13.
iqve, 607.
14.
Nobutaki Ike, Japanese Politics: Patron-Client Democracy, me-2 gamocema (New York: Knopf,
1972),
15.
16. iqve, 5.
17. Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137 (1803).
18. ronald reiganis prezidentobis periodi 1981-1987 ww. kongresis or palatis amgvari
gaxleCvis magaliTia, roca respublikelebi senats, xolo demokratebi warmomadgenelTa palatas akontrolebdnen; miuxedavad amisa, ufro gavrcelebulia aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebebis `gaxleCvis~ SemTxvevebi. rogorc
wesi, demokratebi sakanonmdeblo Stos akontrolebdnen maSinac ki, roca prezi-
207
denti respublikeli iyo, magram 1994 wlis Sualedur arCevnebSi respublikelebma
kongresis orive palataSi kontrolis ufleba demokrat bil klintonis prezidentad arCevidan ori wlis Semdeg moipoves.
19. ix. Martin v. Hunters Lessee, 14 U.S. 304 (1816).
20. Richard Rose, Politics in England, wignSi Comparative Politics Today: A World View, red.
Gabriel Almond (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), 148.
21. Edward Courtier, Principles of Politics and Government (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1981), 84.
22. Aristotle, The Politics, mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962),
1288b-89a, 155-56.
208
209
T aavv i V I I
saxelmwifoebi
tranziciis
procesSi
axali demokratiebi da
aRmocenebadi bazrebi
komunizmis kraxi
ruseTi: areuloba da tranzicia
(Tu mxolod areuloba?)
gorbaCovis droindeli tranzicia
reformis marcxi: sistemis dezintegracia
Tanamedrove sirTuleebi
bolosdabolos, gamoCnda Tu ara lideri?
momavlis perspeqtivebi
aRmosavleT evropa: tranziciuli gzajvaredini (mokvdeba Tu ara odesme Zveli Cvevebi)
azia: ekonomikuri tranzicia
(da Tavisuflebac?)
samxreT korea
taivani
aziis vefxvebi
210
211
1991 wlis dekembris bolo dRes, sabWoTa kavSirma, erT-erTma im or supersaxelmwifoTagan, romlebic dominirebdnen msoflio politikaSi TiTqmis naxevari saukunis manZilze, arseboba Sewyvita. am komunisturi `monstris~ sikvdili
XX saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovan politikuri movlenaa. miuxedavad
imisa, rom misi aRsasruli sakmaod moulodnelad dadga, es ar momxdara winapirobebis gareSe; piriqiT, 1985 wlidan moyolebuli, sabWoTa kavSirs mimzidveli,
Tumca mSfoTvare cvlilebebis periodi daudga, rodesac mixeil gorbaCovma,
qveynis axalma qarizmatulma liderma, reformebis mTeli seria wamoiwyo.
sabWoTa wyobilebis dezintegraciam saTave daudo axal epoqas msoflio
politikaSi. man aseve gamoiwvia yuradRebis gamaxvileba tranziciis problemebze, rac aRmosavleT evropaSi disfunqciuri politikur-ekonomikuri sistemebis winaSe idga. am qveynebSi tranziciis problemebi, nawilobriv, xelaxali
politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aucileblobiTaa gamowveuli. tranzicia da ganviTareba (romelic momdevno TavSi iqneba ganxiluli) erTmaneTTan
mWidro kavSirSia; tranziciis sakiTxebs gadakveTis mravali wertili aqvs tranziciis procesSi myofi sazogadoebebis ganviTarebis sakiTxebTan. ufro metic,
rogorc Semdeg davinaxavT, cneba `saxelmwifoebi tranziciis procesSi~ dRes
bevr qveyanas miesadageba msoflios faqtobrivad yvela regionSi. yofili komunisturi qveynebis problemebis gacnobis Semdeg, Cven mokled SevexebiT aziisa
da laTinuri amerikis sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebs, romlebic sabazro liberaluri demokratiis mimarTulebiT tranziciis sxvadasxva etapze imyofebian.
komunizmis kraxi
is, rasac erT dros `komunistur samyaros~ uwodebdnen, ukve aRar arsebobs.
komunizmma, rogorc politikurma Zalam, rogorc erovnul, aseve saerTaSoriso
doneebze, mcire gamonaklisebis garda, msoflioSi arseboba Sewyvita. 1988 wels,
civi omis dasrulebamde, TxuTmeti saxelmwifo klasificirdeboda rogorc komunisturi. 2002 wlisTvis es raodenoba 5-6 saxelmwifomde Semcirda (CineTi,
kuba, laosi, CrdiloeT korea, vietnami da, savaraudod, kamboja); TiToeuli
maTgani damoukidebel politikas axorcielebs, Sesabamisad dRes `komunistur
banakze~ saubari yovelgvar azrs moklebulia. ra moxda? 1989 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde ori wliT adre, aRmosavleT evropam moulodnelad uaryo komunisturi mmarTveloba. am droidan moyolebuli, demokratia da privatizacia
(saxelmwifos mier marTuli sawarmoebis gadasvlas kerZo seqtorSi) dawinaurda
poloneTSi, ungreTsa da CexeTis respublikaSi. es procesebi, gansakuTrebiT
poloneTsa da ungreTSi, garkveuli politikuri zigzagebiT xasiaTdeboda. am
amomrCevlebma xelisuflebaSi kvlav yofili komunistebi moiyvanes, Tumca amavdroulad uaryves centralizebuli, gegmiani ekonomika dasavluri, sabazro
ekonomikis mimarTulebiT orientirebuli politikuri kursis sasargeblod.
rumineTSi, slovakeTSi, bulgareTsa da albaneTSi demokratizaciis mimarTulebiT moZraoba bevrad neli iyo, Tumca mainc SeiniSneboda. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevas yofili aRmosavleT germania warmoadgens, romelic 1990 wels dasavleT
germaniasTan gaerTianda.
komunisturi reJimebi aziaSi ufro myari gamodga. 1976 wels, maos gardac-
212
valebis Semdeg, CineTis saxalxo respublikam Searbila totalitaruli reJimi
da ekonomikis garkveuli liberalizacia moaxdina, Tumca, igi mainc rCeba represiul saxelmwifod. is agrZelebs reformebs sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT,
ramac xeli Seuwyo swraf ekonomikur zrdas, gansakuTrebiT mis samxreT sanapiro regionebSi. CrdiloeT korea, stalinisturi da marTvis meTodebis erTguli
qveyana, amJRavnebs nacnob tendencias qsenofobiis, yvelafris gasaidumloebisa
da TviTdawesebuli izolaciis mimarTulebiT. vietnami da laosi rCebian komunisturi mmarTvelobis qveS, magram CrdiloeT koreisagan gansxvavebiT, orive
maTgani msubuq saerTaSoriso gavlenas ganicdis da ufro miRebulia igi saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi. dabolos, kambojaSi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis
xangrZlivi mcdeloba xeli Seewyo am saxelmwifoSi demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis, uSedego aRmoCnda 1997 wels han senis mier organizebuli gadatrialebisa da
iq diqtatoruli mTavrobis Camoyalibebis gamo.
kubaSi fidel kastro ebRauWeba politikur Zalauflebas (2008 wlidan
qveyanas oficialurad fidelis Zma raul kastro marTavs _ mTargmnelis SeniSvna). igi cdilobda Caenacvlebina dakarguli sabWoTa daxmareba da amavdroulad, gamklaveboda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier dawesebuli ekonomikuri embargos Sedegebs. kubaSi, gansxvavebuli azrisadmi aratolerantuli
policiuri saxelmwifos pirobebSic ki, gaxSirda perio duli saxalxo demonstraciebi, ramac kastros mmarTvelobiT gamowveuli sa xalxo ukmayofilebis
Zlieri nakadi gamoamJRavna. 1998 wels romis papis, ioane pavle II-isa da 2002
wels amerikis yofili prezidentis, jimi karteris istoriuli vi zitebi _ orive
maTgani pirveli SemTxveva iyo kubis revoluciis Semdeg _ aRq muli iqna rogorc SesaZlo nabijebi religiuri da politikuri Tavisuflebis mimarTulebiT da rogorc niSani imisa, rom asakovani diqtatori rbildeboda. Tumca, sxva
eqspertebi eWvobdnen, rom am procesebs safuZvliani reformebi SeiZleboda
mohyoloda da miiCnevdnen, rom erTaderTi ram, rac kastros adardebda, dagrovili politikuri problemebis fonze, Zalauflebis SenarCuneba iyo.
213
rusuli saxelmwifo aRmocenda. postsabWoTa mTavrobam boris elcinis meTaurobiT gawyvita kavSiri warsulTan da Tavdapirvelad konstituciuri demokratiis dafuZnebas Seecada. Semdeg man Seqmna Zalian susti konfederacia,
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centraluri dagegmvis am sistemam sabWoTa kavSiri pirveli xarisxis
samxedro Zalad aqcia, Tumca didi sabiujeto deficitebis fasad. garda amisa,
1980-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi aSkarad gamoCnda, rom centralurma dagegmvam ekonomikuri stagnacia gamoiwvia, ramac sabWoTa kavSiri konkurentunarianobis
TvalsazrisiT arasaxarbielo pirobebSi Caayena iseT industriul, demokratiul qveynebTan mimarTebaSi, rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, iaponia
da ramdenime evropuli saxelmwifo.1 1985 wlisTvis, qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis
tempi 2 procentamde daeca da Seadgina daaxloebiT naxevari imisa, rac aTi wlis
win iyo. cxra industriuli sawarmodan sul mcire erTi da saxelmwifo meurneobebis TiTqmis mesamedi kotrdeboda. sakvebi, sacxovrebeli saxlebis mSenebloba,
samkurnalo saSualebebi da transporti moTxovnebis sruliad araadekvaturi
iyo, rogorc xarisxobrivad, aseve raodenobrivad.
sabWoTa moqalaqeTa umetesobis cxovreba zogadad gausaZlisi iyo. rac
sabWoeTSi komfortad da xelsayrel pirobebad miiCneoda, dasavleTisTvis Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. maRaziebi xSirad uxeirod an saerTod ar maragdeboda.
garkveuli saxis saTadarigo nawilebis Sovna xSirad SeuZlebeli iyo. erT-erTi
Sefasebis Tanaxmad, miRebul normas warmoadgenda is faqti, rom qalebi, Cveulebriv, dReSi or saaTs, kviris Svidive dRis ganmavlobaSi rigebSi atarebdnen.2
1980 wlis bolosaTvis, sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis 28 procenti oficialurad miCneul siRaribis zRvars qveviT cxovrobda.3
soflis meurneobis sferoSi sakvebis warmoeba Zlivs uwyobda fexs mosaxleobis zrdas da miuxedavad am sferoSi ganxorcielebuli uxvi investiciebisa, mTavroba bevrs xarjavda importirebul xorcsa da marcvleulSi. amasTanave, soflis meurneobaSi sabWoTa kavSiris sainvesticio prioritetebi
aSkarad asaxavda saSineli dagegmarebis arsebobas. produqciis meurneobebidan bazrisaken gadaadgileba, sacavebad gankuTvnili sawarmoebi, sakvebis
gadamuSaveba, dafasoeba da sacalo gayidva absoluturad ugulebelyofili
iyo. sabWoTa ekonomistebma daiangariSes, rom marcvleulis mTeli mosavlis
daaxloebiT erTi meoTxedi yovelwliurad bazarze moxvedramde ikargeboda
da imdroindelma prezidentma gorbaCovma ganacxada, rom 1988 wels danakargi
daaxloebiT 4 miliardi amerikuli dolaris Rirebulebis importirebuli marcvleulis raodenobas utoldeboda. amis Sedegad, Cveulebrivi sabWoTa moqalaqis mier xorcisa da rZis produqtebis moxmareba or aTwleulze ufro mcire
droSi 30 procentiT Semcirda.4
sabWoTa ekonomikis daqveiTebisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis dacemis fonze, gauaresebulma socialurma problemebma, safrTxe sabWoTa sazogadoebis safuZvels Seuqmna. yvelaze did problemebs Soris iyo alkoholizmi da
korufcia. alkoholizmi didi xnis manZilze sabWoTa kavSiris yvelaze myar da
Zvir problemas warmoadgenda. alkoholis miReba mavne gavlenas axdenda adamianis janmrTelobasa da ojaxur cxovrebaze, amcirebda muSis produqtiulobas da Sromisunarianobas, zrdida Cvil bavSvTa sikvdilianobas (fexmZimobisas
alkoholis miRebis gamo), amcirebda cxovrebis xangrZlivobas da didwilad ganapirobebda axalgazrdebSi damnaSaveobis zrdas. amasTanave, korufciac yvaoda. samomxmareblo saqonlis qronikuli ararseboba da saxelmwifos mier fasebis
kontroli Savi bazris ayvavebas iwvevda. sabWoTa cxovrebis mniSvnelovani
nawili biurokratizirebuli iyo da nebismier sakiTxze oficialur saxelmwifo
Tanxmobas saWiroebda, ramac gavlenebis (blat) araoficialuri sistemis ganviTareba gamoiwvia. imisaTvis, rom daeCqarebinaT oficialuri dadastureba an sa-
215
surveli mopyrobisaTvis mieRwiaT, sabWoTa moqalaqeebisaTvis nebismieri meTodis gamoyeneba Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda.
sxva kritikul problemas 1970-1980-ian wlebSi gaRrmavebuli teqnologiuri CamorCeniloba warmoadgenda, _ kompiuteruli revolucia ascda sabWoTa
moqalaqeebs maSin, roca maTi ekonomikuri konkurentebi gardaqmna. fulis dabandeba menejerebisTvis araxelsayreli iyo da partiac SiSobda, rom misi farTo moxmareba politikur oponentebs gaaZlierebda. amgvari damokidebu lebis
Sedegad sabWoTa industriisa da infrastruqturis modernizacia SeuZlebeli
xdeboda.
am problemaTa umetesi nawilis safuZvels centraluri dagegmva warmoadgenda, romelic ar uwyobda xels axal iniciativebs, radganac qarxnebis
mmarTvelebi da saxelmwifos mier marTuli sawarmoebis direqtorebi centralur gegmaze rCebodnen mibmulni, romelic qarxnisa da meurneobebis warmoebaze mkacr kvotebs awesebda. gegmis Sesruleba sabWoTa ekonomikis yvela
administratoris umTavres prioritets warmoadgenda. stalinisturma sistemam
xarisxi Seswira raodenobas da garda amisa, zevidan wamosuli instruqciebiT
moqmedi menejmentisaTvis ar arsebobda sakmarisi iniciativa Tu SesaZlebloba
axali teqnologiebis dasanergad. arsebiTi masalebisa da aRWurvilobebis miwodebis winaswar ganuWvretavi SewyvetiT gamowveulma problemebma moulodnelad Seaferxa aRmSeneblobiTi proeqtebi da qarxnisa da meurneobebis warmoeba Seamcira. ambiciuri warmoebis kvotebis miRwevis mizniT, dausrulebeli
zewolebis Sedegad, direqtorebi arsebuli Cavardnebis dasafarad xSirad
sxvadasxva xrikebs iyenebdnen.
mmarTvelTa cinizmi erwymoda sabWoTa muSaxelis dabal morals, romelic
iyo arasaTanadod dasaqmebuli, uxalisod muSaobda, an romelsac, ubralod
samuSao motivacia ar gaaCnda. sayrdeni da efeqtiani muSaxelis ararsebobis
pirdapiri Sedegi iyo saSinlad dabali produqtiuloba. muSebis cinizmi kargad Canda iseT popularul sabWoTa gamonaTqvamebSi, rogoricaa, `partia Tavs
ikatunebs, TiTqos gvixdis da Cvenc Tavs vikatunebT, rom vmuSaobT~. es cinizmi
ikvebeboda partiuli muSakebis TvalTmaqcobiT, romlebic mxars uWerdnen egalitarul idealebs, magram cxovrobdnen simdidreSi, maSin roca proletariati,
romelsac isini adidebdnen, purisa da sxva pirveladi moTxovnilebis nivTebis
SesaZenad grZel rigebSi idga. moxda yvelaze uaresi: bevrma sabWoTa kavSirSi
sakuTari politikuri sistemis mimarT rwmena dakarga.5
reaqciuli Zalebi, nacionalistebi da nomenklatura. adamianebs, vinc
flobdnen Tanamdebobebs da gavlenas sabWoTa sistemaSi, nomenklaturas uwodebdnen da sabWoTa kavSirSi es adamianebi privilegirebul elitarul klass
Seadgendnen.6 maT SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen politikuri biurokratiis wevrebi
(e.w. aparatCikebi), ufrosi ekonomikuri mmarTvelebi da samecniero administratorebi, aseve konkretuli mwerlebi, msaxiobebi, kosmonavtebi, aTletebi da
generlebi, romlebic warmoadgendnen sabWoTa saxelmwifos da aZlierebdnen mis
reputacias.
nomenklaturis arseboba ori mizeziT iyo mniSvnelovani. pirveli: kargad ganviTarebuli, eqskluziuri da umeteswilad SeniRbuli keTilmowyobili
binebis infrastruqtura, specialuri maRaziebi, sanatoriumebi, saavadmyofoebi, klinikebi, kurortebi da skolebi, romelsac is iyenebda, am fenas ara marto
ganze ayenebda Cveulebrivi sabWoTa moqalaqisagan, aramed sruliad ewinaaRm-
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degeboda Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis marqsistul da komunistur idealebs, romelsac komunistebi xSirad qadagebdnen. meore: Tundac ara yovelTvis gamousworeblad korumpirebuli, nomenklatura, mainc ara efeqtiani iyo
da ufro metad dainteresebuli iyo sakuTari Zalauflebis SenarCunebiT, vidre saxelmwifo politikis SesrulebiT. 1980-iani wlebis Sua periodisaTvis,
aravin iyo ise Sefiqrianebuli politikuri elitis mier ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Seferxebis SesaZleblobiT, rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris axali lideri, mixeil gorbaCovi.
reformis politika. gorbaCovis sami reformistuli programis _ perestroikis, glasnostis da demokratizaciis mizans warmoadgenda komunizmis gadarCena da ara misi dangreva. perestroikis mizani centraluri dagegmvis dogmaturi sistemis gamococxleba iyo. gorbaCovi am ambiciuri miznis miRwevas
qveynis ekonomikuri problemebis socialur da politikur saTaveebze ieriSis
mitaniT imedovnebda _ rac niSnavda nomenklaturisa da aparatCikebis gavlenis
Semcirebas da amavdrouled sabWoTa muSaxelis efeqtian zrdas. sabediswerod,
verc gorbaCovi xvdeboda, an kidev Tvals ar usworebda qveynis ekonomikur
struqturaSi radikaluri cvlilebebis gatarebis aucileblobas. Sesabamisad,
perestroikis idea ufro mimzidvel politikur slogans warmoadgenda, vidre
Tanmimdevrul ekonomikur politikas.
fotoze 1989 wels mixeil gorbaCovisa da misi meuRlis raisas fineTSi vizitia asaxuli. gorbaCovma mmarTvelobis periodSi 1985 wlis martidan 1991 wlis agvistomde komunizmisa da komunisturi partiis reformirebis radikaluri politikuri da ekonomikuri politika SeimuSava. saboloo jamSi am wamowyebebma stalinisturi saxelmwifos
erozia gaaRrmava da mTel aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis damxobas Seuwyo xeli.
gorbaCovis damsaxureba iyo nawilobrivi reformebis gatarebis mcdeloba, romelic miznad isaxavda individualuri iniciativis amaRlebas. xelfasebis
gamomuSavebis, ganawilebisa da faswarmoqmnis sistemis reformirebis, zeda eSelonis biurokratebis Zalauflebis Semcirebas, adgilobrivi menejeruli Tavisuflebis xelSewyobis, saxelmwifo sawarmoebisa da muSebis mflobelobaSi
217
arsebuli sawarmoebisa da kooperativebis waxalisebis gziT. gatarda aseve sxva
saxis sabazro orientaciis reformebic, magram verc erTma maTganma SeZlo fundamenturad Seecvala ekonomikuri sistema saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi arsebuli warmoebis saSualebebisa da centraluri dagegmvidan kerZo sakuTrebisa da
individualuri iniciativis mimarTulebiT.
1989 wlisTvis, sabWoTa ekonomika swraf dezintegracias ganicdida da
or weliwadSi igi srul depresiaSi aRmoCnda; 1991 wlisTvis, sabWoTa kavSiris
ekonomika yovelwliurad 10 procentiT mcirdeboda. daisva kiTxva, ra unda moemoqmedaT? mmarTveli elita or nawilad iyo dayofili. radikaluri reformis
momxreebi mxars uWerdnen centraluri da mbrZanebluri ekonomikidan mkveTr
tranzicias sabazro sistemis mimarTulebiT. Zveli kursis momxre konservatorebi (gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc samxedro da saidumlo policiasTan asocirdebodnen) ewinaaRmdegebodnen aseT revoluciur cvlilebebs. sabWoTa mmarTveli
elita cdilobda gamklaveboda mzard ekonomikur kriziss, Tumca, gansxvavebiT
den siaopinis droindeli CineTisagan, mas arasodes Camouyalibebia momavlis
zusti xedva da ar gaerTianebula kompleqsuri reformebis aucileblobiT.
am areulobis fonzec ki, gorbaCovis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi gaurkveveli rCeboda. Tanamdebobaze yofnis bolo TveebSi aSkara gaxda, rom perestroikam
(romelic miznad isaxavda gamoecocxlebina centraluri dagegmva da komunizmi)
ar gaamarTla da revoluciuri ekonomikuri cvlileba (romelic sabediswerod
Tavad perestroikis mier iyo wamowyebuli) Cqardeboda. kerZo sakuTreba da
ekonomikuri winapirobebi TandaTanobiT viTardeboda maSin, roca ekonomikuri
areuloba da uimedoba matulobda.
glasnosti. gorbaCovis ufro metad gaxmaurebulma `glasnostis~ (sajarooba) politikam gaaZliera perestroika da sabWoTa istoriaSi mediasaSualebebze cenzura arnaxulad Seamcira. garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, am politikam gamoiwvia gorbaCovis mimarT didi simpaTia da warumatebeli ekonomikuri
reformebisgan mosaxleobis yuradRebis gadatana.
glastnosts aseve didi gamoZaxili hqonda sabWoTa sazRvrebs miRma; man
gorbaCovi msoflio presisaTvis Zvirfas pirovnebad da dasavleTis bevr qveyanaSi popularul figurad aqcia.
miuxedavad misi sagareo politikuri warmatebebisa, glasnosti, pirvel
rigSi, Sida politikis instrumenti iyo. mis sawyis ganzraxvas oficialuri korufciisa da arakompetenturobis gamoaSkaraveba warmoadgenda, rasac gorbaCovi sabWoTa ekonomikis arasrulyofilebis erT-erT mizezad miiCnevda. mas
surda masiuri cvlilebis mowinaaRmdege sabWoTa biurokratiis Seryeva da muSaTa klasis gamococxleba. sabWoTa mSromelebs ar hqondaT, erTi mxriv, muSaobis stimuli da, meore mxriv, gaficvis ufleba, ris gamoc apaTiasa da alkoholizmSi Cafluliyvnen. realurad, es bolo, epidemiuri xasiaTis problema _
gaxrwnili sazogadoebis tragikul simptoms warmoadgenda.
glasnosti mWidro kavSirSi iyo perestroikasTan: is iyo im komunisturi
sazogadoebis gamococxlebis saSualeba, romelsac mamoZravebeli Zala gamoecala da romelmac arsebobis mizani dakarga. politikur liberalizacias unda
Seeqmna amaRlebuli ganwyoba, rac sazogadoebas energiuls gaxdida, miecemoda
ra mas Zveli, muSaobis araefeqtian maxasiaTeblebisa da mmarTvelobis kritikis uflebas. gansacvifrebeli formiT glasnostma swrafad SeiZina sakuTari
mimarTuleba, mas Semdeg, rac adre akrZaluli wignebi da filmebi bevrisTvis
218
xelmisawvdomi gaxda. Tumca, yvelaze gasaocar faqts sabWoTa mediis saxelmwifo politikis moqnili instrumentidan sazogadoebrivi kritikis meqanizmad
gardaqmna warmoadgenda. popularuli axali satelevizio arxebi sabWoTa oficialuri korufciisa da Zalauflebis uzurpaciis mxilebiT iyvnen dakavebulni, sabWoTa gazeTebi da Jurnalebi ki yavlgasuli politikuri principebisa
da wesebis Sesaxeb kritikul statiebs aqveynebdnen. sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari
Tavi realurad erTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi gardaqmna. qveyna, romelic ar uSvebda aranair kritikas, im qveynad iqca, sadac kritika swrafad aclida legitimurobas komunistur partiasa da politikur sistemas, rac didi xnis manZilze
misi mmarTvelobis instrumentebs warmoadgenda.
demokratizacia. iseve rogorc perestroikis SemTxvevaSi, zustad arc
is iyo cnobili, Tu ras gulisxmobda gorbaCovi rusul enaze demokratizaciis
xsenebisas. demokratizacia, minimum, moiazreboda rogorc politikuri sistema,
sadac arCevnebi iqneboda nebadarTuli, Tumca ra doziT _ gaurkveveli rCeboda.
es xedva asaxuli iyo 1989 wels mTeli saxelmwifos masStabiT Catarebul sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebSi, romelic amomrCevels uflebas aZlevda xma mieca
opoziciisaTvis komunisturi partiis wevrebis winaRmdeg, rac pirveli SemTxveva iyo sabWoTa istoriaSi. amavdroulad, gorbaCovi marTavda rogorc sabWoTa
prezidenti (arapirdapiri gziT arCeuli Tanamdeboba, romelic man gamoigona,
rogorc misi politikuri reformis nawili) da ara rogorc komunisturi partiis saxelmwifo mdivani. demokratizaciis Sedegad gamowveuli politikuri
cvlilebebi sakmaod gansacvifrebeli iyo da mianiSnebda ufro demokratiuli
momavlisaken. is moicavda:
opoziciuri partiebis, gavleniani arakomunisturi da antikomunisturi pirovnebebis da partiebis gaCenas, romelTaganac zogierTi
centralur sakanonmdeblo organoSi airCies;
komunisturi partiis Sida disciplinis mniSvnelovnad Sesusteba
(ra sac mis rigebSi urTierTqiSpisa da azrTa sxvadasxvaobis zrda
sdevda Tan) sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT partiis wevrebis ricxvis
Semcirebis fonze;
centraluri mTavrobis Zalauflebisa da prestiJis xarjze respublikebis gavlenisa da Zalauflebis zrda;
reformebi mTavrobis SigniT, romelsac ara partiis generaluri mdivani, aramed arCeuli oficialuri pirebi da prezidenti marTavdnen
da romelic SeZlebda komunisturi partiisagan realuri, damoukidebeli Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas.
.
.
.
.
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flacia, ramac kidev ufro Seasusta mTavrobisadmi ndoba. saxalxo mRelvareba
dadasturda sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis iseTi axali fenomenis gaCeniT, rogoricaa
muSaTa gaficvebi. sazogadoebrivi mRelvarebis eskalaciasTan erTad, gorbaCovis popularuloba da misi gavlena partiuli da saxelmwifo biurokratiis
rigebSi Semcirda.
saukunovani erovnuli problema sabWoTa reJimis ukanasknel dReebSi Sida
aramdgradobis mTavari mizezi iyo. Cvidmeti ricxobrivad udidesi erovneba
sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis 90%-ze mets Seadgenda maT Soris, rusebi 50%-ze
odnav meti, xolo ukrainelebi 16%-ze odnav naklebi wiliT 1991 wlis monacemebiT 294 milioniani mosaxleobis 2/3-s Seadgendnen. garda amisa, sabWoTa kavSirSi
daaxloebiT 20 eTnikuri jgufi cxovrobda, romelic cal-calke 1 mln adamianze mets iTvlida. am msxvil eTnikur jgufebs Soris iyo 15 erovneba, romelTa
saxelebi ewodeboda respublikebs da aseve TaTrebi, polonelebi, germanelebi,
ebraelebi, CuvaSebi, baSkirebi da mordovelebi (ix. cxrili 7.1). sul yofil ssrkSi 100-ze meti sxvadasxva erovneba cxovrobda da 130-mde enaze saubrobdnen.
cxrili 7.1
procentuli
Semadgenlobaa
erovnebebi
procentuli
b
Semadgenloba
rusebi
50.78
moldovelebi
1.17
ukrainelebi
15.47
litvelebi
1.07
uzbekebi
5.84
Turqebi
0.95
belorusebi
3.50
yirgizebi
0.85
yazaxebi
2.84
germanelebi
0.71
azerbaijanelebi
2.38
CuvaSebi
0.64
TaTrebi
2.32
latvielebi
0.51
somxebi
1.62
ebraelebi b
0.50
tajikebi
1.48
baSkirebi
0.50
qarTvelebi
1.39
polonelebi
0.39
istoriulad sabWoTa mTavroba ararusi jgufebis asimilirebisaTvis Zalas iyenebda. amasTan erTad, saxelmwifo politikis erT-erT mTavar instruments ganaTlebis sistema warmoadgenda: sabWoTa kavSiris yvela skolis yvela
moswavle valdebuli iyo Seeswavla rusuli.
amis Sedegad, orenianoba Cveulebrivi movlena gaxda sabWoTa respublikebSi _ ararusi mosaxleobis umravlesobas SeeZlo gamarTuli rusuliT esaubra.
magram kvlav gavimeorebT, rom sabWoTa kavSiris ulmobeli mcdeloba, daenerga
kulturuli dominantoba, xSirad sastik winaaRmdegobas awydeboda. komunisturi partiis zeda eSelonebSi eTnikuri rusebi dominirebdnen, romlebic mmarTveli elitis daaxloebiT 70 procents Seadgendnen, rac, Tavismxriv, kidev ufro
220
zrdida eTnikuri umciresobebis gaRizianebas. sabWoTa kavSiris warumatebelma
mcdelobam, moexdina eTnikuri umciresobebis sruli asimilireba, msoflios
erT-erT ukanasknel imperias safuZveli gamoacala.
moskovs sakmaod kargi safuZveli hqonda efiqra, rom `erovnuli sakiTxi~
adre Tu gvian sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis mizezi gaxdeboda. ironiulad, swored
gorbaCovis reformebma Seqmna iseTi situacia, rodesac ararusi erovnebis mosaxleobas SeeZlo gaebeda TviTgamorkvevisa da damoukideblobis moTxovniT
moZraobis dawyeba. glasnostma, garkveulwilad, centraluri mTavrobisa
da komunisturi partiis kritika waaxalisa. gorbaCovis sabediswero gadawyvetilebam _ neba daerTo yofili `sateliti saxelmwifoebisaTvis~ (poloneTi, aRmosavleT germania, Cexoslovakia, ungreTi, bulgareTi da rumineTi)
daetovebinaT sabWoTa gavlenis sfero, aseve gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa. pirvelad damoukideblobisaTvis moZraoba baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebSi daiwyo,
sadac litvam, latviam da estoneTma (romlebic damoukidebelni iyvnen 1939
wlamde, sanam stalinma maTi xelSi Cagdeba ar moaxerxa hitlerTan samarcxvino
paqtis dadebis Semdeg) reformebs sul sxva simZafre da mimarTuleba misca,
vidre gorbaCovs hqonda ganzraxuli. baltiis saxelmwifoebi litvis winamZRolobiT, pirvelebi gamoeyvnen sabWoTa kavSirs. erovnulma demonstraciebma
da amboxebebma gadauara sabWoTa imperias, rodesac respublikebi erTmaneTis
miyolebiT acxadebdnen damoukideblobas.
1991 wlis bolosTvis, sabWoTa kavSiri TavisiT daiSala. gorbaCovis yvela
mcdeloba, gadaeWra sabWoTa kavSiris fundamenturi politikuri da ekonomikuri problemebi, marcxiT dasrulda. 1991 wlis agvistoSi, gorbaCovi Camoagdo
komunisturi partiis 8 kacianma jgufma, romelsac samxedroebTan da e.w. sukTan (saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komiteti) hqonda kavSiri. magram gadatrialeba
marcxiT dasrulda: demokratiisa da sabazro reformebisaTvis mebrZolma boris elcinma, romelic moskovSi alyaSemortymuli ruseTis parlamentis SenobaSi imyofeboda da STaagonebda quCaSi gamosul uzarmazar brbos ebrZola demokratiisaTvis, winaaRmdegoba gauwia saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobas.
elcinis daJinebiT, gorbaCovma kvlav daikava Tavisi yofili Tanamdeboba, 1991
wlis bolos, sabWoTa kavSiris formalur daSlamde, Tumca ruseTs ukve axali
gmiri hyavda.
221
Tanamedrove sirTuleebi
moicavs ra yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriis 75, mosaxleobis 50 da
mTliani erovnuli produqtis daaxloebiT 60 procents, ruseTi rCeba evraziis
gabatonebul Zalad. ruseTis uzarmazari gavlena dsT-s sivrceze bevr fundamentur kiTxvas wamoWris: iqneba Tu ara dsT meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiTac axali damoukidebeli respublikebi ganimtkiceben TavianT damoukideblobas, Tu
222
is iqneba struqtura, romliTac ruseTi daSlili imperiis aRdgenas Seecdeba?
1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi aSkara niSnebi ikveTeboda meore scenaris sasargeblod, radgan ruseTi Zveli ruseTis imperiisa da slavuri evropis teritoriebze dakarguli gavlenis aRdgenas cdilobda.
rusuli jari ganlagebuli iyo bevr yofil sabWoTa respublikaSi, maT
Soris latviaSi, estoneTSi, moldovaSi, saqarTveloSi, azerbaijansa da tajikeTSi. konfliqtur saxelmwifoebSi _ azerbaijanSi, tajikeTsa da saqarTveloSi
moskovma samxedro intervencia `samSvidobo~ safuZvlebze gaamarTla, rodesac
axal damoukidebel respublikebSi, an maT Soris, rogorc Sida, aseve sagareo
uTanxmoebebi warmoiSva.
danarCeni msoflio gansakuTrebulad Sefiqrianebuli iyo im faqtiT, rom
ruseTi, ukraina, yazaxeTi da belorusia maT teritoriebze ganTavsebuli sabWoTa kavSiris birTvuli iaraRis memkvidreebs iyvnen. amis Sedegad msoflioSi
moulodnelad gaCnda ramdenime axali birTvuli saxelmwifo, da es maSin, roca
birTvuli iaraRi kidev ufro amwvavebda daZabulobas axal damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs Soris. politikuri motivebiT ruseTi yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
birTvuli iaraRis sakuTar arsenalSi moqcevas Seecada. ukrainamac da yazaxeTmac piroba dades gadaecaT es iaraRi ruseTisaTvis, Tumca amavdroulad, am nabijis gadadgmamde, moskovisagan ekonomikur da finansur koncesiebs moiTxovdnen,
xolo dasavleTisgan _ usafrTxoebis garantiebs. 1996 wlisTvis yvela birTvuli
iaraRi, maT Soris belorusiaSi arsebulic, ruseTSi iqna gadatanili. ruseTis
uzarmazari masobrivi ganadgurebis biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRis arsenalis
usafrTxoebac dasavleTis didi Sefiqrianebis sagans warmoadgenda. 2001 wlis
11 seqtembers amerikis SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli
aqtebis Semdeg es problema kidev ufro gamwvavda, ramdenadac arsebobda saSiSroeba, rom zogierTi am momakvdinebel nivTierebaTagan (maT Soris antraqsi) SeiZleboda avRaneTSi da sxvagan dabinavebul saerTaSoriso teroristul
dajgufebebs CaegdoT xelSi.
ruseTis progresis pirobebSi arsebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri proeqtia. Tumca SeuZlebelia viwinaswarmetyveloT misi momavali perspeqtivebi.
is faqti, rom ruseTi rCeba mniSvnelovan da Zlevamosil saxelmwifod, eWvs ar
iwvevs. ruseTis warmateba damokidebuli iqneba mis unarze gaumklavdes sul mcire sam gamowvevas: ekonomikur vardnas, eTnikur fragmentacias da saxelmwifo
mSeneblobas.
ekonomikuri vardna. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg mudmivma ekonomikurma problemebma did gasaWirSi Caagdo dsT-s saxelmwifoebi. arc ruseTi warmoadgenda am mxriv gamonakliss: misi susti ekonomika ganapirobebs Cveulebrivi
moqalaqeebis yoveldRiur duxWir cxovrebas. 1991 wlis Semdeg dsT-is saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis msgavsad, ruseTma samrewvelo warmoebaSi, sacalo gayidvasa da erovnul SemosavalSi gansacvifrebeli vardna ganicada. gaizarda sabiujeto deficiti. Tavdapirvelad am ekonomikur Cavardnebs Tan axlda farTod
gavrcelebuli, mkacri inflacia.
am droidan moyolebuli ekonomikuri gamococxlebis niSnebi gamoCenas agvianebda. ekonomikurma vardnam, romelic asocirdeboda sabWoTa Zalauflebis kolafsTan da elcinis mTavrobis mier Tanmimdevruli da energiuli
ekonomikuri reformis gatarebis mcdelobisas gancdil marcxTan, warmoebis
masStabebi 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi erTi mesamediT Semcirda.7 magram aqve
223
zogierTi dadebiTi simptomic SeimCneoda, maT Soris: fasebis gaTavisuflebiT
sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis mcdeloba, Tavdacvis biujetirebis Semcireba,
distribuciis Zveli centralizebuli sistemis uaryofa, vauCeruli privatizaciis farTomasStabiani programis gatareba, kerZo bankebis daarseba da sagareo
vaWrobis demonopolizacia.
1996 wlisTvis elcinma warmatebas inflaciis Semcirebisa da rublis stabilizirebis TvalsazrisiTac miaRwia. miuxedavad am nabijebisa, ekonomika kvlav
daRmavlobas ganagrZobda. mTliani Sida produqti da samrewvelo warmoebis moculoba 6 procentze metiT daeca.8 (Tumca, vardna ufro neli iyo vidre ori wlis
win, rodesac is 15 procents Seadgenda.) amaSi nawilobriv ruseTSi privatizaciis SedarebiT dabali done (CexeTis, poloneTisa da ungreTis ufro warmatebul
ekonomikebTan SedarebiT) SeiZleba davadanaSauloT, magram sabazro ekonomikis
xelSewyobisa da sagareo investiciebis waxalisebis mizniT myari samarTlebrivi
safuZvlebis ganviTarebac ver moxerxda, rac ekonomikuri vardnis aseve mniSvnelovani gamomwvevi faqtoria. sxva faqtorTa Soris aris aqcionerTa zustad
gansazRvruli uflebebis, miwis bazrebis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi kanonebisa da
socialuri usafrTxoebis qselis ararseboba, rac sawarmoebs muSebisaTvis SeRavaTebis uzrunvelyofis tvirTisagan gaaTavisuflebda.
mniSvnelovan ekonomikur problemas mudmivad aqvs mniSvnelovani socialuri Sedegebi. dRes rusebis umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom maTi mdgomareoba wlebTan erTad uaresdeba. farTod gavrcelebuli jandacvis problemebi (nawilobriv gamowveuli mTavrobis uunarobiT, xeli Seewyo sazogadoebrivi jandacvis
programisaTvis), arsebuli xelfasebis Semcireba (inflaciis gamo), saxelfaso
davalianebisa da umuSevrobis swrafi zrda kvlav rCeba rusebis SeSfoTebis
mTavar mizezebad. 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi, daaxloebiT 36.6 milioni rusi,
anu mosaxleobis erTi meoTxedi, siRaribis zRvars qvemoT cxovrobda. erTaderT naTel wertils inflaciis tempis Semcireba warmoadgenda _ 1998 wlis dasawyisisaTvis 10.2 procentamde. 2001 wels, inflaciam kvlav imata (daaxloebiT
20 procenti), magram rusuli ekonomika, prezident vladimer putinis Zlieri
xelmZRvanelobis wyalobiT, aRorZinebis niSnebs amJRavnebda.9
eTnikuri fragmentacia. 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas Zveli imperiis bevr nawilSi Tan samoqalaqo omi, religiuri devna da eTnikuri amboxebebi axlda. ruseTi rCeba eTnikurad mravalferovan qveynad, romelic jer kidev
cdilobs gadalaxos konfliqturi eTnikuri jgufebis Zlieri centridanuli
Zala, miT umetes, rom zogierT maTgans suverenuli damoukidebloba surs. am
jgufebis rusul saxelmwifoSi warmatebuli integracia daumTavrebel saqmed
darCa axali aTaswleulis dasawyisSi.
1993 wlis konstituciiT eTnikuri jgufebi ruseTis federaciaSi 21 respublikis safuZvels qmnian. es federaluri erTobebi (msgavsi Statebis mmarTvelobisa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi) warmodgenilia, rogorc respublikebi
ruseTis sakanonmdeblo organos zeda palataSi. Tumca, verc erTi konstitucia
ver SeZlebs gadaWras eTnikuri daZabuloba ruseTis SigniT _ dro, urTierTpativiscema da ekonomikuri warmateba dominantur rusul da periferiebze
mcxovreb erovnebebs Soris grZelvadiani stabiluri urTierTobis nebismieri
receptis aucilebeli ingredientebia (es exeba rogorc ruseTis sazRvrebs SigniT, aseve mis gareT arsebul viTarebas).
politikur saxelmwifoSi gansxvavebuli erovnebebis integraciis prob-
224
lemis daZleva sxva sirTulesac ukavSirdeba. tradiciulad, sabWoTa kavSiri
biurokratiulad moskovidan regionaluri administraciuli erTobebis (oblasti) da eTnikuri (an erovnuli) respublikebis meSveobiT imarTeboda. ormagi iurisdiqciis es sistema ruseTSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg kvlav
agrZelebda funqcionirebas. magram centraluri mTavrobis Zalaufleba komunizmis marcxis Sedegad Semcirda, maSin roca regionebis Zalaufleba gaizarda. daTrgunulma eTnikurma siamayem da rusuli dominantobis mimarT protestis grZnobam respublikebSi gansxvavebul erovnul jgufebsa da centralur
xelisuflebas Soris dapirispirebis ali aanTo. amavdroulad, respublikebi
metoqeobas uwevdnen oblastebs ruseTis politikur sistemaSi Zalauflebisa
da gavlenis mopovebisaTvis.
ruseTis eTnikuri respublikebis mier gamowveulma politikurma problemebma wina planze 1994 wlis dekemberSi wamoiwia, rodesac ruseTma samxedro
Tavdasxma ganaxorciela mis SemadgenlobaSi arsebul, eTnikurad muslimur respublikaze, CeCneTze, romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, Sav da kaspiis zRvebs Soris mdebareobs. adre CeCneTma ruseTisagan damoukidebloba gamoacxada. gadawyvita ra bolo moeRo CeCneTis daumorCileblobisaTvis, ruseTis prezidentma
elcinma amboxebis CasaxSobad iq rusuli jari gaagzavna. omis msvlelobisas ruseTis samxedro TviTmfrinavebma Zalian dabombes CeCneTis dedaqalaqi _ grozno.
CeCeni jariskacebi Zalian motivirebulebi iyvnen, maSin roca rusi jariskacebi,
asaxavdnen ra farTod gavrcelebul saxalxo skepticizms, naklebad mondomebulebi iyvnen brZolaSi Casabmelad (albaT, axsovdaT sastiki omi avRaneTSi 1980ian wlebSi) da did danakargebsac ganicdidnen.
gaWianurebuli `binZuri~ omis Sedegad dasjili ruseTi iswrafvoda mSvidobisaken. 1996 wlis bolos xelmowerilma zavma faqtobrivad separatistuli
meamboxeebis gamarjveba aRiara. man ruseTs misca saSualeba 2001 wlamde gadaewyvita, rogor mopyroboda CeCneTis mier damoukideblobis moTxovnas. amavdroulad ZalaSi rCeboda pasuxgaucemeli kiTxvebi:
..
.
.
225
uZravi qonebis mniSvnelovani nawili. yirimis dRevandel mosaxleobas didi
rusebi (ukrainelebs mcirerusebs uwodeben _ mTargmn. Sen.) warmoadgenen, romlebmac Caanacvles adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, yirimeli TaTrebi mas Semdeg, rac
stalinma isini cimbirSi gadaasaxla 1930-ian wlebSi. rodesac 1994 wlis ianvarSi prorusuli nacionalisti airCies yirimis prezidentad, igi imuqreboda,
rom ukrainisagan gamoyofisa da ruseTTan SeerTebis moTxovniT referendums
Caatarebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom referendumi ar Catarebula, ukrainis gayofis albaTobas dasavleT (ukrainul) da aRmosavleT (rusul) nawilebad, ver
gamovricxavT.
krizisi warmatebiT mowesrigda 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi. dawesda
ormagi kontroli yofil sabWoTa sazRvao sawarmoebsa da samxedro Zalebze
samxreT ukrainis saporto qalaq sevastopolSi (yirimis naxevarkunZulze),
rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs momavali konfliqtis SesaZleblobaze ruseTsa
da ukrainas Soris. krizisi amoizarda am or yofil partniors Soris arsebuli
ambiciuri da konfliqturi interesebidan yofili sabWoTa kavSiris Savi zRvis
sazRvao teqnikis mflobelobis sakiTxis garSemo. miuxedavad imisa, rom uTanxmoeba mSvidobianad gadawyda 1997 wels (ruseTma miiRo flotis 80 procenti,
Tumca daTanxmda, rom Tavad porti ukrainas ekuTvnoda), es kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs, rom es ori didi slavuri saxelmwifo dRes ufro metoqeebi arian, vidre
Zmebi (miuxedavad imisa, rom istoriisa da eTnikurobis TvalsazrisiT isini SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc erTi da imave ojaxuri xis ori ganStoeba).
aseTive aqtiuri an potenciuri konfliqtis mravali sxva magaliTi arsebobs. magaliTad, 1997 wels yazaxeTSi (romelic ruseTs esazRvreba) mosaxleobis 51 procenti iyo yazaxi da 32 procenti rusi. dapirispireba or jgufs Soris
yazaxeTis sazogadoebriv mSvidobas emuqreba imdenad, ramdenadac aseT SemTxvevaSi, ruseTis intervenciis SesaZlebloba izrdeba. eTnikuri da politikuri
dapirispireba moxda moldovaSi, saxelmwifoSi, romelic esazRvreba rumineTs
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris dasavleT sazRvarze. ruseTis mier moldovaSi eTnikuri rusebis mier wamoyenebuli teritoriuli moTxovnebis mxardaWeram (romlebic mTeli mosaxleobis 13 procents Seadgenen), gamoiwvia uTanxmoebebi, erTi
mxriv, moldovel rusebsa da adgilobriv moldovelebs, (romlebic mosaxleobis 65 procentia) da, meore mxriv, ruseTisa da moldoveTis mTavrobebs Soris.
saxelmwifos mSenebloba. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, diskreditirebuli komunisturi partiis Casanacvleblad axali samTavrobo struqturebi da mTavrobebi gaxda saWiro. axladSeqmnil saxelmwifoebs axali
samTavrobo struqturebi marto samarTavad sWirdebodaT, agreTve araxelsayreli saWiro iyo xelmZRvaneloba, raTa es xalxebi emarTaT, araxelsayreli
ekonomikuri garemosa da eTnikuri daZabulobis fonze.
ruseTma unda gadaWras saxelmwifo mSeneblobis seriozuli problemebi,
imisaTvis, rom momavali politikuri stabiluroba uzrunvelyos. miuxedavad
imisa, rom sakanonmdeblo arCevnebi Catarda 1993 da 1995 wlebSi, xolo saprezidento arCevnebi gaimarTa 1996 da 2000 wlebSi (saparlamento arCevnebi aseve
Catarda 1999, 2003, 2007 wlebSi,xolo saprezidento 2004 da 2008 ww. _ mTargmn.
Sen.), demokratia ruseTSi kvlav ganviTarebis sawyis etapze rCeba. saxelmwifos
mSeneblobis sirTuleebi, romelsac ruseTi politikuri stabilurobis miRwevis
mizniT unda gaumklavdes, Semdegia:
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.
.
myife konstitucia: 1993 wels miRebulma ruseTis konstituciam gaaZliera prezidenti parlamentTan mimarTebaSi, ramac elcins saparlamento
opoziciaze warmatebis mopovebis saSualeba misca. miuxedavad imisa, rom
igi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli politikuri dokumentia, jerjerobiT ar
warmoadgens sakadrisi pativiscemis obieqts, rasac, rogorc wesi, aseTi
samTavrobo dokumentebi imsaxureben.
danawevrebuli partiuli sistema: ruseTis partiuli sistema Zalian danawevrebulia. 1995 wlis dekemberSi dumis, ruseTis erovnul sakanonmdeblo organos federaluri yrilobis qveda palatis arCevnebSi 42 partia
dafiqsirda. es partiebi saucxood gamoxatavdnen profesiuli, ideologiuri da eTnikuri interesis mTel speqtrs; maT Soris zogierTi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa: ekologiuri partia, ruseTis qalebi, muslimuri
moZraoba, ruseTis advokatTa asociacia da TviT ludis msmelTa partiac
ki. ruseTis wamyvani politikuri partiebi warmoadgens or politikur
speqtrs _ nacionalistebs, romlebic mxars uWeren Zveli ruseTis imperiis
aRorZinebas da komunistebs, romlebic ekonomikuri da demokratiuli reformebis tempis Semcirebis an saerTod gauqmebis momxreebad gvevlinebian. aseTma uTanxmoebam gamoiwvia politikur CixSi Sesvla da radikalizmi
_ rac, Tavis mxriv, politikuri SeSfoTebis mizezia.
gaurkveveli federalizmi. ruseTis oficialuri saxelwodeba _ ruseTis federacia, gamoxatavs Zalauflebis danawilebas centralur da adgilobriv mTavrobebs Soris. amasTan, konstitucia naTlad ver gamosaxavs
centrsa da federaciis wevrebs Soris arsebul uflebamosilebebs. zogierTi damkvirvebeli amtkicebs, rom ZalTa balansi centraluri xelisuflebidan adgilobrivi mTavrobebis sasargeblod inacvlebs. 1993 wlis
konstituciis miRebam da Sesabamisma kanonmdeblobam, romelic federaciis sabWoSi (federaluri yrilobis zeda palata) msxdomi adgilobrivi
liderebis arCevnebs awesebda, gavleniani liderebis xelmZRvanelobiT
regionuli Zalis centrebis Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli. moskovi veRar SeZlebs
gamodevnos daumorCilebeli adgilobrivi mTavrobebi; axla mas mouwevs
molaparakebebi gamarTos liderebTan qveda doneebze (putinis dros ganxorcielda reforma, romelmac centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebas
Seuwyo xeli _ mTargmn. Sen) .10
organizebuli danaSaulis zrda. saxelmwifos mSeneblobis aucileblobas kvazisamTavrobo funqciis Sesrulebis msurveli mopaeqre organizaciebis gavlenisa da raodenobis zrdac asaxavs, romlebic am miznis
miRwevas damoukideblad an arsebuli samTavrobo struqturebis meSveobiT cdiloben. erT-erTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, organizebul damnaSaveobaSi dRes daaxloebiT 3 milioni adamiania CarTuli da man rogorc ruseTis,
aseve sxva respublikebis policiasa da biurokratiaSic ki SeaRwia. qurduli samyaros gavlena yvelganaa: `dasavleTs aSfoTebs misi SeWra yvela
sferoSi: warmoSobis stadiaSi myof Tavisufal bazarze, privatizaciaSi,
ganiaraRebaSi, samxedro sferoSi, sagareo humanitarul Semweobasa da finansur daxmarebaSi da TviT saxelmwifos savaluto da oqros rezervebSi.~12 1995 wlis martSi, mafiis mier cnobili Jurnalistis mkvlelobis
Semdeg, elcinma ganacxada, rom organizebuli damnaSaveoba seriozul
227
safrTxes uqmnis ruseTis politikur stabilurobas. dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebma gamoxates SeSfoTeba, rom rusul mafias, agreTve
im mecnierebs, inJinrebs da teqnologebs, romlebic sakmaod dazaraldnen samsaxurebidan gaTavisuflebebiT da xelfasebis mkveTri SemcirebiT,
SeiZleba moparuli birTvuli, qimiuri da biologiuri iaraRi Sav bazarze teroristuli dajgufebebisa da urCi saxelmwifoebisaTvis mieyidaT
(iaraRiTa da narkotikebiT saerTaSoriso aralegaluri vaWroba did biz-
ness warmoadgens).
kanonis mimarT upativcemulobis zrda. organizebuli damnaSaveobis zrda, adgilobrivi politikuri bosebis gaCena, korufciis farTod
gavrceleba da iseTi sazogadoebrivi problemebi, rogoricaa Cveulebrivi damnaSaveoba, prostitucia da narkotikebis moxmareba, sazogadoebrivi struqturis xarjze ikvebeboda. farTod gavrcelebuli damnaSaveobac asaxavs mTavrobis uunarobas _ daicvas kanoniereba da wesrigi.
am problemebis erTi Sedegi aris zogadad kanonis ideis upativcemuloba,
romelsac `ruseTis yvelaze did gasaWirs~ uwodebdnen.13
Tobas (mas aseve uwodebdnen medveds, rac daTvs niSnavs), romelic bolo wuTis
koalicias warmoadgenda da aravin icoda misi politikuri programa da memarjvene ZalTa kavSirs, liberal-reformatorTa partias. erToba TiTqmis pirvel
adgilze gavida da mcirediT CamorCeboda komunistebs, maSin roca memarjvene
ZalTa gaerTianeba meoTxe adgilze gavida. erTad am orive partiam amomrCevelTa xmebis mTeli raodenobis erTi mesamedi moagrova da komunistebTan SedarebiT odnav naklebi adgili miiRo dumaSi. ruseTis parlamentSi erTmaneTis
pirispir pirvelad aRmoCnda ori bloki warmodgenili _ erTi centridan marcxniv, xolo meore centridan marjvniv. xdeboda Tu ara ruseTis politikuri
partiuli sistema bolos da bolos naklebad qaosuri, SesaZloa, ufro normaluric?
mTlad asec ar iyo saqme. axlad arCeuli dumis pirvel Sekrebaze, komu-
228
nistebma da erTobam (ZiriTadma pro-putiniseulma partiam) ucnauri aliansi
Sekres, erTmaneTSi inawilebdnen ra mTavari komitetebis Tavmjdomareebis
Tanamdebobebs. komunistebi ukeTes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen: maT SeinarCunes dumis Tavmjdomaris Tanamdeboba da miiRes cxra komitetis Tavmjdomaris
posti. samagierod, maT mxardaWera aRuTqves putinis mier SeTavazebuli premier-ministris kandidaturas da axal mTavrobas, aseve reformis programas.
opoziciurma partiebma wesebis darRvevaze gamoTqves ukmayofileba (yofilma
premier-ministrma, evgeni primakovma, am garigebas `wabilwva~ uwoda). miuxedavad yvelafrisa, ruseTis axalgazrda demokratiisaTvis es pirveli garigeba
iyo: amave aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas arasdros hyolia gamokveTili umravlesoba parlamentSi.
retrospeqtulad, elcinis gadawyvetileba gaexada putini premier-ministri 1999 wels, warmoadgenda pirvel scenas dramis saboloo aqtSi, romelic
daaxloebiT aTi wlis win daiwyo. xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg putinma swrafad
scada ruseTis Sida da sagareo politikisaTvis Tavisi `xelwera~ daetyo. qveynis
SigniT man wamoiwyo moZraoba organizebuli damnaSaveobisa da ruseTis cnobili
`oligarqebis~ (mdidari finansuri magnatebi, romelTac elcinis dros moipoves
kontroli sabWoTa ekonomikis uzarmazar nawilze) winaaRmdeg; qveynis gareT,
man ruseTis sagareo politikas axali ieri misca, Seamcira ra daZabuloba yofil
sabWoTa respublikebTan, daxura ruseTis mosasmeni posti vietnamSi da sazRvao
baza kubaSi, ganaaxla msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi gawevrianebis moTxovna
da myarad dauWira mxari amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kampanias terorizmis
winaaRmdeg 2001 wlis bolos.
putinma aseve jerovani yuradReba dauTmo ekonomikur reformebs, maT Soris cvlilebebs sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi da fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad finansuri dazvervis samsaxuris Seqmna. 1990-iani wlebis bolos
navTobze gazrdili fasebis wyalobiT amotivtivebuli ruseTis ekonomika gamococxlebis niSnebs amJRavnebda. amaSi mas 1998 wels rublis esoden saWiro gaufasurebac daexmara. magram ruseTis proteqcionistuli, karteluri ekonomikis struqtura ucvleli darCa, maT Soris misi mTavari seqtorebi: sawarmoebi,
bankebi da saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli dawesebulebebi. arc politikuri
landSafti Secvlila fundamenturad: regionebSi kvlav gamefebulia intriga
da korufcia, biurokratia aris imperiuli da SeuRwevadi, damoukidebeli presa
saxelmwifosagan TiTqmis daucvelia (muqarebi Jurnalistebis misamarTiT romlebic Jurnalistur gamoZiebas awarmoeben, ar warmoadgens uCveulo movlenas
da ar SeiZleba amis araseriozulad miReba).
sabolood, komunisturi mmarTvelobis safarvelis mocilebidan aTi
wlis Semdegac, dasavleTisa da msofliosaTvis ruseTi kvlav gamocanas warmoadgens. putinis swrafi gaZliereba da myari mmarTveloba adasturebs or
rames: rogorc araprognozirebadobas, aseve ruseTis mier demokratiis sakuTari eqsperimentis dawyebas.
momavlis perspeqtivebi
dRs ismis kiTxva: ruseTi daqveiTebis, daqucmacebisa da anarqiis procesSi
myofi didi imperiis narCenia Tu igi moaxerxebs stabilizacia da msoflio mniSvnelobis saxelmwifod da imperiad xelmeored aRmocenebas? rogor daasrulebs
229
ruseTi tranziciis process: rogorc demokratiuli Tu rogorc avtoritaruli
saxelmwifo? es ori kiTxva gansazRvravs nebismier varauds ruseTis momavlis
Sesaxeb.
ekonomikuri, eTnikuri da politikuri uwesrigobis pirobebSi, ruseTi
itanjeba identobis krizisiT. rwmenaTa romeli sistema miscems azrs mosaxleobis cxovrebas, gansakuTrebiT, arasaxarbielo politikur da ekonomikur pirobebSi? komunizmma, rogorc gavlenianma rwmenaTa sistemam, TandaTanobiT dakarga ndoba stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg da, sabolood, marcxi ganicada. rusuli
marTlmadidebluri eklesia bevrs sTavazobs nugeSiscemas, Tumca miuxedavad
komunizmis marcxisa, mainc ibrZvis farTod gavrcelebuli politikuri gavlenisagan damoukideblobisaTvis. rogorc vnaxeT, rusuli mafia zogierTs Zalauflebis sacdurs da gavlenis moxveWas sTavazobs. albaT, yvelaze sanukvari
xati aRdgenili, Zlieri, imperialisturi ruseTia, romelic farTod gavrcelebuli nostalgiiTa da ruseTis istoriaSi Rrmad fesvgadgmuli samSoblos siyvaruliT aris motivirebuli. rogorc Cans, putini swored patriotizmis am
Tandayolil grZnobasa da erovnul siamayes mimarTavs demagogiuri mowodebebisa Tu ukidures memarjveneTa gulis mogebis gareSe.
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi despotizmisa da centralizebuli marTvis gamo
demokratia ruseTSi yovelTvis gaurkvevel perspeqtivas warmoadgenda. jer
kidev 1990-ian wlebSi optimistebs sjerodaT, rom ruseTi demokratiis da Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT moZraobda. mogvianebiT imave aTwleulSi, waawyda ra uamrav kulturul, politikur da ekonomikur dabrkolebas, politikuri da ekonomikuri liberalizacia Soreul imedad iqca. Semdeg
movida putini da raRacis ukeTesobisaken Secvla daiwyo.
sanam ruseTis momavali uwonadobis mdgomareobaSia, demokratia kvlav myife rCeba sxvadasxva politikuri jgufebis arsebobis fonze, romelTaTvisac
eTnikuri aratolerantuloba da warsulis nostalgia saerTo maxasiaTeblebia.
ruseTis liberalur-demokratiuli konstitucia qaRaldze sakmaod damaimedeblad gamoiyureba. Tumca, mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu rogor gamoiyureba konstitucia qaRaldze, aramed is, Tu rogor muSaobs igi praqtikaSi. aSkaraa, rom
momaval wlebSi demokratias ruseTSi bevri mkacri gamocdis Cabareba mouwevs.
Tu ruseTs gadawyvetili aqvs daasrulos tranzicia Ria da liberaluri sazogadoebis SeqmniT, es, erTi mxriT, ganpirobebuli una iyos brZnuli da gabeduli
mmarTvelobiT da, meore mxriT, sazogadoebis uzarmazari SeupovrobiT.
Cven axla mokled gavecnobiT aRmosavleT evropas. es aris regioni tranziciis procesSi myofi saxelmwifoebiT. Tqven naxavT or qveyanas, romlebsac
gardaqmnis procesSi absoluturad msgavsi politikuri da ekonomikuri problemebi hqondes, Sesabamisad, yvelaze warmatebul da warumatebel saxelmwifoebs Soris Zalian didi zRvaria didi zRvaria.
230
mvam grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ver gaamarTla rogorc sabWoTa kavSirSi, aseve
sxvaganac. rodesac komunizmi sabolood gaqra, aRmosavleT evropis didi xnis
manZilze natanj xalxs ukeTesi momavlis imedi gauCndaT. es ocnebebi TiTqmis
yvelgan maleve daingra da eiforia imedgacruebam Secvala. es fenomeni universaluri iyo regionSi, magram imedgacruebis masStabi da siRrme ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis pirdapirproporciulad icvleboda.
dReisaTvis aRmosavleT evropaSi yvelaze dinamikuri ekonomikebis mqone
saxelmwifoebi, sadac yvelaze mkacri reformebi gatarda, aris poloneTi, CexeTis respublika da ungreTi. poloneTi moulodnelad gadaeSva ekonomikur reformebSi 1989 wlis Semdeg, rodesac iq `Sokuri Terapiis~ saxelwodebiT cnobili ekonomikuri politikis mTeli seria wamoiwyes, romelic miznad isaxavda
moqmedi bazrebis Seqmnas da komunisturi mmarTvelobis danatovari araefeqtiani saxelmwifo sawarmoebis privatizirebas. marTalia poloneTs mcire kerZo
seqtori komunizmis pirobebSic ki hqonda, dRes iq or milionamde oficialurad
registrirebuli biznesia.
poloneTis mtkice midgomam reformisadmi 1990-ian wlebSi STambeWdavi
Sedegebi gamoiRo. regionis bevri aRmocenebadi bazrisagan gansxvavebiT (maT
Soris ungreTisa da CexeTis respublikis CaTvliT) poloneTma aicila vardnebi da savaluto krizisi. amavdroulad, poloneTis ekonomika ufro swrafad
viTardeboda, vidre misi yofili komunisturi mezoblebis: 1995 da 2000 wlebs
Soris ekonomikuri zrda yovelwliurad saSualod xuT procentze mets Seadgenda. poloneTma aseve moaxerxa daeZlia inflacia, romelic regionis masStabiT socialuri da ekonomikuri stabilurobis mTavar safrTxes warmoadgenda.
gasul wlebSi am ekonomikurma nabijebma poloneTSi didi raodenobiT sagareo
investiciebis Sedineba gamoiwvia.
meore mxriv, mniSvnelovan problemas gazrdili umuSevroba warmoadgenda,
gansakuTrebiT im qveynisaTvis, sadac komunisturi mmarTvelobis oTx aTwleulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi samsaxuri yvela axalgazrdisaTvis garantirebuli
iyo. mzardi uTanasworoba mdidar da Rarib, qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobas
Soris aseve seriozul sakiTxs warmoadgenda, radganac SedarebiT gaRaribebuli soflis mosaxleoba ufro da ufro CamorCeboda qalaqis saSualo fenis mosaxleobas. poloneTis bevri `gaRletili~ jer kidev cxovrobs da muSaobs soflis arsebuli ori milionidan erT-erT ojaxur meurneobaSi.14 mniSvnelovania
aqve aRvniSnoT, rom poloneTis soflis meurneobas koleqtivizaciis procesi
ar Sexebia.
poloneTSi, iseve rogorc yvelgan regionSi, aris SemaZrwunebeli urTierTdamokidebuleba, erTi mxriT, uTanasworobasa da siRaribes, xolo meore
mxriT, damnaSaveobas Soris. gamokvlevam aCvena, rom polonelTa umetesoba poloneTs sacxovreblad usafrTxo adgilad aRar miiCnevs. garda amisa, oficialurma korufciam mTavrobisadmi sazogadoebis ndobas Ziri gamouTxara. ar aris
gasaocari, rom oTxi poloneli amomrCevlidan da gadasaxadis gadamxdelidan
sami miiCnevs, rom qveyana araswori mimarTulebiT viTardeba.
CexeTis respublikaSi, premier-ministri vaclav klausi qebas asxamda
sabazro ekonomikis Rirsebebs da kuponis gamoTavisuflebis ambiciuri gegma
ganaxorciela, rac CexeTis yvela moqalaqes Teoriulad axlad privatizirebuli (adre saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli) sawarmoebis wilebis miRebis
uflebas aZlevda. magram ganawileba ganxorcielda adekvaturi garantiebis ga-
231
reSe da ver SeZlo uzrunveleyo misi erT-erTi mTavari mizani _ mieca CexebisaTvis fsoni axal sabazro ekonomikaSi. realurad, biurokratebma miisakuTres
ZiriTdi saaqcio kapitali (romelTa umetesoba arasodes yofila xelmisawvdomi
sazogadoebisaTvis) da gamoiyenes kavSirebi, rom xelSi CaegdoT yvelaze mniSvnelovani qoneba. sabediswerod, reformis gatarebis am areul-dareulma mcdelobam, nacvlad imisa, rom ganemtkicebina sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera, rogorc
es Tavidan iyo Cafiqrebuli, gamoiwvia Cexebis apaTia demokratiisa da kapitalizmis mimarT. inflaciam, samsaxuris dakargvis SiSma, korufciam maRal Tanamdebobebze, mzardma zRvarma mdidrebis jgufsa da umravlesobas Soris, imis mtkivneulma Segnebam, Tu rogor CamorCnen dasavleTs aRmosavleT evropelebi da,
kerZod, Cexebi, kidev ufro gaaRrmava imedgacrueba bneli mewarmeebisa da TviTgandidebuli politikosebis mimarT, vinc xalxis TvalSi `sistemis~ sinonimuri
gaxdnen.
miuxedavad farTod gavrcelebuli saxalxo ukmayofilebisa, `politikiTa~ da cxovrebis zogadi donis gaumjobesebis tempiT, CexeTi mainc namdvili respublikaa (Cexoslovakia Seiqmna I msoflio omis Semdeg, rogorc srulmasStabiani saparlamento demokratia _ saxalxo TviTmmarTvelobis erTaderTi
magaliTi aRmosavleT evropaSi 1989 wlamde). garda amisa, CexeTis ekonomikam,
romlis ganviTareba TiTqmis aTwleulis manZilze iyo Seferxebuli, 1997-1999
wlebis recesiis Semdeg aSkara ganaxleba moaxerxa. struqturulma reformebma
(magaliTad, sabanko seqtorSi) xeli Seuwyo am Sedegebis miRwevas.
Tumca, rac zemoT iTqva poloneTis SemTxvevaSi, aseve vrceldeba CexeTis
respublikis SemTxvevaSic: Cexebis umravlesoba ukmayofiloa im mimarTulebiT,
rac dRes aqvs qveyanas arCeuli. amavdroulad, aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom Tumca
ukmayofilebis done SemaSfoTebelia, is arc imdenad didia, rom mosaxleobis
umravlesobas komunizmis, centraluri dagegmvis da totalitaruli saxelmwifos nostalgia gauCndes.
ungreTi iyo pirveli qveyana aRmosavleT evropaSi, romelmac ekonomikuri
reformebi komunizmis marcxamde wamoiwyo. 1968 wels, CexoslovakiaSi praRis
xmauriani gazafxulis Tanadroulad, ungreTis komunisturma mTavrobam wamoiwyo axali ekonomikuri meqanizmi (NEM), romelic miznad isaxavda ekonomikis
SezRudul decentralizacias da sabazro mimarTulebis mqone sxva reformebis
gatarebas. axali ekonomikuri meqanizmis sawyis fazaSi zomieri warmatebis miRweva gaxda SesaZlebeli. samomxmareblo saqonlis warmoeba (rac, yovelTvis naklebad prioritetuli iyo sabWouri tipis ekonomikebSi) gaizarda da ungrelebis
cxovrebis done zogadad gaumjobesda. magram reaqcioneri komunistebi Sin da
gareT (kerZod sabWoTa kavSirSi) am reformebs winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen. 1980
ian wlebSi axali ekonomikuri meqanizmi gaauqmes. marTlia ekonomikis ganviTareba am drois ganmavlobaSi swrafad Semcirda, ungreTi maleve miubrunda dasavleTs savaWrod, daxmarebisa da investirebisaTvis. liberalizacia, romelic Tan
sdevda am politikas, uSvebda kerZo bizness da saerTaSoriso mravalerovnul
kompaniebTan TanamSromlobas. ase rom, ungreTis SezRudulma mcdelobam reformis mimarTulebiT, mas kargi sastarto mdgomareoba misca im droisaTvis,
rodesac komunizmma TviTon mouRo bolo sakuTar Tavs 1980-iani wlebis dasasrulisaTvis.
1989 wlis Semdeg, ungreTis axalma liberal-demokratiulma mTavrobam
daaCqara Tavisufali bazris reformebis tempi. kerZod, rogorc wamyvanma aR-
232
mocenebadma bazarma regionSi, ungreTma aRmosavleT evropaSi ganxorcielebuli pirdapiri sagareo investiciebis naxevarze meti miizida, miuxedavad imisa,
rom ungreTis mosaxleoba (daaxloebiT 10 milioni) wamoadgenda poloneTis
mosaxleobis (40 milioni) mxolod 25 procents da ruseTis 147 milionian mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT mxolod umniSvnelo nawils. postkomunisturma ungreTma swrafad moaxdina saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis
privatizireba: 1993 wlisaTvis kerZo seqtoris wilma mTlian Sida produqtSi 50
procenti Seadgina. privatizaciis tempi TandaTan Semcirda, rodesac socialistebma moipoves umravlesoba parlamentSi 1994 wels, magram momdevno wels imave
parlamentma gamosca kanoni, romelsac unda daeCqarebina saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis privatizacia, agreTve moemzadebina gasayidad
sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da foladisa da eleqtroenergiis strategiuli
sawarmoebi. miuxedavad restruqturizaciis am seriozuli mcdelobebisa, ungreTi ganicdida inflaciisa da umuSevrobis iseT maRal dones, romelic komunizmis dros ar arsebobda.
dadebiTi kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT, dRes ungreTi myarad aris damkvidrebuli
evropuli saxelmwifoebis liberalur-demokratiul kategoriaSi. 1989 wlidan
sam Tavisufal arCevnebSi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva partiam moipova kontroli mTavrobaze _ rac, Tavis mxriv, partiuli konkurenciisa da politikuri
pluralizmis arsebobis niSania. ufro metic, am cvlilebebs ar gamouwvevia
mkveTri gadaxrebi marcxniv an marjvniv da arc politikuri sistemis destabilizaciis wyaro gamxdara. sabolood, ungreTis ekonomika aCvenebs, rom igi stabiluri ganviTarebis gzaze dgas.
Tu am sam qveyanaSi tranziciis procesebi dausrulebelia, maSin sxva bevri
yofili komunisturi respublika, maT Soris ukraina, bulgareTi da rumineTi
ufro cud mdgomareobaSia. slovenia, adre yofili iugoslaviis federaciis
nawili, aris erTi mniSvnelovani gamonaklisi, romelic Crdilavs danarCen qveynebs (maT Soris poloneTs, ungreTs da CexeTis respublikas). zogadi keTildReobiT slovenia aRemateba evropis kavSiris or wevrs, saberZneTsa da portugalias
da mcirediT CamorCeba evrokavSiris kidev erT wevrs _ espaneTs. slovakeTi (adre
Cexoslovakiis nawili) da xorvatia(aseve iugoslaviis nawili mis daSlamde) axlos arian sam wamyvan qveyanasTan da sakmaod win zozina qveynebTan SedarebiT.
belorusia, moldova, makedonia da albaneTi am regionSi warumatebel qveynebs
Soris arian. rac Seexeba serbeTsa da montenegros, am saxelmwifoebs merve TavSi ganvixilavT.
am nawilSi aRmosavleT evropis ori subregioni imsaxurebs mokled aRniSvnas. baltiis saxelmwifoebi latvia, litva da estoneTi liderebsa da CamorCenilebs Soris Tavsdebian. samxreT kavkasiis sami saxelmwifo _ saqarTvelo,
somxeTi da azerbaijani _ slavur aRmosavleT evropasa da Turqul axlo aRmosavleTsa da centralur azias Soris bundovan geografiul da kulturul
zonaSi mdebareoben. tranziciis SejibrSi isini bolo rigebis siaxloves dganan,
magram mdidari navTobis sabadoebi kaspiis zRvaSi am regions strategiul Rirebulebas aniWebs, rac mas sxva SemTxvevaSi ar eqneboda. ra Tqma unda, baltiispireTisa da samxreT kavkasiis mosaxleoba ar ganekuTvneba slavur ojaxs (aseve
ungrelebi da bulgarelebic).
jamSi, komunizmi gauCinarda evropis rukidan, Tumca komunisturi partiebi (xSirad axali saxelebiT) kvlav arsebobs. Tavisufali da samarTliani
233
arCevnebi tardeba TiTqmis yvelgan da WeSmariti saparlamento demokratiebi
mTavrobis yvelaze gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens. magram yvela am qveyanam
aRmoaCina, rom bevrad martivia ganaxorcielo politikuri cvlilebebi institucionalur doneze, vidre Secvalo politikuri kultura. maT aseve iswavles,
rom arCevnebis Catareba ufro martivia, vidre inflaciisa da deficitis moTokva da rom politikuri struqturebis Secvla bevrad martivia, vidre ekonomikuris. iqac ki, sadac tranzicia politikuri pluralizmisa da sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT yvelaze Sors wavida, xalxi gamoxatavs zogad ukmayofilebas
reformebis tempiTa da mimarTulebiT. ase rom, komunizmis marcxis ambavi savsea
moulodnelobebiT. dReisaTvis is kvlav sanaxevrod dawerilia, misi dasasruli
saidumloebiTaa moculi, manam, sanam gardamavali epoqa sabolood ar dasruldeba _ sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, komunizmi mxolod mravali wlis Semdeg dasruldeba.
aklia Tavi CineTis Sesaxeb. CineTis gareSe qvemoTmoyvanil cxrils azri ar aqvs!!!!!
samxedro
lo
gemi
tanki
mln ja-
atomuri
Tav-
riskaci
bombi
dacvis
TviT-
xarjebi
mfri-
rogorc
navi
mSp-s
procenti
CineTi
indoeTi
5,224
110
9,400
3,0
300+
5,7
700
39
3,500
1,1
25
2,5
234
CrdiloeT korea
730
26
4,200
1,1
monacemebi
25,2
ar arsebobs
ruseTi
4,500
299
17,000
1,5
6,000
7,4
SeerTebuli Statebi
4,971
237
12,500
1,5
6,000
3,8
samxreT korea
samxreT koreis ekonomikuri transformacia Raribi, soflis meurneobaze damokidebuli qveynidan Zalamokrebil, teqnologiurad dawinaurebuli mewarmeobis seqtoris mqone Tanamedrove industriul saxelmwifod XX saukunis
miwurulisaTvis dasrulebul faqts warmoadgenda. samxreT koreis mTliani Sida
produqti (mSp) erT sul mosaxleze, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, mas imave doneze ayenebs,
ra donezec portugalia da saberZneTia, orive evrokavSiris wevri. ra Tqma unda,
es ukanasknelni evropis mdidar saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT RaribTa ricxvSi Sedian. ukeTesad rom warmovaCinoT samxreT koreis miRwevebi, sakmarisia mxolod
aRvniSnoT, rom samxreT koreis mTliani Sida produqti erT sul mosaxleze metia
laTinuri amerikis yvelaze mdidari qveynis, argentinis Sesabamis maCvenebelze da
orjer meti braziliis, Ciles, meqsikis da venesuelis, regionis oTxi wamyvani saxelmwifos maCveneblebze, romlebic aseve tranziciis procesSi imyofebian.
1990-ian wlebSi, rodesac samxreT koreis ekonomikam stagnacia daiwyo,
mTavrobam prezident kim de iungis meTaurobiT gabeduli reformebis programa wamoiwyo. tradiciulad, samxreT koreis ekonomikaSi uzarmazari industriuli konglomeratebi da araregulirebuli didi bankebi dominirebdnen:
specifikuri interesebis gavlenis gazrdam Sedegad konkurenciis CaxSoba
moitana. 1990-iani wlebis bolos ` aziuri gripis~ saxelwodebiT cnobili
aziis finansuri krizisi marTalia samxreT koreaSi ar dawyebula, magram iqac
gamanadgurebeli gavlena hqonda. didma bankebma fuli didi biznesis warmomadgenlebs yovelgvari finansuri garantiebis gareSe asesxes. am situaciam da
qveynis ekonomikis gamococxlebis zogadma saWiroebam daarwmuna saxalxod
arCeuli
235
lobas da dabal inflacias ganicdida.
ramdenad iyo es meore tranzicia politikuri da amavdroulad ekonomikuric? eWvgareSea, rom politikam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa. aziis sxva sazogadoebaTa msgavsad, koreelebic mudam avtoritaruli saxelmwifos mier imarTebodnen. CrdiloeT korea meore msoflio omis periodidan iyo (da aris) komunisturi,
maSin roca samxreT korea, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axlo mokavSire saxelmwifo, antikomunisturia. miuxedavad amisa, samxreTkoreuli `demokratia~ sxva
araferi iyo, Tu ara prodasavluri politikis mqone saxelmwifos fasadi. magram
1997 wels, gaprezidentebis wina ori warumatebeli mcdelobis Semdeg, kim de iungi gaxda samxreT koreaSi pirveli opozicioneri kandidati, romelic prezidentad airCies. (iseve rogorc, visente foqsi gaxda pirveli arCeuli opozicioneri
prezidenti meqsikaSi, sadac mis arCevamde sul raRac sami wliT adre erTpartiuli sistema iyo gabatonebuli). opozicioneri kandidatis prezidentad arCeva
garRvevaa nebismier qveyanaSi, romelic liberaluri demokratiuli mmarTvelobis mimarTulebiT, politikuri tranziciis procesSi imyofeba. rogorc vnaxavT,
2000 wels aseTi garRveva kidev sul mcire erT adgilas moxda.
taivani
taivani damoukidebeli II msoflio omis Semdeg gaxda, rodesac Cinelma
komunistebma, mao Zedunis meTaurobiT, daamarcxes Can kaiSis nacionalistebi.
1972 wlamde, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi aRiarebda taivans, rogorc CineTis
legitimur mTavrobas, Tumca isic aSkara iyo, rom qveynis kontinentur nawils
pekinis komunisturi reJimi akontrolebda. 1972 wlidan taivani gaxda damoukidebeli, Tumca mas mudmiv suverenul sa xelmwifod aRar aRiareben. amis
mizezi ki is gaxlavT, rom CineTis saxalxo respublikam miaRwia eRiarebinaT
misi moTxovna, rom taivani aris CineTis nawili, rom arsebobs mxolod erTi CineTi da rom pekini aris CineTis dedaqalaqi.
miuxedavad amisa, taivani inarCunebs mWidro ekonomikur kavSirebs aSSTan, kvlav sargeblobs misi samxedro ZlierebiTa da diplomatiuri keTili
nebiT. taivanis ekonomika erT-erTi yvelaze dinamikuria aziaSi, didi tempiT
uswrebs ra samxreT koreas. realurad, taivani evropaSi rom iyos, erT sulze
mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqtis mixedviT, ufro win iqneboda, vidre portugalia da saberZneTi, imave ligaSi, sadac aris espaneTi. am `ekonomikur saswaulSi~ araferia axali, magram taivanis bolodroindeli moZraoba liberaluri socialuri da politikuri wesrigisaken namdvilad axalia.
1988 wels, li ten-hui gaxda pirveli adgilobrivi taivaneli lideri,
romelmac moipova prezidentoba da amavdroulad iyo pirveli saxalxod arCeuli prezidenti taivanis istoriaSi. lim, misi Tormetwliani prezidentobis
dros, gaatara radikaluri politikuri reformebi, agrZelebda ra 1980-iani
wlebis SuaxanebSi Tavisi winamorbedis, Can Cin-kuos (Can kaiSis vaJi) mier wamowyebul procesebs. nacionalisturi partiis rkinis xelis CamoSorebis yvelaze
didi Sedegi iyo 2000 wlis arCevnebSi opoziciis kandidatis, Cen Sui-binis gamarjveba. esec erT-erTi pirveli SemTxveva iyo taivanis politikur istoriaSi.
aziis vefxvebi
236
237
bTan, maRal inflaciasTan, masobriv umuSevrobasTan, farTod gavrcelebul
siRaribesTan da Sokis momgvrel uTanasworobasTan mdidarsa da Rarib fenebs
Soris, regioni Tavdajerebulobis krizissa da moxmarebis dabal maCveneblebSi CaZira (milionobiT adamians, gansakuTrebiT kampesinoebs soflebSi, gadarCenisaTvis saarsebo donis minimumis pirobebSi uwevT brZola).
Cilem gezi sakuTari ekonomikis reformirebaze aiRo. faqtobrivad, Cile
gamonaklisia laTinur amerikaSi, radganac qveyanam sabazro reformebi sakuTari politikuri sistemis demokratizirebamde ganaxorciela. augusto pinoCetis mmarTvelobis pirobebSi (1974-1990), Cile erT-erT yvelaze mkveTrad
gamokveTil samxedro diqtaturas warmoadgenda, magram sabazro Zalebis mier
stimulirebuli Ciles ekonomika mainc gamococxlda. amis msgavsi warmateba sxvagan laTinur amerikaSi ar momxdara, rac, Tavis mxriv, gvexmareba avxsnaT 1980ian wlebSi samxedro mmarTvelobis dacemis mizezebi.
braziliaSi 1985 wels samxedro mmarTvelobam gza samoqalaqo mTavrobas
dauTmo da sami wlis Semdeg man axali konstitucia miiRo, romelmac prezidentis pirdapiri arCevenebis Catareba uzrunvelyo. braziliis mTvroba ekonomikis restruqturizaciasa da reformirebas, cdilobs. qveyanas mZime tvirTad
awevs didi sagareo valebi, qronikuli sabiujeto deficiti, eqstensiuri siRaribe soflad da aSkara uTanasworoba. brazilias saswrafod sWirdeba socialuri usafrTxoebis sistemis arsebiTi gadaxedva da sagadasaxado reforma, rom
gaawonasworos sazogadoebis mdgomareoba. magram es zomebi qveyanaSi, sadac
konstituciuri demokratia jer kidev misi siWabukis (Tu ara Cvilobis) asakSia,
238
didris ganawileba~ ara mxolod zneobrivi imperativia, aramed ekonomikuri imperativicaa _ simdidris mudmivi cirkulacis pirobebSi, rodesac am procesSi
mTeli sazogadoeba araa CarTuli, rTulia, Tu ara SeuZlebeli, daasrulo tranzicia sasoflo tipis, neli tempebiT mzardi, proteqcionistuli ekonomikidan
Tanamedrove, bazarze dafuZnebuli, saqalaqo-industriuli, eqsportze orientirebuli ekonomikis mimarTulebiT. Tumca, sabolood rogorc Cans, laTinuri
amerika mainc miaRwevs am mizans, magram regionis gaRaribebul masebs iq misasvlelad didi dro dasWirdebaT.
meqsika
bolos, Cven mivubrundebiT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxreTel
`mezobels~ _ meqsikas. meqsika aris kargi magaliTi im istoriuli winaaRmdegobisa, romelic laTinuri amerikis Zalian bevr qveyanaSi SeimCneva _ romantikuli
mikuTvnebuloba demokratiuli idealebisadmi, romelic respublikis mantiaSi
gamowyobil avtoritarul reJimTan Tanaarsebobda. I msoflio omidan moyolebuli meqsika warmoadgenda liberalur demokratias, oRond qaRaldze. realobaSi ki, 2000 wlamde meqsikaSi konkurentuli arCevnebis msgavsi araferi yofila.
sabolood, institucionaluri _ revoluciuri partiis erTpartiuli mmarTvelobis aTwleulebis Semdeg, meqsikel amomrCevlebs realuri arCevani da realuri SesaZlebloba miecaT. arCevani iyo institucionaluri _ revoluciuri
partiis kandidatsa da opoziciis sxva kandidatebs Soris. es iyo pirveli SesaZlebloba meqsikaSi _ Tavisufali da samarTliani arCevnebi. Sedegi iyo gamaognebeli: opoziciis kandidatma visente foqsma, romelic erovnuli moqmedebis
239
pirvelad mieca sistemaSi sakuTari sityvis Tqmis SesaZlebloba.
daskvna
240
doebis tranzicias daasruleben, SesaZloa ekonomikuri ganviTareba Seferxdes.
sakvanZo sityvebi
nomenklatura
perestroika (gardaqmna)
glasnosti (sajarooba)
liberalizacia
demokratizacia
federaluri asamblea (ruseTis federaciis sakanonmdeblo organo)
federaciis sabWo (ruseTis federaciis sakanonmdeblo organos zeda palata)
duma (saTaTbiro, ruseTis federaciis sakanonmdeblo organos qveda palata)
politbiuro (komunisturi partiis centraluri aRmasrulebeli oragno)
axali industriuli qveynebi
aziuri gripi
Crdilo amerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis asociacia
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.
2.
3.
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani kiTxva, romelic dRes dgas ruseTis winaSe aris Semdegi: SeZlebs Tu ara igi stabilur demokratiad Camoyalibebas? gaakeTe komentari ruseTis tranziciis problemeze.
4.
5.
6.
SeniSvnebi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
241
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
ixileT, Milovan Djilas, The New Class ( New York,: Praeger, 1957); and Hedrick
242
T aavv i V I I I
ganviTarebadi
qveynebi
demokratia Tu diqtatura
ganviTarebadi qveynebis klasifikacia
ganviTarebadi qveynebis Seswavla
kolonializmis memkvidreoba
politikuri ganviTareba: oTxi gamowveva
demokratia da ganviTarebadi qveynebi
demokratiis korelatebi
strategiebi
demokratiuli
ganviTarebis winaSe
dabrkole-
rode-
iugoslavia
siera leone
avRaneTi
ganviTarebis Teoria:
tendenciuli msjeloba?
zedmeti ganviTareba:
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, arc eri-saxelmwifod da arc superZalad
meoce saukunemde ar Camoyalibebula. geografiulma izolirebulobam, energiulma xalxma, uxvma bunebrivma resursebma da uzarmazarma teritoriebma xeli
243
Seuwyo mis ganviTarebas, brZenma damaarseblebma da iRbalma ki msoflio liderobisaken misi saboloo aRmasvla ganapiroba. ekonomikurad sakmaod mdidari, aSSs sazogadoeba industriuli da samecniero kuTxiT ganviTarebulia:amerikeli
xalxis mniSvnelovani procenti inawilebs qveynis simdidres, aris nakiTxi da
ganaTlebuli da sakuTar Tavs didi sazogadoebis wevrad miiCnevs. politikurad _ aSS-s mTavroba kargad Camoyalibebulia, igi efeqtianad qmnis politikuri
Zalauflebis gadacemis winapirobas da uzrunvelyofs sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebasa da individualur usafrTxoebas.
amis sapirispirod, ganviTarebadi qveynebi (romlebsac agreTve naklebad
ganviTarebul qveynebs, modernizirebad an mesame samyaros eri-saxelmwifoebs
uwodeben) ver akmayofileben erT an ramdenime CamoTvlil kriteriums. xSirad,
yovelive amas dramatuli xasiaTi aqvs. amgvari warumateblobis mtkivneuli
Sedegebia: siRaribe, eTnikuri, religiuri da traibaluri tomTaSorisi konfliqtebis maRali maCvenebeli, farTod gavrcelebuli gaunaTlebloba, politikuri areulobebi da mniSvnelovani klasobrivi dayofa. dRes mravali afrikuli, aziuri da laTinur-amerikuli eri miiswrafvis imgvari ayvavebulobisa da
stabilurobisaken, romelic aqvT evropisa da wynari okeanis sartyelis qveynebi
(avstralia, axali zelandia da iaponia), agreTve amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa
da kanadas. egreT wodebuli ganviTarebadi qveynebi sruli politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebisaken mimaval saxifaTo bilikze udides
dabrkolebebs awydebian. yvelaze cud SemTxvevebSi, ekonomika ganicdis mkveTr
vardnas, mTavroba uaRresad warumatebelia, sazogadoeba nawilebad ixliCeba
da mTeli mosaxleoba CaTreulia swored imgvar koSmarul samoqalaqo omSi,
romelsac cnobili ingliseli politikis filosofosi Tomas hobsi meCvidmete
saukuneSi moiazrebda rogorc `yvelas oms yvelas winaaRmdeg~. amgvari saSineli
winaswarmetyveleba realobad iqca iseT adgilebSi, rogoricaa yofili iugoslavia, avRaneTi, afrikis qveynebi (maT Soris somali, ruanda, kongo da siera
leone). imisaTvis, rom ukeTesad gavigoT is eqstremaluri sirTuleebi, romlebsac ganviTarebadi qveynebi awydebian, saWiroa ufro axlodan SevxedoT egreT
wodebuli `mesame samyaros~ (termini, romelic kvlav moxerxebulia, magram Sesaferisi aRaraa) politikur konteqsts.
244
VII) `mesame samyaros~ cnebas azri daekarga _ Tuki meore samyaro gaqra, mesame
rogor iarsebebs (Tu mesame samyarom meoris adgili daikava maSin, roca meore
jer ar Serwymia pirvels?). termini kvlav gamoiyeneba, Tumca ukve iSviaTad.
ganviTarebad qveynebs `samxreTsac~ uwodebdnen, rac ekvatoris CrdiloeTiT mdebare ganviTarebul industriul qveynebsa da samxreTis naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris udides uTanasworobas asaxavs. zogierT damkvirvebels
miaCnia, rom CrdiloeTis mdidari erebi ekonomikur eqspluatacias uwevdnen
samxreTis Rarib erebs, rasac `CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis~ konfliqtsac ki uwodebdnen. magram erT kategoriaSi moqceuli swrafad ganviTarebadi qveynebi
gaurkvevlobas ki ar xsnis, kidev ufro aRrmavebs. `CrdiloeTad da samxreTad~
dayofis sityva-sityviT ganmarteba gulisxmobs ara marto samxreTis ekonomikurad Rarib qveynebs, aramed agreTve avstraliasa da axal zelandiasac _ or
qveyanas, romlebic aSkarad igive kategorias miekuTvnebian, rasac dasavleT
evropis mdidari liberaluri demokratiebi. erovnuli simdidris, politikuri
institutebis da saerTaSoriso statusis mixedviT, iseTi gansxvavebuli qveynebi, rogorebicaa saudis arabeTi, samxreT afrika da brazilia ar Seesabamebian
CrdiloeTis da samxreTis paradigmas. aseve, samxreT korea, taivani, hong-kongi
da singapuric.
Cven vuyurebT ganviTarebad samyaros da gviCndeba kiTxva `vin?~. romelia
im samyaros qveynebi, romelic ganviTarebis sirTuleebs gadis? sinamdvileSi,
yvela qveyana an viTardeba, an ingreva. is, rac zogadad termin `ganviTarebad
qveynebSi~ igulisxmeba, aris Semdegi: msoflios xalxTa (erTa) umetesobas ara
aqvs ganaTlebis, dasaqmebis, dasvenebis, mogzaurobis an Warbi moxmarebis saSualeba, rac dasavleT evropis qveynebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (ara marto
dasavleTis, aramed iaponiis, avstraliis, axali zelandiisa da ramodenime sxva
qveynisTvisac). ufro metic, mravali qveyana ver daikvexnis kargi mTavrobiT,
anu pasuxismgeblobis mqone, stabiluri da sufTa (arakorumpirebuli) mTavrobiT. Sedegad, rodesac vambobT, rom qveyana viTardeba, vgulisxmobT, rom is jer
araa WeSmaritad modernizebuli (dasavleTis qveynebis analogiurad) da vvaraudobT, rom rodesac (Tu) es qveynebi ganviTardebian, isini ufro da ufro metad
daemsgavsebian SeerTebul Statebs (urbanizaciis, sekularizaciis, materializmisa da teqnologiebze damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT).
245
Statebi), xolo mosaxleoba ki _ 160 milions; indoeTSi ki milion kvadratul kilometrze mcxovrebi mosaxleoba miliards aWarbebs.
es gigantebi kontrastulad gansxvavdebian iseTi Zalian patara kunZulisaxelmwifoebisagan, rogoricaa barbadosi (teritoria 166 kvadratuli kilometri; mosaxleoba 252.000) karibis zRvaSi; kiribati (teritoria 266 kvadratuli kilometri; mosaxleoba 61.000) wynar okeaneSi. wynari okeanis kunZuli
nauru albaT yvelaze `juja~ saxelmwifos prizs miiRebda. aq 8000 adamiani
cxovrobs aT kvadratul kilometrze. nauru SeiZleba pataraa, magram ara
Raribi: fosforis eqsportiT erT sul mosaxleze misi yovelwliuri Semosavali 20.000 dolars aWarbebs.
nauru ganviTarebad samyaroSi gamonaklisia _ aq siRaribe batonobs. ganviTarebadi ekonomikebis umetesoba jer kidev uSualod aris damokidebuli soflis meurneobaze. mxolod ramodenime maTganis ekonomika eyrdnoba mineralur
resursebs, ZiriTadad sparseTis yuris navTobiT mdidari qveynebi (bahreini, kuveiti, omani, saudis arabeTi da arabeTis gaerTianebuli saamiroebi).
mcire gamonaklisis garda, ganviTarebad qveynebze modis msoflios mosaxleobis zrdis udidesi tempi (msoflios mosaxleobis yovelwliuri zrdis
tempi daaxloebiT 1.48%-ia; am tempiT, igi ormocdarva weliwadSi gaormagdeba).
mosaxleobis mkveTri zrda ekonomikur, socialur da politikur struqturebs
SeiZleba uzarmazar tvirTad daawves da xeli SeuSalos maT ganviTarebas.
Sedarebebi xSirad siurprizebs gvTavazobs. magaliTisaTvis, meqsikis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT iseTive siswrafiT izrdeba, rogorc indoeTisa. aziaSi,
romelic msoflioSi yvelaze mWidrod dasaxlebuli regionia, msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 60 procenti cxovrobs, magram mxolod misi teritoriis
18 procentze. aziisa da egviptis garda, romlis mosaxleobac mdinare nilosis
irgvlivaa gansaxlebuli, mosaxleobis simWidrove ganviTarebad qveynebSi SedarebiT dabalia. afrikis mosaxleobis saSualo simWidrove mxolod 24 adamiania kvadratul kilometrze, gansxvavebiT indoeTisa (sadac es maCvenebeli 296ia) da singapurisagan (5571). israelSi mosaxleobis zustad iseTive simWidrovea,
rogorc indoeTSi, Tumca israeli jer kidev miesalmeba emigrantebs. amas garda,
amgvari cifrebi ar iTvaliswinebs im faqts, teritoriis ra nawilia sacxovreblad vargisi (magaliTad, urbanizaciis SemTxvevaSi). aRsaniSnavia, rom afrikas
SedarebiT meti saxnav-saTesi miwa aqvs erT sul mosaxleze, vidre nebismier sxva
ganviTarebad regions. amavdroulad, mosaxleobis zrdis tempi saharis mimdebare afrikis qveynebSi (maT Soris somali, uganda, kongo, nigeri, angola da
burkina-faso) erT-erTi yvelaze maRalia. msoflioSi yvelaze swrafad mzardi
mosaxleoba mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapirosa da Razas seqtoris israelis mier okupirebul teritoriebzea; iemeni da avRaneTi, Sesabamisad, meore da
mesame adgilebzea. mTlianobaSi, islamuri da arabuli mosaxleoba demografiuli afeTqebis msgavss ganicdis. muslimTa raodenoba CrdiloeT afrikaSi, axlo
aRmosavleTsa da samxreT aziis qveregionSi, zogierTi gamoTvlis mixedviT, 1,5
miliards uaxlovdeba.
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ekonomikuri socialuri da politikuri ganviTareba mxolod ganviTarebad qveynebSi ar xdeba. marTlac, erTdrouli ganviTareba da daRmasvla mTeli msofliosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli _ arcerTi maTgani
ar aris statikuri. magram ganviTareba araTanabrad xdeba; zogierTi eri, rogoricaa avRaneTi, bangladeSi, burundi, Cadi, kongo, eritraa, eTiopia, gvinea-
246
bisau, mali, malavi, mianma, ruanda, siera-leone, somali da sudani, uaRresad
Raribi da gaWirvebulia (yuradReba miaqcieT, am RaribTa Soris uRaribes qveyanaTa CamonaTvalSi ramdeni mdebareobs saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikaSi). es
globaluri uTanasworoba konfliqtebisa da Zaladobis potenciuri wyaroa, iseve, rogorc ufro maRali kategoriis moraluri sakiTxi.
ratom arian Raribi qveynebi Raribebi? ganicdian Tu ara isini resursebis
naklebobas? iqneb es bunebis sastiki xumrobaa? iqneb, dasavleTia damnaSave (kolonializmi da neokolonializmi)? es kiTxvebi Semdeg TavebSia ganxiluli.
kolonializmis memkvidreoba
gaerTianebuli erebis orgnizaciis dRevandel wevrTagan 1800 wels mxolod
23 qveyana iyo damoukidebeli. am saxelmwifoTa naxevarze meti evropaSia; sias
avRaneTi, CineTi, eTiopia, iaponia, irani, nepali, omani, ruseTi, tailandi, TurqeTi da SeerTebuli Statebi agvirgvinebs2. mas Semdeg damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa
ricxvi rvajer (da ufro metadac) gaizarda. meore msoflio omi (1945-1949) warmoadgenda mijnas, vinaidan man evropuli koloniuri imperiebis swraf daSlamde
migviyvana. dRes arsebuli qveynebis naxevarze meti ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis
manZilze warmoiSva da maTi umravlesoba SeiZleba ganviTarebad qveynad CaiTvalos.
Sri-lankaSi dawyebuli eTnikuri omi indus Tamilebsa da singalel budistebs Soris, romelic 1983 wels daiwyo, roca Tamilelebi Sri-lankis Crdilo-aRmosavleTis damoukideblobisaTvis aRdgnen, garkveulwilad britaneTis kolonialuri xelisuflebis politikas asaxavs. eTnikuri brZola kolonializmis Zalze damaxasiaTebeli memkvidreobaa da
ganviTarebadi samyaros mravali qveynis problemad rCeba. is w
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam uSualod gamoiwvia axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis Seqmna aRmosavleT evropaSi, samxreT kavkasiasa da centralur aziaSi.
meore talRa zogierTi am damoukidebeli saxelmwifos dezintegraciis an dayofis Sedegad warmoiqmna (magaliTad Cexoslovakia da iugoslavia). 1994 wlisTvis
247
dezintegraciis procesis Sedegad daaxloebiT 25 axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifo Seiqmna3. saukuneebis manZilze evropis zesaxelmwifoebi msoflios uSores
kuTxeebSi ganlagebuli, susti da teqnologiurad naklebad ganviTarebuli
xalxebisa da teritoriebis koloniur mpyrobelobaSi, marTvasa da gamgeblobaSi ejibrebodnen erTmaneTs. es koloniuri samflobeloebi ara mxolod prestiJis, aramed (rac ufro mniSvnelovania) ekonomikuri upiratesobis wyarosac warmoadgenda. mizezTa da mizezTa gamo afrika kolonizaciisaTvis gansakuTrebiT
xelsayreli iyo da evropulma Zalebmac mecxramete saukunis bolomde faqtobrivad mTeli afrika dainawiles da miiTvises. meoce saukunis dasawyisisaTvis
britaneTi, safrangeTi, belgia, germania, portugalia, holandia, italia da
espaneTi (iseve, rogorc TurqeTi) kolonilizmis an imperializmis erTgulni
iyvnen. saxelis miuxedavad, es evrocentruli sistema adgilobrivi afrikeli,
azieli da laTinoamerikeli xalxis TvalSi `fermkrTali ucxoelebis~ mier
daqvemdebarebisa da eqsploataciisa sinonimad iqca.
arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom kolonializmi
sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara evropelebis batonoba adgilobriv xalxze da rom igi
efuZneboda rasobrivi upiratesobisa da religiuri swrafvebis Ria da dafarul
warmodgenebs. asea Tu ise, kolonizatoruli Zalebis mier gamoyenebul meTodebsa da saSualebebs Soris udidesi gansxvaveba arsebobda. magaliTad, britanuli midgoma xazs usvamda kanonis uzenaesobas da bevrad ufro rbili iyo, vidre
espanuri koloniuri mmarTveloba, romelic sisastikiT gamoirCeoda. portugalielebi da frangebi cdilobdnen koloniuri xalxebis asimilirebas (magaliTad, frangebi alJirelebs erovnul sakanonmdeblo organoSi da nacionalur
kabinetSi adgilebiT ajildovebdnen), maSin roca holandielebi nebas rTavdnen adgilobriv mmarTvelebs Zalaufleba SeenarCunebinaT. britaneTi orive am
strategias misdevda, iTvaliswinebda ra adgilobrivi avtoritetebis Sexedulebebs, raTa maT SeenarCunebinaT samarTlianoba da wesrigi da, amave dros,
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis niWier warmomadgenlebs sajaro administraciaSi
karieris gakeTebis, britanul skolebsa da universitetebSi swavlis saSualebas
aZlevda.4
miuxedavad amisa, imis gaazreba, rom Soreuli qveynis mier xar marTuli,
koloniuri xalxebis umravlesobisaTvis Semzaravi iyo. maT sabolood, ZiriTadad, Zaladobis mravali formis gamoyenebiT moipoves damoukidebloba. indoeTSi mahaTma gandi waruZRva `araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegobis~ saerTo-erovnul
kampanias (Satyagraha) - es meTodi, romelsac agreTve `samoqalaqo daumorCile-
blobas~ uwodebdnen, mogvianebiT, 1960-ian wlebSi martin luTer king umcrosis, SeerTebul StatebSi adamianis uflebaTa moZraobis didi lideris mier iqna
gamoyenebuli (sainteresoa, rom orive, gandic da kingic, mokles).
kolonializmis saboloo memkvidreoba winaaRmdegobrivi rCeba. pozitiuri mniSvneloba aqvs evropelebis mier modernizaciis zogierTi elementis
gavrcelebas, rac jandacvis (saavadmyofoebi), ganaTlebis (skolebi) da transportis (gzebi) umniSvnelo gaumjobesebas gulisxmobs. miuxedavad amisa, am cvlilebaTa gavlena xSirad sakmaod SezRuduli iyo da ekonomikuri da politikuri TviTkmarobis, agreTve cxovrebis tradiciuli gzebis xarjze xdeboda.
amasTan, nebismieri mogeba danakargebTan mimarTebaSi izomeba. danakargebi ki
Zalian didia: Seuracxyofa, Cagvra, avadmyofobebi (evropelebis mier gavrcelebuli epidemiuri daavadebebi, romelsac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ewireboda), _
248
es yvelaferi koloniur mmarTvelobas ukavSirdeba.5
sadavo xdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac ganviTarebadi qveynebi damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdegac mdidari dasavluri qveynebis eqsploataciis
qveS rCebian. magaliTisTvis, e.w. damokidebulebis Teoretikosebi amtkicebdnen,
rom ganuviTarebloba araa bunebrivi movlena, igi dasavluri eqsploataciis
Sedegia. isini askvnian, rom jer bunebrivi resursebis iafad miRebiT, Semdeg ki
samecniero da teqnologiuri miRwevebis gamoyenebiT am resursebis ZviradRirebul produqtebad gardaqmniT industriulma qveynebma ara marto eqsploatacia gauwies ganviTarebad qveynebs, aramed yvelaferi gaakeTes imisaTvis, rom
isini sustebad da Raribebad darCeniliyvnen. sxva mkvlevarebi uaryofen am mosazrebas da ganviTarebadi qveynebis mZime mdgomareobis mizezad iseT endemur
faqtorebs miiCneven, rogorebicaa klimati da bunebrivi resursebi, saxnav-saTesi miwa, mosaxleobis ricxovnoba da misi zrda, epidemiebi, eTnikuri winaaRmdegobebi da Rirebulebebi.
kolonializmis Sedegebi Tanamedrove msoflioSic gvxvdeba. koloniuri
imperiebi manamde arsebuli eTnikuri identobis, teritoriuli sazRvrebisa da
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis loialurobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe Seiqmna. rodesac evropulma Zalebma ukan daixies, maT warmoSves uazro, axali, naglej-nagleji saxelmwifoebi, romelTa sazRvrebic sruliad gauazrebeli iyo, vinaidan isini tradiciul religiebs, eTnosebs da tomobriv-teritoriul xazebs kveTdnen.
mosalodnelma Sedegmac ar daayovna: qronikuli politikuri arastabiluroba,
gadatrialebebi, revoluciebi, samoqalaqo omebi da TviT genocidebic ki. kolonializmis am mware memkvidreobam gasul wlebSi mravali ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo daRupa. maT Soris angola, burundi, kamboja (yofili kampuCia), kongo
(yofili zairi), eTiopia, liberia, nigeria, ruanda, siera-leona da Sri-lanka.
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saerTo bedis gancdas iziarebs. Teoriulad, erovnulobis axali gancda, rasac
axali eri hqvia, procesis bolos yalibdeba. magram, praqtikulad, ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, udidesi mravalferovnebis gamo es mizani
uaRresad rTuli rCeba.
zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyana ver gaumklavda am sirTules, rasac Sedegad mtanjveli samoqalaqo omebi da zogi qveynis daSlac ki mohyva. aseTi qveynis
magaliTebia pakistani (rasac dRes bangladeSi ewodeba 1971 wlamde aRmosavleT
pakistani iyo) da kongo (yofili zairi). samoqalaqo omebma gaaCanaga agreTve nigeriis, Cadis, angolis, ruandis da somalis sazogadoebebi _ da es mxolod mcire
CamonaTvalia.
xSirad politikuri liderebi, Sida dapirispirebebisaken am gamaognebel
midrekilebas kolonializmsa da imperializms abraleben. aseve, xSirad damoukideb-lobisaTvis brZola TavisTavad xdeba saerTo mizeziT axali eris gaerTianebis saSualeba. droSebi, aRlumebi da TviT erovnuli aviaxazebic ki (romelic SeiZleba mxolod erTi an ori samgzavro TviTmfrinavisagan Sedgebodes,
romelsac gverdebze qveynis saxeli da ferebi eqneba gamoxatuli) SeiZleba
erovnuli identobis grZnobis gaCenas exmarebodes. mezobeli saxelmwifoebisagan momdinare safrTxe _ realuri, moCvenebiTi Tu samrewvelo _ SeiZleba
agreTve sasargeblo aRmoCndes. dabolos, qarizmatuli erovnuli lideris arseboba erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi cvladia. sagulisxmo magaliTebia egvipteli
jamal abdel naseri (romelic qveyanas1954 wlidan 1970 wlamde marTavda), indonezieli axmed sukarno (1949-78) da libieli muamar kadafi, romelic kvlav
xelisuflebaSia.
politikuri ganviTarebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtia saxelmwifos
mSenebloba _ politikuri institutebis Seqmna, kerZod ki centraluri mTavrobisa, romelic mTel sazogadoebaze SeZlebs Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas.
`politikuri SeRwevis~ es tipi iseTi saSualebebiT, rogoricaa infrastruqturis Seqmna (gzebi, xidebi, satelefono xazebi) xels uwyobs integrirebuli
erovnuli ekonomikisaTvis aucilebel ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da socialur
erTobas. amgvari infrastruqturis Seqmnis dasafinanseblad mTavrobas, rogorc minimumi, gadasaxadebis daweseba da Segroveba unda SeeZlos (efeqtiani
mTavrobis maxasiaTebeli). magram ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebs xSirad ar
SeuZliaT gadasaxadebisagan adekvaturi Semosavlebis miReba im martivi mizezis gamo, rom dasabegri araferia (an arasakmarisadaa). esaa `mojadoebuli wre~,
romlisagan Tavis daRwevac mxolod ucxouri kapitalis SemodinebiT SeiZleba
(vaWroba, daxmareba da, rac mTavaria, investiciebi). magram ucxouri investiciebi (gare cvladi) damokidebulia kapitalis stabilurobaze (Sida cvladi). ganviTarebad qveynebSi `mojadoebul wreTa~ yvela saxeoba gvxvdeba.
kidev erTi sirTule, romlis winaSe ganviTarebadi qveynebi jer kidev
dganan, monawileobaa. imisaTvis, rom axali sazogadoebebi ekonomikurad gaizardos da ayvavdes, xalxi ganviTarebis procesSi aqtiurad unda iyos Cabmuli.
ganviTarebis nebismieri, kargad gaazrebuli strategiis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia xalxis mobilizeba, sazogadoebis erTi konkretuli mimarTulebiT
wasayvanad. magram mobilizacia politikur dilemas aCens: vinaidan mobilizebuli xalxi ufro aqtiuradaa Cabmuli politikaSi da ganicdis mTavrobis (karg an
cud) zegavlenas, is mmarTvelis arCevasa da mmarTvelobis formis gansazRvraSi
ufro meti xmis uflebas iTxovs. Tuki monawileobis saxalxo moTxovna win us-
250
wrebs institutebis ganviTarebasa da mTavrobis SesaZleblobas _ moaxdinos
pozitiuri reagireba, saxelmwifos epizoduri da qronikuli arastabilurobis
seriozuli safrTxe daemuqreba. aqedan gamomdinare, monawileobis gamowvevaa:
rogor iqnes gamoyenebuli saxalxo energia ise, rom ar amoZravdnen politikuri
dezintegraciisa da revoluciis Zalebi.
azriani monawileoba politikur organizacias saWiroebs. agrarul sazogadoebebSi saxalxo monawileobis manadme arsebuli modelebi xSirad naTesaur kavSirebsa da (gansakuTrebiT aziaSi) `patron-ymur~ (klientelur) urTierTobe-
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rogorc vnaxeT, politikur ganviTarebas ufro farTo politikuri monawileobisken mivyavarT. magram moiTxovs ki igi xelisuflebis demokratiul formas? sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ganviTareba da konstituciuri demokratia
aucileblad moiTxovs erTmaneTs Tu ara? aris Tu ara demokratiuli xelisufleba politikuri ganviTarebis TavisTavadi niSani? rogorc III TavSi aRvniSneT, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba konstituciuri demokratiis Tvisebaa. Tumca
demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi mainc SezRudulebi arian zogierT uflebasTan,
wesTan, kanonTan da, rasakvirvelia, sazogadoebriv azrTan dakavSirebul qmedebaSi. ase rom, demokratiis da ganviTarebis Tanaarseboba xSirad advili ar aris.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobaSi xelisufleba arc demokratiulad
aris arCeuli da arc samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis Tavgadakluli damcvelia. Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi erebis umravlesobas samxedroebi marTaven an akontroleben. samoqalaqo xelisuflebebi ki, rogorc wesi, avtoritarulia da (damfuZnebeli) `mama-marCenalis~ iseTi figuris garSemoa Semokrebili, rogorebic
iyvnen iomo keniata (kenia), joSua (kvame), nkruma (gana), jamal abdel naseri (egvipte), javaharlal neru (indoeTi) da ahmed sukarno (indonezia).
dasavleli damkvirveblebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciis mixedviT
demokratia politikuri ganviTarebis niSnad aRiqmeba. demokratiul saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba ganviTarebuli eria, Tumca ara yvela; arc yvela ganviTarebuli eria aucileblad demokratiuli, Tumca umravlesoba aris. magram faqti
saxezea _ warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia erT-erTia im mraval maxasiaTebels
Soris, romlebic xSirad politikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi gvxvdeba.
demokratiis kore
korelatebi
latebi *
stabiluri xelisuflebis Camoyalibeba, romelsac efeqturi marTva
SeeZleba, advili amocana ar aris. demokratiuli xelisuflebis Camoyalibeba
gansakuTrebiT garTulebulia im sazogadoebebSi, romlebic modernizaciis
gamowvevebs waawydnen. imisaTvis, rom sicocxlisunariani iyos, demokratia
garkveuli mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis arsebobas moiTxovs. ganviTarebadi
eris mier demokratiis miRwevis potencialis gazomvis erT-erT gzas warmoadgens demokratiis korelatebze fokusireba. sadac es korelatebi yvelaze didi
ricxviTi mniSvnelobiTa da sididiT arsebobs, iq demokratiis albaToba yvelaze
didia; da piriqiT, sadac maTi seriozuli naklebobaa, iq demokratias warmatebis
yvelaze mcire Sansi aqvs.7
ekonomikuri korelatebi albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovania:
korelatebi aris cvladebi, romlebic mizezobriv (ganpirobebulia erTi da imave mizeziT) an mizezSedegobriv (apirobebs erTi meores) kavSirSia erTmaneTTan (mTrgmn.Sen.)
252
253
els warmoadgens.8
ori yvelaze mniSvnelovani fsiqokulturuli korelati aris:
gansxvavebul individTa da jgufTa mimarT tolerantuloba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom demokratia moiTxovs sxvaTa uflebebis aRiarebas, socialuri da
kulturuli gansxvavebebis pativiscema demokratiuli mTavrobis mniSnelovan
korelats warmoadgens. SeuZlebelia demokratiis ganviTareba gavrcelebuli
sazogadoebrivi undoblobis pirobebSi, romlis mizezi TvalSisacemi eTikuri,
religiuri da traibaluri gansxvavebebia.
demokratiis mtkice rwmena. es korelati axnas ar saWiroebs: xalxs ver aiZuleb,
rom Tavisufali iyos.
bolo wyvili istoriuli, anu garemoebiTi korelatebia:
demokratiuli strategiebi
ganviTarebad qveynebSi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis danergva advil amo-
254
canas ar warmoadgens. ra strategia unda gamoiyenos demokratiuli tradiciis armqone saxelmwifom? am SekiTxvis aqtualobas 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
yofili komunisturi saxelmwifoebi awydebodnen. sakiTxavia, jer politikuri
reformebi unda ganxorcieldes da mere unda moxdes ekonomikis restruqturizacia sabazro ekonomikad (`glasnostis~ pirveladobis modeli) Tu jer
ekonomikuri reformebi unda ganxorcieldes (`perestroikis~ pirvelado-
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baronebis didi gavlenis da memarcxene partizanebis gamudmebuli Tavdasxmebis
`wyalobiT~ awydeboda.
istoriac gviCvenebs, rom laTinuri amerikis demokratiulobis Sesaxeb
Tamami gancxadebebis gakeTeba ar SeiZleba. regionSi bolo dromde mTavar rols
samxedro Zala TamaSobda. 1980-ian wlebamde laTinuri amerikis Zalian cota
qveyanaSi Tu iyo demokratiuli mmarTveloba. xSirad, sayovelTao arCevnebi
plebiscits emsgavseboda, riTac lideri avtoritaruli mmarTvelobisTvis mandats iRebda. sxva SemTxvevebSi, samxedro maRalCinosnebis xuntebi ubralod auqmebdnen arCevnebis Sedegebs da Zalauflebas ukanonod itacebdnen.
adreul 1990-ian wlebSi `defeqtiani~ demokratia gavrcelda saharis
samxreTiT mdebare afrikaSic.12 1990 da 1991 wlebSi am regionis sul cota cxra
qveyanaSi, maT Soris beninSi, kabo-verdesa da gabonSi gaimarTa Tavisufali arCevnebi, rac am qveynebis umetesobisaTvis pirveli SemTxveva iyo. 1991 wlis
martSi beninis prezidenti generali maTieu kerekou gaxda _ erT-erTi pirveli
afrikeli lideri, romelic mosaxleobam gadairCia. regionis sxva qveynebma,
maT Soris mozambikma da kongom, gaatares gamiznuli reformebi demokratiuli
mmarTvelobis gaZlierebisaTvis. 1990-ian wlebSi samxreT afrikis respublikam
gansacvifrebeli cvlilebebi ganicada. Savkaniani umravlesobis mmarTvelobam
Secvala burebis (holandielebis) TeTrkanianTa upiratesobaze dafuZnebuli
mmarTveloba. 1997 wlisaTvis benini, bocvana, gvinea-bisau, madagaskari, mali,
namibia da san tome, iseve rogorc samxreT afrikis respublika, namdvilad mravalpartiuli saxelmwifoebi iyvnen, sadac adamianis uflebaTa pativiscema da
kanonis uzenaesoba arsebobda.13
saharis mimdebare afrikis `demokratiuli romansi~ uaRresad mouxeSavi
da uwesrigo aRmoCnda. nigerielma samxedro mmarTvelebma 1993 wels gaauqmes
arCevnebis Sedegebi. kot-divuaris mTavrobamac igive gaakeTa (nigeriam swori
mimarTulebiT nabiji sabolood 1999 wels daiwyo, rodesac olusegun obasanjo
1983 wlis Semdeg qveynis pirveli demokratiulad arCeuli prezidenti gaxda).
1992 da 1993 wlis arCevnebs keniaSi, kamerunsa da gabonSi umarTaobam da korufciam miayena Crdili. ruanda 1994 wels genociduri Zaladobis asparezad iqca.
1996 wels samxedro mTavrobebi CadiSi, gambiasa da nigeriaSi nacionaluri arCevnebiT manipulirebdnen, raTa sasurveli SedegisaTvis mieRwiaT. arc sxva afrikuli saxelmwifoebis sazogadoebaa gansakuTrebulad stabiluri (da samxreTiT
mdebare demokratiisaTvis xelsayreli). liberiam da siera leonem sakmaod sisxliani samoqalaqo omebi gadaitanes, xolo kongos demokratiuli respublika
(yofili zairi) 1990 wlebis bolosaTvis anarqiam moicva. klanobrivi da tomobrivi dapirispirebebi safrTxes uqmnis Sida stabilurobas saharis samxreTiT
afrikis mraval saxelmwifoSi, sadac nebismieri tendencia demokratiisaken
mZlavr sawinaaRmdego tendencias awydeba.14
ganviTarebis Tavsatexi
politikuri ganviTareba, romelic demokratiuli xelisuflebis SenarCunebis Zalisxmevasac moicavs, modernizaciis jer kidev mtkivneuli da dausrulebeli procesis nawilia. xalxTa Soris tradiciul kavSirebs Ziri eTxreba,
xalxi sakuTar fesvebsaa mowyvetili, xolo kulturis saxecvlileba xSirad
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Seuqcevadi procesia. sakvebis ukmarisoba da socialuri ukmayofileba xSirad
industrializaciis Tanmdevi movlenebia. maS ratom surT ganviTarebadi qveynebis liderebs modernizaciasTan dakavSirebul riskebze wasvla?
ganviTarebis motivebi
ganviTarebad qveynebs xSirad modernizaciis garda sxva arCevani ar gaaCniaT. mxolod cotaa iseTi iRbliani, rogorc, magaliTad, yatari (arabeTis naxevarkunZulze), romelsac uxvad aqvs navTobi da mcire mosaxleobac yavs. venesuelac navTobis didi maragis mflobelia. magram imisaTvis, rom es bunebrivi
resursebi fulad eqciaT, TviT venesuelasa da yatarsac ki dasWirda WaburRilebis gaTxra, gzebis gayvana, navTobis specialistebis gamozrda, navTobgadamamuSavebeli da sawyobi infrastruqturebis ageba, navTobsadenebis gayvana,
sabanko sistemis dafuZneba, saeqsporto bazrebis ganviTareba, anu, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, modernizeba.
naklebad iRbliani ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis ekonomikuri ganviTareba gabatonebuli siRaribisagan Tavis daRwevis erTaderTi imedia. am qveyanaTa umetesoba Raribia. RaribTa Soris uRaribes qveynebSi, romlebsac xandaxan
yvelaze ganuviTarebel qveynebs uwodeben, yovelwliuri Semosavali erT sul
mosaxleze 250 dolarze naklebia. TviT is erebic, romlebic SedarebiT ganviTarebulni arian, farTod gavrcelebuli siRaribiT itanjebian. aqedan gamomdinare, 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi erT sul mosaxleze wliuri Semosavali
afrikis da aziis mxolod ramodenime qveyanaSi aRemateboda 1000 dolars.
ganviTarebis kidev erTi stimuli Tanamedrove SeiaraRebis nebismier
fasad SeZenis survilia, rac erovnul siamayes ukavSirdeba. meore msoflio omis
Semdeg TiTqmis yvela omi mesame samyaroSi mimdinareobda.15 mesame samyaros qveynebis dapirispirebis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTebia iranisa da erayis, pakistanisa da indoeTis, vietnamisa da CineTis, libiisa da Cadis, eTiopiisa da somalis omebi, laTinuri amerikis mravali qveyana agreTve Cabmulia mezoblebTan
konfliqtSi. magaliTisaTvis, Cile Caeba samxedro SetakebebSi samive mezobel
saxelmwifosTan: argentinasTan, boliviasa da perusTan. amas garda, perus ekvadorTan sasazRvro dava hqonda. urTierTobebi kolumbiasa da venesuelas Soris
sazRvris sakiTxis mougvareblobis gamo drodadro mwvavdeboda. ra Tqma unda,
saomar moqmedebebs, izidavs ra xelisuflebis mTel yuradRebas, SeuZlia Seafrexos, an saerTod SeaCeros saxelmwifos ganviTareba da bolomde amouwuros
isedac SezRuduli resursebi.
Tavad ganviTarebadi qveynebis arseboba uzrunvelyofs ganviTarebis stimulis gaCenas. Tanamedrove globaluri komunikaciebi, satransporto sistema
da msoflio urTierTdamokidebulebis sul ufro metad gaRrmaveba calkeuli
erebis Zalasa da simdidres kidev ufro TvalSisacems xdis. aqedan gamomdinare, mravali industriuli saxelmwifos warmateba dasabams udebs (rogorc amas
Cveulebriv uwodeben) `mzardi molodinebis revolucias~, revolucias, romlis miznebis ganxorcielebac mxolod ganviTarebis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli.
ra konkretul problemebs unda gaumklavdnen ganviTarebadi qveynebi, rom
farTomasStabiani ganviTareba warmatebiT ganaxorcielon? adre ganxiluli
politikuri gamowvevebis garda, ganviTarebis gzaze xSiria agreTve socialuri,
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ekonomikuri da fsiqologiuri winaRobebi.
magaliTebi
saukeTesod
aRwers
mosaxleobis
mraval-
ferovnebiT gamowveul praqtikul problemebs. nigeria da indoeTic ganviTarebadi qveynebia uaRresad mravalferovani mosaxleobiT.
nigeria. dasavleT afrikis es didi qveyana ramodenime, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul eTnikur jgufs moicavs, romelTa gavlena qveynis sxvadasxva nawilebSi vrceldeba.16 garda amisa, arsebobs mravali patara tomi. isini erTmaneTisgan
sruliad gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben (daaxloebiT 400 damoukidebeli ena).
gansakuTrebuli daZabulobaa qristianebsa da muslimebs Soris. religiuri, eTnikuri da enobrivi gansxvavebebiT ganpirobebulma mtrulma damokidebulebam
qveyana 1967 wlis samoqalaqo omamde miiyvana, rodesac nigerias aRmosavleT
nawili gamoeyo da biafras damoukidebel saxelmwifod gamocxadda. omma, romelic sami weli grZeldeboda da biafrelebis damarcxebiT dasrulda, 600000
adamianis sicocxle Seiwira.
1967 wlidan nigerias umetesad korumpirebuli samxedro reJimebi marTavda. miuxedavad saxelmwifos kuTvnili navTobis maragebisa, romlis eqsportsac
qveynisTvis sakmaod didi Semosavali mohqonda, nigeriis ekonomika sul ufro
da ufro metad efloboda WaobSi da nigeriis mosaxleobis udidesi umravlesoba (106 milioni 2000 wels) sakvebis fuls Zlivs Soulobda. nigeriaSi erT sul
mosaxleze Semosavali, romelic daaxloebiT 300 dolars Seadgenda, orjer naklebi iyo indoneziis maCvenebelze, miuxedavad imisa, rom indoneziis Semosavali
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mTeli misi mosaxleobis mixedviT iTvleboda. indoneziis mosaxleoba ki nigeriisas orjer aRemateba. aqedan gamomdinare, nigeria, yvela standartis mixedviT,
yovlad uunaro ekonomikis mqone qveynad unda CaiTvalos.
Cndeba kiTxva: ratom? pasuxi sakmaod naTelia. amis pirveli mizezi cudi
mTavrobaa. 1967 wlidan TiTqmis ganuwyvetliv qveyanas korumpirebuli samxedro reJimebi marTavda. moqmedi diqtatorebi xSirad iZleodnen sayovelTao
arCevnebis gamarTvis pirobas da ramodenime SemTxvevaSi Caatares kidec arCevnebi, magram, rogorc wesi, Sedegebs an winaswar adgendnen, an Tu samxedro generlebs ar moewonebodaT, saerTod auqmebdnen, rogorc es 1993 wels gaakeTes. nigerieli generlebis sisastikis da ulmoblobis wyalobiT qveyana 1990 wlisTvis
saerTaSoriso borotebis kerad gadaiqca, romelic odnav Tu CamorCeboda Sav
siaSi moxvedril saxelmwifoebs: irans, erays da CrdiloeT koreas. didi roli
iTamaSa saerTaSoriso zewolam, romlis gavleniTac bolos da bolos nigeriis
samxedro mmarTvelebi arCevnebis Catarebaze daTaxmdnen da aRiares misi Sedegebi. am arCevnebSi, pirvelad oci wlis manZilze prezidentobis popularulma
kandidatma gaimarjva.
indoeTi. es qveyanac bevri gansxvavebuli eTnikuri jgufebisagan Sedgeba,
romlebic gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben. indoeTi mosaxleobis mixedviT
msoflioSi meore adgilzea (1 miliardze meti adamiani). igi amave dros erTerTi yvelaze mravalferovani qveyanaa. indoeTis konstitucia Teqvsmet enas
aRiarebs, magram aRweris mixedviT indoeTSi, dialeqtebis CaTvliT, 1500-ze met
enaze laparakoben. sami yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxelmwifo enebia: inglisuri,
hindi, urdu. hindize indoeTis mosaxleobis erTi mesamedi laparakobs. inglisuri elitaruli mosaxleobis enas warmoadgens, masze ZiriTadad sauniversiteto ganaTlebis mqone adamianebi laparakoben. urdu ki indoeli muslimebis
enaa, romlebic qveynis yvelaze did umciresobas warmoadgenen.
eTnikuri da lingvisturi gansxvavebebis garda, indoeTi religiuri niSniTac mkveTrad dayofili qveyanaa. induizmi indoeTis mosaxlebis umravlesobis religiaa, magram musulimuri mosaxleobis ricxvic sakmaod didia (mTliani
mosaxleobis 11%). arian sxva mniSvnelovani religiuri umciresobebi (siqhebi,
jainebi, parsiebi, budistebi da qristianebi). indoeTis mier damoukideblobis
mopovebis Semdeg periodulad adgili hqonda mowinaaRmdege religiur sazogadoebebs Soris dapirispirebas. zogjer erT-erT religiuri jgufis warmomadgeneli meore jgufis wevrebs xocavda. aseTi SemTxvevebi indusebs da muslimebs
erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg ganawyobda. msgavsi dapirispirebebi xdeboda indusebsa
da siqhebs Sorisac. 1984 wels siqhma piradma mcvelma mokla indoeTis indusi
premier-ministri indira gandi. 1991 wels mokles indoeTis yofili premier
ministri, indira gandis vaJi rajiv gandi, romelic premier-ministris postis
xelaxla dasakaveblad saarCevno kampanias awarmoebda. ZaladobiT aRsavse warsuli amZafrebs uaryofiT damokidebulebas da xels uSlis Serigebas da kompromiss.
indoeTSi arsebuli tradiciuli kasturi sistema ganviTarebisTvis damatebiT bariers warmoadgens. am sistemaSi yvela ibadeba ama Tu im socio-ekonomikur kastaSi da mTeli cxovreba iq rCeba. cxadia, rom aseT sistemaSi SeuZlebelia
socialuri mobiloba _ mobiloba, romelic aucilebel safuZvels warmoadgens
tradiciulidan Tanamedrove sistemaze gadasasvlelad. tradiciul indoeTSi
yvelaze dabali klasis warmomadgenlebs _ miukareblebs _ araviTari uflebebi
259
da SesaZleblobebi ar gaaCniaT. indoeTis mTavrobam axlaxan akrZala `miukarebloba~, magram Zveli Sexedulebebis gavlena indoeTis tradiciul soflis
sazogadoebebSi, Zalian nela sustdeba (mosaxleobis 75-80% patara soflebSi
cxovrobs).
indoeTis mravalferovani mosaxleobis minimum kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli
imsaxurebs yuradRebas: tendenciuri socialuri dayofebi Sesustebis nacvlad kidev ufro mZafrdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, indoeli muslimebi mxolod
TavianT gansxvavebul religias ki ar misdeven, aramed isini agreTve TavianT
Caketil teritoriebze cxovroben, aqvT gansxvavebuli eTnikuri memkvidreoba
da saubroben sakuTar enaze. TiTqmis igives Tqma SeiZleba siqhebze, ianebze da
sxva jgufebze. Sedegad, indoeTis socialuri jgufebis mier maTi saTemo dayofis mwared gacnobierebas uamravi faqtori ganapirobebs, amave dros igi Zirs
uTxris centraluri xelisuflebis mcdelobas, Seqmnas erovnuli erTobis gancda. xSirad es dayofebi separatizms iwvevs, risi magaliTic aris siqhebis mier
Crdilo-dasavleT indoeTSi damoukidebeli saxelmwifos gamocxadeba (sadac
isini koncentrirebulni arian).
Cven yuradReba gavamaxvileT nigeriasa da indoeTze. aseTive problemebi
maT mravali sxva ganviTarebadi qveynisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli. magaliTad,
Sri-lanka gaxleCilia sinhalesebis umravlesobasa (74%, romlebic umetesad
budistebi arian) da tamilebs Soris (18%, romelTa umetesobac induizmis mimdevaria da qveynis CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT nawilebSia dasaxlebuli). murebi,
evropelebi da vedas aborigenebi Seadgenen qveynis mosaxleobis darCenil 8
procents. tamilTa mebrZoli jgufebi gamoyofisaken iswrafvian teroristul
aqtebs awyoben da partizanul oms awarmoeben centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg (mas Semdeg rac 1983 wels adgilobriv TemSi momxdar areulobebs 2000
tamilis sicocxle Seewira).17 mas Semdeg Sri-lanka, indoeTis msgavsad, mkveTri
socialuri dayofis mqone kulturuli mravalferovnebis models warmoadgens.
afrikis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobas da mraval aziur Tu laTinur-amerikul saxelmwifos socialuri mravalferovnebis maRli done axasiaTebs. 132
qveynis kvlevam aCvena, rom 53 maTganis (anu 40 procentis) mosaxleoba xuTze met
msxvil jgufad iyofoda.18 ase rom, mesame samyaroSi `mozaikuri sazogadoebebi~
sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli. es mravalferovneba xSirad mniSvelovan socialur barierebs uqmnis ganviTarebas.
260
261
Znelad eguebian da xSirad ganicdian identobasTan dakavSirebul problemebs,
rodesac ganviTarebis procesi maT qalaqSi sacxovreblad gadasvlas da im soflebis datovebas aiZulebs, sadac maT da maTma winaprebma cxovrebis udidesi
nawili gaaatares.
ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli SeiZleba iyos sxva tradiciuli Cvevebic. tradiciul adamianebs naklebad aqvT drois gancda, iSviaTad gegmaven winaswar TavianT saqmianobas da ara aqvT sakuTari Tavis rwmena gansxvavebiT im adamianebisgan,
romlebic miCveulni arian Tanamedrove cxovrebas. individualuri miRwevebis,
socialur kibeze maRla moZraobis, piradi damsaxurebis da interesTa dakmayofilebis ideebi ucxoa maTTvis, vinc SezRudulia tradiciuli RirebulebebiT
da CveulebebiT. es yvelaferi gamomdinareobs tradiciuli sazogadoebebis
midrekilebidan `askriptuli sazogadoebebisaken~ (risi yvelaze mkafio magaliTicaa indoeTis kasturi sistema) _ rac gulisxmobs imas, rom pirovnebis statusi da mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi ganisazRvreba misi religiis, asakis da a.
S. mixedviT. statusi da mdgomareoba aseve mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia
sqesze, mamakacebis socialuri da politikuri upiratesoba gacilebiT ufro
aSkarad gamokveTilia ganviTarebad qveynebSi, romelTac axasiaTebT dabali teqnologiuri done, dawyebuli mZime teqnikis uqonlobiT da damTavrebuli Sobadobis kontrolis meqanizmebis ararsebobiT, axalSobilTa sikvdilianobis
maRali maCveneblebiT da tradiciuli genderuli rolebiT da CveulebebiT. amrigad, ganviTarebad erebSi, piradi Tavisuflebis ideebi da individualuri miswrafebebi xSirad iTrguneba wes-CveulebebiT da tradiciuli sazogadoebebis
Temuri bunebiT.
aqvs. samagierod
262
eTiopiis ekonomika Zalianaa damokidebuli yavaze, kubas saeqsportod ZiriTadad sigarebi gaaqvs, hondurass _ bananebi da a. S. zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyana ekonomikurad damokidebulia aralegaluri, magram momgebiani mcenareebis
moyvanaze: magaliTad, kolumbieli, ekvadoreli, perueli glexebi saeqsportod
kokains awarmoeben. avRaneTi msoflioSi heroinis (opiumis yayaCosgan damzadebuli) nomer pirveli wyaroa. miuxedavad imisa, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobas ramdenime saxeobis mcenare an mineraluri resursi gaaCnia, maTgan
cotas Tu aqvs imdenad diversificirebuli ekonomika, rom soflis meurneobisa
da mrewvelobis jansaRi Serwyma moaxerxos.
ganviTarebisaTvis ganviTarebadma qveynebma unda moaxdinon samrewvelo
produqciis importi; am produqciis fasis gadasaxdelad maT unda gaitanon
sakvebi, qsovilebi da madani, magram vaWrobis kanonebi maT sawinaRmdegod moqmedebs: samrewvelo produqciis fasi maRalia, im dros, rodesac sasoflo
produqciis da nedleulis fasi xSirad dabalia. ufro metic, msoflio bazarze
saqonlis fasebi Zalian meryeobs, rac gaurkvevlobas uqmnis am qveynebs da zrdis maT sagareo vals.
amasTan erTad, zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyana awydeba seriozul demografiul problemas. industriul demokratiebSi mosaxleobis zrda erT procentze naklebia da 1990 wlisaTvis zogierTma dasavlurma evropulma qveyanam
miaRwia mosaxleobis nulovan, an uaryofiT zrdasac ki; maSin roca, ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobaSi mosaxleobis zrdis yovelwliuri maCvenebeli
ori an sami procentia (ix. sqema 8-1 da 8-2). Tumca, zogierT qveyanaSi, magaliTad,
nigeriaSi, eTiopiasa da angolaSi, mosaxleoba gacilebiT ufro swrafi tempebiT
izrdeba.
263
cxrili 8-1
erT sul mosaxleze mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep) regionis mixedviT
regioni
afrika
saharis samx. afrika
CrdiloeT afrika
aRmosavleT afrika
dasavleT afrika
Sua afrika
samxreT afrika
$1,790
1,370
3,070
1,000
850
_
8160
CrdiloeT amerika
31,260
6,460
6,900
_
6,730
azia
azia, CineTis garda
dasavleT azia
centraluri aziis samxreTi
samxreT-aRmosavleT azia
aRmosavleT azia
3,930
4,130
4,810
2,250
3,210
5,750
evropa
CrdiloeT evropa
dasavleT evropa
aRmosavleT evropa
samxreT evropa
14,970
21,460
23,480
6,770
16,520
okeania
17,880
wyaro: 2001 wlis msoflio mosaxleobis monacemebi, cxrili 5, Population Reference Bureau, www.
prb.org, 16 maisi, 2002.
vaWrobis araxelsayreli pirobebis, mzardi sagareo valis da demografiuli afeTqebis garda, ganviTarebad qveynebs warmatebuli ganviTarebis gzaze sami
umniSvnelovanesi winaaRmdegoba eRobebaT: dabali teqnologiuri done, miwis sakuTrebis seriozuli problema da mZime garemo pirobebi. mwvane revolucia SesaZlebelia mxolod iq, sadac ganviTarebuli sasoflo-sameurneo teqnologiebi
arsebobs, gaumjobesebuli Teslis, pesticidebis, herbicidebis, xelovnuri sasuqis, irigaciis, mecxoveleobis, fermidan bazramde misasvleli gzisa da sawyobebis CaTvliT. es, Tavis mxriv, sainvesticio kapitalisa da ucxouri rezervebis
xelmisawvdomobas gulisxmobs.
mraval ganviTarebad qveyanaSi miwis sakuTrebac mniSvnelovan problemas
warmoadgens. miwis mflobelobis sqemebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi (da regionebSi)
sxvadasxvaa, magram ganviTarebadi qveynebidan efeqtianad mxolod erTeulebma
gaarTves Tavi am sferos problemebs. es imitom xdeba, rom tradicia yvelaze ufro
metad damabrkolebeli soflis garemoSia, sadac Camoyalibebuli wesebi da meTo-
264
debi Zalian nela icvleba. umTavresi problema miwis nakveTebis usamarTlo an
ekonomikurad araswori ganawilebaa. qveynis zogierT nawilSi mflobeloba miwaze
(da adgilobrivi xelisufleba) metismetad koncentrirebulia, sxva adgilebSi ki
miwa mcire fragmentebadaa dayofili, rac mogebis saSualebas ar iZleva. laTinur
amerikaSi es ori problema gverdigverd arsebobs _ uzarmazari samflobeloebis
(e. w. latifundiebis) gverdiT gvxvdeba Zalzed patara nakveTebi (minifundiebi).
msgavsi problema arsebobs egvipteSic. ufro metic, bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi
Cveulebrivi ambavia, rodesac glexebi ijariT amuSaveben miwas da damokidebulni
arian didi miwaTmflobelebis neba-survilze.
afrikaSi gavrcelebulia sasoflo miwebis erToblivi sakuTreba. aq Cndeba sxva tipis problemebi. soflis macxovreblebs ekuTvniT miwis nakveTebi da
inawileben mosavals, romlis didi nawili maT mierve moixmareba da ar iyideba.
Tumca, bolo dros sul ufro vrceldeba komerciuli plantaciebi, momgebiani
naTesebi enacvleba naklebad momgebian tradiciul kulturebs. rac yvelaze
uaresia, umuSevrobis gamo axalgazrdebi iZulebulni arian datovon soflebi;
bevri maTgani samuSaod ewyoba fermaSi da kidev ufro metad efloba siRaribesa
da uimedobaSi. aziaSi mdgomareoba garkveulwilad gansxvavebulia, magram miwis
ganawilebis problemebi iqac xels uSlis xelisuflebas jer kidev soflis meurneobis wamyvan rolze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis gadaxalisebisa da modernizaciis gziT xeli Seuwyos saerTo ekonomikur zrdas.
bunebrivi pirobebi xSirad yvelaze ufro seriozul winaaRmdegobas uqmnis ekonomikur ganviTarebas. yvelaze saSineli is tragediebia, romlebic bunebriv katastrofebsa da adamianebis ugunurobas aerTianebs. magaliTad, 1980ian wlebSi saZovrebis zedmetad intensiurma gamoyenebam gaamwvava uwyloobis
problema afrikis Sua sartyelis udides nawilSi. msgavsad amisa, wyaldidobebi
zogierT ganviTarebad qveyanaSi nawilobriv mainc gamowveuli iyo xe-tyis masalis intensiuri gamoyenebis mizniT mdinareebis napirebze tyis gaCexviT. amgvari
bunebrivi katastrofebis yvelaze xSiri Sedegia farTomasStabiani da Zalagamomcleli SimSilianoba. Tumca, amgvari tragediebisa da xSirad maTi Tanmdevi
epidemiebis gareSec ki, sakvebis ukmarisobis problema kvlavac dgas asobiT
milioni adamianis winaSe ganviTarebad qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT afrikaSi. adamianebs, romlebic ganicdian ukidures SimSils, ar gaaCniaT warmoebis energia,
rac bevr ganviTarebad qveyanas Caketil wreSi aqcevs: isini arian Raribebi imitom, rom ar arian sakmarisad produqtiulebi, da ar arian sakmarisad produqtiulebi imitom, rom arian Raribebi.
265
rukebze warwerebic, failSia!
266
267
ganviTarebis marcxi
erebi viTardebian politikuri, fsiqologiuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri ganzomilebis mqone mravalmxrivi procesebis Sedegad. Secdoma iqneboda
gvevarauda, rom ganviTareba uwyveti, an Seuqcevadi procesia. ganviTarebis
nebismier safexurze myofi eri-saxelmwifoebi da sazogadoebebi SeiZleba iqcnen arastabilurobis da dakninebis gamomwvevi Zalebis msxverplad. arc erT mkvlevars, romelic Seiswavlis amerikis samoqalaqo oms, an iseTi qveynebis uaxles
istorias, rogorebicaa somali, yofili iugoslavia da Tanamedrove egvipte,
ar SeuZlia ignorireba gaukeTos daSlis safrTxeebs, romlebic SeiZleba daemuqros rogoc ganviTarebad, aseve ganviTarebul industriul qveynebs.
ra iwvevs daSlas? sainteresoa, rom politikuri daknineba xSirad gamomdinareobs eris uunarobidan gadawyvitos ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli siRrmiseuli problemebi. mTavrobebi, romelTac ar SeuZliaT daZlion religiur,
eTnikur, rasobriv an kulturul jgufebs Soris daZabulobaTa niadagze warmoSobili socialuri problemebi, xSirad amJRavneben dakninebis SesamCnev niSnebs.
XIX saukunis Sua periodSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi idga umniSvnelovanesi
sirTulis winaSe, rac momdinareobda monobis gadauwyveteli sakiTxidan. dRevandel msoflioSi uamravi msgavsi da gansxvavebuli problemaa. egviptis xelisufleba mniSvnelovnad aris Sesustebuli fundamentalisturi muslimuri
opoziciis arsebobiT. Sri-lanka (yofili ceiloni) dasustebulia perioduli
dapirispirebiT tamil umciresobasa da sinhalel umravlesobas Soris. ruandaSi hutus da tutsis tomebis Soris sisxliani konfliqtis Sedegad gamudmebuli
samoqalaqo omebi da Zaladoba mZvinvarebs.
ekonomikurma warumateblobebmac aseve SeiZleba gamoiwvios socialuri da
politikuri daknineba. ara marto qveynis Sida ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, aramed
msoflio masStabis makroekonomikuri cvlilebebic SesaZloa gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes. 1970-ian wlebSi adgili hqonda movlenas, romelic
zemoTqmulis arcTu damaxasiaTebel, magram istoriul magaliTad SeiZleba
gamodges: mcire resursebisa da saeqsporto Semosavlebis mqone mesame samyaros
bevr qveyanas udidesi problemebi Seuqmna navTobze fasebis mkveTma zrdam. am
qveynebis mTavrobebis mier gatarebul mkacr zomebs Tan mohyva politikuri sirTuleebi da socialuri areulobebi. Sedegad, afrikis, aziis da laTinuri amerikis qveynebis umravlesobaSi gaizarda sagareo vali da TiTqmis ori aTwleulis
manZilze adgili hqonda ekonomikur arastabilurobas.
sabolood, daSla SeiZleba gamowveul iqnas politikur sistemaSi arsebuli uTanasworobebiTac. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rodesac xelisufleba ver
uzrunvelyofs gafantuli erovnuli grZnobebis erT identobad SekavSirebas, moqalaqeTa politikur monawileobas, an simdidris mTel sazogadoebaze
gadanawilebas, politikuri ganviTareba wydeba. amas garda, rogorc ukve didi
xania aRniSnaven politologebi, ganviTareba SeiZleba SeCerdes maSinac ki,
rodesac xelisuflebas SeuZlia am miznebis miRweva (magaliTad, ganaTlebis
xelSewyobiT, masobrivi komunikaciebis ganviTarebiT, saarCevno monawileobiT da urbanuli cxovrebiT), magram ar gaaCnia institutebi, gamocdileba an
SesaZlebloba, rom efeqtianad gaarTvas Tavi politikur cvlilebebs.19 amgvar
SemTxvevebSi, politikuri daknineba SeiZleba iqces ganviTarebis bnel mxared.
268
rogorc politologi semuel hantingtoni aRniSnavs, `modernizacia praqtikaSi yovelTvis gulisxmobs cvlilebebs da xSirad tradiciuli politikuri
sistemis daSlasac, magram igi yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs ganviTarebas Tanamedrove politikuri sistemis mimarTulebiT... magram xSirad varaudoben, rom
Tu mimdinareobs socialuri modernizacia, paralelurad mimdinareobs politikuri modernizaciac~.20
disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi
bolo aTwleulebSi msoflio gaxda ramdenime sazogadoebis TviTganadgurebis mowme, ramac gamoiwvia destabilizacia mezobel qveynebSi da daemuqra mSvidobas mTlianad msoflioSi. disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi is usixarulo adgilebia, sadac ukiduresobebi normadaa qceuli, sadac mTavrobebi an
metismetad represiulia, an metismetad susti, imdenad susti, rom ar SeuZliaT
uzrunvelyon elementaruli wesrigi da kanoniereba. qalaqis quCebSi kriminaluri da politikuri Zaladobaa gamefebuli, rac emuqreba policiisgan daucvel
soflebsa da Tavisufal presas. msoflio xSirad dReebis, kvirebis da zogjer
Tveebis manZilzec ki ver amCnevs am saSinelebebs. es SemaSfoTebeli suraTia,
Tumca metismetad realuria msoflios Zalian bevr adgilSi. am TavSi Cven ganvixilavT oTx magaliTs iseTi politikuri sistemebisa, romlebic arian (an iyvnen)
disfunqciuri _ samwuxarod, am magaliTebiT ar amoiwureba kandidatebis sruli
sia, romelSic yofili sabWoTa kavSiric Sedis (ix. Tavi VII).
somali
afrikaSi mdebareobs ramdenime uRaribesi qveyana, maT Soris sudani, somali, eritrea da eTiopia. 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi am regionSi gvalva, SimSili,
saerTaSoriso konfliqtebi, samoqalaqo omebi, da yvelanairi saxis Zaladoba
mZvinvarebda. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sakvebis yvelaze katastrofuli ukmarisoba somaliSi iyo, sadac samoqalaqo omma da gvalvam adamianTa saSineli
tanjva gamoiwvia. 1992 wlis agvistoSi gaeros bavSvTa fondi (UNICEF) masiuri
saerTaSoriso daxmarebis mozidvas Seecada, rodesac ganacxada, rom ori milioni somaleli (qveynis mTliani mosaxleoba odnav aRemateba rva milions) eqvsi
Tvis ganmavlobaSi SimSilobda.
Zaladobisa da amgvari gausaZlisi mdgomareobis winaaRmdeg amboxebulebma,
1991 w. ianvarSi daamxes somalis diqtatori siad bare, romelic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi marTavda qveyanas. amas mohyva Setakebebi da SimSili, ramac Seiwira 300
aTasi adamianis sicocxle da milionobiT adamiani safrTxis winaSe daayena. kanonisa da wesrigis TiTqmis absoluturi ararsebobis pirobebSi qveyana anarqiam
moicva; qalebi da bavSvebi SeiaraRebuli banditebis mowyalebis imedad darCnen,
banditebis, romelTac CaSales saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan mosaxleobisaTvis daxmarebis gawevis yvela mcdeloba, iparavdnen bavSvebisaTvis gankuTvnil sakvebs da xocavdnen humanitaruli daxmarebis TanamSromlebs. 1992 w. bolos, aSS-s prezidentma jorj buSma (jorj u. buSis mamam), Tavisi saprezidento
vadis miwuruls wamoiwyo samxedro intervencia, raTa uzrunveleyo humanitaru-
269
li daxmarebis usafrTxoeba. mdgomareoba imdenad qaoturi iyo, rom wesrigis da
kanonierebis aRdgena SeuZlebeli Canda. mas Semdeg, rac ZiriTadad amerikelebisgan Semdgarma gaeros Zalebma datova qveyana 1995 w. martSi (ramdenime amerikeli
jariskacis sastiki mkvlelobis Semdeg), somali darCa erovnuli xelisuflebis
gareSe _ rukebze aRniSnuli iyo romeli dajgufeba romel teritorias akontrolebda, rac ufro Tavsatex suraTs waagavda, vidre politikur gaerTianebas.
somali rCeba afrikis erT-erT uRaribes qveyanad, romlis mTliani Sida
produqti (mSp) erT sul mosaxleze 500 dolarze naklebia, xolo wera-kiTxvis
armcodne mosaxleobis wili 75 procents Seadgens. somali ganuviTarebelia
ara marto ekonomikurad, aramed aseve politikuradac. somalis sazogadoebis
struqtura efuZneba naTesaur kavSirebs, anu klanebs, xolo samoqalaqo omi,
faqtobrivad, klanebs Soris gaCaRebuli omi iyo. Tu somali ver ipovis politikuri stabilurobis formulas, igi ver aaRorZinebs ekonomikas. samarTliania
Sebrunebuli debulebac: stabiluroba damokidebulia ekonomikur da socialur
progresze. jer adrea saubari, ipovis Tu ara somali efeqtiani xelisuflebis
recepts. misi reputacia ki, rogorc disfunqciuri saxelmwifosi, ar Seicvleba,
sanam Tavad somali ar Seicvleba.
iugoslavia
am saxelmwifosagan mxolod saxeliRa arsebobs. civi omis periodis udides
nawilSi igi SedarebiT Tavisufali saxelmwifo iyo, magram daiSala mas Semdeg,
rac sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam Secvala evropis geopolitikuri ruka 1990-ian
wlebSi. yofili iugoslaviis daSlam wina planze wamowia is, rasac zogierTi
mkvlevari `koSmarul scenars~ uwodebs _ politikuri kolafsis perspeqtiva,
romelsac eTnikuri siZulvili kvebavs da rac, sxvadasxva albaTobiT, bevr yofil komunistur saxelmwifos emuqreba.
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vnelovania, amas ekonomikur sawarmoebSi muSaTa sabWoebis Seqmna mohyva. qarxnis,
an sxva tipis sawarmos muSaTa mier mier arCeuli sabWoebi Tavis mxriv irCevdnen
mmarTvel komitetebs, xolo mmarTveli komitetebi ikribebodnen rogorc regionuli asociaciebi da irCevdnen sxvadasxva sawarmoTa direqtorebs partiis
TanxmobiT. 1950 wels mSromelebs mieniWaT gaficvis ufleba, profkavSirebi
gamocxadda damoukideblad, xolo pirdapiri gegmuri ekonomika Seicvala naklebad iZulebiTi `gegmuri xelmZRvanelobiT~. 1970-ian wlebSi moxda kontrolis zogadi gamkacreba iugoslaviis ekonomikasa da sazogadoebaze, rodesac
xelisufleba Seecada azrTa sxvadasxvaobisaTvis xelis SeSlas da miZinebuli
ekonomikis gamococxlebas.
miuxedavad amisa, iugoslavia unikaluri iyo sxva komunistur reJimebs Soris. erTma mkvlevarma Semdeg nawyvetSi asaxa qveynis cxovreba titos mmarTvelobis pirobebSi:
`xelovnebisa da literaturis umetesi nawili apolitikuria da mxatvrebs da mwerlebs SeuZliaT imoRvaweon Tavisuflad, Tu maTi Semoqmedeba xelisuflebis mkveTr kritikas ar Seicavs. ar arsebobs winaswari
cenzura, mxolod sasamarTlos SeuZlia saboloo jamSi akrZalos nawarmoebi; xolo kerZo gamomcemlebi TiTqmis imdenive wigns uSveben, ram-
271
densac oficialuri gamomcemlobebi. gazeTebi TiTqmis erTsa da imaves
weren, magram isini gacilebiT ufro informatiuli arian, vidre sxva
aRmosavleT evropuli komunisturi qveynebis gazeTebi, rom aRaraferi
vTqvaT sabWoTa kavSirze. Tavisuflad iyideba ucxouri presa. partiis
oratorebi gmoben dasavleTis gavlenebs presaSi, magram Jurnalebi misdeven sensaciurobasa da siSiSvles, rac ucxoa komunisturi moralisTvis. savaraudod, yovelwliurad 15 milioni adamiani kveTs sazRvars.
arsebobs gaerTianebebis Tavisufleba, Tu es partiis winaaRmdeg ar aris
mimarTuli. titos arasdros dauxvretia da iSviaTad Tu daupatimrebia
oponentebi.~21
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bosniuri konfliqti iyo brZola teritoriisaTvis da Zveli angariSebis
gasworeba, romelsac samgvari Sinaarsi gaaCnda: serbebi xorvatebis winaaRmdeg,
muslimebi xorvatebis winaaRmdeg da yvelaze metad, serbebi muslimebis winaaRmdeg. serbebis da muslimebis brZola bosniaSi yvelaze sastiki da uTanasworo
iyo. serbebma daikaves teritoriis didi nawili. maT aseve ganaxorcieles masiuri eTnikuri wmenda _ gaupatiurebebi, Zarcva da masiuri mkvlelobebi, ramac
gamoiwvia yvela muslimis da araserbis gandevna im qalaqebidan da soflebidan,
romlebic serbebma daikaves da serbuli saxelmwifo serbskas SemadgenlobaSi
Seyvana scades. 1993-94 wlebSi bosnielma serbebma, romelTac zurgs serbia
umagrebda, alya Semoartyes saraevos, bosniis dedaqalaqs da ramdenime did
muslimur qalaqs. saraevos alya dasrulda mxolod maSin, rodesac moxda natos da gaeros intervencia, sxva SemTxvevaSi alya gagrZeldeboda, miuxedavad
gaeros araefeqtiani rezoluciebisa, romlebic safrTxis winaSe mdgom am qalaqebs `usafrTxo TavSesafrad~ acxadebdnen. gaerom daadanaSaula agreTve
xorvatia bosniasTan konfliqtis gaRvivebaSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis. igi aseve
daemuqra bosniel serbebs natos sahaero dartymebiT. intensiur saSuamavlo
mcdelobebTan (gansakuTrebiT ruseTis mxridan) Sejerebulma am RonisZiebebma Sedegi moitana.
qeT, aq unda foto wignis 245-e gverdidan!!!
es minaweria fotoze
1990 wlis ianvarSi iugoslaviis komunisturi partiis damxobam eTnikuri SuRli gaaRviva serbeTsa da sxva respublikebs Soris, rasac sisxliani samoqalaqo omi
mohyva. omi, miuxedavad evrokavSirisa da gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis Zalisxmevisa, 1996 wlamde gagrZelda. yvelaze samarcxvino genociduri `eTnikuri wmenda~ iyo, romelmac bosniaSi aTi aTasobiT sicocxle Seiwira.
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nomikas, finansebs da sxva saqmeebs. bosniis TiToeul naxevars sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da policia gaaCnia.
bosniaSi samSvidobo procesis monitoringisaTvis natos meTaurobiT
gaigzavna 60 aTasi jariskacisgan Semdgari saerTaSoriso Zalebi. miuxedavad
sxvadasxva darRvevebisa, arCevnebi Catarda 1996 wlis seqtemberSi. magram cota
vinme Tu eloda deitonis SeTanxmebis SenarCunebas. ukve 1997 wlis SuaxanebSi nacionalistma serbebma da xorvatebma bosniaSi moindomes bosniis gayofa eTnikurad `wminda~ teritoriebad. 1998 wlis martSi regioni SeZra serbiis mier zurggamagrebulma Zaladobam albaneli umravlesobis winaaRmdeg kosovos avtonomiur
provinciaSi. amgvari teritoriuli ambiciebis da gauTavebeli eTnikuri emociebis fonze, SeuZlebeli Canda imis warmodgena, rom bosnia gaagrZelebda arsebobas erTiani mravaleTnikuri da mravalreligiuri saxelmwifos saxiT.
srulmasStabiani samoqalaqo omi kosovoSi 1990-iani wlebis bolos daiwyo.
omis mizezi avtonomiis sakiTxi iyo _ kosovoelebi iTxovdnen mas, xolo serbebi
uars acxadebdnen. serbulma Zalebma ar daindes mSvidobiani mosaxleoba, sistematurad aZevebdnen kosovarebs (albanel serbebs) qveynidan (kosovodan). im
droisTvis, rodesac natos intervenciam sabolood daaCoqa miloSeviCis mTavroba, milionze meti kosovari (daaxloebiT sami mexuTedi mTliani eTnikurad
albaneli mosaxleobisa) ltolvilad iyo qceuli. mSvidoba kosovos mxolod
kosovos gaTavisuflebis armiis gaafTrebuli brZolebis da gaeros da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis intervenciis Semdeg daubrunda.
brZolebis tkivilian dasasruls Tan axlda Tavsmoxveuli `mSvidoba~.
gaerom moaxdina sakuTari `droebiTi administraciis~ formireba, natos Zalebi
ki garkveulwilad policiis funqcias asrulebdnen. deklarirebuli mizani iyo
`arsebiTi avtonomia da TviTmmarTveloba~ provinciisTvis. gaero-natos reJimma ganaiaraRa kosovos gaTavisuflebis armia da dado mcirericxovani (5 procentiani) serbuli umciresobis ganrisxebuli albanelebis SurisZiebisagan dacvis
piroba. es piroba srulad ar Sesrulda, ramdenadac xSiri iyo kosovoSi serbebze Tavdasxmisa da muqaris SemTxvevebi.
saboloo jamSi, gadawyvetilebis miReba ver moxerxda. miloSeviCis xelisuflebaSi yofnisas gaeros proteqtorats bolo ar uCanda. keTili survilebis
miuxedavad, gaerom kidev erTxel daamtkica, rom ar iyo mzad mmarTvelobis
gansaxorcieleblad. gaeros administracia ar icnobda adgilobriv Cveulebebs
da awydeboda Znelad gadasalax enobriv bariers. natos Zalebi, romlebmac axla
serbebis dacvis rTuli misia ikisres, uflebaSelaxuli kosovarebisgan mtrul
damokidebulebas waawydnen. amavdroulad, Seiqmna institucionaluri da samarTlebrivi vakuumi, sadac ar arsebobda arc kanoni, arc sasamarTloebi, arc adgilobrivi policia, raTa gamklavebodnen Cveulebriv (da arcTu mTlad Cveulebriv)
kriminals (2008 wlis TebervalSi kosovom damoukidebloba gamoacxada, rac ukve
aRiara ramdenime saxelmwifom _ mTargmn. Sen).
sisxliani diqtatori miloSeviCi sabolood daamxes saprezidento arCevnebSi 2000 wels (igi ecada arCevnebis gayalbebas, magram daamxo saxalxo opoziciis mZlavrma talRam). mxolod dro aCvenebs, SeZleben Tu ara miloSeviCis
memkvidre (an memkvidreebi) daubrunon politikuri wesrigi da saerTaSoriso
pativiscema dangreuli ekonomikis mqone am daqucmacebul ers.
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siera leone
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, demokratia sulac ar aris Cveuli ambavi saharis
samxreTiT mdebare afrikaSi. iqac ki, sadac igi TiTqos muSaobda, damarcxda _
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, sruliad unugeSod. arsad igi ise umowyalod ar damarcxebula, rogorc siera leoneSi.
1986 wels siera leoneSi sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebi gaimarTa da partiam saxelwodebiT `mTeli xalxis partia~ (saxeli marjved iyo SerCeuli), SearCia 335 kandidati, raTa ebrZola 105 adgilisaTvis. partia Cveulebriv ayenebda
sam konkurents TiToeul adgilze, rac gavrcelebuli praqtikaa regionis erTpartiul qveynebSi. amrigad, amomrCevlebs siera leoneSi faqtobrivad hqondaT
meti arCevani _ sul mcire, pirovnebebTan mimarTebaSi _ vidre amomrCevlebs aSSis sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebis umravles SemTxvevaSi.
miuxedavad amisa, siera leone 1990-ian wlebSi anarqiaSi gadaeSva. 1996 da
1998 wlebs Soris mTavroba oTxjer gamoicvala. Semdeg daiwyo sruli koSmari da
ajanyebulebma (e. w. erTiani revoluciuri frontis wevrebma) sisxliani areulobebi moawyves. isini itacebdnen patara biWebs da maT seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverplad da mkvlelebad aqcevdnen. SeuZlebelia, da arc aris saWiro, aRwero
siera leoneSi momxdari yvela saSineleba. am qveyanaSi ar Camoyalibebula arc
politikuri institutebi da arc samoqalaqo kultura, rac aucilebelia demokratiis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis. ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze, garegnuli demokratiis miRma iniRbeboda sazogadoeba, romelic nebismier momentSi
mzad iyo samoqalaqo Zaladobis vulkanisebri amofrqvevisaTvis.
avRaneTi
dabolos, yuradRebas SevaCerebT avRaneTze, sadac saerTaSoriso mxardaWeriT zurggamagrebulma aSS-m moaxdina samxedro intervencia msoflio
savaWro centrsa da pentagonze 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli Tavdasxmebis Semdeg. erT dReSi avRaneTi amerikelebisTvis `rukaze ararsebul~
myofi qveynidan iqca qveynad, romelzec yvelaze mets saubroben msoflioSi.
amerikelebma uceb gaiges, rom sastiki banditebis xrova, romelic mokalaTebuli iyo Talibebis saxelwodebiT cnobil totalitarul reJimSi, daCagrul da
uaRresad gaRatakebul qveyanas gaukuRmarTebuli islamis saxeliT marTavda.
maT aseve gaiges, rom Taliburi reJimi warmoadgenda myudro TavSesafars osama
bin ladenisa da misi teroristuli qselis _ al-qaidasTvis. cotas Tu esmoda istoriuli foni: avRaneTi iyo msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze ufro disfunqciuri
saxelmwifo sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi im movlenebamde, romlebmac uSualod
gamoiwvia avRaneTis miwaze amerikis specialuri Zalebis Sesvla. 1970 wlamdec ki
avRaneTi msoflios erT-erTi uRatakesi qveyana iyo; mdgomareoba swrafad gauaresda monarqiis damxobis Semdgom ramdenime aTwleulSi. 2001 wels mTeli qveyana nangrevebSi iyo da milionobiT adamiani, gansakuTrebiT qalebi da bavSvebi,
daRupvis zRvarze cxovrobdnen.
avRaneTSi mravali eTnikuri jgufi cxovrobs, romlebic enaTesavebian
mezobeli qveynebis _ pakistanis, iranis, TurqmeneTis, tajikeTis, uzbekeTisa
da CineTis mosaxleobas. udidesi jgufi, puStunebi, mosaxleobis daaxloebiT
40 procents Seadgens (rac 2000 wels 26 milioni iyo). amrigad, qveyanaSi ar ar-
275
sebobs umravlesobis jgufi, cxovroben mxolod sxvadasxva zomis umciresobebi. avRanelebis daaxloebiT 99 procenti muslimia, aqedan 15 procenti Siitia
(msgavsad iranelebis umravlesobisa).
avRaneTi 1747-1973 wlebSi monarqia iyo. rodesac qveyanam daSla daiwyo,
maSinve aSkara gaxda, rom am mravalferovan sazogadoebaSi bevri bzari arsebobda. sxvadasxva jgufebi ibrZodnen upiratesobis mosapoveblad 1973 wlidan,
sanam sabWoTa kavSirma ar gamoitana sabediswero gadawyvetileba SeWriliyo
avRaneTSi misi favoriti dajgufebis (komunistebis) saxeliT. sabWoTa kavSiris
avRaneTSi SeWras Sedegad mohyva sastiki da xangrZlivi omi, damarcxebulma sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari Zalebi sabolood 1989 wels gaiyvana, aTi wlis damangreveli (da damamcirebeli) brZolebis Semdeg. 1992 wels oponentebma daamxes
komunisturi reJimi da xelSi Caigdes Zalaufleba. rodesac misi vada amoiwura,
xelisuflebam uari ganacxada Zalauflebis daTmobaze, magram Talibebma ieriSi
miitanes dedaqalaqze da daaamxes igi 1996 wels. axalma reJimma daamyara totalitaruli Zalaufleba, romelic islamis enasa da ideebs qadagebda, magram efuZneboda yuranis (wminda werilis) Tavnebur interpretirebas da SariaTis kanonebs
(muslimi sasuliero pirebis, anu molebis swavlebas). qalebi da gogonebi iZulebulni iyvnen sazogadoebaSi Cadri etarebinaT da maT aekrZalaT saxlis gareT
muSaoba, skolaSi siaruli da oficialurisagan gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis
gamoxatva. aikrZala televizia, filmebi, musika, cekva da `garyvnili~ garTobis
sxva elementebi. SezRuduli iqna TviT bavSvTa TamaSebic ki (presis monacemebis
mixedviT, magaliTad, aikrZala qaRaldis franiT TamaSi).
avRaneTi yvelaze cnobili magaliTia disfunqciuri saxelmwifosi, magram
ara erTaderTi. rogorc misi istoriis bolo sami aTwleuli gviCvenebs, disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba Zalian saxifaToni aRmoCndnen regionuli stabilurobisa da TviT msoflio wesrigisTvisac ki. am problemis gasaRebis povna
iseve advilia, rogorc Znelia misi ganxorcieleba: ekonomikuri da politikuri
ganviTareba ukeTes cxovrebas qmnis ZaladobiT, SimSiliT, avadmyofobiT da uimedobiT daCagruli sazogadoebebisaTvis.
ganviTarebis Teoria:
tendenciuri msjeloba?
dasavleTSi ganviTareba da demokratia xSirad sinonimebad ganixileba da
ganviTarebis yvela aspeqti sasurvelad miiCneva. politikuri mecnierebis ena da
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb literatura ufro bevr rames aaSkaravebs. aRniSnul enasa
da literaturaSi ZiriTadi faruli (radgan, rogorc wesi, aSkarad ar acxadeben
xolme) mosazreba arsebobs, rom ganuviTarebel qveyanas ganviTarebuli sjobia.
daukvirdiT am ukanaskneli terminis antonimebs: sustad ganviTarebeli, nak-
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vnaxeT, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da socialuri modernizacia zogjer politikur demokratiasTanac asocirdeba.
Tuki asea, maSin ismis kiTxva: arian ki Tanamedrove moqalaqeebi industriulad ganviTarebul eri-saxelmwifoebSi ufro bednierni, vidre afrikuli tomis wevrebi, romlebic SedarebiT ioli cxovrebiT cxovroben, romelTa
moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia tomis mier (im Temis mier, romelSic cxovroben) da romelTa religiur da metafizikur SekiTxvebs calsaxa pasuxebi gaaCnia Taobidan Taobaze gadacemuli rwmenebis safuZvelze? daxvewili medasavleTeebi amgvar cxovrebas primitiulad da CamorCenilad miiCneven. maTi azriT
crurwmenebi, miTebi da `warsulis mkvdari xeli~ aferxeben rogorc individebis,
aseve sazogadoebis ganviTarebas.
magram zogierTi kritikosi aRniSnavs, rom diskusiebi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
xSirad ar scdeba dasavluri yaidis ganviTarebis qebas da adanaSaulebs dasavlel eqspertebs eTnocentrizmSi.22 sinamdvileSi, dasavleli filosofosebi
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ebrZodnen am problemas. 1750 wels frangi filosofosi
Jan Jak ruso werda: `Cveni sulebi damaxinjebulia mecnierebisa da xelovnebis
srulyofisaken Cveni swrafvis Sesabamisad~.23 rusos politikuri filosofia
efuZneba ideas, rom Tanamedrove civilizaciam ufro gamofita, vidre gaamdidra Cveni adamianuri buneba. udavoa, rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi bevri adamiani,
romelic iZulebuli iqna mietovebina sofeli da SeCveoda qalaqis cxovrebis
cvalebadobas (xSirad WuWyian jurRmulebSi), daeTanxmeboda am ideas.
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kvlevaze dafuZnebulma produqciam, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
medikamentebis
warmoeba da sxva). es axali produqtebi cxovrebis axal xarisxs qmnis momxmareblebisaTvis, magram am yvelafers Tan sdevs gverdiTi efeqtebic: transportis
sacobebi, qalaqis gadaWedva, atmosferos dabinZureba da xmauri, stresuli
daavadebebi, ojaxebis dangrevis maRali maCveneblebi, narkomania, Zaladobrivi
kriminalis zrda, gadaWarbebuli moxmareba, qalaqebis uzomod zrda, energiis
ukmarisoba (mag. kaliforniaSi), narCenebis ganadgurebis problema, miwisqveSa
wylebis dabinZureba, toqsikuri wvimebi, globaluri daTbobis SesaZlebloba,
ozonis fenaSi xvrelebis gaCena, mcenareTa da cxovelTa uamravi saxeobis ganadgureba da bevri sxva boroteba, rac, Cveulebriv, ganviTarebis Tanmdevi movlenebia.
postindustriuli qveynebis winaSe mdgari am problemebidan mxolod zogierTis dasaxelebac ki gviCvenebs, rom ganviTarebis maRal safexurebs Tavisi
sirTuleebi gaaCnia. es sirTuleebi sxvadasxvagvaria, magram yvela Tavisebur
safrTxes Seicavs. kargi iqneboda, Tu zeganviTarebuli qveynebi _ is qveynebi, sadac ganviTarebam gaaswro sazogadoebis SesaZleblobebs gamklavebodnen aCqarebuli tempis teqnologiuri da socialuri cvlilebebis Tanmdev arasasurvel
gverdiT efeqtebs _ met yuradRebas dauTmobdnen maT winaSe mdgar problemebs,
da ara ganuviTarebeli qveynebis aRzrda-swavlebas _ ra da rogor gaakeTon.
daskvna
ganviTarebad qveynebs ase imitom uwodeben, rom isini ekonomikurad naklebad ganviTarebulni da naklebad modernizebulni arian, vidre dasavluri
liberaluri demokratiebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia ganviTarebadi
qveynebis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo niSnebis gamoyofa (magaliTad, siRaribe, Sobadobis maRali maCveneblebi, soflis meurneobis wamyvani roli), es qveyneba
uaRresad mravalferovania. ganviTarebadi qveynebis istoriuli memkvidreoba _ gansakuTrebiT evropuli kolonializmi Raribi samxreTis gaunelebeli
aRSfoTebis mizezia mdidari CrdiloeTis mimarT. am istoriuli memkvidreobis
nawilia arajansaRi politikuri ruka: sazRvrebi xSirad ar asaxavs adgilobriv
eTnikur, religiur da tomobriv danawilebas da amrigad, politikuri arastabilurobis, maT Soris ajanyebebis, samoqalaqo omebis da genocidis mizezic ki
xdeba.
politikuri ganviTareba qveynis liderebisgan moiTxovs mosaxleobis
warmatebul gaerTianebas (eris mSenebloba), xelisuflebis iseTi institutebis
Seqmnas, romlebic asaxaven xalxis nebas (saxelmwifos mSenebloba), moqalaqeTa monawileobis uzrunvelyofas da simdidris, Zalauflebisa da sakuTrebis
samarTliani ganawilebis xelSewyobas. konkretulad, politikuri ganviTareba
moiTxovs, rom mTavrobam marTos efeqtianad da moxdes xelisuflebebis umtkivneulo cvlilebebi. rogorc wesi, politikuri ganviTareba aseve gulisxmobs progress demokratiuli mmarTvelobis mimarTulebiTac. demokratia
ganviTarebad qveynebSi dakavSirebulia garkveuli ekonomikuri, politikuri,
socialuri da qceviTi pirobebis arsebobasTan. demokratiuli reformebis gasatareblad, erma an politikuri, an ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcieleba
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unda daiwyos, magram ekonomikuri reformebis pirveladobis strategia ufro
metad savaraudo perspeqtivebs qmnis demokratiis warmatebisTvis. 1974-dan
1990 wlamde mravali ganviTarebadi eri gaxda demokratiuli, magram es tendencia Seqcevadia.
ganviTareba SesaZloa rTuli amocana iyos. ganviTarebisaken mimarTuli
programebis gatarebisas erebi motivirebulni arian ekonomikuri siZneleebiT, politikuri qiSpobiT da maRali molodinebiT, Tumca am procesSi maT
mniSvnelovani barierebi eRobebaT win. maTi mosaxleoba xSirad socialurad
fragmentirebulia, individebi fsiqologiurad Zlier damokidebulni arian
tradiciebze da xSirad ewinaaRmdegebian cvlilebebs. ekonomikaSi arsebuli
problema uamravia _ vaWrobis araxelsayreli pirobebi, didi ucxouri vali,
mosaxleobis swrafi zrda, teqnologiebis dabali done, miwis nakveTebis ganawileba, mkacri bunebrivi pirobebi da a.S. rodesac politikuri liderebi ver
axerxeben warmatebiT daakmayofilon ganviTarebis socialuri, ekonomikuri da
politikuri moTxovnebi (mraval mizezTa gamo), ganviTareba wydeba da erebSi
ganxeTqilebebi iwyeba.
zogierTi sazogadoeba ganviTarebis nacvlad dakninebisa da daSlis msxverpli xdeba. amis bolodroindeli magaliTebia somali, iugoslavia, siera leone da avRaneTi. sabWoTa kavSiri da bevri sxva qveyanac gamodgeba daSlis da
daqveiTebis magaliTad.
zeganviTareba (ganuviTareblobis sapirispirod) warmoadgens problemas,
romelic bevr dasavlur sazogadoebas awuxebs. Tanamedrove diskusiebi ganviTarebis Temaze upiratesad ganviTarebis qeba-didebas warmoadgens, Tumca misi
aserigad sasurveloba SeiZleba eWvqveS dadges.
sakvanZo sityvebi
ganviTarebadi qveynebi
pirveli samyaro
meore samyaro
mesame samyaro
kolonializmi
araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegoba
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba
politikuri ganviTareba
eris Camoyalibeba
saxelmwifos mSenebloba
politikuri SeRweva
monawileoba
patron-ymuri urTierTobebi
demokratiis korelatebi
`glasnost~-is pirveladobis modeli
`perestroik~-is pirveladobis modeli
mzardi molodinebis revolucia
mozaikuri sazogadoebebi
tradiciuli sazogadoebebi
279
askriptuli sazogadoebebi
mwvane revolucia
eTnikuri wmenda
deitonis SeTanxmeba
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
daasaxeleT oTxi disfunqciuri saxelmwifo da erT-erTi maTganis magaliTze aRwereT disfunqciuri saxelmwifos buneba.
SeniSvnebi
bleday, 1983); Tatu Vanhamen, The Process of Democratization: A Comperative Study of 147 States, 1980-1988
(Bristol, Pa: Taylor & Francis, 1990); da Samuel P. Huntington, Will More countries Become Democratic?
Political Science Quarterly 99 (1984): 193-218. aseve sainteresoa Thomas Scanton, Democracys Fragile
Flower Spreads Its Roots, Time, July 13, 1987.10-11. amgvar korelatebze dafuZnebul, demokratiis
optimistur xedvas gvTavazobs Carl Garsman, Democracy as the Wave of the Future: World Revolution, Current, (May 1989): 18-23. aseve ix. Morton Kondracke, Freedom Bummer, New Republic,
November 26, 1990, 21-24.
8. Gershman Democracy as the Wave of the Future, 23.
9. Vanhamen, Process of Democratization, 51-65.
10. ix. Kondracke, Freedom Bummer,~ 23
11. Samuel Hantington `How Countries Democratize, Political Science Quarterly 106, (1991-1992): 579.
280
12. magaliTisaTvis ix. Robert M. Press Africas Strugle for for Democracy, Christian Science Monitor,
March 21, 1991, 7; da Kennet B. Noble, Despots Dwindle as Reform Alters Face of Africa, New York
Times, April 13, 1991, 1.
13. rogorc aRniSnavs Thomas R. Lansner Out of Africa, Wall Street Journal, December 10, 1996. A18.
14. Huntington, How Countries Democratize, 12.
15. Cveulebriv, mesame samyaros qveynebis mier. ukanaskneli periodis mniSvnelovani gamonaklisi
iyo 1991 wlis dasawyisSi SeerTebuli Statebis winamZRolobiT gaerTianebuli erebis jarebisa da erays Soris omi.
16. Jean Herskovits, Nigeria: Power and Democracy in Africa, Headline Series 527 (January-February 1982): 18.
17. Vyvyan Tenorio, Sri Lanka Process at Delicate point, Cristian Science Monitor, September 2, 1986,11.
18. Robert E. Gamer, Developing Nations: A Comparative Perspective, 2nd ed. (Dubuque, Lowa: William C Brown,
1982), 312-314.
19. Samuel Huntington, "Political Development and Political Decay," Worlds Politics 17 (April 1965): 386-430.
20. Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968), 35.
21. Robert G. Wesson, Communism and Communist Systems (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1978), 172-173.
22. magaliTisaTvis ix. Bill and Hardgrave, Comparative Politics, 58-59.
23. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The First Discourse, wignSi The First and Second Discourses, red. Roger D. Masters
(New York: St. Martins Press, 1964), 39.
281
282
283
284
285
1932 welia. sabWoTa kavSiri sakvebis saSinel naklebobas ganicdis, milionobiT adamiani SimSilobs. ioseb stalinma, komunisturi partiis liderma da sabWoTa xelisuflebis Tavkacma, wamoiwyo sabWoTa soflis meurneobis Zirfesviani reorganizacia, rac miwaTmflobelTa mTeli socialuri klasis (kulakebis)
mospobasa da mTliani miwebis koleqtivizacias gulisxmobda _ amieridan miwis
yoveli nakveTi da masze moweuli produqti saxelmwifos ekuTvnis. imisaTvis,
rom ar momxdariyo aw ukve saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli qonebis qurdoba, sabWoTa xelisuflebam SemoiRo kanoni, romliTac TiToeul glexs aekrZala piradi moxmarebisaTvis marcvlelulis nebismieri raodenobis miTviseba. am
kanonis gavleniT, patara biWma mamamisi marcvleulis damalvisaTvis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan daasmina. mama saxelmwifo qonebis qurdobis gamo daxvrites. amis Semdeg didi dro ar gasula da glexebis jgufma, romelsac am biWis
saqcieliT ganrisxebuli biZa winamZRolobda, igi sicocxles gamoasalma. xelisuflebam, romelic SemTxvevas sruliad gansxvavebuli kuTxiT ganixilavda,
biWi tanjul gmirad Seracxa.
286
romelsac igi ayalibebs. am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, kargi saxelmwifo isaa, romlis sanimuSo moqalaqe kargi pirovnebacaa; cudia saxelmwifo, romlis sanimuSo
moqalaqe ise emorCileba brZanebas, rom Tavs ar iwuxebs keTilisa da borotis
Sesaxeb kiTxvebze pasuxiT. raoden martivic ar unda iyos amgvari formulireba, igi mniSvnelovan mosazrebas gvTavazobs mmarTvelobasa da moqalaqes Soris urTierTobaze da magaliTad, imazec miuTiTebs, rom samoqalaqo saTnoeba
(sazogadoebrivi zneoba) ganuyofelia individualuri keTilsindisierebisagan
(piradi moraluri principebisagan).
gansxvavebuli ganmartebebi
gasakviri araa, rom sxvadasxva politikur sistemaSi moqalaqeobis gansxvavebuli definiciaa miRebuli. bevr avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi adamianebis
moqalaqeebad kvalificireba mxolod am sityvis Zalian viwro gagebiT SeiZleba,
anu isini cxovroben romeliRac konkretuli saxelmwifos teritoriaze da mis
kanonebs emorCilebian. aseTi saxelmwifos da moqalaqis urTierToba calmxrivi
moZraobis quCas hgavs: rogorc rigiTi moqalaqeebi, isini ar monawileoben imis
gadawyvetaSi, vin da rogor marTavs (maSinac ki, rodesac isini arCevnebSi monawileoben). zogadad, Tuki isini sistemis mimarT damTmobni arian, mTavroba maT
ar awuxebs.
gansxvavebiT amisagan, totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi, romlebSic xelisufleba cdilobs Secvalos sazogadoeba da axali tipis moqalaqe Camoayalibos,
adamianebi iZulebuli arian CaerTon politikur sistemaSi. Tumca, moqalaqis
poziciidan msgavs monawileobas azri ara aqvs, radgan es ar aris nebayoflobiTi
da gulisxmobs valdebulebebs Sesabamisi uflebebis gareSe. kargi moqalaqeobis
ganmsazRvrelia erTguleba da fanatizmi, ramac SeiZleba aiZulos isini maTTvis
moralurad miuRebeli brZanebebic ki Seasrulon.
demokratiul sazogadoebebSi, adamianebi moqalaqeobas sul sxvagvarad
ganmartaven. dawyebiT skolaSi karg moqalaqed iTvleba is mowafe, romelic karg
magaliTs iZleva, pativs scems sxvebs, wesierad iqceva da davalebebs droze asrulebs. mozrdilebi karg moqalaqeebad iTvlebian, Tuki seriozulad ekidebian
moqalaqeobriv valdebulebebs, icaven kanonebs, ixdian gadasaxadebs da regularulad monawileoben arCevnebSi. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi kargi moqalaqeobis definicia kanonebSia mocemuli, kanonebs ki kanonmdeblebi weren, romelTac xalxi irCevs _ sxva sityvebiT, WeSmariti respublika Slis, spobs (an amcirebs
mainc) daZabulobas moqalaqeobasa da sindiss Soris.
bevri adamiani, libertarianelebis CaTvliT, amtkicebs, rom moqalaqeobis
arsi individualur uflebebsa da pirad TavisuflebaSia. amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi moqalaqeobisadmi formaluri moTxovnebi minimaluria, moqalaqeobis
uparatesobebi ki iseTi, rom msoflioSi nebismier adamians SeSurdeba (amitomac,
aSS-Si imigrantebis uwyveti nakadia aSS-dan sxva qveynebSi moqalaqeTa mcire gadinebis fonze). meToTxmete Sesworebis Tanaxmad, `yvela piri, romelic dabadebulia an naturalizebulia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da mis iurisdiqciaSi
imyofeba, aris moqalaqe amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da im Statisa, romelSic
cxovrobs~. aRsaniSnavia, rom am qveyanaSi moqalaqeoba gansazRvrulia/ganmartebulia konstituciiT.
287
aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeebi moqalaqeobis armqoneTagan imis mixedviT ki ar arian gamorCeuli, ras akeTeben an
adre ra aqvT gakeTebuli, aramed, ubralod, dabadebis adgilis mixedviT. amis
safuZveli ki isaa, rom Tu erTxel gaxdi moqalaqe, sul iqnebi moqalaqe, Tuki
raime gansakuTrebuli danaSauli ar Caidine (rogoricaa Ralati) an nebayoflobiT ar Tqvi uari moqalaqeobaze. mSvidobis dros amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis,
moqalaqeobis miRebaze arsebuli moTxovnebi, rogorc wesi, sakmaod sustia.
klasikuri xedva
SesaZloa moqalaqeobis minimalisturi xedva sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT `Sinaurebi da `ucxoebi~, magram is ar iTvaliswinebs erTi
koncefciis WeSmarit arss, romelsac dasavlur civilizaciaSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gansakuTrebul pativs scmdnen. Zveli berZnebisTvis moqalaqeoba mxolod
nawilobriv iyo dakavSirebuli dabadebis faqtsa da politikur geografiasTan;
moqalaqeobis umniSvnelovanes kriteriums warmoadgenda sazogadoebis sajaro
saqmeebSi seriozuli da uangaro monawileoba. aristoteles miaCnda, rom `moqalaqis cnebas yvelaze ukeT gansazRvravs sasamarTlosa da saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis ufleba~.2 aristotelesdroindeli aTeni patara politikuri
sazogadoeba, qalaqi-saxelmwifo iyo, romelSic moqalaqeTa proporciulad did
nawils miniWebuli hqonda gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobis ufleba. moqalaqeoba iyo pativi, romlis saSualebiTac saTanado mondomebisa da ganaTlebis
mqone Tavisufali adamianebi marTavdnen sxva Tavisufal adamianebs, TviTon ki
imarTebodnen maT mier da amiT emsaxurebodnen winsvlas, sazogadoebriv wesrigsa
da keTildReobas.
meTvramete saukunis evropaSi berZnuli ideali modernizebuli formiT xelaxla gacocxlda. moqalaqe iqca terminad, romliTac axasiaTebdnen imaT, vinc
ibrZoda uflebisaTvis, TxovniT miemarTa an eCivla mTavrobisaTvis. moqalaqeebs ganasxvavebdnen monebisagan, romelTac qonebad Tvlidnen da moTxovnebi da
uflebebi ar SeiZleba hqonodaT. moqalaqeebi gansxvavdebodnen aseve qveSevrdomebisagan (vasali), romelTa pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani valdebuleba
xelmwifis erTguleba da morCileba iyo. germaneli filosofosis imanuel kantis (1724-1804ww.) mixedviT, moqalaqeebs monebisa da qveSevrdomebisagan gansxvavebiT, hqondaT konstituciuri Tavisufleba anu ufleba, damorCilebodnen
mxolod kanonebs, romlebzec maT sakuTari Tanxmoba hqondaT micemuli. kanti
aseve amtkicebda, rom moqalaqeebs hqondaT samoqalaqo Tanasworoba da politikuri damoukidebloba. pirveli aTavisuflebda maT im kanonisa Tu wesisgan,
romelic avaldebulebda Tavis Soris ufrosi eRiarebinaT, meore ki imis aRmniSvneli iyo, rom pirovnebis politikuri statusi fundamenturi uflebebidan
gamomdinareobda da ara vinmes nebidan.3
moqalaqeobis cnebis aSkarad ganuyofeli nawili yovelTvis iyo pirovnuli Rirsebis idea. moqalaqes unda moqceodnen rogorc Tavisufal da Tanaswor
pirovnebas, romelsac unari Seswevs gansazRvros, ra Sedis mis interesebSi. moqalaqeebi sxvebs ar unda emarTaT TviTneburad (despoturad); rogorc gonieri
arsebebi, isini imsaxureben pativiscemiT mopyrobas. moqalaqeobis am idealTan
yvelaze axlos respublikuri mmarTveloba mivida. sabolood, rogorc kanti
da meTvramete saukunis sxva moazrovneebi aRiarebdnen, moqalaqeobisagan ganu-
288
yofeli Tavisufleba da Rirseba mxolod respublikuri mmarTvelobisas ganmtkicdeboda da aseTi mmarTveloba ki funqcionirebas SeZlebda mxolod maSin,
Tuki misi rigiTi wevrebi gaiazrebdnen da gasaqans miscemdnen moqalaqeobis
valdebulebebs.
amJamad ukve gacilebiT meti adamiani kanonierad iwonebs Tavs `moqalaqeobiT~ ara marto msoflio masStabiT, aramed calkeul qveynebSic. magaliTad,
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, rasobriv umciresobebs, qalebs da qonebis armqone
pirebs mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi uxdebodaT brZola arCevnebSi monawileobis
uflebisa da sakuTari samoqalaqo uflebebis kanonis farglebSi dasacavad. es
procesi ar mimdinareobda Secdomebisa da Cavardnebis gareSe. gaizarda ra moqalaqeTa (da saerTod adamianebis) raodenoba, ufro rTuli gaxda efeqturi politikuri monawileobac: gaZlierda zemoqmedeba mTavrobazec, raTa man uzrunvelyos samoqalaqo ganaTleba da socialuri garemo, rac imisaTvisaa aucilebeli,
rom yvela moqalaqem SeZlos Tavisi uflebebis saTanadod dacva. Zvel aTenSi,
qalaqis SedarebiT mcire zomisa da moqalaqeTa mcire raodenobis gamo (monebi
da qalebi moqalaqeebad ar iTvlebodnen), nebismier moqalaqes SeeZlo daekavebina saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba da aqtiuri monawileoba mieRo kanonebisa da politikis CamoyalibebaSi. mzard erebSi, milionobiT moqalaqiT, sadac TiTqmis yvela srulwlovans moqalaqis statusi aqvs, Sinaarsiani da efeqtiani monawileoba
xSirad miuwvdomel idealad rCeba.
politikuri socializacia
miuxedavad imisa, rom moqalaqeobis zust ganmartebaze SeiZleba vikamaToT, zogadad yvela aRiarebs: karg moqalaqed ki ar ibadebian, aramed yalibdebian. bavSvebi xdebian pasuxismgeblobiT aRWurvili moqalaqeebi sxvadasxva
gavlenisa da institutis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad; esaa ojaxi, religia, skola,
Tanatolebi, masmedia da kanoni, romlebic uyalibeben moqalaqis valdebulebisa da sakuTari Tavis rwmenis SegrZnebas. socializacia ewodeba process, romliTac adamiani iZulebuli xdeba ifiqros da imoqmedos sazogadoebriad misaRebi
formiT.
politikuri socializacia aris procesi, romelSic moqalaqes uyalibdeba Rirebulebebi, Sexedulebebi da azrebi, romelTa saSualebiTac maT SeuZliaT
politikur sistemas daexmaron.4 yoveli TviTkmari sazogadoeba moqalaqeebs
Caunergavs garkveul ZiriTad Rirebulebebs. eWvgareSea, nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis aucilebeli saSeni masala (aguri) saerTo Sexedulebebia. iseTi Seudrekeli individualistic ki, rogoric ingliseli filosofosi jon stiuart mili
iyo (1806-1873ww.), acnobierebda, rom loialobis da erTgulebis moqalaqeobrivi
grZnoba `SeiZleba sxvadasxva obieqts Seexebodes da mmarTvelobis romelime erT
formaze ar iyos mijaWvuli; magram demokratiasa Tu monarqiaSi misi arsi yovelTvis isaa, rom saxelwifos konstituciaSi aris raRac gansazRvruli, samudamo,
rac eWvs ar iwvevs, rasac sayovelTao SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, aqvs ufleba iyos
iq, sadac aris da rac ar unda Seicvalos, iyos daculi da xeluxlebeli~.5
aqedan gamomdinare, verc erTi xelisufleba, ra legitimuric ar unda iyos
igi, ver miscems Tavs uflebas ignorireba moaxdinos moqalaqeTa mier politikuri Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebis gzas. es procesi ojaxSi iwyeba.
289
ojaxi
ojaxi axdens pirvelad da yvelaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas pirovnuli (individualuri) Rirebulebebis formirebaze. sxvadasxva politikuri reJimi
sxva-dasxvagvarad ganixilavs ojaxs. zogierTi mTavroba mxarSi udgas da mfarvelobs ojaxs; sxva reJimebi gulgrili arian mis mimarT; zogierTi cdilobs mas
niadagi gamoacalos, radganac ojaxuri kavSirebidan gamomdinare siyvarulsa
da erTgulebas saxelmwifosaTvis ZirgamomTxrelad miiCnevs. miuxedavad am gansxvavebuli damokidebulebebisa, yvela mTavroba aRiarebs ojaxis mniSvnelobas
socializaciis procesSi.
im erebmac ki, romlebic Riad aRiareben tradiciul ojaxur Rirebulebebs, SeiZleba ver moaxerxon sazogadoebaSi misi warmatebis uzrunvelyofa.
magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1960-iani wlebis Semdeg martoxela
mSoblebTan mcxovrebi bavSvebis ricxvi, ganqorwinebebisa da martoxela qalebs Soris Sobadobis zrdis Sedegad, sagrZnoblad gaizarda (ix. sqema 9-1). Tu
1970 wels axalSobilTa daaxloebiT 12 procenti modioda martoxela (gauTxovar) qalebze, 1996 wlisaTvis igi 33%-s miuaxlovda. zogierT SemTxvevaSi bavSvis mamisagan mitovebuli deda iZulebulia marto itvirTos bavSvis movlisa
da ojaxis patronobis mZime tvirTi. orsuloba TineijerebSi (mozardebSi),
siRaribe da ganaTlebis dabali done pirdapir kavSirSia amgvar danawevrebul
ojaxebTan. problemis gamo izrdeba socialuri uzrunvelyofis xarjebi, magaliTad `gaWirvebuli ojaxebis droebiTi daxmarebis~ da sakvebze talonebis
programebis meSveobiT.
martoxela ganqorwinebul mSobelTan
mln
momavalSi mosalodnelia problemiT gamowveuli ekonomikuri da socialuri xarjebis sagrZnobi zrda. rogorc kvlevebi adasturebs, martoxela mSoblis mier gazrdil bavSvebs skolidan garicxvis, kriminalTa da narkotikebis
momxmarebelTa wreSi moxvedris, ara Tavisi specialobiT muSaobis da siRaribeSi
darCenis, mozrdilobaSi ki uiRblo piradi kavSirebis da uiRblo ojaxebis Seqm-
290
nis ufro realuri riski emuqrebaT, vidre orive mSobelTan aRzrdil bavSvebs.6
ra Tqma unda, xSirad erTmSobliani ojaxebic warmatebuli arian xolme da maTi
aRzrdili bavSvebic mSvenivrad uReben alRos cxovrebas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki
erT-erTi mSobeli bavSvze negatiur fizikur an emociur gavlenas axdens, bavSvisTvis SeiZleba ukeTesic iyos calke im mSobelTan cxovreba, romelic aseT zemoqmedebas ar mimarTavs.
bavSvi Tavdapirvel socializacias sakuTar saxlSi, ojaxSi gadis da iRebs
ra Tavisi yoveldRiuri qcevisTvis jildos an sasjels, swavlobs, ra aris daSvebuli da ra ara. amgvarad, bavSvi erkveva, ra valdebulebebi aqvs ojaxis da sxvebis mimarT. nel-nela is xdeba ojaxis moqalaqe (wevri), rogorc wesi, mkafiod
gansazRvruli movaleobebiT, nawilobriv, uflebebiTa da privilegiebiT. gansakuTrebulad esmeva xazi mniSvnelovan moralur wesebs maSinac ki, Tu bavSvs ar
ganumartaven am wesebis mizezebs (`giTxari da gaakeTe~). ndoba, TanamSromloba,
Tavisi Tavis pativiscema, sxvebis pativiscema da TanagrZnoba fesvgadgmulia
ojaxur urTierTobebSi, maT efuZneba pirovnebis qceviTi da zneobrivi ganviTareba.7
ojaxi aseve gvexmareba gavarkvioT, sad migviyvans sabolood bavSvebis
politikuri socializacia da ramdenad warmatebuli iqneba igi. partiuli orientacia da kuTvnilebac ki xSirad ojaxidan modis, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac orive mSobeli erTi partiis wevria. amas garda, ojaxi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens rwmenaze (religiur Sexedulebebze), rac mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
rogorc partiul kuTvnilebasTan, aseve konkretul politikur SexedulebebTan (fundamentalisti protestanebi, rogorc wesi, abortis winaaRmdegi arian;
ebraelebi israels uWeren mxars da a. S.).8 SeerTebul StatebSi, im bavSvebis daaxloebiT 70 procenti, romelTa orive mSobelic erT partias uWers mxars, TviTonac imave partias aniWeben upiratesobas.9 Tumca, rogorc kvlevebma aCvena,
rodesac saqme midis ufro abstraqtul politikur sakiTxebamde, mSoblebis
gavlena sakmaod SezRuduli xdeba.10 dabolos, im faqts, rom ukve zrdasrulebi, xSirad ar veTanxmebiT Cveni mSoblebis Sexedulebebs politikaze (sxva raRacebTan erTad), miaweren xolme `TaobaTa Soris~ gansxvavebas.
socialuri klasi da umciresobis statusi. ramdenime kvlevam aCvena,
rom politikuri socializaciis struqtura (modeli) mSobelTa sxvadasxva
socialur klasSi umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba.11 saSualo da maRali fenis bavSvebis politikaSi aqtiuri Cabmis albaToba ufro maRalia, radgan iTvleba, rom
politikiT ojaxis daintereseba socialur statusTan erTad izrdeba. dabali
fenebis ojaxebidan gamosuli bavSvebs politikaze naklebi informacia aqvT da
ufro iSviaTadac monawileoben politikur RonisZiebebSi.12
ojaxis farglebSi, umciresobis statusma SeiZleba mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos politikuri socializaciis procesSi. magaliTad, zogierTma mkvlevarma
daadgina, rom amerikis SeerTebuli StatebSi afro-amerikeli bavSvebi ufro naklebad endobian mTavrobas, vidre maTi TeTrkaniani Tanatolebi. es bavSvebi aseve
naklebad arian darwmunebuli mTavrobaze gavlenis moxdenis sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi.13 gasakviri araa, rom amdagvarive damokidebulebaa politikur SexedulebaTa mimarTac; amgvarad, Savkaniani amerikelebi (aRiareben ra klasebs Soris
arsebul gansxvavebebs mudmiv, ucvlel mocemulobad), ekonomikuri da sagareo
politikis umravles sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi (Tumca, es ganwyoba yvela politi-
291
kur sakiTxze rodi vceldeba, risi magaliTicaa danaSaulis mimarT damokidebuleba) ufro politikurad liberalur ganwyobebs amJRavneben, vidre TeTrkaniani amerikelebi. amis msgavsad, aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebi, xelisuflebis da
tradiciuli ojaxis struqturisadmi maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli pativiscemidan
gamomdinare, TeTrkanian eTnikur jgufebTan ufro axlos dganan, vidre SavkanianTa jgufebTan, gansakuTrebiT sayofacxovrebo sakiTxebSi. espanurenovan
amerikelebs SeiZleba Savkanian da TeTrkanian amerikelebs Soris mivakuTvnoT
adgili, Tumca ojaxuri socializaciis da politikuri Sexedulebebis gadacemis
efeqtma gavlena iqonia kubel amerikelebze, romlebic, rogorc calke jgufi,
ufro mtkice konservatorebad Camoyalibdnen (gansakuTrebiT sagareo politikis sakiTxebSi), vidre sxva espanurenovani amerikelebi, meqsikelebisa da puertorikoelebis CaTvliT. amis erT-erTi mizezi isaa, rom rodesac revoluciis dros
kubelebis nawili amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gaiqca, kubis liderma fidel kastrom maT qoneba CamoarTva da kubaSi darCenil maTi ojaxis wevrebs devna dauwyo.
genderi da politika. amerikul politikaSi mamakacebsa da qalebs xandaxan
mmarTvelobis da politikis gansxvavebuli xedva aqvT; klasebsa da rasebs Soris
gansxvavebis msgavsad, sqesTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebac SeiZleba politikuri qcevis da Sexedulebebis mniSvnelovani damoukidebeli korelatebi iyos.
rogorc Cans, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, zogierT politikur sakiTxTan
mimarTebaSi SegviZlia visaubroT erTgvar genderul sxvadasxvaobaze (gender
gap), anu im gansxvavebebze, rasac fiqroben da mxars uWeren mTlianobaSi mamakacebi da qalebi. magaliTad, 1996 wlis sayovelTao arCevnebSi qalebis 54 procentma xma misca demokrat bil klintons, xolo 37 procentma _ konservator
bob douls; sruliad gansxvavebuli maCveneblebi hqondaT mamakacebs, romelTa
xmebi TiTqmis Tanabrad gaiyo klintonsa da douls Soris (TiToeulma 44 procenti miiRo). imave arCevnebSi, qveynis masStabiT, warmomadgenelTa palatis arCevnebSi qalebis 55 procentma xma demokratebs misca, xolo mamakacebis 54 procentma _ respublikelebs.
rogor SeiZleba aixsnas es fenomeni? zogierTi mkvlevari sqesTa Soris
arsebul gansxvavebas ojaxSi gancdil adrindel gamocdilebasa da molodinebs
ukavSirebs; sxvebi amtkiceben, rom arsebobs Tandayolili gansxvavebebi kacebisa da qalebis zneobrivi da politikuri Segnebis Camoyalibebis procesis mimdinareobaSi. erTi Teoriis mixedviT, socilizaciis da biologiis garkveuli kombinaciis Sedegad, qals, rogorc dedas da bavSvis ZiriTad momvlels, uviTardeba
moraluri da politikuri xedva, romelSic gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba TanagrZnobasa da adamianis sicocxlis dacvas.14 sxva, alternatiuli Teoriis
Tanaxmad, genderze dafuZnebuli politikuri gansxvavebebi safuZvels iRebs
zogierTi qalis gviandel cxovrebiseul gamocdilebebSi. xmis micemis kanonzomierebaTa erTma amaswindelma kvlevam aCvena, rom `gaTxovili qalebi, gansakuTrebiT isini, romelTac arasodes hyoliaT bavSvi, mamakacebis msgavs arCevans
akeTeben, martoxela da gaSorebuli qalebi ki lamis memarcxene frTis proletariats warmoadgenen~.15
rogoric unda iyos gansxvavebebis wyaro, isini ar warmoiqmneba mxolod
genderTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebidan _ magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi azris
gamokiTxvebma ver gamoavlina veraviTari gansxvaveba samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis (civil liberties) an Tanasworuflebianobis sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb mamakacebisa
292
da qalebis damokidebulebaSi. rogorc Cans, sqesTa Soris erTi mniSvnelovani
politikuri gansxvaveba ukavSirdeba mTavrobis mier Zalis gamoyenebis sakiTxs.
zogadad, qalebi naklebad arian ganwyobili omis mxardasaWerad, ufro ewinaaRmdegebian sikvdiliT dasjas da ixrebian iraRze kontrolis gamkacrebisaken.
aseve, qalebi ufro metad emxrobian ojaxebis, RaribTa da xelmokleTa dasaxmareblad gamiznuli socialuri uzrunvelyofis programebs. am gansxvavebaTa
meSveobiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba avxsnaT, ratom daexmara sqesTa Soris arsebuli
sxvadasxvaoba ukanasknel wlebSi demokratebs aSS-Si.
religia. eklesiac da saxelmwifoc SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs moraluri avtoritetis WeSmarit wyarod warmoadgendes, ris gamoc religias socializaciis procesSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. iseve rogorc religias SeuZlia moaxdinos gavlena Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi axalgazrdis politikur
Sexedulebebze, aseve politikas SeuZlia gadamwyveti roli Seasrulos ojaxSi
religiis faqtoris damkvidrebaSi da gansazRvros is adgili, romelsac religia sabolood politikur wesrigSi daikavebs.
xandaxan religia arsebul Cveulebebs legitimurobas aniWebs da gardamaval periodSi myof sazogadoebas stabilurobas sZens. magaliTad, induizmi
indoeTSi cvalebadi politikuri institutebisaTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda. induizmi, romelic erTma eqspertma daaxasiaTa, rogorc `mravali Sris mqone
rTuli warmonaqmni, romelic aRiarebs mravali RmerTis, mravali inkarnaciis,
WeSmaritebis mravali Sris arsebobas,~16 istoriulad, arsebuli mdgomareobis
SenarCunebas uwyobda xolme xels. maSinac ki, rodesac arsebuli mdgomareoba
(status quo) ufro dabal safexurze mdgomis (`xelSeuxebelTa~ klasis) sistematur
diskriminacias gulisxmobda, induizmi qadagebda moTminebasa da gamZleobas momavali cxovrebis molodinSi. samyaros sxva mxareebSi, sxvadasxva religiurma
doqtrinam agresiul politikas mimarTa. magaliTad libiasa da iranSi, islamuri
fundamentalizmis daxmarebiT gaCaRda agresiuli sagareo da omis mxardaWeris
politika.
religia da politika xandaxan erTmaneTs upirispirdeba. magaliTad, nacisturi mTavroba geramaniaSi ebrZoda luTeranul da kaTolikur eklesiebs.
yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, reJimi funqcionirebis saSaulebas aZlevda istoriulad damkvidrebul rusul marTlmadideblur eklesias, magram zRudavda da
Tvalyurs adevnebda mis saqmianobas, xSirad devnida morwmuneebs.17
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, religia da politika erTmaneTs ramdenime doneze aZlierebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom umaRlesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT konstitucia krZalavs xelisuflebis mier religiis pirdapir mxardaWeras,
konstituciis pirveli damateba aseve krZalavs xelisuflebis mier pirovnebis
religiuri rwmenis Tavisuflad ganxorcilebaSi xelis SeSlas. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi religiis absoluturi Tavisuflebaa. `amerikelTa 90 procentze
meti Tavs miakuTvnebs romelime religiur mimdinareobas da 40 procentze meti
kviraobiT dadis eklesiaSi~. ufro metic, `TiTqmis yvela maCvenebliT amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi SeiZleba nebismier evropul saxelmwifoze ufro religiur
qveynad CaiTvalos, irlandiisa da poloneTis gamoklebiT.~18 miuxedavad imisa,
rom dRes religia bevri amerikelis cxovrebaSi ufro naklebad mniSvnelovania,
vidre winaT iyo, is mainc rCeba mniSvnelovan Zalad amerikul sazogadoebaSi,
kulturasa da politikaSi (ix. sqema 9-2).
293
weli1952-96ww.
sqema 9-2 amerikelebisaTvis religiis mniSvneloba,
wyaro: Influence, Relevance of Religion in Todays Society (28-30 marti, 1994; Survey GO 422041),
Gallup Poll Monthly, 2-4 aprili, 1994 da Importance of Religion, Gallup Poll (21-24 noemberi,
1996).
vertikalurad: amerikelebis %-li r-ba
294
ufro aigivebdnen Tavs, maSin rodesac protestanebi respublikuri partiisken
ixrebodnen. Tumca, religiasa da partiul kuTvnilebas Soris arsebuli korelacia
sul ufro klebulobs.
SesaZlebelia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi religias utilitaruli politikuri Rirebulebac aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT, religias sargebloba moaqvs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisTvis, vinaidan, jorj vaSingtonis sityvebiT `aucilebeli
mxardaWeris~ aRmomCenia warmomadgenlobiTi xelisuflebisaTvis. qadagebs ra
RmerTis winaSe yvelas Tanasworobas, religia nergavs pirovnul/kerZo zneobriobas, romelic akeTilSobilebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebas.
xandaxan politikuri liderebi mimarTaven religiur ideebs (saxeebs) raTa
gaaerTianon moqalaqeebi Tanamedroveobis saerTo aRqmaSi an STaagonon maT
momavlis ufro Rirseuli xedva.19 magaliTad, cnobilma amerikelma sasuliero
pirma da samoqalaqo uflebaTa damcvelma martin luTer kingma sakuTari ocnebiT ers im dRis dadgoma STaunerga, `rodesac yvela RvTis Svili, TeTri da
Savkaniani, ebraeli da urwmuno, protestanti da kaTolike, xelixelCakidebuli
erTad imRerebda SavkanianTa Zvel saeklesio simReras `Free at last! Free at last! Thank
God Almighty, we are free at last~. kingis tragikulma sikvdilma (mkvlelobam), iseve
rogorc erTi saukuniT adre abraam linkolnis mkvlelobam, amerikeli xalxi rasobrivi uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad darazma.
osama bin ladenma da `al qaidas~ teroristulma qselma warmogvidgina religiis da politikis Serwymis bneli mxaris Tanamedrove magaliTi, rodesac isini 2001 wlis Semodgomaze Seecadnen msoflios 1.3 miliardi muslimi gaeerTianebinaT `jvarosnebis~ (qristianebisa da ebraelebis) winaaRmdeg jihadSi (saRvTo
omSi). es ganzraxva CaiSala, magram is faqti, rom bin ladeni Seecada religia
politikur ideologiad da Tavisi moZraobis dasavleTis (ZiriTadad aSS-s) winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sapropagando kampaniis safuZvlad gamoeyenebina, Wkuis saswavlebelia. es kidev erTxel gviCevenebs, rom religia SeiZleba yvelaze keTilSobili an yvelaze boroti miznebis samsaxurSi aRmoCndes.
skola. skola samoqalaqo ganaTlebaSi, anu axalgazrdebSi sazogadoebis
fundamentur RirebulebaTa da SexedulebaTa CanergvaSi umniSvnelovanes rols
asrulebs. sajaro ganaTlebis meSveobiT saxelmwifo cdilobs gavlena moaxdinos axalgazrdebze manam, sanam maTi zneobrivi saxe sabolood Camoyalibdeba.
yvela qveyana skolas politikuri socializaciis saSualebad iyenebs. zogierTi mTavroba ubralod samoqalaqo ganaTlebis an istoriis erT-or kurss
awesebs savaldebulod, moiTxovs, rom moswavleebi droSas miesalmon da skolis
kedlebze erovnuli gmirebis suraTebi ekidos. zogierTi mTavroba mTel saskolo programas karnaxobs, bavSvebs TavSi lozungebs uWedavs, mkacr cenzuras
awesebs saxelmZRvaneloebsa da sabiblioTeko Sesyidvebze da maswavleblebs
erTgulebis niSniT arCevs.
yvela saxelmwifo cdilobs samudamod `ukvdavyos~ zogierTi ZiriTadi Rirebuleba, magram am RirebulebaTa arsi, iseve rogorc maTi damkvidrebis meTodebi, SeiZleba Zalian mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodes. gansxvavebuli reJimebi
gansxvavebul Rirebulebebs amkvidrebs. zogierTi reJimis dros (magaliTad,
1930-ian wlebis sabWoTa kavSirSi) xelisuflebis brma morCileba norma iyo. sxvagan xdeba patriotizmis waxaliseba, magram amave dros xels uwyoben kritikuli
da damoukidebeli azrovnebis unarsac.
socializaciis kvlevebma kargad gviCvena, rogor swavloben bavSvebi poli-
295
tikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul Rirebulebebs amerikul sajaro skolebSi.20
dawyebiT skolaSi amerikel bavSvebs dadebiTi emociuri ganwyoba uyalibdebaT
iseTi ZiriTadi politikuri cnebebis mimarT, rogoricaa Tavisufleba, demokratia da erTmaneTis pativiscema. garda amisa, bavSvebi, rogorc wesi, xelisuflebas aRiqvamen avtoritetis mqone piris _ policielis, prezidentis da a.S. saxiT.
asakTan erTad, bavSvebi naklebemociurad da ufro SemecnebiT reagireben,
igeben iseTi abstraqtuli cnebis detalebs, rogoricaa demokratia. ymawvilobasa da adreul mowifulobaSi, maTi damokidebuleba xelisuflebisadmi xSirad
radikalurad icvleba. mSoblebis zedamxedvelobis Sesustebasa da damoukideblobis matebasTan erTad, bavSvebi aRar emorCilebian avtoritets usityvod
(SekiTxvebis, eWvis gareSe). isini sul ufro metad cdiloben damoukideblad miiRon gadawyvetilebebi. es damokidebuleba politikis sferoSic advilad gadadis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi mkvlevari saSualo skolis samoqalaqo ganaTlebis tipur gakveTils kargi moqalaqeobisaTvis aucilebeli yvelaze mniSvnelovani formaluri treiningis (wvrTnis) asparezad ganixilavs, ramdenime
kvlevam aCvena, rom samoqalaqo ganaTlebis gakveTilebi naklebmniSvnelovania,
vidre swavlis gamocdilebis saerTo konteqsti.21 gavlenis mqone faqtorebSi Sedis maswavleblebis damokidebuleba demokratiisadmi; saxelmZRvaneloSi eris
istoriis, kulturis, ekonomikuri sistemisa da a.S. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis warmodgenis xasiaTi; mTlianad saswavlo programa; formaluri ritualebi, rogoricaa droSasTan ficis dadeba da patriotuli simRerebis Sesruleba;
klasgareSe RonisZiebebi, musika da sporti, naTlad gviCvenebs keTilsindisieri
monawileobisa da saerTo miznisaTvis muSaobis mniSvnelobas. saskolo gazeTze
muSaoba naTelyofs mediis rols sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi. debatebis klubebSi
moswavleebi ecnobian politikur, socialur da ekonomikur sakiTxebs da swavloben, rom yovel sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi sul cota ori azri SeiZleba arsebobdes. dabolos, moswavleTa TviTmmarTvelobaSi monawileoba maT politikuri
procesis fundamentur wesebs acnobs.
zogadad, rac ufro maRalia ganaTlebis done, moswavles politikaze informaciis miRebisa da masSi monawileobis miT meti interesi aqvs. ufro zustad, arsebobs pozitiuri kavSiri (urTierTdamokidebuleba) ganaTlebis donesa
(moswavlis codna imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra gavlena aqvs xelisuflebas individze, interesi axali ambebis mimarT, politikis Sesaxeb saerTo ganaTleba, SexedulebaTa horizonti) da politikaze msjelobis, gansakuTrebiT ki bevr gansxvavebul
adamianTan msjelobis survils Soris. dabolos, ganaTlebis maRali done dakavSirebulia imis SegnebasTan, rom adamians SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos xelisuflebaze, aseve sakuTari SesaZleblobebis rwmenasa da sxvebis ndobasTan.22
umaRlesi ganaTlebis gavlena. Znelia gansazRvro, ramdenad didia umaRlesi ganaTlebis gavlena politikur socializaciaze. amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi kolejis saswavlo programa xSirad profesiul-teqnikuri wvrTnis (treningis) da liberaluri ganaTlebis (liberal arts) nazavia; es ukanaskneli
moicavs literaturas, filosofias, mecnierebas, istorias da lingvistikas da
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebaze.23
296
weron da sworad imetyvelon. maT usvamen xelovnebisa da mecnierebis maradiul
SekiTxvebs da acnoben diad ideebs, Tanac agulianeben gadaxedon (kritikuli
TvaliT Sexedon) im zneobriv da materialur Rirebulebebs, romlebic mocemul
epoqaSi aRiarebul WeSmaritebas warmoadgenen. am TvalTaxedvis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom liberaluri ganaTlebis mqone studentebi SeiZenen im inteleqtualur saSualebebs, romelic dasWirdebaT imisaTvis, rom itvirTon demokratiuli moqalaqeobis valdebulebebi.
amerikuli umaRlesi ganaTlebis zogierTi konservatori kritikosi adanaSaulebs akademiur wreebs imaSi, rom isini metwilad memarcxene (memarcxeneobasTan axlomyof) politikur Sexedulebebs aniWeben upiratesobas, rac gavlenas
axdens swavlebisa da swavlis Sinaarsze. marTlac, arsebobs garkveuli mtkicebuleba, rom studentTa politikur Sexedulebebze gavlenas axdens kolejis
maRal inteleqtze gaTvlili wignebi, ideebi da maswavleblebi; Tumca, naTeli
araa, pirdapir mivyavarT Tu ara kolejis gamocdilebas ufro liberalur azrovnebasTan. is SesaZleblobis farglebSi axerxebs imas, rom zrdis adamianebs,
romelTac SeuZliaT kritikuli azrovneba. anu, amerikuli kolejis kursdamTavrebulebi ufro aqtiurad dauWeren mxars samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebs da saxelmwifo socialur programebs.24
liberaluri ganaTlebis ideali advilad jdeba konstituciuri demokratiis sqemaSi, sadac daculia xelisuflebaze eWvis mitanis ufleba. amave dros,
ganaTlebis maRali done ubiZgebs moqalaqeebs Sinaarsianad Caeban politikaSi.25
im qveynebSi, sadac xelisuflebas usityvod emorCilebian, moqalaqeebs ar gamoumuSavdebaT politikuri monawileobis unar-Cvevebi. liberaluri ganaTlebis
mizania moamzados msgavsi unarebis, gansakuTrebiT ki kritikul azrovnebaze
dafuZnebuli unarebis mqone moqalaqeebi. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi kargi
moqalaqe xotbas asxams mTavrobas, roca mTavroba amis Rirsia da akritikebs,
Tuki is kritikas imsaxurebs. amitom, mxolod demokratiul sazogadoebaSi ar
iTvleba damoukidebeli azrovneba da gansxvavebuli azri mavneblobad. gaixseneT, berZeni filosofosi sokrate mavneblad CaTvales da sikvdili miusajes
(sawamlavis miRebiT) ara imitom, rom Tavis mowafeebs aswavlida ra efiqraT, aramed imitom, rom aswavlida rogor eazrovnaT.
Tanatolebi
adamianTa umravleobas gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom Tanatolebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen Cvens politikur qmedebebsa da Sexedulebebze, magram ori
sakiTxSi mainc saWiroa garkveuli sicxadis Setana. jererTi, am termins Tandayolili orazrovneba axlavs. TanatolTa jgufi SeiZleba ewodos megobrebis
jgufs an erTi asakisa da damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis mqone adamianTa jgufs. orive
SemTxvevaSi, cneba yuradRebas amaxvilebs `pirovnebaTa midrekilebaze, Tavi
gaaigivon Tavis msgavss adamianTa jgufebTan~.26
meore, da ufro seriozuli sakiTxi _ sirTules is qmnis, rom am sferoSi
Zalze cota kvlevaa Catarebuli. magaliTad, 1930-ian wlebSi Catarebulma kvlevam, romelic beningtonis kolejis student gogonaTa politikur Sexedulebebze TanatolTa jgufis gavlenas Seiswavlida, aCvena rom jgufis gavleniT mis
wevrTa Sexedulebebi ufro liberaluri gaxda. 1965 wlis kvlevisas sxvadasxva
politikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT studentebze TanatolTa jgufebisa da
297
mSoblebis gavlena Seadares da daadgines, rom zogierT politikur sakiTxTan
mimarTebaSi mSobelTa gavlena ufro mniSvnelovani iyo _ magaliTad, partiuli identifikaciis an saprezidento arCevnebze xmis micemis gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas. es kvlevebi bevr kiTxvas pasuxobs, magram amdenive kiTxva upasuxod
rCeba.27
genderi (sqesi) TanatolTa jgufebTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi gamocanaa. Cven viciT, rom biWebi midrekilni arian Seqmnan jgufebi sxva biWebTan erTad
da gogonebi ki gogonebTan erTiandebian, da vvaraudobT, rom aseTi jgufebis
politikuri Sexedulebebi gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, miviCnevT, rom mesamedanmerve klasamde biWebs Tanatol gogonebze ufro Camoyalibebuli da naklebad
idealisturi warmodgena aqvT prezidentobaze, Tumca amis damadasturebeli
(an uarmyofi) kvlevis Sedegebi xelT ara gvaqvs.28
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mamrobiTi sqesis kanondamrRvev mozardTa
antisocialuri Sexedulebebis ganviTarebasa da TanamoazreTa jgufebSi (da
bandebSi) maT wevrobas Soris arsebuli kavSiri. igi miuTiTebs siZneleze, rac Tan
axlavs im gavlenis gansazRvras, rasac TanatolTa jgufebi axdenen pirovnebis
Sexedulebebze. am sferoSic SedarebiT naklebi kvlevaa Catarebuli.29 miuxedavad imasa, rom TanatolTa jgufebisa da bandebis cnebis gageba gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania TineijerTa danaSaulis gasagebad, mainc bolomde cxadi araa
`kargi~ biWebi (da gogonebi) xdebian `cudi wris~ uaryofiTi gavlenis da TanatolTa antisocialuri Sexedulebebis msxverpli Tu axalgazrdebis dajgufebebi izidaven kriminaluri midrekilebebis, antisocialuri ganwyobebis mqone
pirebs. axlo urTierToba msgavs dajgufebasTan, gansakuTrebiT bandis wevroba zrdis saSualo statistikuri Tineijeris mier danaSaulis Cadenis sixSires.
Tanatolebi da bandebi `gavlenas axdenen pirovnebis mier danaSaulis CadenisaTvis miniWebuli jildos Rirebulebaze~ (amas emateba nadavlis Rirebulebis
an qmedebis pirdapiri jildos gamo kolegebis mier gamoTqmuli mowoneba).30
fsiqologiurad, TanatolTa jgufebi adastureben maTi wevrebis survilis
ganxorcielebis aucileblobas, rac gavlenas axdens politikuri Sexedulebis
da rwmenis Camoyalibebaze. zogadad, TanatolTa jgufebi iqmneba nebayoflobiT
da araformalurad. Tuki TanatolTa jgufebis cnebas ise gavafarTovebT, rom
man moicvas iseTi organizaciebi, rogoricaa gogona skautebi, axalgazrda demokratebi, studentTa Jurnalisturi klubi da sxva politikur konteqstSi moqmedi msgavsi organizaciebi _ saintereso aRmoCenas gavakeTebT. totalitarul
saxelmwifoebSi, sadac xelisufleba cdilobs Secvalos politikuri wesrigi
Sexedulebebisa da rwmenis radikaluri cvlilebis gziT, TanatolTa jgufebi
SeiZleba saxelmwifom Seqmnas rogorc axalgazrdebisaTvis, aseve zrdasrulebisaTvis. es aranebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebi reJimis gzavnilis gasavrceleblad
da moqalaqeebisTvis ganaTlebis an xelaxali ganaTlebis misacemad aris Seqmnili. es fonemeni aRwerilia sqemaze 9-3, sadac Cans, rogor axerxebda nacisturi
partiis ierarqia (aRniSnulia po-Ti partiuli organizacia) farTomasStabiani
saxalxo moZraobis marTvas, romlis saboloo mizani germanuli sazogadoebis
saxecvlileba iyo. nacional-socialisturi (aRniSnulia ns-Ti) partiis mmarTvelobisas germaniis cxovrebis organizeba xdeboda erTi centris mier marTuli `TanasworTa jgufebis~ kargad gaTvlili qselis saSualebiT, rasac unda
uzrunveleyo droTa ganmavlobaSi yvela germanelis mier `swori~ politikuri
Sexedulebebis SeTviseba da axal nacistur saxelmwifoSi saTanadod sociali-
298
zeba. amis msgavsad, sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturma partiam Seqmna yovlismomcveli erTi centris mier marTuli sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi (klubebis da
samoqalaqo gaerTianebebis safarvelis qveS).
299
germanel qalTa
kavSiri
ns
omis veteranTa
zrunvis liga
ns
mebrZolTa
liga
ns
teqnologiebis liga
ns
saaviacio
SenaerTebi
hirleris
axalgazrdoba
ns germanel
studentTa
liga
imperiis
sakvebi
fondi
germanel
sajaro moxeleTa
saimperio liga
ns
maswavlebelTa
liga
ns
qalTa
liga
po
ns motorizebuli
SenaerTebi
ns
iuristebis
liga
germanel
TemTa
asociacia
germanel
studentTa
asociacia
ss
SromiTi
servisi
ns universitetis
maswavleblebi
sa
germanuli
Sromis
fronti
ns
saxalxo
keTildReobis organizacia
ns
universitetis
kursdamTavrebulTa
asociacia
ns
eqimebis
liga
ns fizikuri
kulturis
imperiuli
liga
Zalze saeWvoa isic, rogor gvawvdian axal ambebs, gansakuTrebiT televiziiT. zogierTi konservatori kritikosi amtkicebs, rom satelevizio axali
ambebi (da zogadad media) asaxavs politikur dRis wesrigs an JurnalistTa da
diqtorTa Sexedulebebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, ZiriTadad liberaluri aris xolme.
garda amisa, radio da televizia xSirad zedmetad zedapiruli da sensaciebs
gamodevnebulia. isini cud ambebs ufro eZeben, vidre mniSvnelovan siaxleebs.
magaliTad, saarCevno kampaniebis teleasaxva yuradRebas amaxvilebs kandidatis
Zalisxmevaze, romelic mimarTulia startegiuli upiratesobis mosapoveblad,
imis magivrad, rom xazi gausvas im politikasa da ideebs, romlebsac isini qadageben da xSirad did dros uTmoben SeuTavseblobebs da Secdomebs _ rogor
waiborZika da Camovarda prezidenti vertmfrenis safexuridan an cudad gaxda
iaponiaSi yofnisas erT-erT oficialur vaxSamze. amasobaSi, nebismiers SeuZlia
isargeblos internet-teqnologiebiT, Seqmnas veb-gverdi, sadac asaxuli iqneba
saxelmwifo moRvaweTa piradi cxovreba da amgvarad gavceldeba Worebi. gasakviri araa, rom medias adanaSauleben ukanasknel oTx aTwleulSi sazogadoebaSi
300
gavrcelebul mware cinizmSi. marTlac, rogorc erTi politologi amtkicebs
`aSS-Si saRi kampania manam ver iarsebebs, sanam is axal ambebze iqneba agebuli~.32
vinaidan qseluri da sakabelo satelevizio biznesis Semosavlebi damokidebulia mayurebelTa maRali reitingebis SenarCunebaze, satelevizio axali ambebi Sinaarsis nacvlad garTobasa da tragediaze akeTeben aqcents. magaliTad,
iSviaTi araa saRamos axal ambebSi ixiloT cxare kamaTi mowmesa da senatis romelime komitetis Tavmjdomares Soris maSin, rodesac micemuli Cvenebis Sinaarss
aranairi yuradReba ar eqceva. es Segnebuli korporaciuli gadawyvetilebaa.
televiziis xelmZRvanelebma ician, rom konfliqti da dapirispireba xalxs
arTobs da, rogorc wesi, cud ambebs kargi reitingi moaqvs xolme. amis gamoc,
televizia TiTqmis yovelTvis warmoaCens saprezidento arCevnebs rogorc
`doRs~, xazs usvams, vin aris win, vin moigo da vin waago raime Secdomis Tu samxilis gamo. telearxebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian, vin daaswrebs ramdenime wuTiT da
gamoacxadebs raime siaxles arCevnebis Sesaxeb. amitom bevri moqalaqisaTvis, saprezindento kampaniasa da arCevnebSi swored Sejibria yvelaze mniSvnelovani
mxare da ara Sedegebi.
ufro metic, axali ambebis saRamos gamoSvebebSi, telearxebi sul ufro nakleb dros uTmoben informacias amerikis politikuri liderebis Sesaxeb. axali
ambebis gaSuqebis kvlevam aCvena, rom 1968 da 1988 wlebSi prezidentis gamonaTqvamebis citirebis saSualo xangrZlivobam 45 wamidan 9 wamamde iklo.33 reportioris mokle Sesavali da prezidentis SedarebiT xangrZlivi sityva Seicvala
reportioris SesavaliT da komentarebiT, romlis fonze prezidentis komentarebi ukve mokrZalebulad gamoiyureba. imave sqemiT moqmedeben telearxebi adgilobriv doneze (regionebSi) _ isinic mniSvnelovnad, SeiZleba iTqvas zedmetad
arian damokidebuli imave faqtorebze razec didi telearxebi. kandidatebma da
saarCevno kampaniis menejerebmac kargad gaiTavises axali ambebis gaSuqebis es
Taviseburebani, amitom winaswar amzadeben Wkvianur gamonaTqvamebs, imisaTvis,
rom moxvdnen mediis zedapiruli da xSirad myvirala axali ambebis saTaurebSi.
rogorc kritikosebi amboben, Rrma analizi didi xania iqca manipulaciebis obieqtad mediakonsultantebis, piarspecialistebisa da politikis guruebis mxridan, romlebic amisTvis did gasamrjelos iReben.
kidev erTi aSkara tendencia, romelic SeSfoTebis mizezs iZleva, satelevizio axal ambebSi e.w. tabloiduri (bulvaruli, dabali donis) Jurnalistikis
mimarTulebiT gadaxraa. Worebsa da insinuaciebze (arapirdapir miniSnebebze)
aqcenti mediis mier xSirad gamoiyeneba, rogorc axali ambebis dafaruli mxareebis ganxilvis saSualeba; gaxmaurebuli sasamarTlo procesebis gaSuqebisas
aqcenti keTdeba ZiriTadad ambis uCveulo da gaukuRmarTebul mxareze. satelevizio Jurnalistikis amgvarma midrekilebam gaabundovana an saerTod waSala
gansxvaveba sensaciebs gamokidebul yovelkvireul gamocemebsa da seriozul
axal ambebs Soris. mayureblis yvelaze cxovelur instinqtebze gaTvlilma axali ambebis gaSuqebis stilma SeiZleba eTeridan gandevnos ufro seriozuli da
kompleqsuri axali ambebi.
301
masmedia sul ufro da ufro met uaryofiT politikur reklamas gvawvdis. es reklamebi
SesaZloa simarTles an Seesabamebodes an ara, magram xSirad Zalze efeqtiania. zogjer erTgvar politikur `Casafrebad~ warmodgenili, is politikuri oponentebis zedmiwevniT Seswavlis Sedegia da kampaniis periodSi strategiuli mniSvnelobis momentebSi gadaicema masmediis
saSualebiT.
ganvixiloT sandra Sulc niumenis (Sandra Schultz Newman) SemTxveva, romelic 1993 wlis
Semodgomaze pensilvaniis mosamarTleobaze iyrida kenWs. niumens, filadelfiis gareubnis
advokats, aranairi politikuri gamocdileba ar hqonda, magram man politikuri konsultantebis gundi daiqirava. mis oponents jozef mistiks (Joseph Mistick) ukeT icnobdnen _ pitsburgeli advokati meriaSi muSaobda da adgilobrivi zonebisa da dagegmarebis sabWos wevri
iyo.
niumenis konsultantTa gundma mistikis warsulis dasadgenad mkvlevarebi daiqirava.
maT pitsburgis Zveli gazeTidan eqvsi wlis winandeli ambavi amoqeqes. masSi naTqvami iyo,
rom pitsburgis zonebad dayofis komisiaSi muSaobisas mistikma sakuTari biznes-partniorebis sasargeblod, arc meti arc naklebi, 40-jer warmarTa saqme. niumenis gundma ocdaaTwamiani reklama moamzada, romelSic mistiks politikur arakoreqtulobaSi adanaSaulebdnen.
reklama kampaniis dasrulebamde ramdenime dRiT adre gauSves, ris gamoc mistiks TiTqmis ar
darCa dro pasuxis gasacemad. niumeni gamarjvebas zeimobda maSin, roca damarcxebuli mistiki
zonebad dayofis seqciaSi muSaobisas sakuTar patiosnebas amtkicebda.
wyaro: adaptirebulia James M. Perry-is Young Guns: A Second Generation of Political Han-
dlers Outduels Forebears, Wall Street Journal, ianvari 10, 1994, 6. ibeWdeba Wall Street Journal-is nebarTviT, saavtoro ufleba 1994, Dow Jones & Company, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia msoflios
masStabiT.
302
li Tavisuflebis sazomicaa da garantic.
kanoni
zogierT sazogadoebaSi kanonSi ukve asaxulia moqalaqeTa Rirebulebebi
da Sexedulebebi, magram kanoni aseve exmareba am Rirebulebebisa da Sexedulebebis formirebasac. ra Tqma unda, zogierTi kanoni ubralod sazogadoebrivi
wesrigis dacvas emsaxureba (magaliTad, quCis marjvena mxares moZraobis ufleba). Tumca sxva kanonebi krZalavs iseT qmedebebs, romlebsac sazogadoeba Tavisi
arsiT borotebad miiCnevs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mkvlelobasTan, pedofiliasTan, qurdobasa da rasobriv diskriminaciasTan dakavSirebuli kanonebi. msgavsi
kanonebis miReba da cxovrebaSi gatareba sazogadoebisaTvis gankuTvnili gzavnilebia (gansakuTrebiT ki sazogadoebis axalgazrda wevrebisaTvis, romelTa
moraluri Rirebulebebi msgavsi kanonebis saSualebiT yalibdeba), romelic iuwyeba, rom mkvleloba, yalbi Cvenebis micema, qurdoba da rasobrivi diskriminacia kanonis TvalSi danaSaulia da mas sasjeli mohyveba. moqalaqeTa politikur
socializaciaze am gzavnilis gavlena damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad xdeba
misi miReba, gageba da cxovrebaSi ganxorcieleba.
303
mimdinareobs da imave miznebs emsaxureba rasac aSS-Si, magram iseTi ZiriTadi
Rirebulebebis gamoxatva rogoricaa Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, usafrTxoeba,
keTildReoba da samarTlianoba (ix. Tavi XIII), iseve rogorc maTi zusti Sinaarsi
da maT Soris balansi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sagrZnoblad gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, skandinaviis qveynebSi (da zogadad evropaSi), Tanasworobas gaaCnia rogorc
socialuri (klasobrivi), aseve politikuri ganzomileba (samoqalaqo uflebebi). Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo awarmoebs gacilebiT met socialur momsaxurebas
(magaliTad, yvelasaTvis garantirebuli jandacva), vidre amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi. aseve, bevr evropul saxelmwifoSi Tavisufleba ar uSlis xels policias kriminaluri gamoZiebis dros ise, rogorc es aSS-Si xdeba xolme da aseve ar
zRudavs saxelmwifos mkacri antiteroristuli RonisZiebebis gatarebaSi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, ZiriTad saerTaSoriso aeroportebSi mZimed SeiraRebuli
samxedro piradi Semadgenlobisa da specialuri aparaturis gamoyeneba).
304
daskvna
moqalaqeobis koncefcias sxvadasxva xelisufleba sxvadasxvagvarad udgeba. ra Tqma unda, yvela saxelmwifo moiTxovs wesebis (kanonebis) dacvas da umravlesoba dabadebas an naturalizacias politikur sistemaSi moqalaqeobis sine qua
non (aucilebel pirobad) miiCnevs. demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi moqalaqeobis
koncefcia aseve dakavSirebulia Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis ideebTan, iseve rogorc politikaSi monawileobis ideasTan (magaliTad, perioduli arCevnebi). demokratiuli moqalaqeobis es ideali dasabams iRebs Zveli berZnuli
qalaq-saxelmwifoebidan, romlebic imdenad mcirericxovanni iyvnen, rom pirdapiri demokratiis saSualebas iZleodnen (xmis uflebis mqone moqalaqeebi piradad eswrebodnen sajaro Sekrebebsa da plebiscitebs).
rogor yalibdeba moqalaqe? politikuri socializacia aris procesi,
romelSic moqalaqes uyalibdeba Rirebulebebi, Sexedulebebi, rwmena da azrebi,
romelTa saSualebiT igi kavSirs amyarebs da moqmedebs politikur sistemaSi.
ganviTarebis procesSi myof moqalaqeze gansakuTrebuli gavlena aqvs ojaxs,
religias, sajaro ganaTlebas, masmedias, kanons, Tanatolebsa da ZiriTad politikur Rirebulebebs. politikuri socializacia udidesi mniSvnelobisaa; Tu
eri ver axerxebs moqalaqeTa didi nawilis socializacias, am eris politikuri
stabiluroba safrTxeSi aRmoCndeba.
sakvanZo sityvebi
moqalaqeoba
politikuri socializacia
azrTa genderuli sxvadasxvaoba politikur sakiTxebze
samoqalaqo ganaTleba
liberaluri ganaTleba
TanatolTa jgufebi
masmedia
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.
ratom iyo moqalaqeobis cneba aristotelesa da sxva politikuri moazrovneebisaTvis centraluri mniSvnelobis?
2.
rogoria sxvadasxva politikur sistemaSi moqalaqeobis ganmarteba? romeli maTgani aRwers saukeTesod moqalaqeobis Tqveneul gagebas? daasabuTeT sakuTari mosazreba.
3.
4.
305
aze?
SeniSvnebi
1. Aristotle, The Politics, Targm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 1276b,
101-102.
2. iqve, 1274b, 93.
3. Immanuel Kant, The Science of Right, tomi 42 (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952), 436.
4. politikuri socializaciis Tanamedrove Seswavla mWidros aris dakavSirebuli xasiaTis Camoyalibebis
berZnul midgomasTan. maT Soris erT-erTi ZiriTadi gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom qceviTi
politikuri mecniereba ZiriTadad im proceszea koncentrirebuli, romlis Sedegad politikuri
Sexedulebebi yalibdeba, xolo berZnuli, yvela kargi moqalaqisaTvis aucilebeli xasiaTis
Taviseburebebs usvams xazs.
5. John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Deductive, tomi 2 (London: Longmans, Green,
1879), 518.
6. damajerebeli samxili moaqvs Barbara Defoe Whitehead-s naSromSi Dan Quayle Was Right, Atlantic
(aprili 1993), 41. Tumca ojaxi martoxela mSobliT arSemdgari ojaxis mxolod erTi mizezia.
aRsaniSnavia, James Q. Wilson-is azri, erT-erTi mizezi `ojaxis dasustebisa, imaSia, rom sul ufro
meti bavSvi izrdeba martoxela mSoblis ojaxSi da xSirad es martoxela mSobeli Tineijeri
dedaa. meore mizezi im drois simcirea, romelsac martoxela an srulfasovani ojaxebi imeteben
sakuTari SvilebisaTvis da arasaxarbielo aRzrda. ormSobliani ojaxebis Sesaxeb akademiuri
msjelobisaTvis ix. James Q. Wilson-is The Family-Values Debate, Commentary (aprili 1993),
24-31. citata motanilia 24-e gverdidan.
7. ix. James Q. Wilson-is The Moral Sense (New York: Free Press, 1995), 141-163.
8. Harry Holloway da John George, Public Opinion, me-2 gamocema (New York: St. Martins Press, 1985),
73-77.
9. Herbert Winter da Thomas Bellows, People and Politics (New York: Wiley, 1977), 120.
10. Dean Jaros, Socialization to Politics (New York: Praeger, 1973), 87-88.
11. iqve, 83.
12. ix. M. Margaret Conway da Frank Fergert, Political Analysis: An Introduction (Boston: Allyn & Bacon,
1972), 106.
13. Holloway da George, Public Opinion, 79.
14. ix. M. Kent Jennings-is Preface; Henry Kenst-is The Gender Factor in a Changing Electorate;
da Arthur Miller-is Gender and the Vote, wignSi The Politics of the Gender Gap: The Social
Construction of Political Influence, red. Carol Mueller (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1987).
politikur literaturaSi mxars uWeren im mosazrebas, rom sqesTa Soris bunebrivi
gansxvaveba ganviTarebis fsiqologiaSi garkveul codnas moicavs; ix. Carol Gilligan-is In a
Different Voice (Camridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982); da M. Belenky-is, B. Clinchy-is,
W. Goldberger-isa da J. Tarule-s Womens Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and
Mind (New York: Basic Books, 1986).
15. Michael Barone da Grant Ujifusa, The Almanac of American Politics, 1994 (Washington, D.C.: National
Journal, 1994), xxvii.
16. Ralph Buuljens, India: Religion, Political Legitimacy, and the Secular State, Annals of Political and
Social Sciences 483 (ianvari 1986): 107.
17. James Billington, The Case for Orthodoxy, New Republic, 30 maisi 1994, 26.
18. A. James Reichley, Religion in American Public Life (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1985),
2.
306
19. amiT imas ar uarvyofT, rom religia uprincipo liderebis mier samarcxvino miznebiT
SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli.
20. msjeloba agebulia William Flanigan-isa da Nancy Zingale-is, Political Behavior of the American
Electorate (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1979), 184-187.
21. Kenneth Langton da M. Kent Jennings, Political Socialization and the High School Civics Curriculum,
American Political Science Review (seqtemberi 1968): 851.
22. Conway da Fergert, Political Analysis, 110. ix. aseve, Judith Torney-Purta, From Attitudes and
Knowledge to Schemata: Expanding the outcomes at political Socialization Research, wignSi Political
Socialization, Citizenship Education, and Democracy, red. Orit Ichilov (New York: Teachers College
Press, 1990), 99.
23. an ase gamoCndeba. mniSvnelovania ganvsazRvroT ara marto is, Tu ras vswavlobT, aramed
isic, Tu rogor vswavlobT. ix. Albert Speer-is komentarebi germanuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb
wignSi Inside the Third Reich, R. Winston-isa da C. Winston-is Targm. (New York: Avon, 1971),
35.
24. Robert Erikson, Norman Luttbeg da Kent Tedin, American Public Opinion (New York: Macmillan,
1991), 113.
25. iqve, 7.
26. es sayovelTaod aRiarebulia. ix. James MacGregor Burns, J. W. Peltason, Thomas E. Cronin, da
David B. Magleby, Government by the People, me-17 gamoc. (Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice Hall,
1998), 293.
27. iqve, 49-50.
28. Richard Dawson da sxvebi, Political Socialization, me-2 gamoc. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), 62-63.
29. James Q. Wilson da Richard Hernstein, Crime and Human Nature (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985),
293.
30. iqve, 311.
31. es nawili agebulia Montague Kent-iseul analizze wignSi Thirty-Second Politics: Political
Advertising in the Eighties (New York: Praeger, 1989).
32. Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (New York: Vintage, 1994), 25.
33. Daniel Hallin-is kvleva citirebulia rogorc ufro vrceli diskusia am sakiTxze Samuel
Popkin-is wignSi The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 228-229.
34. amitom daaskvna qcevis Semswavleli erT-erTi cnobili kvlevis avtorma `Tavisuflebisa
da demokratiis principebs naklebi enTuziazmiT uWeren mxars, roca isini maTeul
specifikur an praqtikul formebs ewinaaRmdegebian~. ix. Herbert McCloskey-is Consensus
and Ideology in American Democracy, American Political Science Review 58 (ivnisi 1964): 361384.
35. Donald Devine, The Political Culture of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown 1972), 187-230.
amerikuli kredos Semadgeneli faseulobebis Sesaxeb farTo msjelobisaTvis ix. aseve
Seymour Martin Lipset-is American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: Norton,
1996)
SeniSvnebi ar aris
307
T aavv i X
politikuri
monawileoba
gav len is safasu
safasuri
ri
monawileobis formebi
samarTlebrivi formebi
formebi
arasamarTlebrivi
308
309
saSualo amomrCeveli kargad informirebulia, anu monawileebma ician da esmiT is politikuri arCevani, romelsac akeTeben;
monawileobis formebi
moqalaqeebs, romlebsac surT politikaSi monawileoba, ori alternativa
aqvT _ isini SeiZleba CaerTon samarTlebriv an arasamarTlebriv saqmianobebSi.
moqalaqeTa umetesoba samarTlebriv monawileobas irCevs an saerTod ar monawileobs.
samarTlebrivi formebi
politikuri monawileobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipebi, arsebuli institutebis farglebSi, samarTlebriv saqmianobebs moicavs. moqalaqeTa umetesoba politikaSi metwilad simbolurad, pasiurad an ritualurad monawileobs
_ magaliTad, eswreba politikur mitingebs, monawileobs politikur gamokiTxvebSi, werils wers adgilobrivi gazeTis redaqtors an sakuTar manqanaze afiSas
akravs.
xmis micema tradiciuli monawileobis yvelaze TvalsaCino formaa. Tumca, xmis micemis efeqtianoba, rogorc aqtiuri moqalaqis monawileobis sazomi,
damokidebulia ramdenime faqtorze: ramdenad patiosnad aris daTvlili xmebi,
eleqtoratis sididesa (rac ufro metia amomrCeveli, miT ufro naklebi gavlena
aqvs TiToeul xmas) da realuri arCevanis arsebobaze. xmis micemas mniSvnelovani
310
gzavnilis gadmocema SeuZlia; is SeiZleba Zlieri an komikuri elferis mSvidobiani protestis forma iyos. magaliTad, 1959 wels san-paulos (braziliis) ukmayofilo mosaxleobam qalaqis sabWoSi airCia martorqa adgilobrivi zooparkidan!1 analogiurad, gasuli sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, SeerTebul StatebSi
Sedegze orientirebuli iniciativebisa da referendumebis raodenobis zrdis
mowmeni viyaviT; am periodis manZilze saxelmwifo amomrCeveli gansjida iseTi
gansxvavebuli sakiTxebis avkargianobas, rogoricaa sakuTrebis gadasaxadis
Semcireba an gayinva, homoseqsuali mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis samarTlebrivi
dacvis donis gansazRvra da usafrTxoebis Rvedebisa da motociklistis Cafxutis gamoyenebis moTxovna.
SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeTa meoTxedi Tu iqneba met-naklebad aqtiurad CarTuli politikaSi.2 politikur aqtivistTa didi nawilis politikuri
partiebisaTvis xarjavs drosa da fuls, miekuTvneba sazogadoebriv interesTa
jgufs (rogorebic arian American Civil Liberties Union, Common Cause an Sierra Club) da
nebayoflobiT iRebs monawileobas Tavisi favoriti kandidatis kampaniaSi. bevri moqalaqe muSaobs samTavrobo organoebSic, gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo da
adgilobriv doneze. xSirad es moqalaqeebi anazRaurebas ar iReben. realurad
SeerTebul StatebSi bevr adgilobriv mTavrobaSi saerTod aravin iRebs xelfass. adgilobriv doneze sajaro samsaxuri momavali profesionali politikosisaTvis garkveul skolas warmoadgens, romelic procedurebis, normebisa da
marTvis praqtikis sferoSi Rirebul pirvelad gamocdilebas uzrunvelyofs.
SeerTebul StatebSi politikuri aqtivistebi sakmaod iSviaTad gvxvdebian,
magram im adamianTa ricxvi, vinc politikur karieras umiznebs, kidev ufro mcirea. es im xalxis jgufia, romlebic warmoadgenen xelisuflebas anazRaurebad
politikur an arCeviT Tanamdebobaze (partiuli Tanamdebobebi, lobistebi, daniSvniTi Tanamdebobebi, saStato mosamsaxureebi, kanonmdeblebi da sxva). ra Tqma
unda, yvela Tanamdebobis piri ar iwyebs saqmianobas profesional politikosad.
marTlac, demokratiul sazogadoebebSi SedarebiT gamoucdeli kandidats iSviaTad irCeven maRal Tanamdebobaze.
politikuri saqmianobis yvela samarTlebrivi, Tumca moqalaqeTa
umravlesobisaTvis miuRebeli forma, aratradiciuli monawileobaa . bunebrivia, misaRebi politikuri qceva gavrcelebul politikur kulturazea
damokidebuli da mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedviT. SeerTebul
StatebSi, sadac moqalaqeTa umetesobisTvis kanoni da wesrigi didi Rirebulebaa,
umetesoba tradiciulad ar iwonebda protestebs da demonstraciebs. es principi garkveulwilad Seicvala boboqar 1960-ian wlebSi da 70-ianis da sawyisSi,
romelic rasobrivi TanasworuflebianobisaTvis brZolisa da viet namis omis
sawinaaRmdego sayovelTao studenturi gamosvlebis aRmasvliT gamoirCeoda.
Tumca, uotergeitis skandalis Semdegac ki, ramac prezidenti riCard niqsoni
1974 wels aiZula gadamdgariyo, sazogadoebis mxolod 8 procenti uWerda
mxars raime saxis demonstraciebs, rogoric aris mjdomare aqcia, masobrivi
gamosvla, mitingi an samTavrobo saqmianobis obstruqciis mcdeloba.3
imave wels gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis
umetesoba aratradiciuli politikuri qmedebis aTi formidan mxolod sams
afasebda dadebiTad: peticiebis xelmoweras, kanonier demonstraciebSi monawileobas da boikotis mxardaWeras (rogoric aris salaTis furclebis yidvisgan
Tavis Sekaveba dabalanazRaurebadi migranti muSebisadmi solidarobis niSnad)4
gamokiTxulTa mxolod 2 procenti amarTlebda politikuri miznebis misaRw-
311
evad Zaladobis gamoyenebas. aratradiciuli monawileobis rbili formebis mxardaWera ufro maRalia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amgvari qmedeba ar gadacdeba samarTlebriv zRvars.
arasamarTlebrivi formebi
politikuri reJimebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan imiT, ras
aniWeben isini arasamarTlebrivi monawileobis klasifikacias da ramdenad
mkacrad sjian aseT qcevas. rogorc wesi, avtoritaruli mTavrobebi politikur
saqmianobis ufro met formas acxadeben ukanonod, vidre demokratiuli mTavrobebi. magaliTad, demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi sul ramdenime (an
saerTod arc erTi) politikuri partia cxaddeba aralegalurad da moqalaqeebs, rogorc wesi, SeuZliaT Sevidnen nebismier partiaSi sakuTari neba-surviliT, totalitaruli mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi ki, erTis garda yvela partia aralegaluria. metic, avtoritaruli mTavrobebi `politikur danaSauls~ metad
ganazogadeben da ufro mkacrad sjian politikur damnaSaveebs, vidre maTi demokratiuli analogebi.
312
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba uars ambobs Zaladobaze da mouwodebs
monawileebs, sasjeli legitimurad aRiaron. speqtris meore mxares ki dgas:
politikuri terorizmi, romelic oponentTa demoralizebis, daSinebisa da
damorCilebisaTvis Zaladobas an Zaladobis muqaras mimarTavs; damxoba, mTavrobis damxobis mcdeloba, rac xSirad gareSe Zalebis daxmarebiT xorcieldeba;
sazogadoebrivi azri
gamokiTxvebs, romlebic mkafiod gamokveTil sazogadoebriv azrs an mis
arsebiT cvlilebebs gviCveneben, SeuZliaT saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirTa
gadawyvetilebebze, qmedebebsa da politikaze iqonion gavlena. demokratiul
qveynebSi sazogadoebrivi azri imitomac aris legitimuri, rom mTavroba angariSvaldebulia amomrCevlebis winaSe. sazogadoebriv azrs imitom SeuZlia
gavlenis moxdena politikaze, rom politikosebs survili aqvT iyvnen arCeulni
da rac SeiZleba met xans darCnen Tanamdebobaze. magram rodesac sazogadoebrivi azri iyofa, rac iSviaTad ar xdeba, arCeul pirebs xSirad SeuZliaT misi
ignorireba moaxdinon.
sazogadoebrivi azrisa da misi gavlenis Sefaseba SeiZleba bundovani iyos.
misi gavlena maqsimaluria, rodesac: (1) moqalaqeTa mniSvnelovan raodenobas
konkretul sakiTxebze sakuTari Sexeduleba aqvs da maT mimarT ubralod indiferentuli ar aris; (2) is stabiluria xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi; (3) is
garkveuli mimarTulebiT araTanabradaa ganawilebuli; (4) is aSkarad sagrZnobia; da (5) sakiTxi, romelsac igi exeba, yvelasaTvis cnobilia anu amomrCevlebi
mas prioritetad miiCneven.
ramdenad seriozulad unda iTvaliswinebdnen liderebi moqalaqeTa azrs
mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros? am sakiTxis ganxilvisas ar unda
313
daviviwyoT, rom sazogadoebrivi azri xSirad naklebadaa racionaluri gaazrebis Sedegi da, rogorc wesi, narTauli gamonaTqvamebis, eWvebisa da varaudebis
nazavia, rac Tavis mxriv efuZneba crurwmenebs, winaTgrZnobebs da im adamianebis arasrul informacias, romlebic, Cveulebriv, politikas did yuradRebas
ar aqceven.
gamokiTxvebi
yvela mTavroba cdilobs sazogadoebrivi azris Sefasebasa da gaanalizebas. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi sazogadoebrivi azri sxvadasxva sakiTxze Tavisuflad fasdeba da ganixileba ara mxolod sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebis,
aramed agreTve politikuri partiebisa da kandidatebis, mediis, sxvadasxva
kerZo organizaciis, kvleviTi institutebisa da mkvlevarebis mier. imis gansasazRvrad, ra damokidebuleba gaaCnia sazogadoebas mocemul sakiTxze, organizaciebi eyrdnobian sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvas (moqalaqeTaTvis
maTi azris gamokiTxva), romelic yvelaze popularuli da sazogadoebrivi azris
cvlilebebis gansazRvrisa da grafikulad gamosaxvis zusti saSualeba gaxda.
sazogadoebrivi azris gazomvis pirveli mcdeloba iyo sazogadoebrivi az-
314
obidan (`generaluri erToblioba~) SemTxveviT SerCeul moqalaqeTa gamokiTxva
(statistikosebma daadgines, rom 1500 respodentis SerCeva idealuria iseTi
gamokiTxvebisaTvis, romlebmac xalxis didi raodenoba unda moicvas). amgvari
SerCevisas asakobrivi, rasobrivi, religiuri, politikuri, ganaTlebis niSniT
SerCeuli da sxva jgufebi met-naklebad unda warmoadgendes mTel mosaxleobas.
imisaTvis, rom ganisazRvros, romeli politikuri gancxadeba an pozicia iqneba popularuli, gamoiyeneba fokus jgufebi ( focus groups)_ xalxis mcire raodenoba komunikaciebis
profesionali eqsperti xelmZRvanelobiT ganixilavs politikuri gzavnilis konkretul
sakiTxebs. ufro gvian ganviTarda eleqtronuli gamokiTxva, romelmac moicva satelefono
jgufebic (dial groups) , romelic saSualebas aZlevs moqalaqeebs darekviT daaregistriron
dadebiTi an uaryofiTi pasuxi.
strategiuli gamokiTxva jimi karteris prezidentobis Semdeg gaxda politikuri
cxovrebis wesi, maT Soris Tanamdebobis pirTaTvisac ki. prezidenti bil klintoni mniSvnelovnad eyrdnoboda gamokiTxvebs imis gansasazRvrad, romeli sakiTxebisaTvis mieqcia gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da rogor waredgina isini.
rebul SerCevas (strarified sampling) uwodeben. egzit-polebi, romlebic televiziebs saSualebas aZlevs saarCevno ubnebis daxurvis Semdeg iwinaswarmetyvelon politikuri gamarjvebulebi, warmoadgens stratificirebuli SerCevis
or dones. pirvel rigSi mkvlevarebi adgenen saarCevno ubans, romelic statistikurad uaxlovdeba ufro did politikur erTeuls (saarCevno ubans, Stats
an qveyanas). Semdeg isini, vinc atareben egzit-polis intervius, cdiloben ise
moaxdinon adamianTa SerCeva, rom is yvelaze kargad asaxavdes saarCevno ubnis
saerTo maxasiaTeblebs.
315
strategia muSaobs (da romeli ara) mocemuli kampaniis dros. amgvari strategiuli gamokiTxvebi xSirad gamoiyeneba fokus-jgufebTan da kampaniis sxva saSualebebTan erTad.
gamokiTxvebi, Cveulebriv, sakmaod zustia, magram iSviaTad _ uSecdomo;
TviT umaRles doneze organizebul gamokiTxvebSic ki SeiZleba iyos cdomilebebi. rogorc wesi, 0.05 sarwmunoobis xarisxis SemTxvevaSi maT aqvT 3 procentiani cdomilebis zRvari, rac imas niSnavs, rom 100-dan 95 SemTxvevaSi nebismieri mimarTulebiT cdomileba araumetes 3 procentia. gamokiTxvis ama Tu im
meTodSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania kiTxvis zusti da cxadi formulireba,
gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi roca xalxs ar gaaCnia kargad Camoyalibebuli
mosazreba; ori alternatiuli politikis arCevanis SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad,
`federalurma mTavrobam unda aiRos sakuTar Tavze mosaxleobis sacxovrebliT
uzrunvelyofa, Tu adamianebma TviTon unda izrunon sakuTar saxlebze?~) zogierTi respondenti SeiZleba imdenad moeqces alternativaTa Tanmimdevrobis
gavlenis qveS, rom aman or kiTxvas Soris 30 procentiani gansxvaveba gamoiwvios.
es damokidebulia mxolod imaze, pirvelad romeli alternativaa mocemuli.5
ufro metic, imave kiTxvis imgvarad dasma, rom sakiTxis mxolod erTi mxare iyos
monaxsenebi (magaliTad, `federalurma mTavrobam unda aiRos Tu ara sakuTar
Tavze mosaxleobis adeqvaturi sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa?~) savaraudod,
gamoiwvevs ufro met dadebiT pasuxs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am kiTxvis formulirebaSi Sevidoda mocemuli sakiTxis erTze meti alternativa.
qeT, es ewereba pirveli sami svetis Tavze!
`noemberSi saprezidento arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT ... prezidentis arCevnebi dRes rom Catarebuliyo da kandidatebi bil klintoni da bob douli yofiliyvnen.. vis miscemdiT xmas?~
es ewereba meore sami svetis Tavze!
`damdeg saprezidento arCevnebSi visTvis apirebT xmis micemas, Tu jer
ar gadagiwyvetiaT? danamdvilebiT iciT, rom xmas (saxeli) aZlevT, Tu jer ar
gadagiwyvetiaT?~
pirveli svetis qveS - klintoni
meoris _ douli
mesamis _ ar gadauwyvetia
kide qveS _ gamokiTxva Catarda 1996 wlis 8-11 ivliss
meoTxe svetis qveS - klintoni
mexuTis _ douli
meeqvsis _ ar gadauwyvetia
316
kide qveS _ gamokiTxva Catarda 1996 wlis 29 ivnisi-2 ivlisi
317
cxrili 10.1
1996 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis saboloo gamokiTxvis prognozi
gamokiTxvis
organizatori
klintoni
douli
pero
gamarjvebulis
zRvari
53%
35%
9%
18
Pew Rsearch
49%
36%
8%
13
ABC News
51%
39%
7%
12
Harris
51%
39%
7%
12
49%
37%
9%
12
USA Today/CNN/Gallup
52%
41%
7%
11
HOTLINE/Battleground
45%
36%
8%
Reuters/Zogby
49%
41%
8%
realuri Sedegebi
49%
41%
8%
wyaro: From Everett C. Ladds `The Pollsters Waterloo~ in the Wall Street Journal (November 19, 1995), p. A22. monacemebi mogvawoda koneqtikutis universitetis sazogadoebrivi kvlavis Roper Center-
bolo wlebSi sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva ufro saimedo gaxda. magaliTad, jorj buSsa da el gors Soris 2000 wlis saprezidento maraTonis dros
CNN/USA Today/Gallup-sa da CNN/Time-is gamokiTxvebi saprezidento arCevnebis
wina dRes orive kandidatisTvis erTnair Sedegs winaswarmetyvelebdnen. sabolood buSma gamarjvebisaTvis sakmarisi amomrCevelTa kolegii xmebi daagrova floridis sakmaod saeWvo arCevnebis Semdeg, rac mogvianebiT uzenaesma sasamarTlomac daadastura. realurad gorma ufro meti xma miiRo, vidre buSma.
gamokiTxvis Sedegebma gaamarTla.
gamokiTxvebi mainc ar aris yovelTvis zusti an SedarebiT zusti, rogorc
es naCvenebia 10-1 cxrilSi. yvela politikuri gamokiTxva garkveul risks Seicavs. gamokiTxva, pirvel rigSi, drois mcire monakveTSi arsebuli sazogadoebrivi azris gamovlenis saSualebaa, xolo sazogadoebrivi azri Zalian xSirad
icvleba. meorec, gamokiTxvebi farTod gavrcelda da momabezrebeli gaxda,
ris gamoc moqalaqeebi naklebi enTuziazmiT iReben maTSi monawileobas. mesamec, sxvadasxva gamokiTxvas Soris mniSvnelovani meTodologiuri gansxvavebebi
arsebobs. arCevnebs Soris Catarebuli gamokiTxvebi Tavisi mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes saarCevno kampaniebis dros Catarebul gamokiTxvebs.
magaliTad, prezidentis popularoba, romelsac zomavs sazogadoebrivi azris
gamokiTxva, xels uwyobs imis gansazRvras, ra gavlena aqvs prezidents ama Tu
im politikur sakiTxze. imaves Tqma SeiZleba prezidentisa da kongresis urTierTobebze, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mowinaaRmdege partias umravlesoba
hyavs erT-erT an orive palataSi.
arGevnebi
mniSvnelovani arCevnebi gamokiTxvebs yvelaze saWiro politikur gamar-
318
Tlebasa da gamoyenebas uZebnis. arCevnebis gareSe gamokiTxvebis politikuri
gamoyeneba mniSvnelovnad SezRuduli iqneboda.
arCevnebis funqciebi. raoden saocaric unda iyos, gansxvavebul politikur sistemebSi arCevnebs gansxvavebuli funqciebi aqvs. samxedro diqtaturebis
SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, regularuli arCevnebi, ubralod, ar tardeba _ rac
aseT reJimebSi samoqalaqo monawileobis minimalur an srul ararsebobaze mianiSnebs. Tu arCevnebi totalitarul saxelmwifoSi mainc tardeba, maT ubralo
politikuri ritualis saxe aqvT, rac mmarTvelebs maTi xelisuflebis legitimaciis saSualebas aZlevs. maTgan gansxvavebiT konstituciuri demokratiebis
pirobebSi arCevnebi principuli saSualebaa moqalaqeTa mier mmarTvelis gansasazRvrad. arCevnebi iribad imasac gansazRvravs, ra politika iqneba gatarebuli momavalSi.
Tavisufali arCevnebi TavisTavad gulisxmobs warmomadgenlobis koncefcias. warmomadgenlebi, romlebic moqmedeben amomrCevelTa saxeliT, iReben
sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel gadawyvetilebebs, romlebsac moqalaqeebi,
maTi didi raodenobis gaTvaliswinebiT, erToblivad ver miiRebdnen. Tanamedrove konstituciuri mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi idea ukve gulisxmobs, rom arCevnebi umniSvnelovanesia WeSmaritad warmomadgenlobiTi sistemis funqcionirebisaTvis.
arCevnebis SezRudvebi. idealur SemTxvevaSi arCevnebma demokratiul
sazogadoebas Tavisi moqalaqeebis survilebis kanonebsa da politikaSi asaxvis
saSualeba unda misces. Tumca, realurad arCevnebs yovelTvis ar mosdevs idealuri Sedegebi. arCevnebs, rogorc sazogadoebrivi arCevanis saSualebas, Semdegi Tanmdevi SezRudvebi gaaCnia:
1.
Tu umniSvnelovanes movlenaze sazogadoebrivi azri arasworad gansazRvruli an daqsaqsulia, axladarCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi amomrCevelTagan ver miiReben mkafiod gansazRvrul mandats. Tu aseTi mandati mainc
iqneba micemuli, Tanamdebobis pirebma SeiZleba konkretul sakiTxze
sazogadoebrivi azri an arasworad gaigon, an ugulebelyon, an Secvalon.
2.
3.
rac SeiZleba meti amomrCevlisa da interesTa jgufis mozidvis mizniT sajaro moxeleobis kandidatma SeiZleba ama Tu im sakiTxze aramyari pozicia
daikavos. am winaswar ganzraxulma gaurkvevlobam SeiZleba patiosan amomrCevels gonivruli arCevanis gakeTeba gaurTulos.
4.
kandidatebi xSirad iZlevian dapirebebs, romelTa Sesrulebac maT ar SeuZliaT, vinaidan saTanadod ver afaseben mosalodnel sirTuleebs. SeerTebul StatebSi rTulia politikuri cvlilebebis gatareba, radgan xSirad
prezidentis da kongresis politika gansxvavdeba. winaaRmdegobas qmnis
isic, rom warmoudgenlad CaxlarTuli sabiujeto procesi mTel yuradRebas iqcevs da xSirad kongresis paralizebasac ki iwvevs.
5.
319
specifikuri interesebis Zlierma zegavlenam, ufro meti da ukeTesi informaciis xelmisawvdomobam an gansxvavebuli saSinao da sagareo politikis CaxlarTuli urTierTdamokidebulebis gacnobierebam kongresis
axalarCeul wevrze SeiZleba arsebiTi gavlena iqonios.
Tanamedrove konstituciuri xelisuflebis idea gulisxmobs politikur warmomadgenlobas, xolo WeSmaritad warmomadgenlobiTi sistemis funqcionirebisaTvis arCevnebi arsebiTia. fotoze kenieli amomrCeveli biuletens agdebs.
saarGevno sistemebi
saarCevno sistemebi SeiZleba struqturulad sxvadasxvagvari iyos. mogebuli iRebs yvela mandats (Winner-take-all) (CvenTan uwodeben maJoritaruls)
da proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistemebi arCeviTi warmomadgenlobis
yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli meTodebia.
maJoritaruli sistema _ mogebuli iRebs yvela mandats (Winner-take-all).
SeerTebul StatebSi kongresis wevrs irCeven erTmandatiani saarCevno ubnidan
xmaTa martivi umravlesobiT; anu winner-take-all sistemaSi mxolod erTi warmomadgeneli airCeva TiToeuli saarCevno ubnidan da is kandidati, vinc yvelaze met
320
xmas daagrovebs, ikavebs Tanamdebobas. vinaidan Statis ori senatori irCeva sxvadasxva wlebSi, mTliani Stati warmoadgens erTmandatian saarCevno ubans. dabolos, saprezidento arCevnebis drosac, ormocdaaTive Stati erTmandatiani saarCevno ubania, vinaidan yvela saarCevno xma eniWeba prezidentobis im kandidats,
romelic iRebs xmaTa umravlesobas am Tu im konkretul StatSi.
aseTi sistemis praqtikuli politikuri Sedegebi mravalferovania. erTmandatian saarCevno ubanSi nebismieri arCevanis dros, rodesac mxolod ori
kandidatia, erT-erTi maTgani aucileblad miiRebs martiv umravlesobas, romelic amomrCevelTa yvelaze did gaerTianebad ganisazRvreba. Tu sami an meti
kandidati ibrZvis gamarjvebisaTvis, arCeulad iTvleba is, vinc miiRebs yvelaze
met xmas: xuTi kandidatis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa gaimarjvos iman, vinc miiRebs
xmaTa 25 procents (an naklebs). rogorc vnaxavT, es meTodi xels uwyobs orpartiuli sistemis Camoyalibebas.
Winner-take-all Sedegebi _ aseve cnobili, rogorc first past the post saarCevno
kandidati
miRebuli
xmebi
xmebis
procentuli
raodenoba
demokratiuli
liberali joni
25,800
43
respublikuri
konservatori jeini
24,600
41
damoukidebeli
upartio aima
9,600
16
aseTi sistemis dros ori mTavari partiidan erT-erTi yoveli arCevnebis Sedegad mudmivad iRebs warmomadgenlobis uflebas, romelic arCevnebSi
monawile meore partiisa da meorexarisxovani partiebis xarjze miRebuli saarCevno xmebis proporciuli ar aris. amgvarad, mTavarma partiam, romelic amomrCevlis 40-dan 45 procentamde xmas iRebs, SeiZleba mandatebis umravlesoba
miiRos, rogorc es ZiriTadad xdeba britanul arCevnebSi. arCevnebis suraTis
aseTi damaxinjeba imdenad gavrcelebulia did britaneTSi, rom mTavar partias,
321
romelic iRebs xmebis naxevarze naklebs, SeuZlia damajereblad gaimarjvos
(xmaTa umravlesobis miRebis Sedegad iRebs saparlamento umravlesobas).
amgvarad, winner-take-all saarCevno sistema xels uwyobs ori mTavari politikuri partiis Camoyalibebas da arTulebs mcire politikuri partiebis
zrdas. mravalpartiul sistemasTan SedarebiT upiratesoba gamoixateba ufro
met politikur stabilurobaSi. Tumca, zogierTi kritikosis azriT, amgvari
stabiluroba miiRweva warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiisTvis misi dedaazris
mospobiT _ anu aqcentis gakeTebiT mTavrobaze, romelic umravlesobis survils
(da preferenciebs) gamoxatavs. imis gamo, rom winner-take-all sistema ar warmoaCens
amomrCevlis mTeli speqtris azrebsa da interesebs, igi iswrafvis gazardos
mmarTveli partiis (an partiebis) sakanonmdeblo Zalaufleba da dabrkolebebi
Seuqmnas umciresobis partiaTa mcdelobas, Seiqmnan sakanonmdeblo niadagi.
proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistemebi. winner-take-all-is alternativas warmoadgens proporciul warmomadgenlobaze dafuZnebuli saarCevno
sistema, romlis mizania uzrunvelyos sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaSi partiebisaTvis eleqtoratis mxardaWeris TiTqmis Sesabamisi warmomadgenloba. rogorc
wesi, aseTi sistemis SemTxvevaSi qveyana dayofilia saarCevno ubnebad, saidanac
irCeven ramdenime deputats. maT Soris Tanamdebobebi nawildeba partiebis mier
TiToeul ubanSi miRebuli xmebis raodenobis Sesabamisad.
im mraval qveyanas Soris, romlebmac danerges es sistema, aris israeli,
italia, belgia, norvegia da irlandia. germaniac iyenebs proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sistemas bundestagis (parlamentis qveda palatis) wevrTa naxevris
asarCevad. rogorc wesi, kandidati ubanze igebs arCevnebs, Tu igi miiRebs xmaTa
garkveul raodenobas. xmaTa minimaluri raodenoba ganisazRvreba gamoyofil
Tanamdebobebze xmaTa raodenobis gayofiT. magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom
10-2 cxrilis SemTxvevaSi proporciul warmomadgenlobasTan gvaqvs saqme. saarCevno ubanze gamoyofilia sami mandati da amomrCevelTa saerTo raodenoba 60
000-ia. aseTi viTarebaSi kandidati arCeuli iqneba partiis mier miRebuli yoveli 20 000 xmis SemTxvevaSi. am formulis mixedviT orive kandidati, liberalic da konservatoric arCeulad CaiTvleba, vinaidan TiToeulma 20 000-ze meti
xma miiRo. saarCevno ubnis mesame warmomadgeneli ganisazRvreba regionaluri
gadanawilebis principiT, romelic Semdegnairad moqmedebs: demokratebis 5
800, respublikelebis 4 600 da damoukidebeli kandidatebis 9 600 xma gadaecema
regions, sadac igi sxva saarCevno ubnebis xmebTan erTad daiTvleba da xelaxla
gadanawildeba. im SemTvevaSi, Tu regionaluri gadanawilebiT kandidati ver
airCeva, SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes qveynis masStabiT gadanawileba. amgvarad, proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistema uzrunvelyofs, rom arc erTi sarCevno
xma ar ikargeba.
Tumca, zogierTma qveyanam patara, umniSvnelo partiebis momravlebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sistemis modificireba moaxdina. aseT qveynebSi umciresobis partiebma unda miiRon gansazRvruli
minimaluri xmebis raodenoba (saarCevno barieri _ mTrgm. Sen.), raTa saarCevno
ubnidan hyavdeT TavianTi warmomadgeneli. germaniasa da ruseTSi es minimumi 5
procentia, sxva qveynebSi SeiZleba 15 procenti da metic ki iyos.
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tiam saarCevno biuletenSi unda moaxdinos maTi ranJireba _ Tu partia miiRebs
xmaTa raodenobas, romelic sakmarisia mxolod erTi mandatis mosapoveblad,
mandats miiRebs saarCevno siaSi miTiTebuli pirveli kandidati; Tu partia
daagrovebs ori mandatis mosapoveblad sakmaris xmaTa raodenobas, maSin siaSi
miTiTebuli meore kandidatic miiRebs mandats da a.S. saarCevno siebis sistema
mniSvnelovnad aZlierebs partiebs, vinaidan moqalaqeebi xmas aZleven partias
(da ara kandidats) da partia akontrolebs kandidatTa Tanmimdevrobas saarCevno biuletenebSi.
arsebobs saarCevno siebis alternatiuli sistemebi. erT-erTi maTgani
emyareba calkeul, gardamaval xmis micemas da ufro metad aqcents akeTebs individualur kandidatebsa da personebze, vidre partiebze. kandidatebi Tavisuflad ecilebian erTmaneTs dasakavebel Tanamdebobebs. kvota winaswar aris
gansazRvruli da yvela kandidati, vinc daagrovebs xmaTa saWiro raodenobas,
iTvleba arCeulad. magram es sistema ucnaur xriks Seicavs: yvela amomrCeveli
miuTiTebs pirvel da meore arCevans. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirveladi arCevanis
xmebis daTvlis Semdeg kidev rCeba auTvisebeli mandatebi, zedmeti xmebi, amomrCevlis meore arCevanis gaTvaliswinebiT, gadadis darCenil kandidatebze.
saarCevno sistemaTa Sedareba. proporciul warmomadgenlobiT sistemas
winner-take-all warmomadgenlobiT sistemasTan SedarebiT garkveuli upirateso-
bebi gaaCnia. ufro naklebi xma `ikargeba~, SexedulebaTa ufro farTo speqtri
da sakanonmdeblo organoSi ufro met partias SeuZlia hyavdes warmomadgeneli.
es sistema winner-take-all sistemasTan SedarebiT ufro samarTliani da miukerZoebelia, vinaidan Tanamdebobebi partiebs Soris nawildeba maT mier miRebuli
xmebis raodenobis Sesabamisad.
Tumca, proporciul warmomadgenlobas, gansakuTrebiT saarCevno siebis
SemTxvevaSi, ramdenime arasasurveli movlena axasiaTebs, maT Soris partiis
centralizaciis aSkara tendencia, erT sakiTxze koncentrirebuli partiebis
aRmoceneba, ufro intensiuri saparlamento fraqcionalizmi, qveynis masStabiT
konsensusis miRwevis garTuleba, politikuri partiebis, rogorc politikuri
arCevanis ZiriTadi saSualebebis sasargeblod individualuri kandidatebis
ugulebelyofa. zogierTi am movlenaTagani SeiZleba sasurvelic ki iyos. miuxedavad winner-take-all sistemis xarvezebisa, amerikelTa umetesoba ar emxroba axali, ucnobi sistemiT mis Canacvlebas. siaxlisadmi SiSi amerikuli politikis
mTavari mamoZravebeli Zalaa.
pirdapiri demokratia
pirdapiri demokratia niSnavs, rom politikur sakiTxebs amomrCeveli
TviTon wyvets. albaT amis sayovelTaod cnobili modelia qalaq niu inglendis
municipalitetis Sexvedra. konstitucia, arCeuli warmomadgenlebis uzrunve-
323
lyofiT, warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis sasargeblod uaryofs pirdapiri demokratiis ideas.
dum, and Recall-is gamomcemelTa nebarTviT (Cambride, Mass.: Harvard University Press). saavtoro
ufleba 1989, Twentieth Century Fund, Inc. ganaxlebulia Thomas Magstadt-is mier, 2002w.
dRes bevrgan pirdapiri demokratia Tanaarsebobs warmomadgenlobiT demokratiasTan. zogierT demokratiul qveynebSi, rogoricaa Sveicaria da avstralia, agreTve amerikis ramdenime Stati, moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT gverdi auaron
kanons an Caanacvlon igi sajaro politikis specifikur sakiTxebze pirdapiri kenWisyriT. rogorc wesi, aseT arCevnebs plebisciti ewodeba. SeerTebul StatebSi
arsebobs pirdapiri demokratiuli arCevnebis sami forma. referendumi tardeba maSin, rodesac kanonmdebloba an konstitucia sakiTxs an sajaro politikas
gansaxilvelad warudgens amomrCevlebs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi xmis micemas ufro
sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvs (eleqtoratis preferenciebis maCvenebelia); sxva
SemTxvevebSi ki imisaTvis, rom kenWisyraze dayenebuli sakiTxi ZalaSi Sevides,
324
amomrCevlis Tanxmobaa saWiro. sakanonmdeblo iniciativis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi
amomrCevels TviTon gaaqvs gansaxilvelad xelmoweraTa winaswar dadgenili
raodenobis Segrovebis Semdeg. impiCmenti aris politikuri meqanizmi arCeuli
Tanamdebobis piris gadasayeneblad. igi iniciativis msgavsia da gansaxilvelad
gadis moqalaqeTa xelmowerebis winaswar gansazRvruli raodenobis Segrovebis
Semdeg.
iniciativa da referendumi
arsebobs ori saxis iniciativa _ pirdapiri da iribi; referendumic ori saxis arsebobs _ saxalxo da sakanonmdeblo. ocdasamma Statma Statis masStabiT daakanona iniciativa an saxalxo referendumi 1898-1959 wlebSi; oTxma Statma ki _ 1958 wlis Semdeg.
pirveli Stati, romelmac 1898 wels daakanona iniciativa da saxalxo referendumi, iyo samxreT dakota.
pirveli Stati, sadac 1904 wels iniciativas eyara kenWi, iyo oregoni.
mravali demokratia politikur sakiTxTa pirdapiri xmis micemiT gadawyvetis cnobil magaliTebs gviCvenebs. 1962 wels safrangeTis prezidentma, Sarl
de golma prezidentis (TviT de golis) pirdapiri arCevnebis Casatareblad
referendumis gziT Sesworeba Seitana konstituciaSi. 1973 wels didma britaneTma, pirvelad mis istoriaSi, Caatara referendumi imis gansasazRvrad, gawevrianebuliyvo Tu ara saerTo bazarSi (evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis
araoficialuri saxelwodeba). (xmaTa mcire upiratesobiT sazogadoebam mxari
gawevrianebas dauWira). SeerTebul StatebSi pirdapiri demokratiis Tanamedrove periodi saTaves iRebs 1978 wlis kaliforniis cnobili Proposition 13-dan
(sakanonmdeblo cvlileba), romelmac ara marto minimum gaanaxevra gadasaxadi
kerZo sakuTrebaze, aramed safuZveli Cauyara sxvadasxva inicitivebisa da referendumebis saqveyno Catarebas.
pirdapiri demokratiis mravali RonisZieba eWvs iwvevs. magaliTad, 1996
wels miRebulma kaliforniis samoqalaqo uflebaTa iniciativam (CCRI) kaliforniis konstituciis Secvlis gziT SezRuda pozitiuri diskriminaciis gegmebi, romelTa mizani iyo StatSi diskriminaciis an upiratesi damokidebulebis
325
akrZalva `sajaro samsaxurSi, sazogadoebriv ganaTlebaSi an saxelmwifo kontraqtebis dadebisas miuxedavad rasobrivi, sqesobrivi, kanis feris, eTnikuri
kuTvnilebis an erovnuli warmomavlobis mixedviT gansxvavebebisa~. CCRI-is damcvelebisa da mowinaaRmdegeebis brZola damTavrda misi miRebis Semdeg, rodesac
mowinaaRmdegeebma sasamarTloebSi CCRI-s arakonstituciurobis damtkicebis
gziT misi ganxorcielebis gadadebas miaRwies. samarTlebrivi Careva am SemTxvevaSi saqveyno asaxavs, vinaidan sasamarTloebi konstituciur safuZvlebs pouloben pirdapiri demokratiis gziT gatarebul bevr RonisZiebaSi, riTac aferxeben pirdapiri demokratiis realizacias.
sakiTxis amgvari ganxilva mniSvnelovania, radgan pirdapiri demokratiis
farglebSi ganxorcielebuli sxvadasxva qmedeba demokratiis gamaZlierebel
saSualebad aRiqmeboda. amgvar RonisZiebebSi igulisxmeboda mTavrobis reagirebisa da pasuxismgeblobis gazrda, amomrCevlis monawileobis gaaqtiureba
da arCeul korumpirebul, Seusabamo an upasuxismgeblo warmomadgenlebze adeqvaturi reagireba.9 pirdapiri demokratiis oponentebi amtkiceben, rom fulma
da sxvagvarma dainteresebam SeiZleba Seusabamod didi roli iTamaSos amgvar
specialur arCevnebSi, vidre Cveulebriv sakanonmdeblo procesSi. isini imasac amboben, rom iniciativebi da referendumebi xSirad teqnikurad imdenad
rTulia, rom saSualo amomrCeveli verc igebs gansaxilvel sakiTxebs. Tumc,a am
azrs ar iziarebs am procesis erT-erTi cnobili mkvlevari, romelic amtkicebs:
`Statebis gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom amomrCevlebs, rogorc wesi, kargad esmiT
im sakiTxis arsi, romelsac isini xmas aZleven da Sesabamisad kompetenturad
moqmedeben, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es sakiTxi farTod iyo gaSuqebuli.~10
amgvarad, pirdapiri demokratiis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis negatiuri Sefasebebi gadametebulia. ra Tqma unda, oponentebis mxridan imis mtkiceba,
rom fuli savaraudod daamaxinjebs plebiscitis Sedegebs, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi TvalTmaqcobaa _ dRes fuli aris ZiriTadi (SesaZlebelia, umniSvnelovanesic) faqtori faqtobrivad yvela mniSvnelobis amerikul arCevnebSi. niSnavs
es imas, rom iniciativebisa da referendumebis gavrceleba absoluturi sikeTea? ara, es ar aris aucilebeli. Zalian gadaWarbebulma demokratiam SeiZleba
problema Seqmnas. problemis gadaWra moicavs mis sworad dabalansebas. aseTi
zomebi lokalur doneze TviTmmarTvelobas aZlierebs. magram Tu es zomebi
mravalricxvovania da sakiTxebic rTulia, specifikuri interesebi izrdeba da
kompetenturi amomrCevelis arsebobis albaToba klebulobs. dRes am mizezTa
gamo pirdapiri demokratia aRiqmeba, rogorc warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis
damateba da ara misi Semcvleli.
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mocemulobad iTvleba. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans SeerTebuli Statebis magaliTze. Cndeba kiTva: ratom?
327
im cvlilebaTa safuZvelze warmoiSva, romlebsac sruliad sxva efeqti unda
hqonda. rogorc orma eqspertma aRniSna, amomrCevlis aqtiurobis klebis periodSi moxda bevri iseTi ram, rac Teoriulad amomrCevlis monawileobis mateba
unda gamoewvia. pirvel rigSi iyo grZelvadiani cvlilebebi kanonmdeblobaSi:
wesebi, dadgenilebebi, romlebic arTulebda kenWisyraSi amomrCevlis daSveba,
rogoric iyo saarCevno gadasaxadis daweseba, ganaTlebis cenzisa da qveyanaSi
xangrZlivi binadrobis moTxovnebi, TiTqmis srulad gauqmda. xmis micemis minimalurma asakma 18 wlamde daiwia. Sedegad qveyanam Seqmna (struqturulad da
iuridiulad) eleqtoratis didi masis arsebobis potenciali, romelSic mcire
gamonaklisis garda, faqtobrivad yvela zrdasruli adamiani Sevidoda.12
ufro metic, 1993 wels e.w. motor-voter law-s (mZRoli-amomrCevis kanoni)
miRebiT axal amomrCevels SeuZlia daregistrirdes marTvis mowmobis aRebis an
ganaxlebis dros. dabolos, dabali saarCevno maCvenebeli asve moulodnelia iqidan gamomdinare, rom `farTomasStabianma cvlilebebma mosaxleobaSi aamaRla
ganaTlebis, Semosavlisa da dasaqmebis done, rac dakavSirebulia arCevnebSi aqtiurobis maRal maCvelebelTan~.13 sinamdvileSi, albaT, upriania kiTxva ara `vin
aZlevs xmas?~ aramed `vin ar aZlevs xmas?~
monawileobis modelebi
aqsiomaa, rom politikaSi amerikis moqalaqeTa mxolod umciresoba iRebs
aqtiur monawileobas. erT-erTma pirvelma kvlevam, romelic Caatares julian
vudvordma da elmo ruperma 1950 wels, aCvena, rom zrdasruli mosaxleobis
daaxloebiT 70 procenti politikurad pasiuri iyo.14 mogvianebiT Catarebulma
kvlevebma cxadyo, rom amerikis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 26 procenti SeiZleba
mivakuTvnoT aqtivistebs. mosaxleobis danarCeni nawilis monawileoba Semoifargleba mxolod xmis micemiT an saerTod politikisaTvis Tavis aridebiT.15
aqtiuri monawileebis dadgena iolad aris SesaZlebeli: ufro metad aqtiurebi
arian Suaxnis moqalaqeebi, vidre axalgazrdebi an xanSi Sesulebi; ufro metad
ofisSi momuSaveni, vidre warmoebaSi dakavebulni; ufro metad daqorwinebulni,
vidre martoxelebi; ufro metad TeTrkanianebi, vidre Savkanianebi da ufro metad Savkanianebi, vidre laTinoamerikelebi.
maT, vinc monawileobas iRebs politikaSi (xmis micemis gziT mainc), rogorc
wesi, gavlenis moxdenis ufro didi rwmena aqvT. ar aris gasakviri, rom politikuri efeqtianobis amgvari SegrZneba xSirad asaxavs bunebriv SesaZleblobaTa,
individualuri mdgomareobisa da socialur garemoebaTa nazavs. Tumca ZalaSi
rCeba kiTxva: ratom aris, rom amdeni amerikeli xmasac ki ar aZlevs da miuxedavad perioduli zrdisa, ukanasknel sam aTwleulSi maCvenebeli klebulobs?
zogierTi mkvlevari eyrdnoba 1971 wels saarCevno asakis Tvramet wlamde
dawevas da miuTiTebs, rom Tvrametidan ocdaerT wlamde moqalaqeTa arCevnebSi
monawileobis maCvenebeli SedarebiT dabalia. moqalaqeTa gazrdili mobiluroba, damokidebulebis faqtorebi, gansakuTrebiT ki partiasTan identifikaciis
kleba da mzardi SegrZneba imisa, rom individualuri qmedebebi araefeqtiania,
politika ki mosawyeni an xelovnuri gaxda, sruli pasuxis mxolod nawilebia.
arsebobs Zalian bevri mtkicebuleba mosaxleobis generalur erTobliobaSi
samoqalaqo valdebulebebis Semcirebisa. dabolos, xangrZlivi politikuri
kampaniebi (gansakuTrebiT saprezidento arCevnebis dros) da ugemovno satelevizio reklamebis arnaxuli Semoteva aRizianebs Zalian bevr amomrCevels.
328
329
vertikalurad: procenti
horizontalurad: weli
tokvili am socialur Taviseburebas, romelsac individualizms uwodebda, ganixilavda, rogorc egoizmis moralur ekvivalents. is werda, rom
`individualizmi, aris momwifebuli da wynari grZnoba, romelic Temis TiToeul wevrs axlobeli adamianebisagan gasamijnad ganawyobs; CamoaSorebs ojaxs da megobrebs imisaTvis, rom sakuTari patara wris formirebis Semdeg man xalisiT
datovos sazogadoeba, romelsac igi Tavdapirvelad miekuTvneboda.16
tokvilis azriT, amerikelebi imdenad egocentristebi (da zogadad egoistebi) arian, rom saerTo sazogadoebriv sikeTeze zrunva gaqrobis safrTxis
winaSe dadga. misTvis warmatebisaken swrafva sazogadoebaSi, sadac warmateba
ganisazRvreboda, rogorc `keeping up with the Joneses~ (materialur keTildReobaSi
Sejibri mezoblebs Soris), ubiZgebda amerikelebs piradi ambiciebis kvaldakval mudmivi agitacia ewarmoebinaT. aqedan gamomdinare is askvnida, rom `amerikaSi fizikuri keTildReobisadmi swrafva... yvelaferSi igrZnoba~ da rom `kargi
nivTebis SeZenis survili amerikeli xalxis umTavresi vnebaa~.17
tokvilis azriT, individualizmis damRupvel efeqts garkveulwilad ewinaaRmdegeboda is, rom amerikelebi gawevrianebuli iyvnen Zalian mravalricxovan da mravalferovan samoqalaqo asociaciebSi. es asociaciebi afarToebdnen
saSualo amerikelis Tvalsawiers da amavdroulad socialuri TanamSromlobis
waxalisebiT, sxvaTa azris pativiscemis swavlebiT da kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli procedurebisa da umravlesobis ZalauflebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miniWebiT aZlierebdnen demokratiis safuZvels.
dRes zogierT eqsperts swams, rom yvela saxis jgufebSi monawileoba da
jgufuri aqtivoba SeerTebul StatebSi klebulobs. 1980-dan 1993 wlamde boulingis moTamaSeTa ricxvi 10 procentiT gaizarda maSin, rodesac amave periodSi
boulingis liga 40 procentiT Semcirda. es daskvna mocemulia robert patnemis
cnobil statiaSi, romlis mixedviTac boulingi amerikuli cxovrebis simbolod
iqca.18 amomrCevlis Semcirebuli aqtivoba am fenomenis politikuri analogiaa.
patnemma agreTve miuTiTa, rom religiur ritualebSi da jgufebSi, profkavSirebSi, PTA-Si (maswavleblebisa da mSoblebis asociacia), tradiciul qalTa
jgufebSi, rogoric aris League of Women Voters (amomrCevel qalTa liga) da sazogadoebriv klubebSi, vTqvaT, Srinerebsa da masonebSi, ukanaskneli ocdaaTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi monawileoba Semcirda. asevea moxaliseTa servis-organizaciebSi,
magaliTad, boi skautebSi.
dRes amerikelebi mezoblebTanac nakleb dros atareben, vidre ocdaaTi
wlis win. Sedegebi SemaSfoTebelia: Temis SegrZnebis Sesusteba da sxvebze zrunvis Semcireba _ rac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ori umniSvnelovanesi komponentia.
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rogorc vnaxeT, SeerTebuli Statebi politikuri ukmayofilebisgan Tavisufali ar aris. politikosebis misamarTiT amerikelebi sul ufro mzard ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen. magram amomrCevlis apaTia ZiriTadad gamomdinareobs
ara rwmenidan, rom arCeul Tanamdebobis pirTa umetesi nawili korumpirebulia an politikuri sistema daingra da aRdgenas aRar eqvemdebareba; ufro metad politikis mimarT amerikelebis gulgrilobis mizezi aris is, rom maT ar
emuqrebaT safrTxe, zewola, ar ixdian uzarmazar gadasaxadebs, ar ganicdian sxvagvar zewolas mTavrobis mxridan (rodesac ase xdeba, amomrCevlis aqtiuroba
matulobs). Tu am kuTxiT SevxedavT, politikuri apaTia erTgvari fufunebaa.
mxolod mdidar da kmayofil sazogadoebaSi Tvlis xalxi xmis micemis uflebas
bunebrivad, an epyroba mas, rogorc trivialur nivTs.
metic, zogadi dakvirveba, rom farTod gavrcelebuli politikuri apaTia
politikis gadagvarebis niSania, SeiZleba mcdaric iyos. piriqiT, amerikuli demokratia funqcionirebda, rogorc stabiluri politikuri sistema da harmoniulad Tanaarsebobda mudmivad mzard ekonomikasTan, miuxedavad politikuri
monawileobis Zalian dabali donisa. rodesac Cveulebriv SemTxvevebSi apaTiuri adamianebi ucabedad politikiT gansakuTrebiT interesdebian, rogorc
wesi, es imis maCvenebelia, rom qveyanaSi yvelaferi kargad ar aris. magaliTad,
samoqalaqo omamde cota xniT adre politikuri apaTia TiTqmis gaqra monobasa
da Statebis uflebebze davis gamo, Tumca qveyana daSlis piras iyo. rodesac azrebi ise mkveTrad aris dayofili, rom kompromisis miRweva SeuZlebeli Cans da
sakiTxi iseTi mniSvnelovania, rom moqalaqeTa did wres exeba, monawileoba da
arastabiluroba erTdroulad izrdeba.
Tumca Secdoma iqneboda dagveskvna, rom radgan amerikul demokratias SeuZlia funqcionireba miuxedavad apaTiisa da arastabiluroba xSirad asocirdeba mzard monawileobasTan, apaTia kargia da monawileoba cudi. erTi mxriv, apaTia, romelic aRmocendeba gaucxoebis Rrma grZnobidan, seriozuli dafiqrebis
safuZvelia; meore mxriv, monawileobis maRali xarisxi, romelic sazogadoebrivi sikeTis WeSmarit erTgulebas efuZneba, zedmetad maRali xarisxis individualizmis sawinaaRmdego saukeTeso saSualebaa. dabolos, unda iTqvas, rom
miuxedavad imisa, rom monawileobis maRali xarisxi demokratiisaTvis ar aris
savaldebulo, warmomadgenlobiTi xelisuflebis efeqtiani muSaobisaTvis
amomrCevelTa minimaluri interesi mainc aucilebelia.
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palataSi. amerikelebma amaze ukeT verc maTi mTavrobis funqcionirebis elementaruli faqtebis gansazRvra SeZles. TiTqmis naxevarma ar icoda, rom kanonis konstituciurobis dasadgenad saboloo instancia uzenaesi sasamarTloa,
xolo oTxidan samma ar icoda, rom senatorebs irCeven eqvsi wlis vadiT.19 rodesac aseT ucodinrobasTan gvaqvs saqme, rogor SeiZleba amerikelebma miiRon
gaazrebuli an gonivruli gadawyvetileba? saqmis amgvari viTareba problemuri
iqneboda, jansaRi demokratiisTvis mxolod informirebuli da Wkviani moqalaqeebis arseboba rom iyos sakmarisi.
magram mdgomareoba arc ise mZimea, rogorc amas zogierTi mkvlevari warmoaCens. pirvel rigSi iq, sadac xmis micemis asakis mqone mosaxleobis (votingage population, VAP ) umciresoba monawileobs arCevnebSi, es umciresoba, rogorc
wesi, ukeT aris informirebuli, vidre is, vinc ar monawileobs. meorec, vinaidan
moqalaqeebi Zalian cudad informirebuli arian, amerikelebma politikaze imdenive ician, ramdenic 1940-ian wlebSi (da qveyanam es monakveTi sakmaod kargad
gamoiara).20 mesame _ is, rom amerikelebma ar ician bevri, SesaZloa bunebrivic
iyos. amerikis mTavrobis gavleniani eqspertis, jeims vilsonis azriT problema
aris ara is, `rom amerikeli xalxi aris uvici, arastabiluri an mimndobi, aramed
is, rom amerikelebs ar miaCniaT saWirod politikaze fiqrSi im drois xarjva,
romelsac isini atareben samsaxurSi, ojaxSi da megobrebTan.~21
meoTxec, bevri amerikuli arCevnebi rTulia da moicavs mraval gaurkvevel saxelwifo da adgilobriv kandidats da sakiTxs (da amiT gansxvavdeba evropuli qveynebis arCevnebisagan, sadac moqalaqeebi mxolod partiebs aZleven
xmas). mexuTec, bevr kandidats ar gaaCnia naTeli politikuri pozicia, xolo visac gaaCnia, ganzrax abundovnebs mas.
dabolos, Tumca es gamokiTxvebi da kvlevebi aaSkaravebs farTod gavrcelebul politikur umecrebas, agreTve gviCvenebs, rom amerikelebma raRac mainc
ician mTavrobisa da politikis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, am nawilis SesavalSi ganxiluli kvlevisas aRmoCnda, rom respodentTa umetesobam icoda prezidentis arCevis vadis SezRudulobis Sesaxeb da rom riCard niqsoni uotergeitis skandalis
dros prezidenti iyo. aTidan TiTqmis cxram icoda, rom prezidenti klintoni
demokratiuli partiis wevri iyo da aTidan rvam icoda, rom kongresma miiRo
kanoni, romlis mixedviT kerZo struqturebs daevalaT TanamSromelTa SvebulebiT uzrunvelyofa bavSvis gaCenis an ojaxuri aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi.
realurad safuZveli gvaqvs vivaraudoT, rom amomrCevels SeuZlia kandidatebsa da sakiTxebze saRad msjeloba maSinac ki, Tu isini naklbad informirebulni
arian.22
zogierTma amomrCevelma ar icis an ar anaRvlebs, vis aZlevs xmas. magaliTisTvis moviyvanoT leonard riCardsi, vinc 1990 wels (Democratic Farm-Labour party) minesotas winaswar
arCevnebze 33 004 xma miiRo da mesame adgilze gavida. gamarjvebulma, maikl makgratma miiRo
148 617 xma. riCardss ar uwarmoebia saarCevno kampania, vinaidan henpinis cixeSi imyofeboda
da mis mier Cadenil mkvlelobaze saqmis ganmeorebiT ganxilvas elodeboda. 1987 wlidan riCardsi sasjels ixdida sagadasaxado agentis sasikvdilod daWrisaTvis. saqmis ganmeorebiT
ganxilvis ufleba mas misca minesotas uzenaesma sasamarTlom, radgan pirvel SemTxvevaSi mas
332
ar mieca ufleba piradad yofiliyo sakuTari Tavis advokati. saqmis xelmeored ganxilvam riCards saSualeba misca wamoeyenebina Tavisi kandidatura arCevnebSi da amiT teqnikurad Seewyvita procesis warmoeba. kampaniis dros riCardsis suraTebi daibeWda gazeTSi. mis misamarTad miTiTebuli iyo cixe, sadac sasjels ixdida.
arCevnebis Sedegebze reaqcia sxvadasxvagvari iyo. `SeuZlebelia amomrCevelma Zalian
bevri icodes yvela kandidatis Sesaxeb~, _ SeniSna saxelmwifo mdivanma joan gruvma. `unda
gaxsovdeT, rom winaswari arCevnebi aris mxolod erTi safexuri. amitomac gvaqvs amdeni safexuri da imedia, aseTi ram aRar ganmeordeba. es ar aris srulyofili sistema, magram igi gasagebia. es aris realuri, Ria demokratiis buneba~. winaswari arCevnebis gamarjvebulma, makgratma
Tqva: `me ar maqvs aranairi axsna imisa, ratom unda mieca misTvis vinmes xma~ da daamata: `me
masze mxolod kargi vTqvi.~ arCevnebis Semdeg riCardsi isev gaasamarTles da sagadasaxado
agentis mkvlelobis gamo samudamo patimroba miusajes. 1994 wlis maisSi mas sakuTari naxevari
dis mkvlelobis bralic daemata.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Kevin Diaz, Blind Ballots? 33,004 Voted for Candidate Whos in Jail, Star
Tribune, September 13, 1990, 1A, 17A; and Margaret Zack, Richards Convicted of Killing Half Sister: Case
has been Long and Costly, Star Tribune, May 13, 1994, 1B, 4B.
333
luri ar aris _ racionaluria saxelmwifo doneze, umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetilebebis, kanonebisa da politikis doneze.
334
dakavebuli arian piradi saqmeebiT da abnevT mravalricxvovani sakiTxebis sirTule. am Sexedulebis mixedviT xalxi, vis sasargeblodac Seiqmna demokratiuli
institutebi, gardauvlad gamoidevneba politikuri da organizaciuli procesebidan, xolo korporaciul organizaciebSi mosamsaxureebi da biurokratebi
marTaven rigiTi aqcioneris an xalxis saxeliT.
elitistur TeoriebSi demokratia aRqmulia, rogorc mistifikacia an
miTi: ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ras fiqrobs, ambobs an akeTebs xalxi, vinaidan mas
ar gaaCnia realuri gavlena sazogadoebriv politikaze. Tu xalxis umetesobas
sjera, rom sazogadoebrivi azri mniSvnelovania, mxolod imitom, rom isini gulubryviloebi arian da ver xvdebian, rogor muSaobs `sistema~.
foto wignis 302-e gverdidan
warwera fotoze: ACT-UP-ma (energiis gamoTavisuflebis SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromis koaliciam - AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) `die-in~ formiT (protestis forma, romlis drosac simbolurad ganasaxiereben sikvdils) moawyo saprotesto aqcia niu-iorkis safondo birJis win. sabolood, mwarmoebelma Burroughs
Wellcome-ma Seamcira wamlis Rirebuleba da xelmisawvdomi gaxada is imunodeficitis virusisa da SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromis mqone adamianebisaTvis.
umetesobas sjera, rom `demokratia ramdenimesTvis~ mTavrobis arss ewinaaRmdegeba, magram mxolod ramdenime Teoretikosi amtkicebda, rom amerikuli politikuri sistema marTulia ramdenime privilegirebulis mier da
yvelani mniSvnelovnad varT maTze damokidebuli, vinaidan xalxi, rogorc erTi
mTliani, ver marTavs sakuTar Tavs. am Sexedulebis mixedviT `masebi arian avtoritarulebi, aratolerantulebi, arainteleqtualurebi, atavistebi, gaucxoebulebi, zizRiT aRsavseni da moZaladeebi~.25 am kuTxiT `demokratiis ironia~ naTelia: xalxisaTvis realuri Zalauflebis micema _ marTvis ufleba, gamoiwvevs
mxolod antidemokratiuli upiratesobebisa da politikis ganxorcielebas.
pluralistebi da elitistebi
elitisturi azrovnebis skolis mTavari mowinaaRmdegeebi arian plura-
335
SeerTebul StatebSi socialuri cvlilebis damabrkolebeli mniSvnelovani garemoebaa ara Zalauflebis koncentracia, aramed misi gabneva... Zalaufleba sakmarisad koncentrirebuli rom yofiliyo, cvlilebis
msurvels mxolod am Zalauflebis mqonesTan mouwevda molaparakeba da
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi masze zewolasac moaxdenda. magram Zalaufleba
imdenad gabneulia, rom bevr instanciaSi aravin aris, visTanac SeiZleba
molaparakeba an viszec ganxorcieldeboda zewola.26
ra Tqma unda, is faqti, rom milionobiT amerikelisTvis arsebobs saxelmwifo dawesebulebaTa mxolod mcire raodenoba, niSnavs imas, rom pirdapiri politikuri monawileoba SezRudulia. magram vinaidan Zalaufleba ase gabneulia
da politikuri zewolis ganxorcielebis mravali saSualeba arsebobs, pluralistebis mtkicebiT sazogadoebrivi interesi _ romelic ganimarteba, rogorc
kerZo interesebis erToblioba _ sxva sistemebTan SedarebiT ukeTesad muSaobs
konstituciuri demokratiis pirobebSi.
pluralistebi ar uaryofen, rom maT, visac maRali Tanamdebobebi ukaviaT
mTavrobasa da biznesSi, msgavsi warsuli da Tvisebebi axasiaTebT: eWvgareSea,
rom Ivy League (amerikis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi mdebare 8 privilegiuri universitetis gaerTianeba) ganaTlebamiRebulTa umetesoba mdidari WASP (TeTri anglo-saqsuri protestanti) ojaxis mamakacebi arian. magram pluralistTa azriT,
mxolod is faqti, rom simdidre, statusi da ganaTleba axlo kavSirSia politikur monawileobasTan, ar amtkicebs, sistemis Seuvalobasa da sazogadoebrivi
politikis winaswar gansazRvrulobas; arc imas, rom demokratiuli moqalaqeoba simulaciaa. Znelia elitisturi Teoriebis uaryofa. Tumca, sazogadoebrivi
politika drodadro sazogadoebrivi azris gavlenis qveS iyo. magaliTad, vietnamis omis winaaRmdeg farTod gavrcelebuli da mudmivad mzardi sazogadoebrivi ganwyoba efeqtiani saSualeba iyo amerikis konfliqtidan gamosayvanad.
SeerTebul StatebSi sazogadoebrivi azri SeiZleba xSirad danawevrebuli iyos,
magram es ar niSnavs, rom igi ar arsebobs an ararelevanturia. arCevnebi mniSvnelovani, Tumca sruliad sxva sakiTxia (mogvianebiT ganixileba am TavSi).
336
arsebobis ukanasknel dReebSi mTavrobam daafinansa sazogadoebrivi gamokiTxvebi). zogierT avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi arCevnebi daSvebulia da zogjer moqalaqeebs moeTxovebaT kidec arCevnebSi monawileobis miReba, Tumca Sedegebi
TiTqmis yovelTvis gayalbebuli da amis gamo azrs moklebulia.
avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebSi moqalaqeTa mniSvnelovani monawileobis
formebis umetesoba ukanonoa. amis gamo moqalaqeTa monawileobis waxalisebas
(da demokratiis mxardaWeras) xelisufleba ZiriTadad afasebs, rogorc ukanonos da mkacrad sjis. zogjer mniSvnelovani monawileoba SeiZleba aixsnas mTavrobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul protestad da monawileobam boikotis formac ki
miiRos. erTi magaliTi SeiZleba iyos arCevnebSi monawileobisgan Tavis Sekaveba
maSin, rodesac monawileoba savaldebuloa, magram azrs moklebulia. moqalaqeTa mier monawileobis protestis ukiduresi formaa emigraciaSi wasvla an sakuTari qveynidan gaqceva. amgvari qveynebis udides ironiad SeiZleba CavTvaloT,
rom misi moqalaqeebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani protesti _ qveynis datovebaa.
politikuri partiebi
mraval Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi erTi individualuri xma Zalian sustia
imisTvis, rom is sazogadoebam gaigos. imisaTvis, rom moqalaqeTa xmebs sazogadoebam yuradReba miaqcios, maTi raodenoba bevrad unda gaizardos. amis gamo
moqalaqeTa monawileobis yvelaze efeqtiani forma individualuri interesebisa da Sexedulebebis gaerTianebaa. politikuri partiebi da interesTa jgufebi
aris ori struqturuli tipi, romelic gamodgeba gaerTianebis funqciis Sesasruleblad. ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi aseTi struqturebis xelmisawvdomoba an
efeqtianoba didadaa damokidebuli imaze, ra zomiT icavs xelisufleba politikur da samoqalaqo uflebebs da ramdenad yuradRebiania xalxis moTxovnebis
mimarT.
farTo speqtris politikuri partiebi sxvadasxva gansakuTrebul interess erTi qolgis qveS aerTianeben. ukanasknel wlebSi interesTa jgufebis gavlena SeerTebul StatebSica da evropaSic gaizarda; amave dros politikuri
partiebis roli Semcirda. axla ganvixilavT amgvari ganviTarebis mizezebsa da
mis Sedegebs demokratiuli mTavrobebisaTvis.
politikuri partiis mizania arCeviT Tanamdebobaze kandidatebis SerCeva, dasaxeleba da mxardaWera. politikuri partiebi yvela liberaluri demokratiis, maT Soris SeerTebuli Statebis ucvleli nawili gaxda. gasakviria,
rom politikuri partiebi ar Sedioda demokratiis damfuZnebelTa Tavdapirvel gegmaSi. orpartiuli sistemis gaCena aSS-is istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi
movlena gaxda.
istoriuli
safuZveli
konstituciaSi politikuri partiebi ar aris naxsenebi; demokratiis dam-
fuZnebelTa umetesoba maT ver itanda. jorj vaSingtonma Seqmna kabineti, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sediodnen im drois yvelaze niWieri adamianebi, magaliTad, Tomas jefersoni saxelmwifo mdivnisa da aleqsandre hamiltoni finansTa
337
ministris Tanamdebobebze. amgvari kabinetis SeqmniT igi partiulobis Tavidan
acilebas cdilobda. am ori niWieri, magram filosofiurad urTierTdapirispirebuli pirovnebis daniSvna asaxavda vaSingtonis rwmenas, rom eris yvelaze
Wkviani da yvelaze sazogadoebrivad moazrovne moqalaqeebis TanamSromloba
sazogadoebisaTvis sikeTis momtani iqneboda.
samwuxarod, vaSingtonis keTilSobiluri mcdeloba partiuli politikis Tavidan acilebisa udavod Cavarda. jefersonsa da hamiltons Soris piradi
uTanxmoeba warmoiqmna metwilad xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebrivi politikis
urTierTsawinaaRmdego gagebis gamo, ris gamoc es ori adamiani erTmaneTis dauZinebeli mteri gaxda. 1790-iani wlebis bolos jefersonma da misma mimdevrebma
sakmaod sustad organizebuli respublikuri partia Camoayalibes. am partiis
mTavari mizani iyo federalistebis, romelTa warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, magaliTad, jon adamsi da aleqsandre hamiltoni, Zlieri antifranguli politikisaTvis
winaaRmdegobis gaweva. Tumca,1789 wels Tavad jefersonma dawera: `Tu CemTvis samoTxeSi wasvla mxolod Cems partiasTan erTad iqneboda SesaZlebeli, saerTod
uars vityodi samoTxeze~.27
ratom ucxadebda undoblobas politikur partiebs jefersonis Taobis
amdeni saxelmwifo moRvawe? jefersonis SemTxvevaSi partiebisadmi antipaTia
amerikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli individualizmidan momdinareobda, romelic
dRemde arsebobs. `SemeZlo sakuTari azri mqonoda, Tavad mefiqra, Cemi religiuri, filosofiuri, politikuri an sxva romelime SexedulebaTa sistema arasodes damiqvemdebarebia aranairi partiis kredosTvis, rogori Semadgenlobisac ar unda yofiliyo igi,~ ambobda igi da askvnida, rom aseTi midrekileba
Tavisuflebisa da moralis warmoudgeneli degradaciaa.28 jefersonis Taobis
sxva amerikelebs da zogierT maT inglisel kolegas sjeroda, rom politikuri
partiebi zogadi an sazogadoebrivi interesebis xarjze viwro pirad interesebs
aRvivebda. am azriT politikur partiebs xSirad aRiqvamdnen, rogorc sazogadoebis doneze gavrcelebul pirad egoizms.
mxolod TandaTanobiT dakarga partiulobam es damRa. sxvadasxva politikuri filosofiis ganmasaxierebeli politikuri partiebisagan sargeblis
miRebis (magaliTad politikis alternativebis warmodgeniT) ideam inglisSi
meCvidmete saukunis bolos daiwyo gavrceleba. mowinave amerikeli saxelwifo
moxeleebis gamocdilebam saukuniT gvian amerikac analogiur daskvnamde miiyvana, rom politikuri partiebi demokratiuli procesisaTvis sasicocxlod
aucilebelia.
ZiriTadi miznebi
politikuri partiebi, rogorc wesi, politiuri Zalauflebis mopovebis
an SenarCunebisaken miiswrafvian, rac praqtikulad xelisuflebaze kontrolis mopovebas niSnavs. vinaidan konstituciur demokratiaSi marTvis uflebas
arCevnebi gansazRvravs, demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi politikuri partiebis
Zalisxmeva arCevnebis mogebazea koncentrirebuli. isini cdiloben mravlismomcveli konsensusis Seqmnas sakuTari partiis platformisaTvis, romelic
Camoyalibebulia sxva partiis an partiebis mimzidveli alternativis gaTvaliswinebiT.
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rogorc wesi, warmatebuli politikuri partia qmnis uTvalavi ekonomikuri, socialuri, eTnikuri da kulturuli interesebis saerTo saqveyno konsensuss. partia unda iTvaliswinebdes mravali amomrCevlis interesebs da amavdroulad SeZlos maTi gaerTianeba damyol umravlesobad. Tu partias ara aqvs
imedi umravlesobis xmebis mopovebisa, misi gavlena da sakanonmdeblo Zala,
rogorc wesi, damokidebulia miRebuli xmebis saerTo raodenobasa da ganawilebaze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, asaxavs mis warmatebas SedarebiT farTo speqtris
amomrCevlis mizidvaSi.
xmebis miRebis mizniT kandidatebi xSirad iZlevian dapirebas, rom amomrCevlis interesebis _ e.w. saarsebo saSualebebis mimarT iqnebian ufro metad
pasuxismgeblebi da energiulebi, vidre maTi oponentebi. Tumca xandaxan kandidatebi da partiebi aqcents akeTeben ideologiur sakiTxebze an saSinao da
sagareo politikis sadavo iniciativebze. am strategiebis gamoyenebiT partiebi xSirad qmnian politikur alternativebs memarcxene liberalur da memarjvene konservatiul politikas Soris. es gansakuTrebiT exeba did britaneTs
da kontinenturi evropis saparlamento da kvazi-saparlamento demokratiebs,
sadac xSirad ramdenime partia ibrZvis xmebis mosapoveblad da TiToeuls SeuZlia gansxvavebuli saSinao da sagareo politikis alternativebi Camoayalibos.
aseT sistemebSi umravlesobis partiebis politikuri platforma ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre calkeuli kandidatis piradi popularoba, vinaidan saparlamento sistemis dros partiebi cdiloben moipovon da SeinarCunon rac SeiZleba
meti adgili parlamentSi. amgvarad, partia, romelic akontrolebs parlaments,
mTavrobasac akontrolebs. Sedegad saparlamento sistemis dros politikuri
partiebi maTi amerikuli analogebisgan gansxvavebiT cdiloben iyvnen ara mxolod disciplinirebuli, ierarqiuli da centralizebuli, aramed ufro metad
politikaze orientirebuli da mkafio ideologiis matarebeli.
SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gamijnulia da kandidatebs Tanamdebobaze xSirad irCeven ufro pirovnuli,
vidre politikuri Tvisebebis gamo, partiebi iSviaTad mimarTaven mkveTr politikur alternativebs. rogorc wesi, prezidentobis kandidatebidan airCeva is,
vinc politikur centrTan ufro axlos aris.29 misi momxreebis Tanaxmad, amerikuli orpartiuli sistema, misi momxreebis azriT, qmnis stabilurobas, politikurad zomier kandidats da xels uSlis mZafr ideologiasa da politikur
polarizacias.
kritikosebi _ gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc aRfrTovanebulia imiT, rogor
funqcionireben partiebi britanul saparlamento sistemaSi an sxva mravalpartiuli sistemebi _ amerikis saprezidento arCevnebs ubralod popularobaSi gajibrebad aRiqvamen. miuxedavad amisa, konstituciur demokratiaSi yvela
partia cdilobs miaRwios konsensuss da sxvadasxva umniSvnelovanesi qmedebis
Sedegad, rogoricaa kandidatebis SerCeva an waxaliseba, finansuri saxsrebis
mozidva, mediakampaniebis warmarTva fasiani politikuri reklamebis CaTvliT
da sxv. Seqmnas alternativebi. partiis platformaSi SemoTavazebebi da politika imnairad aris formulirebuli, rom daakmayofilos mTavari interesTa
jgufebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv mxars dauWeren partiis kandidatebs fuliTa da
saarCevno xmebiT.
arCevnebs Soris partiebs sxva mniSvnelovani funqciebi akisriaT. britanuli stilis saparlamento sistemaSi gamarjvebuli partia an koalicia mTavrobis
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organizebas axdens; saprezidento sistemaSi, magaliTad, aSS-s SemTxvevaSi, sadac aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo sferoebi dayofilia, politikuri partiebi xels uwyoben am ori sferos moqmedebaTa koordinirebas, gansakuTrebiT
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTi da igive partia dominirebs orive sferoSi. ramdenadac
gamarjvebuli partia umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs qveynis politikuri dRis
wesrigis Camoyalibebisa da samTavrobo moqmedebebis fasilitaciaSi, imdenad
kisrulobs damarcxebuli partia arsebuli mTavrobis oponirebisa da kritikis
umniSvnelovanes funqcias da sazogadoebas sTavazobs alternativas momaval
arCevnebSi. mxolod iSviaTad SeiZleba xelisuflebaSi myofma partiam srulad
daakmayofilos eleqtorati (liberalur-demokratiuli partia iaponiaSi SeiZleba gamonaklisad ganvixiloT); rodesac inflacia gaizrdeba an umuSevroba
dauSvebel zRvars miaRwevs, amomrCevlebi axali liderisa da axali politikis
Ziebas iwyeben.
erTpartiuli sistema
aqamde ganvixilavdiT konstituciur demokratiebs, sadac partiebi arCevnebis mosagebad cdiloben miaRwion saqveyno konsensuss da moqalaqeebs SesTavazon politikuri alternativebi. Tumca politikuri partiebi SeiZleba Camoyalibdes iseT qveynebSic, sadac Tavisufali arCevnebi ar tardeba.
avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi partia arsebobs mxolod imisTvis, rom CaaxSos politikuri alternativebi, iseve, rogorc saxalxo konsensusi. xSirad,
rogorc mmarTveli reJimis mTavari iaraRi, igi gamoiyeneba saxelmwifo Zalauflebis gansamtkiceblad da politikuri opoziciis aRsakveTad.
totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi partia mraval funqcias asrulebs, maT Soris politikuri rekrutirebis, indoqtrinaciis, mobilizaciisa da zedamxedvelobis. faSistur germaniaSi, iseve rogorc komunisturi qveynebis umetesobaSi,
partia mTavrobad iqca. ramdenadac viTardeboda es saxelmwifoebi, mTavrobis
yvela umniSvnelovanesi funqcia nel-nela srulad gadadioda an pirdapir partiis, an partiis liderebs daqvemdebarebuli biurokratiuli moxeleebis xelSi.
amgvarad, partiis koncefcia, rogorc saxalxo nebis gamoxatvis saSualeba, Tavdayira dadga da partiebi centralizebuli socialuri kontrolis meqanizmi
gaxda, romelsac srulad SeeZlo individualuri TviTgamoxatvis nebismieri
mcdelobis CaxSoba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, amgvar garemoebebSi masobrivi
monawileoba reJimis antidemokratiuli bunebis miCqmalvis gamiznuli niRabia.
340
2000 wels visente foqsi pirveli opozicioneri kandidati iyo, romelic daaxloebiT 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi meqsikis arCeuli prezidenti gaxda. foqsis istoriul
gamarjvebamde instituciur-revoluciur
partias (idp) monopolia hqonda prezidentobaze da mTlianad akontrolebda meqsikis xelisuflebas. foqsma daifica, rom
SeebrZoleboda korufcias da safuZvels
Cauyrida Sorsmimaval ekonomikur da politikur reformebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom erTpartiuli sistema ZiriTadad avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi arsebobs, zogierTi maTgani met-naklebad demokratiul politikaSic gvxvdeba. magaliTad, 2000-ian wlebamde meqsikis instituciur-revoluciuri
partia (PRI) dominirebda meqsikur politikaSi. indoeTSi damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom periodSi politikuri Zalaufleba TiTqmis eqskluziurad indoeTis kongress (saxelis miuxedavad, igi politikuri partiaa) ekuTvnoda. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, liberalur-demokratiuli partia dominirebda iaponiis
politikaSi 1950-iani wlebis Sua periodidan. SeerTebul StatebSic ki, romelic
ar aris erTpartiuli tendenciis mqone qveyana, samxreTSi samoqalaqo omis Semdeg demokratiuli partia TiTqmis erTi saukune dominirebda. meqsikis SemTxvevaSi PRI-m dominanturi roli SeinarCuna korufciis, daSinebisa da arCevnebis
gayalbebis kombinaciiT. indoeTSi, iaponiasa da samxreT amerikaSi es faqtorebi
mcire rols asrulebda, Tumca korufcia yvela am SemTxvevaSi arsebobda, xolo
daSineba da arCevnebis gayalbeba samxreT amerikaSi ZalaSi rCeboda1960-iani
wlebis samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis ganviTarebamde _ am regionis politikis transformaciamde.
demokratiuli erTpartiuli sistemebi SedarebiT iSviaTia. aseTi partiebi gansakuTrebiT amJRavneben korufciul midrekilebebs; politikuri Zalauflebis virtualuri monopolia biznes-liderebs, bankirebs, fesvgadgmul
biurokratebsa da umaRles saxelmwifo moxeleebs sarfiani garigebebisken ubiZgebs. amgvarad, ar aris moulodneli, rom ukanasknel wlebSi meqsikasa da iaponiaSi korufciaSi braldebebma erTi partiis dominirebis droebiT SeCerebaSi (da
ara dasrulebaSi), mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula.
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orpartiuli sistema
orpartiuli sistemis dros amomrCevelTa didi umralesoba mxars uWers
erT-erT ZiriTad partias. mxolod ZiriTadi partiis wevrebs aqvT Tanamdebobaze arCevis meti Sansi, xolo opoziciuri partia konstituciis mier daculia
xelisuflebis mxridan zewolis an daSinebisgan. orpartiuli sistemis mniSvnelovani upiratesoba aris SedarebiT stabiluri mTavroba, vinaidan umravlesoba iziarebs ZiriTad politikur Sexedulebebs, aris komfortul saSualo
fenaSi, kulturulad da eTnikurad homogenuri, rac iSviaTobaa ganviTarebad
qveynebSi. garkveulwilad mudmivoba uzrunvelyofilia Tavad sistemis mier, vinaidan ori ZiriTadi partia awonasworebs interesTa farTo speqtrs. amave dros
mudmivad arsebobs farTo masebisTvis misaRebi opoziciuri partia, romelic
mzad aris xelisuflebaSi mosasvlelad.
orpartiuli sistema iuridiulad da konstituciurad ar aris SezRuduli
mxolod ori partiiT. mcire partiebs SeuZliaT iarsebon da arseboben kidec,
Tumca SeerTebul StatebSi maTi warmateba erTob mokrZalebulia. ZiriTadad
mcire partiebi fuZndeba im calkeuli politikuri figuris Zalisxmevis Sedegad,
romelic gaemijneba erT an orive ZiriTad partias (magaliTad, tedi ruzveltis
Bull Moose partia 1912 wels an ros pero reformebis partia 1990-ian wlebSi). ger-
maniaSi, sadac II msoflio omis Semdeg ori ZiriTadi partia cvlida erTmaneTs
xelisuflebis saTaveSi, mcirericxovani Tavisufal-demokratiuli partia Tavis masStabTan SedarebiT Zalian didi ZalauflebiT da gavleniT sargeblobda
1990-iani wlebis bolomde, rodesac mwvaneTa partia social-demokratebTan
`mwvane-wiTel~ koaliciur mTavrobaSi umcros partniorad Sevida.
mravalpartiuli sistema
mravalpartiuli sistema Cndeba iq, sadac orze meti partia sakmaod Zlieria
imisTvis, rom xelisuflebaSi mosvlisaTvis konkurencia gauwios sxvebs. aseT
sistemaSi mudmivad arc erTi partia ar aris umravlesobaSi; ama Tu im arCevnebSi nebismier partias SeuZlia moipovos mandatebis didi umravlesoba, Tumca
xSirad imarjveben absolutur umravlesobaze naklebi xmebiT. mravalpartiuli
saparlamento sistemis dros individualuri partiebi arCevnebis dros gaurbian kompromisebs da specifikur sakiTxebsa da programebze laparaks. axali
mTavrobis formirebisaTvis mxolod xmebis daTvlis Semdeg xdeba saWiro kompromisebis daSveba. rogorc wesi, uZlieresi partia mmarTveli umravlesobis
Seqmnis mizniT cdilobs Camoayalibos koaliciuri mTavroba sxva partiasTan
an partiebTan erTad. koaliciis formirebis Semdeg igi marTavs momaval arCevnebamde, an koaliciis daSlamde. es procesi amerikelebisaTvis ucnaurad JRers,
magram evropelebisTvis, azielebisa da sxva saparlamento demokratiul qveynebSi mcxovrebTaTvis igi normaluria.~
mravalpartiuli sistemis mTavari upiratesoba aris is, rom amomrCevels
farTo arCevani aqvs. misi mTavari uaryofiTi Tviseba aris arastabiluri xelisufleba _ zogierT qveyanaSi es arastabiluroba SeiZleba qronikulic ki gaxdes. procesi SeiZleba TavisTavad ganviTardes: stress moaqvs fraqciaTaSorisi
dapirispirebebi mTavrobaSi, politikis centrSi saerTo areulobas _ `ndobis
342
krizisi,~ xolo es krizisi Tavis mxriv ufro met stress iwvevs. II msoflio omis
Semdeg italia am fenomenis saukeTeso magaliTad rCeba evropaSi.
343
anad saTaveSia koncentrirebuli. magaliTad, britanuli politikuri partiebi
ufro disciplinirebuli da centralizirebuli arian, vidre ori mTavari partia SeerTebul StatebSi. partiis centralizacia mniSvnelovania saparlamento
sistemaSi, radgan sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebebis Serevisas
kanonmdeblebi an unda `gahyvnen partiis xazs,~ an mudmivad hqondeT xelisuflebaSi opoziciis mosvlis SiSi. centralizebul partias yvelaze kargad SeuZlia
ganaxorcielos politikuri zewola partiuli disciplinis Camosayalibeblad.
metic, vinaidan saparlamento sistemaSi mniSvnelovania partiis programa da ara
individualuri kandidatis pirovneba. dagegmva, organizeba da finansuri kampaniebi qveynis doneze yvelaze kargad muSaobs.
aseve isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tavad politikuri sistema centralizebulia Tu decentralizebulia. federalur sistemaSi partiebi cdiloben federaluri struqturis mTavrobis analogiiT moaxdinon sakuTari partiebis struqtuireba. am sakiTxis praqtikuli warmoCenisTvis erT magaliTs ganvixilavT.
SeerTebul StatebSi winner-take-all (TiToeul StatSi gamarjvebuli mTlianad
Statis amomrCevlis xmas iRebs) sistemiT saprezidento arCevnebis dros xmaTa
mTliani raodenoba mTeli qveynis masStabiT ganisazRvreba, magram iTvleba (da
xdeba Sedareba) Statebis mixedviT. amgvarad, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, jorj
buSma gaimarjva 2000 wlis arCevnebSi miuxedavad imisa, rom misma oponentma al
gorma qveynis masStabiT ufro meti xma miiRo. gasamarjveblad politikurma partiebma unda gaimarjvon ara erT, aramed 50 arCevnebSi. aseT politikur garemoSi decentralizebuli struqtura mniSvnelovania. saxelmwifo doneze Zlieri
partiuli organizacia xels uwyobs senatorebis, warmomadgenlebisa da saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi Tanamdebobis pirebis arCevas. msgavsi sistema gvxvdeba
sxva federalur sistemebSic.
Tumca, amerikuli politikuri partiebi SedarebiT sustia. isini ar arian
ufro Zlierni nawilobrivi imis gamoc, rom es ar sWirdebaT. SeerTebuli Statebi
didwilad saSualo fenis sazogadoebaa, romlis wevrTa Soris politikis ZiriTad principebze konsensusi arsebobs. es niSnavs, rom arc umravlesobis partiaa
ideologiurad dogmaturi da moTxovnebSi SezRuduli; partia ufro metad gansxvavebuli jgufebisa da interesebis koaliciaa, vidre TanamoazreTa monoliTuri organizmi. SeerTebul StatebSi mTavrobis saqmianobis xelmZRvanelobasa
da koordinaciaSi prezidenti ufro mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, vidre politikuri partiebi; saparlamento sistemebSi politikuri partia (an partiebis koalicia) axali mTavrobis ZiriTadi birTvia.
politikuri partiebi _ Tuki isini gamoiyeneben liberalur-demokratiul
konstituciur sistemas konstituciis gasanadgureblad _ SeiZleba totalitaruli moZraobis safuZvlad iqcnen (amis klasikuri magaliTia nacional-socialisturi anu nacisturi partia germaniaSi or msoflio oms Soris). xelisuflebaSi
mosvlis Semdeg totalitaruli partia ganicdis transformacias da yalibdeba
mTavrobad. SedarebiT avtoritaruli partiebis SesaZleblobebi ufro viwroa.
es partiebi axorcieleben mmarTvelis survilebsa da politikas, magram ara sayovelTao mobilizaciis kampaniebs, grandiozul samSeneblo proeqtebs an `revolucias zemodan,~ romlebic mimarTulia sazogadoebis transformaciis an ganwmendisaken. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive tipis partia _ totalitarulic da
avtoritarulic, rogoc wesi, centralizebulia da reJims eqvemdebareba, isini
yovelTvis araa efeqtiani. avtoritaruli partiebi sruliadac ar aris efeq-
344
tiani mflangvelobisagan, degradaciisa da konfliqturi interesebisagan, romelic SeiZleba Segvxvdes yvela sxva biurokratiaSi.
345
SeniSnon, rom SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebi mudmiv RonisZiebad iqca.
es situacia unikaluria SeerTebul StatebSi. arc erTi liberaluri demokratia msoflioSi ar xarjavs imden drosa da finansebs Tanamdebobis pirebis
arCevaze, rogorc amerika. ramdenad SueZlia amgvar demokratias pasuxismgeblobiT moekidos amomrCevelTa survilebsa da moTxovnebs, upasuxo kiTxvad
rCeba.
partiebi jer kidev exmarebian kandidatebs arCevaSi, magram isini axlosac
ver mivlen SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebisaTvis saWiro finansebTan. rogor
ivseba es deficiti? vis mimarTaven kandidatebi finansuri mxardaWerisaTvis?
rogorc vnaxavT, interesTa jgufebi iswrafvian Seavson deficiti, magram amis
sanacvlod wina planze iwevs kiTxvebi, romlebic eris demokratiis idealebs
exeba.
interesTa jgufebi
interesTa jgufebi ar cdiloben xelisuflebaSi mosvlas, ar monawileoben sajaro Tanamdebobis pirebis rekrutirebasa, wardgenasa da arCevaSi. samagierod, Zal-Rones ar iSureben, raTa zegavlena moaxdinon kanonmdeblobaze,
politikasa da programebze, maTi specialuri, gansakuTrebuli interesis sferoebis mixedviT (aqenad modis specialuri interesis cnebac) _ magaliTad, korporaciebis (mogebis) gadasaxadi da subsidiebi (didi biznesebi), sabanko regulaciebi, subsidiebi soflis meurneobisaTvis, federaluri daxmareba ganaTlebis
sferoSi, an garemos dacva. Cveni ganxilva interesTa jgufebis sxvadasxva tipis
SeswavliT daviwyoT.
346
partamentebs xSirad sdeben brals, rom isini im interesTa jgufebis tyveebi
arian, romelTa interesebi am departamentebis mier marTul programebs emTxveva.
meoTxe, anomikuri (anomic) interesTa jgufebi spontanurad yalibdeba,
rodesac bevri adamiani ewinaaRmdegeba raime politikas. am fenomenis brwyinvale magaliTia studenturi demonstraciebi 1960-iani wlebis bolos da 1970-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi mTeli qveynis masStabiT. almondi ambobs, rom quCis areulobebi da zogierTi mkvlelobac ki amave kategoriaSi SeiZleba moeqces.
interesTa jgufebis kategorizaciis kidev erTi gzaa maTi dayofa viwro da
sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebad. Common Cause (saerTo saqme) _ organizacia,
romelic daaarsa jandacvis, ganaTlebis da socuzrunvelyofis yofilma ministrma da romelic 300 000-ze met wevrs aerTianebs, aseTi tipis interesTa jgufis
magaliTia.
interesTa jgufebi marto imiT ar gansxvavdebian, ra sakiTxebze muSaoben,
aramed imiTac, rom isini gansxvavebul aqcentebs svamen. Zalze viwro aqcentebi
yvelaze xSirad damaxasiaTebelia eTnikuri (magaliTad, amerikel italielTa
fondi), religiuri (amerikel ebraelTa kongresi), profesiuli (universitetebis
profesorTa amerikuli asociacia), asakobrivi niSniT gansazRvruli (pensionerTa amerikuli asociacia) da sxva mravali jgufisaTvis, romelTaTvisac romelime kategoriaSi adgilis miCneva Zalze rTulia (magaliTad, xeibar amerikel
veteranTa organizacia). yovel aseT SemTxvevaSi es kerZo intersTa jgufebi,
pirvel rigSi, cdiloben Tavis wevrTa interesebis dacvas.
sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebis interesTa sfero ufro farToa. isini ibrZvian im sakiTxebis mosagvareblad, romlebsac, maTi azriT, mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis SeuZliaT sargeblobis motana. aseTi organizaciis erTi magaliTia
siera klubi, romelic lobirebs mkacr da amomwurav garemosdacviT politikas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela ar eTanxmeba siera klubis miznebs, veravin daadanaSaulebs mis wevrebs viwro piradi interesebisaTvis brZolaSi; marTlac, sufTa
haeri da wyali xom yvela moqalaqisTvis sasargebloa.
asociaciuri tipis interesTa jgufebi Zlier gansxvavdebian kapitaliTa
da TvisebebiT. ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi dakavSirebulia imasTan, ramdeni fulis Sekreba SeuZliaT maT, ramdeni da ramdenad araerTgvarovani tipis wevrebi hyavT, rogori kavSirebi aqvT kanonmdeblebTan da gadawyvetilebis mimReb
pirebTan, aqvT Tu ara kvalificirebuli TanamSromlebis daqiravebis saSualeba. garda amisa, interesTa jgufebi gansxvavdebian maT mier arCeuli moqmedebis
taqtikiTac, iqneba es xelisuflebis wevrebTan erTi erTze lobireba, politikuri Semowirulobebi, masobrivi safosto gzavnilebi, sasamarTlo sarCelebis
sponsoroba, demonstraciebis da gamosvlebis organizeba Tu mniSvnelovani
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb kvlevebis dafinanseba.
347
alebebiT kampaniebis gaCaRebiT. interesTa jgufebi eZeben pirdapir kavSirebs
gadawyvetilebis mimRebebTan. bevri interesTa jgufi qiraobs lobists, romelic sxvadasxva gziT cdilobs kanonmdebelTa ndobisa da maTze gavlenis mopovebas. lobisti eqspertebis specifikuri codnis safuZvelze isini gamodian
sakanonmdeblo komitetebis winaSe, Suamdgomloben axlo megobrebsa Tu amomrCevlebs maTi Sexedulebebis cxovrebaSi gasatareblad. lobistebi aseve organizebas ukeTeben da sargebloben piar-kampaniebiT, satelefono Tu internetkavSirebiT; saerTo sakanonmdeblo miznebis misaRwevad koordinirebas axdenen
da TanamSromloben Tanamoazre lobistebTan; cdiloben gaafarToon kanonmdeblebTan urTierTobis SesaZleblobebi (magaliTad, marTaven wveulebebs an afinanseben saqvelmoqmedo RonisZiebebs).32
AARP-s (pensionerTa amerikuli asociacia) wevrebi amerikel xandazmulTaTvis xelisuflebis mxardaWeris gasafarToeblad da SesanarCuneblad demonstracias awyoben, raTa
xazi gausvan sakuTar wuxilsa da politikur Sexedulebebs.
cxadia, zogierTi interesTa jgufi sxvebze ufro warmatebulia. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs or faqtors fulsa da wevrobas. organizaciebs, romlebic warmoadgenen saerTo interesis mqone moqalaqeTa ufro did da gamorCeul nawils, aSkara upiratesoba gaaCniaT. es gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa, rodesac
saqme exeba specifikur sakiTxebs da rodesac ar arsebobs sxva, imave sakiTxiT
dainteresebuli konkurenti an dapirispirebuli interesTa jgufebi. didi raodenobis TanamoazreTa lobis saukeTeso magaliTia pensionerTa amerikuli
asociciacia (daaxloebiT 33 milioni wevriT), romelic xandazmul moqalaqeTa
samTavrobo daxmarebis gazrdis da SenarCunebis sakiTxSi namdvili monopolistia da masTan dapirispirebisas verc erTma organizaciam warmatebas ver
miaRwia. am organizaciis wevria 50 wels gadacilebul amerikelTa 48 procenti
(amomrCevelTa 20 procenti), ris gamoc igi qveyanaSi rigiT meore aramomgebiani
(non-profit) organizaciaa romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis Semdeg. 18 registrirebuli lobistiT, 1700 daqiravebuli adamianiTa da TiTqmis 500 milioniani biu-
348
jetiT es asociacia, romelic sakuTar Tavs amerikel xandazmulTa damcvelad
warmoaCens, aSS-is yvelaze gavleniani lobia.
iaraRis moyvarulTa erovnuli asociacia (The National Rifle Association) gavleniani interesTa jgufis magaliTia. igi erTi viwro interesis garSemoa Seqmnili,
Tumca bolo aTwleulebSi misi gavlena Semcirda. am asociaciis mxridan iaraRze nebismieri formis kontrolis dawesebaze medgari winaaRmdegoba kritikis
qarcecxlSi gaexva mas Semdeg, rac aSS-is sazogadoebrioba ufro da ufro met
kavSirs xedavs cecxlsasrol iaraRsa da gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT Cadenil
danaSaulebebs Soris. kidev ufro warumatebeli arian axla fermerebi; maT ramdenime organizacia warmoadgens, romelTac Camoayalibes soflis meurneobis
sakiTxebis Zalze daqucmacebuli lobi.
interesTa jgufebis warmatebasTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebia: 1) moqalaqeTa raodenoba, romelsac warmoadgens jgufi; 2) jgufis wevrTa Sesabamis
sakiTxTan (interesTan) gaigivebis (identifikaciis) xarisxi; 3) im konkurent
jgufTa arseboba an ararseboba, romlebmac SeiZleba Seasuston interesTa
jgufis mier xelisuflebaze mopovebuli gavlena. magram araferia amerikul
politikaSi fulze ufro mniSvnelovani. xandaxan SeZlebul moqalaqeTa SedarebiT mcirericxovanma jgufma SeiZleba politikur procesze uzarmazari gavlena moaxdinos, magaliTad, ZviradRirebuli mediakampaniasa Tu politikur
kampaniebisaTvis didi Tanxebis Sewirvis wyalobiT. amas garda, aseT jgufTa
wevrebs, rogorc wesi, gaaCniaT piradi kavSirebi da politikuri kontaqtebi,
rac SeiZleba gadamwyveti aRmoCndes, rodesac saqme Seexeba warmomadgenlis an
senatoris mier kenWisyraze dayenebul ama Tu im sakiTxis mxardaWeras.
interesTa jgufebi xSirad upiratesobas moipoveben, Tu kavSirebi aqvT
politikur partiasTan. dasavleT evropaSi udidesi profkavSirebi axlo kavSirSia mSromelTa klasis warmomadgenel politikur partiebTan (magaliTad,
did britaneTSi leiboristuli partia da profkavSirebis kongresi, romlebsac
mxars uWers didi britaneTis organizebul profkavSirTa wevrebis 85 procenti). amisgan gansxvavebiT, aSS-Si interesTa jgufebi politikur partiebs saerTod gverds uvlian da pirdapir im kandidatebs afinanseben, romlebsac TviTon
uWeren mxars. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, interesTa jgufebi Tavs izRveven da saarCevno kampaniaSi orive dapirispirebul kandidats afinanseben.
interesTa jgufis warmatebis mniSvnelovani gasaRebia kompiuterizebuli
pirdapiri gzavnilis (direct mail) saSualebiT moTxovnili fondebi, magram aseve
mniSvnelovania dinamikuri xelmZRvanelobac. interesTa jgufebis xelmZRvanelebi (liderebi) warmarTaven da xSirad TviTonve iCenen lobistur iniciativas, cdiloben konfidencialuri Sexvedrebisas daarwmunon kanonmdeblebi da
gadawyvetilebebis mimRebni, mxari dauWiron (an ar dauWiron) ama Tu im sakiTxs.
interesTa jgufis warmatebuloba xSirad damokidebulia lobistis pirovnul
Rirsebebsa da reputaciaze. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, interesTa jgufebi vaSingtonSi xSirad cdiloben prezidentebis yofili mrCevlebis `xelSi Cagdebas~
sakuTari interesebis damcvelebad (da amisTvis karg gasamrjelosac uxdian
xolme).
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komiteti) winaurdeba
miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebuli savaraudo monacemebi sakmaod gansxvavdeba, eqspertebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom interesTa jgufebisa da maT mier daqiravebul lobistTa raodenoba aSS-Si bolo sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi sul
mcire 50 procentiT gaizarda. dRes es asociaciebi vaSingtonSi sididiT mesamea
xelisuflebisa da turizmis Semdeg. erT-erTi wyaros monacemebiT, 1991 wels
daaxloebiT 6 000 lobisti iyo registrirebuli da daaxloebiT 80 000 adamiani
muSaobda im asociaciebisTvis, romlebic kongresSi lobirebdnen.34 vaSingtonSi
lobis TiTqmis ori mesamedi biznesisa da savaWro wreebidan modis. 1994 wlis
erT-erTi gamokvleva kidev ufro SemaSfoTebel suraTs aaSkaravebs:
magaliTad aviRoT geilis kvlevaSi Encyclopedia of Associations mocemuli jgufebis raodenoba. Tu 1956 wels maTi ricxvi 5000 iyo, dReisaTvis 20 000-mde gaizarda. ra Tqma unda, isini amerikis interesTa jgufebis
samyaros mxolod mcire nawils warmoadgenen. mxolod garemos dacvis
organizaciebi iTvlian daaxloebiT 7 000 jgufs, Tuki maT adgilobriv
moxalise damsufTaveblebsac mivaTvliT; Washington Blade-is cnobarSi
Setanilia 400-ze meti gei-jgufi, maSin rodesac 1990 wels aseTi mxolod
300 iyo. 1961 da 1982 wlebs Soris vaSingtonSi korporaciuli ofisebis
raodenoba aTjer gaizarda. kidev ufro dramatulad imata sazogadoebrivi interesebis dasacavad Seqmnilma organizaciebma da farTo masebis
jgufebma (grassroots groups). 1960-ian wlebamde aseTi jgufebi TiTqmis ar
arsebobda; dRes aseTi organizacia aTiaTasobiTaa da politolog ronald Saikos TqmiT, 40 milioni moqalaqisagan 4 miliard dolarze metsac
agroveben. 35
interesTa jgufebis momravlebis mizezia saxelmwifo daxmarebebis mniSvnelovani zrda, politikuri partiebis gavlenis Sesusteba, amerikuli sazogadoebis mzardi mravalferovneba, axali socialur-ekonomikuri jgufebis Camoyalibeba, ramac xeli Seuwyo mravali viwro interesis garSemo Seqmnili jgufis
Camoyalibebas.36 amave dros, safosto da kompiuteruli teqnologiebi msgavsi
organizaciebis daarsebas SedarebiT aiolebs. ganaTlebis donis amaRlebam
gazarda moqalaqeTa interesi msgavsi asociaciebis mimarT, xolo SedarebiTma
keTildReobam saSualeba misca maT ixadon sawevro gadasaxadebi.
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi popularuli gaxda axali tipis interesTa jgufebi, romlebic politikuri qmedebaTa
komitetebis (PAC) saxeliTaa cnobili. 1971 wels kongresma aukrZala korporaciebsa da SromiT kavSirebs politikuri kampaniebisaTvis fulis pirdapiri wesiT
gaReba, riTac arCevnebis dros darRvevebis aRkveTas Seecada. Tumca, kanonma, im
saxiT, rogoriTac kongresSi misi damtkiceba da sasamarTloebis mier interepretireba moxda, xeli ver SeuSala viwro interesTa jgufebs arapirdapiri gziT
_ specialurad am mizniT Seqmnili komitetebis meSveobiT _ fulis xarjvaSi.
1980-iani wlebis Sua periodamde politikur qmedebaTa komitetebis ricxvi mniSvnelovnad izrdeboda, rogorc es 10-5 sqemidan Cans. didi da gavleniani politikuri qmedebis komitetebi gaaCnia Semdeg interesTa jgufebs: amerikis medikosTa
asociacias, uZravi qonebiT movaWreTa erovnul asociacias, dilerebis erovnul
asociacias, fostalionTa erovnul asociacias, amerikis stomatologTa aso-
350
ciacias, saxelmwifo, saolqo da municipalur doneze dasaqmebulTa amerikul
federacias.
351
ara aqvs, iZleva imis garantias, rom politikosebi ver Seelevian politikuri
qmedebis komitetebis mier gaRebul fuls.
bevri damkvirvebeli gmobs amerikul politikaSi fulis mzard gavlenas.
fuli yovelTvis mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo politikaSi, magram ukanasknel aTwleulebSi igi iqca faqtorad, romlis gareSe gamarjveba ubralod warmoudgenelia. Tuki warmomadgenlobiT palataSi adgilis mopovebis saSualo xarji
1976 wels 73 000 dolars Seadgenda, 1996 wlisaTvis igi 80 000 dolaramde gaizarda; igive periodSi, senatSi adgilis mosapoveblad xarji 595 000 dolaridan
3,8 milion dolaramde gaizarda. Pew Charitable Trust is gancxadebiT,
martivad rom vTqvaT, fuli is sawvavia, romelic amoZravebs amJamindel sakampanio sistemas. interesTa jgufebi, kandidatebi da partiebi
agroveben fuls imisaTvis, rom daiqiravon konsultantebi da awarmoon
ZviradRirebuli satelevizio sareklamo kampaniebi.38
352
doebac ufro advilad egueba amerikuli politikuri cxovrebis ganmsazRvrel
Zalad egoisturi interesis aRiarebas.
interesTa jgufebi sakuTari azris gamoxatvisa da sazogadoebriv azrze gavlenis moxdenis mizniT yalibdeba. xSirad isini cnobil adamianebs iwveven sakuTari Zalisxmevis warmosaCenad. fotoze msaxiobi riCard giri protests gamoxatavs tibetSi Cinelebis represiis winaaRmdeg.
meore, demokratiuli sazogadoebebi politikuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT avtoritarul sazogadoebebze ufro rTuladaa mowyobili. demokratiaSi, sadac pirovnebas aqvs SesaZlebloba gamoxatos da imoqmedos Tavisi
Sexedulebebisa da interesebis mixedviT, politikuri Tavisufleba iwvevs interesTa zrdas. amis gamo, demokratiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia politikuri,
ekonomikuri da socialuri interesebis mravalferovneba. amas adasturebs
cxadi magaliTi ekonomikis sferodan. dasavluri ekonomika SeiZleba davyoT
iseT sxvadasxvagvar biznes-organizaciebad, rogoricaa giganturi korporaciebi, mcire biznesi, mZime industria, momsaxurebis sferos firmebi, profkavSirebis mqone da armqone mrewveloba, soflis meurneobis firmebi, multinacionaluri korporaciebi da nacionalizebuli an saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi
353
arsebuli sawarmoebi _ yvela maTgans sakuTari politikuri moTxovnebi da interesebi gaaCnia~.41
mesame mizezi konstituciur demokratiebSi interesTa jgufebis warmatebisa aris is, rom mTavroba regularulad anawilebs mogebas (Semosavals). yovelwliur sabiujeto brZolaSi Semosavlebis ganawilebisaTvis namdvili taciaoba
imarTeba. dasavlur demokratiebSi keTildReobis saxelmwifos (Welfare State)
ganviTarebasTan erTad imata interesTa jgufebmac, romlebic Semosavlebidan ufro didi wilis xelSi Casagdebad erTmaneTs ejibrebian. aSS-Si axali interesTa jgufebis gaCenas xeli Seuwyo axalgazrdebsa da xandazmulebs Soris
Semosavlebis Tanabrad ganawilebisaken mimarTulma RonisZiebebma Medicare-is an
skolebSi Hot-lunch-is programebis farglebSi. da, raRa Tqma unda, msgavsi programebis ganxorcielebasa da sazogadoebisaTvis miwodebis saqmeSi Tavisi interesi aqvT saxelmwifo saagentoebsa da im monawile mxareebs (kompaniebs), romlebic
programebis momaragebiT arian dakavebuli.
354
TiTqmis mudmivad akontroleben.
magram, keTildRobis saxelmwifos zrda da misi Tanmdevi xarjebi zogierTi konservatoris seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs, maSin rodesac politikur
qmedebaTa komitetebis (PAC) gavlenis zrda erTnairad aSfoTebs liberalebsa
da reformebis momxre zomierebs. politikuri zewola (interesTa jgufebi
aseve cnobili arian, rogorc zewolis jgufebi) zustad asaxavs sazogadoebis sxvadasxva segmentis politikur upiratesobas; problemac swored esaa. rogor SeiZleba mTavrobam imoqmedos obieqturad, rodesac eqceva sazogadoebis
didi nawilis saerTo azris gamomxatveli, Zlieri interesTa jgufis zewolas
qveS? meore mxriv, rodesac erTi sakiTxis damcveli interesTa jgufi romelime Zalian specifikuri wesis an kanonisaTvis ibrZvis _ romelic moqalaqeTa
did nawils sul ar anaRvlebs an araviTar yuradRebas ar aqcevs _ ra SeiZleba
iyos stimuli kanonmdeblebis an biurokratebisaTvis, romelic daexmareba
maT, gauZlon zewolas viwro interesebis jgufebis mxridan? did qveyanaSi, sadac xelisuflebis ramodenime done arsebobs, gasakviri araa, rom bevri vergasuli kanoni an politika xdeba rutinuli ganxilvis sagani. rodesac zewolis
jgufebi mondomebiT lobireben raime sakiTxs, romelsac saerTod araviTari
an Zalze mcire kavSiri aqvs sazogadoebriv interesTan, da, aqedan gamomdinare,
sazogadoeba mas faqtobrivad mxars ar uWers, mosalodnelia, rom politikuri
procesi gaixrwnas (korumpirebuli gaxdes).
daskvna
355
moqalaqeebs saSualeba aqvT sxvadasxva kanonieri gziT monawileoba miiRon politikur procesSi: pirobiTad, arCevnebSi xmis micemiT da sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebSi monawileobiT; organizaciuli TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlebelia politikur partiaSi an interesTa jgufSi gawevrianeba; profesiuli
TvalsazrisiT, moqalaqes SeuZlia aseT organizaciaSi muSaobis dawyeba. politikuri monawileobis zogierTi forma araa pirobiTi, magaliTad, protestebSi an ekonomikur boikotSi CarTva. monawileobis aralegaluri formebi amaze
ufro Sors midis _ ganzrax Cadenili araZaladobrivi qmedebebiT (samoqalaqo
daumorCilebloba) dawyebuli ukiduresad sastiki moqmedebebiT damTavrebuli (terorizmi).
xelisuflebaze gavlena is mosaxdenad, moqalaqeebma konstituciur
demokratiebSi individualuri Sexedulebebisa da interesebis koleqtiur
mosazrebebad da interesebad gadaqceva unda SeZlon. politologebi am process interesTa agregacias uwodeben. sazogadoebrivi azri SeiZleba gamoixatos sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvisas, rasac politikur procesze didi
gavlena aqvs xolme. arCevnebi, miuxedavad Tandayolili SezRudvebisa, masobrivi Sexedulebebis sajaro politikad qcevis saukeTeso saSualebaa. arsebobs gansxvavebuli saarCevno sistemebi, magram umTavresi oria: first-past-thepost maJoritaruli sistema (amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da did britaneTSi)
da warmomadgenlobis proporciuli sistema (warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiebis umravlesobaSi). demokratiul respublikebSi amomrCevlebi irCeven
kanonmdeblebs, maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi
da zogjer mosamarTleebsac. pirdapir demokratiis instrumentebia referendumi, iniciativa da Tanamdebobis pirebis gamowveva, rac saSualebas aZlevs
moqalaqeebs pirdapir miiRon monawileoba sajaro politikis formirebaSi.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebSi monawilobis (xmis micemis) dabali maCvenebelia da igi kidev ufro klebulobs. amomrCevlebi, rogorc wesi,
ar arian gaTviTcnobierebulni.
zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, masebis politikuri monawileoba ufro iluzorulia da Zalaufleba sinamdvileSi gavlenian pirTa mcirericxovani, elitaruli jgufebis xelSia moqceuli. am elitistur Teorias ar eTanxmebian
pluralizmis damcvelebi. isini amtkiceben, rom demokratiul sazogadoebaSi
Zalaufleba ufro ganawileblia, vidre koncentrirebuli da rom politikuri
movlenebi Zalze rTulia saimisod, rom isini elitisturi Teoriis martiv
gagebamde davakninoT.
avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi srulfasovani monawileoba iSviaTia. Tuki
aseTi ram xdeba, igi emsaxureba ara moqalaqeTa monawileobis xelSewyobas, aramed mTavrobis mier kontrolis gamtkicebasa da ganxorcielebas.
demokratiul qveynebSi moqalaqeebi cdiloben gavlena moaxdinon sajaro politikaze politikuri partiebisa da interesTa jgufebis meSveobiT. avtoritarul qveynebSi partiebi mTavrobis iaraRia da ara xalxis nebis gamomxatveli instrumenti. interesTa jgufebi, Tuki aseT qveynebSi isini arseboben,
gacilebiT ufro SezRudul rols asruleben, vidre demokratiul qveynebSi.
Tavdapirvelad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi partiebs uyurebdnen rogorc ganxeTqilebis Semomtanebs. dRes maT sayovelTaod aRiqvamen demokratiul saxelmwifoSi ZiriTadi funqciis ganmaxorcieleblad, ramdenadac isini
356
aRweven erovnul Tanxmobas da gvTavazoben alternativebs, gansakuTrebiT arCevnebis procesSi, isini gvexmarebian xelisuflebis CamoyalibebaSi. politikuri partiebi moqmedeben erTpartiuli, orpartiuli an mravalpartiuli sistemebis konteqstSi.
partiebis siZlieresa da organizaciaze ama Tu im qveyanaSi ramdenime faqtori SeiZleba axdendes gavlenas, maT Soris, tradiciebi, konstitucia, qveynis
kulturuli da ekonomikuri mravalferovneba. bolo dros politikuri partiebis gavlena Semcirda.
interesTa jgufebis klasifikacia SeiZleba sxvadasxvanairad moxdes: erTi meTodiT SeiZleba kerZo interesTa jgufebis sazogadoebriv interesTa
jgufebisagan gansxvaveba. am jgufebis efeqtianobas ramdenime faqtori gansazRvravs, sididis, wevrebis politikur mosazrebaTa intensiurobis, dafinansebis
da liderebis CaTvliT. ukanasknel wlebSi am asociaciaTa ricxvi da Zalaufleba gaizarda. zogierTi mkvlevari SiSobs, rom isini zedmetad gavleniani gaxdnen, Tumca sxvebs miaCniaT, rom jgufebis mravalricxovnoba da mravalferovneba xels uwyobs politikuri stabilurobisa da damoukidebeli institutebis
SenarCunebas.
sakvanZo sityvebi
qeT, es or svetad unda!!!!
tradiciuli monawileoba
aratradiciuli monawileoba
arasamarTlebrivi monawileoba
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba
terorizmi
damxoba
ajanyeba
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia
sazogadoebriv azri
sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva
sazogadoebrivi azris SerCeviTi gamokiTxva
SemTxveviT SerCeva
strategiuli gamokiTxva
fokus jgufebi
satelefono jgufebi
stratificirebul SerCeva
Tvalyuris devneba-gamokiTxva
mogebuli iRebs yvela mandats
martiv umravlesoba
maJoritaruli sistema (winner-takes-all)
proporciul warmomadgenloba
saarCevno siebi
pirdapiri demokratia
plebisciti
referendumi
357
iniciativa
impiCmenti
mZRolo-amomrCevlis kanoni (motor-voter law)
politikuri efeqtianoba
gaucxoeba
individualizmi
politikuri apaTia
mwiri informaciis racionaloba
oligarqiis rkinis kanoni
pluralistebi
masobrivi mobilizaciis reJimi
politikuri partia
koaliciuri mTavroba
interesTa jgufebi
kerZo interesTa jgufebi
sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebi
lobistebi
politikuri qmedebaTa komiteti (PAC)
rbili fuli (soft money)
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.
2.
3.
aris Tu ara demokratiul saxelmwifoSi apaTia moqalaqis valis srulfasovnad Sesrulebis xelisSemSleli faqtori? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
4.
5.
ras amboben, rogorc wesi, demokratiul saxlmwifoSi politikuri monawileobis Sesaxeb? marTalia Tu ara es? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
6.
7.
8.
ratom gaizarda interesTa jgufebis gavlena politikuri partiebis gavlenis SesustebasTan erTad. aris Tu ara es ori movlena erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli?
9.
SeniSvnebi
358
1. M. Margaret Conway, Political Participation in the United States (Washington, D.C.: C.Q. Press, 1987), 10.
2. mogvianebiT am TavSi ufro detalurad ganvixilavT SeerTebul StatebSi xmis micemis formebs.
3. Conway, Political Participation, 52-53.
4. iqve.
5. Howard Schuman and Stanley Presser, Questions and answers in Attitude Surveys (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press,
1981), 70-71. es kvleva TvalsaCinod aris warmodgenili James Q. Wilson-is American Government, me-4
gamocema (Lexington, Mass.: Heath, 1989), 99.
6. John L. Fund, Itll Be Close, Wall Street Journal, 1 noemberi 1997w., 12.
7. Everett Carll Ladd, The Pollsters Waterloo, Wall Street Journal, 19 noemberi 1997w., 22.
8. erT-erTi kvleviT dadginda, rom wamyvani partiis platformis dapirebaTa ori mesamedi
sruldeba; ix. Gerald M. Pomper-isa da Susan Lederman-is Elections in America: Control and Influence in
Democratic Politics, me-2 gamocema (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1980), 161.
9. Thomas Cronin, Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum, and Recall (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 1989).
10. iqve, 87.
11. is garemoeba, rom mraval demokratiul qveyanaSi amomrCevels daregistrireba ar sWirdeba,
xSirad maTi monawileobis maRali maCveneblis mizezad miiCneva. zogierT qveyanaSi (avstraliisa
da belgiis CaTvliT) is moqalaqeebi, romlebic xmas ar aZleven, jarimdebian.
12. Harry Holloway and John George, Public Opinion: Coalitions, Elites, and Masses, me-2 gamocema (New York: St.
Martins Press, 1986), 161.
13. iqve, 162-163.
14. ix. Julian L. Woodward and Elmo Roper, Political Activity of American Citizens, American Political Science
Review 44 (1950): 822-885.
15. Sidney Verba and Norman Nie, Participation in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 79-80.
16. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, tomi 2 (New York: Schocken Books, 1961), 18.
17. iqve, 153, 159.
18. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: Americas Declining Social Capital, Journal of Democracy (ianvari 1995),
65-78.
19. Richard Morin, Whos In Control? Many Dont Know or Care, Washington Post, 29 ianvari 1996, 6.
20. iqve.
21. James Q. Wilson, American Government, 100.
22. Richard Niemi and Herbert Weisberg, Controversies in Voting Behavior, me-3 gamocema (Washington, D.C.: C.Q.
Press, 1992), 103.
23. Samuel Popkin, The Reasoning Voter and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1991), 212-216.
24. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956).
25. Thomas Dye and L. Harmon Ziegler, The Irony of Democracy: An Uncommon Introduction to American
Government, me-4 gamocema (North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press, 1978), 374.
26. Andrew Greeley, Power Is Diffused throughout Society, wignSi Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial
Political Isuues, red. George McKenna da Stanley Feingad (Guilford, Conn.: Dushkin, 1983), 23. ix. aseve Arnold
Rose, The Power Structure: Political Process in American Society (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), 483-493.
27. Thomas Jefferson-isa da Francis Hopkinson-is mimowera, 13 marti 1789w. wignSi The Political Writings of
Thomas Jefferson, red. Edward Dumbauld (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1955), 46.
28. iqve.
29. Teoria warmodgenilia Harry Jaffa-s wignSi quality and Liberty: Theory and Practice in American Politics
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 3-32.
30. Paul Best, Kul Rai and David Walsh, Politics in Three Worlds: An Introduction to Political Science (New York:
Wiley, 1986), 271-272.
31. Gabriel Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston: Little, Brown,
1966), Tavi 4.
359
32. am msjelobisaTvis unda vumadlodeT William Keefe-sa da Morris Ogul-s wignSi The American Legislation
Process: Congress and the States, me-8 gamocema (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1992), 334.
33. Thomas DiLorenzo, Who Really Speaks For the Elderly? Consumers Research 79 (seqtemberi 1996): 15 da
Charles Morris, The AARP: Americas Most Powerful Lobby and the Clash of Generations (New York: Times Books,
1996), 4, 10-11.
34. Jeffrey Birnbaum, Overhaul of Lobbying Laws Unlikely to Succeed Thanks to Opposition of Lobbyists Themselves,
Wall Street Journal, 30 maisi 1991, 20.
35. Jonathan Rauch, The Hyperpluralism Trap, New Republic, 6 ivnisi 1994w. 22.
36. iqve, 2-3.
37. John Harwood, Political Treadmill: For California Senator, Fundraising Becomes Overwhelming Burden, Wall
Street Journal, 2 marti 1994w. A1. Feinstein-iseul Tanxis mozidvis Zalisxmevas safuZvlad edo is faqti, rom
1992 wels man arCevnebSi mxolod orwliani vadiT gaimarjva. arwood-is SefasebiT 1992 wels brZola da
1990 wels gubernatoris arCevnebSi damarcxeba Feinstein-s daaxloebiT 30 mln dolari daujda.
38. ix. Campaign finance reform Pew Charitable Trusts veb-gverdze www.pewtrusts.com/ideas/.
39. es paragrafi eyrdnoba Best, Rai and Walsh, Politics in Three Worlds, 228-229.
40. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist (New York: Modern Library, uTariRo),
nomeri 10, 55.
41. Best, Rai and Walsh, Politics in Three Worlds, 220.
42. iqve, 240.
43. Gordon Skilling-sa da Franklyn Griffiths-is redaqtorobiT Interest Groups in Soviet Politics (Printceton, N.J.:
Princeton University Press, 1971).
360
361
T aavv i XI
politikuri
lideroba
Z alauflebis
alau fleb is
m rav
ravalsax
alsaxeo
eo b
ba
WeSmariti liderebi
saxelmwifos marTvis arsi
lideris oTxi tipi
didebis xibli
liderobis dasasruli?
demagogebi
politikosebi
kanonmdeblebi, rogorc delegatebi
kanonmdeblebi, rogorc meurveebi
politikanebi
damTmobebi
samoqalaqo liderebi
362
363
Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi politikosebi ufro erTian da stereotipebiT
moazrovne jgufad aRiqmebian, vidre gamoCenili sportsmenebi, eqimebi, biznesis liderebi an Tundac garTobis industriis moRvaweebi. miuxedavad amisa,
yovelTvis, rodesac wvlili Segvaqvs politikur kampaniebSi an xmas vaZlevT
arCevnebSi, upiratesobas vaniWebT erT kandidats meoresTan SedarebiT da, Sesabamisad, vaaSkaravebT im bazisur rwmenas, rom CvenTvis mniSvnelovania, romeli
kandidatia arCeuli. iseve, rogorc TviTmfrinavis mgzavrebs ar SeuZliaT indiferentulebi iyvnen ekipaJis gamocdilebisa da unaris mimarT, moqalaqeebsac
ar ZaluZT gulgrilni darCnen saxelmwifo liderebis xasiaTisa da gonierebis
mimarT.
erebis keTildReoba xSirad damokidebulia liderebis unarze, gaakeTon
brZnuli arCevani da imoqmedon keTilgonivrulad. prezident jorj buSis1
gadawyvetileba, daesaja borotmoqmedebi 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers amerikis
SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli Tavdasxmis gamoaucilebel da Sesabamis nabijad iqna aRqmuli amerikeli xalxis umravlesobis mier. mamamisis2 mier 1990 wels miRebulma gadawyvetilebam, jarebi gaegzvana quveiTSi iq
SeWrili sadam huseinisTvis3 winaaRmdegobis gasawevad, saSualeba misca Statebs
daecva navTobis sabazro fasi msoflio bazarze, da amgvarad Tavidan aeridebina
navTobis mkacri deficiti (magram amave dros, erayis diqtatoris xelisuflebaSi datovebam or saxelmwifos Soris xangrZlivi saomari daZabuloba da urTierTobis gamwvaveba gamoiwvia); prezident riCard niqsonis votergeitis qmedebebma
amerikeli eri konstituciuri krizisis zRvarze miiyvana; perezident lindon b.
jonsonis gadawyvetilebiT vietnamSi 500 aTasi amerikeli jariskacis gagzavnam
da omis gamwvavebam mZime Sedegebi gamoiRo rogorc amerikisTvis, aseve mTeli
msofliosTvis.
cxadia, lideroba politikis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. II msoflio omis Semdeg perezidentma hari trumenma4 istoriuli gadawyvetilebebis mTeli seria miiRo: marSalis gegmis farglebSi evropis aRorZineba, axali samxedro aliansebis,
maT Soris CrdiloeT atlantikuri TanamSromlobis organizacia (nato)5 Seqmna,
agreTve Sekavebis mkacri politikis saSualebiT sabWoTa kavSiris sagrZnobi gafarToebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva. savaraudoa, rom magaliTad, uoren hardingi6 aseT strategiebs ver SeimuSavebda.
erTerTi gamoCenili mkvlevaris azriT, `politika Tavisi arsiT lideroba
an nebismieri formis politikuri erTobis marTvis mcdelobaa~7. politikuri
liderobis Zala is faqtoria, romlis arsebiT gavlenas yovelTvis ganicdis
yvela saxis erToba da yvela qveyana. magaliTad, wlobiT cixeSi yofnis Semdeg
1994 wlis maisSi antiaparteiduli afrikis erovnuli kongresis yofili Tavmjdomare nelson mandela arCeul iqna rasobrivad mravalferovani samxreT afrikis respublikis prezidentad. TviTnaswavlma, sayovelTao ndobiT aRWurvilma,
da bevrisTvis sayvarelma samocdaTxuTmeti wlis nelson mandelam warmatebiT
SeZlo Zalauflebis mSvidobianad Secvla, riTac daasrula TeTrkanianTa xangrZlivi batonobis reJimi. SesaZloa, sxva veravin SeZlebda am amocanisTvis Tavis garTmevas. magram mainc, revoluciuri moZraobis moTaveoba da qveynis marTva ori sxvadasxva amocanaa. Tumca mandela didi lideris mravali Tvisebis mqone
pirovnebaa, jer kidev adrea daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Taobaze, rogor moaxerxa
man axali samxreT afrikis lideroba.
364
am TavSi ganvixilavT oTxi tipis liderebs: WeSmarit liderebs, demagogebs, Cveulebriv politikosebs da samoqalaqo liderebs. amgvari dayofa
umeteswilad xdeba maTi miRwevebis, Tvisebebis, meTodebisa da miznebis mixedviT. WeSmariti liderebi arian politikuri arqiteqtorebi, romlebic axal
saxelmwifoebs qmnian, mSvidobismyofelebi, romlebic konfliqtebs agvareben
da oratorebi, romlebsac erovnuli krizisis dros xalxis STagoneba SeuZliaT.
isini arian warsulis damfuZneblebi, awmyos gzamkvlevebi da momavlis legendebi. demagogebi atyueben xalxs da manipulireben misi ndobiT Tavisi kerZo miznis
misaRwevad. isini intriganebi, wamqezeblebi da omis gamCaReblebi arian. Cveu-
lebrivi politikosebi ar sCadian arc did borotebas da arc did sikeTes, maTi
qmedebebi koncentrirebulia arCevasa da gadarCevaze. samoqalaqo liderebs ara
aqvT oficialuri sajaro Tanamdebobebi, magram aqtiurad arian Cabmulni eris
politikaSi da mniSvnelovanwilad SeuZliaT misi gansazRvra.
xSirad aseTi gansxvaveba Teoriulad gacilebiT iolia, vidre misi praqtikaSi gadatana. magaliTad, SeiZleba vinmes franklin delano ruzvelti8 gansakuTrebul liderad miaCndes, sxva ki mas Cveulebriv politikosad, gzasacdenil
liderad, da iqneb demagogadac ki aRiqvamdes. SesaZloa sazogado cxovrebis,
karieris sxvadasxva etapze esa Tu is politikosi oTxive tips Seesabamebodes, da
mainc, sxvaobac naTelia _ sayovelTao azria, rom adolf hitleri demagogi iyo,
xolo uinston CerCili _ II msoflio omis yvelaze mZime dReebSi didi britaneTis
gmiruli dacvis arqiteqtori.
WeSmariti liderebi
WeSmariti liderebi qveynis marTvas axorcieleben, gonivrulad iyeneben saxelmwifo Zalauflebas. liderobis es ideali didi xnis win Camoyalibda.
platoni da aristotele ganixilavdnen mas TavianT naSromebSi. platoni aRwers
sokrates, romelic monawileobs dialogSi saxelmwifo moRvaweobis Sesaxeb _
am terminiT tradiciulad mimarTaven an moixseneben politikuri niWiT dajildoebul liders. XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi termini saxelmwifo moRvaweoba Tu
moRvawe (marTebulad Tu umarTebulod) bevri msoflio lideris mimarT gamoiyeneboda, iugoslaviis damaarsebel, iozif bros titodan (1945-1980ww.), viskonsinis Statis qalaq miluokis skolis maswavlebliT, golda meieriT (1969-1974ww.)
damTavrebuli, romelic israelis meoTxe premier-ministri gaxda 1969 wels.
liderebi, romlebic xangrZlivad qmnian gansxvavebul istorias, iSviaTi
Tvisebebis mqone adamianebi arian, mSvidobis, harmoniisa da sazogado sikeTis
ideis erTgulni da amJRavneben praqtikul Wkuas. amasTan, krizisis dros es
adamianebi ers winamZRolobas uweven gadarCenis gzaze. am tipis liderebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili ukaviaT axali erebis Semqmnelebs, romelTa xedvis, sibrZnisa da STamagonebeli liderobis gareSe konkretuli eri an mTavroba
saerTod ver iarsebebda. jorj vaSingtoni amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erTerTi damfuZnebeli mamaa, bevr sxva ersac hyavs damfuZnebeli mamebi, romlebsac
xalxi eTayvaneba da gansakuTrebul dReebSi ixsenebs (magaliTad, erovnuli damoukideblobis dRes).
365
saxelmwifos marTvis arsi
idealuri lideris tipis gansazRvra ioli ar aris. kargi liderobis unars
safuZvlad udevs iseTi SeumCneveli Tvisebebi, rogoricaa intuicia, STagoneba, saRad azrovnebis unari; arsebiTia sxva Tvisebebic _ inteleqti da TavSekavebuloba. cnobili filosofosi da sagazeTo svetis avtori uolter lipmani
`zneobis winapirobaSi~ Seecada gamoeyo es Tvisebebi ganaTlebuli liderebis
ubralo liderebTan Sedarebis saSualebiT. lipmanis mixedviT, politikosebis
umetesoba `muSaobs mikerZoebuli (konkretuli) interesisTvis~. amis magaliTia politikosebi, romlebic sakuTar `budeebs~ iSeneben an monurad mihyvebian
partiul xazs. cnebaSi _ saxelmwifo moRvaweoba _ amis sapirispirod `moiazreba
adamiani, romlis azrovneba mokamaTe partiebis konfliqtze gacilebiT maRla
dgas da saSualebas aZlevs mas ganaxorcielos is qmedebebi, romlebic moicaven
da iTvaliswineben interesTa farTo speqtrs xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi~2
lipmani aRiarebda, rom wyalgamyofi Cveulebriv politikossa da namdvil
liders Soris xSirad bundovania. arcTu iSviaTad WeSmarit liderebsac ki ar
ZaluZT specifikuri interesis ugulebelyofa. demokratiul qveyanaSi yvela
lideri xandaxan unda iqceodes ise, rogorc politikosi. miuxedavad amisa,
politikosi liderad gadaiqceva, rogorc ki Seecdeba Sewyvitos mxolod Tavisi amomrCevlebis myisieri survilebis dakmayofileba. amisTvis ukeTesi gzaa
daarwmuno xalxi (amomrCevlebi), rom saerTo, sazogadoebrivi interesebisken
swrafva umTavresia da rom kerZo interesebi ar aris (arc unda iyos) politikis
upirvelesi sazrunavi.
sazogadoebrivi sikeTisaken swrafva. WeSmariti lideri motivirebulia
ara myife TviTinteresiT an viwro jgufuri kuTvnilebiT, aramed sayovelTao
sazogadoebrivi sikeTis gaazrebiT. ori ukiduresobis dapirispirebiT, `ras CaTvlis sabolood xalxi kargad, imis sapirispirod, ra surs xalxs mocemul momentSi~, lipmani askvnida, rom namdvilma liderebma Tavi unda aaridon swraf popularobas. maT uari unda Tqvan politikurad SeuZlebel dapirebebze, rac imas
niSnavs, rom iyvnen patiosani da gawonasworebuli liderebi da ara mliqvneli
politikosebi. aseTi gadawyvetileba liderisgan moiTxovs `simamaces, romelic
Sorsaa mocemuli momentis agitaciebisgan~ da aseve `codnas romelsac safuZvlad udevs faqtebis obieqturi da Rrma codna da `civi~ miukerZoebloba~.
marTalia, sazogadoebrivi sikeTisTvis zrunva SeiZleba aRweril iqnes
gawonasworebulobis, miukerZoeblobis, codnisa da patiosnebis farglebSi, is
mainc ar iZleva cxadi ganzogadebis saSualebas. magaliTad, patiosneba siqvelea,
magram politikur cxovrebaSi gamonaklisebic arsebobs. rodesac fsonebi maRalia, sruli patiosneba warmatebisTvis winaRobaa da eris sanukvari intresebi
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod eSmakobis an sicruis saSualebiT, amitom WeSmariti lideri xandaxan patiosnebis aseT `daTmobazec~ midis.
gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi politikosebisagan gansakuTrebul zomebs
moiTxovs. magaliTad, abraam linkolni,10 rogorc samoqalaqo omamde, ise omis
dros ganuxrelad akninebda monobis sakiTxs im motiviT, rom upiratesobas aniWebda Statebis kavSiris gadarCenas. linkolni xvdeboda, rom monobis sakiTxze
yuradRebis gamaxvileba mis sust koaliciaSi zogi wevris gaucxoebas gamoiwvev-
366
da da am kavSirze damyarebul popularobas dakargavda, riTac avnebda rogorc
kavSirs, ise monebis gaTavisuflebis sakiTxs11.
praqtikuli Wkua. WeSmarit liderebs axasiaTebT is, rasac aristotele
keTilgonierebas, anu praqtikul Wkuas uwodebda. sazogadoebrivi sikeTis
yovlismomcveli xedva usargebloa, Tu ar ici, rogor miaRwio mas. liderebi
acnobiereben kavSirs dauyovnebliv qmedebasa da saboloo Sedegebs Soris da
SeuZliaT gaTvalon rogorc moyvasis, ise mtris reaqcia am qmedebebze. dabolos, maT SeuZliaT erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavon xangrZlivi da efemeruli, fundamenturi da umniSvnelo, SesaZlo da miuRweveli miznebi. mokled, saxelmwifo
moRvaweoba moiTxovs iSviaT codnas da rogorc problemis gamocnobis, ise misi
gadaWris gzebis moZiebis unars. am TvalsazrisiT, Wkviani liderebi gvagoneben
eqimebs, romelTa warmateba gamoixateba ara dolarebis odenobiT, aramed im erTobis janmrTelobiT, romelsac isini emsaxurebian.
politikuri unarebi. araa sakmarisi, rom, magaliTad, prezidents gulSi
hqondes CabeWdili erovnuli interesi, SemoTavazebuli programebis da politikis organizebuli mxardaWera arsebiTia. demokratiul qveyanaSi kanoni da politika (arCevnebis SemTxvevaSi Tavad liderebi) marTulTa Tanxmobas moiTxovs.
Wkuisa da Tanxmobis Tanafardoba swrafad cvalebad sajaro sivrceSi lideris
erT-erTi ZiriTadi amocanaa.
politikis yoveldRiur samyaroSi liderma aseve unda SeZlos uzarmazari
biurokratiis marTva da uSualod daqvemdebarebuli kadrebis xelmZRvaneloba;
imuSaos kanonmdeblebTan raTa uzrunvelyos administraciis programebis damtkiceba da gaaerTianos sazogadoebrivi azri administraciis politikis mxardasaWerad. warmatebulma aRmasrulebelma unda gamoamJRavnos organizatoruli
niWi, adamianTa darwmunebisa da sxva politikuri qmedebebis unari.
politikuri keTilgoniereba gulisxmobs, rom liderobis unari kargi
da saWiro saqmisTvis gamoiyeneba. politikuri alRo maSinaa saqebi, rodesac
lideris unari sazogadoebrivi sikeTiskenaa mimarTuli. Tuki es unari imisTvis gamoiyeneba, rom liderTa warmatebuli kariera an jibis gasqeleba uzrunvelyos, maSin lideris warmateba demokratiuli sistemis marcxs niSnavs. igive
SeiZleba iTqvas im SemTxvevaSic, Tu lideris miznebi mosawonia, magram maTi
miRwevis gzebi _ miuRebeli. politikuri liderebi, romlebic cdiloben saWiro
socialuri reformebis gatarebisas warmoqmnili winaRobebi ngreviT, dapatimrebebiT an oponentebis likvidaciiT gadalaxon, ver iqnebian misaRebi, ragind
sasargeblo iyos maT mier gatarebuli politika.
gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebi. xangrZlivi dakvirvebis safuZvelze
istorikosebi askvnian, rom didi dro did liderebs qmnis. imisTvis, rom gaxdes WeSmariti lideri, pirovnebam unda icxovros iseT dros, rodesac xelisuflebis qmedebebi da miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi arsebiT gansxvavebas qmnis
sazogadoebis, da SesaZloa, mTeli msoflios cxovrebaSic ki. aseTi lideri SesaZloa WeSmaritad zrunavdes sazogadoebriv sikeTeze, hqondes gansakuTrebuli
politikuri unar-Cvevebi da didi praqtikuli Wkua, magram movlenaTa ganviTarebaze mainc ver moaxdinos arsebiTi an xangrZlivi gavlena. yvelaze unarian liderebsac ki yovelTvis ara aqvT saSualeba, gamoscadon TavianTi gansakuTreb-
367
uli niWi.
maS, ra qmnis politikur didebas: pirovnebebi Tu dro? aq medicinasTan
analogia isev gamodgeba. sayovelTao aRiareba im eqims ki ara aqvs, romelic pacientebs yoveldRiur rCevebs aZlevs, aramed imas, romelic sicocxlisTvis saSiS daavadebebsa da travmebs umklavdeba. adamianTa msgavsad, erebic ganicdian
kriziss, rac maT arsebobas uqmnis safrTxes. aseT dros zneobrivi gamxneveba da
politikuri codna arsebiTia eris gadasarCenad; aseTi situacia saxelmwifo
moRvaweobis unarisa da codnis gamosacdelad xelsayrelia.
bedis wyaloba. gamorCeuli liderobis saboloo winapiroba gamarTlebaa. arc erTi politikuri lideri araa warmatebuli Tu bedi odnav mainc ar
swyalobs. SemTxveviTi manevri politikuri brZolis dros, gaazrebuli, magram
gaukeTebeli (an dagvianebiT gakeTebuli) gancxadeba, da araerTi TiTqosda
umniSvnelo SemTxveva da qmedeba SesaZloa wamgebiani aRmoCndes. warmateba, ra
Tqma unda, ar SeiZleba mTlianad bedis wyalobas mivaweroT, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im rTul garemos, romelSic liderebi moRvaweoben, gamarTleba
xSirad qmnis warmatebisa da marcxis pirobas.
didebis xibli
politikuri liderebi xSirad Tavis Tavze iReben iseT sazogadoebriv pasuxismgeblobas, rac sakmaod Zvirad SeiZleba daujdeT. maT sakmaod didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi uxdebaT ojaxis wevrebTan daSoreba, maRalanazRaurebad samsaxurze uaris Tqma da sazogadoebrivi kritikis mudmiv obieqtad qceva. TavisTavad
Cndeba kiTxva: ratom uZRvnian gansakuTrebuli niWis mqone adamianebi Tavisi
nayofieri cxovrebis saukeTeso wlebs politikaSi Tavis gamoCenis survils?
ra ubiZgebs aseT adamianebs, iRvawon sazogadoebrivi sikeTisTvis xSirad ufro
aSkara da gamokveTili sakuTari interesebis xarjze?
istorikos duglas aderis azriT, amerikis damfuZnebeli mamebi, upirvels
yovlisa, motivirebuli iyvnen didebis ideiT. Jorj vaSingtonis, jeims medisonis, aleqsader hamiltonisa da benjamin franklinisaTvis viwro kerZo interesi,
rac SeiZleba pirad Zalauflebasa da simdidreSi gamoxatuliyo, ar iyo upirvelesi sazrunavi. amis ganmsazRvreli arc piradi Rirseba iyo, rac aderis gansazRvrebiT `qcevis iseTi tipia, romelic mimarTulia socialurad Tanaswori an
upiratesobis mqone Tanamedroveebisagan qeba-didebis miRebis survilze~.12 damfuZnebeli mamebis mamoZravebeli Zala didebis survili iyo, risi ideac, aderis
ganmartebiT, klasikuri periodidan moyolebuli Rrmad iyo gamjdari dasavlur filosofiur da literaturul tradiciaSi. iyenebs ra am interpretacias
amerikis damfuZnebeli mamebis mimarT, aderi wers:
ra Tqma unda, isini patriotebi iyvnen, ra Tqma unda, maT eamayebodaT Tavisi qveynis samsaxuri gasaWiris dros, magram vaSingtoni, adamsi,
jefersoni da medisoni ar iyvnen sruliad mowyvetili sakuTar interesebs. didebisken ltolva, rac maT ganaTlebiT hqondaT SeTvisebuli, iyo
saSualeba, riTac SeZles sakuTari egoisturi da gandidebis impulsebi
sazogadoebis samsaxurSi gadaetanaT. maT naswavli hqondaT, rom kerZo
interesebisagan Tavisufali kaTilSobiluri sazogadoebrivi moR-
368
vaweoba saukeTeso gza iyo sakuTari saxelis ukvdavsayofi `maradi monumentebis~ asagebad da Semdgomi Taobebis mexsierebaSi sakuTari Rvawlis
dasatoveblad.13
369
gangeb axdenen TavianTi rolis dakninebas imisTvis, rom xalxma Tavad SeZlos sakuTari Tavis marTva maSin, rodesac lideri ar hyavs.16
betankuris politikuri kariera maSin daiwyo, rodesac is jer kidev studenti iyo da venesuelas samxedro diqtatori xuan visente gomesi (1908-1935ww.)
ganagebda. 1928 wels 20 wlis betankuri studentebis lideri gaxda revoluciaSi,
romelic damarcxda da igi cixeSi moxvda. cixidan gamosvlis Semdeg igi rva wlis
ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda devnilobaSi. kosta rikaSi da venesuelaSi diqtatoris
gardacvalebis Semdeg dabrunda. 1930-iani wlebidan igi gamoCenili politikuri
moRvawe gaxda da saqmianobas 1959 wlamde eweoda. politikuri moRvaweobis adreul wlebSi betankuris simpaTiebi komunistebis mxres iyo, magram raRac periodis Semdeg misi Sexedulebebi ufro zomieri gaxda da demokratiuli socializmisken gadaixara. am periodSi betankuris yvelaze mniSvnelovani miRweva iyo
is, rom saTave daudo SemdgomSi venesuelis wamyvan politikur partias Accion
Democratica-s (demokratiuli qmedebis partia). Tavisi opoziciuri moRvaweobis
TiTqmis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi betankuri da misi partia Tanmimdevrulad ibrZodnen yvela moqalaqis farTo demokratiuli monawileobisTvis, agraruli reformisaTvis, garantirebuli sayovelTao ganaTlebis uflebisaTvis,
erovnuli jandacvis sistemisaTvis, da ekonomikuri diversifikaciisaTvis
(venesuela mTlianad damokidebuli iyo navTobis eqsportze).
betankuri SeuerTda (da zogi versiiT xelmZRvanelobda kidec) samxedro
reformatorTa jgufs 1945 wlis oqtombris saxelmwifo gadatrialebaSi venesuelis samxedro xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. betankuri am procesebis Sedegad
prezidenti gaxda da sagareo urTierTobebis erT-erT ZiriTad mimarTulebad
aqcia samxedro diqtaturebTan yovelgvar diplomatiur kavSirebze uaris Tqmis
politika. amavdroulad, misi mTavroba mouwodebda regionis sxva saxelmwifoebs igive midgoma gamoeCinaT. Sida politikis TvalsazrisiT ki siaxle iyo is, rom
betankurma daavaldebula didi navTobkompaniebi Semosavlebis naxevari saxelmwifosTvis gadaecaT, riTac mTavrobas saSualeba miecemoda ganexorcielebina
skolebis, saavadmyofoebis, sanitaruli samsaxurebis, sazogadoebrivi wyalmomaragebis sistemisa da iafi sacxovreblebis mSeneblobis xangrZlivvadiani programebi. misi iniciativiT 1947 wels daiwera axali konstitucia, manve gamoacxada arCevnebi da ganacxada, rom ar ibrZolebda prezidentobisTvis. kandidati,
romelmac romulo betankuri Secvala, postze mxolod cxra Tve darCa, sanam
samxedro gadatrialebam misi mTavroba ar daamxo. 1959 wlamde, sanam betankuri
prezidentad ar airCies, venesuela demokratiisken ar Semobrunebula.
prezidentobis xuTwliani vadis ganmavlobaSi betankurma im progresuli
politikis gatareba daiwyo, romliskenac yovelTvis miiswrafvoda. konkretulad, aRsaniSnavia misi mcdeloba, moezida ucxouri investiciebi da ganeviTarebina urbanuli mSenebloba. betankurma aseve miwis reformirebis inicireba moaxdina. misi ekonomikuri da politikuri miRwevebi gamorCeuli iyo, vinaidan misi
xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis droisaTvis venesuela ekonomikur krizisSi iyo
Cafluli, samxedroebi mis reJims mxars ar uWerdnen da rogorc memarcxene, ise
memarjvene samxedro-politikuri jgufebis mxridan saxelmwifo gadatrialebis
mcdelobebi xels uSlida mis mmarTvelobas (betankuri mkvlelobis araerT mcdelobas gadaurCa).
sabolood betankurma gaimarjva da igi Seiyvara Tavisma xalxma. ram Seitana wvlili misi, rogorc demokratiuli politikuri lideris warmatebaSi
370
im qveyanaSi, romelsac avtokratizmis xangrZlivi tradicia hqonda? rogorc
Cans, betankurs hqonda zebunebrivi unari, gamoecno sxvebis motivebi da xasiaTi; TiTqmis uSecdomod ganesaja, rodis mdgariyo jiutad Tavis poziciaze da
rodis wasuliyo daTmobaze; moesmina rCevebi, magram darCeniliyo Tavis azrze;
hqonda imis Zala, rom mieRo rTuli gadawyvetilebebi; SeeZlo sakuTari Tavis
kontroli da pirovnulad iyo gambedavi. man es Tvisebebi Seazava maRali donis
praqtikul idealizmTan, rac imaSi gamoixateboda, rom naTla icoda, ra surda
mas Tavisi qveynisTvis, da erTguli iyo im Rirebulebebisa, romlebic warmarTavdnen mis qmedebebs saxelmwifos politikaSi.17
romulo betankuri venesuelisTvis iyo sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani
lideri, romelmac rTul dartymebs gauZlo. erT-erTi misi biografTagani robert aleqsanderi SeniSnavs: `vercerTi misi Tanamedrove venesueleli lideri
ver gaimarjvebda im pirobebSi~18. istorikosi jon fagi werda: `Tu moraluri
avtoriteti da maRali zneobrivi principebi mniSvnelovania, maSin romulo betankuri venesuelis istoriaSi titanad gvevlineba.~19 gamorCeuli liderebi arsebobdnen bevrgan da sxvadasxva dros, magram isini WeSmaritad iSviaTad arseboben; venesuelas gaumarTla, rom erT-erTi maTgani hyavda.
uinston CerCili (1874-1965ww.) sanam 1940 wlis maisSi britaneTis premieri gaxdeboda, CerCils cvalebadi sajaro kariera hqonda. igi iyo gonebamaxvili, momxiblveli, Wkviani, kamaTis moyvaruli, saqmis mimarT skrupulozuri
da simamaciT gamorCeuli pirovneba. misi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba asaxavda
politikuri Tavisuflebis mimarT ganuxrel erTgulebas. ufro metic, yovelTvis, rodesac Tavisuflebas safrTxe eqmneboda, im dros saWiro adgilze Cndeboda. 1930-iani wlebis wamyvan politikur figurebs Soris is TiTqmis erTaderTi
iyo, romelic mudmivad miuTiTebda nacisturi germaniis safrTxeze. SeZlo ra am
safrTxeebis gamocnoba maT gamoaSkaravebamde, CerCilma sakuTari Tavi im epoqis yvelaze alRoian damkvirveblad warmoaCina.
uinston CerCili daibada warCinebul inglisur ojaxSi, romelic saTaves
jon CerCilidan, malbros pirveli hercogidan iRebda. mamamisi inglisis parlamentisa da ministrTa kabinetis gamorCeuli wevri iyo, dedamisi ki amerikeli
gaxldaT. Tavad is parlamentis wevrad airCies ocdaxuTi wlis asakSi da TiTqmis maSinve moipova enamWevri da gulwrfeli politikosis reputacia. 1911 wels
igi saadmiralos pirvel lordad dainiSna da es posti pirveli msoflio omis
pirvel wlamde ekava. 1915 wels CerCili aiZules gadamdgariyo TurqeTze dardanelis srutis gavliT sazRvao-saxmeleTo Setevis CaSlis gamo, romelsac igi
mxars uWerda. CerCilis politikuri prestiJi warmoudgenlad daeca, Tumca SeZlo ndobis imdenad aRdgena, rom 1917 wels samxedro uzrunvelyofis ministrad
dainiSna.
371
sasowarkveTilebis epoqaSi uiston CerCilis mizandasaxulobam da Tavdajerebulobam
1920-ian wlebSi CerCili konservatiuli partiis warmomadgeneli iyo parlamentSi da sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi didi britaneTis xazinis kancleris
sapatio Tanamdebobac ekava. miuxedavad sajaro samsaxurSi dagrovili soliduri gamocdilebisa, 1930-iani wlebis politikaSi mainc politikuri gandegilis saxiT Sevida _ igi gaucxovda Tavisi partiis liderebisgan. miuxedvad imisa,
rom Zalaufleba konservatorebs ekuTvnodaT, igi mTavrobidan garicxes, ris
gamoc parlamentSi izolirebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. ormocdaTeqvsmeti
wlis asakSi CerCils Tavisi politikuri karieris udroo dasasruli eloda.
magram CerCils garkveuli saxis naTelmxilvelobis unari hqonda, rac ase
iSviaTia politikaSi. mas SeeZlo naTlad daenaxa movlenebi maSin, rodesac sxvebi
gzaabneulebi iyvnen. xelisuflebis saTaveSi hitleris aRzevebis droidan, CerCilma daiwyo dasavluri demokratiebis gafrTxileba mosalodneli safrTxis _
germaniis swrafi SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb, miuTiTebda aseve britaneTis Tavdacvisunarianobis SedarebiT sisusteze, gansakuTrebiT sahaero Zalebis TvalsazrisiT. politikuri amindis Semqmnelma bevrma politikosma da komentatorma
sasacilod aigdo CerCili da panikiori daarqva. misi biografis sityvebiT, CerCilis naTqvami rCeboda `xmad mRaRadeblisad udabnosa Sina~.20
1930-iani wlebis bolos, rogorc ki CerCilis gafrTxilebebma eris gamoRviZeba daiwyo, misTvis mainc ar moiZebna adgili Tavisi partiis kabinetSi. mxolod maSin, rodesac didi britaneTi II msoflio omSi Caeba, CerCils sTxoves
mTavrobaSi dabruneba, jer Tavis pirvel Tanamdebobaze (saadmiraloSi), Semdeg
premieris rangSi. misi STamagonebeli sityvebi da magaliTi damajerebeli iyo,
vinaidan britaneTi am droisTvis marto aRmoCnda `RerZis aliansis~21 pirispir,
CerCilis sityvebiT ~marto, magram kacobriobis yoveli keTilSobili gulis
ZgeriT zurggamagrebulma, Cven gamoviwvieT tirani Tavisi triumfis Jams~.22
CerCils liderobis iSviaTi Tvisebebi hqonda. man kargad icoda adamianuri bunebis bneli mxareebi da amgvarad gaTvala is safrTxe, rasac hitleri
civilizacias umzadebda. igi Tamamad icavda Tavis rwmenas da ar ufrTxoda
sazogadoebriv azrs, Tundac sakuTari partiidan gariyvis SiSiT. misi ritorika
372
STamagonebeli iyo erisTvis sasikvdilo safrTxisa da umowyalo dabombvebis
dros. movlenebma daadastura misi mware simarTle moaxloebuli saSiSroebis,
hitleris avismomaswavebeli SeiaraRebisa da TavdacvisTvis saswrafo mzadebis
aucileblobis Sesaxeb. marTalia, misi gafrTxilebis (rom kidev erTi saSineli
omi axlovdeboda, Tu britaneTi ar Seecdeboda mis Tavidan acilebas) mosmena
mis Tanamemamuleebs ar surdaT, magram mas es ar aSinebda, ufro imaze zrunavda,
ra unda gaego mas. CerCilma uCvena liderobis Zala, ganesxvavebina samkvdro-sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis ganWvretis unari kritikul dros.
abraam linkolni (1809-1865ww.) CerCilma Tavisi eri sagareo safrTxeebis
winaaRmdeg gaaerTiana, linkolnma ki eri erisganve ixsna.
linkolnis dros ZiriTadi sakiTxi monoba iyo. CerCilma SeZlo britaneTis
sazogadoebrivi azris Secvla II msoflio omamde, magram linkolns ar hqonda
aranairi SesaZlebloba, rom daerwmunebina samxreTelebis umravlesoba monobis
gauqmebis aucileblobaSi. samxreTis ekonomikuri damokidebuleba monobaze,
aseve CrdiloeTis rasobrivi stereotipebi imis winapirobas qmnida, rom monobis
dauyovneblad gauqmebis momxre verc erTi politikuri lideri ver imsaxurebda
WeSmaritad erTiani saxelmwifos umaRlesi xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze. es
iyo is konteqsti, romelSic abraam linkolnma prezidentobisTvis brZola daiwyo, gadawyvetileba, romelmac kulminacias 1860 wels misi prezidentad arCeviT miaRwia.
linkolnis politika emyareboda ZiriTad zneobriv principebs da Rrma
praqtikul mosazrebebs. zneobrivi principi, romelsac igi gamudmebiT imeorebda 1858 wels senatis arCevnebSi Tavis oponent stiven daglasTan, imaSi mdgomareobda, rom monoba principulad mcdari iyo yvelgan da gamonaklisis gareSe.
monobis usamarTlo da uzneo movlenad gamocxadebiT linkolni ganzogadebul
filosofias ki ar efareboda, aramed pirdapir mianiSnebda damoukideblobis
deklaraciaze, romelSic weria: `yvela adamiani Tanasworia~. amgvarad, linkolnisTvis monoba amerikis politikuri wesrigis yvelaze fundamenturi principis
darRveva iyo.
linkolni iyenebda uCveulod praqtikul msjelobas im pirobebis Sefasebisas, romelSic monoba SesaZloa aRmofxvriliyo amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi.
upirveles yovlisa, mas swamda, rom kavSiri Statebs Soris unda SenarCunebuliyo geografiuli erTobis saxiT, iseve rogorc unda momxdariyo misi erTianobis dacva konstituciuri demokratiis farglebSi. mxolod CrdiloeTisa da
samxreTis erTi centralizebuli xelisuflebis pirobebSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli monobis dasruleba (Tumca yovelgvari mizezebis gareSe es gardauvali
iyo). Sesabamisad, kavSiris SesaZlo daSla niSnavda monobis gaurkveveli vadiT
gagrZelebas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, samxreTSi mainc.
politikuri Tanasworobis linkolniseuli rwmena da misi mosazrebebi
imis Sesaxeb, rom aseTi Tanasworoba mxolod kavSiris SenarCunebiT iqneboda
SesaZlebeli, xsnis im nabijebs, romlebic samoqalaqo omis win mis mier iqna gadadgmuli an Tavidan acilebuli. marTalia, mas swamda, rom monoba zneobrivad
gaumarTlebeli iyo, ar SemouTavazebia misi dauyovnebliv gauqmeba, radgan icoda, rom aseTi SeTavazeba samxreTs gamoyofisken ubiZgebda da am regionSi monobis SenarCunebas Seuwyobda xels. arc Crdiloeli abolicionistebisTvis dauWeria mxari, romlebic kavSirSi Tavis Tavs acalkevebdnen im mosazrebiT, rom
373
igi gulgrilad ekideboda monobis sakiTxs. da kvlav, linkolni xvdeboda, rom
aseTi politika mxolod gaamyarebda monobas, romlis aRmofxvrac mas ase surda.
sabolood, igi upiripirdeboda daglasis `saxalxo suverenitetis~ formulas,
romlis mixedviT yvela axal Stats damoukideblad SeeZleboda gadaewyvita,
mxars uWerda monobas Tu ara. monobis sakiTxi, linkolnis rwmeniT, zedmetad
fundamenturi iyo imisTvis, rom misi gadawyveta politikuri bazris kaprizebisTvis miendo.
imis magivrad, rom romelime am politikas gahyoloda, linkolnma arCia
monobis gavrcelebisTvis bolo moeRo da mxolod is axali Statebi mieRo kavSirSi, sadac monoba ar iyo. linkolnis azriT, es monobis sawinaaRmdego erTaderTi politika iyo, romelic SeiZleboda mieRo sazogadoebas. misi strategiis
ZiriTadi elementebi moTmineba da udrekoba iyo. misi gegmis miReba aucileblad bolos mouRebda monobas mTel StatebSi, rogorc ki monaTmflobeluri
Statebis Sesabamisi wona da kanonmdeblobiTi Zala droTa ganmavlobaSi Semcirdeboda kavSirSi axali, Tavisufali Statebis miRebiT.
rodesac cxadi gaxda, rom linkolnis politika ver gaimarjvebda, man miiRo samoqalaqo omis albaToba, rogorc garduvaloba. da mainc, konfliqtis
ganmavlobaSi Seqmnili pirobebis kvalobaze misi pozicia monobis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT icvleboda. rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rodesac brZolebi kavSirisTvis arasaxarbielod warimarTa da omis bedi kavSirSi darCenil monaTmflobelur Statebze iyo damokidebuli, linkolnma Searbila monobis sakiTxze
zewola. raki kavSiris gadarCena upirveles amocanad rCeboda, CrdiloeTs
samxedro gamarjvebebi esaWiroeboda da ara gancxadebebi. mas aseve swamda, rom
kavSiri ver gadarCeboda, Tuki igi `naxevrad Tavisufali da naxevrad monaTmflobeluri~ darCeboda. linkolnis mier samoqalaqo omis mxardaWeris mizezi
paradoqsuli iyo _ kavSiris im saxiT gadarCena, rogorc damfuZnebel mamebs
hqondaT Cafiqrebuli.
rogorc samoqalaqo omamde, ise mis Semdeg, linkolnis politika mimarTuli iyo maqsimaluri sazogadoebrivi sikeTis miRwevaze, sayovelTao Tanxmobis
pirobebSi. rogorc umaRlesma mTavarsardalma, man Tavisi legitimuri Zalauflebis maqsimumi gamoiyena (da garkveulwilad gadaaWarba kidec). magram rogorc ki dadga dro, roca mis uaRresad gabedul politikur miznebs safrTxe
aRar emuqreboda da maTi miRweva kompromisebis saSualebiTac iyo SesaZlebeli,
mas ar gamouyenebia omis periodSi gamarTlebuli diqtatoruli Zalaufleba da
mSvidobianobis dros kavSiris daTmobis gziT SenarCunebiT Tavisi zneobrivi
keTilsindisiereba gamoiCina. yvela am mizezis gamo linkolni sanimuSo lideria, romlis mkacri qmedebebi da gadawyvetilebebi mxolod saSualeba iyo omis
dros kavSiris gadarCenisTvis.
anvar el-sadaTi (1918-1981ww.) axlo aRmosavleTi didi xania msoflios
erT-erTi yvelaze arastabiluri da ZaladobiT aRsavse teritoriaa. 1993 wlis
bolos israelis premierma icxak rabinma da palestinis gaTavisuflebis organizaciis liderma iasir arafatma, erTmaneTis dauZinebelma mtrebma, xeli
moaweres SeTanxmebas, romlis Tanaxmadac palestinelebs SezRuduli avtonomia
miecaT israelis mier okupirebul dasavleTis sanapirosa da gazas seqtorSi. es
SeTanxmeba potenciurad mSvidobisken gadadgmuli udidesi nabiji iyo, magram
ara pirveli nabiji. mSvidobis damyarebis precedentis politikuri Semoqmedi
anvar el-sadaTi iyo.
374
sadaTi egviptis prezidenti 1970 wels gaxda da es posti misi mkvlelobiT
aRsasrulamde, 1981 wlamde eWira. man egviptis xelmZRvanelis postze jamal abdel naseri Secvala, romelic arabuli samyaros da II msoflio omis Semdgomi antikoloniuri moZraobis aRiarebuli lideri iyo. naseri avtokrati mmarTveli
iyo, romelic rkinis xeliT marTavda egviptes da ewinaaRmdegeboda israelis
saxelmwifos arsebobas. egviptis konstituciis Tanaxmad naseris mkvlelobis
Semdeg sadaTs rogorc qveynis vice-prezidents, mTavrobisTvis droebiT, samoci dRiT unda exelmZRvanela, sanam erovnuli asamblea prezidentis mudmiv
Semcvlels ar airCevda. garkveuli ironiis Semcvelia is faqtori, rom egviptis
sakanonmdeblo organom sadaTi naseris kursis ganuxrel mimdevrad CaTvala da
prezidentis postze igi daamtkica.
ra Tqma unda, sadaTisgan sxva ramis molodinis safuZveli arc arsebobda,
vinaidan Tavisi adrindeli politikuri cxovreba man didi britaneTisgan egviptis damoukideblobis dacvas miuZRvna. II msoflio omis dros misi antibritanuli qmedebebi germanelebTan kavSirSi gamoixateboda. amis gamo sadaTma ori
weli sapatimro banakSic gaatara. mogvianebiT, mas kidev emuqreboda 3-wliani
patimrobis safrTxe (1946-1949ww.) im braldebiT, rom britaneli Cinosanis mokvlas cdilobda. im nacionalisturi strategiis CarCoebSi, romelic egvipteSi
arsebul antibritanul ganwyobebs efuZneboda, sadaTi da naseri Tanamoazreebi
iyvnen. swored sadaTma gamoacxada sajarod egvipturi monarqiis damxoba da naseris xelmZRvanelobiT axali damoukidebeli respublikis daarseba 1952 wlis
ivlisSi.
am istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT warmoudgeneli iyo, rom prezidenti sadaTi,
naseris politikas ar gahyoloda. rogorc movlenebis ganviTarebam cxadyo,
molodini ar gamarTlda. 1971 wels igi arabuli respublikebis federaciis erTerTi damaarsebeli iyo, romelSic egvipte, libia da siria erTiandeboda. es movlena arabuli samyaros gaerTianebis naseriseuli politikiT iyo motivirebuli. male aRmoCnda, rom federacia warumatebeli proeqtia, magram ara sadaTis
damsaxurebisa Tu survilis gamo.
1973 wels sadaTma egvipte israelTan omSi Caaba. marTalia, egvipte omSi
damarcxda, magram sadaTma yuradReba gaamaxvila misi armiis mier gadamwyveti
brZolis mogebaze _ misi azriT, am gamarjvebam aRadgina egviptis erovnuli
Rirseba.
omis Semdeg sadaTis mebrZoli arabi nacionalistis pozicia mSvidobiani
Tanaarsebobis politikis erTgulebiT Seicvala. es gardaqmna imiT dasrulda,
rom sadaTma gaugonari precedenti dauSva, igi saxelmwifo vizitiT ewvia israels, sadac man STambeWdavi sityva warmoTqva qneseTSi (israelis parlamenti)
1977 wlis 20 noembers. Tavad sityvaze ufro mniSvnelovani da simboluri iyo
misi oficialuri warmomadgenloba israelSi. amiT egvipte pirveli arabuli
qveyana gaxda, romelmac israeli, rogorc suverenuli saxelmwifo aRiara.
sadaTis mier ase dramatulad warmarTulma molaparakebebma Semdeg wels
gza gakvala kemp-devidis molaparakebebisken. egviptesa da israels Soris miRweulma SeTanxmebam kemp-devidSi (merilendis Stati), ramac ganapiroba israelis
gamodevna ganapiroba okupirebuli sinas naxevarkunZulidan, gaaoca ucxoeli
damkvirveblebi da arabuli samyaro. sadaTs mouxda sxva arabi liderebis mwvave
Setevebis mogerieba, romlebic mas palestinis saqmis RalatSi adanaSaulebdnen.
arabebisTvis, iseve rogorc bevri sxva gare damkvirveblisTvis, sadaTis Tamami
375
nabijebi xangrZlivi israul-arabuli mSvidobisaken moulodneli iyo imdenad,
ramdenadac uprecedento.
ratom gadadga sadaTma es uCveulo nabiji? zogi eqsperti varaudobs, rom
sadaTi acnobierebda im garemobebs, rom misi gaRaribebuli, mWidrod dasaxlebuli qveyana ver gauZlebda israelTan mudmiv oms. sxvebi fiqroben, rom israelma
dazvervis informacia miawoda egviptes mis mimarT ufro da ufro mtrulad ganwyobili mezoblis _ libiis qmedebebis Sesaxeb. dabolos, gavrcelebuli azriT,
sadaTi pragmatikosi politikosi iyo, romelic xvdeboda, rom israelTan samSvidobo SeTanxmebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda jer kidev 1967 wels dakarguli
sinas naxevarkunZulis dabruneba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aSkaraa _ yvela am faqtors albaT SeeZlo Camoeyalibebina sadaTis gaTvlebi, mainc araa cxadi samSvidobo politikis im RonisZiebebis intensiuroba da masStabebi, rac sadaTma ganaxorciela da risTvisac sakuTar Tavze uamravi piradi da politikuri pasuxismgebloba aiRo. man kargad
icoda, rom Tavisi qmedebebiT arabuli samyarosa da sakuTari moqalaqeebis
umetesobisgan gaucxoeba mouwevda. rogorc Cans, swored iseve, rogorc axalgazrda sadaTi Tavisufali da damoukdiebeli egviptis ideals mihyveboda (romlis xorcSesxmaSi uzarmazari wvlili swored mas miuZRoda), asakovan sadaTs
aSkarad ufro keTilSobiluri zraxvebi amoZravebda. rogorc Tavad ganacxada
kemp- devidis SeTanxmebebis xelmowerisas:
dae, aRar iyos omebi da sisxlisRvra arabebsa da ebraelebs Soris;
dae, aRar iyos Cagvra da uflebebis Selaxva; dae, aRar iyos sasowarkveTa
da rwmenis dakargva; dae, arc erT dedas ar mouwios Svilis dakargvis
gamo glova; dae, arc erT axalgazrda kacs ar mouwios Tavisi sicocxlis uazrod dakargva konfliqtSi, romelSic ar arian gamarjvebulebi.
modiT, erTad vimuSavoT, sanam ar mova dRe, rodesac xmlebs saxnavebad
da isrebs namglebad gadaakeTeben.23
regionSi siZulvilis, religiuri fanatizmisa da mudmivi omianobis Sewyveta, rac aqamde, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi cxovrebis wesi iyo, ra Tqma unda,
saxelmwifoebrivi Senebis diad aqtad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. SesaZloa, axlo aRmosavleTSi mSvidobis damkvidrebis mcdeloba ukvdavebaze sadaTis pirovnuli
ganacxadi iyo. aravin icis, icoda Tu ara man aleqsandre hamiltonis Sexedulebebi liderobis Sesaxeb, magram Tavisi qmedebebiT sadaTma gaamarTla hamiltonis dakvirveba, rom didebis siyvaruli istoriis yvelaze gamorCeuli liderebis
`mmarTveli grZnobaa~.
linkolnis msgavsad sadaTic erT-erTi misma Tanamemamulem mokla. ucnauria, magram xSirad aseTia istoriis udides mSvidobismyofelTa bedi (XX saukunis araZaladobrivi brZolis mqadagebeli mahaTma gandic mokles). marTalia,
xangrZlivi mSvidoba axlo aRmosavleTSi ver damyarda, magram egviptesa da israels Soris mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba or aTwleulze metxans gagrZelda, rac
anvar el-sadaTis pirad sibrZnesa da gambedaobaze dafuZnebulma samSvidobo
SeTanxmebam moitana.
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liderobis dasasruli?
SeiZleba ucnaurad mogveCvenos politikuri liderobis Sesaxeb TavSi
gamorCeul liderebze esoden didi yuradRebis gamaxvileba. yvelafers rom
Tavi davaneboT, amerikul politikaSi kargad cnobili gamonaTqvami amtkicebs,
rom saxelmwifo moRvawe sxva aravinaa, Tu ara didi xnis win gardacvlili politikosi. im winaswarmetyvelisa ar iyos, romelic Tavis qveyanaSi dafasebuli
ar iyo, WeSmarit liderebs xSirad ar afaseben Tanamedorveni. aseT mmarTvelebs, rogorc wesi, sakmarisi drois gasvlis Semdeg aRiareben, rodesac maTi
SorsmWvreteluri politikis praqtikuli Sedegebi yvelasaTvis TvalsaCino
xdeba.
da mainc, epoqaSi, rodesac politikuri liderebi skandalebiT arian
moculni da maTi winadadebebi da politika asaxavs mxolod fokusjgufebisa
da sagangebod dakveTili gamokiTxvebis Sedegebs, gamokveTili politikuri
lideroba TiTqos Soreul idealad rCeba. aq arsebobs uSualod TanamedroveobiT ganpirobebuli sxva mizezi, ris gamoc am tipis lideroba ase daufasebelia
amerikis politikur cxovrebaSi: misi arseboba, da SesaZleblobac ki, eWvs iwvevs.
radgan amerikis moqalaqe didi eWviT uyurebs nebismieri arCeuli sajaro moxelis sajaro gancxadebebs (xSir SemTxvevaSi cdilobs amoicnos Rrmad damaluli piradi interesebi da politikuri motivebi, rac marTlac zedapiris miRma
imaleba), amitom fiqrobs, rom gansakuTrebuli liderebi mxolod Zveli drois
Zalian Wkviani da warmatebuli politikosebi arian. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tuki 1934
wels gamocemuli socialur mecnierebaTa enciklopedia moicavda britaneli
mkvlevaris mokle, magram mwvave esses politikuri liderobis Sesaxeb, ufro Tanamedrove gamocema gulgrilad moixseniebs saxelmwifo moRvaweobis nebismier
aspeqts politikuri azrovnebis kategoriaSi.
amasTan, politikuri gonierebis ideis gadafaseba aseve asaxavs im damokidebulebas, ra mcire mniSvneloba aqvs gamorCeulobas egalitarul epoqaSi.23 raki
Tanamderove demokratiebi aTvalwunebiT uyureben yvela socialur da ekonomikur gansxvavebas, naklebad moduri xdeba imis aRiareba, rom vinme SeiZleba
gamoirCeodes. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT mkveTria iq, sadac politika profesiad moiazreba.
azrovnebis am CarCoebidan gamomdinareobs Tanamedroveobis swrafva
gaacamtveros sanimuSo da brZnuli liderobis idea. am midgomis momxreTaTvis
istoriis mamoZravebeli Zalebi gaurkveveli istoriuli determinantebi da viwro kerZo interesebia da ara Tavisufali neba. maTTvis gulubryvilobaa imis
dajereba, rom zogi lideri marTla zrunavs sazogado sikeTeze. aseTi cinikuri
midgoma msoflio istoriis gamorCeuli liderebis radikalurad SezRudul xedvas iZleva. aqedan gamomdinareoba, rom `Zveli istoriebi mefeebisa da mxedarTmTavrebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac Cveni winaprebi SecdomiT da sulelurad mcdarad gmirebad aRiqvamdnen... Wkviani manipulatorebis didebis panTeoniT unda
Seicvalos~.24
politikuri miRwevebis mimarT aseTi mzardi antipaTiis yvelaze seriozuli Sedegi isaa, rom igi politikur cxovrebas naklebad mimzidvels xdis unariani da patiosani pirovnebebisTvis, romlebsac SesaZloa, erCiaT sazogado da
ara kerZo interesebis samsaxurSi gamoeCinaT Tavi. demokratiul sazogadoebas
sakuTari TavisTvis zianis miyenebac SeuZlia imiT, rom sajaro moxeleebs je-
377
rovan pativs ar miagebs. is yovlismomcveli rwmena, rom yvelgan mxolod korumpirebuli da saSualo unaris mqone politikosebi arian, SeiZleba TviTrealizebadi avi winaswarmetyveleba aRmoCndes da swored aseTma pirovnebebma daikavon
sajaro Tanamdebobebi.
demagogebi
gulwrfeli da maRali zneobrivi principebis mqone, magram SecdomaSi
Seyvanili nevil Cemberlenisgan25 gansxvavebiT, adolf hitleri oportunisti
lideri iyo da politikosebis yvelaze saSiS tips, demagogebs ganekuTvneboda.
Tavdapirveli gagebiT, Zvel saberZneTSi demagogi iyo lideri, romelic Cveulebrivi xalxis saqmisTvis iRvwoda. dReisTvis demagogs uwodeben iseTi liders, romelic politikuri Zalauflebis mopovebisTvis xalxis rwmenis eqspluatacias eweva, ayalbebs simarTles da cru dapirebebs iZleva. zogadad, demagogi
iTavsebs SeuzRudav pirad ambicias, mouzomav meTodebsa da farTo saxalxo mimzidvelobas.
Tuki WeSmariti liderebi ideals warmoadgenen, demagogebi ryvnian rogorc WeSmaritebis, ise liderobis arss. gamorCeuli liderebi cdiloban samarTlianobisa da sazogado sikeTis damkvidrebas, demagogebi ki aseTi RirebulebebisTvis mxolod imdenad iRvwian, ramdenadac es maT saSualebas miscems
moipovon sakuTari piradi ambiciebis dasakmayofileblad saWiro uzomo Zalaufleba, rac swored sazogadoebrivi interesebis xarjze xdeba.
demagogebi uwinaresad demokratiul sazogadoebaSi Cndebian, sadac xalxis mxardaWeris mopoveba aucilebelia umaRlesi Tanamdebobebis dasakaveblad.
didi demokrati liderebisgan gansxvavebiT, demagogebs sazogadoeba iSviaTad
Tu imaxsovrebs maTi xelisuflebidan wasvlis Semdeg. zog SemTxvevaSi isini waruSlel kvals toveben, rac maTi sidiadis ki ara, piriqiT, maTive samarcxvino
saqmianobis Sedegia.
amerikis politikur istoriaSi mravladaa demagogebis aRzevebisa da dacemis magaliTebi. zogi maTganis saqmianobas mxolod viwro lokaluri gavlena
hqonda, zogisa ki mTel ers Seexo. yoveli maTgani sazogadoebis mexsierebaSi
zizRis grZnobiTaa Semonaxuli.
Teodor bilbo (1877-1947ww.) bilbo misisipis politikaSi wamyvani figura
iyo 1920-1940-ian wlebSi, rogorc Statis gubernatori da Semdeg senatori. is
erTnairad sastiki iyo rogorc Savkanianebis, ise Tavisi politikuri oponentebis mimarT. misi ritorika mravalferovani da sastiki iyo. erT-erTi politikuri kampaniis dros man Tavis oponents `afTarisa da mawanwala ZaRlis najvari...
saflavSi SuaRamiT naSobi, Roris gamozrdili da sulelis mier aRzrdili~26
uwoda. marTalia, bilbos TeTrkanianTa upiratesobisa da enis politikam bevri
misisipelis guli moigo, Tumca yvelaSi erTnairi aRfrTovaneba ar gamouwvevia.
misi politikuri mokavSireebic ki bilbos sakuTari interesebis gamtarebel manipulatorad aRiqvamdnen.
erT-erTi gadmocemis mixedviT `Statis senatma 1911 wels, bilbo sakanonmdeblo organoSi wesier da patiosan adamianebTan erTad jdomisTvis Seuferebel pirovnebad gamoacxada, misma erT-erTma Tayvanismcemelma ufro mwvavedac
378
daaxasiaTa: `patara moxerxebuli nabiWvari~27. Jackson Daily News-is redaqtoris
TvalSi bilbo iyo adamiani, romelic `ar iRwvoda arafrisTvis, rac amaRlebuli
an konstruqtiulia... arafrisTvis, rac vnebis, crurwmenisa da siZulvilisgan
gvicavs... arafrisTvis, rac Rirebulia.28
hiu longi (1893-1935ww.) Teodor bilbo iolad gaeqca amerikel istorikosTa umetesobis yuradRebas, hiu longi ki, misisipis mezobel Stat luizianaSi
moRvawe politikosi, vera. hiui longi, romelic Tavisi qajuneli29 amomrCevlebisTvis, cnobili iyo rogorc kingfiSi,30 gacilebiT ufro ambiciuri gaxldaT, vidre bilbo. igi mdabio warmomavlobis iyo, daasrula samwliani samarTlis kursi
Tuleinis universitetSi, Caabara specialuri gamocda luizianas umaRles sasamarTloSi da ocdaerTi wlis asakSi licenzirebuli advokati gaxda. misive sityvebiT, is `sasamarTlo darbazidan imisTvis gamovida, rom TanamdebobisTvis
ebrZola~31. sami wlis Semdeg longi Statis rkinigzis rwmunebulad airCies, 1928
wels ki luizianas gubernatoric gaxda.
hiu longi (1893-1935ww.) luizianas gaxmaurebuli gubernatori, xolo mogvianebiT
SeerTebuli Statebis senatori, Statis
mZlavri politikuri manqanis demagogiuri
kontrolis magaliTia. populistis niRbiT
longma Zalauflebis mopoveba amomrCevelTaTvis imedis SeTavazebiT SeZlo.
379
amoucnobi pirebis, misi saidumlo policiis wevrebis mier. maT ar hqondaT gare samyarosTan urTierTobis saSualeba, awamebdnen da SeTiTxnil
braldebebiT scnobdnen damnaSaveebad. Statis umaRlesi sasamarTlos
umetesoba urcxvad misi momxre gaxda... mkvlelma, romelmac winaswarganzraxuli mkvleloba Caidina _ Tavi gauxeTqa longis oponents _ sasamarTloSi jibidan Sewyalebis winaswar xelmowerili sabuTis amoReba
SeZlo~.33
am SemTxvevebisa da fufunebis mimarT swrafvis miuxedavad, longi yovelTvis cdilobda ezruna sakuTari Tavis `ubralo biWad~ warmoCenaze. misi azriT,
WeSmariti borotmoqmedebi mdidari korporaciebi iyvnen, magaliTad, `standard
oili~, romlebic ubralo adamianebs aRaribebdnen da mxolod kompaniis ramdenime moxeles amdidrebdnen.
didi biznesis mier xalxis savaraudo ZarcvisTvis xelSesaSlelad da 1936
wlis saprezidento arCevnebisTvis farTo saxalxo mxardaWeris mobilizebisaTvis longma SeimuSava utopiuri, magram popularuli programa `gaanawile
simdidre~. es programa didi depresiiT dazaralebuli adamianebis grZnobebsa
da gaWirvebaze iyo gaTvlili da morgebuli. longis programa gulisxmobda
simdidris zRvaris gansazRvras, sazRvravda minimalur da maqsimalur Semosavals, gulisxmobda grantebis saSualebiT daxmarebis gawevas yvela fermeris
ojaxisTvis, ufaso umaRles ganaTlebas, danamatebs veteranebisTvis da pensiebs
asakovani adamianebisTvis, aseve hpirdeboda amomrCevels radioebis, avtomobilebisa da sakvebis subsidirebas saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis xarjze. ramdenadac
ararealisturi da arapraqtikuli unda iyos es programebi, sagulisxmoa, rom
adamianebs, romlebsac hiu longi mimarTavda, am TvalsazrisiT eWvi da kiTxva ar
gasCeniaT. maT sWirdebodaT vinme, visi rwmenac eqnebodaT.
sxva demagogebis msgavsad, longma Zalaufleba uimedoTaTvis imedis micemiT moipova. demagogebi ZiriTadad amtkiceben, rom daamarcxeben borot Zalebs,
romelTa bralic aris xalxis gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi yofna. ra Tqma unda,
es Zalebi, bilbos SemTxevaSi Savkanianebi da longis SemTxevvaSi korporaciebi, sinamdvileSi ar floben iseT Zalas, rom xalxis bedi gansazRvron. rogorc
ki warmoidgenen, rom ubralo xalxis mtrebs ebrZvian, isini Tavad ixiblebian
amiT. demagogebs xSirad hqoniaT imis SesaZlebloba, rom moulodneli farTo
mxardaWera da popularoba mieRoT sakuTari ukanono miznebis gansaxorcieleblad.
jozef makkarti (1908-1957ww.) 1950-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi arafriT
gamorCeulma politikosma viskonsinidan, jozef makkartim, gamoaaSkarava demoni, amerikeli xalxis udidesi mteri da Semdeg gamudmebiT cdilobda am boroti
Zalis kvalis povnas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.
respublikelma senatorma makkartim, sayovelTao yuradReba imiT miipyro,
rom saxelmwifo departamentSi mokalaTebuli komunistebis Sokis momgvreli
`mxileba~ moaxdina. daaxloebiT oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi is Ralatis braldebiT
adanaSaulebda sajaro moxeleebis farTo speqtrs, kolejis profesorebsa da
holivudis varskvlavebs. iyenebda ra Tavis mdgomareobas, sagamoZiebo komitetis xelmZRvanelobas senatSi, makkarti aSantaJebda, aSinebda da Rirsebas
ulaxavda uamrav adamians mTavrobaSi da mis gareT. raki misi braldebebi SiSis
atmosferos qmnida, saxelmwifoSi misi Zalauflebac izrdeboda da vinc mas wi-
380
naaRmdegobas uwevda, amas sakuTari mdgomareobis riskis fasad akeTebda.
1954 wels makkartim armiis mdivani34 ucxoeTis jaSuSuri qselis moqmedebis
Sesaxeb informaciis damalvaSi daadanaSaula. es braldebebi general jorj
marSalis, prezident duait eizenhaueris Semdeg SesaZloa amerikaSi yvelaze
pativsacemi sajaro piris winaaRmdeg wayenebul sxva insinuaciebTan erTad,
gardatexis wertilad iqca. makkartim Zalian Sors Setopa. ironiulia, rom misi
upasuxismgeblo braldebebi da mouxeSavi meTodebi senatis gamoZiebis sagani
gaxda. am sakiTxze senatSi gamarTuli mosmenebi gadaicemoda radioTi da Suqdeboda televiziiT, es Tema yvela mniSvnelovani gazeTebis pirvel gverdebze ibeWdeboda. sabolood, makkarti iseve swrafad mieca daviwyebas, rogor swrafadac
SemoiWra qveynis yuradRebis centrSi.
politikosebi
demokratiul saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebi xSirad damamcireblad moixsenieben politikosebs ise, rom ar iTvaliswineben rogorebi arian isini sinamdvileSi. politikosebi arian adamianebi, romelTa upirvelesi (magram ara erTaderTi) mizani arCeviTi Tanamdebobis mopoveba da SenarCunebaa; isini TavianT
amomrCevlebs warmoadgenen, akeTeben imas, rasac saWirod an sworad Tvlian (an
akeTeben imas, rac iolad gauvaT) da swored amisTvis sWirdebaT politikuri Zalaufleba. politikosebs mniSvneloba aqvT imdenad, ramdenadac maTi arseboba
mxolod demokratiul qveynebSia SesaZlebeli.
politikosebs iseve, rogorc nebismieri Tanamdebobis mqone pirTa umetesobas, arc diadi xedvebi aqvT, arc gansakuTrebuli unarebi. dRidan dRemde
isini TavianTi SesaZlebloebis maqsimums akeTeben im SezRudvebis piorbebSi,
romlebSic maT moqmedeba uwevT. yovelTvis, rodesac maT kargi saqmis gakeTeba
surT, sirTules qmnis moraluri da eTikuri sakiTxebis calsaxad dacva. ufro
met sirTules ki is qmnis, rom Tavze politikuri riskis aReba uwevT. zogadad
isini korumpirebulni ar arian, magram xSirad korufciisadmi midrekilebas amJRavneben. isini adamianebis umetes nawilze arc ukeTesebi arian da arc uaresebi
_ isini Cveulebrivebi arian.
problema maSin warmoiSoba, rodesac moqalaqeebs gansakuTrebuli lideris
moTxovnileba uCndebaT. demokratiebSi politikosebs urTerTsawinaaRmdego
molodinebs Soris lavireba uwevT. maTgan moelian imas, rom iseTive Cveulebrivebi iyvnen, rogorc rigiTi moqalaqeebi; amavdroulad, maTgan TavianTi
movaleobebisa da qveynisadmi uCveulo Tavdadebis gamomJRavnebas moiTxoven.
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi savaraudo lideri maradiuli kiTxvis winaSe
dgas: imoqmedos, rogorc Tavisi amomrCevlebis delegatma da aRasrulos maTi
survilebi, Tu imoqmedos, rogorc ndobiT aRWurvilma pirma da damoukideblad
imsjelos xalxis saxeliT. Tavad politikuri sistema moiTxovs arCeuli warmomadgenlebisgan Tavad politikuri sistema moiTxovs, iyvnen gulisxmierni, Tuki
maT surT kvlavac airCion. magram WeSmariti liderebi ar mihyvebian masas, isini
mas win miuZRvian da swored amaSia politikosobis dilema.
381
iseT did qveyanaSi, rogoric SeerTebuli Statebia, rom araferi vTqvaT
indoeTze, SeuZlebelia calke aRebulma individma Tavad uzrunvelyos sakuTari interesebis warmodgena da dacva. saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo organo am
sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani funqciis ganxorcielebis ZiriTadi meqanizmia,
radgan isaa mTavrobis Stoebs Soris yvelaze warmomadgenlobiTi instituti.
warmomadgenlobis delegaturobis Teoriis mixedviT sakanonmdeblo organo
`warmomadgenlobiTia maSin, rodesac erTiani politikuri organizmis yvela elements Sesabamisi proporciiT moicavs. es CvenTvis Cveulebrivia: Cven yvelani
mikrokosmoss warmovadgenT masSi~.35
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis am modelSi arCeuli warmomadgenlebi valdebulni arian imoqmedon rogorc instruqtirebulma delegatebma. am
Teoriis mixedviT warmomadgeneli sazogadoebrivi azris matarebelia, aqedan
gamomdinare, amomrCevlebi qiraoben mas, rogorc garkveuli saxis rwmunebuls
sakanonmdeblo organoSi. am TvalsazrisiT sazogadoebasTan kavSirisTvis sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebisa da fokusjgufebis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli
xdeba mocemuli momentisTvis sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis SerCeva. arCeuli warmomadgenlisaTvis, romelmac Tavi gamoiCina rogorc yvelaze
gulisxmierma da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis mqone delegatma, jildos saxiT
xelaxla arCevis SesaZlebloba arsebobs (Tumca SeerTebul StatebSi Zalauflebis mqone yvela pirisTvis es SesaZlebloba uzomod didia).
delegaturobis Teoriis safuZveli xalxis saRi azri da wesierebis rwmenaa. am Teoriis erT-erTi gamoCenili mqadagebeli, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
`arsebobs SedarebiTi Tanasworoba warmomadgenlebisa da amomrCevlebis SesaZleblobebsa da Wkuas Soris~, amtkicebda, rom `TavkerZuli da gaumarTlebeli
iqneboda warmomadgenlebis mier xalxis azris da survilebis gauTvaliswinebloba~ da rom politikuri sakiTxebi xSirad `ufro iracionalur da pirad
mosazrebebze da ara saxalxo ganxilvasa da Tanxmobaze dafuZnebul xedvebs
moicavs... aucilebelia warmomadgenlebma rCeva hkiTxon xalxs da gaiTvaliswinon maTi arCevani~.36
es midgoma, misi mqadageblebis azriT, aseve xels uSlis korufcias. kanonmdeblebi, romlebic amomrCevlebis azris gaTvaliswinebiT moqmedeben, SezRudulni arian da maT saqmianobaSi ukanono garigebebisTvis mcire sivrce rCeba.
382
lemas Tanabari mniSvneloba ar unda mianiWos: kompetentur kanonmdebels unda
hqondes unari, rom erTmaneTisgan ganasaxvavos adamianuri bunebis naklovanebidan gamomdinare saCivari Tu sawuxari (romlis dakmayofileba ver moxerxdeba)
im problemebisgan, romlebic `mocemuli momentis konkretuli satkivaris simptomebs moicavs~.37 am TvalsazrisiT, xalxis ganwyoba Rirebuli barometria imisTvis, rom konkretuli sakiTxis aqtualuroba gansazRvro.
politikur warmomadgenlobasa da sazogadoebriv azrs Soris am urTierTqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT sainteresoa, ra adgils uCens berki kanonmdebels. pirdapir rom vTqvaT, mas swamda, rom mmarTveloba bunebrivi aristokratiis xvedria, romelic gamorCeuli da saukeTeso pirebisgan Sedgeba da arCeuli
mmarTvelebi unda moqmedebdnen ise, rogorc TavianTi amomrCevlebis meurveebi.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kanonmdeblebi unda moqmedebdnen sazogadoebrivi
sikeTis sakuTari gagebis safuZvelze da ara rogorc amomrCevlebis marionetebi. rogorc Tavad berkma aRniSna amomrCevlebisadmi Tavis cnobil mimarTvaSi:
`Tqveni warmomadgeneli Tqven winaSe valdebulia aramarto Tavisi saqmianobiT,
aramed Tavisi azrovnebiT; da is gRalatobT, Tuki Tqven samsaxurs Tqven mosazrebebze dabla daayenebs da maT Seswiravs msxverplad~.38
berkiseuli warmomadgenlobis meurveobis Teoria mmarTvelobis miseul
farTo filosofiaSia mocemuli. misi azriT, kargi mmarTveloba unda moicavdes
ara marto keTil nebas, aramed `siqvelesa da gonebasac~. warmomadgenlobiTi
mmarTveloba qmediTi iyos, is unda emyarebodes pirdapir qcevas da frTxil gansjas imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCinos da ganaxorcielos WeSmariti sazogadoebrivi
sikeTe. berkma parlamenti ganmarta, rogorc `erTi interesis mqone erTi qveynis
saTaTbiro asamblea, sadac lokaluri miznebi da lokaluri xedvebi ki ar unda
uZRodes msjelobas, aramed sazogadoebrivi sikeTe, romelic erTi da ganuyofeli saerTo gonidan gamomdinareobs~.39
berks swamda, rom kanonmdeblebsa da Cveulebriv amomrCevlebs Soris didi
gansxvavebaa. misi azriT, Zlier respublikaSi warmomadgenlebi ufro gonierebi da ukeT informirebulni unda iyvnen, vidre amomrCevlebi da, Sesabamisad,
unda hqondeT imis unari, rom frTxili ganxilvis Semdeg qveynis winaSe mdgari
politikuri problemebi gadawyviton. sabolood igi amtkicebda, rom qveynis,
rogorc mTlianis keTildReoba (erovnuli Tu sazogadoebrivi interesi) misi
Semadgeneli nawilebis (lokaluri an raime konkretuli jgufis) keTildReobasa
da interesebze ufro maRla unda idges. amis gaTvaliswinebiT berki xazs usvamda kanonmdeblis, rogorc lideris mniSvnelobas da mas ufro maRla ayenebda,
vidre kanonmdebels, rogorc amomrCevlis azris gamomxatvelsa da sazogadoebrivi ganwyobis mimdevars.
politikanebi
zogierTi amerikeli politologi termin politikans iyenebs im politikosebis dasaxasiaTeblad, romlebic warmatebiT axerxeben kanonmdeblis, rogorc delegatisa da meurvis funqciebis SeTavsebas. Sesabamisad, politikanebi
arian is politikosebi, romlebic amomrCevlebis zedapiruli interesebiT mowonebuli `sayvelpuro~ kanonebis damtkicebisTvis ibrZvian da ar dgamen damoukidebel nabijebs im sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, romlebic pirdapir ar exeba
maTi amomrCevlebis moTxovnebs. magaliTad, kanzasis meoTxe sakanonmdeblo re-
383
gioni cnobilia, rogorc amerikis saaviacio centri (boingis korporaciis samxedro biznesis Tavmoyris adgili), amitom gasakviri araa, rom aqauri warmomadgeneli kongresSi amomrCevelTa interesebs erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze
konservatiulad ganwyobilTa xmebis mopovebiT asaxavs. politikanebi zogadad
TavianTi olqis an Statis specifikuri ekonomikuri interesebisTvis ibrZvian,
poziciebi, romlebsac isini ikaveben, xSirad konkretul sakiTxebzea orientirebuli. ase rom, gasakviri araa vixiloT, Tu rogor ewinaaRmdegebian iaraRze
kontrolis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobas sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis mimdevari
Statebis liberali senatorebi, riTac xazs usvamen TavianTi amomrCevlebis
poziciebis erTgulebas.
arkanzaselma senatorma uiliam fulbraitma (1905-1995ww.) meore msoflio
omis dasrulebisTanave sityva warmoTqva Cikagos universitetSi, romelSic man
demokratiuli liderobisadmi politikanis midgoma gamoxata:
saSualo statistikuri kanonmdebeli Tavisi karieris dasawyisSive
aRmoaCens, rom arsebobs amomrCevelTa garkveuli interesebi an stereotipebi, romlebTanac araseriozuli damokidebuleba sakmaod saSiSia. am
stereotipebis nawili SeiZleba ar iyos eris keTildReobisTvis fundamenturi mniSvnelobisa, am SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebeli SeiZleba ar eTanxmebodes, magram waaxalisos es stereotipebi. ufro saSiSia SemTxveva,
rodesac stereotipi qveynis keTildReobis fundamentur politikas
exeba. am SemTxvevaSi kargi kanonmdeblis kvalifikacia imaSi gamoixateba,
Tu ramdenad Seswevs unari ganasxvavos fundamenturi saWiroeba zedapirulisgan da moaxerxos am ukanasknelis gamijvna. imis sailustraciod,
rasac vgulisxmob, modiT, moviyvanoT izolacionizmis da suladobrivi
saarCevno gadasaxadis40 magaliTi. miuxedavad imisa, raoden damajereblebic unda iyvnen Cemi kolegebi da erovnuli media suladobrivi saarCevno
gadasaxadis borotebis Sesaxeb saubrisas, me ver vxedav mis fundamentur
mniSvnelobas da vemxrobi Cemi Statis xalxis azrs. SesaZloa, mravalTaTvis samwuxaro pirobebi simboluri mogveCvenos, magram veWvob rom am
kanonis gauqmebam romelime Cveni ZiriTadi problema gadawyvitos. meore
mxriv, miuxedavad imisa, raoden Seupovradac unda ewinaaRmdegebodnen
Cemi amomrCevlebi gaerTianebuli erebis Zlieri organizaciis Seqmnas da
masSi monawileobas, me ver davuWer maT mxars manam, sanam ar davrwmundebi mis ganuxorcieleblobaSi.28
fulbraitis kariera senatSi (1945-1975ww.) SesaZloa politikanis moqmedebis gviCvenebdes magaliTad gamodges. xSirad igi iseTi kanonebis winaaRmdeg
aZlevda xmas, gansakuTrebiT samoqalaqo uflebebis sferoSi, romelTa mimarT,
SesaZloa piradi simpaTiac ki hqonda. is xvdeboda, rom Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad winaaRmdegoba ar unda gaewia Tavisi arkanzaseli amomrCevlebis umravlesobis rasistuli stereotipebisTvis, maSin rodesac Tavad mas sruliad sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi hqonda. fulbraiti xSirad Tavs imarTlebda imiT, rom
samoqalaqo uflebis zogi sakiTxi fundamenturi mniSvnelobis ar iyo.
rasobriv sakiTxze sakuTari Statis umravlesobis azris mimarT pativiscemam fulbraits farTo asparezi misca sagareo politikaSi, romlis mimarT
arkanzasel amomrCevlebs naklebi interesi hqondaT. is senatis sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetis Tavmjdomare gaxda da miuxedavad imisa, rom ukiduresad
konservatiul Stats warmoadgenda, aRiareba moipova, rogorc sagareo politi-
384
kaSi liberalizmis principebis gamJRerebelma.
damTmobebi
politikosebi, romlebsac ZluZT `saqmis keTeba~ da axerxeben imas, rom
cud saqmeebs win aRudgnen, Cveulebriv, pativiscemas da aRiarebas imaxureben.
damTmobebi Cveulebrivi politikosebis saintereso qvejgufia, vinc xedavs
farTo naprals sasurvel moqmedebebsa da SesaZlebel Sedegebs Soris. is, rac
maTi warmodgeniT SeiZleba iyos sazogado sikeTe da is, rac realurad aris kargi qveynisTvis, SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego ram aris.
ase rom, Tavad Tu gaimarjvebs, SeiZleba qveyanam waagos.
SesaZloa damTmobis saukeTeso (an yvelaze cudi) magaliTi iyos nevil
Cemberleni, romelic didi britaneTis premier-ministri iyo 1937-1940 wlebSi.
retrospeqtivas Tu gadavxedavT, meore msoflio omamde germania daCqarebul
gadaiaraRebas awarmoebda, magram Cemberlens patiosnad swamda, rom omi da SeiaraReba fuWi da zedapiruli saqmianoba iyo, da amis Tanabrad imisic swamda rom
molaparakebebi da daTmobebi yovelgvari politikis, maT Soris saerTaSoriso
politikis safuZveli unda gamxdariyo. 1938 wlis oqtomberSi Cemberleni TemTa
palataSi amtkicebda, rom `Cven winaSe ganiaraRebis sakiTxis mimarT axali SesaZleblobebi iSleba da me mwams, isini iseTive imedis momcemni arian dRes, rogorc winaT~. is agreTve ambobda:
aseT amocanebs zurgs umagrebs imis rwmena, rom qveynebs Soris mtroba etapobrivad daiZleva. TandaTanobiT, manam, sanam erebi ar
igrZnoben, rom maT uSiSrad SeuZliaT dauSvan iaraRi... me visurvebdi,
rom am Tanamdebobaze Cems xelT arsebuli dro, sanam axalgazrda Semcvlels gadavcemde mas da mTeli Cemi energia mimeZRvna am amocanisTvis.42
samoqalaqo liderebi
vaclav haveli. 1960-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi ocdacxra wlis vaclav haveli (daibada1936 wels) ukve cnobili iyo msoflioSi Tavisi satiruli, absurduli piesebiT _ `wveuleba baRSi~ (1964w.), da `memorandumi~ (1965w.). 1968 wlis
zafxulSi havelma da CexeTis kulturis ocdaaTma sxva moRvawem xeli moaweres
ganacxads, romliTac isini komunistebis mier kontrolirebul CexeTSi kanongareSed gamocxadebuli social-demokratiuli partiis aRdgenas iTxovdnen.
CexoslovakiaSi 1963 wels dawyebuli liberalizaciis frTxili, magram mzardi
tendencia agvistoSi sabWoTa armiis SeWriT dasrulda, riTac qveyana mkacr sabWoTa kontrols daubrunda.
am konfliqtis periodSi havelma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula CexeTis Tavi-
385
sufali radios CamoyalibebaSi da am iatakqveSa radios, mis yoveldRiur translacias iyenebda dasavleli inteleqtualebisaTvis xmis misawvdenad _ daxmarebodnen CexeTs. Semdegi ori dekadis ganmavlobaSi haveli Cexoslovakiis yvelaze
cnobili dramaturgi gaxda. misi piesebi praRis mmarTveli komunistebis mwvave
satiras Seicavda. magram havelis mzardi popularobis safuZveli mxolod misi
piesebi rodi iyo. is Cexoslovakiis gamoCenili disidenti da adamianis uflebebisTvis mebrZoli lideri gaxda. haveli iyo Tanaavtori 1977 wels dawerili
samocdameCvidmete manifestisa, romelSic igi Cexoslovakiis komunistur mTavrobas helsinkis 1975 wlis SeTanxmebebisa43 da, Sesabamisad, qveyanaSi adamianis
uflebebis darRvevaSi amxelda. politikuri winaaRmdegobis am faqtebis gamo
haveli daapatimres da iseTi sasjeli dauweses, romelic mZime fizikuri samuSaos Sesrulebas iTvaliswinebda; Tumca misi gaCumeba mainc ver SeZles.
1989 wlis dekemberSi saxalxo protestis Sedegad Cexoslovakiis komunisturi mTavroba daeca da haveli saxalxo konsensusis Sedegad arCeuli prezidenti gaxda. Zalauflebisken aseT aRmasvlaSi yvelaze metad aRsaniSnavi is gaxldaT, rom jer kidev 1989 wlis dasawyisSi haveli cixeSi imyofeboda, magram isic
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom CexoslovakiaSi arc erT sazogado moRvawes ar hqonda
iseTi moraluri avtoriteti, rogoric ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi samoqalaqo
moRvaweobis Sedegad moipova havelma. haveli Tanamdebobaze sami weli darCa, sanam Cexoslovakia or eTnikur saxelmwifod _ CexeTad da slovakeTad ar gaiyo.
qveynis politikuri ganviTarebis am etapze igi gadadga.
magram havelma gaagrZela sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba. 1993 wlis 26 ianvars, gadadgomidan sul raRac eqvsi Tvis Semdeg, CexeTis parlamentma igi respublikis prezidentad xuTwliani vadiT airCia. miuxedavad Tavisi gamorCeuli
poziciisa, haveli yovelTvis ar TamaSobda wamyvan rols qveynis marTvaSi, igi
eris mniSvnelovan figured rCeboda. marTalia, Cexebis umetesoba undoblad da
gulgrilad uyurebda Tavis politikosebs, magram havels pativs scemdnen, rogorc adamians, romelic ara marto werda da qadagebda `simarTliT cxovrebas~,
aramed Tavisi piradi magaliTiT uCvenebda amas.
martin luTer king umcrosi (1929-1968ww.). igi gamoCenili samoqalaqo
lideri iyo. 1957 wels martin luTer kingi axlad aRmocenebuli samxreTis
qristian liderTa konferenciis prezidenti gaxda da am momentidan misi mniSvnelovneba dinamikurad izrdeboda. is uZRveboda mjdomare aqciebs, marSebs,
demonstraciebs, romlebic rasobrivi segregaciisa da diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg rogorc SromiTi, ise sacxovrebelze uflebebis dasacavad iyo mimarTuli.
kingis mimdevrebi araZaladobrivi daumorCileblobis aqtebiT xSirad Riad arRvevdnen im kanonebs, romlebic iTvaliswinebdnen afroamerikelebis segregacias sasadiloebSi, transportSi, zRudavdnen msvlelobebis uflebas da ase
Semdeg, da iRebdnen Sesabamis sasjels.
kings ganzraxuli hqonda Seewuxebina kanonmdeblebis, mosamarTleebisa da
Sesabamisad, amerikeli xalxis sindisi. rogorc is 1963 wels birminhemis cixidan
(kingi wavida birminhemSi, alabamaSi, raTa eTava boikotis mowyoba sazogado adgilebis desegregaciis moTxovniT; man moawyo arasanqcirebuli msvleloba, ris
gamoc dapatimrebul iqna) Tavis cnobil werilSi aRniSnavda:
386
me vacxadeb, rom adamiani, romelic arRvevs kanons, romelsac misi
sindisi usamarTlod miiCnevs da nebayoflobiT iRebs sasjels, rCeba
cixeSi da amiT sazogadoebas kanonis usamarTlobaze miuTiTebs, sinamdvileSi gamoxatavs udides pativiscemas kanonis mimarT.44
avtobusis mZRolma roza parksi daakava, ris Semdegac igi daapatimres. bevri istorikosi amerikis samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis moZraobis aTvlis wertilad
miiCnevs montgomeriSi roza parksis dapatimrebas, rasac avtobusebis boikoti
mohyva. misi daumorCileblobis erT simbolur qmedebas dRes aRviqvamT politikuri gmirobis aqtad, romelmac yuradReba miapyro rasobriv usamarTlobas da
gamoiwvia movlenebis mTeli jaWvi, ris Sedegadac qveyana samudamod Seicvala.
pati uoterlingi. sent-jozefeli (minesotas Stati) oTxi Svilis deda
pati uterlingi yvelafers gaiRebda, politikuri aqtivisti rom ar gamxdariyo. 1989 wlis 11 oqtombers niRbianma mamakacma misi TerTmeti wlis vaJi jeikobi
gaitaca. patis amis Semdeg Tavisi Svili aRar unaxavs. Tavdapirvelad erTaderTi ram, risi gakeTebac mas SeeZlo, Svilis Zieba da glova iyo. mogvianebiT man
jeikob uoterlingis fondi Camoayaliba, romlis erT-erTi mizani gatacebisa
da sqesobrivi Zaladobisgan bavSvebis damcveli kanonmdeblobis lobireba iyo
387
Statisa da federalur sakanonmdeblo organoebSi. 1991 wels man warmatebiT
gaitana kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac sqesobriv ZaladobaSi mxilebuli pirebi
valdebulni iyvnen gaevloT registracia mudmiv sacxovrebel adgilebSi Statis meTvalyureobis qveS. 1996 wels nawilobriv pati uoterlingis ZalisxmeviT minesotas kongresma miiRo sazogadoebis informirebis programa, romlis
mixedviTac Statis xelisufleba valdebuli iyo Seefasebina sqesobrivi ZaladobisTvis sasjelmoxdilTa uvnebloba sazogadoebisTvis da im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu konkretuli piri miCneuli iqnebda sazogadoebrivad saSiSad, Seetyobinebina
amis Sesaxeb sazogadoebisTvis. gamocdileba uCvenebs, rom aseTi moZaladeebi
Znelad gadian reabilitacias da Cadenili danaSaulis mimarT Semdgomi recidivebis maRali done axasiaTebT.
1994 wels pati uoterlingma SeZlo daerwmunebina kongresi, mieRo kanoni
(jeikob uoterlingis aqti) romelic axalisebs Statebs miiRon kanonmdebloba,
romlis Tanaxmad cixidan gamosuli moZaladeebi valdebulni arian daregistrirdnen samarTaldamcav organoebSi, da romelic saSualebas aZlevs am organoebs informacia (saxelebis, misamarTebis, fotoebis CaTvliT) gaavrcelon am
pirebis Sesaxeb.48
pati uoterlingis saqmianobas bevri mSobeli adidebs, magram bevri samoqalaqo uflebis damcveli miiCnevs, rom es kanonebi im damnaSaveebis piradi
cxovrebis uflebasa da Tavisuflebebs arRvevs, romlebmac Cadenili danaSaulisTvis sasjeli ukve moixades.49 miuxedavad amisa, pati uoterlingi samoqalaqo
lideris kargi magaliTia, romelmac miuxedavad eniT gamouTqmeli borotebisa
da autaneli tkivilisa, Seabija politikaSi da cvlilebebsac miaRwia.
daskvna
politikuri liderebi, romlebic samTavrobo Tanamdebobebze arian, SeiZleba davajgufoT WeSmarit liderebad, demagogebad an Cveulebriv politikosebad. samoqalaqo liderebs ara aqvT aranairi Tanamdeboba, magram SeiZleba seriozuli politikuri gavlena hqondeT.
WeSmariti liderebi, romlebic SedarebiT iSviaTni arian, sazogadoebriv
sikeTeze zrunaven, gamoirCevian lideris TvisebebiT, praqtikuli WkuiT eqstraordinarul situaciaSi, rodesac eris keTildReoba dgas dRis wesrigSi.
istoriulad isini motivirebulni iyvnen, rogorc minimum, didebis surviliT.
saxelmwifo moRvaweobis am gagebis mimarT Tanamedroveobis gulgriloba zog
damkvirvebels aiZulebs am tipis moRvaweoba momakvdav xelovnebad aRiaros.
warmomadgenlobiT demokratiebSi yvelaze metni Cveulebrivi politikosebi arian. yvela arCeul politikoss uwevs arCevanis gakeTeba _ pozitiuri
lideris roli itvirTos Tu ubralod Tavisi amomrCevlebis azri warmoaCinos.
demokratiuli warmomadgenlobis delegaturobis Teoriis mixedviT politikosebi unda iqceodnen ise, rogorc Tavisi eleqtoratis survilebis gamtareblebi. meurveobis Teoria, piriqiT, aqcents akeTebs politikaSi damoukidebeli
msjelobis aucileblobaze. politikosebs, romlebic cdiloben am ori midgomis gaerTianebas, politikanebs veZaxiT. zogi Cveulebrivi politikosi SeiZleba
mSvidobismyoflad, an damTmobad SevafasoT. isini xSirad SesaZloa keTilSo-
388
biluri ganzraxvebiTac xelmZRvaneloben, magram arakompetenturobis Tu gulubryvilobis gamo maTi gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba katastrofis safuZveli
gaxdes. politikaSi ufro avbediTebi demagogebi arian. isini aerTianeben usazRvro pirad ambicias, mouxeSav meTodebs da qarizmatulobis moTxovnilebas.
demagogebi Warbad arian demokratiul qveynebSi, sadac maTi dacema xSirad iseve
moulodnelia xolme, rogorc maTi aRzeveba.
samoqalaqo liderebi uCveneben Tavdadebas saqmisadmi, pirad SesaZleblobebs da garkveuli saxis magnetizms, agreTve samTavrobo politikis mimarT
winaaRmdegobas. isini STaagoneben adamianebs an izidaven mimdevrebs msoflios
masStabiT, avlenen moralur Zalauflebas, romelic maTi saqmianobidan gamomdinareobs.
sakvanZo sityvebi
WeSmariti liderebi
demagogebi
Cveulebrivi politikosebi
samoqalaqo liderebi
saxelmwifo moRvaweoba
saxelmwifo moRvawe
warmomadgenlobis delegaturobis Teoria
warmomadgenlobis meurveobis Teoria
politikani
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ra aris demagogi? daasaxeleT romelime demagogi. ra amoZravebT demagogebs? aqvs Tu ara demokratias raime bunebrivi dacviTi meqanizmi demagogiisgan? Tu asea, ra aris es meqanizmi?
6.
SeniSvnebi
1. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ormocdamesame prezidenti 2000 wlidan (meore vada 2008 wels gadis).
389
2. jorj herbert uoker buSi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ormocdameerTe prezidenti 1989-1993 ww.
3. erayis prezidenti 1979-2003 ww.
4. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ocdamecamete prezidenti 1945-1953 ww.
5. Seiqmna 1949 wlis 4 aprils.
6. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ocdamecxre prezidenti 1921-1923 wlebSi misi TaosnobiT Statebma gaaforma
xelSekrulebebi, romliTac xeli Seuwyves I msoflio omis dasrulebas. hardingis TaosnobiTve win wamoiwia
msoflio masStabiT samxedro flotebis ganiaraRebis moTxovnam. misi saarCevno lozungi `normalurobisken
dabruneba iyo~. oponentebi da Semdgomi Taobis kritikosebi uoren hardings izolacionizmsa da pasiur
saerTaSoriso politikaSi adanaSauleben.
7. Robert C. Tucker, Politics as Leadership (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1995), iii.
8. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ocdameTormete prezidenti 1933-1945 ww. 1930-iani wlebis didi depresiis
dros axali kursis iniciatori da politikaSi gamtarebeli. axali kursi msxvil Semosavlebze gadasaxadebis
zrdasa da msxvil biznesze kontrolis meqanizmebis danergvas gulisxmobda, risi saSualebiTac saxelmwifom
socialuri dacvis, umuSevarTa daxmarebisa da dasaqmebis programebis ganxorcieleba SeZlo.
9. Walter Lippmann, A Preface to Morals (Boston: Beacon Press, 1960), 280.
10. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis meTeqvsmete prezidenti 1861-1865 ww.
11. ix. Harry Jaffa, The Emancipation Proclamation, wignSi 100 Years of Emancipation, red. Robert Goldwin
(Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1964), 1-24.
12. Douglas Adair, Fame and the Founding Fathers wignSi Fame and the Founding Fathers: Essays by Douglas
Adair (New York: Norton 1974), 10.
13. iqve, 8
14. Alexander Hamilton, John jay, and James Madison, The Federalist (New York: Modern Library, n.d.), 470.
15. Robert J. Alexander, Romulo Betancourt and the Transformation of Venezuela (New Brunswick, NJ.: Transaction
Books, 1982), 435.
16. Aaron Wildavsky, The Nursing Father: Moses as a Political Leader (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press,
1984).
17. Robert J. Alexander, Romulo Betancourt and the Transformation of Venezuela (New Brunswick, NJ.: Transaction
Books, 1982), 436.
18. iqve.
19. John Edwin Fagg, Latin America: A General History, me-2 gamocema (New York: McMillan, 1969), 627.
20. Martin Gilbert, Churchill (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1980), 100-126.
21. RerZis qveynebi, aseve cnobilia RerZis aliansis saxeliT, 1940 wlis seqtembris SeTanxmebis safuZvelze
meore msoflio omis dros moicavda nacistur germanias, faSistur italias da imperiul iaponias.
22.
iqve, 127.
23. Alexis de Toqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 2 (NY, Schoken Books, 1961), 102-106.
24. Morton Frisch and Richard Stevens, Introduction wignSi American Political Thought: The Philosophic
Dimension of American Statemanship, red. Morton Frisch da Richard Stevens (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1976),
5
25. britaneTis konservatiuli partiis lideri, premier-ministri 1937-1940ww. pirveli msoflio omis
SedegebiT SeSinebuli Cemberleni nebismier fasad cdilobda evropaSi mSvidobis SenarCunebas, ris gamoc
nacisturi germaniis mimarT gaumarTlebel daTmobebzec wavida. yvelaze aSkarad es politika miunhenis
SeTanxmebaSi gamoixata (1938 w. 30 seqtembris SeTanxmeba, ramac germanias saSualeba misca CexeT-slovakeTis
kuTvnili sudetis olqi daesakuTrebina). am qmedebis gamo Cemberlenis `damTmobi politika~ araerTxel
gaxda aseve konservatiuli partiis wevris uinston CerCilis kritikis sagani.
26. citirebulia Roman J. Zorn, Theodore G. Bilbo: Shibboleths for Statemanship, reprinted in A Treasury of
Southern Folklore: Stories, Ballads, Traditions, and Folkways of the People of South, red. B.A. Brotkin (New York:
Crown, 1949), 304.
27. James W. Silver, Mississippi: The Closed Society (Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 1964), 19.
390
28. iqve.
29. qajunebi luizianas samxreT-dasavleTSi mcxovrebi kanadis franguli kolonia aqadiidan
Camosaxlebuli frangi kolonistebis STamomavlebi arian.
30. Tevzis saxeoba, romelic Tavisi zomiT luizianaSi yvelaze cnobilia. es metsaxeli longs Tavisive
sityvebis safuZvelze Searqves: `vaSingtonSi patara Tevzi var, luizianelebisTvis ki
_ kingfiSi ~
31. Hodding Carter, Huey Long: American Dictator, wignSi The Aspirin Age: 1919-1949, red. Isabel Leighton (New
York: Simon &Schuster 1949), 347
32. wesrigis uzrunvelyofis nebayoflobiTi sazogadoebrivi jgufebi.
33. Hodding Carter, Huey Long: American Dictator, wignSi The Aspirin Age: 1919-1949, red. Isabel Leighton (New
York: Simon &Schuster 1949), 361.
34. Tavdacvis saministros qveiTi saxmeleTo jarebis departamentis (Department of the Army)
xelmZRvaneli.
35. Joseph Tussman, citirebulia Marie Collins Swaley, A Quantitative View, krebulSi Representation, red.
Hannah Pitkin (New York: Atherton Press, 1969), 83.
36. Hannah Pitkin, The Concept of Representation, krebulSi Representation, red. Pitkin, 21.
37. citirebulia Harvey Mansfield, Jr., Statesmanship and Party Government: A Study of Burke and Bolingbroke
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 23.
38. Edmund Burke, The English Constitutional System, wignSi Representation, red. Pitkin, 175.
39. iqve.
40. 1964 wels amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis ocdameoTxe Sesworebis miRebamde, arsebobda
suladobrivi saarCevno gadasaxadi federalur da Statebis arCevnebSi monawileobisTvis. konstituciis
ocdameoTxe Sesworebam akrZala am gadasaxadis moqmedeba federaluri donis arCevnebSi. 1966 wels aSS
umaRlesma sasamarTlom es gadasaxadi Statebis arCevnebis SemTxvevaSic antikonstituciurad scno da
gaauqma.
41. citirebulia Malcolm Jewell and Samuel Patterson, The Legislative Process in the Unites States (NY. Random
House, 1966), 32.
42. Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (NY.: Henry Holt 1996), 993.
43. 1975 wels fineTis dedaqalaq helsinkiSi ocdaTxuTmetma saxelmwifom xeli moawera SeTanxmebebs,
romliTac aRiarebul iqna meore msoflio omis Semdgomi sazRvrebi evropaSi (aseve aRiarebuli iqna
baltiispireTis qveynebis sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi yofna) da yvela xelismomwerma qveyanam
Tavis Tavze aiRo valdebuleba daecva adamianis uflebebi, upirveles yovlisa samoqalaqo da
politikuri uflebebi.
44. Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from Birmingham City Jail wignSi Civil Disobedience: Theory and Practice (NY.:
Pegasus, 1969), 78-79.
45. iqve, 75.
46. David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference,
1955-1968 (NY.: Random House, 1988), 11.
47. iqve, 12.
48. sakanonmdeblo cvlileba, romelic Txovda Statebs miewodebinaT sazogadoebisTvis informacia
moZaladeebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac danaSauli sqesobriv niadagze Caidines, cnobilia rogorc meganis
kanoni. megan kanka Svidi wlis gogona iyo niu jersidan, romelic 1994 wels mezobelma gaaupatiura da
mokla. meganis mSoblebma, iseve rogorc pati uoterlingma, intensiuri kampaniebi awarmoes imisTvis,
rom Statisa da federalur sakanonmdeblo organoebs mieRoT kanonmdebloba sqesobrivi Zaladobis
winaaRmdeg.
49. magaliTisaTvis ix. Caroline Louise Lewis, The Jakob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent
Offender Registration Act: An Unconstitutional Deprivation of the Right to Privacy and Substantive Due Process,
Harvard Civil Rights - Civil Liberties Law Review 31 (1996): 89-119. am argumentebis miuxedavad sasamarTloebma
mxari dauWires am kanonebs.
391
T aavv i XI I
sajaro
keTildReobis
sakiTxebi
ideo
id
olo
lo gi
g i a da
d a iizm
z mee b i
memarjvene
memarcxene ideologia
zogadi
konservatorebi: ekonomikuri
uflebebis primati
liberalebi: samoqalaqo
uflebebis primati
arsebiTi gansxvavebebi
392
393
luis qerolis cnobili nawarmoebis, `alisa saocrebaTa qveyanaSi,~ erTerT epizodSi alisa ikargeba da xvdeba CeSirul katas. `Tu SegiZliaT, miTxariT, aqedan saiT unda wavide?~ _ ekiTxeba alisa mas. `es imazea damokidebuli,
sad gsurs misvla~, pasuxobs kata. `CemTvis sulerTia~, eubneba alisa. `maSin isic
sulerTia, saiT waxval~, _ miugebs kata.
tyeSi dakarguli alisas msgavsad, qveynebsa da maT xelisuflebs xSirad
warmodgena ara aqvT imaze, saiT surT wasvla da romel gzaze dadgoma urCevniaT.
politikuri mmarTveloba SeiZleba iyos arasrulyofili, magram rogorc alisasa da katis saubari gviCvenebs, politikisa da politikuri kursis gonivrulad
gaazreba xdeba mxolod mkafiod gansazRvruli miznebis aRsrulebiT. qveynebma,
individebis msgavsad, ar ician romel kurss misdion, Tu ar gaaCniaT winaswar
gansazRvruli mizani da saboloo daniSnulebis punqti.
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tikur ideebs, am dros isini ideologias irCeven. ideologia filtris msgavsia,
romelsac `namdvili momxreebi~ iyeneben movlenaTa interpretirebisaTvis, adamianTa qcevis asaxsnelad da politikuri qmedebis gasamarTleblad. ideologia
sxvadasxvagvaria, kacobriobisa da socialuri organizaciis yovlismomcveli
TeoriebiT (mag. marqsiszmiT) dawyebuli ideaTa aramyari kavSirebiT (liberalizmi) damTavrebuli, romlebic icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi.
politikur diskusiaSi ideologiaTa iarliyis gamoyeneba semantikuri
komfortia, romelic sxvadasxva saxis politikuri orientaciis ufro advilad
da lakonurad ganxilvis saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad, amerikeli konservatori, rogorc wesi, Zlieri Tavdacvis, federaluri mTavrobis mier miRebuli
socialuri keTildReobis programebis SezRudvis, biznesisa da industriul
saqmianobaSi mTavrobis Carevis Semcireba-deregulaciisa da msgavsi tipis programebis momxrea. amis sapirispirod, amerikeli liberali mxars uWers samTavrobo daxmarebis programebs, samxedro danaxarjebis Semcirebasa da mTavrobis
mier iseTi sakiTxebis mogvarebas, rogoricaa sakvebi da narkobiznesi, jandacva,
transporti da energetika.
amerikelTa umravlesoba arc doqtrinuli liberalia da arc doqtrinuli konservatori. metic, saerTod Zalian cota amerikeli SeiZleba CaiTvalos
romelime ideologiis mimdevrad. amisaTvis adamiani Zalian mkacrad da jiutad unda mihyvebodes ideologias an `partiis kurss~. individebs, romlebic
midrekilni arian damoukidebeli azrovnebisaken an politikurad apaTiurebi
arian (amerikelTa umravlesoba), cxadia, am gansazRvrebas ver mivusadagebT.
am TavSi ideologia dayofilia sam jgufad: antisamTavrobo ideologia,
memarjvene ideologia da memarcxene ideologia. terminebi memarjvene da memar-
antisamTavrobo ideologia
adamianebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian mmarTvelobis nebismier formas,
rac ar unda SezRuduli iyos igi, anarqizmis momxreebi arian. anarqizmis ideologiis Camoyalibebas xSirad miaweren rus revolucioners mixeil bakunins
(1814-1876ww.), romelic erToboda `ganadgurebis siamovnebiT~ da sazogadoebis
uRaribes fenebsa da kriminalebs Zaladobrivi ajanyebebisken mouwodebda. anarqizmi axlos dgas nihilizmTan, romlis mixedviTac arsebuli politikuri da socialuri instituciebis sruli ganadgureba TavisTavad aris sasurveli mizani.
am eqstremalurad uaryofiT ideologias SedarebiT naklebi gavlena hqonda
revoluciamdeli ruseTis (da albaT, espaneTis) sazRvrebs gareT, Tumca zogi
amJamindeli teroristuli dajgufeba aSkarad anarqistuli da nihilisturia.
libertarianelebi naklebad mtrulad arian ganwyobilni formaluri
mTavrobis ideisadmi, Tumca maT miaCniaT, rom mTavrobis uflebamisileba maqsimalurad unda SeizRudos (amis gamo maT xSirad minimalistebsac eZaxian). lib-
395
mimdevrebi, rogorc wesi, ewinaaRmdegebian damoukidebeli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da Tavisufali arCevanis SemzRudvel sajaro politikas _ maTac ki,
romlebic miznad isaxaven sajaro usafrTxoebas da saSemosavlo garantiebs
xanSi SesulTaTvis. libertarianelebi daJinebiT amtkiceben, rom bazris uCinar
xels ukeT SeuZlia moagvaros socialuri da ekonomikuri Zalebis urTierToba,
vidre mTavrobas; kerZo sakuTrebis uflebam ki unda moicvas mravali ekonomikuri da moraluri arCevani. magaliTad, libertarianelebi icaven moqalaqis
uflebas, dabeWdos da gaavrcelos pornografiuli masala, rac ar unda binZuri
da miuRebeli SeiZleba iyos is umravlesobisaTvis (maT Soris TviT libertarianelebisaTvis). isini ewinaaRmdegebian jarSi gawvevasac, radgan fiqroben, rom
es piradi arCevanis sakiTxi unda iyos.
memarjvene ideologia
anarqizmsa da libertarianizms upirispirdeba ideologia, romelic xazs
usvams centraluri xelisuflebisa da politikuri wesrigis uzenaes mniSvnelobas. SeiZleba ucnaurad mogveCvenos, magram monarqia xelisuflebis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli forma iyo msoflioSi sul raRac erTi saukunis win. mefeebi
Tu imperatorebi, xanebi Tu sulTnebi, Seixebi Tu Sahebi _ monarqebi mbrZaneblobdnen yvela droSi, yvela adgilas. maT momxreebs, vinc SeinarCuna gvirgvini revoluciuri gamowvevebisa da demokratiuli reformebis sayovelTao
moTxovnaTa miuxedavad, ewodebaT roialistebi, anu monarqistebi. monarqias,
ufro sworad, brZeni mefis mmarTvelobas aristotele mmarTvelobis saukeTeso
396
formad miiCnevda (Tumca, is aseve aRniSnavda, rom brZeni mefeebi, tiranebisgan
gansxvavebiT, Zalian iSviaTad gvxvdebodnen). mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom
axlac monarqebi marTaven ramdenime mniSvnelovan qveyanas _ iordanias, monakos,
saudis arabeTs. navTobiT mdidari sparseTis yuris qveynebi mcire CamonaTvalia
am monarqiaTagan.
faSizmi. monarqia, rogorc eqstremaluri memarjvene frTis ideologia
meoce saukuneSi daTrguna faSizmma. es aris ideologia, sadac xazgasmulia
erTi rasis upiratesoba, da aseve, xelisuflebisadmi sruli morCileba. faSizmma didi gavlena moipova evropasa da samxreT amerikaSi 1920-ian_40-ian wlebSi.
upiratesad, cxadia, Seiswavleba `RerZi saxelmwifoebi~ (italia, germania, iaponia) meore msoflio omis dros. Tumca, arsebobs faSizmis sxva instanciebic _
magaliTad, espaneTSi, ungreTsa da argentinaSi.
Tavisi elituri xasiaTis miuxedavad, faSizmi sargeblobda udidesi masobrivi mxardaWeriT, ZiriTadad, Tavisi ultraerovnuli elferis gamo. eris koncefciis (hitleris SemTxvevaSi, rasis) xazgasmasTan erTad, faSizmi eyrdnoboda
ideologiur fesvebs, maT Sorisaa romantizmi, qsenofobia, populizmi da, rac
ar unda gasakviri iyos, socializmis ierarqiuli, araegalitaruli da viwro
formebi (germanuli nacizmi, praqtikaSi ganxorcielebuli memarjvene frTis
ideologia, ganxilulia V TavSi).
memarjvene frTis eqstremaluri ideologiebis erT-erTi ganmasxvavebeli
Strixia crurwmenebsa da siZulvilze dayrdnoba.3 es ideologia did mxardaWeras maSin povebs xolme, roca uamravi adamiani, rasistuli an eTnikuri umravlesoba, ganicdis individualur an koleqtiur ekonomikur siduxWires. aseT
situaciaSi adamianebi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu ara aqvT formaluri ganaTleba da
akliaT politikuri garCevis unari, midrekilni arian daujeron maTi savalalo
mdgomareobis demagogiur axsnas. amaSi dasadanaSauleblad ZiriTadad gamoZebnilni arian xolme `gantevebis vacebi~ _ rasistuli, eTnikuri an religiuri umciresoba, opoziciuri politikuri partia, ucxo qveyana da a.S.
evropaSi qsenofobiis zrdam da antiemigrantulma ganwyobilebebma 1990ian wlebSi demonstraciebi da Zaladobis aqtebi gamoiwvia, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTsa da germaniaSi (ultramemarjvene, pronacionalisturi erovnuli fronti da erovnul- demokratiuli partiebi drodadro sakmao Zalas ikrebdnen
ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi). aSS-Si amerikuli nacisturi partiisa da kukluqs-klanis gavlena izrdeba, roca garkveuli jgufebi aqtiurad gamodian
TeTri rasis aRmatebulobis ideiT. es ideologia mosazrebebiT kvebavs mraval
eqstremistul politikur Sexedulebas, romlebic exeba imigrantebs (isini kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegebian qveyanaSi ucxoelTa SeSvebas), samoqalaqo uflebebs (afroamerikelebi, ebraelebi da sxva umciresobani, rogorc wesi, dabal
safexurze arian da ar imsaxureben TeTrebis darad konstituciur garantiebs),
sagareo politikas (amerikisaTvis safrTxis SemqmnelT unda gaumklavdnen
maqsimaluri ZaliT). es jgufebi militarizirebulebi arian da Zaladobas qadageben. imis miuxedavad, rom ku-kluqs-klani (misi simbolo iyo aalebuli jvrebi. dajgufebis wevrebi imosebodnen TeTri zewrebiT) Semcirda TiTqmis 10000
wevramde, afroamerikelebisadmi misi Zaladobisa da fanatikuri siZulvilis
xangrZlivma istoriam aqcia is iseT dajgufebad, romlis saqmianobasac mTavroba guldasmiT akvirdeba.
397
religiuri memarjveneebi (axali memarjveneebi). religiur memarjveneTa moZraoba, mniSvnelovani politikuri Zala, warmoiSva 1980-ian wlebSi. konservatori respublikelis, ronald reiganis prezidentad arCevam daaCqara aSSSi axali memarjvene politikuri koaliciis Seqmna. tradiciul faseulobaTa
aRsadgenad is iyenebda masobrivi dagzavnis (mass mailing) Tanamedrove politikur meqanizmebs, eqstensiuri politikuri kapitalis mobilizebas da masmedias
(gansakuTrebiT televizias). am faseulobebSi Sedioda abortis akrZalva, sajaro skolebSi locvebis ganaxleba, kampania pornografiis winaaRmdeg, amerikuli cxovrebis safuZvlad ojaxis aRiareba da komunistebis winaaRmdeg brZola
yvela frontze.
es koalicia aerTianebda uamrav fundamentalistsa Tu evangelist protestants, romelTac axal religiur memarjveneebs da qristian-memarjveneebsac
uwodeben, radgan isini politikas centraluri religiuri faseulobebis nayofad miiCnevdnen. axali memarjveneebi yvelaze metad asocirdebodnen me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis satelevizio evangelist jeri falvelTan da misi moraluri
umravlesobis moZraobasTan. politikuri damkvirveblebi ver Tanxmdebodnen
axali memarjveneebis mimdevarTa raodenobaze da imis Sesaxeb, iyo Tu ara es
moZraoba amerikuli politikis ZiriTadi mimdinareoba. kritikosebma axal memarjveneebs miakres saSiSisa da eqstremistis iarliyebi. ufro simpaTiiT ganwyobili damkvirveblebi, Tavis mxriv, ambobdnen, rom ar arsebobda kanoni, romelic krZalavda politikisa da moralis an politikisa da religiis sinTezs.
memarjveneebma warumatebloba iwvnies, rodesac, 1988 wels, evangelisti
ministri pet robertsoni ver gaxda respublikuri partiis prezidentobis kandidati da 1992 wels, rodesac mecnier pet buCananis kampaniam sruli fiasko
ganicada. robertsonmac da buCananmac sajaro aRiareba sakabelo televiziis
wyalobiT moipoves. robertsoni qristianul satelevizio Toq-Sous The 700 Club-
398
pirveli, rogor SeiZleba gavigoT maTi saqmianoba _ rogorc politikurad aqtiuri moqalaqeebis legitimuri da Sesaqebi mcdeloba, monawileoba miiRon sajaro saqmeebSi, Tu rogorc saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris arsebuli damoukideblobis SemaSfoTebeli Semcireba? meore, qristianuli koalicia interesTa
jgufia Tu politikuri partia?
kapitalizmi. dRes yvelaze gavleniani da Zlieri ideologia dasavleTSi
kapitalizmia. komunizmis dacema, kerZo sakuTrebis, mogebis stimulis da socialuri uTanasworobis miseul srul uaryofasTan erTad, triumfi iyo Tavisufali mewarmeobisa da sabazro ekonomikis yvela momxrisaTvis. `civi omi~
iyo ideologiuri dapirispireba aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT.
kapitalizmi aSS-sa da dasavleT evropaSi aris konservatorebis wamyvani
ideologia. es aris filosofiuri safuZveli iseTi Zlevamosili organizaciebisaTvis (da lobisTvisac), rogoricaa aSS-s savaWro palata da mewarmeTa erovnuli asociacia (NAM). aseve, mravalerovnuli korporaciebisaTvis, magaliTad,
General Motors, Microsoft, McDonalds-isaTvis.
ra aris kapitalizmi? es aris rogorc adam smitis Welath of Nations-Si mignebul
principebze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri Teoria, ise ideologia, romelic mxars
uWers individualizmis Rirsebas, mZime da bejiT Sromas, damoukideblobasa da
pirad iniciativas. is ewinaaRmdegeba mTavrobis Carevas (Teoriulad) da mTavrobis regulacias (praqtikaSi). is miesalmeba prezident kelvin kulijis mier
gamoTqmul mosazrebas: `The Business of America is Business (amerikis saqme biznesia).
rogorc ideologia, kapitalizmi ewinaaRmdegeba `socialur keTildReobasa~ da `mTavrobis mier gaweul daxmarebas~. kelvinistebis4 msgavsad, konservatorebs sjeraT, rom qoneba warmatebis niSania da jildoa RirseulTaTvis.
mdidari adamianebi imsaxureben simdidres, siRaribe ki Tavad Raribebis bralia,
romlebic zarmacebi, umoqmedoebi da upasuxismgebloebi arian. siRaribis daZleva qvelmoqmedebisa da eklesiis saqmea. konservatorebs, aseve, sjeraT (an Tavs
aCveneben, rom sjeraT) `gaJonvis~ Teoriisa: Tu sazogadoebis yvelaze iniciativian da moxerxebul wevrebs miecemaT saSualeba, naxon mogeba da gadasaxadebis
amkrefTaTvis qonebis gadacemis magivrad, moaxerxeben mis reinvestirebas, maSin
ekonomika gaizrdeba, dabali fenebis cxovreba gaumjobesdeba da yvelani ukeT
iqnebian. marTalia, sajarod amas konservatorebi naklebad acxadeben, magram
bevri maTgani marTlac ase fiqrobs.
memarcxene ideologia
memarcxene ideologebi qadageben adamianebis koleqtiurad Tanacxovrebis
ideas, romlis Sesabamisadac Tavisufalni iqnebodnen damamcirebeli da mikerZoebuli socialuri dayofisagan. ekonomikis sferoSi es ideologia fesvgadgmulia koleqtivizmis ideaSi. mis mixedviT, sajaro keTidReobas yvelaze ukeT
emsaxureba saerTo sakuTreba da politikuri erTobis produqciiTa da distribuciiT administrireba. amrigad, koleqtivizmi fundamenturad ewinaaRmdegeba
kapitalizms. es ukanaskneli emxroba mosazrebas, rom pirad sakuTrebaSi warmoebis saSualebaTa floba da gankargva saukeTeso gzaa sazogadoebis, rogorc
399
erTi mTelis, gamdidrebisaTvis. Tanamedrove epoqaSi koleqtivizmis principebi yvelaze xSirad gamoixateba socializmis formiT. socializmi SeiZleba
ganimartos, rogorc `ideologia, romelic uaryofs individualizms, kerZo sakuTrebas da pirad mogebas. amis magivrad is emxroba sistemas, damyarebuls ekonomikur koleqtivizmze, warmoebis saSualebaTa da saqonlis distribuciis saxelisuflebo, sazogado da industriul-jgufur mflobelobasa da socialur
pasuxismgeblobaze.~5
Tanamedrove socializmis mamad frangi revolucioneri fransua-nuel
babefi (Franois-Nol Babeuf; 1760-1797) iTvleba, romelic emxroboda ekonomikur
Tanasworobasa da miwis saerTo mflobelobas. babefis ideebi gaiziares da ganaaxles e.w. utopiurma socialistebma, maT Soris komte de sen-simonma (Comte
de Saint-Simon; 1760-1825)da Carlz furiem (Charles Fourier; 1772-1837). luis blanki
(Louis Blanc; 1811-1882) emxroboda ufro gonivrul socializms, rac gulisxmobda
muSebis mier kontrolirebadi sabWoebisa da sawarmoebis Seqmnas. blanki aqtiuri iyo 1848 wlis muSaTa amboxebisas. am mRelvarebidan warmoiSva Teoria da
meTodebi, romelTac emxroboda meoce saukunis memarcxene ideologiebi, revoluciuri komunizmiT dawyebuli, demokratiuli socializmiT damTavrebuli.
revoluciuri komunizmi. eqstremistuli memarcxene ideologiis, rev-
oluciuri komunizmis anu marqsizmis ideebi warmoiSva karl marqsis (18181883ww.) da misi Tanamoazris fridrix engelsis (1820-1895ww.) naSromebidan.
marqsi CamoSorda utopist socialistebs, radgan amtkicebda, rom koleqtiuri
idealis miRweva SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod Ria klasobrivi konfliqtis meSveobiT
da rom istoriis mecnieruli `kanonebi~ winaswar gansazRvravda am konfliqtis
Sedegs. proletariatis mier ganxorcielebuli revoluciis garduvalobasa da
aucileblobaze xazgasma ganasxvavebs marqsizms anu komunizms socializmis sxva
formebisagan.
marqsi da engelsi `komunistur manifests~ (The Communist Manifesto, 1848)
Tamami gancxadebiT iwyeben: `mTeli istoria aris istoria klasobrivi brZolisa~ _ es gancxadeba emyareba or mosazrebas: (1) adamianis nebismieri qmedebis ukan
dgas ekonomikuri an materialuri Zalebi da (2) istoriaSi cvlileba da progresi
warmoiSoba ekonomikuri Zalebis mudmiv SejaxebaTa, konfliqtis an, germaneli
filosofosis hegelis (1770-1831ww.) termins Tu gamoviyenebT, `dialeqtikuri
procesis~ safuZvelze. marqsi Tvlida, rom yvela sazogadoebam ganviTarebis
erTi da igive istoriuli safexurebi gaiara. TiToeuli am safexurTagani dominanturi ekonomikuri struqturaa (Tezisi), romelic Seicavs axali da konfliqturi struqturis (antiTezisis) elementebs. Tezissa da antiTeziss Soris
gardauvali Sejaxebis Sedegad Cndeba sinTezi anu axali ekonomikuri epoqa. marqsis azriT, is, rasac Cven axla industriul revolucias vuwodebT, iyo istoriis kapitalisturi safexuri. man daamarcxa feodaluri epoqa, roca burJuaziam
(qalaqelma xelosnebma da vaWrebma) feodal miwaTmflobelebs xelidan gamohglija politikuri da ekonomikuri Zalaufleba. dialeqtikuri materializmis
kanonma, rogorc marqsma uwoda istoriis Taviseul xedvas, kapitalizmis aRzeveba gardauvali gaxada. zustad amave kanonis mixedviT, aseve gaurdauvalia
konfliqti kapitalistebsa da proletariats Soris. es konfliqti marqsis azriT, dasruldeba muSaTa klasis gamarjvebiT da stabiluri, uklaso sazogadoebis gamocxadebiT (uklaso sazogadoebis utopiuri idea aRwerilia II TavSi).
400
marqsistuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove industriuli kapitalizmis
mTavari Strixia sazogadoebis dayofa or antagonistur klasad: kapitalistebad
_ isini floben warmoebis saSualebebs da proletarebad, romlebic iZulebulni
arian saaTobiT imuSaon saarsebo minimumisTvis. gansxvaveba am gasamrjelosa da
muSaTa Sromis Sedagad miRebuli produqtis fass Soris aris Warbi Rirebule-
401
ieRova (RmerTi) =
dialeqtikuri materializmi
mesia
= marqsi
rCeulni
= proletariati
eklesia
= komunituri partia
meored mosvla
= revolucia
jojoxeTi
= kapitalistebis sasjeli
mileniumi
= komunisturi Tanamegobroba
402
lis zrdisa da bazris rolis SezRudvis momxreni arian. socialistur partiaTa
umravlesoba mxars uWers ekonomikis ZiriTadi nawilebis _ transportis, komunikaciebis, komunaluri momsaxurebis, sabanko sistemis da finansebis, dazRvevisa da mrewvelobis iseTi dargebis, rogoricaa manqanaTmSenebloba, Savi da feradi metalurgia, samTo-mopovebiTi samuSaoebi da energetika _ nacionalizacias.
isini, aseve, momxreebi arian Tanamedrove `keTildReobis saxelmwifosi~, sadac
mTavrobas didi pasuxismgebloba akisria jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis sakiTxebSi.
`keTildReobis saxelmwifos~ mizani aris siRaribisa da uTanasworobis daZleva Semosavlebis farTomasStabiani gadanawilebis gziT. mas xSirad aRweren
rogorc `akvnidan saflavamde~ sistemas. aseT saxelmwifos axasiaTebs ufaso
umaRlesi ganaTleba, ufaso (an didad subsidirebuli) samedicino momsaxureba,
xelgaSlili sajaro daxmarebebi (fuladi daxmareba mravalSvilian ojaxebs,
sapensio gegmebi, sxvadasxva saxis ufaso an subsidirebuli momsaxureba). am programebisa da momsaxurebis dasafinanseblad socialistebi mxars uWeren maRal
gadasaxadebs, maT Soris, mkveTrad mzard saSemosavlo da myar memkvidreobiT
gadasaxadebs, raTa amoivsos ufskruli mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris. socialisturi ideologia moiTxovs amgvar politikas, radgan is socialur samarTlianobas ekonomikur TanasworobasTan aigivebs.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg demokratiul socializms udidesi gavlena
hqonda dasavleT evropaSi (da ramdenime ganviTarebad qveyanaSi). bevr evropul qveyanaSi arsebobs warCinebuli social-demokratiuli partia. germaniaSi,
magaliTad, centralur memarcxene partias formalurad ewodeba social-demokratiuli. `keTildReobis saxelmwifos~ klasikur magaliTs warmoadgenen
didi britaneTi da skandinaviis qveynebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1981 wels safrangeTis prezidenti gaxda socialisti fransua miterani da amis Semdeg erovnul arCevnebSi misma partiam moipova sakmarisi xmebi imisaTvis, rom Seedgina pirveli
memarcxene mTavroba mexuTe respublikis istoriaSi (romelic 1952 wlidan arsebobs). da mainc, ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, rogoricaa dania da SvedeTi,
social-demokratebis politikuri gavlena Semcirda 1990-ian wlebSi. politikuri partiebi, romlebic mxars uWerdnen socialistur principebs, an kargavdnen gavlenas, an ufro `umegobrdebodnen~ Tavisufal bazarsa da ekonomikuri
konkurenciis ideebs. britaneTis leiboristuli partia, romelic 1997 wels
movida mTavrobaSi `zomieri~ politikosis, toni bleris meTaurobiT, TvalsaCino magaliTia ukanasknel wlebSi evropis social-demokratiuli partiis poziciis Serbilebisa.
demokratiul socializms, rogorc organizebul politikur Zalas, mcire
gavlena hqonda meore msoflio omis Semdgom aSS-is politikaze, miuxedavad imisa, rom 1930-ian wlebSi prezidentobis kandidatis norman tomasis propaganda
socialisturi xasiaTisa iyo da amomrCevelTa didi mxardaWera da yuradReba
moipova. rogorc pirvel msoflio omamde, ise mis Semdeg, socialistebma miiRes
900000 xma arCevnebze. 1912 da 1920 wlis arCevnebma aSS-Si socializmis mimarT
didi interesi aCvena. raSi iyo saqme?
amerikelebi, rogorc wesi, individualistebi arian da eWviT uyureben
`did saxelmwifos~; xolo meore msoflio omis Semdeg isini socializms saerTod komunizmTan aigivebdnen da amitom uaryofdnen mas. amis miuxedavad, bevri
sajaro programa, romlebic axla sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, waagavs im programebs, romlebsac ukve didi xania mxars uWeren demokratiuli socialistebi.
403
magaliTebis saxiT SegviZlia moviyvanoT sajaro usafrTxoeba, jandacva, mravalSvilian ojaxTa daxmareba, umuSevrobis kompensacia da federalurad subsidirebuli sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom keTildReobis maCveneblebi ufro ukeTesad moqmedebs aSS-Si, vidre sociologiuri
ideologiis mixedviT iq, sadac isini Camoyalibda.
radikaluri egalitarianizmi. radikaluri egalitarianizmi ar aris
pirdapiri ideologia, im gagebiT, rom is ar umadlis Tavis arsebobas erTi individis naSromebs da ar Sedgeba erTi-ori yovlismomcveli principisgan. is
arc universaluradaa aRiarebuli. Tumca, yvelafris miuxedavad, radikaluri
egalitarianizmi aris cxadi da mkafiod gansazRvruli pozicia sajaro keTidlReobisadmi. igi sruliad Tanaswori msoflios momxrea. mis mimdevarTa azriT,
sazogadoebaSi miRebuli yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli da yoveldRiuri gansxvavebebi (vin aris warmatebuli, ras vswavlobT da vkiTxulobT da a.S.) Tavdapirvelad warmoiSva mikerZoebis/midrekilebis an eTnocentrizmis safuZvelze.
radikaluri egalitarianistebi miiCneven, rom eTnikuri umciresobebi, qalebi, homoseqsualebi, fizikurad Tu gonebrivad unarSezRuduli adamianebi da
yvelani, vinc umravlesobis farglebs gareT xvdebian, ganicdian diskriminacias.
amitomac sazogadoebam yvelaferi unda gaakeTos maTi winwawevis, warmatebisa da
Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayofad. es jgufebi didi xnis manZilze idevnebodnen
(privilegirebuli TeTrkaniani mamakacebis sasargeblod), amitomac isini unda
gaxdnen kvlevebis obieqtebica da wyaroebic da maTTvis da maT Sesaxeb dawerili namuSevrebi unda Sediodes yoveli kolejis saswavlo gegmaSi. da bolos, es
jgufebi ar aris kargad Seswavlili gauTavebeli diskrimaniciisa da dasavluri
civilizaciis endemuri midrekilebebis gamo. problema aucileblad mosagvarebelia.
amerikuli saganmanaTleblo sistemis, sazogadebisa da civilizaciis radikaluri egalitarianistuli analizi Zalian sakamaToa. konservatori kritikosebi ewinaaRmdegebian amerikuli sazogadoebisa da dasavluri civilizaciis radikalur-egalitarianistul daxasiaTebas da brazdebian, rodesac maTi kritika
uaryofilia rogorc rasistuli, sqesobrivad diskriminaciuli, homofobiuri
(homoseqsualTa zizRi) an sxva mizeziT. es konservatori kritikosebi acxadeben,
rom radikali egalitarianistebi qmnian emociurad daZabul klimats, sadac mxolod `politikurad swor~ azrs scemen pativs. 1990-ian wlebSi politikuri koreqtulobis polemika daatyda Tavs amerikul kolejebs semantikuri pirobiTi
aRniSvnis saxiT debatebisaTvis radikaluri egalitarianistuli mosazrebebiT
marTuli msoflio Sexedulebis arsebobis sasurvelobis Sesaxeb.
404
iarliyebi amerikul politikaSi
Tanamedrove amerikul liberalizmsa da konservatizms dasavluri politikuri azris 300-wliani liberaluri tradicia udevs safuZvlad. yvelaze
fundamenturi principi am tradiciisa iyo is, rom mTavroba unda icavdes adamianis individualur uflebebs. amerikuli liberalizmi xazs usvams socialur,
politikur da ekonomikur Tanasworobas yvela samoqalaqo uflebis dacvisa da
gafarToebis saxeliT. amisgan gansxvavebiT, amerikuli konservatizmi momxrea
iseTi politikisa, romelic win wamoswevs ayvavebasa da Tanabar Sansebs individualuri sakuTrebisa da ekonomikuri uflebebis dacvis saxeliT. amrigad,
rogorc liberalebi, ise konservatorebi emxrobian indvidualuri uflebebis
dacvas, ubralod, isini gansxvavdebian imis mixedviT, romeli miaCniaT am uflebaTagan ufro mniSvnelovnad.
ramdenime faqtori aZnelebs imis zustad gansazRvras, ras gulisxmobs
liberalizmi da konservatizmi amerikuli politikis aspeqtSi. ra aris es faqtorebi?
upirveles yovlisa, aSS-Si ideologiis roli mkacrad SezRudulia politikuri kulturiT, sadac yoveldRiuri politika moicavs moqiSpe interesTa
dapirispirebas da ara Seurigebeli ideebisa da principebis konfliqts. rogorc
wesi, arCeuli moxeleebis dakavebuli sajaro tribuna isea Sedgenili, rom gamosaxos adgilobrivi ekonomikuri interesebi an daupirispirdes garkveul problemas. amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikul politikaSi arian doqtrinuli
liberalebi da konservatorebi, praqtikaSi amerikeli politikosebi ufro pragmatulni arian, vidre dogmaturebi.
liberalebi da konservatorebi kamaTisas iSviaTad eqcevian erTsa da imave
mxares. magaliTad, zogadad konservatorebi emxrobian kanonebs pornografiis
winaaRmdeg, maSin, roca liberalebi ewinaaRmdegebian aseT statutebs (metic,
xandaxan xumrobiT amboben, rom liberalebi yiduloben im wignebs, romelTa
akrZalvac undaT konservatorebs, im dros, roca konservatorebi adgenen
sacenzuro komitetebs da jgufurad kiTxuloben am wignebs). amis miuxedavad,
e.w. minimalisti konservatorebi anu libertarianelebi ewinaaRmdegebian yvela
saxis SezRudvas nebismieri saxis sakiTxavi masalis gayidvaze, demonstrirebaze,
distribuciasa da flobaze. am dros qalTa uflebebis damcveli zogi liberali,
radikalic ki, uerTdeba konservatorebs amgvari wignebis akrZalvaSi, im motiviT, rom pornografia eqpluatacias uwevs da reputacias ulaxavs mdedrobiTi
sqesis yvela warmomadgenels gaukuRmarTebuli mamakacebis siamovnebisaTvis.
zogi sakiTxi, romelic liberalebsa da konservatorebs yofda or dapirispirebul banakad erT dros, sxva dros SeiZleba saerTod Seusabamo gaxdes. konservatorebi icavdnen aristokratiis Zalauflebasa da privilegiebs,
magram yvela saxis maRali warmomavlobis tituli gauqmda or saukuneze meti
xnis win. evropaSi, sadac memkvidreobiTi titulebi adre gasaRebi iyo qonebisa da ZalauflebisaTvis, dRes warsulisken anomaliur mibrunebad gveCveneba,
ucnauri Sexseneba maTi yofili upiratesobisa. imis miuxedavad, rom konservatorebi liberalebze metad midrekilni arian mdidarTa interesebis dacvisadmi,
verc erTi seriozuli politikuri figura ver gabedavda gamoeTqva azri aristokratiis upiratesobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb.
405
zogadi Temebi
erT dros cnebebi _ liberalizmi da konservatizmi, SeiZleba logikurad
Tanmimdevrul da zustad gansazRvrul alternativebs gamoxatavda. Tumca, Tanamedrove amerikul politikur cxovrebaSi iseni araa calkeuli da myarad Camoyalibebuli ideologiebi, rogoric, magaliTad, komunizmi an faSizmi aris.
aSS-Si rogorc liberalizmi, ise konservatizmi ganviTarda politikuri
principebis fundamenturi wyebidan da maT variaciebs warmoadgens.7 es politikuri kredo bevrs unda umadlodes jon lokis politikur nawerebs. rogorc
damoukideblobis deklaraciaSia Sejamebuli, yvela adamiani ibadeba Tanasworad; uzrunvelyofilia maTi arsebiTi uflebebi, maT Soris sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisken swrafvis uflebebi (lokis `sakuTrebis uflebis~
jefersoniseuli variacia); mTavroba arsebobs am uflebis dasacavad da legitimuri xdeba marTulTa Tanxmobis safuZvelze. deklaracia aseve acxadebs, rom
rodesac mTavrobas aviwydeba misi xelisuflebaSi mosvlis mizani da mizezebi,
xalxs aqvs ufleba Secvalos an Camoagdos is.
damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi zogadadaa Camoyalibebuli is principebi,
romlebzec Tavis dasawyisSi visaubreT. Tavisufleba xazgasmiTaa naxsenebi, iseve rogorc individis ufleba sicocxlesa da usafrTxoebaze. ayvaveba gulixmobs mTavrobis movaleobas, daicvas adamianis ufleba, iltvodes bednierebisaken (bolos da bolos, bednierebisken swrafva ar gamoricxavs simdidrisken
swrafvas komerciul sazogadoebaSi). Tanasworoba miCneulia adamianis fundamentur mdgomareobad da amerikel xalxs, sxvasTan erTad, garantirebuli aqvs
Tanabari Tavisufleba.
da bolos, miCneulia, rom mTavroba, romelic adekvaturad ar icavs da
pativs ar scems adamianis sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisken swrafvis uflebas, ar imsaxurebs keTil saxels. amgvari saxis mTavroba, deklaraciis
mixedviT, arRvevs samarTlianobis principebs da SeiZleba misi Secvla an gauqmeba. aSS-is konstituciaSi, romelsac aqvs sayovelTaod aRiarebuli mizani _
`gamoacxados samarTlianoba, uzrunvelyos mSvidoba qveynis SigniT, saerTo
usafrTxoeba, Tavisuflebis dacva da sazogadoebis keTildReobas Seuwyos
xeli~, mTavrobis es ZiriTadi miznebi CamoTvlilia kidev ufro cxadad.
406
mopovebul sakuTrebaze _ da mTavrobis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizani
kerZo sakuTrebis dacvaa. man aseve gonivruli axsna mouZebna sakuTrebis uflebebs, legalur fulad valebsa da saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs, rac komerciuli saxelmwifos safuZvelia. amasTan erTad, sixarbis instinqts inteleqtur
diskursSi axladmopovebuli respeqtabeluroba mianiWa.
bevri Zveli filosofosi, aristoteledan Tomas aqvinelamde (1224-1274ww.),
gaurboda msoflio mflobelobiT zedmetad dainteresebas. amisgan gansxvavebiT, loks warmodgenili hqonda sazogadoeba, sadac individebi mudmivad iRvwian TavianTi xvedris gasaumjobeseblad, sadac warmoebisa da gamogonebis suli
yvavis da fuli aris gacvlis universaluri saSualeba. misi azriT, qonebis dagrovebis Semdgom, reinvestirebuli da gafarToebuli sazogadoeba ayvavdeba da
ayvavebuli sazogadoeba iqneba bednieri.
baron de monteskie (1689-1755). maSin, roca lokma ganaviTara komerciuli
respublikis zogadi Teoria, frangma politikurma filosofosma baron de monteskiem Tavis cnobil naSrom `kanonTa gonSi~ (1748w.) gansazRvra biznessa da komerciasTan asocirebuli sakiTxebis dadebiTi mxareebi. monteskies azriT, qveynebs, romlebic eqstensiur vaWrobas awarmoeben sxva saxelmwifoebTan, survili
eqnebaT mSvidobisa, radgan omi xels uSlis saerTaSoriso vaWrobas. man, aseve,
daaskvna, rom komercia xels uwyobs ufro samarTlebrivi politikuri wesrigis
Camoyalibebas, individualuri TviTgaumjobesebisaTvis axali gzebis gaxsniT.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, siRaribeSi dabadebulsac SeuZlia gaxdes mdidari
dauRalavi SromiTa da JiniT. amasTan, komerciaze gakeTebuli aqcenti ganawyobda sazogadoebas religiuri fanatizmis winaaRmdeg. miwier keTildReobaze
zrunva da `jonsebTan Sejibri~ (amerikuli gamoTqma _ mezoblebTan Sejibreba
materialur sakuTrebaSi) daikavebda religiuri dapirispirebis gamomwvevi
fanatikuri aRmafrenis adgils. komerciuli wesrigis saukeTeso mxarea misi
dadebiTi gavlena individualur moralurobaze. monteskies sjeroda, rom komerciuli demokratia warmoSobda burJuaziul Rirseul Tvisebebs, maT Soris
`yairaTianobas, ekonomiurobas, Sromas, SorsmWvretelobas, wesrigs.~8
adam smiti (1723-1790). mas Semdeg, rac lokma Camoayaliba komerciuli
saxelmwifos politikuri safuZvlebi da monteskiem CamoTvala amgvari saxelmwifos dadebiTi mxareebi, Sotlandielma ekonomistma adam smitma axsna misi
moqmedebis principebi. smiti darwmunebuli iyo, rom rogorc individualuri
bedniereba, ise socialuri harmonia mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis warmoebis gzebTan. man Tavis cnobil naSromSi `xalxTa simdidris
bunebisa da mizezebis kvleva~ (Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations;
1776) (romelmac Semdeg didi gavlena moipova) sqemis saxiT Camoayaliba, rogor
SeuZlia komerciul sazogadoebas efeqturad iarsebos centraluri mTavrobis
mier ekonomikuri sferos regulirebisa da dagegmvis gareSe. es naSromi yvela
sxva wignze metad iqca Tanamedrove kapitalizmis logikur dasabuTebad.
lokis msgavsad, smitic aRiarebda adamianTa saqmianobaSi TviTdainteresebis umniSvnelovanes rols. ekonomikur bazarze TviTdaintereseba ara marto
ganawyobs individs muSaobisTvis, aramed karnaxobs mas iseTi saqmianobis arCevas, romelic miesadageba mis specifikur socialur saWiroebas:
407
Cven rom sadils mivirTmevT, es ar aris yasabis, xabazis an ludis
mxarSvelis keTilganwyobis Sedegi, es sakuTari dainteresebis Sedegia.
Cven Cvens interesebis dakmayofilebas unda vumadlodeT ara maT humanurobas, aramed maT sakuTari Tavis siyvaruls. da Cven maT vesaubrebiT
ara Cveni saWirobidan, aramed maTi upiratesobidan gamomdinare.9
408
irRveva da diskriminacias ganicdian (mag. rasistuli umciresobani, qalebi da
Raribebi). liberalebi eTanxmebian xelisuflebis mcdelobasa da qmedebebs, miaRwion Tanabar uflebebs. amavdroulad, isini zogadad ewinaaRmdegebian mTavrobis
mier gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas; agreTve, erTobis, standartebisa da
tradiciebis SenarCunebis mizniT `moralis dakanonebis~ mcdelobebs.
pirovnul Tavisuflebaze yuradRebis aseTi gamaxvileba fundamentur rwmenas aZlevs individualurobis Rirsebas. TiToeuli adamianis unikalurobisa
Tu Rirsebis dacva da pativiscema sazogadoebaSi mTavrobis umniSvnelovanesi
mizani unda iyos. individualizmis dasacavi argumentebi mkafiod aris Camoyalibebuli jon stiuart milis On Liberty-Si (1859w.):
mas, vinc uflebas aZlevs samyaros an samyaros misTvis gankuTvnil
nawils, mis magivrad dagegmos misi cxovreba, ar sWirdeba imitaciisaTvis
sxva aranairi niWi, garda maimunisebri adamianisa. is, vinc Tavis cxovrebas Tavad gegmavs, iyenebs yvela Tavis niWs. mas sWirdeba dakvirveba, raTa
dainaxos; logikuri azrovneba da gansjis unari, raTa pirdapir ganWvritos; saqmianoba, raTa moagrovos masala gadawyvetilebis misaRebad; gansxvavebis unari, raTa gadawyvitos da roca gadawyvets, simyare da TviTkontroli, raTa misdios saguldagulod miRebul gadawyvetilebebs. am
Tvisebebs is saWiroebs da iyenebs zustad, proporciulad, rogorc Tavisi qmedebis nawils, romelsac gansazRvravs sakuTari azrovnebisa da
grZnobebis mixedviT. SesaZlebelia isic, rom is daadges karg gzas da Tavi
aaridos zians yovelive amis gamoyenebis gareSec. magram am SemTxvevaSi
ra iqneboda SedarebiTi Rirebuleba misi, rogorc adamianisa? didi mniSvnelobisaa ara marto is, ras akeTebs adamiani, aramed is manerac, romliTac is rames akeTebs. adamianis namuSevarTa Soris, romlis gaumjobesebasa da galamazebaSia CarTuli misi cxovreba, upirvelesi mniSvnelobisa
Tavad adamiania. . . . adamianis buneba ar aris manqana, rom nimuSis mixedviT aago da daniSno misTvis gamowerili samuSaos zustad Sesasruleblad. adamianis buneba SegviZlia ufro xes SevadaroT, romelsac zrda
da ganviTareba sWirdeba Sinagani Zalebis tendenciebis mixedviT, rac mas
cocxal arsebad aqcevs.11
409
arsebiTi gansxvavebebi
amerikel liberalebsa da konservatorebs Soris gansxvavebis safuZveli
dapirispirebuli mosazrebebia adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb. liberalebs sjeraT
adamianebis sikeTisa da kargi bunebisa. marTalia, isini ar uaryofen, rom zogi
adamiani sazogadoebisaTvis miuReblad iqceva, magram aseT adamianebs garemos
msxverplad miiCneven. magaliTad, Tanamedrove amerikelTa umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom danaSaulis Sesamcireblad sazogadoebam unda Seamsubuqos siRaribis,
sasowarkveTis mdgomareoba da rasizmi, romelic asazrdoebs antisazogadoebriv qmedebas. sxva sityvebiT, adamianebi Tanasworni arian Rirsebis mixedviT da
imsaxureben aseT mopyrobas mTavrobisa da Tanamoqaleqeebis mxridan.
konservatorebi adamianis bunebas ufro muq ferebSi xedaven. maT miaCniaT,
rom adamianebi dabadebidanve egoistebi da xSirad daumorCileblebi arian. individebi cdiloben TavianTi Tavi sxvebze maRla daayenon, isini gansxvavdebian
motivaciiT, SesaZleblobebiT, moraluri RirebulebebiTa da iRbliT. konservatorebi amboben, rom am gansxvavebaTa Semcireba arc erT mTavrobas ar xelewifeba. sabolood, TavianTi liberali oponentebisgan gansxvavebiT, maT naklebi
`Tavis tkivili~ aqvT araTanabari sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobisa da gansxvavebuli qonebrivi SesaZleblobebis gamo. amasTan, isini ar miaweren adamianis antisazogadoebriv qmedebas garemo faqtorebs. piriqiT, fiqroben, rom sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis iarsebeben `dampali vaSlebi~ (amerikuli gamoTqma _ cudi
gavlenis mqone adamiani).
kidev erTi faqtori, rac konservatorebsa da liberalebs ganasxvavebs,
isaa, rom es ukanasknelni Tavs istoriulad mimdinare procesis nawilad miiCneven, romlis farglebSic adamianis mdgomareoba gaumjobesda da TandaTan
ufro umjobesdeba. sxva sityvebiT, liberalebi istorias progresuli TvalsazrisiT uyureben. maT sjeraT, rom Cveulebrivi adamiani dRes ukeTes mdgomareobaSia, vidre ramdenime Taobis an ramdenime saukunis win. maTi azriT, momavlis socialuri mowyoba, rogorc sakuTar qveyanaSi, ise sazRvargareT, ise
iqneba konstruirebuli, rom yvela adamians saukeTeso misces. aqedan gamomdinare, liberalebi optimisturad uyureben momavalSi sazogadoebisa da mTeli
msoflios gakeTilSobilebis mcdelobas.
konservatorebi, maTgan gansxvavebiT, awmyos sirTuleebis daZlevisas
warsuls gzamkvlevad iyeneben. isini eWvqveS ayeneben mosazrebas, rom cvlileba
SeiZleba gautoldes progress. maTTvis politikuri erToba faqizi organizmia,
romelic gaerTianebulia saerTo faseulobebiTa da SexedulebebiT. Cveuleba
da tradiciebi, aRiarebuli sazogadoebrivi institutebi (magaliTad, ojaxi,
eklesia, mTavroba) da Rrmad fesvgadgmuli socialuri xatebi konservatorebisaTvis erTaderTi myari safuZvelia stabiluri socialuri wesrigis dasamyareblad. TviT sazogadoebis msgavsad tradiciebic arasdros unda Seicvalos
swrafad da erTi xelis mosmiT. konservatorTa umravlesoba savsebiT eTanxmeba edmund berkis mosazrebas _ rodesac cvlileba saWiro ar aris, arc unda
SevcvaloT.
410
konservatorTa da liberalTa gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi cvlilebebis,
adamianis bunebisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, gvexmareba am or jgufs Soris arsebuli daZabulobis axsnaSi. am daZabulobas zogi damkvirvebeli `kulturaTa
omsac~ uwodebda.12 sakamaTo sakiTxis xazgasma (iseTi socialuri instituciebis
mizani, Semadgenloba da mniSvneloba, rogoricaa ojaxi, ganaTleba, xelovneba,
kanoni da politika) moralur sakiTxebSi uTanxmoebas iwvevs. konservatorebis
aqcenti tradiciebsa da orTodoqsulobaze kulminacias aRwevs rwmenaSi, rom
keTili da boroti transcendentur filosofiasa da religiaSi Caqsovili universaluri faseulobebia. maTgan gansxvavebiT, liberalTa mravalferovnebisa da tolerantobisadmi erTguleba gamoxatulia rwmenaSi, rom moraluri da
politikuri gadawyvetilebebi piradi sakiTxebia. magaliTad, liberalTa umravlesoba ewinaaRmdegeba skolebSi locvas, moiTxovs farTo legalur da socialur uflebebs geebisa da lesboselebisaTvis, aseve, miiCneven, rom qalebs
aqvT abortis gakeTebis ufleba. amisagan gansxvavebiT, konservatorebi, rogorc
wesi, fiqroben, rom skolebSi locvis akrZalva, homoseqsualTa uflebebis aRiareba da abortis nebarTva, moralurad arasworia. liberalebis azriT ki, individualuri arCevanis uaryofiT irRveva is, rac moralurad sworia.13
liberalebi da konservatorebi, aseve, gansxvavdebian adamianuri bunebisa da uflebebis sakiTxebis mimarT TavianTi damokidebulebiTac. sakuTrebis
uflebisadmi erTguleba imis rwmenasTan erTad, rom warmateba da ayvaveba adamianis bednierebis arsia, konservatorebs dauregulirebeli komerciisa da industriis momxreebad aqcevs. amave mizeziT, isini ewinaaRmdegebian socialur
programebs, romlebic moicavs erovnuli Semosavlis msxvilmasStabian gadanawilebas, did an mzard gadasaxadebs, janmrTelobis dazRvevis saxelmwifo programebsa da sxv. amgvari damokidebulebis gamo Tanamedrove konservatorebi
`naklebi mTavrobis~ momxreebi arian. xolo iq, sadac saxelmwifo programebi
aucilebeli an gardauvalia, konservatorebis azriT, adgilobrivi xelisufleba ufro axlosaa xalxTan da amitom ufro sandoa, vidre federaluri xelisufleba. meores mxriv, adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb, cota ar iyos, uaryofiTi
Sexeduleba konservatorebs liberalebze ufro mkacrad ganawyobs piradi
usafrTxoebisa da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis (amitom isini momxreni arian kriminalebis mimarT ufro sastiki sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis gatarebisa), aseve
erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis mimarT. da bolos, konservatorebs sjeraT,
rom ekonomikuri TanasworobiT zedmetad dainteresebas SeuZlia Ziri gamouTxaros sistemas, romelmac, maTi azriT, aSS esoden warmatebul qveynad aqcia.
magaliTad, saxelmwifo mcdeloba mieRwia ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisaTvis
iseTi meqanizmebis saSualebiT, rogoricaa makompensirebeli programa, axSobs
individualur iniciativas da amcirebs kavSirs pirad damsaxurebasa da fulad
jildos Soris.
vinaidan liberalebi samyaros karg da keTil adgilad da adamianis bunebas _ Tandayolilad keTilad miiCneven, isini ufro midrekilni arian dainaxon
TanamSromlobis, cxovrebisa da mankierebaTa gamosworebis SesaZleblobebi iq,
sadac konservatorebi gamowvevebsa da safrTxeebs xedaven. amrigad, sagareo saqmeebSi liberalebi Tavdacvaze naklebi xarjebis gawevis momxreni arian, konservatorebi ki eTanxmebian Zvel gamonaTqvams: `geSinodes RmerTisa da Seinaxe Seni
Tofis wamali mSralad.~ saSinao saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT liberalebi fiqroben,
411
rom sazogadoeba, rogorc erTi mTliani organizmi, mogebulia xelisuflebis
absoluturi CareviT, raTa uzrunvelyos daCagruli an uiRblo adamianebi saxelmwifo sacxovrebliT, saxelmwifo dasaqmebiT, janmrTelobis universaluri
dazRveviTa da a.S. maTi azriT, rogoric ar unda iyos sazogadoebis keTildReobis done mTlianad, Semosavlis gadanawilebis didi uTanasworoba unda gamoswordes saxelmwifo politikis saSualebiT. yvela adamiani Tanaswori ibadeba,
amitom aravin unda itanjebodes siRaribiT gamowveuli damcirebiT, maSin, roca
zogi fufunebaSi cxovrobs. nebismieri amerikelis diskriminaciis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba Zlieri sakompensacio programebiTa da xelisuflebis CareviT. metic, maT sjeraT, rom danaSaulis Camdennic msxverplni arian (ekonomikuri da socialuri usamarTlobisa) da acnobiereben, rom Raribebi
ufro xSirad exvevian kriminalur danaSaulSi. liberalebi moiTxoven braldebulTa uflebebis maqsimalur dacvas. da bolos, amerikeli liberalisaTvis
individualizmis dacvis saukeTeso saSualeba iqneba aekrZalos xelisuflebas
konstituciiT miniWebuli sityvis, aRmsareblobis, Sekrebebis, gaerTianebebis
da pirovnebis TavisuflebaSi nebismieri saxiT Careva.
daskvna
saxelmwifo garkveuli socialuri an ekonomikuri miznebis miRwevas sajaro keTildReobis miseuli gansazRvrebis mixedviT cdilobs. am miznebis sisruleSi moyvana damokidebulia saxelmwifos ideologiaze _ sajaro keTildReobis Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa organizebul nakrebze.
ideologiebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad klasificirdes: antisaxelmwifoebrivi (anarqizmi, libertarianizmi), memarjvene (monarqizmi, faSizmi), an memarcxene
(revoluciuri komunizmi, demokratiuli socializmi, radikaluri egalitarianizmi). aSS-Si dominirebs ori sxva ideologiuri tendencia: liberalizmi da konservatizmi. gasakviria, magram saocrad Znelia am ori Tvalsazrisis gansxvaveba.
upirveles yovlisa imitom, rom aSS-Si liberalizmi da konservatizmi iziarebs
mraval fundamentur mosazrebas da faseulobas. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, maT Soris
garkveuli gansxvavebebic arsebobs. konservatorebi xazs usvamen ekonomikur
uflebebs, liberalebi aqcents samoqalaqo uflebebze akeTeben. liberalebs
sjeraT adamianis keTili bunebisa, konservatorebi adamianis bunebas ganixilaven, rogorc naklebad keTilganwyobils. liberalebi momavals optimisturad uyureben da sjeraT, rom is uzrunvelyofs ukeTes cxovrebas yvelasaTvis.
konservatorebi awmyos problemebTan gasamklaveblad warsuls gzamkvlevad miiCneven. es gansxvavebebi gamoxatulia gansxvavebul sajaro politikur miznebSi,
romlebsac TiToeuli es jgufi misdevs.
412
sakvanZo sityvebi
sajaro keTildReoba (public good
burJuazia
dialeqtikuri materializmi
ideologia
anarqizmi
pauperizaciis kanoni
nihilizmi
evrokomunizmi
libertarianizmi
demokratiuli socializmi
monarqizmi
gradualizmi
faSizmi
keTildReobis saxelmwifo
kapitalizmi
liberaluri tradicia
Tavisufali mewarmeoba
amerikuli liberalizmi
amerikuli konservatizmi
koleqtivizmi
liberalizmi
socializmi
konservatizmi
utopist-socialistebi
moTxovna-miwodebis kanoni
revoluciuri komunizmi
laissez-faire kapitalizmi
proletariati
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
SeniSvnebi:
1.
Aristotle, The Politics, red da mTargm. Ernest Braker (New York: Oxford University Press,
1962), 1279a, 112.
2.
The Anti-Defamation League ob Bnai Brith, Hate Groups in America: A Record of Bigotry
413
and Violence (New York, n.d.), 11.
4.
Jack C. Plano and Roy Olton, The International Relations Dictionary (Santa Barbara, Calif.:
ABS, 1982), 81.
6.
7.
Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosofhy. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965), 364.
Martin Diamond, Winston Fisk, and Herbert Garfinkel, The Democratic Republic: An Introduction to American Government (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1971), 4-5.
8.
Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws, mTargm. Thomas Nugent (New York: Hafner
Press, 1949), bk. 5, chap. 6, 46.
9.
Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (New York:
Modern Library, 1965), 14.
10.
11.
12.
John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (Lake Bluff, Ill.: Regnery/Gateway, 1955), 85.
James Devison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York: Basic Books,
1991). Cveni msjeloba ZiriTadad mihyveba, magram zustad ar imeorebs han-
terisas.
13.
414
415
T aavv i XI I I
sajaro
politikis
sakiTxebi
principebi, prioritetebi
da praqtikuli gamocdileba
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa
gare mtrebisgan dacva
dacva
Sida mtrebisgan
socialuri dacva
Semosavlebis
ganawileba
Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa
rasobrivi diskriminacia
dadebiTi qmedeba
Tu pozitiuri diskriminacia
vis sWirdeba
dacva?
Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa
Tavisuflebis fasi
li Sesworeba
Tavisufleba da pirve-
uxebloba
samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa
danaSauli da sasjeli
marTlmsajuleba _
miukerZoebeli procedura
samarTlebrivi dacvis sazRvrebi
mizanTa konfliqti
416
XII TavSi gamovyaviT xuTi mTavari Rirebuleba: usafrTxoeba, keTildReoba, Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba da samarTlianoba. es Rirebulebebi imavdroulad
sajaro politikis ZiriTad miznebs warmoadgenen, Tumca TiToeulis ganxorcielebisaTvis konkretuli strategiis gansazRvra sakmaod Znelia. ganviTarebul qveynebSi debatebi mudmivad cvalebadi sajaro politikis sakiTxebze
politikis ZiriTadi arsia.
radganac sajaro politikis sakiTxebis yovlismomcveli SedarebiTi analizi am saxelmZRvanelos maStabebs cildeba, ZiriTad aqcents SeerTebul Statebze gavakeTebT. bevri sakiTxi Tu problema, romelic qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli
sxva demokratiuli sistemebisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli. aseve TandaTanobiT
momivixilavT am problemebis gadawyvetis alternatiul gzebsac.
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa
Cveulebisamebr, nebismieri damoukidebeli saxelmwifos upirvelesi mizani Tavisi moqalaqeebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaa. tiraniebis garda,
romelic eWvsa da SiSs TavianT moqalaqeebSi Segnebulad Tesavs, nebismieri xelisufleba pirovnebis usafrTxoebas ganixilavs, rogorc saxelmwifos arsebobis umTavres faqtors da aseve aucilebel winapirobas sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sxva miznebis misaRwevad. gavleniani politikuri filosofosi tomas hobsi
(1588-1679) gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda usafrTxoebas da mosalodneli safrTxeebisagan dacvas, rogorc xelisuflebis arsebobis gamamarTlebel
umTavres mizezs. am TvalsazrisiT hobsi marto ar yofila, TviT aristotelec
politikis sxva umTavres miznebs Soris yvelaze maRla xelyofisagan sicocxlis
dacvas ayenebda.1
417
siaTze.
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg sul ufro
rTuli xdeboda amerikel gadasaxadis gadamxdelTaTvis Tavdacvaze gamoyofili
didi danaxarjebis aucileblobis dasabuTeba. Tumca skeptikosebi miiCnevdnen,
rom msoflio erTi xelis mosmiT ver gaxdeboda usafrTxo, Tanac mxolod imitom, rom amerikelebis umetesoba Tavs sruliad usafrTxod grZnobda. amerikis
interesebi yovelTvis idga ekonomikuri Tu strategiuli safrTxis winaSe (magaliTad, iranis mier kuveitis dapyroba 1990 wels), xolo mudmivi regionuli Tu
adgilobrivi konfliqtebi, masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis (balistikuri raketebi, atomuri, qimiuri da biologiuri iaraRi) raodenobis zrdasTan erTad,
horizontze axali safrTxeebis gamoCenaze mianiSnebda.
90-iani wlebi grZeldeboda da TiTqos meore msoflio omis maStabebis
safrTxe nel-nela gaqra. liberalebi da konservatorebi, mzardi sabiujeto
deficitisa da axali politikuri garemoebebis fonze, bolosdabolos SeTanxmdnen da mxari dauWires SeiraRebuli Zalebis Semcirebasa da SeiaraRebis programebis Sewyvetas (Tumca isini yovelTvis ver Tanxmdebodnen am Semcirebis
moculobasa da masStabebze). samxedro politikuri cvlilebebi Tavdacvis biujetebzec aisaxa (ix. sqema 13-1). 1986 welTan SedarebiT, rodesac civi omis epoqam piks miaRwia, pentagonma Tavisi TanamSromlebis (moqmedi, sarezervo da samoqalaqo) ricxvi 20 %-iT Seamcira. 20 %-iani Semcireba Seexo profesiul jarsac
(moqmed samxedreobsac) (4,4 mln-dan 3,5 mln-mde).
418
2001 wlis 11 seqtembers ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtis Semdeg
qveynis ganwyoba erT dReSi Seicvala. miRebuli dartymisa da gancdili zaralis gamo pentagoni isev erovnuli politikuri arenis wina xazze aRmoCnda. kongresi da mTeli qveyana isev civi omis droindel rutinas daubrunda da mzad
iyo, yvelaferi gaeRo, raTa amerika kvlav usafrTxo demokratiul qveynad
qceuliyo, romelic mis SigniT teroristebisagan da im mtrebisaganac iqneboda
daculi, romlebic sazRvargareT teroristebs mfarveloben. dasrulda 1990iani wlebis eiforia, warsuls Cabarda xelSeuxeblobis iluzia, gaqra SegrZneba
imisa, rom amerika `gansakuTrebulia~ da katastrofebi mxolod sxvagan SeiZleba
xdebodes.
419
amerikuli ojaxis nel-nela gaqrobasa da riskis zRvarze myofi bavSvebis raodenobis zrdaze akeTeben, aseve xazs usvamen Temisa da mezoblebis mniSvnelobis
dakninebas da maTgan gamowveul izolaciasa da individualizmze miuTiTeben,
romelic amJamad amerikul cxovrebaSi aris gabatonebuli. rodesac socialuri kavSirebi (da masTan dakavSirebuli emociebi, rogoricaa sircxvili) Sesustebulia, igive emarTeba im SezRudvebs, romlebic socialurad arasasurvel
Tu ukanono qmedebebs blokaven da bolos, eqspertebi popkulturasac adanaSauleben, romelic masmediis saSualebiT vrceldeba. Tanamedrove amerikuli
kultura, garda imisa, rom Zaladobas asxams xotbas (popularuli musikiT dawyebuli satelevizio sareklamo rgolebiT damTavrebuli), mudmivad eweva im Rirebulebebis popularizacias, romlebic danaSaulebrivia (sasurvelis advilad
miRweva da TviTgamoxatvis SeuzRudavoba).2
isini, vinc siRaribesa da Semosavlis araTanabar ganawilebas danaSaulis mTavar gamomwvev mizezad miiCneven, mxars uWeren saxelmwifo programebs,
romlebic maTi aRmofxvrisken iqneba mimarTuli. xolo isini, vinc ojaxisa da
kulturis degradaciaze saubroben, Tvlian, rom xelisuflebas bevri arafris
gakeTeba ZaluZs danaSaulis Sesamcireblad, garda imisa, rom damnaSaveTaTvis
Seqmnas `dauyovneblivi da gardauvali~ sasjelis garantiebi.
kidev erTi midgoma danaSaulis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT aris e.w. umsxverplo danaSaulTa dekriminalizacia. aseTi midgoma gamarTlebulia aramxolod praqtikuli _ policiis, sagamoZiebo Tu sapatimro xarjebisa da drois
dazogvas, aramed filosofiuri mosazrebebiTac. iseT gansxvavebul qmedebebs,
rogoricaa prostitucia Tu maTxovroba, saerTo is aqvT, rom TiToeuli individis mier Tu individTa Soris damoukideblad aris Cadenili da amiT sazogadoebis sxva wevrebs ziani ar adgebaT.
debatebi
420
maTi 7 moqiSpe gangsteri wminda valentinis dRes cecxlsasroli iaraRiT amoxoca. moinahani
yuradRebas imaze amaxvilebs, rom am ambavma mTeli eri SokSi Caagdo, Tavad movlena legendad iqca da wminda valentis dRis xocva-Jletis saxeliT msoflio enciklopediaSic ki Sevida.
garda amisa, igi konstituciur cvlilebas daedo safuZvlad da bolo mouRo `mSral kanons~
(es ukanaskneli jgufuri Zaladobisa da danaSaulis gamomwvev mizezad aris miCneuli).
moinahani aRniSnavs, rom dReisaTvis narkotikebis vaWrobasTan erTad Zaladobis es saxeoba isev dabrunda, Tumca warsulTan SedarebiT `daujerebeli masStabebiT~. amerikelebisaTvis misaRebi gaxda Zaladoba, romelic erT dros maT aranormalur da miuRebel saqcielad
miaCndaT. `samwuxarod, los-anjelesi wminda valentinis xocva-Jletis mowme ukve yovelkvireulad xdeba~acxadebs moinahani statiis bolos.
legalizaciis oponentebi am moTxovnas ewinaaRmdegebian. isini aRiareben, rom legamizaciis Sedegad Semcirdeba zarali, romelsac sazogadoebas narkotikebis momaxmareblebi ayeneben, magram amavdroulad gaizrdeba am
ukanasknelTa ricxvi da sazogadoeba amjerad imiT dazaraldeba, rom umaqnis
da degradaciis gzaze mdgar moqalaqeebs miiRebs. naTelia, rom narkotikebis
legalizaciis sawinaaRmdego argumentebi igivea, rac umsxverplo danaSaulis
legalizaciisa _ sazogadoebas erTnairad Zviri ujdeba rogorc narkomani moqalaqeebi, aseve meZavebiTa da mawanwalebiT dasaxlebuli ubnebi, romlebic TavianTi arsebobiT gareSemo myofTa usafrTxoebasa da stabilurobas safrTxes
uqmnian.
narkotikebisa da prostituciis legalizeba SeerTebul StatebSi savaraudod uaxloes xanebSi ar ganxorcieldeba, Tumca holandiaSi, gansakuTrebiT mis
dedaqal amsterdamSi stumrobisas nebismier amerikels aucileblad gauCndeba
kiTxva _ gaamarTlebda Tu ara holandiuri modeli aSS-Si? amsterdamSi narkotikebis moxmareba da prostitucia mxolod garkveul ubnebSia daSvebuli
da policiis meTvalyureobisa da kontrolisgan Tavisufalia. meZavebi mudmiv
samedicino Semowmebas gadian, xolo narkotikebiT movaWreebis winaaRmdeg sakmaod mkacri kanonebi moqmedebs. dReisaTvis amdterdami erT-erTi yvelaze mimzidveli qalaqia dasavleT evropaSi.
danaSaulis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sajaro politikis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani probelema iaraRis kontrolia. konservatorebis umravlesobas miaCnda, rom iaraRis gayidvisa da Senaxvis SezRudviT mZime danaSaulis ricxvi
ar Semcirdeboda, Tumca es mosazreba mxardaWeriT aRar sargeblobs. 1993 wels
kongresma miiRo e,w. ~bredi bili~, romelic 5-dRian sacdel vadas awesebda pistoletebis SeZenaze, 1994 wlidan ki es SezRudva sxva saxis cecxlsasrol iaraRzec gavrcelda.
iaraRis kontrolsa da antiterorizms Soris urTierTkavSiri 9-11 seqtembris Semdgom garemoSi bevr saintereso sakiTxs warmoSobs. SesaZloa, rom
amerikuli sazogadoebis gamZafrebulma SfoTvam usafrTxoebasa da dacvaze
xelisuflebis mcdelobasTan erTad, Tavidan aicilos mosalodneli teroristuli Tavdasxmebi da iaraRis tarebaze kidev ufro mkacri Sezrudvebis dawesebis safuZveli gaxdes; Tumca imavdroulad aRmoCndebian iseTebi, romlebic
am mosazrebas SeewinaaRmdegebian im motiviT, rom moqalaqis konstituciuri
ufleba ataros iaraRi, axla ise mniSvnelovania, rogorc arasdros, rodesac
isini ucxoeli mtrebis samizne gaxdnen.
421
socialuri dacva
Tanamedrove xelisufalTa erT-erT mTavari mizani socialuri usafrTxoebaa. farTo gagebiT socialuri usafrTxoeba moicavs iseT problemebs rogoricaa, siRaribe, SimSili, avadmyofoba, xandazmuloba, aseve stiqiuri ubedurebebi
_ wyaldidoba, qariSxali, xanZari da sxva. ra roli ekisreba xelisuflebas Tavisi moqalaqeebis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis am maradiuli safrTxeebisgan
dacvaSi? sasursaTo talonebi, subsidiebi fermerebisTvis, pensiebi, Semweobebi
janmrTelobaze da umuSevrobaze, daxmareba studentebisaTvis _ es yvelaferi
moqalaqeebisaTvis finansur uzrunvelyofas isaxavs mizanad saWiro drosa da
adgilze.
federaluri xelisuflebis valdebulebaTa moculoba 1990-iani wlebidan intensiuri ganxilvis sagani gaxda. socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemis
kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom daxmarebis auracxeli programebiT xelisufleba
sinamdvileSi xalxs im saqcielisken ubiZgebs, romelsac igi ebrZvis (radgan amiT
umuSevrobas waaxaliseben). 1996 wels, socuzrunvelyofis sistemis reformis
Sedegad Statebs meti uflebamosileba mieniWaT (meti moqnilobac) socialuri
dacvis programebis ganxorcielebis sferoSi, xolo Semweobebi mniSvnelovnad
SeezRudaT im pirebs, romelTac muSaoba ar surT.
yvelaze ufro mwvave sabiujeto problemaa socialuri usafrTxoebis fondis gadaxdisunarianoba, romelic xandazmul moqalaqeebs pensiiTa da samedicino momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofs. socialuri usafrTxoebis fondidan asakovan amerikelebs yovelTviurad ericxebaT Tanxa, xolo samedicino momsaxurebis
fondi (Medicare) maT eqimisa da saavadmyofos xarjebs ufaravs. bolo wlebSi
orive fondi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. radganac amerikelebi valdebulni arian
socialuri usafrTxoebis fondSi ixadon garkveuli Tanxa sanam sapensio asaki
mouwevT (Cveulebriv 65 weli), Semweobebs samarTlianad ewodeba kuTvnili dax-
mareba (saxelisuflebo danaxarjebi, romelsac amerikelebi sruliad marTlzomierad miiCneven, yvelaze ufro ZviradRirebul socialuri usafrTxoebisa
da samedicino momsaxurebis xarjebTan erTad). aRniSnuli Semweobebi politikurad mgrZnobiare fenomenia, radganac sakmaod msxvili interesTa jgufebi
(rogoricaa, magaliTad, gadamdgar pirTa amerikuli asociacia) da amomrCevelTa didi nawili (gansakuTrebiT asakovani moqalaqeebi) mzad arian dasajon is
politikosebi, romlebic am programebis Semcirebas dauWeren mxars.
samedicino momsaxurebisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis fondebs saerTo problema aqvT: xarjebi bevrad ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre samomavlod
dagegmili Semosavlebi. problema nawilobriv isic aris, rom amerikelebi didxans cocxloben, rac programebis fass kidev ufro zrdis. bevrad ufro problemuria (sajaro politikis TvalsazrisiT) demografiuli ganviTarebis tendenciebi, gansakuTrebiT sapensio asaks miRweuli ~beibi bumerebis~ (meore msoflio
omis Semdgom wlebSi dabadebuli adamianebi) didi raodenoba, romlebzec Tanxa
daixarjeba aRniSnuli programebidan. magaliTad, 1965 wels, rodesac samedicino momsaxurebis fondi Seiqmna aRniSnuli fondis TiTo beneficiarze Tanxas saSualod 5,5 adamiani ixdida. 2040 wlisaTvis es Sefardeba 2.2-dan 1.0-mde
Semcirdeba. samedicino uzrunvelyofis fonds seriozul dartymas ayenebs
422
jandacvis swrafad mzardi xarjebi. 1980-dan 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebamde am
programis xarjebi wliurad 11 %-iT gaizarda, ramac is yvelaze swrafad mzard
federalur programad aqcia (sqema 13-2).
garda amisa, socialuri usafrTxoebis fonds, sul cota, kidev erTi problema aqvs, romelze saubarsac politikosebi Tavs arideben. wlebis ganmavlobaSi
xelisufleba am fondidan Tanxas iyenebda saSemosavlo danaklisis (sabiujeto
deficitis) Sesavsebad. rodesac xelisufleba ver axerxebs saxelmwifo biujetis dabalansebas, man Tanxa an kerZo seqtoridan unda isesxos (upirveles yovlisa, fasiani qaRaldebis gayidviT), an sajaro danazogebidan aiRos - am SemTxvevaSi socialuri usafrTxoebis fonds mimarTos.
miuxedavad aRniSnuli fondidan Tanxebis mudmivi xarjvisa (flangvisa)
federaluri xelisuflebis vali 2001 wels 360 trilion dolars gautolda,
romelzec procenti 360 miliards Seadgenda. SedarebisTvis, NASA-s biujeti 14
mlrd iyo, maSin rodesac ganaTlebaze 32 mlrd, xolo gzebze 41 mlrd gamoiyo.
demografiuli zrdis tendenciebi bevr ganviTarebul qveyanaSi sapensio fonds
problemas uqmnis, samTavrobo qmedebebma da saeWvo (zogjer yalbma) aRricxvis
SemTxvevebma es problema aSS-Si kidev ufro gaamwvava.
amasobaSi, molodini izrdeba. amerikelebi, romlebic wlebis ganmavlobaSi
solidur Tanxas debdnen am sistemaSi samarTlianad elian (da moiTxoven) sruli
pensiis miRebas, rodesac samuSaos Tavs daanebeben.
423
bekons mxolod zedapirulad aqvs aRwerili. miuxedavad imisa, rom kunZulis wargzavnilebma evropaSi saidumlo eqspedicia Caatares mecnierebis miRwevebis Sesaswavlad
rebulia socialuri dazRvevis programa.
wyaro: Steve Langdon-is With Compaign Dist Settling, Medicare Chances Brighter, Congressional
Quarterly (18 ianvari 1997w.): 179; Robert Pear-is Experts Say Cost of Medical Insurance Is Underestimated, New York Times, 30 noemberi 2000w., A1; Social Security Administration, Status of
the Social Security and Medicare Programs, www.ssa.gov/OACT/TRSUM/tsumary.html, 21 maisi,
2002w., sxva mxriv kunZuli mowyvetilia sazogadoebas. amgvari geografiuli izolaciis
424
bebis sagani xdeba (magaliTad, CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba, romelsac xels aweren SeerTebuli Statebi, kanada da meqsika).
ukanasknel wlebSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda garemosdacviTi programebis
mimarT sazogadoebis mxardaWera, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeerTebul StatebSi
mwvaneTa partiam arCevnebSi warmatebas ver miaRwia sxva ganviTarebuli qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT (germania, safrangeTi). kritikosebi xSirad ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen da acxadeben, rom xelisuflebis mcdeloba industriul ganviTarebasa da ekonomikur zrdas aferxebs, risi fasic (usargeblo dabrkolebebisa da
biurokratiuli rutinis TvalsazrisiT) Zalian maRalia.
keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa
SeerTebul Statebs xSirad axasiaTeben, rogorc komerciul qveyanas, sadac
moqalaqeebi mudmivad finansuri usafrTxoebis ZiebaSi arian, xolo momxmarebeli mefea. saukunenaxevris win aleqsis de tokvili aRniSnavda, rom amerikelebi
mudmivad aJitirebul mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, rac pirovnuli fufunebis
dauRalavi ZiebiTaa ganpirobebuli. es mdgomareoba amerikuli sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. damfuZnebeli mamebi swored muyaiTi
moqalaqeebisgan Semdgar sazogadoebaze fiqrobdnen, romelic sakuTar Tavze
damokidebulebis samewarmeo principebze, aRmasvlisa da mogebis miRebis motivze iqneboda dafuZnebuli.4
`komerciuli respublikis~ SeqmniT, damfuZnebelma mamebma sruliad Segnebulad daiwyes politikuri eqsperimentis ganxorcieleba, romlisTvisac
filosofosebi da ekonomistebi (maT Soris jon loki da monteskie) 100 welze
metxans ibrZodnen. maTi azriT, politikuri wesrigi, romelic komerciuli
saqmianobisa da vaWrobis zrdas uwyobda xels, yvelaze kargad uzrunvelyofda
425
Zlieri erovnuli ekonomikis Seqmnas. aseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac warmateba mxolod Sromasa da bunebriv SesaZlenlobebze iyo damyarebuli, vidre warmomavlobaze, moqlaqeebs saSuleba miecemodaT, rom SeeZinaT simdidre im raodenobiT, rogorc surdaT an sWirdebodaT.
mecxramete saukuneSi, adam smitis Tavisufali bazris filosofiam, biznes-korporaciebis gaCenam da teqnologiurma ganviTarebam komerciuli saxelmwifo kapitalistur saxelmwifod gadaaqcia. gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, kapitalizmi gulisxmobs kerZo (Cveulebisamebr, araregulirebad sakuTrebas)
manufaqturas da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ganawilebas. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi federalurma xelisuflebam SeimuSava normebi monopoliebisgan, biznesis
borotad gamoyenebisa da ekonomikuri usamarTlobis sxva SemTxvevebisgan dasacavad. sajaro politikis es mimarTuleba gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda 1930-iani
wlebis didi depresiis pirobebSi, rodesac franklin ruzveltis iniciativiT,
daiwyo programebis ganxorcieleba, romelic rigiTi moqalaqeebis ekonomikuri
usafrTxoebis gamyarebisken iyo mimarTuli. 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi samedicino momsaxurebis (Medicare), specialuri momzadebisa da dasaqmebis programebi, gazrdili SeRavaTebi socialuri usafrTxoebaze da sasursaTo talonebi,
umuSevrobis kompensaciasa da socialur usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofda.
1980-iani wlebisaTvis federaluri xelisuflebis Careva ekonomikaSi iseTi
aSkara gaxda, rom ekonomistebma saubari daiwyes Sereul ekonomikaze, romelic
moicavda rogorc kerZo mewarmeobis, aseve socializmis niSnebs. Tumca xelisuflebis ~Carevis~ xarisxiT aSS bevrad CamorCeboda sxva dasavlur demokratiul
qveynebs, Tumca axlomxedveli politikosebi, romlebic axlomxedveli xalxiT
manipulirebdnen, amis SemCnevas ver axerxebdnen.
amerikis yofilma prezidentma ronald reiganma da aTwleulis Semdeg, nut
gingriCma da respublikelebma kongresSi gamoTqves azri, rom xelisufleba sakmaod Sors wavida pirovnuli ekonomikuri keTildReobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi (ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom reiganis prezidentobis periodSi federaluri biujetis deficiti mniSvnelovnad gaizarda). klintonis pirvel
saprezidento vadaSi konservatorebma kongresSi SeZles garkveuli jgufebis
interesebis dasacavad gaerTianebuliyvnen (maT Soris amerikuli samedicino
sazogadoeba, farmacevtuli kompaniebi da maRalanazRaurebadi saavadmyofoebis administratorebic iyvnen) da xeli SeeSalaT jandacvis erTiani erovnuli
sistemis SeqmnisaTvis, romelic yvela moqalaqes daicavda. dReisaTvis SeerTebul StatebSi 40 milionze met amerikels (maT Soris umetesoba bavSvia) ar aqvs
janmrTelobis dazRveva da Tavs licenzirebul eqimTan stumrobis uflebas ver
miscems, rom araferi vTqvaT saavadmyofoSi erTi dRe-Ramis gatarebaze.
426
erovnul produqtTan valis Sefardeba - erTi mesamedi (30 procenti) - TavisTavad gansakuTrebuli gangaSis safuZvels ar iZleva. sagangaSo, ekonomistTa azriT, valis zrdis tempebia.
dakarguli dividendebi: saxelmwifo vali. sabiujeto deficiti radikalurad gaizarda 1980-1990 wlebSi. 1981 wels, rodesac prezidenti ronald
reigani gaxda, vali 1 trilionze naklebi iyo. 1988 wels reiganis saprezidento
vadis dasasruls man 2.5 trilions gadaaWarba, 1997 wels ki 6 trilions miuaxlovda (am doneze rCeba dRemde). saxelmwifo valis aseT zrdas seriozuli garTulebebi SeiZleba mohyves. xelisuflebas mis dasafaravad uzarmazari sesxis
aReba da Sesabamisi procentis gadaxda mouwevs. 1990-iani wlebis bolos federaluri gadasaxadebis saxiT gadaxdili yoveli dolaridan 15 centi saSinao
valis dasafaravad wava (sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, moqalaqeebi mTavrobisTvis
gadaxdili erTi dolaris sanacvlod 85 centze naklebi Rirebulebis saqonelsa
da momsaxurebas miiReben).
1992-2000 wlebSi prezidentma bil klintonma da respublikelebis mier
kontrolirebadma kongresma swrafad mzardi saxelmwifo valis problemis
mogvareba scades da Sedegad sabiujeto deficiti 1990-ani wlebis bolosTvis mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. aseve mniSvnelovnad daeca sabiujeto deficitis
moculoba mTlian Sida produqtTan mimarTebaSi. mZlavri ekonomikis pirobebSi,
1997 wlis gazafxulze biujetis grZelvadian dagegmvaze SeTanxmdnen, rasac 2001
wlisaTvis biujeti unda daebalansebina. amasobaSi, sagadasaxado Semosavlebma
mosalodnelze swrafi mateba daiwyo, rac savaraudod bevrad ufro daaCqarebda
biujetis dabalansebas da gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebasac ki. amgvarad, problemam,
romelic ramdenime wlis win sruliad mougvarebeli Canda, droebiT mainc, ukana
planze gadainacvla.
es yvelaferi ucbad Seicvala 11 seqtembris Semdeg, rodesac kongresma
maxari dauWira niu-iork sitis rekonstruqciisTvis uzarmazari Tanxis gamoyofas, dazaralebuli aviaxazebis krizisidan gamosayvanad da qveynis SigniT
da gareT saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. biujetis
gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebis SesaZleblobac gaqra (Tuki aseTi ram odesme arsebobda).
Tavdasxmam msoflio savaWro centrze uaryofiTad imoqmeda vol stritzec
(romelic manhetenze ramdenime kvartalis moSorebiT mdebareobs), vinaidan
birJaze aqciebis fasi mkveTrad daeca. seriozuli dartyma miadga ekonomikis
mraval seqtors (magaliTad, aviaxazebsa da turizms) da tragediis Semdgom ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad daeca momxmarebelTa ndoba. bevri
sawarmo gakotrebis piras mivida, xolos sxvebma TanamSromlebi daiTxoves. federalurma sarezervo bankma mniSvnelovnad Seamcira saprocento ganakveTebi (sanam ukanasknel oTxwleulSi yvelaze dabal maCvenebels ar miaRwies) im mizniT,
rom ekonomikuri vardna SeeCerebina.
sagadasaxado tvirTi: msubuqi Tu zusti? amerikelebs miaCniaT, rom gadasaxadebi Zalian maRalia, Tumca ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris aSS-Si yvelaze dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTebia. dasavleTis demokratiuli qveynebis umetesobaSi saxelmwifos mTliani Sida produqtis 40-50% saxelmwifos ekuTvnis; italiaSi,
did britaneTSi, germaniasa da kanadaSi es maCvenebeli 45%-s, xolo safrangeTSi
427
50%-s utoldeba. SeerTebul StatebSi, ki, gadasaxadebi mTliani Sida produqtis
mxolod 30 procents Seadgens, xolo saSemosavlo gadasaxadebi mniSvnelovnad
Semcirda bolo wlebSi. 1999 wels saSualo amerikuli ojaxis Semosavlis 9 procenti federalur, Statis da adgilobriv gadasaxadebSi midioda. 1999 wels gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa erTi mesamedi saSemosavlo gadasaxads ar ixdida. oTxi
pirisgan Semdgari ojaxi, romlis saSualo Semosavali 55 000 dolari iyo, 8 procentze naklebs, 1965 wlis Semdeg yvelaze dabals, da TviT yvelaze maRalSemosavliani (700 000 dolarze meti weliwadSi) erTi procentic _ mxolod 22,2 procents
ixdida.5
am SedarebiT dabal gadasaxadebs politikuri, kulturuli da ideologiuri mizezebi aqvs. amerikelebi zogadad ukmayofilebas sami ramis gamo ver malaven. esaa maRali gadasaxadebi da `didi mTavroba~; `socialuri uzrunvelyofa,
rac janmrTelobis dazRvevis saxelmwifo sistemis ararsebobaSi gamoixateba
(rac TiTqmis yvela postindustriul qveyanaSi gvxvdeba), da sawarmoTa saxelmwifo mflobeloba (komunaluri sistemis, rkinigzis, aviaxazebisa da portis
mowyobilobaTa CaTvliT).
prezidentma franklin delano ruzveltma erTxel Tqva, rom federaluri
sagadasaxado kodeqsi ~SesaZloa ucxo enazec yofiliyo dawerili~. marTlac, is
rom sxva qveyanaSi daeweraT, bevrad ufro azriani da gasagebi iqneboda. federaluri sagadasaxado kodeqsis Tavbrudamxvevi muxlebi - romelTa gageba an interpretireba SeuZlebelia - gadamxdelis Ramis koSmari da sabuRaltro kompaniebis
axdenili ocnebaa. ~gadasaxadebis gamartivebis~ mcdelobam marcxi ganicada.
1986 wels SeerTebuli Statebis kongresma miiRo kanoni, romliTac Sida Semosavlebis samsaxurs sagadasaxado sistemis gamosworeba daevala. ramdenime wlis
Semdeg ojaxis saSualo Semosavlisa da danaxarjebis ~hipoTezuri~ CamonaTvali
50 eqsperts daegzavna, raTa maT ojaxis sagadasaxado valdebulebebis es miTiuri sazRvrebi daedginaT. Sedegad warmodgenil iqna gadasaxadebis 50 sxvadasxva
~zRvruli odenoba~, romelic 12 500-dan 36 000 dolaramde meryeobda.6
SeerTebuli Statebis ~bizantiuri~ sagadasaxado sistema araCveulebrivad
aris morgebuli mdidar da Zlier saSualo klasze. dabali saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis gamo, SeerTebuli Statebi Tavis umdidres moqalaqeebs industriul qveynebs Soris yvelaze dabal sagadasaxado ganakveTs akisrebs. amave dros,
radganac gadasaxadebi moxmarebaze (gayidvebze) aseve dabalia, isini gacilebiT
nakleb tvirTad awveba gadamxdelebs, vidre maT miaCniaT. gadasaxadebis gamo
wuwuni Zveli amerikuli Cveulebaa. gaxsovT bostonuri Cais sma da amerikuli
revoluciis mowodeba: ~araviTari gadasaxadebi warmomadgenlobis gareSe?~
gadasaxadebi moxmarebaze mdidrebs mZime tvirTad ar awveba, radganac TavianTi Semosavlis sakmaod mcire wils xarjaven saWmelze, tansacmelze, transportsa da sxva ZiriTadi moxmarebis nivTebze. brunvis maRali gadasaxadebi
mZimed tvirTad saSualo fenas swored imave mizeziT awveba: isini TavianTi Semosavlis bevrad ufro did nawils xarjaven sasicocxlod aucilebel nivTebze. SedarebisaTvis sxva qveynebis magaliTebi ganvixiloT. evropul qveynebSi farTod
aris danergili damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadi (VAT) brunvis gadasaxadis
erT-erTi saxeoba, romlis dafiqsirebac (Sefasebac) produqciis warmoebisa da
Sesyidvis yvela etapze xdeba _ amgvarad gadasaxadebis mTliani ~nakrebi~ ukve mza
produqciis saboloo fasze aisaxeba da misi tvirTi momxmarebels awveba. sagadasaxado ganakveTebi evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTma-
428
neTisgan - yvelaze dabali 19%-s, xolo yvelaze maRali 25%-s Seadgens. aSS-Si ki
piriqiT, gayidvis gadasaxadi iSviaTad aRemateba 6%-s, xolo minesotaSi sasursaTo maRaziebi am gadasaxads arc ki ixdian (es ar exeba sadils restoranSi).
SeerTebul StatebSi federaluri Semosavlebis 58 procenti individualuri da korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadebisgan Sedgeba, Tumca sagadasaxado tvirTi moqalaqeebs bevrad ufro mZimed awveba, vidre korporaciebs.
korporaculi gadasaxadi federaluri Semosavlebis mxolod 10%-s Seadgens,
igi radikalurad Semcirda 1950-1960 wlebis Semdeg (igi 25%-s Seadgenda). Tumca, amavdroulad, socialuri usafrTxoebis gadasaxadi (sul 34%) federaluri
Semosavlebis yvelaze swrafad mzardi wyaroa da 2000-01-Si (aseve, wina wlebSic)
biujetis gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebis mTavari piroba gaxda.
saganmanaTleblo krizisi
amerikelebi ganaTlebas misi praqtikuli sargeblianobidan gamomdinare
afaseben _ ras utoldeba dolarebsa da centebSi saSualo skolis diplomi an
kolejis xarisxi.7 moswavleebi saSualo skolis maRal klasebsa da kolejSi swavlas maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxuris Sovnis imediT agrZeleben.
ganaTlebas seriozuli ekonomikuri da socialuri datvirTvac aqvs mTeli
qveynisaTvis. kargad momzadebuli da unariani samuSao Zala aucilebelia, Tu
amerikas surs, rom konkurentunariani iyos globalur bazrebze.
Zalian xSirad saubroben imaze, rom amerikuli ganaTleba krizisSia. am
krizisis niSnebi ukve ramdenime welia saxezea. skolebSi iaraRi, narkotikebi da
bandebi studentebsa da maswavleblebs safrTxes erTnairad uqmnian. kolejSi misaRebi gamocdebis Sedegebis gauareseba, auracxeli kroskulturuli Sedarebebi,
romelic adasturebs rom, amerikel moswavleTa qulebi maTematikis testebSi evropel da aziel studentebTan SedarebiT dabalia, wera-kiTxvis elementaruli
unar-Cvevebis Semfasebeli testebis Zalze dabali maCvenebeli _ es yvelaferi
xSirad mohyavT amarikuli dawyebiTi da saSualo ganaTlebis marcxis magaliTebad
(ix. sqema13-3). ganaTlebis erovnuli Sefasebis monacemebis (1990) mixedviT, ~didi
nawili, Cveni dawyebiTi, sabazo da saSualo skolebis moswavleTa TiTqmis naxevarze meti inglisurSi, maTematikaSi, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi, istoriasa da geografiaSi ZiriTadi sakiTxebis codnas ver avlens~, miuxedavad sajaro
skolebis kargi dafinansebisa.8 metic, amerikuli biznesi yovelwliurad 30-dan 35
miliard dolaramde xarjavs studentTa im unar-CvevebSi gadasamzadeblad, rac
maT skolaSi unda SeeZinaT. codnis Sefasebis inflacia ganaTlebis yvela safexurze yovlismomcvel da damangrevel movlenadaa aRiarebuli. maswavleblebi moswavleebs sul ufro da ufro anebivreben da maTgan sul ufro da ufro cotas
elian. ra unda gakeTdes standartebis aseTi gauaresebis fonze?
429
singapuri
korea
wyaro: IEA Third Internationl Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS, 1994-95).
430
skolebi iqmneba mTeli qveynis masStabiT, Zlierdeba saojaxo skolebis arsebobis tendenciac.
sajaro skolis administratorebi da maswavleblebi zogadad fundamentur reformebs ewinaaRmdegebian. isini SiSoben, rom vauCeruli sistema sajaro
skolebs yvelaze naklebad sasurveli studentebis sarbielad gadaaqcevs. isini
aseve eWvs gamoTqvamen imis Taobaze, SeuZlia Tu ara standartul testebs zustad Seafasos moswavleTa codna. bolos, isini imasac aRniSnaven, rom yvelaze
ufro mwvave problemebi, romlebsac sajaro skolebi awydebian, iseTi seriozuli socialuri problemebis gamoZaxilia, rogoricaa danaSauli, ojaxebis
ngreva, narkotikebis gamoyeneba da ganaTlebis mimarT interesis dakargva; am
problemebis mogvareba ki skolebs ar ZaluZT. erTaderTi sakiTxi, razec yvela
Tanxmdeba, isaa rom ganaTlebuli moqalaqeebi ekonomikuri warmatebis aucilebeli pirobaa, rogorc individualurad, aseve koleqtiurad.
Semosavlebis ganawileba
keTildReoba damokidebulia aramarto sazogadoebaSi dagrovil simdidreze, aramed mis ganawilebazec. Semosavlis ganawileba warmoSobs aramxolod
ekonomikur, aramed zneobis sakiTxebsac. momxmareblebma sakmarisi fuli unda
gamoimuSavon imisTvis, rom warmoebuli produqciisa da momsaxurebis xarjebis
dafarva SeZlon. Tu amas ver SeZleben da verc produqciisa da momsaxurebis
eqsporti ver moxdeba ekonomika nel-nela vardnisken wava. moraluri TvalsazrisiT aSkara ekonomikuri uTanasworobis gamarTleba Znelia sazogadoebaSi,
romlis devizic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi iyo: ~patiosnad imuSaveb, patiosnad gadagixdian.~
sul ufro mzardia gansxvaveba sazogadoebis umdidresi da uRaribesi
wevrebis Semosavals Soris. magaliTad, 1994 wels aSS-is mosaxleobis umdidresi
mexuTedis Semosavali 13,5-jer aRemateboda misi uRaribesi mexuTedis Semosavals (ix. sqema 13-4). metic, 2000 wels SeerTebul StatebSi siRaribis maCvenebeli 11,3%-s Seadgenda, xolo rasobriv WrilSi es maCvenebeli ase gamoiyureba:
9,4% TeTrkanianebi, 22,1% Savkanianebi, 21,2% laTinoamerikelebi da 10,8% _ aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebi.10
431
432
magaliTad, riT SeiZleba daexmaros sazogadoeba 16 wlis martoxela dedas,
romelmac axlaxan miatova skola, rom aramxolod gadarCes, aramed warmatebis
Sansic hqondes cxovrebaSi?
Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa
Tanasworoba amerikuli politikuri cxovrebis amosavali principia. Tavisuflebis deklaraciis Tezisi ~yvela adamiani Tanaswori ibadeba~ niSnavs, rom
~sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisken swrafva yvela~ yvela amerikelis
Tandayolili uflebaa da ara privilegirebuli umciresobisa. Tavisuflebis
deklaraciis miRebamde erTi saukuniT adre ingliseli politikuri filosofosi jon loki amtkicebda, rom ~ sicocxle, Tavisufleba da sakuTreba~ yvela
adamianis bunebrivi uflebaa. amdenad Tanasworuflebianobis ideas _ maTi realurad xorcSesxmisagan gansxvavebiT _ Rrma fesvebi aqvs anglosaqsur politikur
tradiciaSi.
rasobrivi diskriminacia
sqesobrivi da rasobrivi diskriminaciis TvalsazrisiT amerikuli gamocdileba bevrad Camouvardeba Tansaworuflebianobis princips. afroamerikelebis diskriminacia SeerTebuli Statebis politikuri cxovrebis udavo faqtad
rCeba. monobis dakanonebam 1860-ian wlebamde amerikuli idealebi dacinvis sagnad aqcia. samoqalaqo omis zRurblze, dred skotis samarcxvinod cnobil SemTxvevaSi, uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom Savkanianebi, ganurCevlad imisa,
monebi iyvnen Tu Tavisufalni, moqalaqeebad ar CaiTvlebodnen. mTavari mosamarTle rojerteni amtkicebda, rom Savkanianebi imdenad `uRirsni~ iyvnen, rom maT `ar
gaaCndaT uflebebi, romelTa dacvac TeTrkanianebs moeTxovebodaT~.
samoqalaqo omis Sedegad monobas bolo moeRo, magram es kanonis winaSe
Tanasworobas ar niSnavda. mdgomareoba, verc meToTxmete Sesworebam Secvala,
romelic sxva sakiTxebTan erTad iZleoda imis garantias,rom arcerT pirovnebas ar SeiZleba uari eTqvas `kanonis erTnairad dacvaze~. samwuxarod, swored
uzenaesi sasamarTlo, konstituciis dacvis garanti, yvelaze metad ugulebelyofda am Sesworebis ZiriTad arss.
gamorCeuli samarTlebrivi precedentebi: samoqalaqo uflebebis saqmis ganxilvis Sedegad (1883 wels), sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom kongresis mier
miRebuli aqtebi, romlebic sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi (restornebSi, skverebSi da a.S.) rasobriv diskriminacias krZalavda, arakonstituciuri
iyo.12 meToTxmete Sesworebis is muxli, romelic Tanabar dacvas gulisxmobda,
mosamarTlis daskvniT, miznad isaxavda diskriminaciis akrZalvas mxolod saxelmwifos da ara kerZo pirebis mxridan. calkeuli individebis mier Cadenil
diskriminaciul aqtebs sajaro xelisuflebasTan oficialuri kavSiri ar hqonia, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, federaluri xelisuflebis kompetenciis sferos scildeba da Sesabamisad, federaluri sasamarTloebisasac. magaliTad, Tu
restornebis mesakuTre uars etyoda Savkanian moqalaqeebs, am SemTxvevaSi is
433
kerZo piris uflebebiT isargeblebda da kongresis aranairi gadawyvetileba am
SemTxvevaSi konstituciuri ar iqneboda.
cameti wlis Semdeg, plesi fergiusonis winaaRmdeg saqmis (1896) ganxilvisas, sasamarTlo kidev ufro Sors wavida.13 Statis im kanonebis gadaxedvisas,
romlebic akanonebda matareblis vagonebSi rasobriv segregacias, sasamarTlom
kanonierad cno doqtrina _ `gancalkevebuli, magram Tanaswori~.
homer plesim (sasamarTlos CanaweriT `Svidi mervedi kavkasiuri da erTi
mervedi afrikuli sisxliT~) mxolod da mxolod matarebelSi TeTrebis seqciaSi
arsebuli savarZliT isargebla da mas mosTxoves `feradkanianTa~ seqciaSi gadasuliyo. TiTqmis erTxmad sasamarTlom uaryo plesis sarCeli imis Taobaze, rom
kanoni segregeciis Sesaxeb arRvevda kanonis winaSe misi Tanasworobis uflebas.
maTi mtkicebiT, kanoni Tavisi arsiT neitraluri iyo. igi orive rasis warmomadgenlebs Tanabar pirobebSi ayenebda. sasamarTlo imdenad Sors wavida, rom daaskvna _ Tu `ori rasis dakanonebuli gancalkeveba feradkanian moqalaqeebs damamcirebel damRas asvams~, es `aqtSi ki ar aris Cadebuli, aramed aseT datvirTvas
feradkanini rasis warmoamdgenlebi Tavad aZleven mas.~
samoqalaqo uflebebisa da plesi fergiusonis winaaRmdeg saqmeebis ganxilvisas mxolod da mxolod mosamarTle jon m. harlani ar daeTanxma sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebas. orive SemTxvevaSi, misi azriT sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba
ewinaaRmdegeboda meToTxmete Sesworebas, romelmac `saxelisuflebo sistema
rasobriobis damRisgan gaaTavisufla~. mas sjeroda, rom arc erT xelisuflebas, arc erT doneze gaaCnda konstituciuri ufleba, mieRo kanonebi, romlebic
rasobriv diskriminaciaze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. misi azriT, konstitucias
rasobrivi mikerZoeba axasiaTebda. harlanis gansxvavebul mosazrebebs 58 weli
dasWirda, sanam kanonis saxes miiRebda.
samoqalaqo uflbebisa da plesi fergiusonis winaarmdeg saqmeebis ganxilvisas sasamarTlom, garda imisa, rom aSkara rasobrivi segregaciis sanqcionireba moaxdina samxreTSi, aseve Seuwyo xeli socialuri sistemis samarTlebriv
CarCoebSi moqcevas, sadac Savkanianebi diskriminaciis, uxeSad mopyrobisa da
mkvlelobis msxverplnic ki xdebodnen.
rasobrivi Tanasworoba: bolos da bolos Tavisufali? samarTlebrivad
uzrunvelyofili Tu nakarnaxevi rasobrivi segregacia wesad iyo qceuli
samxreTSi (da CrdiloeTis umetes nawilSic) meoce saukuneSi. Tumca, 1940-iani
wlebis bolo xanebidan uzenaesma sasamarTlom Zveli samarTlebrivi formularebis interpretaciisas gezi nel-nela rasobrivi Tanasworobis dacvaze aiRo.
magaliTad, Seli krameris winaaRmdeg (1948) saqmeSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom kerZo
kontraqtebSi Cadebuli diskriminaciuli zomebis samarTlebrivi mxardaWera
ar iyo konstituciuri.14 sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom msgavsi xelSekrulebebis
legalurad gamocxadeba
434
brauni topekas saganmanaTleblo sabWos winaaRmdeg cnobili saqmis ganxilvisas (1954) sasamarTlom erTxel da samudamod uaryo gancalkevebuli, magram Tanaswori (segregaciis) doqtrina.16 sasamarTlom segregirebuli skolebi
arakonstituciurad gamoacxada, ~radganac aseTi tipis saswavlo dawesebulebebi TavianTi arsiT uTanasworoa.~
braunis saqmeze gamotanilma ganaCenma sityva ~Tanasworobis~ mniSvnelobaze gacxovelebuli debatebi gamoiwvia aSS-Si. miuxedavad Tavdapirveli protestis simZafrisa, erovnuli konsensusi mxolod etapobrivad iqna miRweuli.
aTi wlis Semdeg kongresma miiRo 1964 wlis samoqalaqo uflebebis aqti,17 federaluri kanonebis pirveli seria, romelic miznad rasobrivi Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofas isaxavda. is faqti, rom 1964 wlis aqti akanonebda Tanaswori mopyrobisa da momsaxurebis princips dawesebulebebSi, romelic arakanonierad iqna
gamocxadebuli samoqalaqo uflebebis saqmis ganxilvisas, axal etapze gadasvlaze miuTiTebda.1960-iani wlebis bolos, intensiuri samoqalaqo moZraobisa
da samoqalaqo omidan moyolebuli yvelaze Zlieri samoqalaqo areulobis Semdeg mTavroba sabolood mzad iyo yvela moqalaqisaTvis Tanasworuflebianobis principi samarTlebrivad ganemtkicebina. politikurma orTabrZolam rasobrivi Tanasworobisa da TeTrkanianTa upiratesobis sakiTxebze, dasabami misca
rTul da gacxovelebul debatebs Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebze.
`saskolo avtobusebis saqme~. pasuxi kiTxvaze, ramdenad Sors SeuZlia
da valdebulia xelisufleba uzrunvelyos Tanabari uflebebi kargad gamoCnda
1970-1980-ian wlebSi saskolo avtobusebis saqmis magaliTze, romelic Sedegad
mohyva `brauni saganmanaTleblo sabWos winaaRmdeg~ bundovan saqmes. am SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi segregacia arakonstituciuri iyo. mas Semdeg, rac sasamarTlom aRiara, rom Savkaniani
bavSvebi integrirebul skolebSi ukeT iswavlidnen, Tumca sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba imasac gulisxmobda, rom mxolod sakanonmdeblo da de iure cvlilebebi sakmarisi ar iyo am miznis gansaxorcieleblad. de faqto segregacia isev
problemad rCeboda, _ rac siRaribis socialur-ekonomikuri gavlenis Sedegi
iyo _ igulisxmeba afroamerikuli mosaxleobis koncentracia Zvel ubnebSi.
magram rogor unda ganxorcielebuliyo mosaxleobis gadanawilebis arsebuli sqemis cvlileba integrirebuli skolebis Seqmnis mizniT? yvelaze realuri SesaZlebloba moswavleTa integraciisa, am ubnebidan maTi transportirebis
uzrunvelyofa iyo. moswavleTa transportireba garda imisa, rom maTi integraciis yvelaze sando saSualeba iyo, `Tanaswori SesaZleblobis~ uzrunvelyofisaTvis qveynis mkafio da udavo mzadyofnazec miuTiTebda. saskolo avtobusebis
SemoRebam _ rac garkveul SemTxvevebSi federaluri saolqo sasamarTloebis
mier iyo dadgenili da araerTxel ganxiluli federaluri mosamarTleebis mier,
qveynis yovel teritoriul erTeuls miawvdina xma imis Sesaxeb, rom amieridan
rasobrivad erTgvarovani skolebi `kanonebis Tanabari dacvis Sesaxeb~ konstituciur tests veRar Caabarebdnen.
kritikosebi saskolo avtobusebis SemoRebas sxvadasxva mizeziT ewinaaRmdegebodnen. maT Soris iyvnen is mSoblebic, romlebsac umciresobebis mimarT
ampartavnuli damokidebuleba hqondaT, magram kidev ufro Zlieri iyo winaaRmdegoba im mSoblebis mxridan, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom axlomdebare skola
saukeTeso iyo bavSvebisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, sad cxovrobdnen isini. sxvebi
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acxadebdnen, rom skola ar unda gadaqceuliyo `socialur laboratoriad~.
skolis administracias eSinoda, rom mSoblebis interesi da monawileoba saxlsa
da skolas Soris manZilis zrdis paralelurad Semcirdeboda.
sabolood,
saskolo
avtobusebiT
gamowveuli
ukmayofileba
sajaro
18
skolebis mimarT `ndobis kriziss~ daemTxva. dabali sagamocdo Sefasebebi, saskolo disciplinasa da narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, dabali akademiuri standartebi da skolis dafinansebasTan dakavSirebuli mosalodneli
siZneleebi naTlad miuTiTebda, rom sajaro skolebSi yvelaferi rigze ver iyo.
iyo Tu ara saskolo avtobusebis idea kargi? diax da ara! man aiZula adgilobrivi xelisufleba da skolis sabWoebi, gareubnebis skolebSi saswavlo garemo
da pirobebi gaeumjobesebina. man aseve daanaxa skeptikosebs, rom xelisufleba
seriozulad apirebda ganaTlebis Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofas.
meores mxriv, saskolo avtobusebis SemoRebas garkveul SemTxvevebSi qalaqis
erTi nawilidan meoreSi umciresobebis gadanawileba mohyva. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen, rom saskolo avtobusebiT moswavleebi SavkanianebiT dasaxlebuli ubnebidan TeTrkanianTa ubnebSi gadaeyvanaT,
Tumca uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma msgavsi gadawyvetilebebi, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac xelisuflebis mier Tavsmoxveuli diskriminaciidan Tavis daRwevis yvelaze saTanado saSualeba swored saskolo avtobusebis gamoyeneba iyo.19
436
rom upiratesoba umciresobebs mxolod garkveuli garemoebebis dadgomisas
unda eniWebodeT. uzenaesma sasamarTlom bakis saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetileba Tavis Semdgom aqtebSi gaamyara.21
TumcaRa, uzenaesma sasamarTlom mxari dauWira samsaxurSi miRebis programebs, romlebic farTod efuZneboda upiratesi uflebis miniWebis princips (ZalaSi datova sqemebi, romlebic umciresobas samsaxuridan daTxovnisgan dacvis
upirates uflebas aniWebda).22 aseve mxari dauWira upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis doqtrinas qalebis samsaxurSi miRebisas, kerZod, upiratesoba mieniWebodaT maTze ufro maRali kvalifikaciis mamakacebTan SedarebiT dasaqmebulTa
Soris genderuli balansis uzrunvelsayofad.23
meore mxriv, bolo xanebSi sasamarTlom umciresobaTa kuTvnil biznesze upiratesoba SezRuda, riTac Secvala (an sulac gaauqma) Tavisi Zveli
gadawyvetilebebi.24 amdenad, gaurkvevelia sasamarTlos damokidebuleba, sad
mTavrdeba sakompensacio diskriminacia da sad iwyeba pozitiuri diskriminacia.
mxolod ori ganzogadebuli daskvnis gakeTebaa SesaZlebeli. pirveli, konstitucia kongress gacilebiT did Tavisuflebas aniWebs, vidre Statsa da adgilobriv xelisuflebas warsuli diskriminaciis Sedegebis aRmosafxvrelad. meore,
rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis
programebi Statebisa da adgilobriv doneze bevrad ufro didi mxardaWeriT
sargebloben, rodesac saxezea umciresobis diskriminaciis konkretuli (da ara
zogadsocialuri) SemTxvevebi.25
msgavsi programebi winaaRmdegobrivia da xSirad xdeba sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani. am procesebma 1996 wlis noemberSi gansakuTrebiT dramatuli xasiaTi
miiRo, rodesac amomrCevlebma mxari dauWires kaliforniis samoqalaqo uflebaTa iniciativas, romelic Statis xelisuflebas ukrZalavda diskriminacias an
upiratesobebis miniWebas rasis, sqesis, kanis feris, eTnikuri kuTvnilebis an
warmomavlobis safuZvelze. amomrCevelTa mcdeloba, SezRuduliyo sakompensacio diskriminaciis programebi, dauyovnebliv iqna gasaCivrebuli sasamarTloSi, ramac maTi ganxorcieleba ramdenime TviT SeaCera.
upirates uflebaTa miniWebis programebis mxardamWerebi amtkiceben, rom
miniWebuli privilegiebi gamarTlebulia (aucilebelic ki), radganac umciresobaTa mTeli Taobebi ganicdidnen diskriminacias. metic, maTi azriT, afroamerikelebi da sxva umciresobebi naklebad iyvnen warmodgenili sxvadasxva
profesiebSi. maSin, roca Savkanianebi mTeli mosaxleobis 12 procents Seadgenen, advokatebis, mosamarTleebis, eqimebis, inJinrebis, universitetebis da
kolejebis profesorTa mxolod 4 procents warmoadgenen. xolo upiratesi
uflebebis miniWebiT gamoswordeba mdgomareoba, romelic istoriuli usamarTlobiT (gansakuTrebiT monobiTa da rasobrivi segregaciiT) ganpirobebuli socialuri garemoebebiTaa gamowveuli.
upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis oponentebi aqcents ufro im moqalaqeebze
akeTeben, vinc am programis ganxorcielebiT zaraldeba, nacvlad im jgufebisa, visac es programebi exmareba. arsebuli TvalTaxedviT, instituciuri diskriminaciis nebismieri forma usamarTlod da daumsaxureblad sjis adamianebs.
samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom gadawyvetilebebi saswavlebelsa da samsaxurSi
miRebis Sesaxeb saTanado kriteriumebis Sesabamisad Tanasworobis principze
dayrdnobiT iqnes miRebuli. oponentebi imasac acxadeben, rom sazogadoeba isjeba, rodesac yvelaze konkurentunarian moqalaqeebs gzas uRobaven warmatebi-
437
sken. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, WeSmariti samarTlianoba sulac ar gulisxmobs
sazogadoebas, sadac sxvadasva profesiaSi yvela rasa proporciulad iqneba
warmodgenili; is mxolod Tanabar SesaZleblobebs moiTxovs. rogorc mosamarTle harlanma Tqva, Tanasworobis misaRwevad saWiroa, konstitucia ~ferebs ar
arCevdes.~
438
gulgrili sazogadoebisa da ulmobeli konkurentuli ekonomikuri sistemis
msxverplni arian. xelisufleba valdebulia Tavisi Zala ekonomikuri da socialuri Tanasworobis xarisxis gasaZliereblad gamoiyenos.
bolos, ganvixiloT kidev erTi sakiTxi _ iyvnen Tu ara sxva jgufebi _ magaliTad, homoseqsualistebi warsulSi diskriminaciis obieqtebi da unda iyvnen
Tu ara isini kanoniT daculni diskriminaciisagan samsaxurSi an saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi miRebisa Tu socialuri SeRavaTebis miniWebi sas. 1992 wels
koloradoSi amomrCevlebma xma misces saqsualuri umciresobebisaTvis samarTlebrivi dacvisa da calkeuli upiratesobebis akrZalvas. referendumis Sedegebi gauqmda 1996 wels, rodesac uzenaesma sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom aRniSnuli zomebi diskriminaciuli da arakonstituciuri iyo.28 es SemTxveva, sxva
analogiur SemTxvevebTan erTad, Semdeg kiTxvas badebs: romeli samarTlebrivi
normebi icavs uklebliv yvela amerikels?
Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa
Tanasworobis msgavsad, Tavisuflebac Tanamedrove politikuri cxovrebis umTavresi mizania. gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic Tavisuflebis politikur Rirebulebas ganadidebs, Tan gasdevs amerikis respublikis istorias. `an Tavisufleba an sikvdili,~ patrik henris es sityvebi erovnul mowodebad iqca.
2.
3.
Tavisufleba aucilebelia ideebis Sinaarsiani gacvlisaTvis, iseve, rogorc socialuri progresis misaRwevad. mxolod Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi aris SesaZlebeli ideebis gamoxatva, siaxleTa Seqmna da maTi sazogadoebis sasikeTod gamoyeneba. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aseve xelisuflebis
439
patiosnebis uzrunvelyofis umTavresi pirobaa.
4.
Tavisuflebis SezRudvas xSirad Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebamde mivyavarT. Tu xelisuflebas xels aravin uSlis, miitanos ieriSi erTi adamianis Tavisuflebaze, sxva danarCenebis Tavisuflebac safrTxis winaSe
dadgeba. magaliTad, yvela vTanxmdebiT, rom garkveuli tipis qceva, rogoricaa regularuli dabana _ uaRresad sasurvelia. am uflebis Tavisuflad ganxorcielebisas SesaZloa maincdamainc sasurvel Sedegamde ver
mivideT (magaliTad, ras ityviT moqalaqis konstituciur uflebaze, ar
daicvas higienis normebi). magram Tu policias SeeZleba transportSi Cems
gverdiT mjdomi adamiani imis gamo daajarimos, rom mas Sxapi ar miuRia, ra
SeuSlis mas xels, damiWiros Tu Tmas saTanadod ar davivarcxni an wvers ar
gaviparsav?
440
arapopularulia es Sexedulebebi. Tumca arsebobs mxolod mcire SezRudvebi
(gamosvla ar SeiZleba Seicavdes mowodebas ukanono qmedebebisken, ar unda axdendes areulobis provocirebas, ar ayenebdes vinmes pirovnul Seuracxyofas
da a.S.).
ra Tqma unda, dacva, romelsac sityvis Tavisuflebis muxli gulisxmobs,
mxolod politikuri xasiaTis gamosvliT ar Semoifargleba. uzenaesma sasamarTlom `sityvis~ sakmaod farTo interpretireba moaxdina da is ~gamoxatvis~ sinonimadac miiCnia. mxatvruli gamoxatva, simboluri Jestebi (Savi samajurebi)
da reklama aseve is sferoa, romelic, sasamarTlos azriT, pirveli SesworebiTaa daculi.
Tuki dadgindeba, rom qmedeba simbolurad sityvis Tavisuflebas gamoxatavs, mis Sinaarss an Setyobinebas mniSvneloba ara aqvs. magaliTad, aalebuli
droSa sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis simboluri formaa.29 rac Seexeba realur
SemTxvevebs, sityvis Tavisuflebis simboluri gamoxatvis konteqsti konstituciis TvalsazrisiT yovelTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre misi Sinaarsi. kukluks-klanis aalebuli jvari SesaZloa calke kamaTis sfero, Tumca simboluri
gamoxatvis konstituciiT daculi formaa.30 sul sxva sakiTxia viRacis gazonSi
aalebuli jvari.31
presis Tavisufleba. presis Tavisufleba uzrunvelyofs axali ambebisa
da onformaciis xelmisawvdomobas xalxisaTvis anu icavs gamomcemlebs yovelgvari oficaluri cenzurisagan. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gazeTebsa da sxva
periodul gamocemebs ufleba aqvT dabeWdon yvelaferi, rac surT. maT Soris
kritika da braldebebi xelisuflebis mimarT. igive vrceldeba eleqtronul
mediaze. mravalferovani da SeuzRudavi media, sjerodaT damfuZneblebs, gadamwvetia TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis, radganac demokratiis pirobebSi, TiToeuli
moqalaqe iRebs gadawyvetilebas (saarCveno kabinaSi) da xalxis mier arCeul
Tanamdebobis pirebsac sWirdebaT vinme (an rame), rom patiosneba SeinarCunon.
uzenaesma sasamarTlomac daaskvna, rom konstituciis Tanaxmad, presas ar
SeuZlia winaswari SezRudvebis dauwesdes. es ki niSnavs, rom garda omisa an sagangebo mdgomareobis gamocxadebis sxva SemTxvevebisa, xelisuflebas ar SeuZlia gazeTs an sxva gamocemas raime saxis masalis beWdva aukrZalos - maT Soris
dokumentebisa, romlebsac xelisuflebam saidumlo grifi misca an informaciisa, romlis gamoqveynebac sasamarTlo procesamde dauSvebelia da mogvianebiT mosamarTlem SesaZloa zianis momtanadac miiCnios.32
religiis Tavisufleba. saxelmwifos mier religiis mxardaWeris akrZalviT pirveli Sesworeba xelisuflebisgan moiTxovs daicvas neitraliteti religiur sakiTxebSi _ arc Seuwyos xeli da arc Seafarxos romelime religiis
arseboba. es moTxovna avsebs im punqts, romelic moqalaqeebs religiis Tavisuflebi garantias aZlevs. orive punqti erTad uzrunvelyofs, rom moqalaqeebma
SeZlon gonivrul farglebSi maTTvis sasurvel religias emsaxuron maTTvis sasurveli formiT.
rodesac religiuri msaxureba safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebas, xelisuflebas misi akrZalva SeuZlia. magaliTad, arc erTi sasamarTlo ar dauWers
mxars ritualur mkvlelobas im mizeziT, rom religiis Tavisufleba konstituciiTaa daculi. arc iseTi religiuri aqtebia konstituciiT daculi, romlebic
441
raime aSkara safrTxes uqmnian sazogadoebas (magaliTad, poligamia).33 Tumca, sasamarTlo garkveul religiur Tavisuflebas mainc aniWebs moqalaqeebs, magaliTad, religiuri marwamsis safuZvelze uari Tqvan samxedro momzadebaze, aziel
bavSvebs aTavisuflebs ganaTlebis miRebis aucileblobisgan, aRiarebs ieRovas
mowmeTa uflebas, ar moiyaron muxli droSis winaSe (maTi rwmenis Tanaxmad aseTi
saqcieli kerpTayvanismcemlobad aris miCneuli).
bevrad ufro winaaRmdegobrivi saskolo locvis sakiTxia. Tavis mravalricxovan gadawyvetilebebSi uzenaesi sasamarTlo miuTiTebs, rom locva, Tundac arc erT religiur mimdinareobas ar gamoxatavdes da bibliis kiTxva sajaro
skolebSi ewinaaRmdegeba pirveli Sesworebis punqts religiis Sesaxeb.34 aseve,
sasuliero pirebs ara aqvT ufleba, gamosaSveb ceremoniaze locva warmoTqvan.35 uzenaesi sasamarTlo ufro Sorsac wavida da aukrZala maswavleblebs
gamoacxadon siCume, romelic Semdeg locvisaTvis iqneba gamoyenebuli.36 imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sajaro skolebis, maswavleblebisa da saskolo sabWoebis
funqcionirebas saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs da moswavleebi sajaro skolebSi
saxelmwifo savaldebulo ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis safuZvelze xvdebian,
sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom saskolo locvis daSvebiT saxelmwifo arakonstituciurad axorcielebs religiis mxardaWeras.
kritikosebi miiCneven, rom sasamarTlos es gadawyvetilebebi unda Seicvalos. saskolo locva, maTi azriT, religiuri tradiciebis SenarCunebas uwyobs
xels, romelic am qveyanas kidev ufro ganadidebs da axalgazrdebis moralur
dacemas SeaCerebs. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis momxreebi TavianTi poziciis
gasamarTleblad acxadeben, rom yoveldRiuri locva da bibliis kiTxva skolaSi
im moswavleTa uflebebs zRudavs, romlebic umciresobas warmoadgenen an arc
erT religiur aRmsareblobas ar aRiareben. religiis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis yvelaze saimedo gza rwmenis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifos Carevis minimumamde dayvanaa.
religiis Sesaxeb punqts xSirad moiSvelieben sajaro debatebis dros, romelic saxelmwifos mxridan im mSoblebis daxmarebas exeba, romelTa Svilebic
kerZo, gansakuTrebiT sasuliero da religiur skolebSi swavloben. am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze Zlieri argumenti is aris, rom mSoblebs arCevanis Tavisufleba
hqondeT, raTa gadawyviton, romel skolaSi waiyvanon Svilebi. yvela mSobeli,
yvela moqalaqe ixdis gadasaxadebs, saidanac sajaro skolebi finansdeba, Tumca
zogjer maT urCevniaT TavianTi Svilebi kerZo an religiur skolaSi gaagzavnon
religiuri, socialuri an saganmanaTleblo mosazrebebiT. radganac maT kerZo
skolaSi swavlebis gadasaxadic unda gadaixadon, eqspertebi kiTxvas svamen: unda
daexmaros Tu ara xelisufleba mSoblebs, romlebsac Svilebi msgavs skolebSi
SehyavT maTTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis Tu sxva finansuri daxmarebis gawevis
gziT. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, swored am mizniT bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi kongresSi vauCeruli dafinansebis sxvadasxva sqema iqna SemuSavebuli.
442
am uflebaTa Soris umTavresia e.w. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba an arCevanis Tavisufleba, romelic zogadad gulisxmobs zrdasruli moqalaqeebis
uflebas, pirad cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi damoukideblad saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe gadawyviton. piradi cxovrebis xelSuexeblobis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebSi aRniSnuli, rom qalebs
aqvT fundamenturi, Tumca ara SeuzRudavi ufleba, gaikeTon aborti. Tavdapirvelad uzenaesi sasamarTlo gansakuTrebiT zrunavda, rom am uflebis Seuferxebeli ganxorcieleba uzrunveleyo. Tumca cota mogvianebiT sasamarTlo (ufro
konservatiuli Sexedulebebis mqone)
443
marTlmsajulebis uzrunvelyofa
winamdebare TavSi marTlmsajuleba ganxiluli iqneba, rogorc sajaro
politikis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mizani, romelic sasamarTloebisa da
marTlmsajulebis sistemis funqcionirebis Sedegad miiRweva. am mosazrebis
Tanaxmad, samarTliani sazogadoeba am mosazrebis Tanaxmad isaa, sadac samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis kanonebi samarTlianobis princips emsaxureba da
sasjeli danaSaulis Sesabamisia.
danaSauli da sasjeli
arc erT sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia Tavis Tavs misces ufleba, dausjeli
datovos sazogadoebisaTvis saSiSi an kriminaluri saqcieli. im adamianebis
dasjiT, romlebic wesebs arRveven, sazogadoeba mkafiod miuTiTebs, rom aseTi
saqciels ar Seegueba. sasjelis simkacre ki imaze metyvelebs, ramdenad arasasurvelia esa Tu is saqcieli. antisazogadoebrivi qmedebisaTvis gansazRvruli sasjeli oTx mizans emsaxureba. pirveli _ sazogadoeba metadaa daculi, Tu
damnaSave cixeSi imyofeba; meore _ erTi damnaSavis dasjam SesaZloa sxvebs imave
danaSaulis Cadena gadaafiqrebinos (danaSaulis prevencia); mesame _ sasjeli
kriminalebis gamosworebis umTavresi winapirobaa, rac maT sabolood saSualebas aZlevs normalur da nayofier cxovrebas daubrundnen (damnaSavis reabilitacia); bolos, meoTxe _ sasjeli erTgvari kompensaciaa udanaSaulo msxverplisaTvis, romelic imsaxurebs, ganicados kmayofileba dasjili damnaSavis
xilviT (samagieros gadaxdiT).
444
rodesac adamiani sasamarTloSi mihyavT da mas sazogadoebis winaSe
seriozuli danaSaulis Cadena edeba bralad, mTliani saxelmwifo manqana
moZraobaSi modis, raTa igi marTlmsajulebis winaSe warsdges. saxelmwifo bralmdebels an prokurors xelT mTeli armia hyavs, romlebic
srul mzadyofnaSi arian, raTa danaSaulTan dakavSirebiT yovelgvari
informacia moipovon. maT saxelmwifo imaSi uxdis, rom uamravi mowme
dakiTxon, nivTmtkicebebi Seiswavlon da iseTi saqme Seqmnan, romelic
braldebulis danaSauls daamtkicebs. am ukanasknels ki xelT gacilebiT naklebi resursi aqvs. mopasuxes Zalian umarTlebs, Tu mas sakmarisi
Semosavali aqvs advokatis xarjebis dasafarad. cota Tu SeZlebs kerZo
deteqtivis daqiravebas, romelic mTel Tavis dros, unarsa da resursebs
mxolod iqiT mimarTavs, rom nivTmtkicebebi moiZios da dacva aagos. arc
erT individs ar ZaluZs saTanadod pasuxi gasces Tanamedrove saxelmwifos, roca es ukanaskneli mTeli ZaliT erTveba saqmeSi mas Semdeg, rac
pirs kanondarRvevaSi wauyeneben braldebas.42
445
ia. TiTqmis yvela Tanxmdeba imaze, rom dacvis meqanizmebi aucilebelia raTa
samarTlis ganxorcieleba uzrunvelyofili iyos. magram aseve, bevrs saubroben
imazec, da sakmaod warmatebiTac, rom es uflebebi farTod iqnes gamoyenebuli,
raTa eWvmitanilTaTvis dacva xelmisawvdomi iyos. Tumca samarTlebrivi dacvis am meqanizmebisaTvis garkveuli SezRudvebic arsebobs. maTi gamoyeneba ise
farTod rom moxdes, rogorc es Teoriuladaa SesaZlebeli, maTi fuladi Rirebuleba warmoudgenlad gaizrdeba an SeuZlebeli gaxdeba vinmes dadanaSauleba,
an sasamarTlo procesi ise gaiweleba, rom marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba
Seferxdeba da sulac SeuZlebeli gaxdeba. amdenad, proceduruli dacvis meqanizmebi unda ganisazrvors eWvmitanilis uflebebis SejerebiT xelisuflebis
valdebulebasTan, dasajos isini, vinc kanons marTlac arRvevs.
omis pirobebSi konstituciuri garantiebi da saTanado samarTlebrivi
procedura izRudeba im saxiT, rogoriTac is sxva garemoebebSi miuRebeli iqneboda. magaliTad, samoqalaqo omis dros prezidentma abraam linkolnma e.w. ~habeas korpusis~ (Habeas Corpus) moqmedeba SeaCera. am mizeziT, garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare rojer teni dapirispirebuli
aRmoCnda SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro ZalebTan, magram iZulebuli gaxda
poziciebi daeTmo, rodesac cxadi gaxda, rom umaRlesi mTavarsardali generlebis mxares iyo.
davubrundeT 2001 wlis movlenebs. 11 seqtembris Sokismomgvreli movlenebis Semdeg, ganrisxebulma prezidentma jorj buSma, romelsac zurgs xalxis warmoudgenlad maRali mxardaWera umagrebda (9 - 1-is pirispir), TxovniT
mimarTa kongress, mieRo axali vrceli antiteroristuli kanoni (`patriotuli
aqtis~ saxelwodebiT cnobili), romelic iusticiis departaments gamoZiebis, dakiTxvis, Cxrekis, dapatimrebis, dakavebisa da Tvalyuris devnebis (satelefono
mosmenebisa da eleqtronuli fostis monitoringis) uprecedento uflebas aniWebda mxolod da mxolod im pirobiT, rom es qmedebebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad iqneboda mimarTuli. 175-gverdianma kanonproeqtma daCqarebuli
wesiT gaiara warmomadgenelTa palata, romlis umravlesobasac respublikelebi
Seadgendnen, mcire cvlilebebi ganicada demokratebis mier kontolirebad senatSi, sadac mxolod erTma misca xma mis winaaRmdeg (senatori rasel fingoldi
viskosidan). patriotTa aqtis masStabebi, misi miRebis tempebi da masTan dakavSirebuli ~sainformacio kampania~ mkafiod miuTiTebs, rom sazogadoeba Tanaxmaa
(moiTxovs kidec), rom krizisis pirobebSi Tavisufleba SeizRudos da kanonmdeblebma ~samefos gasaRebi~ ufro popularul umaRles mTavarsardals gadascen.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom evropis saparlamento demokratiis mqone qveynebSi umravlesoba policiasa da usafrTxoebis samsaxurs Cveulebriv pirobebSi gacilebiT
nakleb dabrkolebebs uqmnis, vidre es aSS-Si iqneboda misaRebi (ix. CanarTi).
446
problemebma, romelic did britaneTs CrdiloeT irlandiaSi Seeqmna, mis xelisuflebas dapatimrebisa da dakavebis farTo uflebebi dautova, Tumca mas am qveyanaSi samoqalaqo
uflebebis arsebobis Zveli tradicia da piradobis mowmobis mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba abalansebs. germania gansakuTrebiT mkacria politikuri eqstremistebis mimarT, misi
nacisturi warsulisa da 1970-ian wlebSi memarcxene frTis teroristebTan brZolis gamo,
Tumca igi tolerantobas amJRavnebs sxvadasxva religiuri gaerTianebebis mimarT, rogorebicaa islamisti fundamentalistebi (Tumca ara saintologebis mimarT). germanelebi valdebulni arian ataron piradobis mowmobebi, Tumca maTi kanonmdeblobiT saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs piradi informaciis gacema mkacrad aqvT akrZaluli.
safrangeTSi, espaneTsa da italiaSi xelisuflebas bevrad meti uflebamosileba aqvs.
Tu ver waradgineT piradobis mowmoba quCaSi Semowmebisas, SesaZloa adgilobrivi policiis
ganyofilebaSi aRmoCndeT, miT umetes, Tu ucxoels hgavxarT. Cveulebrivi damnaSaveebis devnis drosac ki mosamarTleebs policiasTan erTad sakmaod farTo _ satelefono mosmenebis,
Crekis, sabanko angariSebis Semowmebisa da ganaCenis gamotanamde eWvmitanilTa cixeSi Casmis _
uflebebi aqvs, maT Soris safrangeTSi oTx wlamdec ki. frangi Jurnalistebi, romlebic terorizmsa da korufciis sakiTxebze muSaoben, policias araerTxel daukavebia. espaneTis saidumlo samsaxuri ki politokosebisa da TviT mefis satelefono mosmenebsac ki axorcielebs.
iaponiaSi es balansi mniSvnelovnadaa darRveuli samoqalaqo uflebebis sazianod _
policias dakavebisa da dakiTxvis farTo uflebebi aqvs. SesaZloa swored amitomaa, rom sasamarTlos eWvmitanilTa mxolod 1%-isTvis gamoaqvs gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni. adamianebi
valdebulni arian adgilobriv saxelmwifo organoebSi daregistrirdnen (romlebic ukanasknel wlebamde qveyanaSi myofi yvela ucxoelisgan TiTis anabeWdebs iRebdnen). 1995 wlis aum
Sinrikios seqtis mier cremlsadeni gaziT Tavdasxmis Semdeg xelisuflebas gaezarda qonebis
CamorTmevis ufleba.
amerikis msgavsad sxva qveynebis xelisuflebasac meti Zalufleba surs. britaneTma adamianis uflebaTa aqts gadaxeda. germania savaraudod religiur jgufebs specialur statuss
gauuqmebs da piradi xelSeuxeblobis Sesaxeb kanonsac Searbilebs. espaneTi da safrangeTi
savaraudod am TvalsazrisiT ufro Sors wavlen. cvlilebebi naklebad Seexeba iaponias: am
qveyanaSi Sida usafrTxoebis umkacresi wesebi moqmedebs.
wyaro: adaptirebulia The Economist, October 20, 2001, 31.
447
principiT Cxreka an dakaveba; umeteswilad, policiis oficrebs SemTxvevis adgileze spontanuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba uwevT. policiis oficrebi, romlebic sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas icaven, xSirad TavianT sicocxles xifaTSi
agdeben; mosamarTleebisa da nafici msajulebisagan gansxvavebiT isini sakuTar
Tavs mSvid da usafrTxo garemoSi auCqareblad gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebas ver miscemen.
nivTmtkicebaTa uaryofis Sesaxeb debatebs safuZvlad udevs azrTa mniSvnelovani sxvadasxvaoba. aRniSnuli wesis momxreebi samarTaldamcav oficrebs
moWarbebuli energiis mqone pirovnebebad miiCneven, xolo mowinaaRmdegeebi
maT bundovani da damabneveli kanonebis msxverplad Tvlian. garda amisa, am wesis momxreebi mas samarTlianobis utyuar garantad miiCneven, xolo mowinaaRmdegeebi _ marTlmsajulebis Semaferxebel garemoebad. uzenaesi sasamarTlo
Seecada or sawinaaRmdego mosazrebas Soris erTgvari balansisaTvis mieRwia
da dasaSvebad miiCnia aralegaluri gzit mopovebuli mtkicebulebebi im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Secdoma policiis mier uneblieT ar iyo daSvebuli da maTi
mizani samarTlebrivi proceduris dacva iyo.46 aseTi gamonaklisebi braldebulis uflebebsa da sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas Soris balansis miRwevas isaxavs
miznad.
sasamarTlo diskrecia. bolo dromde samarTlis arsebuli Teoriis
Tanaxmad bralmdeblebs (romelTa funqciaa braldebis wayeneba, saproceso SeTanxmebis gaformeba, braldebis uaryofa), mosamarTleebsa (romelTac saeWvo
saqmeze ganaCenis gamotana SuZliaT) da sapyrobileTa sameTvalyureo sabWoebs
(romlebic iReben gadawyvetilebas, ra dro unda gaataros realurad braldebulma cixeSi) farTo diskreciuli uflebamosileba unda gaaCndeT. sasamarTlo
da administraciuli diskrecia am sferoSi, upirveles yovlisa, imiT aris gamarTlebuli, rom xSirad erTsa da imave danaSaulSi eWvmitanil da braldebul
pirebs gansxvavebuli warsuli, motivacia da danaSaulisadmi damokidebuleba,
aseve reabilitaciis gansxvavebuli perspeqtiva aqvT da a. S. diskreciuli Zalauflebis safuZvelze magistratebs da sxva oficialur pirebs amgvar garemoebaTa gaTvaliswineba SeuZliaT, rodesac saxdelis dawesebaze an sasjelis
simkacreze gadawyvetileba unda miiRon. diskrecia kidev ufro mniSvnelovani
xdeba maSin, rodesac danaSaulis ricxvi izrdeba, xolo cixis saknebis raodenoba igive rCeba; aseT pirobebSi mosamarTleebi ar Cqaroben, rom damnaSaveebi,
Tu, ra Tqma unda, gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulSi ar arian braldebulni, gaistumron gadavsebul cixeebSi, sadac personalis naklebobaa.
sasamarTlo sistemis es aspeqti xSirad gamxdara kritikis sagani im mizeziT, rom igi SesaZloa borotad iqnes gamoyenebuli. kritikosebis azriT, bralmdeblebi gadawyvetilebas maTi politikuri Sexedulebebisa da piradi nebasurvilis mixedviT miiReben, mosamarTleebi ganaCens samarTlis maTTvis sasurveli
Teoriebis safuZvelze gamoitanen, xolo sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebs Wkviani damnaSaveebi advilad gaacureben. sasamarTlo sistemis msgavsi xarvezebi,
maTi azriT, sasjels zemoqmedebisa da iZulebis efeqts ukargavs. ufro metic,
acxadeben rom am SemTxvevaSi danaSaulSi braldebulTa sasjeli umeteswilad
iseT garemomebebzea damokidebuli, romelic cota uCveuloa samarTlebrivi
sistemisaTvis, magaliTad, romeli mosamarTle romel saqmes ganixilavs. msgavsi argumentebis Zalam zogierTi Stati aiZula iseTi samarTlebrivi reforme-
448
bi gaetarebina, rogoricaa saeWvo saqmeebze ganaCenis gamotanis SezRudva an
akrZalva.
sikvdiliT dasja. sajaro debatebi sikvdiliT dasjis mizanSewonilobis
Taobaze ori sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT,
eqspertebi bevrs kamaToben imaze axdens Tu ara sasjelis umaRlesi forma mkvlelobaTa prevencias. TiToeuli mxaris mier warmodgenili magaliTebi imdenad
fragmentulia da interpretaciebi imdenad mravalferovani, rom raime calsaxa
pasuxi ara arsebobs. meore mxriv, bevrad ufro cxared kamaToben imaze, moralurad ramdenad gamarTlebulia sikvdiliT dasja.
sainteresoa, rom orive mxare adamianis sicocxlis xelSeuxeblobaze saubrobs. sikvdiliT dasjis mimxreebi acxadeben, rom marTlmsajulebas sasikvdilo ganaCeni imitomac gamoaqvs, rom igi adamianis sicocxles umaRles mniSvnelobas aniWebs - sazogadoeba moralurad valdebulia, rom udanaSaulo adamianebis
mkvlelobas umkacresi pasuxi gasces.
mizanTa konfliqti
amerikelTa umetesobas politikis Sesaxeb mkafiod Camoyalibebuli azri
ar gaaCnia, mxolod da mxolod imitom, rom imis gansazRvra, rogor unda iyos
miRweuli saerTo saxalxo keTildReoba rTuli amocanaa. sakmaod rTulia am
TavSi ganxiluli saxelmwifo politikis xuTi ZiriTadi miznis - usafrTxoebis, materialuri keTildReobis, Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebisa da marTlmsajulebis - bolomde gaazreba. rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, winaaRmdegobriv da
kompleqsur sakiTxebs vawydebiT TiToeulis ganxilvisas da sajaro politikis
miznebis miRwevis gzebi yovelTvis naTlad gansazRvruli ar aris.
xSirad, Tavad es miznebi ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs. magaliTad, saxelmwifo iRvwis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelsayofad. magram omis pirobebSi erovnuli
usafrTxoebis saxeliT Tavadve uzRudavs Tavis moqalaqeebs am Tavisuflebas
komendantis saaTis, Semosavlebis Semcirebis, muSakTa mobilobis SezRudvis,
saprotesto aqciebis akrZalvis da sxva analogiuri qmedebebis ganxorcielebis
gziT. buSis administraciis inicirebuli da kongresis mier daCqarebuli wesiT
miRebuli antiteroristuli kanoni, romelic 11 seqtembers msoflio savaWro
organizaciasa da pentagonze Tavdasxmis Sedegi iyo, yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, rogori konkurencia SeiZleba arsebobdes samoqalaqo Tavisuflebisa da erovnuli usafrTxoebis principebs Soris krizisis dros. zogjer
mosamarTle zRudavs presis Tavisuflebas, raTa gaxmaurebeli saqmis ganxilvisas eWvmitanilis uflebebi daicvas. samTavrobo normatiulma aqtebma, romlebic Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofas isaxavs miznad SesaZloa damqiravebeli
daavaldebulos, rom Tavis TanamSromlebs minimaluri xelfasi gadauxados an
usafrTxoebis mkacri standarti dauwesos, riTac materialuri keTildReobis
miRwevas gaarTulebs. rodesac sazogadoeba xuTi mTavar Rirebulebas (Tavisufleba, Tansaworoba, usafrTxoeba, materialuri keTildReoba da samarTlianoba) aRiarebs, igi maT Soris optimaluri balansis miRwevaze unda zrunavdes da
ar dauSvas romelime maTganis upiratesoba danarCenebze.
rogor unda SevafasoT, ramdenad warmatebulia xelisufleba sajaro
449
politikis aRniSnuli xuTi miznis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT? aleqsis de tokvilma Tavis naSromSi ~demokratia amerikaSi~ gonivrulad daaskvna, rom rac ufro
Tanasworuflebiani arian adamianebi, miT ufro TvalSi sacemi xdeba am Tanasworobidan mcireodeni gadaxvevac ki. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rac ufro uaxlovdeba politikuri sistema Tanasworobis sanukvar mizans, miT ufro aSkaraa
misi marcxi, rodesac is am mizans srulad ver aRwevs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sajaro politikis sxva miznebzec. radganac interesTa da moTxovnaTa konfliqti
TiToeulis ganxorcielebas uSlis xels, demokratiis pirobebSi yovelTvis arsebobs safrTxe, rom moqalaqeebi da liderebi miopiiT daavaddebian an, krizisis
pirobebSi omis isteria an fsevdopatriotozmi SeipyrobT. patriotizmSi cudi
araferia, Tu is ar gvikargavs realobis SegrZnebas an ar arRvevs balanss
usafrTxoebasa da Tavisuflebas Soris, risic oponentebs 2001 wels eSinodaT.
zomiereba, rasac Zveli berZnebi oqros Sualeds uwodebdnen, demokratiul qveynebSi politikuri stabilurobis gasaRebia. zomiereba moqalaqeebs Seusabamo politikuri molodinisgan icavs. is aseve aRkveTs mcdelobas, rom erTi
mizani meore aranakleb mniSvnelovan mizanze uaris Tqmis xarjze iqnes miRweuli. im adamianebis fanatizmma, romlebic erTjerad da miuRwevel miznebs emsaxurebian, SesaZloa gaamZafros diskusia sajaro politikis sakiTxebze. mZafrma
yvirilma maTi mSvidi xma CaaxSos, visac sjera, rom moTminebisa da zomierebis
gareSe, demokratia ver SeZlebs im balansis miRwevas, romelic swori mmarTvelobis arsia.
daskvna
sajaro politikis sakiTxebi moicavs demokratiuli xelisuflebis xuT
universalur mizans: usafrTxoebas, materialur keTildReobas, Tanasworobas, Tavisuflebasa da samarTlianobas. maT Soris yvelaze fundamenturia
usafrTxoeba, radganac mis gareSe sxva Rirebulebebis dacva an SenarCuneba,
SeuZlebeli iqneboda. usafrTxoeba ki gulisxmobs dacvas gareSe mtrebisagan,
mtrulad ganwyobili moqalaqeebisagan da garkveul SemTxvevaSi _ moqalaqeebis
dacvas sakuTari Tavisganac.
SeerTebul StatebSi, materialuri keTildReobis cneba istoriulad dakavSirebulia Tavisufal samewarmeo principze dafuZnebul ekonomikasTan, romelic komerciuli respublikis ideas efuZneba. 21-e saukuneSi xelisufleba
Tavisi moqalaqeebis materialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da sxva programebis ganxorcielebiT cdilobs. am programebma
cxare debatebi gamoiwvia xelisuflebis ekonomikur procesebSi monawileobis
sakiTxebSi, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac sabiujeto deficiti gamwvavda. saganmanaTleblo sisitemis xarvezebi ki safrTxes uqmnis saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi amerikis konkurentunarianobas. Semosavlis ganawileba amerikaSi saerTo
saxelmwifo debatebis kidev erTi Tema gaxda.
TanasworobisaTvis brZola SeerTebul StatebSi aRiniSna mcdelobiT,
bolo moReboda rasobriv diskriminacias. uzenaes sasamarTloSi ori gaxmaurebuli saqmis ganxilvam samoqalaqo omis Semdgom periodSi, xeli Seuwyo kanonebisa da sazogadoebrivi azris SenarCunebas, romelic rasobrivi uTanasworobis
arsebul stereotips pasuxobda. amJamad ki saqmem _ brauni saganmanaTleblo
sabWos winaaRmdeg (1954) _ safuZveli Cauyara moZraobas samoqalaqo uflebebi-
450
saTvis, rac sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo da administraciuli zomebis gatarebaSi gamoixata da rasobrivi Tanasworobis erTxel da samudamod damkvidrebas
isaxavda miznad. samoqalaqo uflebebis saqmes axali winaaRmdegoba mohyva moswavleebis saskolo avtobusebiT savaldebulo uzrunvelyofisa da upiratesi
uflebebi miniWebis sakiTxebze. Tanasworobis sakiTxi sajaro politikis TvalsazrisiT aseve moicavs qalTa, sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebisa da umweoTa uflebebs.
Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa amerikuli sazogadoebis umTavresi Rirebulebaa. individualur uflebebs Soris, romlebic pirdapir aris daculi pirveli SesworebiT, aris sityvis, presis, religiis Tavisufleba. piradi cxovrebis
xelSeuxebloba, arCevanis Tavisufleba aseve pirovnebis Tavisuflebis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtebia SeerTebul StatebSi.
samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa, viwro gagebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
rogorc sajaro xelisuflebis mizani da marTlmsajulebis sistemis Tanabari da efeqturi funqcionireba. samarTlianobis tests sasamarTloebi imis
mixedviT abareben, ramdenad miukerZoeblad asruleben kanons. sisxlissamarTlebrivi marTlmsajulebis sistema yvela sazogadoebaSi uzrunvelyofs antisazogadoebrivi da danaSaulebrivi saqcielis dasjas. SeerTebul StatebSi es
sistema saTanado procesis da samarTliani proceduris principebis erTgulia.
saTanado procesiT gaTvaliswinebuli meqanizmebi, romlebic konstituciaSia
mocemuli da sasamarTloebis mieraa interpretirebuli, Tanamedrove sazogadoebas garkveul problemebs uqmnis. winaaRmdegobrivi norma nivTmtkicebaTa
uaryofis Sesaxeb, miznad isaxavs balansis miRwevas danaSaulSi eWvmitanilisa
da sazogadoebis wevrebis uflebebs Soris, daculi iyos kriminalebisagan. amave
mizans emsaxureba sasamarTlo diskreciisa da umaRlesi sasjelis sakiTxebi.
konfliqti aRniSnul xuT mizans Soris xSirad aferxebs TiToeuli maTganis srulyofilad ganxorcielebas. swored amitom sajaro politikaSi TiToeuli miznis mniSvnelobis Sefasebisas, moqalaqeebma zomiereba da saRi azri unda
SeinarCunon.
sakvanZo sityvebi
erovnuli usafrTxoeba
pozitiur diskriminacia
~bredi bili~
winaswari SezRudva
kuTvnili daxmareba
samagieros gadaxda
Sereuli ekonomika
sabiujeto deficiti
dura
saxelmwifo vali
sakompensacio diskriminacia
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.
2.
451
blobaze?
3.
4.
5.
SeniSvnebi:
1.
Aristotle, The Politics, red da mTargm. Ernest Braker (New York: Oxford University Press,
1962), 1252b, 5.
2.
Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Defining Deviance Down, American Scholar 62 (zamTari, 1993),
1.
3. James Q. Wilson, Thinking About Crime (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 234-240.
4. Martin Diamond, piradi mimowera.
5. ix. Glenn Kessler-is The Lightened Federal Tax Load, Washington Post National Weekly Edition,
3 aprili 2000, 18.
6. Dont Feel Alone If Tax Confusing: 50 Experts Differ over Family Return, Lincoln Star (AP Report), 18 Tebervali 1989, 2.
7. rogorc tokvilma SeniSna; ix. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, red da mTargm. J.
P. Mayer (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), 302, 459-468.
8. Tumca skolebs Soris didi Seusabamobaa. ix. Jonathan Kozol-is Savage Inequalities: Children
in Americas Schools (New York: Crown, 1991).
9. ra Tqma unda, aseTi problemebi Cndeba pirveli Sesworebis muxlSic - debuleba saxelmwifo religiis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.
10. Poverty in the U.S.: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau seqtemberi 2001, 2.
11. Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor (New York: Random House, 1990), 2002.
12. Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883).
13. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
14. Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948).
15. Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950).
16. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
17. mas mxari dauWires, rogorc kongresis kanonier uflebas daareguliros vaWroba
ucxour qveynebsa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris; ix. Heart of Atlanta Motel v.
United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), da Katzenbach v. McClung, 379 U.S. 294 (1964).
18. ix. Peter Schotten-is The Establishment Clause and Excessive Governmental - Religious Entanglement: The Constitutional Status of Aid to Non-Public and Secondary Schools, Wake
Forest Law Review 15 (1979): 240-244.
19. Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974).
20. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978).
21. arsebiTad, uzenaesi sasamarTlo Bakke-s saqmeze Sors wasuliyo da mxari daeWira federaluri sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebisaTvis imis Taobaze, rom rasa ar SeiZleba
iyos saswavlebelSi (iuridiul fakultetze) miRebis faqtori.
22. Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education, 476 U.S. 267 (1986).
23. Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, 480 U.S. 616 (1979).
24. Adarand Construction, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200 (1995).
452
25. ix. magaliTad, United States v. Paradise, 480 U.S. 149 (1987); City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson
Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989); da Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission,
497 U.S. 547 (1990).
26. Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981).
27. Michael M. v. Superior Court, 450 U.S. 464 (1981).
28. Romer v. Evans, 116 S. Ct. 1620 (1996).
29. Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989).
30. Brandenberg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969).
31. es sakiTxi gadawyda R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 505 U.S. 112 (1992). Tvrameti wlis TeTrkanianma biWma St. Paul-Si, minesota mezoblad mcxovrebi SavkanianTa erTaderTi ojaxis ezoSi
jvari dawva. nacvlad imisa, rom is sxvisi simSvidis darRvevisa da sxvisi sakuTrebisaTvis zianis miyenebis gamo daepatimrebinaT, is adgilobrivi sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT gaasamarTles, romlis mixedviTad arakanonierad iTvleboda `kerZo Tu
sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaSi arsebul miwaze simbolos, sagnis an naxatis moTavseba,
maT Soris, aalebuli jvris an nacisturi svastikis, romelic SesaZloa brazis, gangaSis an Seuracxyofis safuZveli gamxdariyo sxva rasis, kanis feris, msoflmedvelobis, religiisa Tu sqesis adamianebisaTvis~. 1992 wels uzenaes sasamarTloze
gadawyda, rom es dadgenileba aseTi saxiT arRvevda `pirvel damatebas~.
32. ix. New York Times, Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971); da Nabraska Press Association v.
Stuart, 427 U.S. 539 (1976).
33. Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 (1879).
34. umniSvnelovanesia Abington School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963) da Engle v. Vitale,
370 U.S. 421 (1963).
35. Lee v. Wiesman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992).
36. Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985).
37. Tavdapirveli saqme, romelic icavda qalTa uflebebs abortis Taobaze aris Roe v.
Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). sxva mniSvnelovan saqmeTa Sorisaa aris Harris v. McRae, 448
U.S. 297 (1980); Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490 (1989) da Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173 (1991). ix. aseve Planned Parenthood of Southeast Pennsylvania v. Casey ,
505 U.S. 833 (1992).
38. Schenck v. Pro Choice Network of Western New York, 117 S. Ct. 855 (1997).
39. N.O.W. v. Scheidler, 510 U.S. 249 (1994).
40. Planned Parenthood of Southeast Pennsylvania v. Casey 505 U.S. at 851 (1992).
41. Washington v. Glucksberg, 117 S. Ct. 82258 (1997).
42. Burton Leiser, Liberty Justice, and Morals: Contemporary Value Conflicts (New York: Macmillan,
1973), 192.
43. uzenaesi sasamarTlos pasuxis mixedviT, saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos sabWos efeqtiani daxmareba saapelacio sasamarTlos saSualebiT. ix. Douglas v. California, 372
U.S. 353 (1963), da Ross v. Moffitt, 417 U.S. 600 (1974).
44. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961).
45. ix. magaliTad, Chief Justice Burgers dissent in Bivens v. Six Unknown Agents of the Federal
Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 897 (1970).
46. United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984).
47. ix. magaliTad, The Battle in Congress, The Economist, 20 oqtomberi 2001, 31, 34.
453
454
n aawi
wil
lii I V
politika
Zaladobis
gziT
T aavv i XI V sa m ar
a r T li
liaa n o b is
is
sa x eel
lii T
T aavv i XV te r or
o r i zm i : ssus
us-te b iiss i a ra
r a Ri
Ri
T aavv i XV I ppo
o lit
li tii ka sxv
sx v a
m i zn
znee b iisa
sa T vis
vis
revoluciuri. televizorSi Zalian xSirad aris reklamebi axali `revoluciuri~ saparsi kremebis, saojaxo teqnikisa an avtomobilebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
`revolucias axdenen~. magram kerZod ra gamoarCevs revolucias an revoluciur
mTavrobas? Tavisi arsiT, sityva revoluciuri did cvlilebas aRniSnavs. amrigad, WeSmaritad revoluciuri saparsi kremi, saojaxo teqnika an avtomobili
unda iyos fundamenturad axali da ukeTesi produqcia, vidre aqamde arsebuli
saparsi kremebi, saojaxo teqnika an avtomobilebi. sityva revolucia xSirad ixmareba Semdegi mniSvnelobiT: magaliTad, niSnavs e. w. samrewvelo revolucias,
Zireul cvlilebas warmoebis stilSi, romelic cvlis erovnul ekonomikasa da
sazogadoebis struqturas.
politikur konteqstSi, revolucia aris fenomeni, romelsac moaqvs fundamentaluri cvlileba arsebul xelisuflebasa da sazogadoebaSi. Cveulebriv,
mas Tan sdevs Zaladoba da kulturuli Zvrebi. Tumca yvelanairi politikuri
455
T aavv i XI V
revolucia
sa m aarr T l
liiaa n o b is
i s ssaaxx eli
e liT
T
revoluciis Seupovroba
Tanamedrove revoluciebi:
ori tradicia
amerikuli revolucia
cia
franguli revolu-
revoluciis sasurveloba:
burke, peini da loki
burkes pozicia
peinis uaryofa
loki-
seuli perspeqtiva
revoluciis mizezebi
traciciuli axsna
uri fsiqologia
Teoriebi
revoluciis social-
revoluciis Tanamedrove
456
cvlileba ar aris revolucia. Tu saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi modis liderTa jgufi, romelTa politika imeorebs maTi winamorbedebis politikas da es cvlileba qveyanasa an sazogadoebaze naklebad aisaxeba,
maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom revolucia ar momxdara da mis Sedegad Seqmnili mTavrobas ar SeiZleba vuwodoT revoluciuri.
revoluciis Seupovroba
kacobriobis istoriaSi revoluciebi xdeboda gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis
Zlieri matebisa da swrafi ekonomikuri cvlilebebis dros.1 Zv. w. VII da VI saukuneebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi aRiniSneboda berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi,
Zv. w. pirvel saukuneSi _ romSi, islamur samyaroSi _ ax. w. merve saukuneSi da evropaSi, gansakuTrebiT 1500-1650 da 1750-1850 wlebSi.
meoce saukunis evropaSi revolucia ufro xSirad xdeboda, vidre adre.
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, revolucia erovnuli Zaladobis talRis nawilia,
romelmac sakuTari kvali daaCnia saukunis udides nawils. cnobilma harvardelma sociologma pitirim sorokinma 1930-ian wlebSi Caatara `Sida areulobis~ STambeWdavi kvleva 11 politikur sazogadoebaSi. mxolod dasavleT evropaSi man
SeZlo aranakleb 1622 aseTi areulobis identificireba pirveli msoflio omis
Semdgom periodSi, romelTagan sruli 70 procenti `moicavda mniSvnelovani
masStabis Zaladobasa da sisxlis Rvras.~2 ufro metic, man aRmoaCina, rom yovel
Seswavlil qveyanaSi yovel xuT SedarebiT mSvidobian weliwadze modioda `mniSvnelovani socialuri areulobis~ erTi weliwadi. sabolood, sorokinma daaskvna, rom XX saukune iyo yvelaze sisxliani da mSfoTvare saukune istoriaSi _ da
es daskvna gaakeTa meore msoflio omamde.
Semdgomma movlenebma gaamyara es daskvna. magaliTad, 1945-dan 1962 wlamde
periodSi, 100-dan daaxloebiT 40 ganviTarebadi qveyana gaxda sul mcire erTi
samxedro gadatrialebis mowme mainc, xolo 1943 da 1962 wlebs Soris laTinuri
amerikis faqtobrivad yvela, aziis qveynebis or mesamedSi da afrikis damoukideblobamopovebuli qveynebis naxevarSi aRiniSna arsebuli mTavrobis damxobis
mcdeloba.3 niu iork Taimsma aRniSna, rom 1946 da 1959 wlebSi dafiqsirda `Sida
omis~, maT Soris `samoqalaqo omis, partizanuli omis, lokaluri ajanyebebis,
farTod gavrcelebuli SfoTis, organizebuli da savaraudod araorganizebuli terorizmis, areulobisa da saxelmwifo gadatrialebebis~ 1200 SemTxveva.4
axlandel droSi revoluciebi, ajanyebebi da samoqalaqo areulobebi ar Semcirebula. Tu organizebuli da araorganizebuli Zaladoba yovelTvis iyo politikuri cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili, meoce saukuneSi is ukeT organizebuli
da ufro aSkara gaxda.
Tumca, yvela revolucia ar aris Zaladobrivi. magaliTad, aRmosavleT evropaSi, 1989 wels qveynebi erTi meores miyolebiT gamovidnen sabWoTa kavSiridan
da maTi umetesoba Sebrunda sabazro ekonomikisa da saparlamento demokratiisaken. ramdenimes magaliTad, rumineTis garda, es revoluciebi yvela qveyanaSi
moxda minimaluri ZaladobiT da sisxlisRvriT. CexoslovakiaSi mas xaverdovani
revoluciac ki uwodes, radganac komunisturi diqtaturidan konstituciur
xelisuflebaze gadasvla rbilad ganxorcielda. damoukidebeli baltiispire-
457
Tis qveynebSi _ estoneTSi, latviasa da litvaSi _ aseve sanimuSod ganxorcielda
mSvidobiani masobrivi revolucia. TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi, politikuri transformaciis procesi didi SfoTis, sakuTrebis ganadgurebisa da adamianTa msxverplis gareSe warimarTa.
458
amerikis revolucia
udavoa, rom damfuZneblebi amerikis damoukideblobisaTvis mefe jorj
III winaaRmdeg warmoebul oms legitimur revoluciad ganixilavdnen. daiwyes
ra brZola inglisis winaaRmdeg 1770-ian wlebSi, amerikeli kolonistebi gaxdnen Tanamedrove msoflioSi pirveli warmatebuli antikoloniuri revoluciis
wamomwyebni. kolonistTa urTierTobis gawyveta did britaneTTan droTa ganmavlobaSi sruli da Seuqcevadi gaxda. am mizezis gamo, marTebuli iqneba vTqvaT, rom amerikis revoluciurma omma Seqna modeli imisa, rac cnobili gaxda
rogorc erovnuli ganmaTavisuflebeli omebi. Tumca, amerikis revolucia mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda XX saukunis TiTqmis yvela revoluciuri ajanyebisgan.
istoriuli mniSvneloba. amerikis revoluciis istoriuli mniSvnelobis
gasagebad, pirvel rigSi unda gavecnoT misi liderebis politikur Sexedulebebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikeli TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolebi aRiqvamdnen
revoluciur oms, rogorc gansakuTrebul, unikalur gamocdilebas. erTi specialistis mixedviT:
`dasawyisidanve, atlantikis dasavleT sanapiroze mis monawileebs swamdaT, rom es iyo metad SesaniSnavi movlena, ara mxolod
imitom, rom es iyo maTi revolucia, aramed imitom, rom maT miaCndaT,
rom mas mosdevda axali faza kacobriobis politikur ganviTarebaSi
da amdenad universaluri mniSvneloba hqonda.~ 9
maT Tanamedrove politikur traqtatebTan erTad, damfuZneblebi kargad
icnobdnen msoflio istorias da didi politikuri filosofosebis, maT Soris
monteskies, lokis, rusos, iumisa da volteris Sromebs.10 icnobdnen ra klasikur
politikur azrs, maT ar hqondaT midrekileba gadaWarbebiT SeefasebinaT politikisadmi axal an eqsperimentul midgomaTa Rirebuleba.
1776 wlis revoluciis monawileebs swamdaT, rom gancalkevebas, romelsac
isini moiTxovdnen, hqonda universaluri mniSvneloba da damoukideblobis
deklaraciaSi daculi Tavisuflebis ena iyo am mniSvnelobis maradiuli
gamoxatuleba. sxva sityvebiT, damfuZneblebi moiazrebdnen mWidro kavSirs maT
naTqvam sityvebs (`WeSmaritebebs~) da qmedebebs Soris.11 amrigad, rom gavigoT,
ra iyo WeSmaritad revoluciuri amerikis revoluciaSi, aucilebelia pirvel
rigSi fokusireba movaxdinoT imaze, ras werdnen amerikeli revolucionerebi
xelisuflebaze, xolo Semdeg davakvirdeT maT moqmedebebs.
gamarTleba. amerikis revoluciuri kredos yvelaze aSkara gamoxatuleba SeiZleba vipovoT damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi. didi britaneTisgan gancalkevebis Sesaxeb gancxadebasTan erTad, deklaracia mis mizezebsac acxadebda.
deklaracia amtkicebda, rom britanulma xelisuflebam savalalod daarRvia kargi mmarTvelobis principebi. mihyveboda ra jon lokis gzas, Tomas jefersoni (mTavari avtori) amtkicebda, rom es principebi ormxrivi iyo: xelisufleba unda moqmedebdes umravlesobis nebis Sesabamisad (deklaraciis zusti
459
eniT rom vTqvaT, aseTi xelisufleba unda dafuZnebuli iyos `mmarTulTa Tanxmobaze~) da unda icavdes individis `sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisaken swrafvis~ xelSeuxebel uflebebs. es principebi, jefersonis azriT, iyo is
kriteriumebi, romliTac unda Sefasebuliyo yvela epoqisa da qveynis mTavrobis
legitimurobis xarisxi. sxva sityvebiT, kargi (anu legitimuri) xelisuflebis
Zalaufleba gamomdinareobs marTulTa Tanxmobidan da aseTi xelisufleba moqmedebs TiToeuli moqalaqis xelSeuxebeli uflebebis dasacavad.
ganixilavda ra adamianis uflebebs kargi xelisuflebis filosofiur
safuZvlad, damoukideblobis deklaracia mniSvnelovnad ganudga warsul gamocdilebas da mis Tanamedrove praqtikas. uwin, xelisuflebebi arsebobdnen,
raTa uzrunveleyoT wesrigi, SeeqnaT imperiebi, daesajaT urwmunoebi da ZaliT
SeenarCunebinaT morCileba. axla, pirvelad istoriaSi, politikuri reJimi sakuTar Tavs Riad uZRvnida adamianebis uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis dacvis
principebis samsaxurs.
deklaraciis principebidan gamomdinareobda, rom xelisuflebam, romelic nacvlad dacvisa, Tanmimdevrulad laxavda am uflebebs, dakarga marTvis ufleba. kolonistebma deklaraciaSi Seitanes es daskvna, kolonistebma ganagrZes brZola damoukideblobisaTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavidan maT surdaT mxolod britaneTis qveSevrdomTa Tanabari statusi, damoukideblobis deklaracis Seqmnis Semdeg isini
araferze iyvnen Tanaxma, garda sruli TviTmmarTvelobisa. maT surdaT SeeqmnaT
ara ubralod nebismieri saxis xelisufleba, aramed swored iseTi xelisufleba,
romelic SesabamisobaSi iqneboda deklaraciis principebTan. maT swamdaT, rom
es WeSmaritebebi gamosadegi iyo cameti koloniis farglebs gareTac. jefersonma ganmarta mis mier Seqmnili dokumentis maradiuli sityvebis universal-
uri mniSvneloba:
`dae es iyos, da me mjera rom iqneba (zogierTisTvis ufro adre,
zogisTvis ufro gvian, magram sabolood yvelasTvis) signali, rom
adamianebi aRdgnen da gawyviton jaWvi, romelTa qveSac cru berebiseulma umecrebam da crurwmenebma daarwmuna isini, rom Seikran xelfexi da gaacnobieron TviTmmarTvelobis madli da usafrTxoeba.~12
socialuri da politikuri cvlilebebi. jefersonis grZnobebi gadmocemuli iyo misi an nebismieri sxva drois saukeTeso revoluciuri ritorikis
msgavsad kerZod, igi uxmobda moqalaqeebs, ebrZolaT da Seswirvodnen diad
mizans. Tumca es asea, magram mainc Secdoma iqneboda gangvexila amerikis revolucia mxolod im brZolis konteqstSi, romelic mas mohyva. im dros, rodesac
mimdinareobda gaafTrebuli istoriuli brZolebi, xdeboda diadi socialuri, ekonomikuri da religiuri cvlilebebi. SemzRudveli memkvidreobiTi
kanonebi, rogoricaa ufrosi vaJis ufleba memkvidreobaze da maiorati, gauqmda, britanul did sakuTrebebs konfiskacia gaukeTda da gadanawilda ufro
mcire holdingebze, miwaze dasaxlebis samefo SezRudvebi gauqmda, gadaidga
mniSvnelovani nabijebi religiuri Tanasworobisa da saxelmwifosa da eklesiis
gancalkevebis dasacavad, Zvelma ojaxebma dakarges Zalaufleba, maT adgilebs
`ikavebdnen axali liderebi, ufro axalgazrdebidan, ubralo xalxidan da saSualo klasebidan~.13
460
aseve moxda mniSvnelovani politikuri cvlilebebi, ramdenadac TiToeulma koloniam Seqmna konstitucia. omis cecxlSi Seqmnilma am konstituciam
SeinarCuna adre arsebuli adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sistemebi (gansakuTrebiT aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis kuTxiT), amavdroulad isini icavdnen
individualur Tavisuflebebs. am dokumentebSi Sesuli cnebebi da principebi
SemdgomSi aisaxa konfederaciis muxlebSi da sabolood, SeerTebuli Statebis
konstituciaSi. kanonis uzenaesobis anu kanonierebisa da proceduruli koreqtulobis uzenaesobis mniSvneloba, ar SeiZleba gadafasebul iqnes.
is, rasac SesaZloa vuwodoT konstituciuri procesi, Tavis kulminacias
miaRwia xalxis mier arCeuli mTavrobis anu umravlesobis mTavrobis Seqmnisas, im dros, rodesac evropis xalxebi umeteswilad kvlav aristokratiuli
an monarqiuli batonobis qveS iyvnen. ufro metic, kolonistebis myari zrunva
konstituciurobaze gadamwyveti iyo im SeTqmulebebisa da intrigebis Tavidan
aridebisas, romelTac SeeZloT gaeTiSaT axali eri mraval mtrul politikur
qvedanayofad.
zomieri revolucia. retrospeqtivaSi, is zomiereba, romelic gamoCnda
amerikis revoluciur brZolebSi, WeSmaritad SesaniSnavi Cans (imdenad, rom zogierTi politologi ar axdens mis klasificirebas revoluciad). konfliqts axasiaTebda `sxva revoluciebTan SedarebiT Zaladobis iSviaTi ekonomia~.14
ufro gviandel revoluciur konfliqtebTan SedarebiT (rogoricaa safrangeTisa da ruseTis revoluciebi da espaneTis samoqalaqo omi), samoqalaqo
represiebi ajanyebulebsa da loialurad ganwyobilebs Soris mkacri ar iyo.
arc amerikuli revoluciis liderebi yofilan rodisme represirebulni an
sikvdiliT dasjilni, rasac ver ascda Semdgomi revoluciebis bevri wamomwyebi,
`mTavarsardali (vaSingtoni) gaxda respublikis pirveli prezidenti da datova
posti sakuTari nebiT; revoluciuri manifestis avtori (jefersoni) iyo misi
pirveli saxelmwifo mdivani.~15
ram ganapiroba revoluciis unikaluri wesrigi? yvelaze mniSvnelovani
isaa, rom koloniaTa liderebma lokiseuli midgoma revoluciis mimarT Seuxames
realistur, miRwevad politikur miznebs. `lokiseul midgomaSi~, romelsac
mogvianebiT mivubrundebiT, vgulisxmobT, rom mcireodeni gamonaklisis garda,
damfuZneblebs revolucia miaCndaT gardauval borotebad. is iyo gardauvali,
radganac maT ar icodnen didi britaneTisgan damoukideblobis mopovebis araviTari sxva gza, magram is iyo boroteba, ramdenadac iwvevda tanjvas, sisxlisRvrasa da gaukacrielebas. amerikuli revolucia rCeba unikalurad swored imitom,
rom mas saTaveSi ar edgnen fanatikosebi, romlebic aRiarebdnen xist ideologias, an isini, vinc fiqrobda, rom yvela gza gamarTlebulia maTi politikuri
miznebis misaRwevad. amis sapirispirod, misi liderebi iyvnen SorsmWvreteli
pirovnebebi, romlebic mudmivad ekiTxebodnen sakuTar Tavs (da erTmaneTs),
ramdenad marTebuli iyo is, rasac isini akeTebdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom revoluciis liderTa mxridan enTuziazmis nakleboba ar yofila, `es enTuziazmi gawonasworebuli iyo eWviT, TviTanaliziT, zrunviTa da skepticizmiT~.16 mokled,
amerikuli revoluciis sikeTe TavisTavad ar mosula.
es gawonasworebuli revoluciuri Rirebulebebi emsaxureboda gonivrul
da naTel miznebs. arsebiTad is, rac koloniaTa liderebs surdaT revoluciisgan, iyo inglisisgan gancalkeveba da mmarTvelobis iseTi sistemis Camoyalibeba,
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romelic dafuZnebuli iqneboda Tanxmobasa da adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa pativiscemaze. mniSvnelovania is, rom es politikuri xedva adamianTa
SesaZleblobebis farglebSi jdeboda. revoluciuri omi TavisTavad Sors idga
auxdeneli ocnebisgan, rac sabolood sakmaod naTlad daadastura amerikulma
gamarjvebam. da revoluciuri konfliqtis ganviTarebasTan erTad, TviTmmarTvelobisa da moqalaqeTa uflebebis erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli principebi koloniebSi viTardeboda rogorc Statebis, aseve qalaqebis doneze. momdevno periodis revolucionerebisgan gansxvavebiT, koloniaTa liderebi ar
cdilobdnen dauyovnebliv daefuZnebinaT raime radikalurad axali da gansxvavebuli. raki acnobierebdnen safrTxeebs, romlebsac Seicavda don-kixoturi
da utopiuri idealizmi, maT icodnen, rom `auxdeneli ocnebebisken politikuri
swrafva iwvevs terors da tiranias SeuZleblis miRwevis ganwirul mcdelobaSi.~17
amerikul revolucias ar axasiaTebda ra amgvari terori da tirania,
radganac erT-erTi specialistis sityvebiT, is iyo `gonivruli molodinebis
revolucia~.18 sifxizle, zomiereba da sifrTxile iyo am revoluciis niSani da
SemdgomSi konstituciis mier kurTxeuli `kargad mowyobili kavSiris~ mTavari
maxasiaTebeli.
safrangeTis revolucia
safrangeTis revolucia sakmaod gansxvavebuli iyo. wlebis ganmavlobaSi
safrangeTi ganicdida mzard politikur arastabilurobas da xalxis ukmayofilebas. aristokratia eswrafoda SeenarCunebinaT mkveTri klasobrivi gansxvavebebi, romlebic axasiaTebda frangul sazogadoebas da amiT regularulad
uSlida xels ekonomikuri da socialuri reformebis mcdelobebs. ufro metic,
mTavroba amJRavnebda aSkara uunarobas, aRekveTa cvladi garemoebebi. TviT unarian da ganaTlebul monarqsac ki, rogoric namdvilad ar yofila lui XVI (17741792), gauWirdeboda gamklaveboda decentralizebuli da Znelad koordinirebadi saxelmwifo institutebis winaaRmdegobas. amas garda, 1780-ian wlebSi
mTavrobis winaSe wina omebis didi valebis gadaxdis mizniT gadasaxadebis gazrdis sirTuleebi idga. amasTanave, xelisuflebisaTvis Seuferebel dros xdeboda ekonomikuri cvlilebebic. miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomika viTardeboda,
Sedegi Zalze araTanabrad iyo ganawilebuli. gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo qalaqis
Raribebisa da glexebis mdgomareoba, romelTagan mravali pirveladi saWiroebebis masalaTa ukmarisobas ufro xedavda, vidre mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis
perspeqtivas.
1789 wlisTvis uTanxmoebis morevi ganxeTqilebis zRvad iqca. reformatorebi saSualo da maRali klasebisgan moiTxovdnen rogorc politikur, aseve
ekonomikur cvlilebebs. yvelaze ufro zomieri moTxovnebi Seicavda klasobrivi privilegiebis SezRudvas da sagadasaxado sistemis reformas. zogierT liders surda ufro radikaluri cvlilebebi, maT Soris saxalxo suverenitetze
dafuZnebuli politikuri wesrigis Seqmna.
yvela es moTxovna wamoayenes 1789 wlis maisis Estates-General-is _ arCeuli
giganturi parlamentis Sexvedraze, romelic saarCevno xmis mqone mamakacTa
mier iyo arCeuli da dayofili iyo sam estate-ad anu palatad da warmoadgenda
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sasuliero pirebs, aristokratiasa da ubralo xalxs. mniSvnelovani debatebis
Semdeg (rac kargi dasawyisia areulobisaTvis), delegatebis umravlesobam,
romelTac saTaveSi edga raodenobrivad meti mesame wodebis warmomadgeneli
(ubralo xalxi), Camoayaliba saxalxo erovnuli kreba. garda imisa, rom amtkicebda uflebas, daewesebina an gaeuqmebina nebismieri gadasaxadi, am organos
wevrebi iTxovdnen aristokratiuli privilegiebis gauqmebas.
es qmedebebi pirdapir utevda monarqias. lui XVI amas mosalodneli araadekvaturobiT upasuxa _ gamoiyena sakmarisi Zala, raTa ganerisxebina sakuTari oponentebi. rodesac man ubrZana sakuTar Zalebs, aekrZalaT Sekrebebi
erovnuli krebisTvis, delegatebma maleve SeakeTes axlomdebare CogburTis
darbazi da gadawyvites aq Sekrebiliyvnen sistematiurad, sanam ar miaRwevdnen
konstituciis miRebas. mefe erTgvarad orWofobda da ramdenime dRis Semdeg
daTmobebze wavida saadasaxado reformis sferoSi, magram uari Tqva gaeuqmebina
aristokratiis privilegiebi. imavdroulad, man ganalaga SeiaraRebuli Zalebi
strategiul poziciebze. Tumca arc erTi es RonisZieba adekvaturi ar aRmoCnda
da arc ZaliT damuqreba gamodga Tanmimdevruli. amas maleve mohyva Zaladobis
sporaduli afeTqebebi, romelTa Soris iyo bastiliis SturmiT aReba, da rodesac mefis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Zaladobrivi qmedebebi safrangeTis politikuri cxovrebis mniSvnelovan Tvisebad iqca, lui XVI iZulebuli gaxda daTanxmeboda konstituciis moTxovnebs.
axali konstitucia. im or weliwadSi, romelic dasWirda 1791 wlis konstituciis miRebas, egalitarulma sulma gadauara qveyanas. gauqmda aristokratiuli privilegiebi da konfiskacia gaukeTda eklesiis miwebs. fundamenturi
mniSvnelobis politikurma dokumentma _ adamianis uflebaTa delaraciam, ganadida lozungi, romelmac ganasaxiera im drois egalitaluri suliskveTeba:
`Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba~. axalma konstituciam daafuZna konstituciuri monarqia. lui XVI-s aRar SeeZlo avtokratulad emarTa RvTiur uflebebze
dayrdnobiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom konstitucia mefes SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
mTavarsardlad aRiarebda da akisrebda pasuxismgeblobas sagareo sakiTxebSi,
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis funqciaTa umetesobis Sesrulebas avalebda
erovnul krebas, romelsac biujetis marTvis, aseve omis gamocxadebis ufleba
hqonda. Seiqmna axali arCeviTi administracia da ganxorcielda saarCevno uflebebis liberalizacia.
amrigad, safrangeTSi miRweul iqna politikuri da sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis STambeWdavi demokratizacia saocrad mokle periodSi. mefis Zalauflebas, romelic aqamde TiTqmis SeuzRudavi iyo, Ziri gamoeTxara da ganxorcielda radikaluri socialuri reformebi.
politikuri arastabiluroba. konstituciis mier 1791 wels dafuZnebuli konstituciuri monarqiis arseboba erT weliwadze nakleb dros gagrZelda, romlis ganmavlobaSic qveyana iZireboda efeqturi politikuri lideris
ararsebobis pirobebSi. bunebrivia, mefes sZulda Tavsmoxveuli axali mTavroba
(erTxel lui XVI-m scada qveynidan gaqcevac, raTa SeerTeboda axali mTavrobis oponentebs, magram daiWires da parizSi daabrunes). konstitucia ukrZalavda damfuZnebeli yrilobis yofil wevrebs axal sakanonmdeblo organoSi
moRvaweobas, rac niSnavda imas, rom gamocdili kanonmdeblebi ganze rCebodnen.
damatebiTi problemebi warmoiSva, rodesac axlad arCeulma adgilobrivma ad-
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ministraciam ver SeZlo efeqturad moqmedeba da dainteresebulma mxareebma,
romelTac dakarges Zalaufleba axali reformebis Sedegad, gansakuTrebiT
kaTolikurma eklesiam da aristokratiam, daiwyes axali reJimisadmi winaaRmdegobis gaweva. avstriasTan da prusiasTan omma gaamwvava arsebuli siZneleebi da
arc navaraudevi ekonomikuri gaumjobeseba Canda. parizSi gamudmebiT trialebda Worebi mefisadmi absoluturi Zalauflebis moaxloebul dabrunebaze da
asazrdoebda kontrrevoluciis farTod gavrcelebul SiSs, rac Zirs uTxrida
reformebis motanil politikur optimizms.
radikalizmis zrda. 1790-iani wlebis qaosur politikur da socialur realobaSi movlenebi swrafad viTardeboda. lui XVI-s brali dasdes saxelmwifoebriv RalatSi, Camoagdes taxtidan da Tavi mohkveTes 1793 wlis ivnisSi. saxelmwifos marTvis sadaveebi xelSi aiRo politikuri radikalebis gundma, romelic
miznad isaxavda safrangeTis sazogadoebis Secvlas da ar erideboda amisTvis
Zaladobis gamoyenebas. axali lideris, maqsimilian robespieris (1758-1794) umTavresi prioriteti iyo moego omi avstriisa da prusiis winaaRmdeg. am miznis
misaRwevad aucilebeli iyo rogorc samxedro valdebuleba da mkacri disciplina brZolis velze, aseve erovnuli erTianoba qveynis SigniT. gare safrTxis
arsebobis atmosferoSi yvelanairi politikuri opozicia miiCneoda moRalated. es situacia, miuxedavad imisa, rom samwuxaro da mosalodneli iyo _ iseve,
rogorc axla, politikuri depresia maSinac omis dros gavrcelebuli fenomeni
gaxldaT. magram robespieri ar kmayofildeboda mxolod erovnuli erTianobis
uzrunvelyofiT. amas garda, mas surda Seeqmna saTnoebis reJimi _ Tavidan `aeSenebina~ franguli sazogadoeba, ase vTqvaT, Tavidan gamoeZerwa moralurad
srulyofili frangi moqalaqeebi. erT-erTi mkvlevaris SexedulebiT:
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iyo. gaTavisufleba survilebisgan da TviT mudmivi siuxvis dapireba iqca robespieris revoluciis mniSvnelovan miznad, romelic wamowyebul iqna CagrulTa
saxeliT mCagvrelTa sixarbisa da siZunwis winaaRmdeg.20 robespiers swamda, rom
mxolod amgvari politikis saSualebiT iyo SesaZlebeli saTno da damakmayofilebeli moqalaqeobis uzrunvelyofa.
axali dRis wesrigi. saTnoebisaTvis xelSesawyobad da siRaribisTvis umokles droSi wertilis dasasmelad, robespieri varaudobda franguli
cxovrebis myiseul Secvlas. saxelmwifo institutebi, samarTlebrivi mowyoba,
socialuri realoba _ yvelaferi unda Secvliliyo. TviT axali kalendaric ki
iqna SemoRebuli, rogorc simbolo rwmenisa, rom dadga istoriis axali epoqa.
cvlilebis suli totaluri iyo, umTavresi mizani _ samoTxe miwaze. erTma mkvlevarma SeniSna, rom warmmarTveli suliskveTeba iyo `Sekruli, enTuziazmiT
savse, Tavisuflad motivtive mesianizmi... romelic arafriT kmayofildeboda,
garda adamianebis cxovrebis pirobebis radikaluri transformaciisa~.21
Tumca, mesianizmis problema isaa, rom mxolod RmerTs (an RmerTis mociquls) SeuZlia Seasrulos diadi dapirebebi. robespiers ar gaaCnda amgvari RvTaebrivi SesaZleblobebi. igi da misi TamaberZolebi maleve darwmundnen, rom
axali wesrigis SemoReba da misi SenarCuneba sxvadasxva iyo. rodesac iluziuri
rwmenis dakargva daejaxa SeuzRudav molodinsa da warmoSva mfeTqebadi narevi,
gaCnda politikuri disputebi. axali mmarTvelebis mimarT opoziciam farTod
gavrceleba daiwyo.
teroris mefoba. robespieris pasuxi mzard opoziciasa da savaraudod
gadaulaxav siZneleebze, romlebic yoveldRiur marTvaSi aRiniSneboda aseTi
iyo: saTnoebis reJimis ganmtkiceba masobrivi represiebiT, romelic teroris
mefobis saxeliT gaxda cnobili. sikvdiliT dasja giliotinis gamoyeneba, razec
brZanebas sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis komiteti gascemda, gaxda sayovelTao,
gansakuTrebiT parizSi. xelisuflebis Zaladoba, Tavdapirvelad reJimis aqtiuri oponentebis winaaRmdeg, maleve gagrZelda sakuTari inerciiT. is Seexo im
adamianebsac, vinc iziarebda robespieris xedvas, magram ar eTanxmeboda mis meTodebs. mogvianebiT isini, vinc mxolod eWvmitanilni iyvnen uTanxmoebaSi, giliotinis msxverplni gaxdnen. xelisuflebaSi myofT Rrma undobloba dauflebodaT, iseve, rogorc gadarCenilebs aRelvebdaT sakuTari usafrTxoebis sakiTxi.
sabolod, koleqtiurma SiSma robespieri miiyvana damxobamde da sikvdiliT dasjamde. misi erTwliani mmarTelobis ganmavlobaSi, mTlianad sikvdiliT dasjili
40000 aTasamde adamiani iqna _ saocari raodenoba meTvramete saukunisTvis.
revoluciis Sedegebi. safrangeTis revoluciis Sedegebis Sefaseba advili ar aris. man aSkarad ver miaRwia miznebs. robespieris damxobis Semdeg xelisufleba miiRo korufciulma da arakompetenturma mTavrobam, romelic cnobilia direqtoriis saxeliT. 1799 wels reJimma gza dauTmo napoleon bonapartis
diqtaturas (1804-1815), romelmac SeZlo wesrigisa da stabilurobis aRdgena.
napoleonis mmarTvelobisas, safrangeTma scada daemorCilebina mTeli evropa
ambiciuri omebis seriebis Sedegad, romlebmac sabolood qveyana damarcxebamde
da napoleonis damxobamde miiyvana.
amrigad, safrangeTis arc erT revolucias saxalxo mTavroba ar mohyolia.
465
sinamdvileSi, napoleonis damxobis Sedegad, monarqia aRdga. Tumca, mravali
RirsSesaniSnavi da grZelvadiani cvlileba ganxorcielda. magaliTad, 1815 wels
aRdgenili monarqiis Semdeg mefis Zalaufleba mniSvnelovnad ufro SezRuduli iyo, vidre revoluciamde. ufro metic, revoluciuri epoqidan gamomdinare,
mniSvnelovani socialuri da politikuri reformebi SenarCunda da xelisufleba axla ufro centralizebuli da efeqturi iyo. Tumca, am cvlilebebis miuxedavad, aRdgenili monarqia mkveTr kontrastSi modioda axali sazogadoebis
egalitarul xedvasTan, rac STaagonebda robespiers da mis mimdevrebs.
burkes pozicia
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safrangeTis revoluciam STaagona edmund burkes (1729-1797) daewera revoluciaTa erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili kritika, romelic odesme dawerila inglisur enaze _ refleqsia safrangeTis revoluciaze (1790). burkes ar sjeroda,
rom safrangeTis revolucia Rrmad fesvgadgmuli ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi Zalebis Sedegi iyo. misi azriT, WeSmariti revolucionerebi iyvnen filosofosebi, romlebmac Camoayalibes racionalizmis damangreveli doqtrina da mecniereba RmerTad aRiares. igi ambobda, imis mtkicebiT, rom mTavroba
calkeuli martivi miznebis misaRwevad arsebobs (magaliTad, icavs pirovnebis
uflebebs), revolucionerebma Seqmnes araswori warmodgenebi _ maTgan yvelaze
mniSvnelovani is, rom radikalur cvlilebebs yovelTvis gaumjobeseba moaqvs.
amgvari azrovneba anadgurebda or rames, rasac burke politikuri sazogadoebis safuZvlad miiCnevda _ religias da tradicias.
burke amtkicebda, rom safrangeTis revoluciis safuZvelSi ido safrTxis Semcveli politikuri ganzogadebebi. politikis metismetad gamartivebisa
da dauSvebeli molodinis warmoSobiT, romlebic ar Seesabameboda safrangeTis istorias da tradiciebs, gamartivebuli cnebebi, rogoricaa `Tavisufleba,
Tanasworoba, Zmoba~, emuqreboda sazogadoebriv wesrigs, romelzec, upirveles
yovlisa, dafuZnebuli iyo yvela sxva politikuri faseuloba da saTnoeba. kargi
wesrigi, misi azriT, ganapirobebda yvelaferi kargis dafuZnebas.
kargi xelisuflebis ostatoba _ rogor warvmarToT, SevinarCunoT igi an
movaxdinoT misi reformireba _ SeuZlebelia warimarTos filosofiuri gansjis
gareSe, amtkicebda burke. igi ganixilavda xelisuflebas `eqsperimentul mecnierebad~, romlis praqtikosebsac sWirdebodaT sibrZne da SorsmWvreteloba,
romelic gamocdilebas moaqvs. da gamocdileba, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia erT dRe-RameSi gaCndes, igi grovdeba, izrdeba, iwvTneba da
amasTanave, gadaecema Taobidan Taobas, amtkicebda igi. burkes xedva Seicavda
warsulis Tayvaniscemas, iseve rogorc asakisa da miRwevebisadmi pativiscemas.
misi azriT, sazogadoeba iyo awewili qsovili xeliT naqargi institutebisa,
romelTac Sinagani logika aqvs da Cvevebis, tradiciebisa da SeTanxmebebis ZaliT grZeldeba.
xelisuflebisa da adamianuri SesaZleblobebisa da SezRudulobis am
gonivrulma xedvam burke miiyvana pragmatizmisa da sifrTxilis mniSvnelobis xazgasmamde. igi ambobda, rom sifrTxile `saTnoebaTagan upirvelesia~. rac Seexeba
pragmatizms, igi miiCnevda, rom kacobriobis da sazogadoebis sirTulidan gamomdinare, veranairi martivi, yvelafris momcveli politikuri formula ver moitanda imgvar Rrma cvlilebebs, rogorsac frangi Teoretikosebi hpirdebodnen.
sabolood, burke akritikebda maT ukidures mouTmenlobas, vinc ganadidebda revolucias. gamodioda ra TandaTanobiTi da gaazrebuli reformis
mxareze, igi iZleoda gafrTxilebas, rom Tu politikuri cvlilebebi ar moxdeboda nela da windaxedulad, mosaxleobis udidesi masa uares mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda, vidre uwin: `saWiroa dro, raTa moxdes azrTa gamTlianeba,
romelsac TavisTavad ZaluZs warmoSos yvela is sikeTe, rasac miznad visaxavT.
Cveni moTmineba ufro mets miaRwevs, vidre Cveni Zala.~23
radgan iZleva ufro met dapirebas, vidre is, rac SeuZlia nebismier politikur wesrigs da zrdis garkveuli dauyovneblivi utopiuri garRvevebis ararealistur politikur molodins, revolucias SeuZlia daabrmavos masebi netari
(magram miuRweveli) momavlis xedviTa da aseve warsulis sibZnis mimarT. erTi si-
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tyviT, gonivruli politika SesaZlebelia miviCnioT `SesaZleblis xelovnebad~,
revoluciis mrude sarkeSi ki igi SeuZleblis mecnierebad iqceva.
peinis uaryofa
Tomas peinma (1737-1809) scada uareyo revoluciis burkeseuli xedva mis
adamianTa uflebebSi, romelic dawera or nawilad 1792 wlis TebervalSi da
mimarTuli iyo kerZod burkesadmi. gansazRvravda ra saxalxo revoluciis legitimurobas, peini xazs usvamda mraval usamarTlobas, romlebic Caidina britanulma monarqiam amerikeli kolonistebis mimarT. peinisTvis tirania da monarqia
erTi da igive iyo. monarqistebi, acxadebda igi, zeoben umecrebaze da principulad mcdarni arian:24
`yvelanairi memkvidreobiTi xelisufleba Tavisi bunebiT tiraniaa. samemkvidreo gvirgvins, taxts an nebismier sxva ucnaurobas,
rac SesaZlebelia vuwodoT amgvar rames, ar gaaCnia raime sxva axsna
garda imisa, rom kacobrioba samemkvidreo qonebaa. miiRo memkvidreobiT Zalaufleba, es igivea, rac miiRo memkvidreobiT xalxi, TiTqos
igi iyos naxiri an jogi~.25
sxva adgilas igi wers:
`rodesac xelisuflebis monarqiuli da memkvidruli sistemebis pirobebSi gasacodavebul adamianebs vakvirdebiT, romlebic
sakuTari saxlidan ama Tu im Zalam gamodevna da gadasaxadebma mterze
metad mouRo bolo, aSkara xdeba am sistemaTa siave da xelisuflebis
principebsa da mowyobaSi saerTo revoluciis aucilebloba~.26
am ganzogadebis mxardasaWerad, peins mohyavda mefis usamarTlobisa da
korufciis mravali magaliTi. mas sjeroda, rom yvelaze didi usamarTloba
iyo xalxisaTvis sakuTari xelisuflebis arCevis uflebaze uaris Tqma. mas miaCnda, rom xalxi aranairad ar unda iyos SezRuduli sakuTari winaprebis gadawyvetilebebiT. `yoveli epoqa da Taoba unda iyos Tavisufali sakuTar qmedebebSi,
yvela SemTxvevaSi, rogorc epoqebi da Taobebi, romlebic win uswrebdnen mas...
mmarTvelTa amaoeba da SesaZleblobebi saflavis miRma aris yvelaze sasacilo
da qedmaRluria yvela tiraniaSi.~ 27
peini aRiqvamda safrangeTis revolucias, rogorc xazgasmiT samarTlians.
igi amtkicebda, rom monarqiis damxobis mcdelobaSi frangi xalxi ubralod axorcielebda fundamentur uflebas (romelic gamomdinareobda maTi Tanabari,
bunebiTi uflebidan, yofiliyvnen Tavisufalni). peins TiTqmis religiuri rwmena hqonda xalxis bunebiT siqvelesa da sibrZneze. am rwmenam miiyvana igi daskvnamde, rom rodesac safrangeTis revolucias SevadarebdiT sxva qveynebis revolucias, cxadi gaxdeboda, rom `principebi da ara pirovnebebi iyvnen ganzraxuli
ganadgurebis obieqtebi.~ 28
468
lokiseuli perspeqtiva
burkes sZulda saxalxo revolucia, peini ki adidebda mas.29 daaxloebiT erTi
saukuniT adre jon lokma (1632-1704) daikava garkveulad Sualeduri pozicia am
or ukiduresobas Soris sakuTar xelisuflebisadmi miZRvnil meore traqtatSi.
lokma daiwyo msjeloba im wanamZRvrebiT, rom anarqiuli bunebrivi mdgomareobidan TavdasaRwevad adamianebi Tanaxma iyvnen hyolodaT xelisufleba. lokis
azriT, SemdgomSi Tanxmoba iqmneboda rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, aseve
formaluri xelisuflebis safuZvelze, sadac es ukanaskneli arsebobda pirvel
rigSi imisaTvis, raTa daecva adamianis sicocxlisaTvis aucileblad miCneuli
uflebebi. Semdeg igi svamda kiTxvas: ra moxdeba, Tu xelisufleba, misi Sinagani
azris sapirispirod, daemuqreba sicocxles, Tavisuflebas da moqalaqeTa sakuTrebas? amgvar SemTxvevaSi, xelisufleba axorcielebda `Zalas uflebis gareSe~ da adamianebs gaaCndaT ufleba, winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT da daecvaT sakuTari
Tavi, _ askvnida igi. lokis sityvebiT:
`xelisuflebis bolo kacobriobis sikargea, da ra aris saukeTeso kacobriobisaTvis _ adamianebi yovelTvis gaxsnili iyvnen tiraniis SeuzRudavi nebisaTvis, Tu is, rom mmarTvelebi zogjer valdebulni unda iyvnen mowinaRmdegebis winaSe, rodesac isini uzomod
iyeneben sakuTar Zalauflebas da mimarTaven mas ganadgurebisaTvis
da ara sakuTari xalxis sakuTrebis SesanarCuneblad?~ 30
loki ar adidebda revolucias. igi irwmuneboda, rom saxalxo amboxi ar
SeiZleba daiwyos mxolod impulis Sedegad. adamianebi unda Seeguon pirovnul
Secdomebs da araswori mmarTvelobis magaliTebs, amtkicebda igi.. magram isini
ar unda Seeguon `Cagvris, gaurkvevlobisa da sicruis xangrZliv serias~.31 loki
imasac ki varaudobda, rom ajanyebis miseuli doqtrina revoluciebis Semakaveblad imuSavebda: igi miuTiTebda, rom xelisuflebis mier xalxis ajanyebis
uflebis codna mas represiuli qmedebebis wamowyebamde ormagad dakvirvebul
gansjas aiZulebs. sabolood, mCagvreli mTavrobis winaaRmdeg xalxis ajanyebis
uflebis gacnobiereba imaze ufro mets niSnavs, vidre gacnobiereba imisa, rom
sakmarisad damTrgunvel pirobebSi xalxi ajanydeba, aRniSnavda igi. amitom,
gaacnobierebs xelisufleba amgvar uflebas Tu ara, araarsebiTia:
469
Carlz II, sakiTxi hqondaT Tu ara dinastiur mmarTvelebs RvTiuri ufleba, xelT
hqonodaT kverTxi da emarTaT iaraRi, kvlav sakamaTo iyo. sxva evropuli erisaxelmwifoebis umravlesobaSi monarqebis RvTiuri uflebis sakiTxi ueWvelad
miaCndaT. araa gasakviri, rom es mefeebi arafers ise umniSvnelod ar Tvlidnen,
rogorc xalxis nebas, radganac swamdaT, rom maTi Zalaufleba RvTisgan momdinareobda.
revoluciis lokiseulma Teoriam daaCqara RvTiuri uflebis doqtrinisaTvis sikvdilis zaris gaJRereba. loki amtkicebda, rom revolucia aucilebeli xdeboda, rodesac xelisufleba moqmedebs misi arsebobis mizezis sapirispirod. uzrunvelyofs ki revolucia karg xelisuflebas? cxadia, ara _ man
SesaZloa migviyvanos mxolod anarqiamde an kidev ufro met tiraniamde. qmnis
revolucia ukeTesi mmarTvelobis SesaZleblobas? ueWvelad. loki acxadebda,
rom xalxs xSirad mxolod revoluciis saSualebiT SeuZlia Secvalos tirania
da moipovos axali da ukeTesi xelisuflebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba, romelic daicavs maTi sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis uflebebs.
amrigad, loks ar ekuTvnis revoluciasa da politikur gamococxlebas
Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb utopiuri mtkicebebi. miseuli xedviT, revolucia SesaZloa gamomdinareobdes ukeTesi xelisuflebis survilidan, magram ar iZleva
aseTi bednieri Sedegis garantias. axali xelisufleba sruliad axalia mxolod
im gagebiT, rom is cvlis winas, amtkicebda igi. rogorc adre aristotele, lokic aRiarebda xelisuflebis formebis sasruli raodenobis arsebobas. amrigad,
revolucia ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc mmarTvelobis axali formebis
Zieba, aramed unda gavigoT sityvasityviT _ revoluciad (gadasxvaferebad) _
mmarTvelobis erTi arsebuli formidan sxva formaze gadasvlad.33
amrigad, gansazRvuli revolucia, Znelad Tu hgavda romantikul mcdelobas. lokis azriT, igi gulisxmobda mmarTvelobis erTi arasrulyofili formis
meoreTi, SesaZloa kidev ufro naklebad srulyofili formiT Canacvlebas da
uciloblad _ masStabur cvlilebebs farTo sazogadoebaSi da Seicavda politikuri Zalisa da Zaladobis gamoyenebas TiTqmis yovel SemTxvevaSi. revoluciis amgvari midrekileba Zvrebisadmi, niSnavda, rom es procesi safrTxes Seicavda maSinac ki, rodesac mizani aSkarad sasurveli iyo. ajanyebis lokiseuli
gonivruli xedva ar SeiZleba gadafasdes, rogorc erT-erTi wamyvani Tanamedrove mecnieri aRniSnavs: `revoluciebis Sedegebia terorisa da Zaladobrivi
da agresiuli reJimebis Camoyalibebis periodi~.34
revoluciis mizezebi
loki miiCnevda, rom revolucia gardauvali da misaRebia, rodesac moqalaqeebs ubralod aRar ZaluZT gaZleba. magram, kerZod, rodis `aRar SeuZliaT
gaZleba~ maT? ra aiZulebT moqalaqeebs, ganudgnen fesvgadgmul politikur
Cvevebs da mxari dauWiron revolucias?
tradiciuli axsna
bevri mkvlevarisTvis, rogorc istoriuli gamocdileba, aseve saRi
azri cxadyofs, rom xelisuflebis mier Cadenili usamarTloba xels uwyobs
470
iseTi garemos warmoqmnas, romelSic SesaZlebelia revoluciis aRmoceneba.
revoluciis saTaveebis es tradiciuli axsna dasabams iRebs aristotelesTan, romelmac ax. w-mde meoTxe saukuneSi SeniSna, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom
ajanyebisadmi mowodeba SesaZloa aRmocendes umniSvnelo SemTxvevebisgan,
igi Cveulebriv, patara sakiTxebs ar exeba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, naperwkali, romelic anTebs revolucias, ar unda agverios janyis safuZvelSi
mdebare mizezebSi. aristotele acxadebda, rom umetes SemTxvevebSi, revolucias iwvevs uTanasworo samarTliT marTva. yoveli politikuri wesrigis
pirobebSi pativisa da simdidrisaken swrafvam SesaZloa xalxSi warmoSvas rwmena, rom erT-erTi an orive es sikeTe ar aris samarTlianad ganawilebuli. amrigad, revolucia SesaZlebelia ganviTardes daZabulobidan, romelic arsebobs mravalricxovan Raribebsa (demokratebs), romelTac surT Tanasworoba
da mcirericxovan mdidrebs (oligarqebs) Soris, romelTac surT sakuTari
Zalauflebisa da simdidris SenarCuneba.
aristoteles SeSfoTebam politikur cxovrebaSi mdidrebsa da Raribebs
Soris arsebuli mravalwlovani daZabulobiT, saTave daudo am Temas dasavlur politikur azrSi, romlis mniSvneloba gaizarda garkveuli periodis
Semdeg. jeims medisonma, magaliTad, federalistSi ganacxada, rom `ganxeTqilebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli da mdgradi wyaro aris simdidris sxvadasxvagvari da araTanabari ganawileba~ da Camoayaliba iseTi xelisuflebis Teoria, romlis pirobebSic politikuri ganxeTqilebis amgvari farTo wyaro
unda Semcirebuliyo.
naxevari saukunis Semdeg, karl marqsma gamoacxada revoluciis umTavres mizezad qonebrivi uTanasworoba gamoacxada. misi azriT, revolucia
klasTa Soris brZolis sinonimia da ucvlelad gamomdinareobs gabatonebuli
usamarTlobidan. mdidar kapitalistebsa da gaRatakebul mSromelebs Soris
ekonomikuri ufskrulias zrdasTan erTad, revoluciis albaTobac izrdeba.
471
1962 wels jeims s. devisma dawera aRiarebuli statia, romelSic igi gamoTqvamda
varauds, rom `orive ideas aqvs ganmartebiTi da SesaZlebelia, winaswarmetyveluri Rirebuleba, Tu isini Sepirispirebuli da ganlagebuli iqnebian saTanado
droiTi rigis mixedviT~.36 devisi am provokaciul daskvnamde 1842 wlis doris
ajanyebis, ruseTis 1917 wlis revoluciis da egviptis 1952 wlis revoluciis
guldasmiT Seswavlis Sedegad mivida. am movlenebSi revoluciuri ganviTarebis
msgavsi sqemis gamovleniT, man daaskvna, rom revolucia ufro maSin aris mosalodneli, rodesac pirobebi umjobesdeba xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi da
Semdgom mosdevs uecari gauareseba. devisis Tezisis ganxilvisas, ori mecnieri
Tanmimdevrulad amtkicebda, rom adreuli ekonomikuri zrdis (da ekonomikuri
daqveiTebis) tempi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani faqtorebia am kuTxiT. rac
ufro metia erT sulze mTliani erovnuli produqtis zrdis maCvenebeli revoluciuri Zvrebis wina periodSi da `rac ufro mkveTria ukan daxeva uSualod
revolucis win, miT ufro xangrZlivi da Zaladobrivia revolucia~, acxadebdnen
isini.37 sxva sityvebiT, revolucia ara imdenad saSineli tanjvis, aramed
gamanadgurebeli imedgacruebis Sedegia. saSineli ukmayofileba, romelsac
saqonlis SeZenisa da Rirseuli cxovrebisaTvis kanonieri uflebis mopovebis
uunaroba kidev ufro amZafrebs, adamianebs ajanyebisaken ubiZgebs.38
472
msoflio dramatulad Seicvala civi omis dasrulebis Sedegad. magaliTad, im
qveynebSi, romlebic yofili sabWoTa kavSiris nawili iyvnen, revolucia mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebul politikur garemoSi moxda, vidre aTi wlis win. antirusulma ganwyobam Canacvla antidasavluri ideologiebi da SeerTebul
Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris Zalauflebis masStaburi konfliqti dasrulda. amgvari seriozuli politikuri cvlilebebis miuxedavad, Tanamedrove
sociologebis Sromebi Seicavs mniSvnelovan aRmoCenebs revoluciis zogadi
bunebis Sesaxeb.
politologebis ted gurisa da jek gladstonis azriT, revolucia yvelaze
ukeT gamoixateba, rogorc droSi gawelili interaqtiuli procesi.42 xelisuflebis manqana etapobrivad iwyebs rRvevas, rodesac iwyeba politikuri krizisi, iwyeba gavleniani moqalaqeebisa da xelisuflebis gaucxoeba.
xelisuflebis liderebi sul ufro metad aRiqmebian Seufereblebad: maT
ar SeuZliaT efeqturi Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba, ekonomikis stabilizacia,
ar gaaCniaT Zala, daamyaron Sinagani wesrigi, arian sustni da gaubedavni gare
safrTxeebis winaSe. amgvarad, arsebuli mTavroba aRiqmeba aralegitimurad
TiTqmis yvelas (maT Soris elitis) mier da kargavs marTvis uflebas.43 sworad
am mizezebis gamo warmatebuli revolucionerebi, rogorc wesi, pouloben mdidari (SesaZloa aristokratiulic) patronebis mxardaWeras da aseve SeuZliaT
mravali ukmayofilo adamianis mobilizeba. revoluciis, rogorc interaqtiuli procesis es axsna, Cans, revoluciis tradiciul TeoriasTan SeTavsebadia. is gvexmareba avxsnaT, rogor udevs usamarTloba an usamarTlobis aRqma
safuZvlad revolucias. Tanamedrove samecniero samyaro detalurad xsnis am
process. igi Seiswavlis krizisis tipebs, romelic revoluciis wina periodSi
dgas saxelmwifoTa winaSe, faqtorebs, romlebsac mivyavarT xelisuflebisadmi
ndobis mniSvnelovnad dakargvamde da ganwiruli xelisuflebebis xSirad umweo
reagirebamde.
prerevoluciuri problemebi. prerevoluciuri qveynebi, rogorc wesi,
dganan saSiSi sirTuleebis winaSe. seriozuli ekonomikuri sirTuleebi, magaliTad, ekonomikuri stagnacia da daknineba, uzomo vali da Sida omebTan dakavSirebuli maRali danaxarjebi SesaZloa gansakuTrebiT gamomfitveli iyos.
ekonomikuri SeWra (Economic Penetration) _ erTi an meti sxva qveynis gavlena prerevoluciuri qveynis ekonomikaze _ aseve SesaZloa iqces revoluciur faqtorad. ucxouri kapitalis modinebam naklebad ganviTarebul qveyanaSi SeiZleba
ubiZgos xelisuflebis iseTi axali politikis gatarebisken, romelic safrxes
uqmnis mis arsebobas (magaliTad, SesaZlebelia qveyanam xeli Seuwyos marcvleulis eqsportisaTvis warmoebas qveynisSida moxmarebis sanacvlod, raTa mrewvelobisa da ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis aucilebeli ucxouri valuta daagrovos).
ar aris gamoricxuli, rom demografiulma faqtorebma gaamwvavos ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. mosaxleobis swrafma matebam, rac mesame msoflios qveynebSi
aRiniSneba, SesaZloa Seanelos an ukanac daxios ekonomikuri zrda da xeli Seuwyos ekonomikur arastabilurobas, eTnikurma, rasobrivma an religiurma daZabulobebma ki gazardos arastabiluroba, gansakuTrebiT rodesac erTi jgufi
izrdeba maRali tempiT. ufro metic, swrafma urbanizaciam SesaZloa Seqmnas
araerTi seriozuli problema muSaTa klasis samezobloebSi. magaliTad, rodesac umiwo an mciremiwiani glexebi iZulebulni xdebian soflis tradiciuli sa-
473
kuTari saxlebidan gadavidnen qalaqis ucnob garemoSi samuSaos saZebnad, iseTi
problemebi, rogoricaa socialuri rRveva, arasworad dagegmili urbanizacia,
araadekvaturi sacxovrebeli pirobebi, antisanitaria, da samedicino da saganmanaTleblo servisebis nakleboba, xSirad sdevs maT. rogorc wesi, amasTan erTad izrdeba kriminali, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac aris gaucxoebuli axalgazrda mamakacebis maRali procentuli maCvenebeli.44
xelisufleba, romlebsac ar SeuZlia daicvas sakuTari moqalaqeebi ucxo
qveynebisgan, revoluciis riskis winaSe dgas. is xelisufleba ki, romelic ageben
oms, kidev ufro didi riskis winaSea. am qveynebSi, romlebic rogorc wesi, ganicdian mkacr ekonomikur regress, wagebulma omma SesaZloa radikaluri cvlilebebis xelSemwyobi garemo Seqmnas.45 garda amisa, areuloba mezobeli qveynebis
sust xelisuflebasac SeiZleba gadaedos da gavlena moaxdinos maTze.
xelisuflebis reagireba. dagrovili ekonomikuri, demografiuli da
politikuri problemebi prerevoluciur qveynebSi xSirad moqalaqeTa ukmayofilebasmde (kritika, ukanonoba, buntebi da teroristuli aqtebi) iwvevs, romelic xelisuflebas sapasuxo moqmedebisken ubiZgebs. zogjer amas xels uSliT
mZlavri Sida interesebi, magaliTad, rodesac biurokratiis oficialur pirebs
Soris arian mdidari miwaTmflobelebi, maTi interesebi xSirad aferxebs reformebs, romlebic mimarTulia seriozuli da potenciurad revoluciuri Sida
krizisis Semcirebisaken.46 sxva SemTxvevaSi, xelisuflebis qmedebebs aferxebs
farTod gavrcelebuli Sida korufcia. rogori struqturuli an bihevioruli problemebic ar unda idges xelisuflebis winaSe, veravin ver moiTmens xangrZliv kritikas, ukanonobas an teroristul aqtebs. Tu xelisuflebis reagireba usamarTlo an mdgomareobisadmi Seuferebelia, an xelisufleba saerTod ver
axerxebs reagirebas, igi dgas riskis winaSe, dakargos misi mxardamWerebis ndoba
da Zlier savaraudoa, iqces revoluciuri moTxovnebis moqmedebis obieqtad.
gasakviria, magram xelisufleba, romelic akeTeben cotas an arafers, dgas
damxobis iseTive riskis winaSe, rogorc xelisufleba, romelic moqmedebs gadamwyvetad, represiuladac ki. safrangeTis revoluciis kvlevaSi aleqsis de
tokvilma aRniSna, rom monarqiis winaaRmdeg xelaxla swored maSin aiRes xelSi iaraRi, rodesac daiwyo reJimis Serbileba. tokvili askvnida: `zogadad rom
vTqvaT, yvelaze saSiSi momenti cudi xelisuflebisTvis aris is, rodesac igi
cdilobs misi mmarTvelobis maneris Secvlas~.47 tokvils sjeroda, rom am paradoqss (iseve, rogorc mis varauds, rom pirvel rigSi reforma da ara represia
iwvevs revolucias) safuZvlad udevs fsiqologiuri WeSmariteba:
`aqamde moTminebiT uZlebdnen imas, rac umowyalo Canda, wyena autaneli
xdeba, rogorc ki adamianebs gonebaSi gauelvebs misi moSorebis SesaZlebloba...
raganac Tavad is faqti, rom zogierTi tkivili SesaZlebelia ganikurnos, yuradRebas amaxvilebs sxva tkivilze da is ufro metad autaneli Cans; adamianebi
SesaZloa itanjebodnen ufro naklebad, magram maTi mgrZnobeloba axla ufro
gamwvavebulia~.48
sabolood, tiranebs ar SeuZliaT sakuTar Tavs reformebis ufleba miscen, radgan maTi amgvari qmedeba niSnavs warsulis usamarTlobebis aRiarebas da
`mosaxleobis boRmisa da sixarbis~ gaaqtiurebas.49
474
Tanamedrove kvlevebi garkveulad adasturebs tokvilis dakvirvebas. revoluciur epizodebSi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis rolis farTo kvlevaSi, erT-erTi
mkvlevari amtkicebs, rom revolucia verasdros iqneba warmatebuli, sanam SeiaraRebuli Zalebi xelisuflebisadmi loialurad iqnebian ganwyobilni da SesaZlebelia maTi efeqturad dasaqmeba.50 rodesac Sida usafrTxoebis zomebi metismetad dagvianebuli da metismetad gauazrebelia an ganwiruli xelisuflebis
ukanaskneli imedia, arsebobs didi Sansi, rom represiis oficialur aqtebi mxolod gaauaresebs situacias. naTelia, rom xelisufleba, romelic Tavs ikavebs
fizikuri Zalis sistematuri gamoyenebisagan, revoluciur situaciaSi damxobis ufro meti riskis winaSe dgas.
warmatebuli revolucia. revolucia rom moxdes, unda arsebobdnen qarizmatuli liderebi, romelTac SeuZliaT Tvali gausworon reJimis (xSirad
represiuli) damxobasTan dakavSirebul sasikvdilo risks.51 imavdroulad, revoluciur liderebs sWirdebaT im adamianTa mxardaWera, romelTac aqvT maRali
mdgomareoba da teqnikuri SesaZlebloba. elitaze zegavlenis moxdenisaTvis
Sesabamisi momenti dgeba maSin, rodesac xelisufleba awyeninebs, emuqreba an
Zirs uTxris maT garkveuli gziT. prerevoluciur xelisuflebas did safrTxes
uqmnis elitis gaucxoeba SeiaraRebul ZalebSi.52 Tu generlebi (da sxva maRali
rangis oficrebi) Sewyveten xelisuflebis mxardaWeras (an mis winaaRmdeg Sebrundebian), es TiTqmis yovelTvis fataluria xelisuflebisaTvis.
revoluciuri cvlilebebi xSirad zevidan warimarTeba. Tumca, yvela
revoluciuri cvlileba damokidebulia axali xelisuflebis warmatebaze, rogor moipovebs an SeinarCunebs masobriv mxardaWeras, rac Tavis mxriv xSirad
damokidebulia moqalaqeTa uTanxmoebis doneze wina reJimisadmi. mosaxleobis
ukmayofilebis mizezebi SeiZleba moicavdes `farTod gavrcelebul ukmayofilebas ekonomikuri pirobebiT, gansakuTrebiT qalaqis mosaxleobas Soris;
imedgacruebas politikaSi realuri monawileobis SesaZleblobebis ararsebobiT, gansakuTrebiT studentebsa da saSualo klass Soris; gavrcelebul ukmayofilebas ucxouri investiciebisa da oficialur pirebis korumpirebulobis gamo; da soflis mtruli ganwyobiT urbanuli reJimis mtaceblurobisa da
represiuli politikis gamo~.53 sworia igi Tu araswori, es aris usamarTlobis
aRqma xalxis mier, , romelic kvebavs Tanamedrove epoqis yvelanairi revoluciis xanZars.
da bolos, revolucia naklebsavaraudoa, Tu yvela an zemoT ganxiluli
faqtorebis umetesoba, erTdroulad ar arsebobs. amgvarad, qveyana, romelsac
mwvave ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi aqvs, savaraudod ar miiswrafis
revoluciisadmi, aseve ar gaCnda sxva prerevoluciuri elementebic, rogoricaa revoluciur liderTa arseboba, elitisa da moqalaqeTa mZlavri mxardaWera
radikaluri qmedebisadmi da mosaxleobis rwmenis dakargva arsebuli xelisuflebis marTvis unarSi. swored am faqtorTa Tanxvedris Sedegad xdeba revolucia.
masiur moZraobaTa safrTxeebi. espanelma filosofosma xose ortega i
gasetma (1883-1955) gamoaqveyna cnobili wigni masebis amboxi 1930 wels, mas Semdeg, rac faSistebma xelSi Caigdes Zalaufleba italiaSi, germaniaSi hitleris
ZalauflebaSi mosvlidan mcireodeni xnis Semdeg da swored maSin, rodesac
475
stalini axdenda sabWoTa ruseTSi sakuTari Zalauflebis konsolidirebas.54 igi
SeZrwunebiT werda `socialuri Zalauflebis ganxorcielebaSi masebis CarTvis~
Sesaxeb da amtkicebda, rom `masebs, maTive ganmartebidan gamomdinare, arc SeuZliaT da arc unda marTavdnen sakuTar cxovrebas, da miT umetes, ar unda marTavdnen sazogadoebas zogadad, rac niSnavs imas, rom evropa sinamdvileSi itanjeba udidesi saerTo krizisisgan, romelic azianebs xalxebs, saxelmwifoebs da
civilizaciebs~.55
meoce saukune istoriaSi ramdenime yvelaze sisxliani masobrivi moZraobis mowme gaxda. ortega i gasetis sityvebi gansakuTrebiT moswrebulia Tanamedrove revoluciaTa damRupveli Sedegebis Suqze:
daskvna
politikur terminologiaSi, revolucia niSnavs saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis formebis mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs. Tanamedrove epoqaSi amgvari cvlilebebi sul ufro xSirad xdeba msoflios mraval regionSi.
arsebobs revoluciis ori ZiriTadi tradicia: amerikuli da franguli.
amerikuli revolucia ufro SezRuduli iyo, vidre franguli da isaxavda ufro
zomier miznebs. frangi revoluciuri liderebi, ufro pragmatuli amerikeli
kolegebisgan gansxvavebiT, miznad isaxavdnen qveynis socialuri, politikuri
da moraluri suraTis radikalur da srul cvlilebebs.
meTvramete saukunis dasasrulidan mZafri kamaTi imarTeboda im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, iyo Tu ara revolucia sasurveli. mas Semdeg, rac edmund burkem
gamokveTa revoluciasTan asocirebuli mravali safrTxe, Tomas peinma xazi
gausva mis mraval dadebiT mxares. SedarebiT adre, jon lokma daikava ufro zomieri pozicia _ igi amtkicebda, rom revolucia gardauvali da gamarTlebulia
rodesac igi mimarTulia mCagvreli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg.
revoluciis zusti mizezebis gamorCeva rTulia. aristoteles miaCnda,
rom usamarTloba aris saxalxo janyis saTave. magram ra ubiZgebs rigiT moqalaqes monawileoba miiRos revoluciaSi? karl marqsi Tvlida, rom degradirebad ekonomikur da socialur pirobebs mivyavarT revoluciaSi monawileobisaken. aleqsis de tokvili amtkicebda, rom brali unda davdoT gaumjobesebis
gzaze mdgar pirobebs, radganac isini cvlian socialuri realobis pirovnul
imedebs. Tanamedrove xedva Camoayaliba jeims s. deivisma, romelic axdens marqsis da tokvilis poziciebis kombinirebas imis mtkicebiT, rom revoluciam mosalodnelia ifeTqos maSin, rodesac mZafri ekonomikuri an socialuri ukusvla
mohyveba zrdadi molodinis da zomieri gaumjobesebis periods. revoluciis
mizezebis ufro axali kvlevebi xazs usvams, rom igi mimdinare procesia da asax-
476
avs legitimurobis kriziss.
rTuli ekonomikuri, politikuri an socialuri problemebis pirobebSi,
xelisufleba moqmedebs Seufereblad an usamarTlod. amiT igi kargavs sazogadoebaSi elitis ndobas da xdeba masebis mobilizeba, rodesac revoluciis liderebi gegmaven arsebuli xelisuflebis damxobasa da axali politikuri wesrigis damyarebas. sabolood yvela masobriv moZraobaze damyarebuli revolucia
damarcxda, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom am process mravali udanaSaulo adamiani
Seewira.
sakvanZo sityvebi
revolucia
bastilia
safrangeTis revolucia
amerikis revolucia
teroris mefoba
revoluciuri omi
revoluciis ufleba
generaluri Statebi
ekonomiuri SeWra
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.
ras niSnavs _ revolucia politikaSi? revolucia wina periodebTan SedarebiT ufro metad an naklebad miRebuli gaxda meoce saukuneSi?
2.
3.
4.
5.
aristoteles SexedulebiT, ra aris revoluciis principuli mizezi? rogor ganaviTara Tanamedrove socialurma mecnierebam aristoteles filosofiuri Sexedulebebi revoluciaze?
6.
7.
ra Teoriebi Camoyalibda imis asaxsnelad, rogor da ratom xdebian individebi imedgacruebulni, raTa SeuerTdnen revolucias?
SeniSvnebi:
1. Jack A. Goldstone, `Revolutions in World History, wignSi: Theoretical, Comparative, and Historical Studies,
me-2 gamoc., red. Jack A. Goldstone (San Diego: Harcourt, 1993), 320.
477
2. citirebulia Thomas Greene, Comparative Revolutionary Movements (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: PrenticeHall, 1989), 5.
3. iqve, 5.
4. iqve. 6.
5. Ted Robert Gurr da Jack Goldstone, Comparisons and Policy Implications, wignSi: Revolutions of the Late
Twentieth Century, red. J. Goldstone, T. R. Gurr, and F. Moshiri (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991), 324.
Tanamedrove da tradiciuli revoluciebs Soris sxvaoba lingvisturadac aisaxeba sityvebiT
`revolucia~ da `ajanyeba~. es gansxvaveba literaturaSi calsaxad jerac ar keTdeba da amitom am
TavSi mas ar SevxebivarT.
6. Barrington Moore, Jr., Reflections on the causes of Human Misery and upon Certain Proposals to Eliminate Them
(Boston: BeAacon Press, 1972), 170.
7. James Dougherty da Robert Pfaltzgraff, Jr., Contending Theories of International Relations, me-3 gamoc. (New York:
Harper & Row, 1990), 321. sxva naSromebTan erTad avtorebi imowmeben Hannah Arendt-is samecniero
naSromebs.
8. Irving Kristol, The American Revolution as a Successuful Revolution, wignSi Readings in American Democracy,
red. Paul Peterson (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Hunt, 1979), 52-53.
9. Cecilia Kenyon, Republicanism and Radicalism in the American Revolution: An Old-fashioned Interpretation,
wignSi The Reinpretation of the American Revolution, 1763-1789, red. J. Greene (New York: Harper & Row, 1968),
291.
10. magaliTisaTvis ix. Bernard Bailyn, Political Experience and Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century America,
478
157-162.
34. Jack Goldstone, An Analytical Framework, wignSi Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century, red. J. Goldstone,
T. R. Gurr, and F. Moshiri (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991), 50.
35. Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1955), 176.
36. James C. Davies, Toward a Theory of Revolution, American Sociological Review (February 1962): 6.
37. Raymond Tanter and Manus Midlarsky, A Theory of Revolution, Journal of Conflict Resolution 11 (1967): 272,
cxrili 6.
38. Ted Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970), 3-21.
39. rogorc Jack A. Goldstone-ma aRniSna wignSi Theories of Revolution: The Third Revolution, World Politics
(April 1980): 425-453.
40. bolo ori winadadeba warmoadgens J. Goldstone-is, T. R. Gurr-isa da F. Moshiri-s varauds wignSi Revolutions
of the Late Twentieth Century (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991). es sami maxasiaTebeli gansazRvrulia
Goldstone-is wignSi An Analytical Framework, 325.
41. rogorc Goldstone-i aRiarebs 1970 wlidan dawyebuli mis mier revoluciaTa Seswavla Seesabameba
revoluciis miseul zogad gagebas. ix. Goldstone, An Analytical Framework, 37-38.
42. es msjeloba ZiriTadad eyrdnoba Gurr-isa da Goldstone-is Comparisons and Policy Implications, 324-352.
43. Barry Schult da Robert Slater, A Framework for Analysis, wignSi Revolution and Political Change in the Third
World, red. B. Schutz da R. Slater (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), 7-9. ix. aseve Gurr-isa da Goldstone-is
Comparisons and Policy Implications, 331.
44. 1975 wels wignis Thinking about Crime gamoqveynebidan James Q. Wilson-i Tavis naSromebSi amerikaSi
danaSaulebaTa Sesaxeb xazs usvamda imas, rom axalgazrda mamakacebis socializacia didi sirTulea
kanonmorCil sazogadoebaSi; amJamad literaturaSi arsebobs mosazrebebi imis Taobaze, rom am
demografiul faqtsac aqvs gavlena revoluciaze. Seadare Gurr-isa da Goldstone-is Comparisons and Policy
Implications, 335 (romlebmac xazi gausves asaks da ara sqess) da James Q. Wilson-is Thinking about Crime (New
York: Basic Books, 1975).
45. Walter Lacqueur, Revolution wignSi International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York: Macmillan/
Free Press, 1968), 501. ix. aseve, Robert Hunter-is Revolution: Why? How? When? (New York: Harper & Row, 1940),
126.
46. Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1979), 249.
47. Tocqueville, The Old Regime, 176.
48. iqve.
49. iqve, 187.
50. D. E. H. Russell, Rebellion, Revolution and Armed Forces: A Comparative Study of Fifteen Countries with Special
Emphasis on Cuba and South Africa (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1974).
51. totalitaruli revoluciisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania qarizmatuli lideri. ix. me-3
Tavi.
52. Gurr da Goldstone, Comparisons and Policy Implications, 353-354.
53. iqve, 334.
54. Jose Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses (New York: Norton, 1993). pirvelad daibeWda 1930 wels.
55. citirebulia veb-gverdidan The History Guide, www.history-guide.org/europe/gasset.html, 2002 wlis 13
maisi.
56. iqve.
479
480
481
T aavv i XV
terorizmi
sustebiiss iaraR i
susteb
ra aris terorizmi?
terorizmis warmoSoba
ka
terorizmis logi-
teroristuli meTodebi
teroristuli
teroris-
teror-
teroristebis amocnoba.
sazogadoeba
1993 wlis TebervalSi, qalaqterorizmi
niu-iorkSi da
mdebare
msoflio savaWro centris
axalgazrda
rekrutebi
terorizmis
fsiqoSenobis miwisqveSa avtosadgomze afeTqda 1200-funtiani bombi,
romelic
naqilogia manqanaSi
terorizmi
da masmedia
raveb, raideris markis yviTel satvirTo
iyo damontaJebuli.
afeTqebis
terorizmis
brZola warmoSva 200
Sedegad msoflioSi simaRliT meore
Senobis winaaRmdeg
sardafSi wamierad
kanonmdebloba
qveynebs
Soris TanamSfuti radiusis krateri. daSavda Sida
aTasze
meti adamiani, Tumca
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
romloba
terorizmis
winaaRmdeg
daiRupa mxolod eqvsi. msoflioSi
erT-erTi yvelaze
cnobili
SenobisbrZolis
da aSSinternacionaluri
zomebi
piradi zomebi.
es ekonomikuri siZlieris simbolos
winaaRmdeg momxdarma
teroristulma
aqtma
SesaZlebelia
terorizmis
aRmofxvra?
amerikelebs Soki mohgvara. rva wlis
Semdeg, 2001
wlis 11 seqtembers,
msoflio
savaWro centrze axali teroristuli Tavdasxma ganxorcielda. amjerad Senobebs komerciuli reisis ori, advilad aalebadi sawvaviT datvirTuli TviTmfrinavi Seejaxa. caTambjenebi mcire xnis ganmavlobaSi iwvoda, Semdeg ki saocari siZlieriT Camoingra, ramac manhetenis centris didi nawili gaanadgura,
SenobebSi myofi aTasobiT adamiani imsxverpla, quCebi aTasobiT tona cexlmodebuli nangreviT aivso da kvamlis, mtvrisa da ferflis uzarmazari Rrubeli
warmoiqmna, romelic qalaqze ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi iyo Camowolili.
482
1993 wels mravalma amerikelma dasva kiTxva: msoflio savaWro centrze
ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxma erTaderTi SemTxveva iyo Tu momavalSic mosalodneli iyo msgavsi movlenebi? male am kiTxvaze pasuxi cxadi gaxda: amerikelebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli teroristuli Tavdasxmebi gaxSirda, rac uamravi adamianis sicocxles uqmnida safrTxes (ix. cxrili 15-1).
kadri quCis donidan _ nangrevebis grova iq, sadac 2001 wlis 11 seqtembramde amayad idga World Trade Center-is caTambjenebi.
cxrili 15.1
aprili, 1983
oqtomberi, 1983
dekemberi, 1988
Tebervali, 1993
ivnisi, 1993
prili, 1995
noemberi, 1995
saudis arabeTSi qalaq riadSi mdebare samxedro wvrTnis amerikul banakTan afeTqda
483
manqana. daiRupa 5 amerikeli, daSavda 30.
prili, 1996
ef-bi-aim daakava Teodor j. kaZinski, gandevnili montanas Statidan, da brali dasdo mas dajgufeba `unabomberis~ mier
18 wlis ganmavlobaSi Cadenili teroristuli aqtebis dagegmvaSi (kaZinski damnaSaved cnes).
ivnisi, 1996
1 ivlisi, 1996
17 ivlisi, 1996
deg
agvisto, 1998
oqtomberi, 2000
11 seqtemberi, 2001
SeerTebuli Statebis aRmosavleT sanapiros aeroportebidan gaitaces 4 TviTmfrinavi: ori maTgani msoflio savaWro
centris caTambjenebs Seejaxa da aTasobiT
adamiani imsxverpla, mesame pentagonis
teritoriaze Camovarda, meoTxe ki _ yana-
484
qalaqeebs mudmiv safrTxes uqmnis). sparseTis yuris qveynebis mdgomareobac
msgavsia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom CrdiloeT afrikidan sparseTis yuremde mdebare
yvela musulmanuri qveyana terorizmis xSiri msxverplia.
dRes msoflioSi terorizmisgan daculi arc erTi qveyana ar aris.
ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze teroristuli aqtebi xSiria mraval samxreT-amerikul qveyanaSi (gansakuTrebiT peruSi, kolumbiaSi da meqsikaSi). terorizmisgan
dazRveuli arc dasavleT evropis yvelaze ganviTarebuli industriis mqone
qveynebia. amis erT-erT naTeli magaliTia didi britaneTi, sadac irlandiuri
respublikuri armiis (IRA) ultranacionalistebi 1960-iani wlebidan marTaven
teroristul kampanias CrdiloeT irlandiaze (igive oulsterze) britanuli
kontrolis winaaRmdeg.
terorizmis problema imdenad aqtualuria, rom misi Sedegebis ignorireba
da maTTvis Tavis arideba SeuZlebelia. amaze metyvelebs mravali arc ise gaxmaurebuli da maleve miviwyebuli SemTxveva. magaliTad, 1994 wlis gazafxulze germaniis policiam aRmoaCina da SeaCera birTvuli masalebis gayidvis oTxi mcdeloba, romelTa Sedegadac SeiZleboda, atomuri bombi damzadebuliyo. 1994 wlis
agvistoSi aviakompania lufTansas moskovi-miunxenis reisze 350 grami atomuri
sawvavi aRmoaCines. ori dRis Semdeg daakaves germaniis moqalaqe, romelmac scada, policiis informatorisTvis sufTa plutoniumi mieyida.1 aseve did saSiSroebas qmnis biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRebis qurdoba Sav bazarze gayidvis
mizniT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom teroristebis mier masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gamoyenebis mcdeloba mxolod novelebsa da filmebSi aRar gvxvdeba. 2001
wlis 11 seqtembers amerikelebma aRmoaCines, rom aseTi SemTxvevebi axla ukve
savsebiT realur safrTxed iqca.
ra aris terorizmi?
miuxedavad misi aqtualurobisa, terorizmi bundovan cnebad rCeba. zogierTi ganmarteba xazs usvams terorizmis Zalismieri meTodebis gamoyenebas
politikaze gavlenis mosaxdenad. vebsteris leqsikonis mixedviT, terorizmi
aris `Zalis an muqaris gamoyeneba daSinebis, gavlenis moxdenis mizniT. xSirad
gamoiyeneba rogorc politikuri iaraRi.~ sxva wyaro terorizms ganmartavs,
rogorc `udanaSaulo moqalaqeebze politikuri miznebiT mizanmimarTul Tavdasxmas.~2 terorizmis ganmartebebi mravalricxovania, Tumca maTi umetesoba
ramdenime faqtors iTvaliswinebs, rogoricaa Zaladoba, survili imisa, rom
momxdari faqti gaxmaurdes, politikuri motivi da mosaxleobis gamiznuli
daSineba.3 rogorc am TavSi mogvianebiT vnaxavT, terorizmis Cveneuli ganmarteba mis strategiasa da meTodebsac moicavs.
terorizmis ramdenime forma arsebobs.4 zogi mecnieri teroristul moqmedebebs imis mixedviT gamoyofs, (1) romeli mTavrobis mieraa dafinansebuli an
ganxorcielebuli an (2) maTSi erTze meti qveyanaa CarTuli (ix. cxrili 15-2). anu
saxelmwifo terorizmi arsebobs maSin, roca xelisufleba misive qveynis moqalaqeebze axorcielebs teroristul aqtebs, rogorc es hitleris drois germaniaSi xdeboda. xolo saerTaSoriso terorizms uwodeben imas, roca romelime
qveynis xelisufleba Seifarebs saerTaSoriso teroristebs (rogorc avRaneTis
talibanebis mTavroba moiqca osama bin ladenTan da organizacia al qaidasTan
485
mimarTebaSi), afinansebs saerTaSoriso teroristul operaciebs an raime sxva
gziT uWers mxars internacionalur terorizms (anu terorizms, romelic mis
sazRvrebs gareT xorcieldeba). civi omis dros SeerTebuli Statebi xSirad
adanaSaulebda sabWoTa kavSirs msoflios sxvadasxva mxareebSi arsebuli antiamerikuli teroristuli dajgufebebis dafinansebasa da iaraRiT daxmarebaSi.
sabWoTa kavSiri am braldebas pasuxobda, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobac
mimarTavda msgavs meTodebs, roca es amerikis interesebSi Sedioda. irani, erayi,
libia, sudani, siria, CrdiloeTi korea da kuba ukve ramdenime welia, SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli saerTaSoriso terorizmis eWvmitanilTa siaSi iricxebian. am siaSi, rasakvirvelia, avRaneTic iyo 2001 wlamde,
roca talibanebis reJimi gauqmda.
terorizmis ganmarteba Znelia. teroristuli aqtebi did emocias iwvevs rogorc mis msxverplSi (adamianebSi, vinc fizikurad daSavda an fsiqologiuri travma miiRo), aseve mis avtorSic. SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobac ki ver Tanxmdeba erTian ganmartebaze. gamonaTqvami _
`is, vinc erTi adamianisTvis teroristia, sxvisTvis TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolia,~ dResac
aqtualuria. gTavazobT terorizmis ramdenime ganmartebas.
terorizmi aris Zaladobis an muqaris gamoyeneba politikuri cvlilebis gamowvevis mizniT.
_ braian jenkinsi
terorizmi aris politikuri miznebis misaRwevad Zaladobis ukanono gamoyeneba udanaSaulo
mosaxleobis mimarT.
_ uolter lakeri
terorizmi aris udanaSaulo adamianebis mizanmimarTuli da sistematuri mkvleloba, Cagvra
da muqara, risi saSualebiTac xdeba mosaxleobis daSineba mTavrobaze gavlenis moxdenisa da politikuri an taqtikuri upiratesobis mopovebis mizniT.
_ jeims m. polandi
4.
terorizmi aris politikuri an socialuri miznebiT Zaladobis an muqaris ukanono gamoyeneba adamianebisa Tu maTi sakuTrebis mimarT. igi, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba romelime
qveynis xelisuflebis, individebis an jgufis dasaSineblad da Sesaviwroveblad an maTi
qcevis, politikis Secvlis mizniT.
_ vice-prezidentis operatiuli
samsaxuri, 1986
5.
486
cxrili 15.2
terorizmis klasifikacia
tipi
kontroldeba da imarTeba
xelisuflebis mier?
xelisuflebis terorizmi
saerTaSoriso terorizmi
saSinao terorizmi
transnacionaluri terorizmi
ki
ki
ara
ara
romelime masSi
erTze meti qveyanaa
CarTuli?
ara
ki
ara
ki
Causes, Controls (New York: St. Martins Press, 1990), 5; and Edward Mickolus, Trends in International Terrorism, in International Terrorism in the Contemporary World, ed. Marius H. Livingston et
al. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978), 45.
487
Tad SegviZlia moviyvanoT wiTeli armiis fraqcia germaniaSi, wiTeli brigadebi
italiaSi, naTeli biliki peruSi, islamuri jihadi egvipteSi, osama bin ladenis
al qaida da ramdenime ukiduresi memarjvene dajgufeba SeerTebul StatebSi.
xSirad aseT dajgufebebsac aqvT saerTaSoriso kavSirebi.
zogjer terorizmi SeiZleba erTdroulad nacionalistur-separatistulic iyos da ideologiuric. amis magaliTia hamasi (islamuri winaaRmdegobis
moZraoba), romelic daupirispirda mSvidobian molaparakebebs israelsa da
palestinis gaTavisuflebis organizacias Soris israelis mier okupirebuli
dasavleT napirisa da Razas seqtoris Sesaxeb. hamasi nacionalistur-separatistuli moZraobaa, romelic israelis ganadgurebasa da mis adgilas radikaluri
islamuri qveynis Seqmnas cdilobs. magram misi motivacia amavdroulad ideologiuricaa, kerZod ki islamuri fundamentalizmis erT-erT ganStoebas eyrdnoba, romelic mouwodebs eqstremizmisken da jihadisken (wminda omisaken). hamasis
magaliTi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom terorizmis ganmarteba ufro advilia, vidre
misi klasifikacia, radgan zogi teroristi erTdroulad ramdenime kategorias
miekuTvneba.
terorizmis warmoSoba
terorizmsa da religiur fundamentalizms Soris kavSiri namdvilad arsebobs _ islamuri eqstremizmi amis naTeli magaliTia. Tumca bevri teroristi
religiuri ar aris. teroristuli aqtebis ganxorcielebamdec religiuri fundamentalistebis Zalian mcire nawili midis. Tumca aRsaniSnavia isic, rom terorizmis warmoSoba SegviZlia religias davukavSiroT, ufro konkretulad ki
sam saidumloebiT mocul religiur seqtas (romelTa saxelebi Cvens dialeqtSi
Sevida).7
Tugebi erT-erTi induri seqtis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. religiuri mosazrebis safuZvelze saukuneebis manZilze maT aTasobiT adamiani Seiwires. es
seqta sabolood mecxramete saukuneSi daiSala. zilotebi, ebraelTa eqstremistuli dajgufebis wevrebi, Zv.w. 66-73 wlebSi sxva religiis warmomadgenlebs xocavdnen da kerpTayvanismcemeli romis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis dawyebas uwyobdnen
xels. meTerTmete saukunis dasawyisSi asasinebma, Siituri musulmanuri seqtis
warmomadgenlebma, islamis `ganwmendis~ mizniT, sxva religiebis uamravi warmomadgenlis sicocxle Seiwires. gvian Sua saukuneebSi da Semdeg, reformaciis periodSi, warmoiSva mravali sisxlismRvreli qristianuli seqtac.8
Tanamedrove revoluciuri terorizmi xSirad naklebad ukavSirdeba religiur motivs, razec metyvelebs safrangeTis revoluciis liderebisa da
mecxramete saukunis rusi anarqistebis naSromebi da moRvaweoba.9 zogi eqsperti mimCnevs, rom Tanamedrove terorizms safuZveli 1960-iani wlebis bolos
Caeyara; zogi misi Casaxvis wlad konkretulad 1968 welsac ki asaxelebs. 60iani wlebis bolos moxda rasistuli dapirispirebebi SeerTebul StatebSi,
konfliqtis eskalacia vietnamSi da arabeTsa da israels Soris eqvsdRiani omi
(1967 weli). dRevandeli terorizmi nawilobriv ganapiroba 1968 wels momxdarma am movlenebma:
samma palestinelma teroristma israelis sareiso TviTmfrinavi gaitaca
da mis ekipaJs alJirSi Cafrena aiZula. es sahaero
mekobreobis erT-erTi
488
pirveli SemTxveva iyo.
dasavleT germaniaSi baader-mainhofis bandis wevrebma pirveli teroristuli aqti ganaxorcieles _ frankfurtSi dawves maRazia.
iasir arafati, israelis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli brZolis mxardamWeri,
palestinis gaTavisuflebis organizaciis lideri gaxda.
martin luTer kingis mkvlelobam SeerTebul StatebSi ganapiroba iseTi
Sida teroristuli dajgufebebis warmoqmna, rogorebicaa `Savi panterebi~
da `uezermeni~.10
amas garda, terorizmisTvis xelsayrel garemos Seqmnas sul cota samma istoriulma faqtorma Seuwyo xeli. pirvel rigSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom atomuri
bombis Seqmnis Semdeg samxedro dapirispirebebisa da konfliqtebis saSiSroeba
uzomod gaizarda (Cveulebrivi konfliqti an omi, vTqvaT, pakistansa da indoeTs
Soris, dRes SeiZleba, msoflio omad gadaiqces). amitom qveynebi, romelTa interesebic garkveul teroristul miznebs emTxveva, zogjer am dajgufebebs
moraluri, finansuri an militaristuli mxardaWeriT uzrunvelyofen. amgvarad,
terorizmi garkveulwilad qveynebs Soris SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis damxmare
Zalad iqca. terorizmis xelSemwyob meore istoriul faqtorad davasaxelebT
evropuli kolonializmis dasrulebas, ramac mraval axladSeqmnil qveyanas mosagvareblad dautova uamravi teritoriuli, nacionaluri da religiuri konfliqti. Sedegad am qveynebsa da maT Soris gaCaRda teroristuli qmedebebiT
gajerebuli omebis seria. adamianis uflebebisa da maTi sicocxlis mimarT demokratiuli sazogadoebebis pativiscema mesame faqtorad SeiZleba CaiTvalos,
radgan aman gamoiwvia is, rom teroristulma incindentebma masmediisTvis prioritetuli mniSvneloba SeiZina. amitom 1960-iani wlebidan aseTi incindentebi
farTodaa gaxmaurebuli, rac teroristebisTvis xelsayreli reklamaa.
489
terorizmis logika
ratom iqcevian teroristebi ase? xSirad teroristuli aqtebis mizani SiSis da gaurkvevlobis atmosferos Seqmnaa, ris Sedegadac mosaxleobas arsebuli
mTavrobis mimarT ndoba ekargeba da mas mxars aRar uWers. teroristebi Zaladobas fsiqologiur iaraRad iyeneben.
teroristebi kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegebian status kvos: isini cvlilebebis an qaosis, rogorc TviTmizanis an cvlilebis winapirobis gamowvevas
cdiloben. teroristebi arsebul viTarebas dauSveblad miiCneven da dakarguli aqvT imedi, rom maTTvis sasurveli cvlilebebi protestis gamoxatvis
mSvidobiani meTodebis an politikuri qmedebebis Sedegad moxdeba. xSirad teroristebis mizani imdenad revoluciis moxdena ar aris, ramdenadac mTavrobis
mxridan represiuli qmedebebis provocireba, ris Sedegadac mTavroba susti da
ususuri Cans. amgvarad safuZveli eyreba momaval revolucias.
saerTaSoriso Tavdasxmebis saerTo raodenoba
regionebis mixedviT, 1995-2000
490
terorizmi xSirad ara yvelaze usamarTlo, aramed yvelaze susti xelisuflebis mqone qveynebSi gvxvdeba. terorizmis erT-erTi eqsperti aRniSnavs:
`Cvens droSi terorizmisgan yvelaze daculi sazogadoebebi isinia, sadac politikaSi Carevis done dabalia da usamarTlobis done _ maRali~.13 SegviZlia davamatoT, rom teroristuli Tavdasxmebis yvelaze xSiri obieqtebi is sazogadoebebia, romlebSic politikaSi monawileobis done maRalia, usamarTlobisa ki _
dabali. SeerTebuli Statebi da gaerTianebuli samefo samxedro da ekonomikuri
standartebiT sustebi namdvilad ar arian, magram terorizmi orive am qveynisTvis aqtualuri problemaa.
teroristuli meTodebi
terorizms xSirad uwodeben sustebis iaraRs ZlierTa winaaRmdeg. teroristuli aqtebis ganxorcieleba im individebisTvis da patara dajgufebebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, romlebic resursebis naklebobas ganicdian. maTi
samizneebi, rogorc wesi, daucvelia. terorizms didi fuli ar sWirdeba, is
SeiZleba iseT qmedebebs efuZnebodes, romlebic Cveulebriv danaSaulTan asocirdeba (magaliTad, SeiaraRebul ZarcvasTan).
teroristTa iaraRi xSirad iaffasiani da TviTnakeTia (magaliTad, patara
zomis cecxlsasroli iaraRi da dinamiti), magram, rogorc viciT, isini zogjer
491
Zalian masStaburi da daxvewilicaa (magaliTad, sareiso TviTmfrinavebi, romlebsac samiznis gasanadgureblad iyeneben an cimbiruli wylulis sasikvdilo
formebi). teroristuli meTodebi ukve nacnobi gaxda. rkinigzis xalxmraval
sadgurebze bombis damontaJeba, mdidari biznesmenebis gataceba da sareiso
TviTmfrinavebis afeTqeba sakvirvel an Tundac uCveulo movlenebadac ki aRar
migvaCnia.
teraqtebis obieqti, Cveulebriv, mSvidobiani mosaxleobaa, magram zogjer
maTi samizne msoflio mmarTvelebic xdebian. teroristul dajgufebebs bralad
edebaT mravali adamianis mkvleloba, romelTa Sorisaa italiis yofili premier-ministri aldo moro (1978), dedofal elisabedis biZaSvili, erl mauntbateni (1979), egviptis prezidenti anvar sadari (1981), indoeTis premier-ministri indira gandi (1984) da misi Svili, yofili premier-ministri rajiv gandi
(1991). teroristebma aseve scades romis papis ioane pavle II-is (1981), britaneTis
yofili premier-ministris, margaret tetCerisa (1984) da misi Semcvlelis, jon
meijoris (1991) mokvlac. SesaZloa (Tumca dazustebuli ar aris) 11 seqtembris
teraqtis erT-erTi obieqti TeTri saxlic iyo. Tu asea, teroristebs, albaT,
SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis mokvlis imedi hqondaT.
urTierTdamokidebuleba teroristul meTodebsa da maT obieqtebs Soris
kargad Cans brazilieli teroristis, karlos marigelas civ da saSiS nawarmoebSi ` saxelmZRvanelo urbanuli partizanuli omebisaTvis~, romelic 48 gverdSi
aswavlis moyvarul teroristebsa da revolucionerebs xidebis afeTqebis, gatacebisa da bankebis gaZarcvis saSualebiT fulis Sovnasa da mtrebis `fizikur
likvidacias~. wignSi uamravi `rCevaa~, magaliTad, manqanis, TviTmfrinavisa da
gemis marTvis swavla; meqanikuri da radiogadamcemi mowyobilobebis teqnikis
daufleba; fizikuri formis SenarCuneba; fotografiisa da qimiis Seswavla; `kaligrafiis srulyofili codnis~ SeZena; farmakologiis, pirveladi daxmarebisa
an medicinis Seswavla. is aseve xazs usvams imis saWiroebas, rom pirvelma unda
daartya da amasTan sworad daumizno.
ZiriTadaT, teroristebi politikuri aqtivobis yvela sxva formasTan SedarebiT upiratesobas Zaladobas aniWeben. metic, iseTi revolucionerebi, rogoric marigelaa, Zaladobas miiCneven ara aucilebel sisastiked, aramed gaTavisuflebisa da Semoqmedebis pozitiur formad.14 marigelas azriT, terorizmi
maSin aris warmatebuli, roca strategia da taqtika erTiandeba:
`mTavrobas represiis gaZlierebis garda sxva alternativa ar gaaCnia. policiis patrulireba, saxlebis gaCxreka, udanaSaulo adamianebis
dapatimreba qalaqSi cxovrebas autanels xdis. mTavroba warmoCndeba,
rogorc usamarTlo, problemis gadaWris unaris armqone... politikuri
situacia militarul situaciad gardaiqmneba, roca militaristebi sul
ufro xSirad uSveben Secdomebs da iyeneben Zaladobas... pacifistebi
da memarjvene oportunistebi... erTiandebian, da jalaTebs arCevnebs
sTxoven.~15
urbanuli partizanuli omebis momxreebi uaryofen egreT wodebul `politikur gamosavals~ da ufro metad emxrobian agresiasa da Zaladobas, mimarTaven
sabotaJs, terorizms, eqspropriacias, Tavdasxmebs, gatacebebsa da mkvlelobebs,
amZafreben problemur mdgomareobas, romelsac mTavroba unda gaumklavdes.16
urbanuli partizanuli jgufi, saxelad `tupamarosi,~ 1963-1972 wlebSi
492
urugvais aterorebda mTavrobis gadagdebis mizniT. `tupamarosi~ marigelas
revoluciuri principebis xorcSesxma iyo da STagonebis wyarod iqca mTeli
msoflios teroristebisa da eqtremistebistebisTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom `tupamarosis~ safrTxes urugvaiSi mxolod mas Semdeg moeRo bolo, rac misi wevrebis
umravlesoba mTavrobis masStaburi operaciis Sedegad daixoca. dRes urugvai
mSvidobiani, demokratiuli qveyanaa.
493
cielda osama bin ladenis eqstremaluri islamizmis mxardasaWerad, raTa maT
sabolood daemarcxebinaT e.w. `moRalate~ mTavrobebi arabul samyaroSi (maT
Soris bin ladenis samSobloSi _ saudis arabeTSi).
494
Tisgan damoukidebloba miiRo da daaxloebiT 30 weli umetesad promarqsistuli samxedro pirebi marTavdnen, ris gamoc musulmanuri fundamentalizmis ukmayofileba saxifaTo gaxda. am mRelvarebisgan warmoiSva politikuri
organizacia islamis gadarCenis fronti (Islamic Salvation Front, ISF). mogvianebiT,
1991 wels, rodesac alJirSi pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi Catarda, ISF-m
pirvelsave raundSi moipova gamarjveba. Tumca, 1992 wels samxedroebma gaauqmes
meore turis arCevnebi da daniSnes axali prezidenti. am cinikurma aqtma ISF-is
radikalizacia gamoiwvia da iatakqveSa organizaciis Seqmnisken ubiZga. metic,
man daSala alJirSi SeiaraRebuli islamisturi moZraoba da pirveloba yvelaze
eqstremalur jihadur elementebs _ totaluri terorizmis momxreebs dauTmo.
1992 wlis bolos warmoiSva SeiaraRebuli islamisturi dajgufeba (the Armed Islamic Group, GIA) rogorc mkvlelTa, sisxlismRvrelTa organizacia _ naklebad
TavdasxmebTan erTad, alJirSi teroristuli koSmari daiwyo. sul male teroristebma mizanSi sxva dajgufebebic amoiRes. 1993-94 wlebSi aTobiT Tavdasxma
ganxorcielda opoziciur dajgufebebze, ucxoelebze, inteligenciaze, Jurnalistebsa da sxva moqalaqeebze. 1995-dan 1998 wlamde teroristul aqtTa
mxolod 25% iyo mimarTuli usafrTxoebis ZalTa da xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa winaaRmdeg, danarCeni ki, daaxloebiT 75%, moqalaqeebze (ix. cxrili 153). skolebi da skolis personali Tavdamsxmelebis `sayvarel~ samizneTa Soris
iyvnen.
roca strategia Seicvala (ZiriTadad moqalaqeTa mizanSi amoReba), Seicvala ajanyebulTa taqtikac. 1996 wels ufro meti afeTqeba iyo, vidre mkvleloba, sisxlismRvreli Setakebebi samarTaldamcavebTan da organizebuli
SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmebi (ix. cxrili 15-4). adre afeTqebdnen ZiriTadad samTavrobo Senobebsa da policiis ganyofilebebs. 1990-iani wlebis Sua ricxvebidan gaxSirda bazrebis, kinoTeatrebis, restornebisa da skolebis afeTqebebi.
alJiris islamuri moZraobis Sesaxeb axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis xelisuflebaTa cnobebis Tanaxmad:
Zaladobam sisastikis ukidures dones miaRwia masobriv sasaklaoTa seriebSi, romelic dawyo 1996 wlis bolos. 1996 wlis noembridan 1999
wlis ivlisamde sul mcire 67 masobrivi mkvleloba moxda. maTi umetesoba 1997 wels (41 Setakeba) aRiniSna. am SetakebebSi monawileobdnen
avtomatebiT, yumbarebiT, danebiTa da najaxebiT SeiaraRebuli samxedro aqtivistebi. isini Tavs esxmodnen soflebs RamiT, raTa amoexocaT
macxovreblebi, xSirad maT Cexavdnen da yels Radravdnen. daucveli iyo
sakontrolo-gamtari punqtebi, samxedro aqtivistebi gegmavdnen specialuri samizneebis, magaliTad, saxelmwifo moxeleebis an maRali samxedro Cinis mqone pirebis _ likvidacias.18
495
laufleba aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi da akrZala religiaze dafuZnebuli
yvela saxis politikuri partia (amrigad, 1997 wlis ivlisis arCevnebis dros ISFs da mis msgavs dajgufebebs ufleba ar hqondaT TavianTi kandidaturebi wamoeyenebinaT, SeeZloT mxolod mosaxleobisaTvis arCevnebis boikotis mowodeba).
cxrili 15.3
policia da
samTavrobo
pozici-
ucxoe-
inteli-
moqala-
samarTal-
pirebi
uri dajgu-
lebi
gencia
qeebi
da Jurna-
febebi
damcavebi
sul
listebi
1992
28
38
1993
43
26
10
88
1994
25
18
12
19
15
14
103
1995
31
17
11
10
27
37
133
1996
18
49
87
1997
19
98
125
1998
60
67
sul
171
75
30
44
57
264
641
winaaRmdeg 1997 wlis seqtembramde, rodesac misma SeiaraRebulma frTam, islamis gadarCenis armiam (Islamic Salvation Army, AIS), cecxlis Sewyveta gamoacxada. magram yvelaze sisxlian masobriv mkvlelobebSi ara AIS, aramed GIA-is TavzexelaRebul banditTa da fanatikosTa jgufebi monawileobdnen. mTavrobis wevrebs
surdaT teroristTa moZebna da likvidacia da ara maTTan molaparakeba. arc GIA
iyo kompromisis momxre.
1999 wlis saprezidento arCevnebma yinuli gaalRo. mTavrobam gaaTavisufla ramdenime politpatimari da mxari dauWira samoqalaqo Serigebis/mSvidobis aRdgenis kanons. amiT amnistia vrceldeboda ajanyebulebze, romlebsac ar
miuRiaT monawileoba sisatikeSi, vandalur aqtebSi. AIS-mac isargebla amnistiiT 1997 wlis cecxlis Sewyvetis gamo da 1999 wels daiwyo Tavisi samxedro aqtivistebis demobilizacia saxelmwifos zedamxedvelobis qveS. aTasobiT AIS-is aqtivistma isargebla reJimis mier miniWebuli amnistiiT. 2000 wlis dasawyisidan
GIA-is aqtivistebmac daiwyes cecxlis Sewyvetis gamocxadeba. amis miuxedavad
alJirSi boniebi _ masobrivi Jletva _ mainc xdeba, Tumca ufro iSviaTad, vidre
1994 da 1998 sisxlian wlebSi.
496
cxrili 15.4
weli
mSvidobiani
Zaladobrivi
dabombva
mkvleloba da
demosnt-
Setakeba
da
SeiaraRebuli
sabotaJi
Setakeba
racia
sul
1992
15
10
14
44
1993
19
62
85
1994
16
10
73
99
119
1995
43
68
1996
42
25
76
1997
10
34
63
107
1998
11
22
46
79
sul
88
165
351
609
497
gageba? aSS-is sagareo politika terorizms epyroba, rogorc politikur fenomens, teroristebs ki politikuri saqmianobisaTvis Ziris gamomTxrel adamianebad Tvlis. es midgoma xazs usvams mTlianad terorizmis aralegalurobas da
mxars uWers masTan brZolas swrafi dasjiTa da Sesaferisi sifrTxiliT. am midgomis kritikosebi (maT Soris evropisa da natos wevri ramdenime qveyana) terorizms, upirveles yovlisa, socialur problemad miiCneven. imis miuxedavad, rom
es qveynebi ar arian teroristTa dasjis winaaRmdegni (da maT es Tavadac aqvT
gakeTebuli), isini, rogorc wesi, TanaugrZnoben socialur fenebs da eTnikur
erTobebs, romelTa warmomadgenlobasac iCemeben teroristebi. maTi azriT,
terorizmi gaqreba mxolod maSin, roca usamarTlobis, sasowarkveTisa da uimedobis mizezebi aRmoifxvreba.
aSS da israeli filosofiuri wyalgamyofis erT mxares arian, evropa _
meore mxares. arabuli samyaro gayofilia: islamuri fundamentalizmi anaTemaa
egviptisaTvis, alJirisa da iordaniisaTvis, magram aRiarebulia sudanSi. saudis arabeTi ambivalenturia _ ormxrivia, is ufrTxis islamur fundamentalizms
da amavdroulad amayobs Tavisi roliT, rogorc islamis dabadebis adgiliT da
rwmenis damcveliT. iqac ki, sadac xelisufleba aviwroebs islamistur dajgufebebs, bevri
keTilganwyoba iseTi dajgufebebis mimarT, rogoricaa hamasi da hezbola, didia da lamis saidumloc aRar aris. bevri arabi aRiarebs, rom mTels arabul samyaroSi adamianebi aRtacebulni arian osama bin ladeniT. marTlac, monacemebis
Tanaxmad bevr qveyanaSi, osama yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxelia Cvil vaJebSi.
dasavleTi Tanxmdeba imaze, rom teroristebi kriminalebi arian, Tumca
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar arian Cveulebrivi kriminalebi. mkvleloba, motaceba,
bankebis gaqurdva da TviTmfrinavebis gataceba sazizRari danaSaulebania, imis
miuxedavad, vin da ratom ganaxorcielebs mas. es teroristuli aqtebia, roca
maTi motivi politikuria. roca seriuli mkvlelebi TavianT `saqmeze~ midian,
udanaSaulo adamianebi iRupebian da mTeli sazogadoeba daterorebulia. magram am mkvlelobebis mizani ar aris erTobaTa dateroreba da cxadia, arc politikuri miznebis miRweva. isini, upirveles yovlisa, mkvlelebi arian da mxolod
SemTxveviT _ `teroristebi~. drodadro teroristebi TanamSromloben kriminalebTan an kriminalebi iyeeben maT taqtikas, magram aseTi SemTxvevebi SedarebiT
iSviaTia da, rogorc wesi, narkoteroristebis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. SeiaraRebuli ajanyebebi iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa kolumbia da peru, asocirebulia Zalauflebis mqone narkobaronebTan. orive maTgani cdilobs Ziri gamouTxaros legitimur politikur xelisuflebas da daamarcxos (an iTanamSromlos)
mTavrobis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi.
Tu teroristebi ar arian Cveulebrivi kriminalebi, maSin isini arc Cveulebrivi partizanebi an `TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolebi~ arian, rogorc xSirad
irwmunebian xolme. partizanebi Seadgenen revoluciuri moZraobis an partiis
SeiaraRebul frTas. maos wiTeli armia, albaT, amis yvelaze cnobili magaliTia.
partizanuli Zalebi iTreven mTavrobas SeiaraRebul brZolaSi. aravis SeuZlia
imis mtkiceba, rom partizanebs arasdros CaudeniaT sisastike moqalaqeebis
mimarT (an is, rom uniformiani jariskacebi amas arasdros ar akeTeben), magram
yvelaze mwvave Zaladoba mimarTulia saxelisuflebo da usafrTxoebis Zalebisken. amisgan gansxvavebiT, teroristebi, pirvel rigSi, mizanSi iReben moqalaqeebsa da aramebrZolebs. es strategia dafuZnebulia SiSisa da eWvis daTesvaze,
raTa adamianebma ar iTanamSromlon policiasTan da samxedroebTan da daarwmu-
498
non isini, rom xelisuflebas maTi dacva ar SeuZlia.
yvela teroristi revolucioneria, Tumca ara Cveulebrivi gagebiT. cxadia, meoce saukunis bevri revolucineri mimarTavda terors _ Zalauflebis
xelSi Cagdebamdec da mis Semdegac. magram Cveulebrivi revolucionerebi koncentrirebulni arian xelisuflebis damxobaze da ara mcdelobaze, xelovnurad (masobrivi teroris saSualebiT) gamoiwvion politikuri da socialuri
krizisi, sxva sityvebiT _ isini radikalurad cvlian garemoebebs. miznebis misaRwevad revolucionerebi cdiloben Seqmnan ajanyebulTa partia, gafiltron
mTavroba, policia da SeiaraRebuli Zalebi; profkavSirebis meSveobiT gaswion
agitacia da propaganda axalgazrdaTa STagonebisTvis amboxebebis, ajanyebebisa
da quCis demonastraciTa wamosawyebad. amrigad, revolucionerTa xelSi terorizmi aris taqtika da ara strategia. teroristTa xelSi terori rogorc taqtika, ise strategiaa. xSirad teroristebi frangi emil henris azrs iziareben.
rodesac is kafeSi bombis SegdebisaTvis gaasamrTles 1894 wels, man Tqva: `Il ny a
pas dinnocents (`udanaSaulo aravinaa~).
teroristTa identifikacia
erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, terorizms urbanuli siRaribe asazrdoebs.
amrigad, Tanamedrove terorizmis Sesaxeb nebismierma Teoriam unda gaiTvaliswinos misi socialuri konteqsti, maT Soris urbanuli dacema, ojaxuri
struqturis rRveva, axalgazrdaTa umuSevroba da dehumanizaciis faqtebi
gadaWedil, aCqarebuli svliT moZrav da xSirad usaxur qalaqSi gadarCenisas
da, ra Tqma unda, dasavluri Careva _ jer kolonializmi da axla globalizacia.
adamianebi, romelTac ar SeuZliaT SeewinaaRmdegon amas da miiRon es stresi,
sxvadasxvagvarad reagireben. zogi danaSauls sCadis, sxvebi _ alkoholisa da
narkotikebis miRebas iwyeben, mcire nawili teroristi xdeba. aseTebi urbanuli
warmoSobis ar arian da arc siRaribe awuxebT. Tumca zogi teroristi izrdeba
urbanuli siRaribis centrSi, sxvebi ubralod, mis wiinaaRmdeg ibrZvian. osama
bin ladeni daibada saudis arabeTis Zalze SeZlebul ojaxSi. metic, bevri teroristi ganaTlebuli da privilegirebuli warmoSobisaa. isini, ubralod, akvirdebian sastik usamarTlobas, romelic Tavad ar ganucdiaT. teroristTa umravlesoba mamrobiTi sqesis, martoxela da axalgazrdaa.19
terorizmi da sazogadoeba
bevrgan mraval adamians aqvs namdvili, legitimuri da Rrma wyena, saCivari.
Tu es saCivrebi aRar iarsebebs SesaZloa terorizmic gaqres.20 magram arseboben
sazogadoebebi, sadac individebsa da dajgufebebs usamarTlod eqcevian, Tumca
amis miuxedavad, iq terorizmi ar gaCenili. ratom? dafiqrdiT amaze: totalitarul da avtoritarul saxelmwifoebs ara aqvT terorizmis problema.21
xSirad terorizmisaken midrekili ufro susti saxelmwifoebia _ anu maT
arastabiluri politikuri struqturebi (mTavroba, biurokratia, Tavdacvisa
da usafrTxoebis Zalebi, partiuli sistema da a.S) da danawevrebuli politi-
499
kuri kultura aqvT. sustma saxelmwifom SeiZleba miiRos arapopularuli da
aralegitimuri avtoritaruli saxelmwifos forma an susti da ganukiTxavi demokratiis saxe.22 Tuki yvela saxis susti xelisufleba garkveulwilad dakavSirebulia terorizmis SemTxvevebTan, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom demokratiuli
qveynebi Tavisi bunebiT metad mgrZnobiareni (mowyvladebi) arian terorizmis
mimarT da maTTvis miuRebelia mkacri kontrteroristuli programebi (ix. sqema
15-3). modiT, vnaxoT ratom.
axalgazrdaTa gawveva
Siiti TviTmkvleli qali, romelic bombebiT aRWurvili Tavisi peJoTi
israelis armiis patruls Seejaxa samxreT libanSi 1985 wels, Teqvsmeti wlis
iyo. iordaneli, romelmac 1984 wels romSi gaerTianebuli arabuli saamiroebis diplomatis mokvla scada, 22 wlisa iyo. ,,aCile lauros~ oTxi gamtaceblidan ufrosi 23, xolo umcrosi _ 19 wlisa iyo. gamokvlevebis Sedegebis Tanaxmad,
teroristebis saSualo asaki 22,5 welia.
regionis mixedviT
movlenis tipis
mixedviT
mizanSi amoRebuli
msxverplis tipis
mixedviT
CrdiloeT irlandiaSi daapatimres Tormeti da ToTxmeti wlis teroristebi. arabul da iranul dajgufebebSi iwveven ToTxmeti-TxuTmeti wlis
bavSvebs xSirad saxifaTo misiebisaTvisac.23 germanelma fsiqologma, romelic
gaesaubra sabWoTa armiis dajgufebis daWeril wevrebs, aRmoaCina `mozardTa
krizisis~ elementebi teroristebs Soris. irlandiis respublikis preliminaruli armiis (PIRA) moxele akvirdeboda `teroristul tradiciebs~ moqmedebaSi
zog qveynebSi, sadac `ojaxebi STaunergaven Svilebs, rom [terorizmi] aris maTi
uflebebisaTvis brZolis gza.~24
erik hoferi mimoixilavs zogierTi axalgazrdis fanatizmisadmi midrekilebas `The True Believe~-Si. is aTavsebs aseT axalgazrdebs e.w. `Seufereblebis~ kat-
500
egoriaSi, romelsac Semdeg yofs droebiTad da mudmivad. hoferi wers:
am kategoriaSi mozardebi, umuSevari kolejdamTavrebulebi,
veteranebi, axali imigrantebi da misTanani Sedian. isini ukmayofiloni
da aRelvebulebi arian SiSiT, rom maTi saukeTeso wlebi gaileva, sanam
mizans miaRweven.25
amavdroulad, hoferi mainc fiqrobda: miuxedavad imisa, rom isini `mgrZnobiareni arian gavlenis qveS momqcevi moZraobebisadmi, damoZRvrisadmi, yovelTvis ver xdebian Seuryeveli da myari adamianebi.~
terorizmis fsiqologia
terorizmis fsiqologiis erTi eqspertis azriT `mizezis mqone teroristebi~ sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze saxifaToni arian.26 vin arian es meamboxeebi? vin axdens maT motivirebas? araa gasakviri, rom teroristul dajgufebaTa
wevrebis yvelaze xSiri damaxasiaTebeli Strixebi asocirebulia mozardobasTan. es Strixebia:27
sakiTxTa zedmetad gamartiveba. teroristebi xedaven kompleqsur sakiTxebs Sav-TeTr ferebSi. maT ar ainteresebT debatebi da xSirad cxovroben `fantaziis omis~ principiT, hgoniaT, rom adamianebi maT mizans mxars
uWeren.
imedgacrueba. teroristebi fiqroben, rom cxovreba usamarTloa, mets imsaxureben, sazogadoebam ki moatyua isini. maT ar surT daelodon an iRvawon ukeTesisaTvis da miaCniaT, rom raRacis misaRebad morideba ar aris
saWiro.
riskis gawevaze orientacia. bevri teroristi mowyenilobis gamo saTavgadasavlo situaciebs eZebs xolme.
TviTkmayofileba. teroristebi amJRavneben mtrul Tavdajerebulobas,
dogmatizmsa da Seuwynareblobas sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebis mimarT.
utopizmi. teroristebs aqvT erTi rwmena _ samoTxe dedamiwaze, ubralod,
horizonts miRmaa _ erTaderTi, rac mas eRobeba, aris arsebuli binZuri da
mCagvreli wesrigi.
socialuri izolacia. erTi eqspertis mixedviT, teroristebi Zalian martosulebi arian. zogierTisaTvis teroristuli qseli SeiZleba erTaderTi `ojaxi~ iyos.
saWiroeba. teroristebs aerTianebs saWiroeba _ Tavi mniSvnelovnad
igrZnon, survili _ Tavisi anabeWdi datovon gazeTebis pirvel furcelze.
sisxlis gemo. Sepyrobil teroristebTan interviuebSi, nacnobebisa da naTesavebis CvenebebSi, TviTmxilvelTa da yofil mZevalTa gancxadebebSi
xazgasmulia kidev erTi SemaSfoTebeli maxasiaTebeli: zogi teroristi
saerTod ar ganicdis sindisis qenjnas.
teroristebi xSirad zedmetad aioleben realobas. magaliTad, maT SeiZle-
501
mcvelebs Soris sakoncentracio banakebSi.28 msgavsi damokidebuleba aqvs pol
r. maqhius, jons hopkinsis samedicino skolis gamoCenil fsiqiatrs. igi Tvlis,
rom teroristebs `cxoveluri gatacebis~ mqone sxva msaxiobebis msgavsad aqvT
`gadafasebuli idea~. es idea aris `kulturis an sazogadoebis saziaro azri, magram is pacientSi aRviZebs dominantur qcevebs, raTa emsaxuros am ideas.~29 erTi
saxis klinikuri aSliloba, romelsac es idea iwvevs, aris nerviuli anoreqsia.
doqtor maqhius azriT, adolf hitlers (antisemiti), kari neiSensa (TavSekavebuloba) da jon brauns (abolicizmi) gadafasebuli ideebi hqondaT. ufro Tanamedrove magaliTebia unabomberi da jek kevorkiani (evTanazia).
maT, vinc gadafasebul ideebTan dakavSirebiT pirovnul aSlilobas ganicdian, xSirad fanatikosebs uwodeben. hoferis mimoxilvebi fanatikosTa Sesaxeb The True Believer-Si amaves amtkicebs. fanatizmi (usazRvro, brma Tavdadeba),
iqneba is politikuri, Tu religiuri, hoferis SexedulebiT, TiTqmis yovelTvis dafuZnebulia siZulvilze. misi TvalsazrisiT, fanatizmi siZulvils miznis samsaxurSi ayenebs. Tavis mxriv ki siZulvili, siyvarulisgan gansxvavebiT,
gamaerTianebeli Zalaa erTnairad moazrovne fanatikosebisaTvis. amrigad, siZulvili gansazRvravs maTi arsebobis azrs. is xSirad uCndeba maT, visac sakuTari Rirsebis dabali SegrZneba aqvs.
sayuradReboa fanatikuri gonebrivi mdgomareobis hoferiseuli daxasiaTeba:
fanatikosi mudam xifaTiani da arasrulfasovania. mas ar SeuZlia
Tavdajerebuli iyos mxolod sakuTar Sinagan Zalebze da resursebze,
sakuTar uaryofil `me~-ze dayrdnobiT. amitom is mTeli vnebiTa da TavdadebiT epotineba nebismieri saxis mxardaWeras, razec ki xeli miuwvdeba. misi dauokebeli erTguleba misi brma Tavdadebisa da religiurobis
arsia. is amas yvela saxis Zalisa da Rirsebis wyarod aRiqvams. Tumca misi
mizanmimarTuli Tavdadeba sococxleze moWidebis saSualebaa misTvis,
is advilad aRiqvams Tavs im miznis damcvelad da mxardamWerad, romelsac
Tavad eWideba. is mzad aris sakuTari sicocxle gaswiros, raTa sakuTar
Tavsac da sxvebsac aCvenos, rom swored es aris misi roli. is sakuTar
sicocxles sakuTari mniSvnelovnebis dasamtkiceblad swiravs.30
502
Tundac idealizmisa da religiurobis suliskveTebiT.
terorizmi da media
teroristebi saxelis moxveWisken iswrafvian, cdiloben yuradRebis mipyrobas. ratom? imitom, rom mediaSi gaSuqeba, gansakuTrebiT ki dramatuli
kadrebi, romlebsac televizia uCvenebs, msoflios yuradRebas miipyroben,
sazogadoebas gaacnoben teroristebisaTvis mniSvnelovan ideasa da mizans. es
aramarto politikuradaa momgebiani _ amiT ucnobi da uintereso individebi
Tavs mniSvnelovnad miiCneven. metic, CNN-sa da msoflios sxva wamyvan arxebze
`pikis saaTi~ (saukeTeso saeTero dro televiziaSi) eTmoba teroristebisa da
terorizmis problemis gaSuqebas. cxadia, yvelaze SemaZrwunebel, sensaciur
teroristul aqtebs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva mediaSi. eWvgareSia, rom
msoflio savaWro centrebis fataluri afeTqeba istoriaSi yvelaze farTod da
vrclad gaSuqebuli teroristuli aqtia.
bevri politikuri analitikosi, romelic Jurnalistikis sferos farglebs gareT moRvaweobs, terorizmis aseT mzard aRzevebas nawilobriv medias,
kerZod ki televizias abralebs. cud axal ambavSi metia sensaciaa da, Sesabamisad, nilsenis maRal reitings (anu Tavis mxriv maRal sareklamo Semosavals)
iZleva. am TvalsazrisiT, terorizmi televiziisTvisaa `zedgamoWrili~.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi mxolod siaxleTa Setyobineba ar aris sakmarisi. siaxleTa industriam unda gayidos informacia da mayurebelTa wili _
siaxleTa bazari, romelic irCevs uyuros satelevizio siaxleebs, gansazRvravs
imas, ramdens gadauxdian kompaniebi TavianT sareklamo prodiuserebs. amrigad,
axal ambebis prodiuserebs ar undaT xelidan gauSvan kargi istoria, maSinac ki,
Tu es teroristTa sasargeblod gadadgmuli nabiji iqneba.
mediis dasacavad SegviZlia vTqvaT: SeuZlia vinmes amtkicos, rom udanaSaulo adamianebiT savse TviTmfrinavis gataceba ar aris gasaSuqeblad mniSvnelovani? media xom, bolos da bolos, pasuxismgebelia, miawodos adamianebs
informacia da maSinac, Tu erTi telekompania gadawyvets ar gaaSuqos garkveuli teroristuli incidenti an mxolod mcire yuradReba miaqcios mas, sxvebic
gaakeTeben amas? sabolood saidumlo molaparakeba da cenzura erTaderTi
`gamosavalia~, magram am SemTxvevaSi gamojanmrTelebis saSualeba daavadebaze
uaresia. roca demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi ebmebian konstituciurad saeWvo
saqmianobaSi teroristuli aqtebis sapasuxod, terorizmis ganmaxorcieleblebi
imarjveben politikurad da moralurad. protestsa da demonstracias, romlebic SeiZleba cenzuram, satelefono saubrebis mosmenam da sxva msgavsma zomebma
gamoiwvios, SeiZleba zogjer sazogadoebis destabilizacia mohyves.
mediis TviTSekaveba mxolod mimzidveli gamosavalia. realurad Tu vimsjelebT, siaxleTa industria ar Seamcirebs terorizmis Sesaxeb informaciis
miwodebas, sanam sazogadoebrivi azri ar motrialdeba am gamoSvebaTa winaaRmdeg. rogorc momxmareblebi, xSirad viRebT imas, rasac viTxovT da am TvalsazrisiT vimsaxurebT imas, rasac viRebT.
terorizmTan dapirispireba
503
kiTxva, romelsac demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi awydebian, mdgomareobs
ara imaSi, rogor SeiZleba terorizmis SeCereba, aramed rogor SeiZleba misi Sesusteba ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa SezRudvis gareSe. es kiTxva awuxebda aSS-sa da
mis evropel mokavSireebs gviani 60-iani wlebidan. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasTan
da rusuli mafiis aRzevebasTan erTad (iseve, rogorc erayidan momavali mzardi
safrTxe, al qaidas qseli da sxvebi), birTvuli terorizmis safrTxe SesamCnevad
gaizarda. amiT xazi gaesva avtoritetuli xelisuflebis saWiroebas yvelgan
msoflo terorizmTan dapirispirebisa da misi damarcxebis mizniT.32
Sida kanonmdebloba
avtoritarul da totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi teroristebs swrafad da
sastikad uswordebian. Tumca, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi mihyvebian kanons
yovelTvis, roca SesaZlebelia. bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi bevrma demokratiulma qveyanam miiRo axali kanoni an Secvala Zveli, raTa ufro efeqturad gamklaveboda teroristebsa da terorizms.
demokratebis erT-erTi midgomaa axali kanonmdeblobis miReba. magaliTad, aSS-Si sahaero mekobreoba (TviTmfrinavebis gataceba) federalur danaSauladaa aRiarebuli, agreTve nebismieri Zaladobrivi aqtis Cadena TviTmfrinavis
mgzavris mimarT aSS-is farglebSi da nebismieri amerikeli mgzavris mimarT mis
farglebs gareT. pirveli savaWro centrisa da oklahoma sitis afeTqebis Semdeg
1996 wlis aprilSi kongresma miiRo antiteroristuli da efeqturi sasikvdilo
ganaCenis aqti (Antiterorism and Effective Death Penalty Act) . am aqtma aRWurva federaluri kanonaRmasrulebeli organoebi meti fuliTa da axali meqanizmebiT terorizmTan sabrZolvelad, SeboWa imigracia da gaamartiva terorizmSi eWvmitanil
ucxoelTa deportaciis procedura.
2001 wels, seqtembris im sabediswero dRes, msoflio savaWro centrze
meore dartymam gamoamJRavna yvela winaT miRebuli kontrteroristuli zomebis
sruli araadekvaturoba aSS-Si. prezidentma jorj buSma swrafad Seqmna, qveynis
usafrTxoebis axali kabineturi ofisi kontrterorizmis sferoSi momuSave yvela federaluri departamentisa da saagentos saqmianobis koordinaciisaTvis.
prezidentma aseve gamosca orazrovani direqtiva terorizmSi eWvmitanilTaTvis samxedro tribunalis Seqmnis Taobaze:
ganxiluli iyo SesaZlebloba sasamarTlo procesebis warmoebisa
gemebze zRvaSi an iseT aSS instalaciebze, rogoricaa baza guantanamos
yureSi, kuba. es procesebi unda yofiliyo swrafi da uaRresad gasaidumloebuli. . . .[da] informaciis gacema SeiZleba SezRuduli yofiliyo
ZiriTad faqtebamde, rogoricaa mopasuxis saxeli da ganaCeni. proceduraTa Canawerebi SeiZleba sajaro sazogadoebisgan damaluli yofiliyo wlobiT, SeiZleba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSic.33
504
otuli aqtis saxeliT icnoben. masSi gafarToebulia cneba, vin unda moiazrebodes terorizmSi eWvmitanilad da aRWurvavs generalur prokurors uflebamosilebiT, daakavos arabebi da musulmanebi, iseve rogorc sxva ucxoelebi. es
kanoni aZlevs mTavrobas uflebas, aukrZalos aSS-Si Semosvla nebismier ucxoels,
romelic sajarod amarTlebs terorizms an miekuTvneba romelime teroristul
dajgufebas. kanoni afarToebs aseve `teroristuli saqmianobis~ gansazRvrebasac, masSi axla ukve nagulisxmebia nebismieri ucxoeli, romelic iyenebs `saSiS
xelsawyos~ an agrovebs fuls teroristuli dajgufebisaTvis gacnobierebulad
Tu gaucnobiereblad. da bolos, es saSualebas aZlevs xelisuflebas, daakavos
nebismieri ucxoeli, romelic generalur prokurors saxifaTod miaCnia.
prezidentis brZanebebidan gamomdinare, antiteroristuli zomebi da axali kanoni mSvidobis SenarCunebis mizniT federalur xelisuflebas moqalaqeebis Tvalyuris devnebis uflebas da infiltraciis saSualebas aZlevs amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis sazRvrebSi. gamokiTxvebma daadgina, rom amerikelTa didi
umravlesoba am zomebs Sesaferisad miiCnevda da ar fiqrobda, rom isini riskis
qveS ayenebdnen samoqalaqo uflebebs. magram mainc arsebobda xmauriani umciresoba, rogorc memarcxene, ise memarjvene mxridan, romlebic kategoriulad
ar eTanxmebodnen amas. isini gamoxatavdnen SiSsa da SeSfoTebas imis mimarT, rac
maTi individualuri Tavisuflebebisa da konstituciuri garantiebis eroziad
miaCndaT (gansakuTrebiT, uflebebis Sesaxeb sakonstitucio Sesworebis I, IV, V
da VI muxlebis Taobaze).
kidev erTi midgoma dakanonda _ teroristuli organizaciebis wevrobis
ukanonod gamocxadeba. gaerTianebul samefoSi specifikuri teroristuli
dajgufebebi ukanonoa, maT Soris IRA da irlandiis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli armia. saberZneTSic miiRes kanonebi, romlebic krZalavs teroristul
dajgufebebs da maT wevrobas danaSaulad Tvlis. amasTan safrangeTma, britaneTma da SvedeTma SezRudes vizebis gacema ucxoeli nacionalistebis mier Cadenili teroristuli aqtebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. italiasa da SvedeTSi
policiisaTvis ufro ioli gaxda telefonebis mosmena da safosto gzavnilebis
gaxsna ,,werili-bombebis~ dasadgenad. magram rodesac aseT zomebs mimarTaven,
demokratebi gardauvlad wamoWrian samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa sakiTxebs.
505
teroristuli kampaniis warmoebaSi. amas gansakuTrebiT uWerdnen mxars natos
wevri qveynebi, maTgan yvelaze aRsaniSnavia didi britaneTi premier-ministr
toni bleris meTaurobiT.
didi yuradReba daeTmo sadazvervo samsaxurebis TanamSromlobas da informaciis gacvlas, magram aman mxolod mcire warmateba moitana terorizmTan
brZolaSi. interpoli saerTaSoriso policiis saagentoa, romlis Stabbina safrangeTSia. aseve arsebobs organizacia, romelic drodadro krebs wevri qveynebis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebsa da policiis uwyebaTa meTaurebs terorizmis
Sesaxeb informaciis gasacvlelad da gamoZiebis koordinirebisaTvis dasavleT evropaSi. am organizaciebma sagrZnoblad gaaioles garkveul instanciebSi
teroristTa Sepyroba da zogjer xelic SeuSales teroristuli aqtebis ganxorcielebas. magaliTad, FBI-sa da CIA-s maRali rangis warmomadgenlebma iTanamSromles ruseTTan saerTaSoriso teroristul dajgufebebsa da birTvuli
iaraRis SesaZlo qurdebs Soris kavSiris gamosavlenad.
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas SeuZlia miaRwios swraf warmatebas, roca
misi mizania konkretul teroristul problemebTan brZola da mokavSire qveynebs Soris arsebobs urTierTgageba da koordinacia. misi dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi mxareebi gamovlinda 1986 wlis aprilSi, roca prezidentma ronald reiganma
gasca libiis dabombvis brZaneba _ qveynisa, romelic iTvleboda saerTaSoriso
terorizmis Ria mxardamWerad. Tavdapirvelad britaneTi momxre iyo aSS-is mier
dartymis ganxorcielebisa. frangebs SeeSindaT teroristTa SuriZiebisa da
uari uTxres britaneTis bazebidan afrenil aSS-is samxedro TviTmfrinavebs gadaekveTaT safrangeTis sahaero sivrce libiis dasabombad.
magram aSS-is ganxorcielebuli sadamsjelo sahaero dartyma warmatebuli
gamodga da male gaCnda mravalmxrivi konsensusis niSnebic. 1986 wlis aprilSi
evropis erTobam xma misca libiaze ekonomikuri sanqciebis dawesebas da 1986
wlis zafxulSi libia gaZevebul iqna britaneTidan, safrangeTidan, dasavleT
germaniidan, italiidan, espaneTidan, daniidan, belgiidan, niderlandebidan
da luqsemburgidan. mogvianebiT, 1988 wels, loqerbis [Sotlandia] samgzavro
TviTmfrinavebis afeTqebaSi dadanaSaulebuli libielebi daapatimres. isini
haagis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos winaSe 2000 wels warsdgnen. imis miuxedavad,
rom es loqerbis tragediidan didi xnis Semdeg moxda, cxadi gaxda, rom mTavrobaTSoris TanamSromlobas SeuZlia teroristebis dasjas Seuwyos xeli.
506
Sendero Luminoso _ `ganaTebuli gza~ 1980 wels perus demokratiul qveynad gadaqcev-
Tvis ganmavlobaSi guzmani cixeSi ijda. metic, 1993 wels politikur mkvlelobaTa raodenoba 50%-iT Semcirda da kleba momdevno welsac gagrZelda. warmatebuli iyo fujimoris ekonomikuri politikac: 7%-ianma zrdis tempma perus laTinuri amerikaSi Zlieri
ekonomikis saxeli moutana. mniSvnelovnad Semcirda inflaciis done.
guzmanis daWeris Semdeg `ganaTebul gzas~ daSlis safrTxe emuqreboda, radgan
misi aTasobiT wevri dapatimrebuli iyo. mogvianebiT organizacia kvlav aRdga. miuxedavad imisa, rom `ganaTebuli gzis~ wevrebis raodenoba sagrZnoblad Semcirda, xolo
ideologia bundovani gaxda, organizacia arsebobas ganagrZobda oskar ramires durandis (guzmanis Zveli megobris) xelmZRvanelobiT. is kvlav axorcielebda misTvis Cveul
Zaladobis aqtebs, Tumca ukve Semcirebuli masStabiT. organizacia kvlav Cafluli iyo
narkotikebis aralegalur vaWrobaSi.
rogori Canda momavali? garda perus ukiduresi ekonomikuri vardnisa, savaraudoa, rom `ganaTebuli gza~ an teroristul organizaciad darCeba, an sazogadoebisaTvis
sxvagvar safrTxed transformirdeba _ magaliTad, specializdeba organizebul danaSaulze (transpormacia, romelic ukve ganicada ramdenime teroristulma dajgufebam
kolumbiasa da braziliaSi).
iq, sadac kontrterorizmma gaamarTla, mTavrobebma gamoamJRavnes neba
da SesaZlebloba, mieRoT mtkice da prevenciuli (profilaqtikuri) samxedro
507
kontrzomebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg. 1976 wels israelis komandosebis mamacurma reidma ugandis entebes aeroportSi daamtkica, rom teroristebi ar arian
daumarcxeblebi, maSinac ki, Tu mZevlebi hyavT. igive gaakeTes komandosebma,
rodesac Tavs daesxnen Tufaq amarus revoluciur moZraobas (MRTA) 1996 wlis
dekemberSi, roca maT limaSi (peru) mZevlad hyavdaT ayvanili adamianebi iaponiis saelCoSi. mZevalTa daxsnis operaciebSi warmatebisaTvis saWiroa kargad gawvrTnili, swrafad moqmed komandosTa erTeulebi, rogoricaa germaniis
GCG-9, romelmac gaaTavisufla lufthanzas aeroportidan gatacebul TviT-
508
saqmianobis gamo TanagrZnobis gareSe darCenili italiis teroristebi izolaciaSi
moeqcnen da dRes qveynis stabilurobisaTvis umniSvnelo safrTxes warmoadgenen.
magram iseTi specialuri kontrteroristuli danayofebis arseboba, rogoric britaneTis SAS-ia, ar aris sakmarisi. xelisuflebas unda surdes maTi
gamoyeneba. rogorc erTi eqsperti aRniSnavs, kontrteroristuli policiis
mTavari mizani aris `gamoacxados uSecdomod warumateblobisa da nacvalgebisa
struqtura.~36 warumatebloba, rogoric iyo 1980 wlis aSS mcdeloba, gaeTavisuflebina tyveebi iranidan, 1985 wels egviptis mcdeloba, daekavebina maltaSi
gatacebuli TviTmfrinavi, xandaxan gardauvalia xolme _ zogjer tragikuli
SedegebiT. magram gadauwyvetaobis grZelvadiani Sedegebi SeiZleba kidev ufro
tragikuli aRmoCndes.
sxva nabijebi, romelTa gadadgmac mTavrobas SeuZlia, moicavs SeiaraRebisa da asafeTqeblebis kontrols da albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovani (marTalia,
yvelaze Zneli) aris ukeTesi Sida sadazvervo Zalebis ganviTareba. mxolod teroristTa samalavebis, gadaadgilebisa da gegmebis Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebiTaa SesaZlebeli maTi Tavdasxmebis Tavidan acileba. teroristTa samizneebis
dacva maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli, Tu winaswar gvecodineba rodis da sad apireben
teroristebi dartymis miyenebas.
cxadia, demokratiuli sazogadoeba da is konstituciuri normebi, romlebSic policia da sagamoZiebo saagentoebi moqmedeben, dabrkolebaa nebismieri xelisuflebisaTvis, romelic terorizmis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba.
moqalaqeebi ar arian miCveulni megobrebis, ojaxis wevrebis, mezoblebisa da
TanamSromlebis TvalTvals. xolo sadazvervo agentebis mier informaciis mogrovebas ramdenime saagento axorcielebs, nawilobrv imitom, rom ar moxdes
erT-erTi maTganisTvis zedmeti Zalauflebis miniWeba. aSS-Si, magaliTad, dazverva da kontrdazverva erTmaneTisgan mkacrad gamijnulia, CIA pasuxismgebelia ucxoeTSi dazvervaze da ekrZaleba aSS-is moqalaqeebis an dajgufebaTa
winaaRmdeg Sida SpionaJis operaciebSi monawileobis miReba _ kontrdazverva
FBI-is funqciaa. am biurokratiuli ufskrulis likvidaciis saWiroebam ganapi-
piradi zomebi
moqalaqeebma da firmebma Tavad mimarTes usafrTxoebis zomebs sakuTari
Tavis dasacavad.37 iseve, rogorc bevri mTavroba aZlierebda Tavis saelCoebisa
da sxva sazRvargareTuli dawesebulebebis dacvas 1980-1990-ian wlebSi, kerZo
kompaniebic yovelwliurad milionobiT dolars xarjaven dacvis momsaxurebisaTvis aSS-Si da sxvagan.38 dacvis saWiroeba gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa 2001 wlis
11 seqtembris Semdeg. bevr moqalaqes ara aqvs imis saSualeba, rom piradi dacva
daiqiraos. magram sazogadoebis sifrTxiles SeuZlia teroristebisaTvis saqmis
sakmaod garTuleba. magaliTad, israelSi, sadac terorizmis mudmivi safrTxea,
oficialuri informaciiT sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi moTavsebuli
509
bombebis 80% ganaRmulia, radgan saeWvo obieqtebs adamianebi cnoben da maT Sesaxeb droulad acnobeben saWiro instanciebs.39 aSS-Si usafrTxoebis eqspertTa
umravlesoba Tanxmdeba, rom momavalSi terorizmisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva didwilad iqneba damokidebuli rogorc moqalaqeebis, ise xelisuflebissifrTxileze. aseve komerciuli TviTmfrinavebis pilotebi Tanxmdebian, rom Tu
TviTmfrinavis gataceba SeCerdeba, es moxdeba mgzavrTa mzadyofnis gamo, gauswordnen teroristebs da ara imitom, rom aviaciis usafrTxoebis inspeqtorebi
arian bortze.
daskvna
510
bevri fsiqologiuri maxasiaTebelic, maT Soris fanatizmi da siZulvili.
sust, avtoritarul mTavrobas da demokratias teroristebi did safrTxes uqmnian. demokratia da terorizmi erTmaneTis umowyalo mtrebi arian. demokratia damokidebulia qveynis mosaxleobis kompromisis survilze da sxva
adamianebis mosazrebis pativiscemaze, teroristebi ki borotmoqmedebi arian,
romlebic nebismier qmedebaze midian miznis misaRwevad. metic, Tavisi bunebiT
demokratiuli qveynebi teroristuli TavdasxmebisaTvis Riaa.
problema, romlis winaSec demokratiuli qveynebi aRmoCndebian xolme
terorizmTan brZolaSi, garTulebulia imiT, rom erTdroulad SenarCunebul
unda iqnes individualuri Tavisufleba da daculi iyos erovnuli usafrTxoeba. magram, demokratiuli qveynebis mier miRebulma erTpirovnulma Tu TanamSromlobiTma zomebma dagvanaxa, rom SesaZlebelia terorizmis SeCereba da ara
misi srulad aRmofxvra.
sakvanZo sityvebi
terorizmi
antisaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi
saxelmwifo terorizmi
nacionalur-separatistuli terorizmi
saerTaSoriso terorizmi
ideologiuri terorizmi
Sida terorizmi
kontrterorizmi
transnacionaluri terorizmi
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ra nabiji gadadga konstituciurma demokratiam terorizmisgan Tavis dasacavad? kidev risi [Tu saerTod ramis] gakeTeba SeiZleba?
SeniSvnebi:
1.
Cindy Coombs. Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall,
1997), 1-2.
2.
3.
Characteristics, Causes, Controls, red. Charles W. Kegley, Jr. (New York: St. Martins Press,
1990), 113.
511
4.
5.
6.
iqve.
gansxvaveba religiasa da ideologias Soris sruliad qreba, roca momxreebi Riad misdeven politikur miznebs da religias TavianTi saSualebebis
gasamarTleblad iyeneben. magaliTad, islamisti eqstremistebi xSirad
mouwodeben xalxs jihadisken (wminda omisken) israelis winaaRmdeg da
`jvarosnuli omebisaken~ (Tu bin ladenis epiTets gamoviyenebT), magram
yvela musulmanma icis, rom yurani (islamis wminda wigni) mkacrad krZalavs udanaSaulo adamianisaTvis sicocxlis warTmevas da aranair gamonakliss ar uSvebs. terorizms aSkarad ufro metad krZalavs islami, vidre
qristianoba.
7.
ufro srulyofili ganxilvisaTvis ix. Devid Rapoport, `Religion and Terror: Thugs,
Assassins and Zealots,~ wignSi International Terrorism, ed. Kegley, 146-157. aseve ix. Leonard Weinberg and Paul Davis, Introduction to Political Terrorism (New York: McGraw-Hill,
1989), 19-23
8.
9.
10.
Rushworth M. Kidder, `Unmasking Terrorism,~ Christian Science Monitor, May 13, 1986, 19.
11.
iqve, 20.
12.
13.
14.
Paul Johnson, `The Seven Deadly Sins of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red.
Kegley, 65.
15.
Carlos Marighella, Mini-Manual for Urban Guerillas, mTargmn. Gene Hanrahan (Chapel Hill,
N.C.: Documentary Publications, 1984). (Tavdapirvelad gamoqveynda espanurad
1970 wels).
16.
Claire Marighella, The Terror Network: The Secret War of International Terrorism (New York:
Holt, 1981), 21-22.
17.
statistika eyrdnoba David E. Long, The Anatomy of Terrorism (New York: Free Press,
1990), 165.
18.
19.
20.
Walter Laqueur, `The Futility of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red. Kegley, 69.
22.
Laqueur, `Faculty of Terrorism,~ 70; and Walter Laqueur, `Reflections on the Eradication of
Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red. Kegley, 207.
23.
24.
Rushworth M. Kidder, `Unmasking Terrorism,~ Christian Science Monitor, May 15, 1986, 18.
25.
Eric Hoffer, The True Believer (New York: Harper & Row, 1951), 49.
26.
ix. Frederick J. Hacker, Crusaders, Criminals, Crazies: Terror and Terrorism in Our Time
512
(New York: Norton, 1977).
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
iqve, 81.
32.
am ganxilvis didi wili dafuZnebulia Weinberg-isa da Devis-s naSromze Political Terrorism, Tavi 8, 151-188.
33.
Mattew Purdy, `Bushs New Rules to Fight Terror Transform the Legal Landscape,~ New York
Times (online edition), December 16, 2001.
34.
35.
Gayle Rivers, The Specialist: Revelations of a Counterterrorist (New York: Charter Books,
1985), 40.
36.
Richard Clutterburck, Protest and the Urban Guerilla (New York: Abelard-Shuman, 1974),
37.
ix. generally Brian Jenkins, red., Terrorism and Personal Protection (Boston: Butter-worth,
287.
1985)
38.
39.
iqve, 17.
513
T aavv i XV I
omi
po litika ssxv
xvaa
m izn
izneb
eb isaTv
isaT v is
sazogadoeba
garemo
totaluri omi:
omi, romelSic yvela ibrZvis
SemTxveviTi omi: omi, romelic aravis surs
birTvuli omi: mougebeli omi
aris Tu ara romelime omi moralurad gamaromi saerTaSoriso politikis
umTavresi problemaa. prusieli samxedro
Tlebuli?
Teoretikosi karl fon klauzevici
(1780-1831)omis
ambobs,
rom `omisamarTliani
politikis
samarTliani
doqtrina
gagrZelebaa, oRond sxva saSualebebiT~.
mTavroba
yovelTvis acnobierebs, rom
omis doqtrinis
Sefaseba
diplomatia SeiZleba uZluri aRmoCndes
da
Sesabamisad,
niurnbergis procesi nebismier dros atydes
omi mezobel saxelmwifosTan an saxelmwifos SigniT moqiSpe eTnikur an religiur jgufebs Soris. cxadia, nebismieri donis politikis yvelaze didi marcxi
gamoixateba mis uunarobaSi, Tavidan aicilos sxvadasxva formis SeiaraRebuli
konfliqti.
Cveulebriv, rodesac omze saubroben, gulisxmoben saxelmwifoTaSoris
oms _ oms, romelSic ori an meti eri-saxelmwifoa CarTuli. samoqalaqo omi
erTi saxelmwifos teritoriaze mimdinareobs. Tanamedrove samyaroSi am tipis
omebi ufro xSiria, vidre damoukidebel saxelwifoebs Soris. partizanuli omi
aris brZolis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba, romelsac ZiriTadad msubuqad SeiaraRebuli moZravi SenaerTebi awarmoeben soflebSi (xSirad mebrZolebs adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba sakvebiT da TavSesafriT exmareba). partizanebi, rogorc wesi, gamiznul Zaladobas mimarTaven armiis, policiisa da xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg,
rac miznad isaxavs xelisuflebis Sesustebas an damxobas. omis meoTxe katego-
514
ria _ dabalintensiuri konfliqtebi, iwyeba maSin, rodesac erTi saxelmwifo
afinansebs metoqe saxelmwifoSi Zaladobis periodul an xangrZliv gamovlinebas (magaliTad, daqiravebuli jariskacebis gamogzavniT an partizanebis daxmarebiT).
Tu gavixsenebT daRupulTa ricxvs, ganadgurebul qonebas, daxarjul
Tanxebs, cxadi gaxdeba, rom omi adamianis yvelaze damangreveli da fuWi qmedebaa. mxolod meoce saukuneSi omma 35 milioni adamiani _ maT Soris 25 mln samoqalaqo piri imsxverpla (es Sefaseba 1990 wels gakeTda, roca saukunis dasasrulamde kidev aTi weli iyo darCenili).1 generalma uiliam takumseh Sermanma
sakuTar Tavze gamoscada omis saSinelebebi (igi, rogorc meTauri, TavgamodebiT ibrZoda omebSi). amerikis samoqalaqo omis damTavrebdan 15 wlis Semdeg warmoTqmul sityvaSi man ganacxada: `bevri patara biWi fiqrobs, rom omi didebuli
ram aris, magram, biWebo, damijereT _ es namdvili jojoxeTia~!
saubedurod, yvelas ar esmis omis saSinelebebi ise, rogorc general Sermans esmoda. Some of historys most illustrious (or infamous) personalities have reveled in the
`glory~ of war. Others, while not condoning bloodshed, have acknowledged wars perverse attractions. Cvens welTaRricxvamde merve saukuneSi berZenma poetma homerosma aRniSna,
515
ilebiT saSiSia, xolo mimdinare SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis ricxvi _ ufro maRali, vidre liberalurad ganwyobili Tavdacvis informaciis centrisTvis, romelic xandaxan
ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams Tavdacvaze daxarjul TanxebTan dakavSirebiT. isic ar aris
gasakviri, rom Tavdacvis erovnuli sabWos fondi konfliqtebs ufro did mniSvnelobas
aniWebs, vidre Tavdacvis informaciis centri. erovnuli sabWo konfliqtebad miiCnevs
ara mxolod SeiaraRebul dapirispirebas, aramed narkotikebTan da organizebul danaSaulTan dakavSirebul incindentebsac.
amgvari gansxvavebebi rom ar arsebobdes, omebis daTvla mainc gaWirdeboda.
omis gansazRvra daRupulTa ricxvis mixedviT, imTaviTve SeuZlebelia, radganac omSi
monawile arc erTi mxare ar axmaurebs sarwmuno informacias, xolo miukerZoebeli damkvirveblebisTvis Sesabamisi informaciis xelmisawvdomoba an SezRudulia, an saerTod
SeuZlebelia. erovnuli sazRvrebis mixedviT omisa da brZolebis gansazRvra aseve warumatebelia. magaliTad, Tavdacvis erovnuli sabWo bosniisa da serbeTis konfliqtebs
erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad ganixilavs, xolo centraluri sadazvervo saagento maT
balkaneTis konfliqtad moixseniebs.
hegeli ambobda, rom `msoflios istoria aris msoflios sasamarTlo~. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, hegelisaTvis saimedoobis an gamZleobis yvelaze didi
gamocda aris ara raRac abstraqtuli moraluri standartebi, aramed konkretuli warmateba. da radganac msoflio politikaSi warmateba ZalauflebiT da
sididiT izomeba, gamodis, rom Zala da ufleba sinonimebi yofila.
germanelma filosofosma fridrix nicSem (1844-1900) meti radikalizmi
SesZina am ideas. nicSe zogadad uaryofda pirobiT zneobriobas, xolo qristianul eTikasa da humanurobas gansakuTrebiT ver itanda da sisusted miiCnevda.
nicSe eTayvaneboda Zalauflebis agresiul gamovlinebas, rogorc adamianebSi,
aseve qveynebSi. igi xotbas asxamda nebisyofas da omis, erTi SexedviT usiamovno,
magram sasikeTo gavlenas erebsa da civilizaciebze.3 daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg es Tema uCveulo ZaliT gacocxldeba omis mexotbe diqtator adolf
hitlerisa da misi aranakleb agresiuli mokavSiris benito musolinis mier, romelic, hegelis da nicSes msgavsad, abuCad igdebda pacifizms. italiuri faSizmis mamis _ musolonis mixedviT, `omi adamianis energiis mobilizacias axdens da
ganadidebs imaT, visac Zala Seswevs, mas Tvali gausworos~.4
idealur samyaroSi omi ar iqneboda, magram igi yovelTvis iyo da aris. omis
safrTxe imis imedTan erTad arsebobs, rom erT mSvenier dRes omi aRar iqneba.
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi bevri moazrovne-politikosi (rom araferi vTqvaT
utopist meocnebeebze) imeorebda, rom goni, an RmerTi, an istoria msoflios
gaaTavisuflebda omis agoniisgan. magram es optimistebic ki TiTqmis verasdros
Tanxmebodnen iseT sakiTxze, rogoricaa omis gamomwvevi mizezebi. rasakvirvelia, Tu gvinda, rom aRar iyos omi, upirveles yovlisa, misi gamomwvevi mizezebi
unda aRmovfxvraT.
516
upirveles yovlisa ki _ droze.
cxadia, oms sxvadasxva epoqaSi gansxvavebuli faqtori iwvevda. magaliTad, meTormete saukunis evropaSi an Sua aRmosavleTSi mcxovrebi nebismieri
miukerZoebeli mklevari am periodis gansakuTrebulad xSir da sastik omebs
aucileblad religiur aRtkinebas miawerda. paradoqsulia, rom gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamorCeuli jvarosnuli omebi, romlebic meTerTmete saukunis
dasasruls daiwyo da TiTqmis 200 wels mimdinareobda, im rwmeniT iyo gamsWvaluli, rom `RmerTi CvenTanaa~.
religiam Zalze susti roli Seasrula meoce saukunis ZiriTadi omebis gaCaRebaSi (Tumca man xeli Seuwyo regionul da adgilobriv omebs). magaliTad,
religiuri fanatizmi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar yofila pirveli msoflio omis
safuZveli. bevri damkvirvebeli am omis dawyebis mizezad nacionalizms miiCnevs, romlis Sesaxebac meoce saukuneSi araferi iyo cnobili. mkvlevarTa meore
nawili omis dawyebas evropuli qveynebis gamalebuli SeiaraRebas ukavSirebs
da amtkicebs, rom samxedro momzadebis tempma evropa sabolood omamde miiyvana. mkvlevarTa mesame jgufi imperializms adanaSaulebs: mecxramete saukunis
meore naxevarSi koloniebis dasapatroneblad dawyebuli brZola omSi gadaizarda maSin, rodesac daupatronebeli aRar darCa arc erTi kolonia aziasa da
afrikaSi.
religias arc meore msoflio omis dawyebaSi uTamaSia mTavari roli. misi
umTavresi da gadamwyveti mizezi iyo ideologia (nacionaluri socializmi
germaniaSi, faSizmi _ italiaSi, xolo komunizmi _ sabWoTa kavSirSi). da mainc,
umTavresi `izmi~, romelic germaniis, italiis da iaponiis agresiuli politikis ukan idga, iyo ultranacionalizmi an, rogorc saerTaSoriso politikis
gamoCenili mkvlevari hans j. morgantau uwodebda, nacionalisturi univer-
517
mTlian codnas. Cveni Semecnebis areali gafarTovda mxolod mecnieruli
meTodis ganviTarebis Sedegad. mxolod kontrolirebuli dakvirvebis,
samxilebis Segrovebis, frTxili induqciisa da im rwmenis meSveobiT,
rom hipoTeza yovelTvis unda gamoicados miRebamde, SesaZlebeli gaxda
progresis miRweva. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, dadgeba Tu ara eWvqveS privilegirebuli Teoriebi, es procesi aucilebelia, sanam omisa da mSvidobis Sesaxeb utyuar cnobas moivipovebT. 5
omis gamomwvevi mizezebis gamokvleva im sami alternatiuli Teoriis ganxilviT daviwyeT, romlebic dasavleTis yvelaze TvalsaCino politikuri moazrovneebis naSromebSi gvxvdeba. erT-erTi interpretacia aqcents adamianis
bunebaze akeTebs. meore maTgani xazs usvams sazogadoebas (mTavrobis CaTvliT),
mesame yuradRebas amaxvilebs garemoSi arsebul Seusabamobebze (magaliTad,
sakvebis, wylis, miwis, bunebrivi resursebisa da a.S. naklebobas), rogorc socialuri da saerTaSoriso konfliqtis gagebis ZiriTad saSualebaze.10 am sami
interpretaciis detaluri analizis Semdeg ganvixilavT Tanamedrove swavlebis
ramdenime Sedegs, raTa davadasturoT an uarvyoT es interpretaciebi.
adamianis buneba
isini, vinc oms adamianis bunebis mankier mxared miiCneven, sxvadasxva axsnas
gvTavazoben `cudad moqcevis~ zogadsakacobrio tendenciis Sesaxeb. am mxriv
qristianobam umniSvnelovanesi kvali daaCnia dasavleTis politikur azrovnebas.
Zvel aRTqmaze dayrdnobiT, adreuli periodis qristiani moazrovneebi miiCnevdnen, rom mTeli kacobrioba daRdasmulia pirvelyofili codvis anu adamisa da
518
evas mier saRvTo kanonis darRvevis gamo edemis baRSi. `dabadebaSi~ moTxrobili dacemis ambavi exeba moralur uZlurebasa da adamianis codviT gamoxatul
sisustes. yvela gagebiT, es aris universaluri mniSvnelobis mqone universaluri
ambavi, naWuWSi moqceuli msoflios istoria.
gavleniani Teologis, netari avgustines (354-430) SexedulebiT, omi aris
safasuri, rasac vixdiT Cveni codvili bunebis gamo. sxva filosofosebic amJRavneben msgavs pesimizms ise, rom ar asaxeleben pirvelyofil codvas, rogorc
yvela ubedurebis mizezs. berZeni filosofosi platoni omis gamomwvevad adamianis msoflio batonobisadmi daucxromel swrafvas miawers. meTeqvsemete
saukunis italielma moazrovnem nikolo makiavelim kidev ufro pirquS ferebSi aRwera adamianis bunebisa da politikis urTierTobis pesimisturi suraTi.
`mTavarSi~ makiaveli werda, rom politikuri warmateba da moraluri simarTle
xSirad erTmaneTTan ukuproporciul damokidebulebaSia: rac ufro binZur
politikur meTods mimarTavs mTavari sakuTari miznebis dasakmayofileblad,
miT ufro mdidrdeba da warmatebuli xdeba.
Tu mklevarTa erTi nawili religias, xolo meore nawili filosofias iyenebs agresiuli qmedebebis asaxsenlad, mkvlevarTa mesame nawili fsiqologias
iSveliebs. zigmund froids (1856-1939), fsiqoanalizis fuZemdebels, miaCnda,
rom adamianebi ibadebian `sikvdilis surviliT~ _ TviTganadgurebis Tandayolili tendenciiT, romlis mimarTulebis Secvlasac umeteswilad axerxeben.
rogorc froidi miiCnevda, konfliqtis pirobebSi adamianebi am gamanadgurebel tendencias erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTaven. aqedan gamomdinare, oms
fsiqoTerapiuli funqcia aqvs: es aris TviTdamangreveli impulsis gamodevna.
Tumca am Teoriis kritikosebi miiCneven, rom es mosazreba mxolod sanaxevrodaa
swori _ is jariskacebi, romlebic sCadian mkvlelobas, Tavad ar iReben gadawyvetilebas omis dawyebis Taobaze, xolo isini, vinc amis Sesaxeb iReben gadawyvetilebas (da vinc axerxebs mSvidad jdomasa da safrTxis Tavidan acilebas),
Tavad ar ibrZvis. jariskacebis umetesoba Tavis movaleobas asrulebs da garda
amisa, ar surT Tavad iqcnen msxverplebad da ara imitom, rom isini bunebiT moZaladeebad arian dabadebuli.
fsiqologTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom agresia adamianis Tandayolili
Tviseba da bunebrivi reaqciaa imedgacruebaze, zogjer ki adamianebi amJRavneben `teritoriuli mbrZaneblobis~ imave tips, romliTac xasiaTdebian cxovelTa
SedarebiT dabalganviTarebuli jiSebi. `teritoriuli mbrZaneblobis~ Teoriis mixedviT, farul agresias Rrmad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli adamianis bunebaSi
da erTi piris an jgufis kuTvnili teritoriisadmi SesaZlo safrTxe stimuls
aZlevs agresiul qmedebas.
mklevarTa sxva nawili miiCnevs, rom omis umTavresi mizezi devs ara adamianis sulSi, aramed mis gonebaSi. adamianebi arc uzneoebi arian da arc SeSlilebi,
isini ufro Clungebi arian _ is ki ara, rom yuradRebis miRma toveben _ imdenad
briyvebi arian, rom ver xvdebian omis amaoebas. gamoCenili pacifisti, romelic
pirvel da meore msoflio omebs Soris werda, ambobda:
dabrkolebas Cvens gzaze qmnis ara moraluri, aramed inteleqtualuri sfero. es imitom ki ar xdeba, rom adamianebi winaswar arian ganwyobilni da amitom ver swvdebian samyaros socialur WeSmaritebas, aramed
maT, Tumca modiT, viyoT gulaxdilebi da vTqvaT `Cven~ _ konservatiuli
519
temperamenti da SezRuduli goniereba gvaqvs~. 11
tomas hobsi (1588-1679) omis gansxvavebul, magram aseve aranakleb usiamovno axsnas gvTavazobs. is miiCnevs, rom adamianebi bunebiT sastikebi da ugunurebi arian (hobsi inglisSi puritanuli revoluciis dros cxovrobda da zaravda
imaze fiqri, rom erT mSvenier dRes dabrundeboda qaosi da `TiToeuli adamiani gaaCaRebda oms TiToeuli adamianis winaaRmdeg~). magram yvelafris miuxedavad, hobsi realisti iyo da cdilobda Caswvdomoda adamianis bunebas iseTs,
rogoric aris da ara iseTs, rogoric unda iyos. erTaderTi saSualeba adamianis
WeSmariti bunebis gasagebad aris codna imisa, rogor moiqcevian isini civiluri
sazogadoebis gareSe, bunebriv pirobebSi. dResac mniSvnelovania mis mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi.
hobsi omis Sesaxeb. hobsis Tanaxmad, bunebriv pirobebSi adamianebs marTavs TviTgadarCenis ZiriTadi instinqti. maT yvelaze ufro sikvdilis eSiniaT
da gansakuTrebiT ufrTxian uecar, moulodnel aRsasruls. Tumca sikvdilis
SiSi maT ki ar adunebT, aramed piriqiT, agresiulobasa da Zaladobas hmatebs,
rac am pirobebSi normad iTvleba:
amgvarad, adamianis bunebaSi devs davis sami mizezi. pirveli aris
konkurencia, meore _ gansxvaveba da mesame _ dideba. pirveli adamians
moxveWisken ubiZgebs, meore _ usafrTxoebisken, xolo mesame _ reputaciis mopovebisken. pirveli warmoSobs Zaladobas, radgan adamianebs surT
ibatonon sxva adamianebze, maT colebze, bavSvebze, daepatronon maT saqonels; meore adamianebs aiZulebs, daicvan sakuTari monapovari, xolo
mesame iwvevs Rimils gasxvavebuli azrisa da sxvebis Sefasebebis mimarT.
aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom maSin, roca adamianebi Tavisuflad cxovroben da ar emorCilebian erT saerTo Zalas, amave dros,
cxovroben iseT pirobebSi, romlebsac SeiZleba omi vuwodoT da es aris
yvela adamianis omi yvela adamianis winaaRmdeg. 12
520
winaaRmdeg iseT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic gareSe mayureblisTvis
yovelad uazroa.
hobsis memkvidreoba:
sazogadoeba
yvela politikuri moazrovne omis mizezad adamianis fsiqikas an bunebas
ar miiCnevs. mecnierTa garkveuli nawili omis gaCaRebaSi zogadad Tanamedrove
sazogadoebas adanaSaulebs, romelic saxelmwifos saxiT aris formirebuli
(eqskluziuri politikuri an `mxolod wevrebis~ principze agebuli asociaciebi), xolo meore nawili _ politikuri saxelmwifoebis im konkretul kategorias,
romlebic safrTxes uqmnian mSvidobas. am TavSi ganvixilavT politikuri Teoriebisadmi sxvadasxva midgomas da agreTve im liderebs, romlebic sazogadoebas
an saxelmwifos (sazogadoebis politikuri CarCo) adanaSauleben omebis gaCaRebaSi.
ruso: damnaSavea qoneba. `adamiani Tavisufal qmnilebadaa dabadebuli,
magram mas mTeli cxovreba borkilebi adevs~. eri-saxelmwifoebze mitanili am
ieriSiT daiwyo frangma filosofosma Jan-Jak rusom (1712-1778) klasikad qceuli
naSromi socialuri kontraqti (1762), romelSic pirdapir gaakritika hobsis mosazreba adamianis muxTal da moZalade bunebasTan dakavSirebiT. rusom dasawy-
521
isSive ganacxada, rom adamianebi `suleli, magram mSvidobiani~ arsebebi arian,
romlebsac SeuZliaT TanaugrZnon daCagrulebs (daakvirdiT, ramdenad ewinaaRmdegeba es gansazRvreba `suleli, magram moZalade~ adamianebis Sesaxeb Tezas,
romelic am TavSive ganvixileT). am kuTxidan Tu SevxedavT, hobsma ubralod Sescoda, rodesac iseTi Tandayolili Tvisebebi, rogoricaa ambicia, SiSi da siamaye, miawera bunebriv pirobebSi myof adamianebs. rusos sjeroda, rom es aris
socialuri adamianisa da ara pirvelyofili adamianis Tviseba. raoden paradoqsulic unda iyos, antisocialur saqciels socialuri safuZvlebi aqvs; es aris
adamianis mankierebis utyuari niSani. am SemTxvevaSi damnaSavea sazogadoeba da
ara adamianis buneba. ruso sakmaod mkveTrad gamoTqvams sakuTar mosazrebas am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT: cxadia, rom sazogadoebas unda mieweros mkvlelobebi,
mowamvlis faqtebi, Saragzis yaCaRobebi da am danaSaulebaTa dasjac ki~.15
rusos swamda, rom sazogadoeba aris yvelanairi problemis mizezi, omis
CaTvliT. is gansakuTrebiT adanaSaulebda kerZo sakuTrebis instituts _ meoce
saukunis evropis ZiriTad sazrunavs _ im ubedurebebisaTvis, romlebmac mTeli
kacobrioba moicva mas Semdeg, rac adamianebma civilizaciis yalb siamovnebaze
gacvales pirvelyofili umankoeba. sakuTreba ganarCevs adamianebs imiT, rom qmnis usargeblo uTanasworobas janmrTelobis, statusisa da Zalauflebis mxriv
erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqeebsa da TandaTanobiT _ saxelmwifoebs Soris:
pirveli adamiani, romelmac SemoRoba miwis nakveTi, gonebaSi
CaibeWda, rom `es misia~ da ipova adamianebi, romlebic imdenad sulelebi
aRmoCndnen, rom es daijeres, iyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis WeSmariti
fuZemdebeli. ramden danaSauls, oms, mkvlelobasa da saSinelebas ascdeboda kacobrioba, vinmes rom daeyvira: nu usmenT am matyuaras, inanebT,
Tu daiviwyebT, rom nayofi yvelasia, xolo miwa _ saerTo. 16
522
rom is fataluri manki, romelsac omamde mivyavarT, unda veZeboT sazogadoebaSi da ara adamianis bunebaSi.
damnaSavea nacionalizmi: bevri Tanamedrove moazrovne amtkicebs, rom
omi imTaviTve arsebobs calkeul sazogadoebebSi damoukidebeli mTavrobebiT.
am potenciuri separatistuli tendenciis ZiriTadi gamoxatulebaa nacionalizmi (romelsac xSirad jingoizmis an Sovinizmis saxeliTac moixsenieben, gasakuTrebiT mis radikalur gamovlinebebs). nacionalizmi, Cveulebriv, gulisxmobs konkretuli qveynis moqalaqeebis mier patriotul grZnobas samSoblos
mimarT. erT-erTi cnobili avtori ambobs:
`yvela ers Tavisi vardisferi sarke aqvs. amgvari sarkis gansakuTrebuli Tvisebaa gamosaxulebis momxibvlelad warmoCena.: is aSorebs uxeS xazebs da xasiaTi da mSveneba pirdapir anaTebs! TiToeuli eri
sakuTar Tavs miiCnevs yvelaze marTlad... TiToeuli eri darwmunebulia
(aq sagulisxmoa temperamenti da midrekileba), rom is `RvTis rCeuli~
eria da `RviTsgan kurTxeul miwaze~ cxovrobs.19
523
kuTxedia erovnuli TviTgansazRvris ufleba anu adamianebis ufleba, airCion
sasurveli mTavroba. uilsonis azriT TviTgansazRvris ufleba gaxdeboda demokratiis safuZveli, romelic, bunebrivia, mSvidobis damkvidrebis ukeTesi saSualebaa, vidre diqtati.
magram ratom unda gauCndeT demokratiul saxlemwifoebs omis survili
diqtatorul saxelmwifoebze naklebad? meTvramete saukunis germanelma filosofosma emanuel kantma (1724-1804) pirvelma axsna es movlena, ramac didi
gavlena iqonia uilsonze (rogorc erT-erTma kompetenturma pirma aRniSna, is,
rac akavSirebs kantis naSromebs uilsonis ideebTan aris is, rom `uilsonma patiosnad gadmoitana kantis mudmivi mSvidobis ideebi Tavis ToTxmet principSi~20).
kantis naSromis mixedviT imisaTvis, raTa saxelmwifoebma SeinarCunon siZliere,
saWiroa ganaviTaron ganaTleba, komercia da samoqalaqo Tavisufleba. ganaTlebas, kantis azriT, moaqvs saerTo ganmanaTlebloba, xolo komercia saSualebas
aZlevs qveyanas moipovos ekonomikuri damoukidebloba, xolo es ori faqtori
safuZvels uyris mSvidobas. rac yvelaze mTavaria, farTo politikuri Tavisuflebis pirobebSi, moqalaqeebi ufro kompetenturebi gaxdebodnen sazogadoebriv sakiTxebSi. da radganac Tavisufleba yvelaze ufro respublikur mowyobaSi gamoixateba, amgvari xelisufleba bunebiT ufro mSvidobismoyvarea. mizezi
martivia: respublikaSi, gansxvavebiT monarqiisa da aristokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan, gadawyvetilebas omis warmoebis Taobaze iReben is adamianebi, romlebmac unda ibrZolon. rogorc kanti ambobs:
`respublikis konstitucia ar iTvaliswinebs mSvidobismoyvare
saqcielis waxalisebas Semdegi mizeziT: Tu omis dawyebisTvis saWiroa
im adamianebis Tanxmoba, romlebmac sakuTar Tavze unda gamoscadon
omis mTeli saSineleba, Zalian Zneli dasajerebelia, rom isini xalisiT
daTanxmdebian am binZur TamaSSi monawileobaze. amgvari saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebiT qveynebi, romelTa mTavari sagani ar aris moqalaqe,
Zalze iolad iwyeben oms, rogorc gasarTobs da amisTvis maT seriozuli
mizezi ar sWirdebaT.~21
524
525
rodesac afrikaSi evropuli koloniebi, magaliTad teritoriis
mxolod erT meaTeds moicavda (rogorc es 1976 wels iyo), koloniurma
politikam, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, ganviTareba teritoriebis `Tavisufali mitacebis~ meTodiT SeZlo. magram rodesac afrikis cxra meaTedi
mitacebul iqna (daaxloebiT 1900 wlisTvis) da moxda mTeli msoflios
danawileba, amas mohyva koloniuri monopoliis periodi, ramac, Tavis
mxriv, gamoiwvia gansakuTrebiT mwvave brZola msoflios ganawilebis an
gadanawilebisaTvis.22
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom leninis azriT, omi sarfiani saqmea kapitalistebisTvis da amitom cdiloben sakuTar saqmed aqcion omis xelSewyoba.
omis gamomwvevi mizezebis leniniseuli analizi Zalze Sors dgas uilsonis TeoriasTan imis Sesaxeb, rom tiranias aucileblad mivyavarT saerTaSoriso konfliqtebamde, da mainc, es ori mosazreba erTmaneTs ZiriTad sakiTxSi
emTxveva: orive _ uilsoni da leninic amtkicebdnen, rom eri-saxelmwifoebi,
ufro sworad konkretuli defeqtis mqone eri-saxelmwifoebi, iwveven omebs.
es ori lideri erTmaneTis Tanamedroveebi da amavdroulad mtrebic iyvnen.
isini ideologiuri wyalgamyofis mopirdapire mxares idgnen, magram, rusos msgavsad, orive fiqrobda, rom sazogadoebis mankierebis aRmofxvris SemTxvevaSi,
msoflioSi samudamo mSvidoba daisadgurebda. es manki uilsonisTvis mTavrobis
konkretuli tipi iyo, xolo leninisTvis _ ekonomikis tipi. gadamwyveti sakiTxia cvlileba: Secvale agresiuli eri-saxelmwifoebi da adamianebi simSvidesa da
harmoniaSi icxovreben.
garemo
TeoretikosTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom omebi gamowveulia deficitiTa
da daucvelobiT, rac dakavSirebulia iseT `bunebriv mtaceblebTan~, rogoricaa sicive, SimSili, daavadebebi, gvelebi, qariSxlebi da a.S. es mosazreba filosofos jon lokis (1632-1704) ideebs emTxveva.
lokis Sexeduleba. traqtatSi samoqalaqo mTavrobis Sesaxeb (1690) loki
amtkicebda, rom omebi aris gamoZaxili Tandayolili bunebisa da ara adamianis
bunebisa an sazogadoebis defeqtebisa. martivad rom vTqvaT, garemo pirobebi,
romelsac adamiani ver akontrolebs, xSirad ayenebs adamians sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxis pirispir da amitom konfliqtebic gardauvalia. misi winamorbedi
hobsis msgavsad, lokic ar xuWavda Tvals adamianis bunebis mankierebebze. adamianis bunebis Seswavlam loki im azramde miiyvana, rasac hobsic emxroboda _
anu TviTgadarCena adamianis ZiriTadi instinqtia. TumcaRa, am sakiTxze am ori
moazrovnis msjeloba erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. erT-erTi kompetenturi piris sityvebiT:
lokis mier danaxuli bunebrivi mdgomareoba ar aris iseTi sastiki,
rogoric es hobs warmoedgina. Tu Zalis gamoyeneba uflebis gareSe Cveulebrivi movlenaa lokiseul bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, es imitom ar xdeba, rom adamianebis umetesoba borotmoqmedi, veluri an sisxlismsmelia;
hobsisgan gansxvavebiT loki ar fiqrobs, rom TiToeuli adamiani erT-
526
maneTis potenciuri mkvlelia. sicocxlisaTvis ZiriTadi safrTxe bunebriv mdgomareobaSi aris ara mkvlelis tendenciebi adamianebSi, aramed
is siRatake da gaWirveba, rac axasiaTebs bunebriv mdgomareobas.23
loks swamda, rom siRatake da gaWirveba aucileblad gadadis bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, radgan, misi azriT, didi Zalixmevaa saWiro yoveldRiuri sarCos
mosapoveblad. am pirobebSic ki, Cveni qoneba unda davicvaT im mezoblebisgan,
romlebic iswrafvian misi dapatronebisken da im adamianebisgan, romlebsac
SiaT da Raribebi arian. amgvarad, loki problemas ufro mwir resursebSi (sakvebi, miwa da a.S) xedavda, vidre Sinagan bunebriv dinebaze.
lokis Sexedulebebi adamianebze, sazogadoebasa da bunebaze mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxebTan. Tu omis warmoSobis mizezebi
unda veZeboT adamianebSi, rogorc es hobs sjeroda, maSin misi aRmofxvris erTaderTi saSualebaa Sinagani identobis Secvla. xolo, Tu problema unda veZeboT
sazogadoebaSi, rogorc ruso da lenini Tvlidnen, maSin gamosavali mdgomareobs
sazogadoebis (an saxelmwifos) imgvarad gadawyobaSi, rom aRmoifxvras agresiuli
qcevis gamomwvevi faqtorebi. magram, Tu problemaa ara adamiani an sazogadoeba,
aramed buneba, maSin erTaderT gamosavlad bunebis gardaqmna rCeba.
sainteresoa is faqti, rom bunebis transformacia iyo zustad is gza,
romelsac loki Sida sazogadoebaSi konfliqtis aRmofxvris instrumentad miiCnevda. misi azriT, samoqalaqo xelisuflebam unda izrunos iseTi pirobebis
damkvidrebaze, romlebic xels Seuwyobs ekonomikur ganviTarebas. ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis meSveobiT mniSvnelovnad Sesustdeba socialuri daZabulobis
ZiriTadi mizezi _ adamianis mdgomareobis bunebrivi `gaWirveba~. amave dros, Tu
bunebis cvalebadobas Caenacvleba organizebuli sazogadoebis oficia-luri
wesebi, mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba imis saWiroeba, rom adamianebma mudmivad
akontrolon erTmaneTi. amgvarad, adamianebi SeZlebdnen sabolood gamosuliyvnen bunebrivi mdgomareobidan, mTeli Tavisi anarqiiTa da safrTxeebiT.
magram bunebrivi mdgomareobidan gamosvlis Semdeg, adamianebma aRmoaCines, rom bedis ironiiT Seabijes sxva _ saerTaSoriso politikis sastik samyaroSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom loks ar mourgia politikis Sesaxeb sakuTari
Teoria saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisaTvis, misi msjeloba srulad miesadageba
am sakiTxs. mTavrobis `gamogonebamde~ adamianebi cxovrobdnen Sida anarqiaSi;
amgvaradve, efeqturi msoflio xelisuflebis ararsebobis pirobebSi saxelmwifoebi arseboben saerTaSoriso anarqiaSi. am gagebiT eri-saxelmwifoebs Soris
arsebuli damokidebuleba mcirediT gansxvavdeba im damokidebulebisagan, romelic arsebobda adamianebs Soris samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebamde.
saerTaSoriso bunebrivi mdgomareoba, iseve, rogorc Tavdapirveli bunebrivi
mdgomaroba, mudmivad imyofeba potenciur saomar viTarebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, TiToeuli eri-saxelmwifo sakuTari Tavis gadarCenis mizniT moqmedebs
mtrul garemoSi, swored ise, rogorc TiToeuli adamiani moiqceoda bunebriv
mdgomareobaSi.
omis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli da Zvirfasi nadavli teritoriaa da istoriidan gamomdinare, swored axali teritoriebisa da miwebis _ lokis mixedviT ki qonebis _ dapatronebis gamo xdeba omebis umetesi nawili. gaixseneT,
mecxramete saukunis bolos evropis saxelmwifoebis brZolas axali koloniebisaTvis lenini axali bazrebis, iafi muSaxelisa da nedleulis dapatronebis sur-
527
vils miawerda. mniSvnelovania leninis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom kapitalis
(fuli da qoneba) dagrovebisadmi midrekileba, romelsac loki aRwerda, pirdapir ukavSirdeba imperializmis fenomens, rac, rogorc man iwinaswarmetyvela,
msoflios omamde miiyvanda. gindac lenini aWarbebdes kapitalizmis winaaRmdeg
sakuTari mosazrebis gamoTqmisas, erTi ram cxadia: teritoriuloba yovelTvis
ukavSirdeboda da kvlavac daukavSirdeba oms.
loki im dros moRvaweobda, rodesac jer kidev mravlad iyo evropelebis
mier daupatronebeli da auTvisebeli teritoria. igi aRniSnavda, rom adamianebi harmoniulad icxovobdnen, Tu romelime maTgani ar moindomebda sxvebis
daCagvras. am faqtebs mivyavarT im azramde, rom mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad
gaZlierda zewola iolad mosapovebel resursebze, Tumca siRatakis zRvris
gavleba ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. rogorc loki amtkicebs, Tu preistoriul adamians safrTxe eqmneboda bunebrivi resursebis amowurviT, warmoidgineT, ramdenad gaZlierda es zewola droTa ganmavlobaSi.
bunebrivi resursebis simwire: malTusis koSmari. bevrma Tanamedrove
mweralma ganavrco lokis mier wamoweuli bunebrivi resursebis simwiris Tema,
romelsac Tomas malTusic (1766-1834) Seexo Tavis cnobil naSromSi _ cda mosaxleobis principebze (1780). riCard folkma, magaliTad, gansazRvra `kosmiuri
saSiSroebis oTxi ganzomileba~ `omis sistemis~, `mosaxleobis zewolis~, `mwiri
resursebisa~ da `garemos gadatvirTvis~ CaTvliT.24 safrTxis es oTxi ganzomileba, folkis mixedviT, erTi problemis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli aspeqtebia da aqedan gamomdinare, erTad unda ganixilos.
saerTaSoriso konfliqtis mizezebTan dakavSirebiT folkis mosazrebebi
Seesabameba politikis lokiseul gagebas:
...saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, rasakvirvelia, aris omis sistemis
ukiduresi magaliTi. konfliqtebi erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebu
528
sakvebisa da wylis maragze ufro mniSvnelovani, folkis azriT, aris mosaxleobis afeTqebis kontrolis aucilebloba. bevr SemTxvevaSi mosaxleobis zewola ganapirobebs kosmiur organizebas. amgvari pirobebis arsebobidan,
gasagebia, rom msoflioSi arc erTi saxelmwifo, miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad
Zlevamosilia, ar grZnobs Tavs bolomde daculad Cvens droSi. 1973 wlis navTobis krizisi kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs, rom yvelaze mdidari da Zlevamosili
qveynebic ki SeiZleba daucvelebi gaxdnen. SezRudulia da araproporciulad
ganawilebuli ara mxolod navTobi, aramed iseTi nedleulic, rogoricaa alumini, spilenZi da TuTia. amave dros, msoflios yvelaze Raribi qveynebi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani nedleulis _ sakvebis _ deficits ganicdian.
politikis miRma
mizanSewonilia vivaraudoT, rom Tu yvela admiani Tanasworia, is saxelmwifoebi, romlebic amJRavneben nacionalizms, ufro midrekilebi arian
omebisaken, vidre politikurad apaTiuri saxlmwifoebi, adamianebi iSviaTad
arian Tanasworni. rasakvirvelia, saxelmwiofebriobasTan dakavSirebuli axsna
`uZluria omis SemTxvevebis axsnaSi~.28
529
magram ra vuyoT uilsoniseul mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom demokratiuli
qveynebi bunebrivad mSvidobianebi arian, xolo tirania Tanamedrove samyaroSi
omis gaCaRebis uTavresi mizezia? mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi bevrma moazrovnem
gausva xazi damokidebulebas diqtatorul da omismosurne an agresul qmedebas
Soris. magaliTad, aristotele fiqrobda, rom `tiranebi omis mkeTeblebi arian~, romlebic sakuTar xalxs omisken ubiZgebdnen im ganzraxviT, rom `TavianTi
daqvemdebarebulebi mudam dakavebulebi yofiliyvnen da yovelTvis dasWirvebodaT lideri.~29 zogi Tanamedrove politikuri mwerali, rogoricaa hana ardeni, amtkicebs, rom totalitaruli xelisufleba imTaviTve agresiulia.30 meoce
saukunis ori ZiriTadi konfliqti (meore msoflio omi da koreis omi) wamoiwyes
totalitarma diqtatorebma. ufro metic, stalinma 1930-ian wlebSi, hitlerma _
1940-ian wlebSi, maom 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi da pol potma 1975-1979 wlebSi,
gaaCaRes omi sakuTar qveynebSi sisxlisRvrisa da masobrivi mkvlelobebis saxiT.
ukiduresad letaluri saxelmwifo qmedebis es ori epizodi naTlad mowmobs im
faqts, rom totalitari mmarTvelebi midrekilni arian zewolisa da iZulebisken.
arsebobs sxva mosazrebebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs diqtaturasa
da organizebul Zaladobas. diqtatorebi srulad akontroleben SeiaraRebul
Zalebs, policiasa da propagandis saSualebebs. xSirad isini omis gmirebi arian,
romlebmac samxedro gamarjvebebiT gaikafes gza Zalauflebisken. es warmatebuli jariskacebi, romlebmac xelSi Caigdes marTvis sadaveebi, iSviaTad amboben
uars Zalis gamoyenebaze. amgvari mmarTvelebisTvis omi popularuli gadaxvevaa
yveldRiuri cxovrebis rutinisgan da xSirad uxsnis gzas dagubebul Sida mtrobas, romelic, sxva SemTxvevaSi, diqtatorisken iqneboda mimarTuli. oms SeuZlia
xeli Seuwyos sazogadoebis gamTlianebas, disidentebze mitanil ieriSs da bolos, is SeiZleba diqtatorma gamoiyenos mier stagnaciis mdgomareobaSi myofi
ekonomikis gasaaxalgazrdaveblad an `miZinebuli~ moqalaqeebis gamosacocxleblad.
ramdenad misaRebic unda iyos es Sexedulebebi, isini mainc ar amtkiceben
sabolood, rom oms yovelTvis despotizmi an araproporciuloba iwvevs. erTerTi problema isaa, rom amgvari analizis yvela SemTxvevaze morgeba martivi
ar aris. gavixsenoT Tundac vietnamis omis magaliTi. kenedis, jonsonisa da niqsonis administracia omis gaCaRebis mizezad komunistebis agresias asaxelebda.
Tumca, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi aSS-is sagareo politikiT ukmayofiloebi
brals SeerTebuli Statebis provokaciul an gzaamabnevel qmedebebs ukavSireben. amgvarad, gamomdinare iqidan, romeli mamxilebeli faqtori migvaCnia ufro
myarad, vietnamis omi SeiZleba ganvixiloT imis magaliTad, rom diqtatura
ufro midrekilia omisken, vidre demokratiuli reJimi an demokratiul qveynebs
diqtatorulze aranaklebad SeuZliaT gaavrcelon militarizmi.
saerTod, warmomadgenlobiTma demokratiulma qveynebma ver miaRwies
TvalsaCino warmatebas, Tavidan aecilebinaT omi. am saukuneSi, magaliTad, indoeTma, msoflios udidesma demokratiulma qveyanam, ramdenime sisxlismRvreli omi gadaitana pakistanis winaaRmdeg, arc SeerTebuli Statebis xelisufleba
mdgara ganze, rodesac misma samxedroebma 1991 wels erayis winaaRmdeg saomari
moqmedebebi wamoiwyes. demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis ar yofilan aramosurne monawileebi omSi. SeerTebuli Statebi arc ki cdila Tavidan aeridebina espanur-amerikuli omi 1898 wels. garda amisa, Znelia Tvali davxuWoT 1914
530
wlis meqsikis revoluciaSi amerikis Carevis faqtze, rodesac (arc meti, arc
naklebi) prezident uilsonis brZanebiT amerikelma sazRvao qveiTebma alya Semoartyes port verakuzs, xolo Semdeg sadamsjelo razmi gaemgzavra meqsikaSi
panCo vilas Zalebis winaaRmdeg.
garda amisa, saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtebis raodenobrivi analizi
ar adasturebs daskvnas imis Taobaze, rom viTomcda demokratiuli qveynebi
omisken naklebad midrekilni arian, vidre avtoritaruli an totalitaruli
saxelmwifoebi.31 faqtobrivad, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi iseTive sixSiriT
ebmebian saomar moqmedebebSi, rogorc sxva tipis saxelmwifoebi. zogi mtkicebuleba xels uwyobs im mosazrebas, rom demokratiuli qveynebi SeiZleba ufro
iSviaTad iwyeben oms, magram ufro xSirad uerTdebian maT.32 Tumca, erTis mxriv,
kant-uilsoniseuli omis prodasavluri da antidiqtatoruli mosazrebebi marTalia: demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi Zalian iSviaTad (an arasodes eomebian
erTmaneTs (ix. cxrili 16-1).33 WeSmaritad demokratiul qveynebs Soris ukve saukune-naxevaria ar yofila omi.34
aRiareba imisa, rom demokratiuli qveynebi ufro xSirad eomebian sxva
saxelmwifoebs da ara erTimeores, aris demokratiuli mSvidobis paradoqsi.
erT-erTi mravalmxrivi axsnis Tanaxmad:
demokratiul qveynebSi omis molodini da masTan dakavSirebuli
saSiSroebebi umetes SemTxvevaSi Semcirebulia am qveynebis saerTo
politikuri kulturiT, ormxrivi identobiTa da simpaTiiT, zogadad
adamianebsa da elitarul wreebs Soris arsebuli mWidro kavSirebiT, am
qveynebis interesTa jgufebis unariT, romelic maT saSualebas aZlevs,
Camoayalibon transnacionaluri koaliciebi, ufro xSiri komunikaciebiTa da ufro pozitiuri ormxrivi aRqmiT.35
urTierTTanmxvedri saxelmwifoebrivi aRqmis sakiTxi SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyos. gaiTvaliswineT, rom demokratiul qveynebSi
mTavrobis Zalaufleba ufro danawevrebuli da SezRudulia, politikuri liderebi ufro midrekilebi arian kompromisisken, rodesac saqme konfrontacias
exeba da konstituciur demokratiul qveynebSi pativs scemen TiToeuli moqalaqis uflebas. yvela es faqtori xels uwyobs politikuri davis mSvidobiani
gziT mogvarebas demokratiul qveynebSi. demokratiuli qveynebi ar uqmnian
safrTxes erTmaneTs, rac mWidrod ukavSirdeba saerTo faseulobebisa da interesebis aRqmas, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs imis albaTobas, rom sxvadasxva
politikuri Zala monawileobs iseT krizisSi, romelic oms gamoiwvevs.
aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi ebmebian omSi,
isini arademokratiuli saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg ibrZvian, rac imas niSnavs,
rom politikuri gansxvavebis (an daSorebis) xarisxi mTavrobebs Soris, iseve,
rogorc ekonomikuri da kulturuli gansxvavebebi, SesaZloa mniSvnelovani
iyos.36 amgvari monacemebi amyareben vudro uilsonis daskvnas imis Sesaxeb, rom
diqtatoruli reJimi demokratiuli wyobis dauZinebeli mteria, agreTve mxars
uWers leninis mosazrebas kapitalisturi da komunisturi reJimebis SeuTavseblobis Sesaxeb. laTinuri amerikis qveynebis politikis Sesaxeb Catarebulma
erT-erTma kvlevam cxadyo, rom `rac ufro msgavsia ori qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, politikuri orientacia, kultura da sarwmunoeba, ufro Sewyobilia
531
maT mier micemuli xmebi gaeroSi kenWisyraze~ da naklebsavaraudoa maT Soris
konfliqtis gaCaReba. imave logikiT, `rac ufro gansxvavebulia ori qveyana ekonomikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, miT ufro didia maT Soris konfliqtis
arsebobis albaToba.~37
cxrili 16.1
omebi, 1816-1991
omis tipebi
raodenoba*
155
198
sul
353
ekonomikis miRma
Tu politika mxolod nawilobriv da bundovnad xsnis konfliqtis arss,
leninis Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rom omi gamowveulia ekonomikuri faqtorebiT,
kerZod ki kapitalizmiT, kidev ufro bundovania. mniSvnelovania erTi faqti:
omi win uswrebda rogorc kapitalizms, aseve imperializms, rac imaze miuTiTebs,
rom kapitalizmi ar aris omis gamomwvevi erTaderTi mizezi.38 ufro metic, ar
arsebobs istoriuli mtkicebuleba, romelic mxars uWers leninis mosazrebas
imis Sesaxeb, rom kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebi gansakuTrebiT midrekilni
arian omisa da konfliqtisaken. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogi omis dakavSireba
SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos ekonomikur interesebTan, es axsna yvela SemTxvevaSi
ar gamodgeba39. garda amisa, damokidebuleba kapitalizmsa da imperializms Soris bolomde naTlad gansazRvruli araa. kapitalisturi qveynebis nawili misdevs imperialistur praqtikas da omSic miuRia monawileoba, magram arsebobs
gamonaklisebi, magaliTad, SvedeTi da Sveicaria. leninis ekonomikuri Teoria
Znelad Tu xsnis amgvar gansxvavebas an imas, ratom amJRavnebs socialisturi
qveynebis nawili midrekilebas SeiaraRebuli agresiisadmi. rogorc erT-erTi
damkvirvebeli ambobs:
saukunis meore naxevarSi sabWoTa kavSirma daipyro baltiispireTis qveynebi (1939), fineTi (1939), ungreTi (1956), Cexoslovakia (1968) da
avRaneTi (1979), CineTma Seteva miitana tibetze (1956), indoeTsa (1962) da
vietnamze (1979); vietnamma Seutia kambojas (1975), sabWoTa kavSirma da
CineTma brZola gaaCaRes ogadenis Taobaze (1977). 1945-1967 wlebSi mimdinare 69 saerTaSoriso konfliqtidan, socialisturma qveynebma monawileoba miiRes TxuTmet maTganSi, rac daaxloebiT 25 procents Seadgens.
es monacemebi unda SevadaroT imas, rom qvyenebis mxolod 15 procents
hqonda socialisturi ekonomika.40
532
yvelaferi zemoTqmuli ar niSnavs, rom ekonomikuri sistemebi ar aris dakavSirebuli omebTan. magaliTad, sparseTis yuris omi, romelSic monawileobda koalicia aSS-is meTaurobiT, gamowveuli iyo ekonomikuri motivebiT, kerZod, arabeTis uSvelebeli sanavTobe mindvrebisa da Sua aRmosavleTis, aziisa
da CrdiloeT amerikis evropasTan damakavSirebeli sasicocxlo arxebis sadam
huseinis kontrolisgan dasacavad. magram mxolod ekonomikuri motivebi araa
sakmarisi omis gasaCaReblad. imis dasadastureblad, rom ekonomikuri sistemis erTi konkretuli tipi, qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis romelime faza an
zogadad ekonomika gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs omis gaCaRebaSi, sabuTebi Zalian
mwiria. rodesac akademiuri kvlevebi ekonomikas erT-erT mizezad miiCnevs, isini
ZiriTadad mxolod omebisa da ekonomikis urTierTkavSiris statistikas eyrdnoba, romelic, rogorc yvela mecnierisTvis cnobilia, ar adasturebs mizezobriobas.
meore msoflio omidan moyolebuli, omebi ganviTarebadi qveynebis teritoriebze xdeba. xom ar migvaniSnebs es imaze, rom ekonomikurad naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebi ufro midrekilni arian omisken? ara yovelTvis, radgan xSir
SemTxvevaSi es omebi provocirebulia ganviTarebuli mrewvelobis mqone qveynebis mier. meore msoflio omis Semdeg mimdinare konfliqtebi suecSi, alJirSi,
kongoSi, vietnamSi, avRaneTSi, foklendis kunZulebsa da eraySi, amis magaliTia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ver davadasturebT myar urTierTkavSirs ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis sixSires Soris, arsebobs damamtkicebeli samxilebi, rom ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebi ufro midrekilebi
arian omisaken, vidre ekonomikurad naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebi.41
zegamartivebis problema
omis Sesaxeb mravali martivi Teoria arsebobs. magaliTad, zogi raodenobrivi Teoretikosi SesaSuri sizustiT aRwers im ganmeorebiT paternebs, romlebsac xSirad mivyavarT samxedro aliansamde, muqaramde, krizisebis seriebamde
da a.S.42 garda amisa, amgvarma kvlevebma daadastura, rom politikuri liderebis
mier gadadgmuli iseTi nabijebi, rogoricaa aliansis Seqmna omis safrTxis
Sesamcireblad, xSir SemTxvevaSi xels uwyobs omis dawyebis albaTobis zrdas.43
Tumca, dRemde verc erTma kvlevam ver SeZlo daedasturebina, rom is moqmedebebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia omis gamomwvev paternebTan, aris omis uSualo
gamomwvevi. TiToeuli es fenomeni SesaZlebelia dakavSirebuli iyos meoresTan.
ufro metic, TviT `tipuri~ paternic TavisTavad SezRudulia, radgan mxolod
im konfliqtebs exeba, romlebic daaxloebiT Tanabari Zalis mqone mTavar saxelmwifoebs Soris xdeba.44
omis Teoretikosebis umetesoba didi xania amtkicebs, rom patara saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT, Zlevamosili saxelmwifoebi ufro midrekilni arian
omisken.45 es albaToba amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac aqvT sakuTari
gamarjvebis rwmena, ufro ixrebian omebisken.46 Tumca, romelime saxelmwifos
Zalauflebis gansazRvra rTuli saqmea, politikurma liderebma SesaZloa gaangariSebaSi Secdoma dauSvan da gadaWarbebiT Seafason sakuTari qveynis siZliere
an piriqiT _ saTanadod ver Seafason mowinaaRmdege (amis TvalsaCino magaliTia
533
vietnamis omi).47 is qveynebi, romlebic ganicdian Sida Zaladobas, ufro miiltvian omisken Semdegi mizezebis gamo: omma, SesaZlebelia, gaaerTianos eri an Sida
konfliqtebma iol samizned aqcios qveyana.48 is qveynebi, romlebsac saTaveSi
udganan riskiani liderebi, ufro xSirad ebmebian omSi.
kidev erTi Sesabamisi faqtoria saerTo sazRvrebis gaziareba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac saqme exeba bevri sazRvris gaziarebas an es xdeba istoriuli mtrebis SemTxvevaSi.49 garemo faqtorebic udides rols TamaSobs,
radgan qveynebi, romlebic gamoirCevian mosaxleobis zrdis tendenciiT, saWiro
resursebis ukmarisobiTa da maRali teqnologiebiT, savaraudod ufro xSirad
axorcieleben eqspansiur sagareo politikas, maSin, rdesac mcirericxovani,
magram teqnologiurad ganviTarebuli qveynebi iSviaTad ebmebian omSi. magram,
Tu es saxelmwifoebi monawileoben omSi, isini ufro msxverpli arian, vidre
agresorebi.50 daskvnis saxiT rom vTqvaT, didi, Zlevamosili qveyana swrafi tempiT mzardi mosaxleobiTa da maRal doneze ganviTarebuli teqnologiiT, romelic esazRvreba istoriul mters da marTavs riskis moyvaruli lideri, iqneboda agresiuli omis pirveli kandidati, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu es qveyana
imyofeba samoqalaqo mRelvarebis an SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis pirobebSi.
am TavSi ganxiluli faqtorebis didi nawili, adamianis bunebiT da mwiri
resursebiT dawyebuli da omisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT damTavrebuli
(rogoricaa mosaxleobis raodenoba, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da sazRvrebis
problemebi), Znelia an sulac SeuZlebeli, Seicvalos. amerikeli komikosi uil
rojeri ambobda, rom msoflioSi mSvidoba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli, Tu qveynebi _ adamianebis msgavsad moZraobas SeZlebdnen; magram
qveynebs ar SeuZliaT moZraoba (Tumca mosaxleobas SeuZlia _ is migrirebs _
gadaadgildeba).
ufro metic, mcdar warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, rom SesaZlebelia konfliqtebis aRmofxvra an maTi dayvana erT faqtoramde, SeuZlia faqtobrivad
gazardos omis albaToba. rogorc 1919-1939 wlebis evropis istoria adasturebs, mxolod saerTaSoriso sistemis gadawyobaze koncentrireba da adamianuri bunebis rolis uaryofa aqezebs umowyalo adamianebs miubrundnen oms da
winaRobisagan gaaTavisuflon TviTdainteresebuli da ambiciuri liderebi.51
amerikel, frang da britanel liderebs 1930-ian wlebSi realurad rom SeefasebinaT ultranacionalistebis ideologia an hitleris jojoxeTuri zraxvebi,
SesaZlebeli iqneboda meore msoflio omis Tavidan acileba.
omTan dakavSirebuli kompleqsuri mizezebisa da faqtorebis axsnam SesaZlebelia xeli Seuwyos konfliqtebis marTvis saerTaSoriso sistemis mokrZalebul gaumjobesebas mSvidobis dasadgurebis Sesaxeb iluziebis gaqarwylebis
meSveobiT. amgvar mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi martivi gadawyvetilebis miRebam,
SesaZloa, ufro gaauaresos mdgomaroeba, vidre gadawyetilebis saerTod ar
miRebam, radgan adamianebi, romlebic yvelaze ufro cdilobdnen gaemartivebinaT omis sakiTxebi, istoriisaTvis cnobili arian, rogorc omis dawyebaSi
yvelaze didi wvlilis mqoneebi.
534
gansxvavdeba Soreuli warsulis SezRuduli omebisgan. pirvel rigSi, is ar
aris SezRuduli droSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom dRes omSi monawile saxelmwifo an
saxelmwifoebi cdiloben moipovon sruli gamarjveba mowinaaRmdegeze. maT ver
aCerebs veraferi, garda upirobo kapitulaciisa. meore, totalur omSi yvela
saSualeba gamoiyeneba. totalur omSi monawile saxelmwifoebi iyeneben ganviTarebul teqnologiebs SeiaraRebis sizustisa da Zalis gazrdis mizniT. mesame
_ totaluri omi arc monawileebiTa SezRuduli. masSi SeiZleba sazogadoebis
yvela fena iyos Cabmulebi.
napoleonis omebi totaluri omis prototipad iTvleba, radgan es aris
amgvari tipis omis pirveli SemTxveva. napoleonma sayovelTao hegemoniis mopovebis mizniT wamoiwyo es omi. igi ar cnobda araviTar limits drois an saSualebebis mxriv. napoleons surda gabatonebuliyo mTels evropaze da hqonda yvela
saSualeba, rac saWiro iyo erTiani, centralizebuli saxelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis im dros (cxadia, napoleonis epoqaSi ar arsebobda masobrivi ganadgurebis
iaraRi, Tu ar CavTvliT tradiciul jars, romelic SeiZleboda am miznisTvis
yofiliyo gamoyenebuli mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebis Semdeg. swored amgvarad,
napoleonis jarma miwasTan gaaswora moskovi, kremlis CaTvliT, ruseTis damarcxebis Semdeg). rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, napoleonma SemoiRo masobrivi gawvevis idea, rac imas niSnavs, rom man gaaerTiana uamravi axalgazrda kaci msoflios
pirvel saxalxo armiaSi. am dromde jari Sedgeboda mxolod da mxolod profesionali da daqiravebuli jariskacebisgan. napoleonma aseve warmatebiT gamoiyena nacionalizmis idea, propaganda da patriotuli simbolika mTeli sazogadoebis saomari mobilizaciisTvis. yvela es inovacia avismomaswavebeli niSani
iyo: meoce saukunis pirveli naxevris ori totaluri omi SeiZleba CaiTvalos,
rogorc erTi movlena, mcire SesvenebiT or ukiduresad mZime spazms Soris _
TiTqmis erTi saukunis win dawyebuli procesebis saSinel kulminaciad.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg totaluri omis cneba kidev ufro saSineli
gaxda, rac sabrZolo SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebasa da mecnierul da teqnologiur aRmoCenebs ukavSirdeba. birTvuli epoqis dadgomam mTlianad Secvala omis
strategia da taqtika, aseve samxedro Zalebis moqmedebis logika da brZolis
veli. omis axali saxis msgavsad, es transformaciac sruli iyo.
535
omi SeiZleboda yofiliyo SemTxveviTobis da araswori aRqmis da ara romelime
mxaris racionaluri gadawyevetilebisa da arCevanis Sedegi.
araswori aRqmiT gamowveuli omebi _ amgvar omebs iwvevs Seqmnili situaciis araswori interpretireba da yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipia im omebisa, romlebic aravis surs. SemTxveviTi omebi _ amgvari omebis kidev sxva variantia.
araswori Targmani, Setyobineba, romelic daniSnulebis adgilamde ver mivida,
yuradRebis miRma darCenili an arasworad interpretirebuli diplomatiuri
signali kosmosuri epoqis iaraRebis sistemis SemoRebamde karga xniT adre aCqarebda ganuzraxvel omebs. teqnologiur epoqaSi, sadac dominantobs birTvuli
iaraRi da balistikuri raketebi, SemTxveviT gamowveuli omebis saSiSroeba da
riski mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. eskalaciiT gamowveuli omi SesaZlebelia iyos
limitirebuli (da lokalizebuli) konfliqti or saxelmwifos Soris, rodesac arc erTi mxare Tavdapirvelad ar apirebda mis xelT arsebuli yvelaze
gamanadgurebeli iaraRis gamoyenebas. magram msxverplis ricxvis zrdasa da
brZolis velze situaciis cvlilebasTan erTad, erT-erTi mxare (savaraudod is,
romelic agebs) brZolis bedis sakuTar mxares Semobrunebis mizniT gamoiyenebs
ufro Zlier iaraRs da mowinaaRmdegesac sxva araferi darCeba, garda imisa, rom
imave siZlieris iaraRiT daupirispirdes. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu orive mxare flobs
birTvul iaraRs, amgvari situaciis dinamikam SesaZlebelia birTvul omamde
miiyvanos saqme. aqedan gamomdinare, is, rac daiwyo tradiciuli omiT, SeiZleba
nabij-nabij mivides sayovelTao samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolamde.
katalitur omebsac SeuZlia Zaladobis warmoSoba da ganadgureba nebismieri saxelmwifos ganzraxvisgan damoukideblad. istoriulad, amgvari omebi
yvelaze metad aliansebis molaparakebaTa safuZvelze iwyeba _ Tu aliansis erT
wevrze ganxorcielda Seteva, sxvebi ebmebian mis dacvaSi da amgarad kidev ufro
farTo masStabiani xdeba omi. katalituri omi SeiZleba daiwyos, rogorc lokaluri konfliqti or ganviTarebad qveyanas Soris, romlebsac Zlieri mokavSireebi hyavs. adgilobrivi omi yovelTvis SeiZleba gadaizardos regionul da
globalur omSic ki (rogorc es moxda orive msoflio omis SemTxvevaSi).
SesaZlebelia, agreTve, sxva jojoxeTuri scenaric. magaliTad, fsiqikurad SeSlilma adamianma SeiZleba ramenairad moaxerxos birTvuli omis saSiSroebis gamowveva. gulisxmobs Tu ara yvela es scenari sabotaJs, araswor aRqmas,
SemTxveviTobas, eskalacias Tu batalur movlenebs, gviCvenebs, rogor SeiZleba
daiwyos omi winaswarganzraxuli agresiis gareSe.
536
vuli~ 1945 wels, msoflioSi sul orad ori atomuri bombi arsebobda da isic
amerikelebis arsenalSi. prezident trumens ar gauriskavs, radgan mis gadawyvetilebas ar mohyveboda masirebuli sapasuxo dartyma iaponiis an sxva qveynis mxridan. im droisTvis SeerTebul Statebs hqonda (marTalia, mcirexniani)
birTvuli monopolia.
sabWoTa kavSirma swrafad ganaviTara birTvuli iaraRis programa da ukve
1950-iani wlebis bolosTvis masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRebis mTeli arsenali
hqonda, ICBM-s _ kontinentTaSoriso balistikuri raketebis CaTvliT. moskovma faqtobrivad daamarcxa SeerTebuli Statebi kosmosSi, rodesac 1957 wels
gauSva pirveli sateliti vostoki, romelic dedamiwas uvlida garss. 1960-ian
wlebSi SeerTebulma Statebma ara mxolod dakarga birTvuli monopolia, aramed
yvelaze Zlevamosili qveynis reputaciac. omis muqarisa da konfrontaciis epoqas (birTvuli iaraRis muqariT mowinaaRmdegeebis daSineba) mohyva ormxrivi
ueWveli ganadgurebis (MAD) an ormxrivi TavSekavebis epoqa anu situacia,
romelSic orive zesaxelmwifos aqvs unari, win aRudges pirvel dartymas da miayenos meore dartyma mowinaaRmdeges, rac gamoiwvevs agresorisTvis miuRebel
zians.
TiToeuli zesaxelmwifo Zal-Rones ar iSurebda birTvul SejibrSi gamarjvebulis poziciis mopovebisa da SenarCunebiaTvis. 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis, orive supersaxelmwifos uSvelebeli SesaZlebloba hqonda masobrivi
ganadgurebis iaraRiT gamanadgurebeli dartyma mieyenebina metoqisTvis. kidev
ufro SemaSfoTebeli is iyo, rom orive mxarem aago birTvuli wyalqveSa navebi,
romlebic moZravi platformis funqcias asrulebda birTvuli raketebis gaSvebisTvis da orive mxare amzadebda MIRV-ebad wodebul feTqebad raketebs
(Multiple Interdependently Targeted Reentry Vehicles) rogorc xmeleTze, ise zRvaze (teqnikurad cnobili rogorc SLBM _ wyalqveSa navidan gasaSvebi balistikuri raketa) gamoyenebisTvis. magram, Tu orive mxares undoda am Sejibris mogeba, arc
erT maTgans ar surda damarcxeba. garda amisa, orive maTganma icoda, rom am omSi
gamarjvebuli ar iqneboda, Tu isini ver SeinarCunebdnen am mdgomareobas. kubis
birTvul krizisSi (1963) es TiTqmis moxda. es iyo gamosafxizlebeli gangaSi.
orma dauZienebelma mterma saswrafod daamyara kavSiri _ axla ukve yvelasTvis
cnobili cxeli xazi _ pirdapiri sakomunikacio gza TeTr saxlsa da kremls Soris ubedurebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, rac TiTqmis moxda kidec.
537
samarTliani omis doqtrina
samarTliani omis angariSgasawevi doqtrinis mixedviT arsebobs garemoebebi, romelTa fonze omi SeiZleba iyos `kargi~ _ ara `sasiamovnos~ an `bunebrivad
sasurvelis~ mniSvnelobiT, aramed qveynis keTildReobisa da samarTlianobis
dacvis principidan gamomdinare. es koncefcia Tavdapirvelad win wamoswies adreuli periodis qristianma Teologebma, kerZod ki wminda avgustinem, xolo Sua
saukuneebis filosofosebma kidev ufro daxvewes. Tanamedrove epoqaSi, hugo
grotiusma (1583-1645) da sxva bunebismetyvelebma moaxdines misi xelaxali formulireba.
is mecnierebi, romlebisTvisac misaRebia samarTliani omis cneba, erTsulovnad Tanxmdebian imis Taobaze, rom davdacviTi omebi gamarTlebulia. Tu
romelime qveyana gaxda moulodneli Tavdasxmis msxverpli, sapasuxo Seteva
moZaladeze mizanSewonilia. zogma Teoretikosma kidev ufro gaafarTova es
doqtrina da ufleba misca mesame mxare-saxelmwifoebs Caerion agresiis uZluri
msxverplebis dacvaSi. 1991 wlis sparseTis yuris omi, romelsac win uswrebda
erayis mier quveiTis dapyroba, amgvari SemTxvevis naTeli magaliTia.
Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi samarTliani omis doqtrinas mxolod TavdacviT omebs ukavSireben, magram adreuli mwerlebi yovelTvis ver aRiqvamdnen am
gansxvavebas. wminda avgustines, magaliTad, ezizReboda omi mTeli Tavisi ubedurebebiT, magram saWirod Tvlida agresiul omebsac ki, iseTi garemoebebisas,
rodesac `saxelmwifo uZluria gadaixados kompensacia im zianis gamo, romelic
misma moqalaqeebma gamoiwvies an daabrunos is, rac mitacebul iqna.~52 adreuli
epoqis sxva qristiani Teologebi, maT Soris wminda ambrosi (340?-397), amtkiceben, rom erebi araTu uflebamosilni, aramed valdebulnic ki arian, maRali
principebis dasacavad gaaCaRon agresiuli omebi. `kacs aqvs moraluri movaleoba, gamoiyenos Zala, aRudges win borotebas da SeaCeros igi~ _ werda wminda
ambrosi.53 ambrosi acnobierebda SezRudvebsac agresiuli omis SemTxvevaSi da
ambobda, rom omisTvis saWiroa samarTliani mizezi.
samarTliani omis doqtrina gacxadebulia xuT konkretul postulatSi.
pirveli _ omi unda iyos yvelaze bolo saSualeba legitimuri xelisuflebisTvis da mis garda aRar unda arsebobdes romelime politikurad efeqturi alternativa. meore _ konfliqtis mizezi unda iyos samarTliani; igi unda daiwyos
mxolod im mizniT, rom SeaCeros agresia da gamoasworos usamarTloba. mesame _
omi ar SeiZleba iyos fuWi; yovelTvis unda iyos imis albaToba, rom qvyanas, romelic iwyebs oms, aqvs warmatebis Sansi. meoTxe _ saWiroa iyos proporciuloba
rogorc drosTan, aseve saSualebebTan mimarTebaSi, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
omis mizezma unda gaamarTlos daxarjuli fulisa da daRupulTa raodenoba,
xolo omSi gamoyenebuli saSualebebi unda amarTlebdes omis dawyebis mizezs.
dabolos, mexuTe _ samarTliani omi maqsimalurad unda amcirebdes samoqalaqo
pirebisadmi miyenebul zaralsa da sikvdilianobas. Tu daculia zemoT CamoTvlili yvela piroba, omi SeiZleba gamarTlebulad CaiTvalos.
samarTliani omis doqtrinas safuZvlad udevs samarTlianobis is cneba,
romelic scildeba uSualo saxelmwifo interesebs. gansxvavebiT martivi nacionalizmisa, rac gamoixateba iseTi lozungebiT, rogoricaa `avia Tu kargi, Cemi
qveyanaa~, samarTliani omis koncefcia Seicavs im moraluri pasuxismgeblobis
538
Sefasebis standarts, romelic scildeba viwro saxelmwifo interesebs. adreuli periodis qristiani Teologebi samarTlianobis cnebas afuZnebdnen qristianul Teologiur doqtrinasa da sulier moZRvrebebze. samarTliani omis
Tanamedrove doqtrinebi efuZneba bunebrivi kanonzomierebis filosofias,
romlis misedviT arsebobs adamianis keTildReobasTan dakavSirebuli martivi
WeSmaritebebi _ anu WeSmaritebebi, romlebic naTelia yvela racionaluri adamianisaTvis erTad aRebuli qmnis `yvelasTvis samarTlianobis~ idealis WeSmarit mniSvnelobas.
539
Tuli qmedebisa da samxedro Carevebis gasamarTleblad.
samarTliani omis doqtrinis mxardamWerebi ki Tvlian, rom moraluri
gansja omis Sesaxeb, didi xania iTvleba rogorc bunebrivad, aseve saWirod:
bunebrivad im gagebiT, rom `im droidan dawyebuli, rac kacebi da qalebi omze
laparakoben, yovelTvis exebian `sworsa~ da `araswors~54 da saWiro imitom, rom
maT gareSe yvela omi obieqturad (an saqebrad) CaiTvleba.
rogorc cnobilia, ar arsebobs mecnierulad dadasturebuli mtkicebuleba, rom agresiuli omi uaresia, vidre prevenciuli, magram ar aris saWiro
aseTi mtkicebuleba, radgan viciT, rom civsisxliani mkvleloba moralurad
ufro gaumarTlebelia, vidre mkvleloba Tavdacvis mizniT. am gansxvavebas mxars uWers ara mxolod sisxlis samarTali, aramed saRi azric.
xSirad amboben, rom samarTliani omis doqtrina im adamianebis sasargeblod
muSaobs, romlebic mxars uWeren mas. es mosazreba simarTlis marcvals Seicavs.
TavisTavad, samarTliani omis doqtrina ar Seicavs sayovelTaod misaReb standarts, romelic saWiroa eri-saxelmwifos qcevis SesazRudad. saxelmwifoTa liderebi xSirad monawileoben zneobriv saubrebSi da amave dros uzneod iqcevian.
samarTliani omis doqtrinis SenarCuneba Rirs ara qcevis gasakontroleblad,
aramed Sefasebis meTodis saxiT.
niurnbergis procesi
meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg moxda istoriisaTvis cnobili
pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac germaniaSi, qalaq niurnbergSi nacist liderebs
brali wauyenes. maT brali dasdes, upirveles yovlisa _ mSvidobis winaaRmdeg
moqmedebaSi, radgan omis dawyebiT daarRvies saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da
SeTanxmebebi; saomari wesebis darRveva, rogoricaa tyveebis mimarT gamoCenili
sisastike, qalaqebis mTliani ganadgureba, dapyrobil qveynebSi samoqalaqo
pirebis mimarT gamoCenili sastiki mopyroba. mesame _ kacobriobis winaaRmdeg
Cadenil danaSaulebebSi, rac agreTve gulisxmobda mSvidobiani mosaxleobis
masobriv xocva-Jletas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom nacistebma ver SeZles ebraeli xalxis ganadgureba,
isini Zalian axlos iyvnen dasaxul mizanTan. evropeli ebraelebis masobrivi
Jletis gamo nacisti liderebis dasjis gadawyvetileba efuZneboda damsaxurebuli ganaCenis gamotanis survils. germanelTa moqmedeba ver gamarTldeboda
omis moTxovniT (omi, rasakvirvelia, hitlerma daiwyo). ufro metic, germaneli
nacistebis mier Cadenil sisastikes analogi ar aqvs Tanamedrove samyaroSi.
moraluri gulgriloba gansakuTrebiT Seusabamoa eqstraordinalur garemoebebSi.
kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenil danaSaulebaTa koncefcia myarad uWers
mxars samarTliani omis doqtrinas. nacistebis mier ugulebelyofili moraluri principebi imis Sesaxeb, rom saWiroa udanaSaulo adamianebis wamebisa da
sikvdilis Tavidan acileba, imdenad aSkara iyo da maTi darRveva imdenad TvalSisacemi, rom umciresi eWvis gareSec ki, nacistebis mier Cadenil qmedebebs
aranairi moraluri gamarTleba ar hqonda, omis dros Cadenili danaSaulebebis
moraluroba/amoralurobis sakiTxi SeiZleba problemuri iyos. Tumca, ho-
540
lokostis SemTxveva gamonaklisia. samarTliani omis doqtrinaSi miTiTebuli
gansazRvrebis Sesabamisad, es aris udavod kriminaluri saqcieli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom niurnbergis procesi gamarTlebuli iyo, zogadad,
amgvari procesebis gamarTvis tendencia seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs. ioli
ar aris mSvidobis winaaRmdeg mebrZolis iarliyis mikvra konkretul da xSirad
uprecedento SemTxvevebSi. sikvdilis banakebma daarRvies kanonis, samarTlis,
Rirsebis yvela standarti, magram ra vuyoT mokavSireTa mier drezdenis dabombvis faqts? an germaneli mSvidobiani moqalaqeebis mier Cadenil qmedebebs,
romlebzec, rbilad rom vTqvaT, Tvals xuWavda sabWoTa armia? an hirosimisa da
nagasakis mcxovrebTa sasowarkveTas? omSi zneobasTan da moralTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi xSirad bundovani da upasuxoa.
arsebobs genocidisa da moraluri wmendis ufro axali meTodebi politikurad motivirebuli masobrivi mkvlelobebis CaTvliT, romlis msgavsic
bosniaSi, ruandaSi, siera leonesa da sxva qveynebSi moxda 1990-ian wlebSi. unda
wardgnen Tu ara teroristebi marTlmsajulebis winaSe, rTuli iuridiuli da
zneobrivi sakiTxia, romlis ganxilvasac aq ar vapirebT. vTqvaT, rom prezidentma buSma 9/11 teraqti saomar moqmedebad Seafasa. am teraqtma fexqveS gaTela uzenaesi zneobrivi da religiuri principebi, kerZod is, rom arasodes ara
aqvs gamarTleba udanaSaulo adamianebis Jletas. wardgebian Tu ara al qaidas
liderebi an Semsruleblebi odesme marTlmsajulebis winaSe, damokidebulia
imaze, rodis, sad da rogor daakaveben maT (Tu, rasakvirvelia, moxerxda zogi
maTganis mainc cocxlad ayvana), agreTve imaze, moiyvans Tu ara sisruleSi prezidenti buSi sakuTar dapirebas, gaasamarTlos isini samxedro tribunalma da
ara saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom.
daskvna
omis Tavidan acileba yovelTvis ar aris saxelmwifo politikis mizani.
magaliTad, italiis faSisti lideri, benito musolini, yovelTvis xotbas asxamda oms.
bevri mcdeloba iqneba saWiro omis dawyebis mizezebis gamosavlenad. Sedegad, masTan dakavSirebuli Teoriebi SeiZleba sam kategoriad daiyos: mecnierTa
nawili mizezs adamianis bunebaSi xedavs, meore nawili sazogadoebas adanaSaulebs, xolo mesames sjera, rom yvelaferSi damnaSavea dedabuneba (Seubralebeli
garemo). Tomas hobsi fiqrobda, rom omi aris adamianis ukuRmarTobis produqti,
Jan-Jak rusos miaCnda, rom adamiani zogadad kargia, magram sazogadoeba xdis mas
mankiers; jon lokis azriT, adamianis agresia bunebrivi resursebis simciriT
aris gamowveuli (adamianis kontrolis gareT arsebuli garemoebebiT). bunebrivi
resursebis simwire ukavSirdeba Zalebisa da faqtorebis mravalferovnebas, SimSilis, daavadebebis, qariSxlebis, gvalvebisa da a.S. CaTvliT.
erT faqtorze dafuZnebuli Teoriebi ver xsnis omis gamomwvev mizezebs. oms ganapirobebs sxvadasxva _ socialuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri da
fsiqologiuri _ faqtori.
541
daZabulobis pirobebSi, omi SeiZleba daiwyos ise, rom es ewinaaRmdegebodes yvela mxaris survils. aseTi arasasurveli omebi xSirad iwyeba araswori interpretaciis, gaugebrobis, SemTxveviTobis, eskalaciis an katalituri
reaqciebis Sedegad. daugegmavi omis dawyebis albaToba kidev erTxel cxadyofs
im potenciur safrTxes, rac dakavSirebulia zneobrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebasTan. xSirad, rodesac omi iwyeba, garkveuli ar aris, vin an ram gamoiwvia
misi dawyeba.
omis gamoyeneba saxelmwifo politikis instrumentad, saerTaSoriso
samarTlisa da zneobrivi normebis darRvevaa, Tumca ara yvela omis SemTxvevaSi.
samarTliani omis doqtrina amtkicebs, rom Tavdacva da universaluri principebis dacva aris brZolis legitimuri safuZveli, magram am doqtrinas xSirad
akritikeben zneobrivi relativizmis, kulturuli eTnocentrizmis da politikuri realizmis motiviT.
niurnbergis procesze moxda agresiuli omis dros Cadenili danaSaulebebis gamo bralis wayeneba. saerTaSoriso samarTlis specialistebma Camoayalibes saomar danaSaulebaTa axali kategoria _ danaSaulebani kacobriobis
winaaRmdeg. miuxedavad imisa, rom niurnbergis procesi gamarTlebuli iyo,
saWiroa amgvar procedurebs maqsimaluri sifrTxiliT movekidoT momavalSi.
sakvanZo sityvebi
omi saxelmwifoTa Soris
katalituri omi
samoqalaqo omebi
partizanuli omi
birTvuli monopolia
nacionalizmi
konfrontacia
gamalebuli SeiaraReba
ormxrivi ganadgureba
imperializmi
ormxrivi TavSekaveba
ultranacionalizmi
pirveli dartyma
nacionalisturi universalizmi
meore dartyma
saxelmwifos mizezebi
miuRebeli ziani
pirvelyofili codva
bunebrivi mdgomareoba
MIRV
internacionalisti
SLBM
erovnuli TviTgansazRvra
cxeli xazi
samarTliani omi
SezRuduli omi
moraluri relativizmi
upirobo danebeba
eTnocentruli mikerZoeba
SemTxveviTi omi
omis danaSaulebani
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.
542
2.
3.
ra aris, rusos azriT, omis ZiriTadi mizezi? riT gansxvavdeba misi mosazreba hobsis mosazrebisgan? ra argumentebs iSveliebs ruso sakuTari mosazrebis dasacavad?
4.
im mecnierTa Soris, romlebic omis gamomwvev mTavar mizezad sazogadoebas miiCneven, arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imis Sesaxeb, sazogadoebis
konkretulad romeli aspeqti ganapirobebs eri-saxelmwifoebis omisken
midrekilebas. daasaxeleT teqstSi warmodgenili oTxi alternatiuli
Teoria.
5.
rogor xsnida jon loki omis fenomens? riT gansxvavdeba es mosazreba hobsis mosazrebebisgan? romeli argumentebiT amyarebs is sakuTar mosazrebas?
6.
omis gamomwvevi mizezebis Sesaxeb romeli axsna migaCniaT yvelaze sarwmunod? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
7.
8.
saomari xelovnebis daxvewis epoqaSi, sul ufro da ufro SesaZlebeli xdeba omis dawyeba winaswar ganuzraxvelad. ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba es moxdes?
9.
10.
11.
ra uZRoda win niurnbergis sasamarTlo process? ra aris kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulebebi? rogor Seesabameba samarTliani omis
doqtrina am konteqsts?
12.
SeniSvnebi:
1.
Paul Seabury da Angelo M. Codevilla, War: Ends and Means (New York: Basic Books, 1990),
6.
2.
G. W. F. Hegel, Philosophy of Rights, Targm. T. M. Knox, wignSi Great Books of the Western
World, tomi 46, red.: R. Hutchins (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952), 149.
3.
Friedrich Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human, Targm. Marion Farber (Lincoln: University of
Nebraska Press, 1984), 230-321), aforizmi 477.
4.
Benito Mussolini, The Doctrine of Fascism, Targm. M. Oakeshott, wignSi Great Political
Thinkers, red. William Ebenstein (New York: Holt, 1965), 621.
5.
John Vasquez, Introduction: Studying War Scientifically, wignSi The Scientific Study of
Peace and War: A Text Reader, red. John Vasquez da Marie Henehan (New York: Lexington,
1992), xix.
6.
iqve, xxii.
7.
Tu omis Tvisobriv analizTan dakavSirebuli statistikuri meTodologiis gacnoba gsurT, waikiTxeT Stuart Bremer-isa da sxvaTa avtorobiT (adaptirebuli Marie Henehan-is mier) The Scientific Study of War: A Learning Package,
543
iqve, 373-437.
8.
9.
Greg Cashman, What Causes War? An Introduction to Theories of International Conflict (New
York: Lexington, 1993), 279.
10.
es ganxilva aseve moicavs im klasifikaciebis variacias, romelic warmodgenilia Kenneth N. Waltz-is naSromSi Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis
(New York: Columbia Univesity Press, 1965). vaRiarebT, rom valSi varT am naSromis
winaSe.
11.
citata motanilia Sir Norman Angell-is naSromidan Neutrality and Collective Security, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gamoiyena Edward Hallett Carr-ma wignSi The Twenty
Years Crisis, 1919-1939 (New York: Harper & Row, 1964). 39.
12.
13.
Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, me-5 gamoc.
(New York: McGrow-Hill, 1992), 3-4.
14.
15.
iqve, 29.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, FFirst and Second Discourses, Targm. Roger da Judith Masters,
red. Roger Masters (New York: St. Martins Press, 1964), 197. citata aRebulia rusos
`meore saubris~ SeniSvnebidan.
16.
iqve, 195-196.
17.
18.
iqve, 161.
19.
20.
William Galston, Kant and the Problem of History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1975), 26-27.
21.
Immanuel Kant, Eternal Peace, wignSi Immanuel Kants Moral and Political Writings, red.
Carl Friedrich (New York: Modern Library, 1949), 458.
22.
V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers,
1939), 124.
23.
Robert Goldwin, John Locke, wignSi History of Political Philosophy, red. L. Strauss da J.
Cropsey (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1963), 442.
24.
Richard Falk, This Endangered Planet: Prospects and Proposals for Human Survival (New
York: Vintage Books, 1972), 106-107.
25.
iqve, 105.
26.
iqve, 113.
27.
iqve, 155.
28.
29.
Aristotle, The Politics, mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press,
1962), 1313b, 245.
30.
31.
William Dixon, Democracy and the Peaceful Settlement of International Conflict, American
Political Science Review 88 (March 1994): 14.
32.
33.
ufro vrclad ix. Brice Russett-is Grasping the Democratic Peace (Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1993).
34.
544
35.
iqve.
36.
iqve, 137-139.
37.
38.
39.
40.
iqve, 133.
41.
Michael Haas, Scietal Approaches to the Study of War, wignSi The War System, red. Richard Falk da Samuel Kim (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1980), 355-356, 365.
42.
ix. John Vasquez, The Steps to War, wignSi The Scientific Study of Peace and War: A Text
Reader, red. John Vasquez da Marie Henehan (New York: Lexington, 1992), 343-370.
43.
Jack Lavy, Alliance Formation and War Behavior: An Analysis of the Great Powers, 495-1975,
wignSi The Scientific Study of Peace and War: A Text Reader, red. John Vasquez da Marie
Henehan (New York: Lexington, 1992), 3-36.
44.
45.
46.
iqve.
47.
48.
49.
iqve, 142-145, amave naSromSia mocemulia kvlevebis Sejameba. ix., aseve Paul
Diehl-is Arms Races to War: Testing Some Empirical Linkages, Sociological Quarterly 26
50.
Nazli Chourci da Robert North, Lateral Pressure in International Relations: Concept and
Theory, wignSi Handbook of War Studies, red. Manus Midlarsky (Boston: Unwin Hyman,
1989), 310-311.
51.
52.
citirebulia Lee McDonald-is naSromSi Western Political Theory: From Its Origins to
the Present (Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 1968), 127.
53.
54.
Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1968), 1.
545
546
n aawi
wil
lii V
politika
mTvrobis gareSe
T av i XV II saerT aS or
o riso
iso
ur Tier
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Tob
o b eb i:
b rZ o la
Z alaufleb
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T av i X
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VIII
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547
T aavv i XV I I
saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi
b rZ
rZola
o la Zalau
Z alaufleb
flebisT
isT vis
v is
makiaveli da morgenTau
klasikuri evropuli sistema
sistemuri winapirobebi
evropuli konsen-
susis marcxi
Tanamedrove globaluri sistema
evrocentrizmis dasasruli
bis epoqa
bipolarulo-
ideologiis upiratesoba
moqmedeba
idea-
axali
globaluri ekonomika
eTnikuri Zaladoba
regionalizmis zrda
axali aRsasrulis sce-
sainfor-
548
ver SeaferxebT zRvis mbrZaneblebs.~ ase rom, milosis saxelmwifo Zalis politikis gaTvlebs Seewira.
aTenelebis Seurigeblobas miloselebi gabedulad da mtkiced dauxvdnen. miloselebi kvlav imeorebdnen, rom, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, maT mainc
neitralurad darCena surdaT. aTenelebma ganagrZes kunZulis alyaSi moqceva,
miloselebma sapasuxo winaaRmdegoba gauwies. spartelebi movidnen, magram ar
gaCerebulan. Semdeg ubedurebis zarmac Camohkra:
aTenidan demasis vaJis, pilokrates meTaurobiT damatebiTi Zalebi gaigzavna da alya ufro gaZlierda. Signidan gamcemlobis gamo
miloselebi Cabardnen aTenelebs, romlebmac yvela is mamakaci, vinc aiyvanes, daxoces, qalebi da bavSvebi monebad gayides, aseve daaxloebiT
xuTasamde kolonisti gaagzavnes da TviTonac dasaxldnen im teritoriaze.
makiaveli da morgenTau
italiuri renesansis epoqis udidesi politikuri moazrovne nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527) werda, rom Wkviani mmarTveli yovelTvis mogebisTvis unda
TamaSobdes. misive sityvebiT, `Cveni cxovrebis wesi Zalze Sorsaa imisagan, rogorc unda vcxovrobdeT, vinc sworad cxovrebas Seecdeba, gadarCenis nacvlad
safrTxeSi igdebs Tavs~.2 brZeni mmarTveli _ agrZelebda makiaveli _ acnobierebs,
ra unda gakeTdes misi gavlenis sferos SesanarCuneblad da gasafarToeblad da
ar aZlevs moralur eWvebs misi azrovnebis daCrdilvis uflebas. magaliTad,
mmarTvelma mxolod maSin unda daicvas micemuli piroba, roca es mis interesebSia:
keTilgonieri mmarTveli ar unda iyos sakuTari aRqmis erTguli,
Tuki SeiZleba, rom es erTguleba saziano aRmoCndes misTvis da aRar
arsebobs mizezebi, romelmac es aRTqma daadebina. . . yvela kaci kargi
da keTili rom iyos, aseTi qceva ukeTuri iqneboda, magram raki isini
borotni arian da gamudmebiT arRveven imas, rac aRgiTqves, Sen ratomRa
unda uerTgulo Sen aRTqmas maT mimarT?3
makiavelis mosazreba da miloselTa bedic im faqtis mkafio ilustrirebaa, rom zneoba naklebad mniSvnelovania saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobebSi,
vidre saxelmwifos SigniT. manam, sanam saerTaSoriso politika bunebiTi mdgomareobis msgavsia, saxelmwifoebs Soris daZabuloba SenarCundeba da erTaderTi
pasuxgasacemi SekiTxva iqneba, vin gadarCeba da vin mokvdeba. rodesac gadarCena
549
riskis qveSaa, saWiroeba xSirad umowyalo tirania.
makiavelis inteleqturi pirdapiroba da politikisadmi ulmoblad realisturi midgoma SesaZloa, yvelaze warmatebuli politikuri filosofiis
safuZvelia Tanamedrove msoflioSi _ im gagebiT, rom man gauZlo drois gamocdas, is kvlavac axdens gavlenas da moyolebuli makiavelis droidan, misi
validurobis damadasturebeli faqtebi mravlad dagrovda. Teoria, rom saxelmwifoebi moqmedeben sakuTari interesebisa da ara idealebis Sesabamisad,
cnobilia, rogorc politikuri realizmi. amJamad is yvelaze metad hans morgenTaus (1904-1980) nawerebTan asocirdeba. makiavelis msgavsad, politikuri realistebi nakleb yuradRebas aqceven, rogor unda iqceodnen qveynebi da akvirdebian, realurad rogor iqcevian qveynebi da cdiloben gaarkvion ratom iqcevian
ase. TviTgadarCena saxelmwifo politikis umTavresi amocanaa, xolo gadarCenis
uzrunvelyofis saukeTeso gza _ saxelmwifos Zlierebis zrdaa. saerTaSoriso
politikaSi, amtkicebs morgenTau, rac ar unda iyos saboloo mizani, uSualo
mizani yovelTvis Zlirebaa. ase rom, interesi gansazRvrulia rogorc Zliereba.
morgenTausaTvis es ori koncefcia erTiania _ nebismieri saxelmwifos umTavresi interesi, pirvel rigSi, Zlierebis miRwevaa, Semdeg ki sxva miznebisa, rogoricaa prestiJi da a.S., da isic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini zrdis saxelmwifos
Zlierebas.
politikuri realistebi amtkiceben, rom warmateba saerTaSoriso politikaSi, maSinac ki, roca konfrontacia ar aris, sabolood mainc Zlierebazea
damokidebuli. morgenTaus Tanaxmad, `Zala, Zliereba SeiZleba gulisxmobdes
yvelafers, rac awesebs da inarCunebs erTi adamianis kontrols meoreze~.4 Zalis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqti saerTaSoriso politikaSi samxedro Zlierebaa.
Sesabamisad, politikuri realistebi civi gonebiT ganixilaven iseT sakiTxebs,
rogoricaa erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi (meti yovelTvis ukeTesia, vidre
naklebi), birTvuli iaraRis kontroli da saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi monawileoba (SezRuduli sargeblobisa da momavlis imedis gareSe).
Tumca politikuri da samxedro Zliereba sinonimuri araa. sxva faqtorebic, maT Soris geopolitikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri qmnian saxelmwifos
Zlierebas. TviT politikuri lideris pirovnuli qarizma da kompetenciac an
saxelmwifo institutebis efeqtianoba aZlevs mas upiratesobas konkurentul
da saSiS msoflioSi. morgenTaus Tanaxmad, aramaterialuri faqtorebis iseTisa
rogoricaa qarizma, ugulebelyofa `tolfasia prestiJis ugulebelyofisa, rogorc saerTaSoriso politikaSi damoukidebeli elementisa~.5
saxelmwifos mTavari interesebis optimizacia da gawonasworeba politikur sibrZnes saWiroebs. morgenTau wers: `realizmi sibrZnes ganixilavs, rogorc politikuri qmedebis Sedegebis winaswar gazomvas, rac uzenaesi Rirsebaa
politikaSi~.6 sworad interpretirebisa da gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi amgvari sibrZne sworad warmarTavs saxelmwifos saqmeebs. erovnuli interesebis realistur Sefasebaze dafuZnebuli sagareo politika aramarto riskian Tavgadasavlebs, aramed aseve dampyroblur sibrmavesac airidebs, rac anadgurebs erebsa
da civilizaciebs moraluri principebis, idealebis Tu RmerTis saxeliTac ki~.7
rogorc morgenTau aRniSnavda, erovnuli interesis koncefcia moralistebis
daSvebuli Secdomebis sapirispiroa. cxadia, erovnuli interesi gansxvavdeba
qveynidan qveynamde, icvleba wlidan wlamde, Tumca interesi SeiZleba iyos mudmivi an droebiTi, pirvelxarisxovani an meorexarisxovani, zogadi an specifi-
550
kuri.
politikuri realistisaTvis warmatebuli saxelmwifo moRvawe isaa, vinc
flobs erovnuli interesebisa da amocanebis erovnul SesaZleblobebTan dabalansebis xelovnebas. sibrZne moiTxovs, rom saxelmwifo moRvawem, msgavsad
myidvelisa supermarketSi, ganasxvavos erTmaneTisagan is, rac aucilebelia da
rac, ubralod, sasurvelia. saxelmwifos marTvis codna gulisxmobs eris molodinebisa da survilebis saxelmwifos SesaZleblobebTan SesabamisobSi moyvanasa
da sasicocxlo da meorexarisxovani interesebis zustad garCevas. politikuri
realizmi sagareo politikaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas moqnilobas, obieqturobasa da sentimentalizmis naklebobas aniWebs. ase rom, politikuri realisti ityvis, rom saerTaSoriso politikaSi arseboben ara mudmivi mokavSireebi,
aramed mxolod mudmivi interesebi. morgenTaus azriT, saxelmwifo moRvaweebs sxva principebiT saqmianoba ar epatiebaT, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ramdenad
amoraluri SeiZleba iyos aseTi saqcieli Cveulebrivi adamianuri urTierTobebis poziciidan.
saerTaSoriso politikis riskian samyaroSi zneobas aqvs sxva saxe _ Cveni
Sida cxovrebis zneobisagan gansxvavebuli, rogorc piraduli, aseve politikuri. radganac sxva saxelmwifoebic moqmedeben interesebisa da ara idealebis
Sesabamisad, sakuTarma saxelmwifomac aseve unda imoqmedos. nebismieri saxelmwifo sxvis xarjze sargeblis miRebas cdilobs _ koleqtiuri saqcielis amgvari
forma advilad SesamCnevi da universaluria. aqedan gamomdinare, morgenTau
amtkicebda, rom politikuri realizmi ara marto xsnis, ratom iqcevian saxelmwifoebi ise, rogorc iqcevian, aramed, aseve SeuZlia gaakeTos prognozi, rogor
moiqcevian isini.
551
epoqisaTvis.
sistemuri winapirobebi
saerTaSoriso sistema funqcionirebda efeqturad, radgan erTi saxelmwifo, romelic wonasworobis SemnarCuneblis saxeliT iyo cnobili, krizisisa da konfliqtis viTarebaSi sakuTar samxedro Tu politikur SesaZleblobebs
ufro susti aliansis mxareze gadaisroda xolme. didi britaneTi amgvarad iqceoda, radganac amis saSualebas geografiuli mdebareoba da samxedro (gansakuTrebiT sazRvao) SesaZleblobebi aZlevda. kontinentis siaxloves mdebare
kunZulovan saxelmwifos, britaneTs SeeZlo SedarebiT mSvidad edevnebina Tvali metoqeobisa da konfliqtebisaTvis la manSis srutis Taobaze. istoriulad
britaneTis mTavari sazrunavi is sakiTxi iyo, vin marTavda e.w. dablobs (dRevandeli belgiisa da holandiis teritoria), zustad srutis gaswvriv, romlis sigane yvelaze viwro wertilSi mxolod 22 milia. zogadad, britaneTi miudgomel
cixe-simagres warmoadgenda, radganac verc erTma saxelmwifom ver SeZlo misi
dapyroba. da bolos, britaneTis sazRvao upiratesobam da ekonomikurma Zlierebam igi Zlieri mokavSire da sazareli mteri gaxada, Tumca saxmeleTo jaris simcirem mis mier evraziis kontinentze dominirebis safrTxe gamoricxa.
meore mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelic gansazRvravda tradiciul evropul sistemas, iyo ZiriTadi zneobrivi konsensusi _ yvela saxelmwifo erTsa da
imave civilizacias miekuTvneboda. istorikosebma eduard gibonma da arnold
toinbim, iseve rogorc filosofosebma emerix de vatelma da Jan Jak rusom,
aRniSnes is uzarmazari mniSvneloba, rac im kulturul da religiur tradiciebs
hqonda, romelic gavrcelda evropul sazogadoebaSi da gadalaxa saxelmwifo
sazRvrebi ZalTa balansis sistemis ayvavebis pirobebSic ki.8
am araordinalur pirobebSi, `saerTaSoriso politika gaxda aristokratiuli garToba, sporti mmarTvelebisaTvis, rodesac yvela TamaSis erTian wesebs
aRiarebs da yvela msgavsi SezRuduli miznebisaTvis ibrZvis~.9 SezRuduli miznebi niSnavs, rom maSinac ki, rodesac omi gaCaRdeboda, metoqeebi ar cdilobdnen
erTmaneTis ganadgurebas. umetes SemTxvevaSi, evropis mmarTvelebi, XVIII saukunis ganmanaTleblobis, racionalizmis ideebiT Sepyrobilni, mmarTvelobisas
552
pragmatul midgomas irCevdnen da nebismieri saxis fanatizms absurdulad da
saxifaTod miiCnevdnen. aramarto miznebi, aramed samxedro da ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebic SezRuduli iyo: mxolod ramdenime qveyanas Tu SeeZlo qveynis simdidre maRali riskis Semcvel TavgadasavlebSi gaeflanga, amasTan Tanamedrove
teqnologiis ararsebobis gamo samxedro moqmedebebic SezRuduli iyo.
am panevropuli kulturis kidev erTi SemTxveviTi aspeqti ideologiis
ararseboba gaxldaT. mokavSireTa Secvla garemopirobebis SecvlasTan erTad
xdeboda. struqturul simtkices SeeZlo Seeferxebina gawonasworebis procesi
da ufro SesaZlebeli gaexada totaluri omi.
553
supersaxelmwifos mier dominirebulma globalurma sistemam Secvala. am axal
bipolarul sistemaSi orive mxarem uzarmazari saxsrebi totaluri omis sawarmoeblad saWiro resursebis Seqmnisaken mimarTa da TiToeuli mxare erTmaneTs
ideologiur mtrad aRiqvamda. civi omi amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa
kavSirs Soris 1945 wlidan daiwyo, TiTqmis naxevar saukunes gagrZelda da 1991
wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT dasrulda. Sesabamisad, mizanSewonilia ganvixiloT msoflio politikis struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi amerikisa da sabWoTa
kavSiris metoqeobis magaliTze, manam, sanam gadavalT Tanamedrove globaluri
sistemis ganxilvaze.
evrocentrizmis dasasruli
erT-erTi yvelaze aSkara cvlileba saerTaSoriso politikaSi II msoflio
omis dasrulebis Semdeg evropis saxelmwifoebis gavlenis Semcireba iyo, romlebic XVII saukunidan saerTaSoriso ZalTa wonasworobis brunvis centrs warmoadgendnen. realurad, evropis dacema ori araevropuli Zalis _ amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebisa da iaponiis gaZlierebam daCrdila, risi winapirobebic
ukve gvian XIX saukuneSi ikveTeboda. II msoflio omis Semdeg naTeli gaxda, rom
iseTi tradiciulad Zlieri saxelmwifoebi, rogoric iyo didi britaneTi, safrangeTi da germania, meorexarisxovani saxelmwifoebi gaxdnen. britaneTi iZulebuli gaxda, uari eTqva mis msoflio masStabis imperiaze, safrangeTi sakuTari
ekonomikis, sazogadoebisa da xelisuflebis rekonstruqciiT iyo dakavebuli,
germania damarcxebuli da danawevrebuli iyo zonebad, ris Sedegadac ori axali saxelmwifo _ germaniis federaciuli respublika (dasavleTi germania) da
germaniis demokratiul respublika (aRmosavleTi germania) warmoiSva. sabWoTa
kavSiri, romelmac omis Sedegad uzarmazari danakargebi ganicada, arnaxulad
gaZlierda.
II msoflio omis Semdeg britaneTis, safrangeTis, belgiisa da holandiis
koloniebi maleve daiSala. am yofil koloniur teritoriebze axali saxelmwifoebi aRmocendnen, romlebmac or industriul bloks mimarTes samxedro
da ekonomikuri daxmarebisaTvis.ase rom, mesame samyaro bipolaruli Zalebis
metoqeobis arenad gadaiqca. am brZolis niSa civi omi iyo.
bipolarulobis gamoGena
miuxedavad imisa, rom evropulidan globalur saerTaSoriso sistemad
tranzicia II msoflio omamde daiwyo, omma es procesi mniSvnelovnad daaCqara
_ nawilobriv msoflio politikis mTavari aqtorebis _ evropis saxelmwifoebis
_ gverdze dayenebiT. yofili didi saxelmwifoebis adgilze, romelTa raodenoba omis dawyebisas Svids Seadgenda, ori supersaxelmwifo iyo warmodgenili _
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da sabWoTa kavSiri. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma evropis dasavleT nawilze proteqtoratis msgavsi ram Seqmna, xolo sabWoTa
kavSirma _ `satelituri~ imperia evropis aRmosavleT nawilSi.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, romelmac pirvelma Seqmna da gamoiyena birTvuli iaraRi, II msoflio omis Semdeg mcire periodis ganmavlobaSi birTvul monopolias flobda. sabWoTa kavSirma, dasavleli eqspertebis Tu politikosebis
554
gasaocrad, warmatebiT gamoscada birTvuli iaraRi 1949 wels _ da amiT moaxdina
im faqtis ilustrireba, rom masac hqonda ufleba supersaxel-mwifo yofiliyo.
1950-ian wlebSi samxedro Zlierebisa da ekonomikuri resursebis TvalsazrisiT, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma da sabWoTa kavSirma yvela danarCeni saxelmwifo daCrdiles. Tumca maT Soris arsebulma ideologiurma ufskrulma maT
Soris nebismieri saxis TanamSromloba Seaferxa.
ideologiis upiratesoba
saerTaSoriso scenaze ori supersaxelmwifos dominireba, maT bunebriv
metoqeebad ayalibebda. da radganac erTi iyo kapitalisturi da demokratiuli,
xolo meore _ komunisturi da diqtatoruli, metoqeobam gansakuTrebiT saSiSi
da mZafri xasiaTi miiRo. II msoflio omis dasasrulisaTvis aliansis wevrTa undobloba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda sabWoTa diqtatoris ioseb stalinis mimarT,
rac ganpirobebuli iyo sabWoTa armiis mier germanelebisagan gaTavisuflebuli
aRmosavleT evropis sabWoTa kavSiris mier dapyrobiTa da stalinis mcdelobiT, aeZulebina dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi, uari eTqvaT dasavleT berlinze.
amerikis SerTebuli Statebisa da misi mokavSireebisaTis aranakleb SemaSfoTebeli sabWoTa kavSiris mier 1949 wels sakuTari atomuri iaraRis gamocda gaxda.
amasobaSi sabWoTa kavSirma amerikis sagareo politikuri qmedebebi, maT
Soris didi sesxebis gacemaze uaris Tqma da marSalis gegmis wamowyeba, aRiqva,
rogorc imis mtkiceba, rom `amerikuli imperializmi~ `msoflio socialisturi sistemis~ dangrevas isaxavda miznad. stalinis mTavarma ideologma andrei
Jdanovma 1947 wels komunisturi partiis yrilobaze ganacxada, rom msoflio
or banakad iyo gayofili. am ori banakis doqtrinas oreuli hyavda dasavleTSi
`msoflio komunisturi SeTqmulebis~ saxiT, romelic emyareboda mosazrebas,
rom saidumlo komunisturi proeqtis mizans yvela demokratiuli sazogadoebis
damxoba warmoadgenda. retrospeqtiulad, amgvari rwmena SesaZloa gadaWarbebulic ki iyos, Tumca orive mxares arsebulma eqstremalurma ritorikam, romelic savse iyo ideologiuri dapirispirebebiT, amgvar intepretacias damajerebloba Semata.
amerikis Sekavebis politika dasavleT evropaSi gavleniani samxedro
aliansis _ Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis (nato) SeqmniT
gaaqtiurda. sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari samxedro aliansis _ varSavis xelSekrulebis organizaciis SeqmniT upasuxa (Cveulebriv varSavis paqtis saxelwodebiT cnobili), romelic moskovsa da aRmosavleT evropas akavSirebda erTmaneTTan. or bloks Soris arsebuli konfrontaciuli atmosfero kompromisisa
da SeTanxmebisaTvis mcire SesaZleblobas tovebda. Tavidanve civi omi wamoiwyo
orma eqstraordinarulad Zlierma saxlemwifom, romelTa miznebi, interesebi
da Rirebulebebi SeuTavsebeli Canda. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli cdilobda
SewinaaRmdegeboda meoris ambiciebs, uares SemTxvevaSi ki, orive miznad erTmaneTis ganadgurebas isaxavda. am TvalsazrisiT, postomiseuli sistema mkveTrad
gansxvavdeboda im tradiciuli evropuli sistemisagan, romelic man Caanacvla:
omisa da diplomatiis mizani ukve mxolod teritoriebisa da samflobeloebis
gansazRvra aRar iyo.
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birTvuli omis safrTxe
rodesac evropuli ZalTa wonaswroba dairRva, saxelmwifoebma omis warmoebis saSualebebis SezRudvis mizniT konkretuli wesebi daadgines. XX saukunis orma tqnologiurma garRvevam didad gazarda samxedro Zalis destruqciuli potenciali. pirvelad Seiqmna sahaero Tavdasxmis, xolo Semdeg _ gadazidvis
sistemebi, romelTa SesaZleblobebi omis warmoebis Sesaxeb erTi saukuniT adre
arsebul warmodgenebs albaT Secvlida. meore, birTvuli fizikis miRwevebma ganapiroba atomuri da hidrogenuli bombebis Seqmna, romelTac mTeli qalaqebis
ganadgureba SeeZlo. am samecniero da teqnologiuri miRwevebis Sedegad
amerikisa da sabWoTa kavSiris arsenali saxmeleTo da sazRvao raketebiT gaivso. am or saxelmwifos hqonda uzarmazari SesaZleblobebi: orive mxares gaaCnda
sakmarisi raodenobis birTvuli iaraRi, rom gaenadgurebinaT erTmaneTi. aseT
viTarebaSi farTomasStabiani omi suicidis tolfasi gaxda. Seqmnili viTarebis
aRqmam, rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, mniSvnelovani da gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa
usafrTxoebis axali sqemis warmoqmnaSi, romelic miznad isaxavda kacobriobis
gadarCenas msoflioSi, romelic ganadgurebis realuri safrTxis winaSe idga.
ormxrivi Sekaveba
II msoflio omis Semdgomi ZalTa wonasworobis sistema Sekavebis princips
efuZneboda. birTvuli iaraRis uprecedento gamanadgurebelma efeqtma ganapiroba Sekavebis principis arseboba, rac konfliqtis prevencias niSnavs, im TvalsazrisiT, rom erovnuli Tavdacva moiTxovda, iseT saxelmwifoebs, rogoricaa
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da sabWoTa kavSiri, agresoris TavdasxmisaTvis
yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe epasuxaT. Sekaveba amoqmedda ara rogorc abstraqtuli idea, aramed rogorc istoriuli aucilebloba. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma misi birTvuli monopolia II msoflio omis Semdeg maleve dakarga,
Tumca 1970-iani wlebis Sua periodamde mainc upirates poziciaSi imyofeboda.
1957 wels sabWoTa kavSirma pirveli sateliti (Tanamgzavri) gauSva orbitaze.
sabWoTa kavSiris mier ganxorcielebulma kosmosurma gasrolam daanaxa mTels
msoflios, rom igi ukve Sorsmoqmedi raketebis Seqmnis teqnologiasac flobda,
anu sabWoTa kavSirs SeeZlo gaesrola iaraRi sakuTari teritoriidan, romelic
pirdapir amerikuli samizneebisaken iqneboda mimarTuli.
1960-iani wlebis bolos, amerikisaTvis misi uZlevelobis era dasrulda:
sabWoTa kavSirma Seqmna saxmeleTo saraketo sistema, romlis sawinaaRmdegod
adekvaturi Tavdacvis sistema ar gaaCnda. axla ukve orive mxare aRmoCnda birTvuli ufskrulis winaSe. Sekaveba gaxda axali lozungi samxedro strategiis
Sesaxeb debatebSi da II msoflio omis Semdgomi ZalTa wonasworobis Semadgeneli
nawili. Sekavebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoebi moipoveben birTvul iaraRs
ara misi gamoyenebis, aramed sxva saxelmwifoebis mier maTi gamoyenebis Sekavebis
mizniT. aqedan gamomdinare am saxis iaraRis Sesaqmnelad saWiro xarjebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba skolebis, biblioTekebisa da skverebis mSeneblobasTan
dakavSirebuli proeqtebis finansuri saxsrebisagan. aseTi saxis mowyobilobebis
gamouyenebloba seriozuli Sida politikuri marcxi iqneboda. amis sapirispi-
556
rod, birTvuli iaraRis odesme gamoyeneba gamoiwvevda bevrad ufro seriozul
sagareo politikur marcxs, romelsac SeeZlo safrTxeSi Caegdo TviT kacobriobis arseboba.
ase rom, Sekaveba fundamenturad fsiqologiuri fenomenia. rogorc aseTi, is sakuTar TavSi maRali riskis mqone pokeris TamaSis elementebs Seicavs.
pokeris msgavsad, Sekaveba moicavs garkveul realobaze dafuZnebul interesTa
Sejibrs _ radganac gadarCenas safrTxe emuqreba, moTamaSeebma minimumamde unda
Seamciron riski. blefi am procesis nawilia. amrigad, Tu A qveyana warmatebiT
iyenebs samxedro Zalas, rom B qveyanas sasurveli sagareo politikur mizanze
uari aTqmevinos, B qveynis prestiJi ilaxeba, xolo A qveyana fsiqologiur upiratesobas zeimobs. birTvuli Sekaveba efuZneba ara marto realur Zlierebas,
aramed udidesi saSiSroebis pirobebSi orive mxaris motivebsa da aRqmas.
ramdenime sakvanZo mosazreba udevs safuZvlad birTvuli Sekavebis Teorias. pirveli, saxelmwifoebi potenciur agresorebTan urTierTobaSi amJRavneben
naTlad gamokveTil pozicias Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenon birTvuli iaraRi. meore, miuxedavad ormxrivi undoblobisa, orive mxareze gadawyvetilebis
mimRebni racionalurni arian, Sesabamisad arcerTi mxare ar wamoiwyebs birTvul
moqmedebebs, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu igi sakuTar Tavs sapirispiro dartymisagan icavs. mesame, TiToeul mxares aqvs meore dartymis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, rac gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifos birTvuli SesaZleblobebi gauZlebs
pirveli dartymis upiratesobas da SeZlebs sapasuxo dartymis ganxorcielebas,
romelic Tavdamsxmels Sesabamis zians miayenebs.
imisaTvis rom uzrunveleyo misi birTvuli Zalebis sicocxlisunarianoba,
amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma II msoflio omis Semdeg gancalkevebuli gadazidvis sistemebi Seqmna.es e.w. sameuli (triada) Sedgeboda saxmeleTo interkontinenturi balistikuri raketebis (ICBM), navidan gasaSvebi balistikuri
raketebisa (SLBM) da adamianis mier marTvadi bombebisagan, (cnobili, rogorc
strategiuli saaviacio brZaneba). sabWoTa kavSirsac hqonda sameulisagan Sedgenili Sekavebis sistema. igi mTlianad efuZneboda saxmeleTo saraketo sistemebs, romelic ufro didi raodenobiT hqonda, vidre amerikis SeerTebul
Statebs. Tumca amerikis sazRvao Sekavebis sistema bevrad ufro Zlieri iyo, vidre sabWoTa kavSirisa.
Sekaveba da samxedro SeiraRebaSi upiratesoba II msoflio omis Semdeg xan
erT mxares hqonda xan meores. ramdenime faqtori ganapirobebda SeiaraRebis
mimarTulebasa da tempebs. TiToeul saxelmwifos hqonda specifikuri miznebi
da prioritetebi, rac garkveul SezRudvebs awesebda samxedro xarjebze. meore,
TiToeuli supersaxelmwifo eWvis TvaliT uyurebda erTmaneTis qmedebebs. ase
rom, sabWoTa kavSiris mier 1970-ian wlebSi gamalebuli SeiaraRebis wamowyebam
aiZula amerika, TviTonac igive gaekeTebina. am mcdelobis erT-erTi Sedegi iyo
is, rom stabiluri wonasworobis miRweva ver xerxdeboda im pirobebSi, rodesac
erT saxelmwifos, kerZod, saxelmwifos eqspansiuri sagareo politikiT, hqonda
aSkara upiratesoba birTvuli iaraRis raodenobasa da ZlierebaSi. da bolos,
teqnologiam Tavisi uaryofiTi gavlenac iqonia. erTi mxriv, radganac teqnologiebis codna ar SeiZleba ar gavrceldes, orive saxelmwifo zedmetad frTxilobda ganiaraRebis SeTavazebebis dros, meore mxriv, SesaZlebloba imisa, rom
erT saxelmwifos SeiZleba mieRwia teqnologiuri garRvevisaTvis, sakmaod mniSvnelovan winapiroba iyo maRali donis samxedro kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis
557
gagrZelebisaTvis.
birTvulma Sekavebam ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi imuSava, Tumca
igi savse iyo daZabulobiTa da safrTxeebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive supersaxelmwifo mudmivad arwmunebda danarCen msoflios, rom maT birTvuli iaraRi
mxolod TavdacviTi miznebisaTvis sWirdebodaT, TviTon birTvuli iaraRis arsenalebis arsebobis faqti xSirad amwvavebda SiSsa da undoblobas.
558
sistemis destabilizacias. aseTi qmedebebi warmoSobs sakmaod did zneobriv zewolas am saxelmwifoebze, Tumca TiToeuli SemTxvevis mainc individulaurad
Sefaseba unda moxdes.
gansxvaveba agresorsa da TavdacviT saxelmwifos Soris sakmaod naTelia
Teoriulad, Tumca praqtikulad sakmaod bundovania. ase rom, Tu mowinaaRmdege
saxelmwifo ar erTveba gamalebul SeiraRebaSi, status-kvo saxelmwifo mzadaa
darCes arsebuli samxedro momzadebis etapze. magram Tu ukmayofilo metoqe saxelmwifo mis xelT arsebul samxedro arsenals kidev zrdis, maSin unda vivaraudoT, rom Tundac yvelaze kmayofili status-kvo saxelmwifoc ki iZulebuli
gaxdeba igive gaakeTos _ oRond, ra Tqma unda, gansxvavebuli motivaciiT. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi motivacia eqspansiaa, meore SemTxvevaSi _ sakuTari Tavis dacva.
bedis manifesti
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi yovelTvis acxadebda pretenzias, rom igi axorcielebda
status-kvos politikas, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca is farTovdeboda. istoria imisa, rogor
gaizarda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi 13 Statidan da gadaiWima mTels kontinentze okeanidan
okenamde, nebismierma skolis moswavlem icis, Tumca maswavleblebi iSviaTad warmoaCenen amas
amerikuli imperializmis an eqspansionizmis Sesaxeb ambad, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu moswavleebi da maswavleblebi aborigeni amerikelebi arian. espanelebsa da meqsikelebs am sakiTxis
gamo davis safuZvelic aqvT, aseve xalxs, vinc cxovrobs texasSi, kaliforniasa an floridaSi
(sxva StatebTan erTad). TviT rusebic ki SeiZleba SeewinaRmdegon (isini dasaxldnen alaskazemanam, sanam amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi Seiqmneboda) amas. eqspansionistebi aSS-is kongresSi
amas `bedis manifests~ uwodebdnen, magram rogorc Seqspirma Tqva, vardi, Tundac sxva saxeliT, mainc vardia.
zogierTi saxelmwifo uyuradRebod tovebs am tipis saerTaSoriso sistemaSi warmoqmnil safrTxeebs da cdilobs Tavi daaRwios saerTaSoriso Zalis
politikis TamaSebs. es saxelmwifoebi mimarTaven neitralitetis an miumxrob-
lobis politikas. neitraluroba gulisxmobs nebismier situaciaSi ganze yofnas, maSin roca miumxrobloba _ zogadad aravis mxareze yofnas, Tumca ara yvela
SemTxveavSi neitralurad darCenas.
status-kvo strategiebi arsiT konservatiulia. saxelmwifoebi, romlebic mimarTaven amgvar strategiebs, miznad arsebuli wonasworobis SenarCunebas isaxaven, isini eTayvanebian stabilurobas, saxelmwifoebs Soris mSvidobian
urTierTobas da yvelaferTan erTad, legitimurobas. status-kvo saxelmwifoebi zogadad cdiloben mimarTon iseT instrumentebs, rogoricaa saerTaSoriso
samarTali, mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebebi da globaluri mniSvnelobis organoebi
(magaliTad, erTa liga da gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia), raTa msoflioSi SenarCunebul iqnes Zalauflebis danawilebis arsebuli forma da prestiJi.
Cveulebriv, isini uars amboben revoluciis gziT mosuli xelisuflebis aRiarebaze, radgan miaCniaT, rom maT Zalaufleba xelSi arakanonieri gziT Caigdes, an
safrTxes uqmnian regionuli an globaluri wonasworobis stabilurobas, anda
im motiviT, rom Zaladobisa da ukanonobis saerTaSoriso aRiareba safuZvels
aclis samarTlisa da wesrigis principebs mTels msoflioSi. amerikis sagareo
politika II msoflio omis Semdeg am politikis yvelaze naTeli ilustraciaa _
559
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi CineTis xelisuflebis aRiarebaze TiTqmis mTeli
ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi ambobda uars, komunistebis mier 1949 wels Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis gamo.
da mainc, ramdenime saxelmwifo Tanmimdevrulad misdevs status-kvos
strategias TiTqmis yvela frontze. xandaxan politikuri mdgomareoba romelime konkretul saxelmwifoSi meryeobs eqspansionizmsa da status-kvo strategiebs Soris. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis diplomatiuri istoria am tendenciis ilustrirebis naTeli magaliTia. Tumca sxvadasxva dros igi atarebda
kontinenturi da eqstrakontinenturi eqspansiis politikas, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi misi arsebobis umetes nawilSi regionuli da saerTaSoriso status-kvos SenarCunebis princips eyrdnoboda. amgvari politikis ori magaliTia
monros doqtrina da II msoflio omis Semdgomi mcdeloba, Seekavebina sabWoTa
agresia. orive maTgani wignis momdevno nawilSia ganxiluli.
560
mier maTi Seviwroebis an kontrolis nebismier formas da amas aRviqvamT,
rogorc amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mimarT aramegobruli damokidebulebis gamomJRavnebas.10
561
arabulma saxelmwifoebma egvipte sionizmsa da dasavlur imperializmTan garigebaSi daadanaSaules.
konfliqti palestinelebsa da ebraelebs Soris 1980-ian wlebSi gamwvavda, rodesac israelma daipyro libani 1982 wels, im mizniT, rom sapasuxo qmedebebi ganexorcielebina palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli organizaciisa da sxva dajgufebaTa Tavdasxmebze. mogvianebiT
palestinelebma wamoiwyes pirveli intifada (ajanyeba) israelis mier iordaniis dasavleT
sanapirosa da Razas olqis dakavebis gamo. 1990ian wlebSi droebiTi simSvide aRiniSna da
pirveli nabijebi gadaidga palestinis saxelmwifos Seqmnisaken. ebraelebsa da palestinel
arabebs Soris mSvidoba dairRva 2000 wels, rodesac palestinis gamaTavisuflebelma organizaciam uaryo konfliqtis mogvarebis Taobaze israelis gegma, romelic, marTalia, bevrad
ufro guluxvi iyo, vidre israelis mier adre gakeTebuli nebismieri daTmoba, mainc ver daakmayofila palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli organizaciis lideri iasir arafati. daiwyo meore
intifada, bevrad ufro sastiki, vidre pirveli. sainteresoa, rom orive mxare mudmivad cdilobda sakuTari qmedebebis gamarTlebas, oRond, ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxva safuZvlebze. arabebi acxadebdnen, rom isini icavdnen palestinelTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebas, xolo ebraelebi
apelirebdnen holokostsa da israelis uflebaze, hqonoda suverenuli saxelmwifo.
msgavsi movlenebi xSirad warmoiSoba saerTaSoriso politikaSi. sabednierod, sapirispiro gancxadebebi ar gamoricxavs qveynebis sagareo politikur miznebze saubars Tu ganxilvas; isini ubralod amgvar daskvnebs rTulad misaRwevs xdis.
562
vnelovnad Semcirdeboda. man aseve gamoTqva varaudi, rom Sekavebis gamarTlebis
SemTxvevaSi totalitaruli sabWoTa saxelmwifo sakuTari Sida politikuri zewolis msxverpli gaxdeboda.
Sekavebis es `axali~ doqtrina sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara aprobirebuli status-qvos politika evropasTan mimarTebaSi. misi SesamCnevi siaxle im statuskvos iniciativebis specifikur misadagebaSi gamoixateboda, romelic evropaSi
II msoflio omis Semdeg Seiqmna.
Sekavebis pirveli mTavari gamocda moxda 1947 wels, rodesac saberZneTi
lamis komunisturi amboxebis msxverpli gaxda. mas Semdeg, rac didma britaneTma,
romelic aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi tradiciulad status-kvos garantoris rols TamaSobda, ganacxada, rom mas aRar SeeZlo daemxo saberZneTis
legitimuri mTavroba, maSin aSS Sevida saberZneTSi. hari trumenma kongresisadmi gagzavnil daJinebul mimarTvaSi moiTxova daxmareba gaewiaT TurqeTisa da
saberZneTis mTavrobebisaTvis, trumenma Sekavebis principebis reformulireba
moaxdina, rac Semdeg trumenis doqtrinis saxeliT gaxda cnobili: me mjera,
rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis politika Tavisufali xalxebis mxardaWera
unda iyos, im xalxebisa, romlebic ewinaRmdegebian dapyrobis mcdelobas, rogorc mcire SeiaraRebuli jgufis, aseve gare Zalis mxridan.~13 mas Semdeg, rac
kongresma daamtkica prezidentis moTxovna, Sekaveba amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis oficialuri poltika gaxda.
1948 wels CexoslovakiaSi komunisturi mTavrobis mier Zalauflebis mopovebas, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi `evropis aRdgenis programiT~, e.w. marSa-
563
1960-ian wlebSi politikam, romelic pirvel rigSi evropasa da Semdeg aziaSi komunizmis gavrcelebis SeCerebas isaxavda miznad, mesame samyaros saxelmwifoebSi antikomunisturi intervenciis forma miiRo. samxedro aRWurviloba,
ekonomikuri daxmareba, diplomatiuri mxardaWera da amerikis birTvuli qolga
mimarTuli iyo yvela im saxelmwifosaken, romelic miiCneoda, rom komunisturi
amboxebis an saxelmwifo gadatrialebis safrTxis winaSe idga. samxedro intervencia iTvleboda Sesabamis sapasuxo politikad konkretuli pirobebis SemTxvevaSi. samxedro Sekavebis am strategiam umaRles mwvervals 1964-1972 wlebSi,
samxreT koreaSi asiaTasobiT amerikeli jariskacis gagzavnis Semdeg miaRwia,
rac miznad isaxavda daxmarebodnen saxelmwifos komunisturi meamboxeebisa da
CrdiloeT vietnamis Zalebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. vietnamis omis Semdeg amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi naklebad eyrdnoboda farTomasStabiani samxedro
intevenciis strategias saerTaSoriso status-kvos SesanarCuneblad, Tumca
amerikis sagareo politikis safuZvlebi mainc ucvleli darCa.
adreul 1990-ian wlebSi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Sekavebis politikam misi mTavari mizani dakarga. sabWoTa kavSiris gadawyvetilebam damoukidebloba mieca aRmosavleT evropis yofili sateliti saxelmwifoebisaTvis, aseve
1991 wels erayis winaaRmdeg amerikis mier marTuli koaliciis mxardaWeram da
misma dezintegraciam (sabWoTa kavSiris) imave wels, daadastura, rom amerikis
Sekavebis politikam mizans miaRwia. 1991 wlis bolos sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam
sabolood gamoavlina, rom sabWoTa safrTxe veRar Seasrulebda amerikis
sagareo politikis qvakuTxedis funqcias. es ki amerikis Sekavebis politikas
moZvelebulsa da dromoWmuls xdida.
564
pretenzias gamoTqvamen, rom idealistebi arian, magram msoflios danarCeni
nawili, mcire gamonaklisis garda, gare Zalis mxridan samxedro intervenciis
nebismier mcdelobas imperializmad afasebs. magaliTad, reiganis administracia (1980-1988ww) xels uwyobda sxvadasxva antikomunistur meamboxeebs msoflioSi 1980-ian wlebSi, maT Soris jgufebs centralur amerikaSi (Contras nikaraguaSi) aziaSi (mujahidebs avRaneTSi) da afrikaSi (UNITA-s partizanebs angolaSi).
Tavad faqti, rom prezidenti reigani im meamboxe Zalebs, romlebic mas moswonda da `TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolebs~ uwodebda, veravis gaabriyvebda (albaT
amerikis garda). es magaliTebi sagareo politikis analizSi moraluri obieqturobis sirTulisa da mniSvnelobis ilustrirebas axdens. arsebul ZalTa da
simdidris ganawilebis Secvlisaken gamiznuli strategia aucileblad imperializmis an idealizmis niSani rodia; ufro metad, is damamtkicebeli sabuTia,
rom realizmma gavlena moaxdina politikis Semqmnelebze, kargad Tu cudad, rom
maT TavianTi qmedebebisaTvis garkveuli mimarTuleba miecaT.
imis gasagebad, ra aris eqspansionizmi, amavdroulad unda gavigoT isic,
ras ar wamoadgens igi. magaliTad, yvela is saxelmwifo, romelsac aqvs Tundac
teritoriuli pretenziebi sxva saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi an ZalTa da simdidris globaluri danawilebis Secvla surs, rodi aris agresiuli da eqspansiuri. sasazRvro dava TavisTavad ar gulisxmobs, rom modave saxelmwifos imperiuli zraxvebi aqvs. arc bevri ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos `axali saerTaSoriso
ekonomikuri wesrigis~ damyarebis moTxovna gulisxmobs amas (rac globaluri
simdidris xelaxla danawilebis moTxovnaSi gamoixateba). status-kvos Secvla
amgvari gziT naklebad agresiulia, radganac miznebi da meTodebi SezRuduli
da zomieria da isini pirwmindad politikuri da diplomatiuria (zewola an darwmuneba) da ara samxedro an ekonomikuri (daSineba da iZuleba).
civi omis dros politikuri realizmi umniSvnelovanesi Teoria iyo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Sesafaseblad. Zalis eqspansiis an Zalis SenarCunebisa da regionuli sabrZolo strategiebi kargad gaazrebuli da kritikulad
Seswavlili gaxldaT im pirobebSi, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da
sabWoTa kavSiri mimarTavdnen gadarCenisa da Zalauflebis mopovebis strategiebs, razedac sxva saxelmwifoebic xSirad reagirebdnen. im periodSi, pirad
interess gamodevnebul qveynebs Soris ZaluflebisaTvis brZolis realisturi
Sexeduleba bevri (Tumca ara yvela) politologisaTvis saxelmwifoTa qmedebebis srulyofil axsnas uzrunvelyofda. Tumca, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da
civi omis damTavrebis Semdeg, debatebi politikuri realizmisa da erovnuli
interesis cnebis relevanturobis Taobaze ufro mwvave gaxda.
gamoZaxili
civi omis dasrulebidan moyolebuli gamoZaxilis (Blowback _ igulisxmeba
e.w. bumerangis efeqti. targmn. SeniSvna) koncefcia akademiur wreebSi amerikis sagareo politikis Sesaxeb debatebis umTavresi Tema iyo (Tumca debatebi
sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis umetesad SeumCneveli darCa). am terminis popularizacia moaxdina Calmers jonsonma _ eqspertma aziis sakiTxebSi, romelmac
amave saxelwodebis bestseleri dawera.14 centraluri sadazvervo saagentos
(CIA) analitikosebma realurad es termini TavisTvis gamoigones, Tumca igi Sem-
565
deg saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialobis studentebma gamoiyenes. jonsonis azriT:
es termini gulisxmobs im politikuri qmedebebis arasasurvel
Sedegebs, romelic amerikuli sazogadoebisaTvis metwilad gasaidumloebuli iyo. is, rasac yoveldRiuri presa aqveynebs _ `teroristTa~
saSineli qmedebebi, `urCi saxelmwifoebi~ an `iaraRis ukanono movaWreebi~, xSir SemTxvevaSi adrindeli qmedebebis gamoZaxilia.15
magaliTebad jonsons moaqvs 1988 wels Pan American World Airways-is reisi
103-is dabombva lokerbis Tavze, SotlandiaSi, romelic misi mtkicebiT, `iyo
samagieros gadaxda reiganis administraciis mier libiaze ganxorcielebuli sahaero TavdasxmisaTvis, romlis drosac prezident muamar kadafis geri
mokles.~16 is aseve ambobs, rom narkotikebiT vaWroba amerikaSi, garkveulwilad
warsulSi Statebis mier laTinur amerikaSi diqtatorebisa da antikomunisturi moZraobis xelSewyobis Sedegia da teroristuli aqtebi amerikis samizneebze
amis ukugamoZaxilia. amave dros igi axdens pentagonis teqnologiis departamentis xelmZRvanelisaTvis 1997 wels gagzavnili moxsenebis citirebas: istoriuli
monacemebi aCvenebs korelacias amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier saerTaSoriso situaciebSi Carevasa da amerikis winaaRmdeg teroristuli Tavdasxmebis raodenobis zrdas Soris.~17
suraTi, romelsac jonsoni aRwers, sakmaod SemaSfoTebelia:
gamoZaxilis yvelaze pirdapiri da naTeli forma xSirad maSin
iCens Tavs, rodesac msxverpli amerikis saidumlo dabombvebis sapasuxo
qmedebebs mimarTavs, an amerikis mier dafinansebuli kampania saxelmwifo
terorizmis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli, an centraluri sadazvervo saagentos mier dagegmilia sagareo politikuri lideris damxoba. dRes mTels
msoflioSi ukve sakmarisi safuZvelia Seqmnili momavali gamoZaxilisaTvis.18
1999 wels gamoTqmuli es mosazreba winaswarmetyveluri Canda gansakuTrebiT im dReebSi, rodesac teroristebma msoflio savaWro centrsa da
pentagonze gatacebuli samgzavro TviTmfrinavebis gamoyenebiT Tavdasxmebi
ganaxorcieles. amave kuTxiT, jonsonma 1990-1991 wlebis sparseTis yuris omisa
da mis Semdeg periodze gansakuTrebiT ki im xangrZliv gaWirvebaze dawera, rac
erayma gamoiara amerikis mier ekonomikuri blokadis dawesebis Semdeg. jonsoni
werda `blokadam daavadebebis, cudi kvebisa da araadekvaturi samedicino momsaxurebis gamo daaxloebiT naxevari milioni erayeli moqalaqis daRupva gamoiwvia.~ osama bin ladenma da al-qaedam 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtebi Semdeg
safuZvlebze `gaamarTles~ (1) amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma maT qveyanaSi
amerikeli jariskacebis ganTavsebiT saudis arabeTis wmida miwa-wyali wabilwa,
(2) amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma xeli Seuwyo israels palestinelTa uflebebis darRvevaSi da (3) amerikam wamoiwyo ekonomikuri omi erayis moqalaqeebis
winaaRmedg.
prezidentma bil klintonma bin ladeni amerikis or saelCoze TavdasxmaSi
daadanaSaula 1998 wels, nairobiSi (keniis dedaqalaqi) da dar es salamSi (tanzaniis dedaqalaqi). sapasuxod man xarTumSi (sudanis dedaqalaqi) farmacevtuli
qarxana da avRaneTSi al qaidas sawvrTneli bazebi dabomba. verc erTi am sahaero
566
dartymis Sedegad ver moxerxda mTavari miznis miRweva, magram sudanze Tavdasxmam sakmaod didi dabneuloba gamoiwvia, rodesac gairkva, rom farmacevtuli
qarxana ar awarmoebda masobrivi ganadgurebis birTvul iaraRs, raSic adanaSaulebda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. Tumca,
mTavrobis warmomadgenlebma ganagrZes am Tavdasxmebis gamarTleba
terorizmis `Sekavebis~ motiviT, im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu msxverplni aranair kavSirSi ar iyvnen amerikis sawarmoebis dazianebasTan. msoflioSi
am gziT inergeba momavali gamoZaxili. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi
ugulebelyofen im faqts, rom saelCoebis dabombvaSi dadanaSaulebuli
bin ladeni amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis yofili proteJea. rodesac
amerika organizebas uwevda avRanel meamboxeebs sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg 1980-ian wlebSi, man (bin ladenma) mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa
sabWoTa kavSiris avRaneTidan gandevnaSi da mxolod 1991 wels Semoutrialda amerikas, radganac man sparseTis yuris omisa da misi dasrulebis
Semdeg mSobliur saudis arabeTSi amerikis jaris ganTavseba sakuTari
religiuri rwmenis SebRavlad miiCnia.19
567
iZlevian. nacvlad amisa, isini amboben, rom amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma minimumamde unda Seamciros sagareo konfliqtebSi misi monawileoba. saerTaSoriso ganxeTqilebebi da konfliqtebi saerTaSoriso sistemis damaxasiaTebeli
nawilia, romlis wevrebic erTmaneTisagan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian zomiT,
bunebrivi resursebiT, ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT, istoriuli gamocdilebiTa
da a.S.
erovnuli interesebis Sida politikaze orientirtebuli interpretaciis
miReba gamoricxavs im tipis saerTaSoriso ekonomikur iniciativebs, romelic
amerikas pirdapir ar asargeblebs. amavdroulad is kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs
amerikis rols arsebul aliansebSi (gansakuTrebiT natoSi) da saerTaSoriso
organizaciebSi (magaliTad, gaeroSi) da sxva mravalerovnul institutebSi (rogoricaa msoflio banki da msoflio savaWro organizacia). da bolos, aman SeiZleba msoflio saWis (anu efeqturi xelmZRvanelobis) gareSe datovos.
politologebi maqs singeri da aaron vildavski sxva kuTxiT uyureben
civi omis Semdgom saerTaSoriso politikas. isini amtkiceben, rom miuxedavad
`axali msoflio wesrigis~ Taobaze saubrebisa bevri Tanamedrove kritikosi
ver axerxebs gaacnobieros is realuri msoflio, romelic civi omis Semdeg
Camoyalibda.21 gansxvavebiT im meocnebeTagan, romlebic acxadeben erTi politikuri msoflios arsebobis Sesaxeb, da civi omis realistebisagan, vinc axdens
sami politikuri samyaros identificirebas, vildavski da singeri amtkiceben,
rom arsebobs ori amgvari msoflio _ erTi, romelic Sedgeba ganviTarebuli
demokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan da meore, romelic Sedgeba gaRatakebuli,
arademokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan. ufro metic, warmatebul demokratiul
qveynebs, rac daaxloebiT msoflio mosaxleobis 15 procents moicavs, `mSvidobis zonebs~ uwodeben, maSin roca ganuviTarebel diqtatorul saxelmwifoebs
- `konfliqtis zonebs.~ ori zona Tu ori msoflio danaxulia, rogorc erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli da gancalkevebuli. singeri da vildavski midian im daskvnamde, rom Zalauflebrivi dapirispirebebi da konfliqtebi kvlav normaa konfliqtur zonaSi. amasTan erTad, mSvidobianma konkurenciam da ekonomikurma
TanamSromlobam Caanacvla omi mSvidobis zonaSi.
am analizis politikuri datvirTva bevris mTqmelia. magaliTad, Tu amgvari
gansxvavebuli da gancalkevebuli zonebi arsebobs, maSin saxelmwifoebs mSvidobis zonaSi SeuZliaT ganze gadgnen im Zaladobisa da sisxlisRvrisagan, rac
konfliqtis zonaSi xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, samxedro intervencia regionul
konfliqtebSi didi sifrTxiliT unda ganxorcieldes. singerisa da vildavskis
Tanaxmad:
Cveni saerTo mizani stabiluri demokratiuli qveynebis ricxvis
zrda unda iyos anu mSvidobis zona gafarTovdes rac SeiZleba male.
vvaraudobT, rom amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma es politika xuTi
mimarTulebiT unda warmarTos: pirveli, mkafiod unda gavmijnoT Cveni politika demokratiul da arademokratiul qveynebTan mimarTebaSi;
meore, savaWro barierebis SemcirebiT; mesame, ekonomikuri daxmarebis
gaweviTa da rekomendaciebiT; meoTxe, magaliTis micemiTa da sabazro
ekonomikis xelSewyobiT; sxva demokratiul qveynebTan dauRalavi muSaobiT mSvidobis SenarCunebisa da saerTaSoriso wesrigis gaumjobesebis
mizniT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu samxedro intervencia gaxdeba aucilebeli. magram ar unda gavataroT iZulebis politika avtoritarul reJime-
568
bze demokratiis Tavsmoxvevis mizniT.22
amgvari analizi optimisturia imdenad, ramdenadac igi gviCvenebs `magaliTis micemisa da Cveni bazrebis gaxsnilobis SesaZleblobebs,~ yvelaze efeqtiani gza, zemoqmedeba movaxdinoT avtoritarul saxelmwifoebze. maSasadame,
miuxedavad imisa, rom es Sexeduleba avtoritarul saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebs tradiciuli realisturi TvalTaxedviT ganixilavs, igi politikas
demokratiul saxelmwifoebs Soris sxvagvarad afasebs.
569
zogierTi saxelmwifo lideri sagareo politikis formulirebisas aSkarad
zneobriv principebs aniWebs upiratesobas, vidre sxvebi. magaliTad, amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi prezidenti vudro vilsoni gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
erTa TviTgamorkvevis princips da koleqtiur usafrTxoebas aniWebda, xolo
prezidenti jimi karteri aqtiurad uwyobda xels adamianTa uflebebis globalur gavrcelebas _ orive prezidenti garkveul zneobriv principebs iziarebda. saxelmwifoebi xandaxan altruistulad iqcevian, magaliTad, im devnilTaTvis TavSesafris micemiT, vinc politikur devnas, ekonomikur katastrofas,
Tu samoqalaqo oms ganicdian. or msoflio oms Soris periodSi britaneTis liderebma scades versalis sazavo xelSekrulebis Sedegad germaniaze dakisrebuli mkacri pirobebis Semsubuqeba, amgvari midgoma Sefasda `keTilSobilur
idead, romelic fesvgadgmuli aris qristianobaSi, mamacobasa da saerTo gonierebaSi.~24
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro moqmedebebi somaliSi 1992-1994
wlebSi masobrivi SimSilobis aRmofxvris mizniT ganxorcielda. am intervencias, romelsac bevri amerikelis sicocxle Seewira da aranairi ekonomikuri Tu
samxedro upiratesoba ar moutania amerikisaTvis, mxolod erovnuli interesis safuZvelze ver avxsniT.25 ufro metic, am intervenciam islamisti eqstremistebis (osama bin ladenis CaTvliT) gaucxoebis garda sxva araferi gamoiwvia da
maTi SefasebiT es amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kidev erTi morigi intervencia
iyo islamuri sazogadoebis Sida saqmeebSi.
umetes SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos sagareo politika moicavs rogorc
idealebs, aseve sakuTar interesebsac. magaliTad, marSalis gegma nebismier
SemTxvevaSi didsulovani iyo. ufro metic, TviT uinston CerCili, romelic
Tavis naTqvam nebismier sityvas kargad zomavda, mas `istoriaSi yvelaze uangaro qmedebas~ uwodebda.26 magram marSalis gegma aseve miesadageboda amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis II msoflio omis Semdgom status-kvos strategiul politikas da miznad isaxavda stabiluri dasavleTevropuli sazogadoebis Seqmnas,
romelic SeZlebda win aRdgomoda samxedro agresiasa da Signidan gadatrialebas. msgavsad, germaniam didi daxmareba gauwia ruseTs 1991-92 wlebSi, nawilobriv humanitaruli motivebiT da nawilobriv imis SiSiT, rom dasustebul ruseTSi mimdinare procesebi gamoiwvevda dasavleT evropis destabilizacias, es
ki, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvevda didi raodenobiT devnilebis gadaadgilebas germaniis mimarTulebiT.
marTalia, rom saxelmwifoebi yvelaze ufro TanamgrZnobni maSin arian,
roca maT garkveuli fsoni aqvT dadebuli, magram bevri saxelmwifo xvdeba, rom
SesaZloa kargi saqmeebic iyos kargi sagareo politika da maRali idealebis mxardaWeramac Seuwyos xeli saxelmwifos interesebis gatarebas. keTilSobilebas
xSirad keTili neba mosdevs da keTil nebas `gacvliTi Rirebuleba~ aqvs saerTaSoriso politikaSi (iseve, rogorc nebismier politikaSi).
saxelmwifoebs xandaxan konkretuli erovnuli interesebi dauTmiaT
moraluri principebis gamo. II msoflio omis dros swored dania iyo am mosazrebis naTeli ilustrireba. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi okupirebuli qveyana iyo,
faSisturma mTavrobam mas sakmaod farTo politikuri damoukidebloba mianiWa.
ebrauli warmoSobis moqalaqeebisa da sxva devnilebis dacvis motiviT, daniis
mTavrobam da mosaxleobam Riad ganacxada uari germanelTa im brZanebebis Sesrulebaze, romelic miznad ebraelTa danarCeni mosaxleobisagan izolacias
570
isaxavda da Sesabamisad amgvari qmedebiT sakuTari Tavi Caigdo safrTxeSi. aseTi uCveulo zneobrivi gambedaobis Sedegad, danielebma `eqstraordinaluri
dabrkoleba Seuqmnes germanul gamanadgurebel manqanas: daniis xelisufalTa
mier TanamSromlobaze uaris Tqma da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis erTsulovneba ebraelebis gadasarCenad.~27 danielTa qmedebebis Sedegebi da TviT amgvari
qmedebebic sakmaod iSviaTi iyo. Tumca, `patara daniam, zedmetad sustma imisaTvis, rom Tavdacvaze Zalaze dayrdnobiT ezruna, sagareo politika humanitarul
motivebamde daiyvana . . . da Sedegad hitleris mier dapyrobasac gadaurCa.~28
aRiareba imisa, rom zneobasac da Zalasac SeuZlia garkveuli rolis Sesruleba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, amtkicebs, rom erovnuli interesebis
farTo gageba orive komponents unda moicavdes. ufro metic, iseTi zneobrivi
principebis msoflios masStabiT gavrceleba, rogoricaa Tavisufleba, demokratia da adamianTa uflebebi, warmodgenilia, rogorc demokratiul saxelmwifoTa erovnuli interesebis Semadgeneli umniSvnelovanesi komponenti.
es idea dafuZnebulia varaudze, rom sagareo politika, romelic indiferentulia zneobis mimarT, ar SeiZleba moralurad gamarTlebuli iyos, iseve, rogorc
utilitaruli Sexeduleba, rom demokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan Semdgari
msoflio, romelic pativs scems Tavisuflebasa da adamianis uflebebs, ufro
usafrTxoc iqneba. demokratiuli saxelmwifos erovnuli interesebi xSirad
idealizmisa da realizmis elementebsac Seicavs. es mniSvnelovan WeSmaritebaze
miuTiTebs: Zala samarTlianobis gareSe ubralo mizanSewonilobaa, maSin roca
zneoba Zalis gareSe mxolod kargi ganzraxvaa.29
571
keTildReobisa da usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebis saukeTeso gza ara SigniT, aramed gareT yureba, saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobisaTvis karis gaReba da nebismieri saxis nacionalisturi tendenciebis (iseTis, rogoricaa gadametebuli
patriotizmi, proteqcionizmi da izolacionizmi) uaryofaa axali globaluri
TviTSegnebis damkvidrebisaTvis.
amgvari midgoma adamianebis azrovnebisa da qmedebebis mkafio cvlilebas
moiTxovs. is aseve saWiroebs sakuTari interesis imisagan gansxvavebiT bevrad
ufro farTo da gaTviTcnobierebul definicias, rac iyo praqtikaSi saerTaSoriso politikaSi warsulSi. zogierTi axal msoflio wesrigsa da globalur
Tanamegobrobas kargad SeniRbul idealizmad aRiqvams. Tumca am midgomis
momxreebi uaryofen amgvar braldebas da amtkiceben, rom politika, romelsac
isini mxars uWeren, Rrmad devs adamianis interesSi da globaluri usafrTxoeba,
albaT, TviTgadarCenac ki, msoflio politikis radikalurad sxva kuTxiT Sefasebazea damokidebuli. dRevandel msoflioSi, askvnian isini, guSindeli realizmi araTu dromoWmuli, aramed saSiSicaa.
Tqven ras fiqrobT? yvelaferTan erTad, dRevandeli axalgazrdoba is
Taobaa, vinc gadawyvets xvalindeli msoflios beds.
572
namtkica amerikis stabilur ekonomikasa da yofil sabWoTa ekonomikas Soris
arsebulma aSkara gansxvavebam, aseve amerikis Sida stabilurobisa da sabWoTa
kavSiris sxvadasxva regionSi warmoqmnili arastabilurobis Sedarebam da dasavluri aliansis SenarCunebam TviT mas Semdeg, rac varSavis paqtis organizaciam
arseboba Sewyvita.
miuxedavad imisa, rom supersaxelmwifos universaluri definicia ar arsebobs, analitikosTa umetesi nawili amtkicebs, rom supersaxelmwifo sam kriteriums unda akmayofilebdes: pirveli, mas unda hqondes sruli Zliereba anu ara
mxolod samxedro Zliereba, aramed ekonomkuri, politikuri, diplomatiuri
da TviT zneobrivic ki; meore, hqondes globaluri xedva, rac msoflios yvela
regionSi sakuTari Zlierebis gadatanis SesaZleblobas gulisxmobs; mesame _
hqondes saerTaSoriso arenaze liderobis damtkicebis survili. am kriteriumebis mixedviT, mxolod amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi aris supersaxelmwifo.
iaponia da germania ekonomikurad Zlieri qveynebi arian. britaneTsa da safrangeTs aqvs TvalsaCino diplomatiuri Zliereba da mniSvnelovani samxedro
SesaZleblobebi, Tumca ar miiCnevian ekonomikurad Zlier saxelmwifoebad. ruseTis respublikas aqvs uzarmazari strategiuli birTvuli SesaZleblobebi da
garkveuli diplomatiuri Zliereba, Tumca am etapze sakuTari Sida ekonomikuri
problemebiT aris dakavebuli. CineTs, regionul Zalas, aklia globaluri SesaZleblobebi da mowinave mrewveloba.
unipolaruli msoflios erTi Tanamdevi efeqti globaluri daZabulobis
Semcirebaa (rasac ver vityviT regionuli konfliqtebis SemTxvevaSi). birTvuli
Cixi, romelic civ oms gansazRvravda, ukve aRar aris msoflio politikis mamoZravebeli Zala. Camcxrali ideologiuri konfliqti (kapitalizmi da demokratia socializmisa da komunizmis winaaRmdeg), romelic II msoflio omis Semdgom
msoflios gansazRvravda, Tan axlda am daZabulobis Semcirebas. es `deideologizacia~ ar gulisxmobs, rom Tanamedrove msoflio bolomde gaTavisuflda
gansxvavebuli interesebisa da Rirebulebebisagan. es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom
is xedva, romelze dayrdnobiTac amerikelebi afasebdnen msoflio politikas TiTqmis oTxi aTwleulis manZilze, gadasinjvas saWiroebs. realizmi iseve
saWiroa erovnuli TviTgadarCenisaTvis, rogorc adre, magram zustad ra aris
realisturi sagareo politika Tanamedrove msoflios Secvlili garemoebebis
pirobebSi, naklebad aSkara da cxadia.
unipolaruli msoflios kidev erTi Sedegi aris is, rom msoflios erTaderTi supersaxelmwifo _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi sagareo faqtorebis
gavlenis Sedegad naklebadaa SezRuduli. Tumca arc erTi saxelmwifo ar aris
srulad Tavisufali sakuTar qmedebebSi, (gansakuTrebiT imis gamo, rom bevri
saxelmwifo flobs birTvul iaraRs), bevri SezRudva, romelsac dRes amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi ganicdis, TviTdawesebulia. es SeiZleba iyos ekonomikuri,
politikuri da moraluric ki.
globaluri ekonomika
msoflios yvelaze gavlenian saxelmwifoebs Soris politikuri konfliqtebis Semcirebis pararelurad saerTaSoriso ekonomikis mniSvneloba izrdeba. msoflios saxelmwifoebis dedaqalaqebSi gavrcelebuli sityva global-
573
izaciaa. bunebrivia, rom omisa da mSvidobis problematikis Semcirebis Sedegad,
saxelmwifoebi da maTi liderebi biznessa da keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis
sakiTxebs miubrundnen. eWvgareSea, rom dRes saxelmwifoebi ekonomikurad bevrad ufro urTierTdamokidebulni arian, vidre odesme kacobriobis istoriaSi,
Tumca ras niSnavs es yvelaferi? mokled rom vTqvaT, ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba, erTi mxriv, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis, xolo, meore mxriv,
ekonomikuri konkurenciis zrdas iwvevs.
msoflio ekonomikis es transformacia umeteswilad didi mravalerovnuli korporaciebisa da axali sainformacio teqnologiebis arsebobiTaa ganpirobebuli, romelsac saxelmwifo sazRvrebi ver abrkolebs. garda amisa, zogierTi problema, magaliTad, regionuli da garemosdacviTi problemebi, iaraRis
kontrolis SezRuduli formebi, saerTaSoriso valis gadaxda da ekonomikuri
politikis SeTavseba krizisis dros, ubralod saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas
saWiroebs, maT Soris. msoflio mniSvnelobis mqone ekonomikur sakiTxs pasuxi
gaeca 1997-98 wlebSi, rodesac bevrma aziurma saxelmwifom moulodneli mkveTri ekonomikuri vardna ganicada.
globaluri ekonomikuri safrTxeebis sapasuxod SemuSavebul iqna daxmarebis programa, romelmac pirdapiri sargebeli moutana bevr saxelmwifos,
maT Soris samxreT koreasa da indonezias. am programas xelmZRvanelobda saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi _ organizacia, romelSic mravali saxelmwifo Sedioda da miznad msoflioSi ekonomikuri stabilurobis ganmtkicebas isaxavda.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma koordinacia gauwia didi ekonomikuri sesxebis
gacemas da moiTxova, rom saxelmwifoebs, romelsac is exmareboda, sesxi mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebisTvis gamoeyenebina.
amgvari TanamSromlobiTi mcdelobebis fonzec ki, ekonomikuri konkurencia saxelmwifoebs Soris mainc izrdeba. xSirad mTavrobebi cdiloben asargeblon sakuTari moqalaqeebi Sida sawarmoebis an soflis meurneobis subsidirebiT, importul saqonelze tarifis dawesebiT, an sxva saxis savaWro barierebis
SeqmniT. amgvari proteqcionistuli qmedebebi xels uSlis Tavisufal saerTaSoriso vaWrobas da SesaZloa, saerTaSoriso daZabulobac gamoiwvios TviT
mokavSireebs Sorisac ki. amgvari daZabulobis naTeli magaliTi amerikasa da
iaponias Soris arsebuli savaWro molaparakebebia. amerikuli da iaponuri urTierTobebi moulodnelad garTulda iaponiis xelisuflebis proteqcionistuli politikis gamo. msoflios sxva regionSi savaWro molaparakebebi amerikis
SeerTebul Statebsa da mis evropul mokavSireebs Soris 1993-94 wlebSi daiZaba
soflis meurneobisaTvis samTavrobo subsidiebis gacemis gamo. es magaliTebi
kidev erTxel Segvaxsenebs, rom udidesi mniSvnelobis mqone saerTaSoriso
vaWrobisa da ekonomikis samyaroSi konkurencia, iseve, rogorc TanamSromloba,
kvlavac arsebobs.
regionalizmis zrda
msoflios umdidresi saxelmwifoebi geografiul ekonomikur blokebs ayalibeben. xSirad es blokebi scdeba saxelmwifoTa viwro ekonomikur interesebs
da did finansur jildos hpirdeba maT. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia dasavleT
evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli TanamSromloba ekonomikisa da vaWro-
574
bis sferoebSi. ase rom, evropis kavSirs aqvs erTiani ekonomika erTiani valutiT
da mis sazRvrebSi WeSmaritad Tavisufali vaWrobiT (ix. sqema 17-2).
aq unda sqema 17-2 wignis 529-e gverdidan. warwerebi sqemaze:
evropis kavSiri warmoadgens bazars sazRvrebis gareSe, sadac 340 mln adamiani monawileobs da 5 trilion dolarze meti brunavs. sqemaze warmodgenili evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebi da maT Soris simdidrisa da mosaxleobis ganawileba.
SvedeTi
fineTi
8.9 mln
5.1 mln
niderlandebi
dania
15.5 mln
5.2 mln
didi britaneTi
germania
58.4 mln
83.5 mln
holandia
belgia
3.5 mln
10.1 mln
safrangeTi
avstria
58.3 mln
8 mln
espaneTi
luqsemburgi
39.1 mln
415 aTasi
portugalia
italia
9.8 mln
57.4 mln
saberZneTi
10.5 mln
(1996 wlis monacemebiT)
danarCen nawilebSi:
luqsemburgi $10
germania
irlandia $54.6
$1,452
fineTi $92.4
safrangeTi
saberZneTi $101.7
$1,173
dania $112.8
didi britaneTi
portugalia $116.2
$1,138
avstria $152
italia
SvedeTi $177.3
$1,089
belgia $197
espaneTi
niderlandebi $301.9
$565
266.4 mln
evrokavSiri
aSS
mwarmoebluroba
575
wliurad warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba
$6.43 trilioni
$7.24 trilioni
evrokavSiri
aSS
sqema 17-2 ekonomikuri liderobis mopoveba: evropis kavSiri 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi
mTliani Sida produqtis monacemebi efuZneba msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetis cvlilebas.
wyaro: The World Factbook, 1996 copyright 1996 by Claitors Publishing. ibeWdeba nebarTviT; CIA publications, 1996.
576
Tumca, amave dros, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis potencialic didia. bolos,
savaraudoa, rom saxelmwifoebi samive blokSi regionul savaWro asociaciebSi
wevrobiT isargeblen da advili mosalodnelia, rom maTsa da bevr ganviTarebad
saxelmwifos Soris gazrdian ekonomikur zRvars. aseT SemTxvevaSi, regionuli
jgufebis arseboba SesaZloa ufro damabrkolebeli, vidre xelisSemwyobi faqtori gaxdes globaluri ekonomikis aRmocenebisaTvis.
eTnikuri Zaladoba
maSin, roca mWidro regionulma ekonomikurma TanamSromlobam SesaZloa
xeli Seuwyos iseT saxis politikuri organizaciebis aRmocenebas, romelic
scdeba egoistur eri-saxelmwifoebis farglebs, eTnikuri daZabulobebi
msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi TviT eri-saxelmwifos arsebobas uqmnis safrTxes.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es sakiTxi me-8 TavSia ganxiluli, ramdenime im mniSvnelovan moments unda SevexoT, romelic aRmocenebad saerTaSoriso wesrigTan aris
kavSirSi.
ori ukanaskneli aTwleulis manZilze msoflioSi eTnikuri konfliqtebis
raodenoba sagrZnoblad gaizarda. uTanxmoebebi sxvadasxva eTnikur, religiur
da rasobriv jgufebs Soris eri-saxelmwifoebis SigniT da amgvar jgufebsa da
mTavrobebs Soris, miuTiTebs mniSvnelovan faqtze: intensiuri eTnikuri dapirispirebebi msoflios mxolod erTi romelime regioniT ki ar Semoifargleba,
aramed TiTqmis yvelgan arsebobs.
eTnikuri mtrobis magaliTebi TiTqmis SeuzRudavia. yvelaze cnobil dapirispirebul eTnikur jgufebs waroadgenen siqhebi da musulmanebi indoeTSi,
volgispireTis TaTrebi ruseTis respublikaSi, samxreTeli osebi saqarTveloSi, frangulad mosaubre kvebekelebi kanadaSi, qurTebi eraysa da TurqeTSi,
Tamilebi Sri-lankaSi da timorelebi indoneziaSi. ufro metic, intensiuri
eTnikuri daZabuloba dapirispirebul xalxebs Soris TiTqmis yovelTvis asocirdeba qveynis SigniT politikur brZolasa da ZaladobasTan. eTnikur daZabulobebs xSirad gamouwvevia amboxi, samoqalaqo omi, teroristuli aqti da drogamoSvebiT qveynebis dezintegraciac ki.
erTi konkretuli problema, romelic asocirdeba eTnikur brZolasTan,
dakavSirebulia devnilebTan da sxva iZulebiT gadaadgilebul adamianebTan.
1994 wlis zafxulSi samoqalaqo omma ruandaSi gamoiwvia 200000 dan 500000-mde
adamianis sikvdili, daaxloebiT 3 milionma devnilma (qveynis mosaxleobis 40
procenti) scada zairSi gadasvla (axla zairs kongos demokratiuli respublika
qvia). saerTaSoriso daxmarebis saagentoebisa da zairis mTavrobis winaSe masobrivi SimSilobisa da epidemiuri daavadebebis problema dadga. omma bosniaSi
aseve milionobiT devnili, oboli da TavSesafris maZiebeli warmoSva 1990-iani
wlebis Sua periodSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom eTnikuri daZabulobebis efeqti Cveulebriv ufro
adgilobrivi mniSvnelobisaa, TviT mosaxleobis aRweris rutinuli samTavrobo
valdebuleba, romelsac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia yovel aT
weliwadSi savaldebulod miiCnevs, SeiZleba safrTxis Semcveli iyos msoflios
sxva regionebSi. eraySi, libanSi, keniasa da pakistanSi, sxva qveynebTan erTad,
eTnikurma uTanxmoebebma daabrkola aRweris Catareba, radgan `sakanonmdeblo
577
adgilebis, Semosavlebis da sxva sazogadoebrivi saqonlis gadanawileba sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufebs Soris damokidebulia imaze, ra Sedegebs aCvenebs aRwera.~33 aRweris Catarebam TviT omic ki gamoiwvia:
asamSi, Crdilo-aRmosavleT indoeTSi mdebare StatSi, aRweris
Sedegebma, romlis Tanaxmadac umniSvnelo cvlileba iyo dafiqsirebuli
bengalelebsa da asamelebs Soris arsebul proporciaSi, 1970-ian wlebSi
gza gaukafa Zaladobriv reaqcias saarCevno siebSi bengaluri saxelebis
zrdis faqtis gamo. aTasobiT adamiani daiRupa amis Sedegad. aRwera SesaZloa sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxi gaxdes eTnikurad dayofil sazogadoebaSi.34
578
tereseba gamoiwvia garemosdacviTi sakiTxebiT _ mJavurma wvimebma, globalurma daTbobam, wylis resursebis dakonservebis saWiroebam, tyeebisa da Tevzis
mrewvelobis problemebma iseTi araganaxlebadi bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebam, rogoricaa navTobi, gazi da mineralebi, ubiZga saxelmwifoTa meTaurebs eTanamSromlaT garemosdacviTi SeTanxmebebis dasadebad. miuxedavad im
faqtisa, rom amgvari SeTanxmebebis umetesi nawilis gavlena sakmaod SezRudulia, varaudoben, rom momavalSi maTi raodenoba da mniSvneloba TandaTan ufro
gaizrdeba.
579
nebi (gansakuTrebiT agresiuli miznebis mqone qveynebi), romelTac ar gaaCniaT
aseTi iaraRi, ar Seecdebian mis Seqmnas.
rac ufro metia im saxelmwifo Tu arasaxelmwifo aqtorebis (magaliTad,
teroristebis) raodenoba, vinc flobs birTvul, biologiur Tu qimiur iaraRs,
miT ufro didia albaToba, rom es iaraRi gamiznulad Tu umiznod iqneba gamoyenebuli. gavrcelebis safrTxeebma uTvalavi forma SeiZleba miiRos. magaliTad, ramdenime saxis gavrceleba moxda, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiri daiSala, ris
Sedegadac ramdenime postsabWoTa saxelmwifos memkvidreobiT ergo birTvuli
arsenali. dasavleTis qveynebis diplomatiuri zewolebis Sedegad ukrainasa da
yazaxeTSi arsebuli birTvuli iaraRi, moqmedebis didi radiusis raketebis CaTvliT, savaraudod ruseTs gadaeca.
cxrili 17.1
savaru-
piroba dado,
miCneulia, rom
vuli iaraRi
dod aqvs
rom ar Seqmnis
vul iaraRze
cdilobs birT-
birTvuli
birTvul iaraRs
iaraRi
CineTi
israeli
vuli iraRis
mopovebas
alJiri
belorusia
irani
safrangeTi
argentina
yazaxeTi
erayi
didi
britaneTi
brazilia
ukraina
libia
indoeTi
germania
CrdiloeT korea
pakistani
iaponia
siria
ruseTi
samxreTi afrika
SeerTebuli
Statebi
580
TanadamfuZnebeli) gamoTvliTi simZlavre erT dolarze yovel 18 TveSi ormagdeba. dRes 2000 dolariani nouTbuqi bevrad ufro Zlieria, vidre 10 miliondolariani kompiuteri 1970-ian wlebSi. amas emateba isic, rom 1970-ian wlebSi
mxolod daaxloebiT 50000 kompiuteri iyo msoflioSi; dRes maTi raodenoba
daaxloebiT 140 milionamde gaizarda. roca transatlantikur satelefono xazs
erTdroulad mxolod 138 satelefono saubris gadacema SeeZlo, dRes es ricxvi
1,5 milions Seadgens. internets msoflios masStabiT daaxloebiT 50 milionamde
momxmarebeli hyavs da maTi raodenoba kvlav izrdeba.
sainformacio revoluciis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani politikuri
efeqti xelisuflebis mier sakuTar moqalaqeebze kontrolis dawesebis SesaZleblobis Sesustebaa. moqalaqeebs msoflios masStabiT ukve xeli miuwvdebaT
informaciis damoukidebel wyaroebze. yvelaferi, dawyebuli mTavrobis kritikiT da damTavrebuli pornografiiT an kriminal-teroristis sakuTari vebgverdiT `Seqmeni Seni sakuTari birTvuli iaraRi~, xelmisawvdomia nebismieri
qveynisaTvis, rogorc wesi, xelisuflebis Zalisxmevis gareSe. sainformacio
revolucia TviT im tradiciul kulturebsa da civilizaciebs uqmnis safrTxes,
romlebic ar iziareben dasavlur Rirebulebebs.
ra Tqma unda, sainformacio revolucias mniSvnelovani politikuri Sedegebic aqvs, romelTagan zogierTi mxolod nawilobriv SeiZleba iqnes aRqmuli.
magaliTad, zogadad miCneuli iyo, rom teqnologia tiran mmarTvelebs sakuTari Zalauflebis gaxangrZlivebis kuTxiT SeeZloT gamoeyenebinaT (gavixsenoT
jorj orvelis mier mis klasikur novelaSi 1984 teleekranebisa da sxva teqnologiebis aRwera, romelsac totalitari mmarTvelebi iyenebdnen), magram sapirispiroc SesaZloa simarTle iyos: sainformacio revolucia garkveulwilad
xels uwyobs msoflioSi Tavisuflebas imiT, rom igi urTulebs arademokratiul liderebs sakuTari moqalaqeebis kontrols. ufro metic, Tu teqnologia xels uwyobs Tavisufali mTavrobebis raodenobis zrdas da demokratiuli
qveynebi erTmaneTTan omisagan Tavs ikaveben, SeiZleba Tu ara vivaraudoT, rom
teqnologiurma revoluciam ufro mSvidobiani msoflios Seqmnas SeiZleba Seuwyos xeli?
581
ganisazRvreba. eri-saxelmwifo mTavar moqmed pirad darCeba saerTaSoriso asparezze, magram globaluri politikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
konfliqtebi gaiSleba erebsa da jgufebs Soris, romlebic sxvadasxva
civilizacias ekuTvnian. civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba msoflio politikis
dominirebadi faqtori gaxdeba. momavalSi civilizaciaTa Soris frontis xazi swored texili iqneba.36
hantingtonis ganmartebiT civilizacia aris `adamianTa umaRlesi kulturuli dajgufeba da maTi kulturuli identobis umaRlesi done, romelic
adamianebs sxva cocxali arsebebisagan ganasxvavebs~.37 amas garda, didi Tu patara da bevrisa Tu mxolod erTis momcveli civilizacia, ori ZiriTadi TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba. pirvelSi Sedis obieqtur faqtorebi, rogoricaa ena, istoria, Cveulebebi, institutebi da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, religia.38 ideebi
miekuTvneba meore mniSvnelovan Taviseburebebs. ase rom, maSin, roca ideebi
individualizmis, liberalizmis, konstitucionalizmis, adamianis uflebebis,
Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebis, kanonis uzenaesobis, demokratiis, Tavisufali
sabazro ekonomikisa da eklesiis saxelmwifosagan damoukideblobis Taobaze
dasavluri kulturis fundamenturi aspeqtebia, hantingtoni Tvlis, rom `es Rirebulebebi mcired Tu aisaxeba islamur, konfuciur, iaponur, induistur, budistur an marTlmadideblur kulturebSi.~39 hantingtons miaCnia, rom momavali
konfliqtebi mWidrod iqneba dakavSirebuli kulturul identobebTan da adamianebis survilTan, ibrZolon da mokvdnen im tradiciebisa da Rirebulebebis
dacvisaTvis, romelTac safrTxes amerikanizacia, vesternizacia da globalizacia uqmnis (rac ganviTarebad samyaroSi bevri adamianis gonebaSi erTmaneTisagan ganuyofeli cnebebia).
rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, civi omis Semdgomi msoflios ganmsazRvrel Taviseburebas eTnikuri daZabulobebi da konfliqtebi Seadgens. hantingtonma Tanamedrove eTnikuri konfliqtebis buneba da geografia Seiswavla. magaliTad,
maT Soris, dapirispireba qristianobaze dafuZnebul dasavlur evropasa da
islamur civilizaciaze dafuZnebul arabul axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT
afrikas Soris. aq eTnikurma daZabulobam Zaladobrivi forma miiRo, magaliTad,
dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis mier wamowyebuli samxedro intervenciebi (rogoric iyo sparseTis yuris omi 1991 wels) da antidasavluri aqtebi teroriristebis
mier islamur arabul saxelmwifoebSi (gansakuTrebiT, iranSi, eraySi, libiaSi,
egviptesa da siriaSi) kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis sxva magaliTebi
arsebobs balkaneTSi (yvelaze SesamCnevad _ bosniaSi), sadac marTlmadidebeli
qristianebi da musulmanebi mtroben erTmaneTs, iseve, rogorc Zveli ruseTis
imperiis periferiebSi. ruseTSi, marTlamdideblur-musulmanurma dapirispirebam erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg ganawyo osebi da inguSebi, somxebi azerbaijanelebis winaaRmdeg - kavkasiaSi. centralur aziaSi, marTlamdidebeli rusebi
adgilobriv musulmanebTan aseve sakmaod daZabul pirobebSi cxovroben, maT
Soris yazaxebTan, uzbekebTan, TurqebTan, yirgizebTan da avRanelebTan.
hantingtonis xedviT, civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba moicavs ara mxolod
msoflios regionebs Soris konfliqtebs, aramed aseve kulturul konfliqtebs
im arealSi, sadac ori civilizacia Tanaarsebobs. magaliTad, aziaSi Cinuri da
iaponuri civilizaciebi upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, iseve, rogorc Cinelebi da
tibetelebi (budistebi), Cinelebi da indoelebi (induistebi) da Cinelebi da
582
musulmanebi (centralur da samxreT aziaSi). indoeTis subkontinentze, induisturi umravlesoba indoeTSi ebrZvis sakuTar mravalricxovan musulmanur
umciresobas, iseve, rogorc mezobel pakistans.
evropaSi kulturuli dayofa (e.w. xaverdis farda) dasavlur, anu im saxelmwifoebs, romlebic iziareben kaTolikur, renesansis, reformaciis, ganmanaTleblobisa da industriuli revoluciis ideebs, da aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebs Soris, romlebic ZiriTadad slavuri da marTlmadidebluria da rCebian
dasavleTis ZiriTadi religiuri da inteleqtualuri miRwevebisagan ganze _
gamoiwvia didi dapirispireba mas Semdeg, rac rkinis farda Camoixsna. da bolos,
dasavleTi naxevarsfero ori gansxvavebuli kulturuli memkvidreobis samSobloa. CrdiloeTi amerika (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da kanada) anglofonuria
da mkveTrad ganicdis britanuli da CrdiloeT evropuli kulturis, maT Soris
protestantizmis, gavlenas. meqsika, centraluri da samxreTi amerika ZiriTadad espanurenovani da kaTolikuria da adgilobrivi da iberiuli kulturebis
(magaliTad, sxvebTan erTad inkanis, maiasa da actekebis) sinTezs warmoadgens.
hantingtoni aqcents akeTebs, rom monaTesave qveynis sindromi _ romlis Sesabamisadac sxvadasxva qveynis adamianebi da liderebi kulturulad arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni _ Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
aSkarad iCens Tavs. magaliTad, 1991 wels sparseTis yuris omSi, arabi elitac da
mosaxleobac erays farglebs gareT dasavleTis sawinaaRmdegod ganewyo. Tumca
arabTa mxardaWera Tundac sxva arabul-islamuri qveynisa, romelsac iseTi sastiki diqtatori marTavda, rogorc sadam huseinia, naTesauri sindromis gamomJRavnebis mxolod erTi magaliTia. sxva magaliTebia Turqebis mier azerbaijanis
(musulmanuri) mxardaWera misi didi xnis mtris _ somxeTis winaaRmdeg (marTlmadidebluri) an dasavleTis mier marTlmadidebeli serbebis dasja, aseve bosnieli musulmanebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli sisastike. arabTa samyarosa da
samxreT aziaSi bevri musulmani mkvlevarisaTvis, gansxvaveba dasavleTis mier
erayis winaaRmdeg quveiTze Tavdasxmis gamo Zaladobrivi qmedeba da amave dasavleTis mier serbeTze SedarebiT susti zewola bosniel musulmanebze agresiis
ganxorcielebis gamo, aseve monaTesave qveynis sindromis gamovlinebaa.
ufro metic, hantingtoni axdens `gaxleCili qveynebis~ identificirebas, romlebic Sedgeba sxvadasxva civilizaciasa da kulturas mikuTvnebuli
xalxebisagan da dezintegraciis pirveli kandidatebi arian. amis naTeli magaliTebi sabWoTa kavSiri, iugoslavia da meqsikaa. konfliqtebi gaxleCil qveynebSi advilad SeiZleba gadaizardos sxvadasxva civilizaciis mqone saxelmwifoebs an jgufebs Soris omSi.
yvelaze ufro avismomaswavebeli elementi hantingtonis civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis TeoriaSi aris globaluri konfliqtis SesaZlebloba dasavlur da aradasavlur civilizaciebs Soris (hantingtonis sityvebiT `dasavleTi _ danarCenis winaaRmdeg~). arabul saxelmwifoebsa da CineTs Soris politikuri kavSirebis
ganviTareba islamur-konfuciuri aliansis Seqmnas moaswavebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom
osama bin ladenis al-qaedas moZraobis warmoSoba antidasavluri, antiiudevelqristianuli ganwyobebiT amagrebs hantingtonis mTavar Teziss, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas (hantingtons) ar uwinaswarmetyvelebia, ra formas miiRebda civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba axal saukuneSi. TviT faqti, rom osama bin ladenma formalurad
gamoacxada jihadi `dampyroblebis~ winaaRmdeg da musulmanebis movaleobad aqcia `amerikelebis yvelgan ganadgureba~40 miuTiTebs, rom amerikelebis mier mar-
583
Tuli kampania saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg bevrad ufro metia, vidre
ubralod konfrontacia urC arasaxelmwifoebriv aqtorsa da msoflios yvelaze
Zlier saxelmwifos Soris. ras niSnavs es zustad, jer kidev dasadgenia. dagmoben
ki arabuli qveynebi ara mxolod bin ladens, aramed terorizmsac? SeZlebs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, gamonaxos gza arabTa interesebis dasakmayofileblad
(gansakuTrebiT palestinelTa miswrafebebis) ise, rom aman israelTan misi gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebis gawyveta ar gamoiwvios?
hantingtonis Tezisi gamoCenisTanave farTod iqna ganxiluli da azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. rogorc yvela idea msoflioSi, is maleve mieca daviwyebas _ yovel SemTxvevaSi 2001 wlis 11 seqtembramde mainc. 9-11 seqtembris
teroristuli aqtebiT gamowveulma Sokma da SiSma ganapiroba, rom amerikelebs
eZebnaT pasuxebi iseT kiTxvaze, rogoricaa: ratom vZulvarT ase Zalian? pasuxis
Ziebam kvlav gamoiwvia daintereseba am Temaze dawerili wignebiT. aseve mecnierTa daintereseba (hantingtonisa da Calmers jonsonis) da Jurnalist robert
kaplanis naSromebiT, romelmac 1994 wels - im wels, rodesac pirvelad daibomba
msoflio savaWro centri, Jurnal Atlantic Monthly-Si dabeWda statia `momavali anarqia~.41
kaplani amtkicebs, rom `msoflio rukis danawevreba da gadakeTeba mxolod axla iwyeba.~ eri-saxelmwifo im formiT, ra formiTac igi CvenTvis aris
cnobili ,ukve moZvelebulia da misi Canacvleba moxdeba, ara ufro didi regionuli dajgufebebiT an msoflio saxelmwifoTi (ise, rogorc amas idealistebi
sulelurad winaswarmetyvelebdnen II msoflio omis Semdeg) aramed, kaplanis
SexedulebiT, politikuri qarborbalebis uformo ZaliT, romelic isazrdoebs
uzarmazari da sakmaod arastabiluri urbanuli koncentraciiT, rogoric aris
momavlis gadatvirTuli, qaosuri, kriminaluri qalaqebi. suraTi, romelsac kaplani gvixatavs SemaSfoTebelia:
warmoidgineT hologramis msgavsi kartografia sam ganzomilebaSi.
am hologramaSi iqneba jgufebisa da sxva erTeulebis urTeirTgadamkveTi
dakiduli Sreebi, qalaqi-saxelmwifoebisa da sxva erebis organzomilebiani feradi niSnulebis zemoT, romelic aRniSnavs narkokartelebis,
mafiebis da kerZo usafrTxoebis saagentoTa Zalauflebas. sazRvrebis
magivrad iqneba Zalauflebis moZravi centrebi, Sua saukuneebis msgavsad. am SreTagan bevri iqneba moZravi. swor adgilze fiqsirebuli
da uxeSad gavlebuli xazebis magivrad iqneba buferuli erTeulebis
cvalebadi naxazi, qurTuli da azerbaijanuli buferuli erTeulebis
msgavsad TurqeTsa da irans Soris. am proteanul kartografiul hologramas aseve unda davumatoT sxva faqtorebic, rogoricaa, mosaxleobis
migracia, daavadebebis gavrceleba. ase rom amgvari msoflios ruka arasodes iqneba statikuri. es momavali ruka, savaraudod bolo rukac ki,
qaosis mutaciis anarekli iqneba.42
584
ra formas miiRebs momavali konfliqtebi, iqneba es eri-saxelmwifoebis dezintegracia Tu civilizaciaTa globaluri masStabis Sejaxeba, jerac
gaurkveveli rCeba. Tumca, eWvgareSea, rom omis Rrublebi gaagrZelebs politikis saTamaSo moednebis wyvdiadSi moqcevas yvela doneze _ lokalurzec, regionulzec da saerTaSorisozec. isic eWvgareSea, rom lokaluri konfliqtebi
zogierTi saxelmwifos arsebobasa da xelisuflebis stabilurobas safrTxes
Seuqmnis da isic, rom erT qveyanaSi Seqmnili arastabilurobis mezobel saxelmwifoebSi gadadinebac moxdeba. konfliqtis SeCerebisa da omis Semcirebis
warmateba nawilobriv damokidebuli iqneba amave miznebisaTvis II msoflio omis
Semdeg Seqmnili saerTaSoriso institutebis efeqtianobaze. es institutebi,
maT Soris, gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, Cveni yuradRebis centrSi am wignis daskvniT TavSi moeqceva.
anarqia afrikaSi
siera leonesa Tu dasavleT afrikis danarCen nawilSi tirania ucxo xils namdvilad
ar gaxlavT. is ukve gazrdili ukanonobis Semadgeneli nawilia, rac, sakuTari mniSvnelobiT,
bevrad ufro seriozulia, vidre nebismieri saxis saxelmwifo gadatrialeba, amboxeba Tu demokratiis damkvidrebis epizoduri eqsperimentebi. danaSaulebrivi iyo is Tema, razedac Cems
megobars _ maRali Tanamdebobis afrikel saxelmwifo moxeles (romlis sicocxles safrTxe
daemuqreba, Tu davasaxeleb) _ namdvilad surda saubari. danaSaulis arseboba warmoadgens
imas rac, dasavleT afrikas Cemi mosazrebebis amosaval wertilad aqcevs, imis Taobaze, rogori politikuri xasiaTi eqneba Cvens planetas XXI saukuneSi. dasavleT afrikis qalaqebi, gansakuTrebiT RamiT, yvelaze saSiS adgilebia dRevandel msoflioSi. Cabnelebuli quCebi; policias xSirad ara aqvs sawvavi satransporto saSualebebisaTvis; SeiaraRebuli Ramis qurdebi da
manqanebis mZarcvelebi mravlad arian. ` mTavroba siera leoneSi daRamebis Semdeg yovelgvari
gavlenis gareSe rCeba,~ ambobs erT-erTi ucxoeli. 2000 wlis seqtemberSi, rodesac dedaqalaqSi viyavi, friTaunSi, AK -47iT SeiaraRebuli 8 piri SeiWra amerikelis sacxovrebel saxlSi. maT
is SeboWes da gaZarcves. daiviwyeT maiami: pirdapiri frenebi amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da
muhamed murtalas aeroports Soris mezoblad mdebare nigeriis yvelaze did qalaqSi, lagosSi, Sewyvetil iqna amerikis transportis departamentis mdivnis gadawyvetilebiT terminalsa
da mis mimdebare teritoriaze usafrTxoebis adekvaturi zomebis ararsebobis gamo. es erTerTia, im arcTu mravalricxovan SemTxvevebs Soris, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
mTavrobam ucxo qveynis aeroports danaSaulebrivi kavSirebisTvis embargo daado. abijanSi,
spilos Zvlis sanapiros dedaqalaqSi, restornebSi Sens manqanasa da Sesasvlels Soris TxuTmetiode nabijis moSorebiT moZraoben SeiaraRebuli dacvis samsaxuris warmomadgenlebi da
geqmneba Semzaravi warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori SeiZleba iyos amerikis qalaqebi momavalSi. italieli elCi daiRupa, roca mZarcvelebi Tavs daesxnen abijanis erT-erT restorans.
nigerieli elCis ojaxis wevrebi Tavis sacxovrebelSive SeboWes da gaZarcves. mas Semdeg, rac
universitetis studentebma spilos Zvlis sanapiroSi daiWires yaCaRebi, romlebic Zarcvavdnen maT sacxovreblebs, studentebma isini SeboWes da cecxlze dasves. amas yvelafers spilos
Zvlis sanapiros erT-erTi policieli uyurebda da SiSiT Carevas ver bedavda. roca abijanis
avtobusis sadgurze mivdiodi, axalgazrda adamianebis jgufi mousvenari TvalebiT uyurebda
Cems taqss, xels urtyamdnen manqanis minebs da moiTxovdnen qiras Cemi bargis waRebisaTvis,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mxolod erTi mcire xelCanTa mqonda. eqvsi dasavleT afrikuli qveynis
sxvadasxva qalaqSi yvelgan vxedavdi axalgazrda adamianebs aseTsave brboebs. isini hgavdnen
585
gaTavisuflebul molekulebs Zalian arastabilur sazogadoebriv garemoSi, romelic aalebis
piras iyo misuli. `rogorc xedav afrikis soflebSi bunebriv movlenad aris miCneuli, ikvebo nebismier magidaze da Tavi Seafaro nebismier qoxs. magram qalaqebSi amgvari komunaluri
pirobebi ukve aRar arsebobs _ unda gadaixado Ramis gasaTevad da unda migiwvion saWmelad.
rodesac axalgazrda adamianebi aRmoaCenen, rom naTesavebi veRar Seifareben, isini gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian, uerTdebian sxva emigrantebs da TandaTanobiT kriminalur
saqmianobaSic erTvebian~, miTxra Cemma megobarma ministrma.
`arabuli CrdiloeT afrikis gaRaribebul nawilebSi,~ _ gaagrZela man, _ `naklebi danaSaulia, imitom, rom islami uzrunvelyofs socialur simtkices: ganaTlebisa da indoqtrinaciis.
aq, dasavleT afrikaSi, zedapirulad islamic da qristianobacaa warmodgenili. dasavluri
religia ZirgamoTxrilia iseTi mtruli rwmenebiT, romelic SeuTavsebelia moralur sazogadoebasTan, radganac is dafuZnebulia iracionalur sulier Zalauflebaze. aq suliereba gamoyenebulia, raTa nebaze miuSvan SurisZieba erTi pirovnebis mier meoris sawinaaRmdegod an
erTi jgufisa meoris winaaRmdeg.~ liberiis samoqalaqo omis dros Cadenili bevri Zaladoba
jujus sulier rwmenas ukavSirdeboda da BBC-im Tavis Jurnal Focus on Africa-Si gaaSuqa, rom
samoqalaqo omSi siera leoneSi, amboxebulebs `ukusvliT win miuZRoda axalgazrda sruliad
SiSveli qali, romelic gzas sarkeSi xedavda. siSiSvle mas armiis poziciebis gadakveTas uadvilebda da iq marxavda Tavis silamazes ...raTa ajanyebulTa warmatebis Sansi gaezarda.~
nawyveti Robert D. Kaplan-is wignidan The Coming Anarchy, New York: Vintage Books, 2001, 4-6.
daskvna
dominanturi `mbrZaneblis~ ararsebobis gamo saerTaSoriso politika moqmedeba mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba saxelmwifo Tu Sida politikasagan. melosis
bediswera saerTaSoriso arenaze samxedro Zlierebis upiratesi rolis ilustrirebas axdens. ZalauflebisaTvis brZola saerTaSoriso sistemis bunebis
Semadgeneli nawilia. yoveli suverenuli saxelmwifo status-kvos Secvlis
msurvel sxva saxelmwifosTan konkurenciis pirobebSi sakuTari erovnuli interesebis dacvas cdilobs. erovnuli interesis koncefcia orazrovania, Tumca
moicavs yvelafers, rasac saxelmwifo liderebi sakuTari qveynis grZelvadiani
usafrTxoebisa Tu keTildReobis xelSemwyobad miiCneven.
saerTaSoriso politikis specilobis studentebma unda ganasxvavon
sagareo politikuri miznebi da am miznebis miRwevis saSualebebi. saxelmwifoebi gansxvavebul saSualebebs irCeven, Tumca es arCevani yovelTvis erTi
umTavresi mizniT _ saxelmwifoebis mier gaZlierebis mcdelobiT aris daCrdiluli. zogierTi saxelmwifo kmayofilia arsebuli Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebiT da mxolod arsebuli status-kvos SenarCunebas cdilobs, sxvebi ukmayofiloni arian da Sesabamisad misi Secvlisaken iswrafvian. yvela saxelmwifo,
romelsac surs konkurentunariani iyos saerTaSoriso arenaze, mudmivadaa
586
CarTuli sakuTari Zlierebis gazrdis procesSi. mxolod ramdenime saxelmwifo Tu axerxebs, Tavi aaridos Zlierebis SenarCunebasa da Zlierebis gazrdas
Soris arCevanis gakeTebas; isini, yvelaferTan erTad, Zalis politikis uaryofas cdiloben.
monros doqtrina miznad isaxavda gaexangrZlivebina regionuli statuskvo dasavleT naxevarsferoSi; aseve sabWoTa kavSiridan momavali safrTxis Sekaveba SesaZlebeli iyo globaluri status-kvos strategiiT, romelic amerikis
SeerTebulma Statebma SeimuSava II msoflio omis Semdeg. civi omis Semdeg periodSi, zogierTma politologma politikuri realizmis Teoriaze daydnobiT
daiwyo mtkiceba, rom amerikis SeerTebul Statebs unda miemarTa izolacionizmis strategiisaTvis. sxvebis azriT ki saerTaSoriso politikuri sistemis
mTavari maxasiaTeblebi mniSvnelovani meqanizmi iyo Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso politikis gasagebad da amerikis sagareo politikis gansasazRvrad. Tumca
politikuri realizmi warsulSi saerTaSoriso politikis axsnas gvTavazobda,
dRes mas akritikeben zneobis sakiTxis mimarT misi indiferentuli damokidebulebisa da erovnuli interesis koncefciaze aqcentirebis gamo globaluri
problemebis arsebobis fonze.
tradiciuli ZalTa wonasworobis sistema, romelic formalurad 1648
wlidan arsebobda SezRuduli iyo masStabiT. evropuli sistemis erTi upiratesoba is iyo, rom misi yvela wevri iziarebda saerTo Rirebulebebsa da rwmenebs.
didi britaneTic iseve moqmedebda, rogorc wonasworobis damcveli. evropuli
sistema muSaobda, radgan miznebi da saSualebebi SezRuduli, xolo aliansebi
moqnili iyo. XIX saukuneSi am pirobebis Secvlam ZalTa wonasworobis sistemis
daSlas daudo saTave.
II msoflio omis Semdeg Zveli evropuli multipolaruli sistemis adgilze bipolaruli sistema Camoyalibda. geografiulad ufro farTo, vidre misi
winamorbedi, am bipolaruli sistemis mTavari maxasiaTebeli iyo sastiki dapirispireba or supersaxelmwifos _ amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris. siRrmiseuli ideologiuri gansxvavebebi da birTvuli holokostis
safrTxe am metoqeobis Tavisebureba iyo. 1960-iani wlebis bolosTvis, strategiuli Cixis viTarebam, romelic efuZneboda ormxriv Sekavebas, am or titans Soris omi iracionaluri gaxada.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasa da civi omis damTavrebasTan erTad, axali saerTaSoriso wesrigi iwyebs aRmocenebas. sayuradReboa, rom es ZalTa wonasworobis sistema ki ar aris, aramed igi sxvadasxva saxis tendenciebs amJRavnebs. ufro
metic, sakmarisi safuZvelia imisaTvis, rom virwmunoT, es sistema droebiTi da
gardamavali iqneba.
aRmocenebadi saerTaSoriso wesrigi unipolarulia, romlis saTaveSi
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia. TanamSromloba da konkurencia ekonomikuri
sakiTxebis garSemo gaizarda. ufro metic, ekonomikuri Zliereba koncentrirebuli xdeba sam regionSi: dasavleT evropaSi, amerikasa da iaponiaSi. damafiqrebelia msoflio masStabiT eTnikuri konfliqtebis raodenobis zrda. gaumjobesebeli saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis Sedegad globaluri garemosdacviTi
problemebi ufro met yuradRebas iqcevs. Tumca ganviTarebad qveynebSi masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrceleba msoflio stabilurobas sakmaod did
safrTxes uqmnis. da bolos, miuxedavad imisa, rom momavali konfliqtebis wyaro
ucnobia, erTi gavleniani mecnieris mtkicebiT, is kulturuli gansxvavebulo-
587
bidan amoizrdeba da mas civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis forma eqneba.
sakvanZo sityvebi
politikuri realizmi
eqspansionisturi strategia
wonasworoba
neitraliteti
miumxrobloba
wonasworobis damcveli
monros doqtrina
bipolaruli sistema
Sekaveba
marSalis gegma
trumenis doqtrina
Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis
neoizolacionistebi
organizacia (nato)
idealizmi
varSavis paqti
globalizacia
sameuli
erovnuli interesi
status-kvos strategia
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.
ras gveubneba Tukidides damokidebuleba aTenelTa da meloselTa dapirispirebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso politikis bunebis Taobaze?
2.
3.
4.
5.
ra igulisxmeba ZalTa wonasworobaSi? rogor muSaobda tradiciuli evropuli ZalTa wonasworobis sistema? ra iyo misi mTavari maxasiaTeblebi? ratom SeZlo man met-naklebad warmatebulad funqcionireba 260 wlis ganmavlobaSi?
6.
7.
8.
9.
SeniSvnebi
1. citirebebi am diskusiidan aris Tukidides The Melian Conference, in Readings in World Politics, me-2
588
gamoc., red., Robert Goldwin and Tony Pearce (new York: Oxford University Press, 1970),472-478.
2. Niccolo Machiaveli, The Prince, in The Prince and Discourses (New York: Modern Library, 1952), 56.
3. iqve, 64
4. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, me-5 gamoc., (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992), 11.
5. iqve, 22-23.
6. iqve, 11.
7. iqve, 11.
8. iqve, 221-223.
9. iqve, 27.
10. citirebulia, Alexander De Conde, A History of American Foreign Policy: Growth to World Power, tomi 1,
me-3 gamoc., (New York: Scribners, 1978), 130.
11. Alexis De Tocqueville, Democracy in America, tomi 1 (New York: Schocken Books, 1961), 522.
12. George F. Kennan, ``Sources of Soviet Conduct,`` in Caging the Bear: Containment and the Cold War, red.
Charles Gati (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1974), 18.
13. Congressional Record, 80 Cong., 1st sess. (March 1947), 1981.
14. ix. Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (New York: Holt, 2000).
15. iqve, 8.
16. iqve.
17. iqve, 9.
18. iqve.
19. iqve, 11.
20. magaliTisaTvis ix. Alan Tonelson, ``What is the National Interest?`` in Americas National Interest in a Post
Cold War World, red. Alvin Z. Rubinstein (New York:McGraw-Hill, 1994), 56. aseve, Barbara Conry, U.S. ``Global
Leadership``: A Euphemism for World Policeman, Policy Analysis No. 267 (CATO Institute, February 8, 1997).
21. Max Singer and Aaron Wildavsky, The Real World Order: Zones of Peace/Zones of Turmoil (Chatham House,
1996), 5-6.
22. iqve, 199.
23. iqve, 5.
24. Martin Gilbert, The Roots of Appeasement (New York: New American Library, 1996).
25. miuxedavad ramdenime eqspertis gancxadebisa, rom prezident klintonma amgvari politikis gatarebiT ganimtkica politikuri kavSirebi eTnikurad afrikel kongresmenebTan, mainc unda davuSvaT, rom es mis mTavar mizans ar warmoadgenda. altruizmis saintereso SemTxveva moxda 1920-1921
wlebSi, rodesac sazareli SimSili sufevda sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze. miuxedavad sabWoTa
xelisuflebis mier antikapitalisturi revoluciebis aqtiuri mxardaWerisa, amerikis mTavrobam
daxmarebis organizacia (huveris komisia) Seqmna. am organizaciis xelmZRvanelobiT milionobiT
dolaris Rirebulebis sakvebi iqna gagzavnili da milionobiT adamiani gadarCa volgis regionSi.
im periodis oficialurma sabWoTa gazeTma aRniSna kidevac, rom `yvela kapitalistur saxelmwifos Soris, mxolod amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma aRmogviCina drouli da realuri daxmareba.~
cit. Adam Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1973, me-2 gamoc., (New York: Praeger,
1974) 148.
26. cit. Marvin Jones, The Fifteen Weeks ( New York: Harbinger, 1955 ), 256.
27. Raul Hilberg, The destruction of the European Jews (New York: Harper&Row, 1961), 358-359.
28. Arnold Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965), 93.
29. mosazreba, rom idealizmsa da realizms Soris gansxvaveba igivea, rac gansxvaveba princi psa da
gonivrulobas Soris naTan tarkovs ekuTvnis. Nathan Tarcov, Principle and Prudence in Foreign Policy: The
Founders Perspective, The Puiblic Interest 76 (Summer 1984) 45-60.
30. Jessica Tuchman Mathews, ``The Environment and International Security,`` in World Security: Challenges for a
New Century, me-2 gamoc., red. Michael Klare and Daniel Thomas (New York: St. Martin Press, 1994), 286.
589
31. gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia Charles Krauthammer, ``The Lonely Superpower,`` New Republic, July 29, 1991.
23-27. Cveni msjeloba ramswnime mniSvnelovan aspeqtSi Krauthammer-isas emTxveva.
32. Joan Edelman Spero, The Politics of International Economic Relations, me-4 gamoc., (New York:St. Martins Press,
1990), 229.
33. Donald Horowitz, Ethical and National Conflict, in World Security Challenges for a New Century, red. Klare
and Thomas, 175.
34. iqve, 176.
35. Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, World Poitics: Trend and Transformation, me-6 gamoc., (New York: St.
Martins Press, 1997), 395-396.
36. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993): 22-43; and Samuel Huntington, If Not Civilizations, What? Paradigms of the Post-Cold War Era, Foreign Affairs 72 (December 1993): 24-39;
amis Semdeg hantingtonma am sakiTxis Sesaxeb sakuTari TvalTaxedva gamoaqveyna wignSi The Clash of
Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
37. Huntington, Clash of Civilizations, 24.
38. iqve, 25, 26.
39. iqve, 40.
40. Judith Miller, A Child of Privilege Who Champions Terror, New York Times, September 14, 2001, veb-gverdi.
41. Robert D. Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy (New York: Vintage Books, 2001). es bestseleri arsebiTad gamoqveynebul naSromTa krebulia.
42. iqve, 50-51.
saxelmwifoTa erovnuli ekonomika sul ufro erwymis msoflio ekonomikas. am SesaZleblobas meocnebeni winaswarmetyvelebdnen da miesalmebodnen
didi xniT adre, vidre es realobad iqceoda. egreT wodebuli funqcionali-
590
T aavv i XV I I I
saerTaSoriso
organizacia(ebi)
b rZ
rZola
o la wesrigisTv
w esrigisT v is
saerTaSoriso
gaerTianebuli
gaero civi
Tanxmoba da iZuleba
saer-
saer-
591
obdnen TanamSromlobas msoflio masStabiT da es TanamSromloba, Tavis mxriv,
warmoSobda saerTo ekonomikur interesebs, xels Seuwyobda saerTaSoriso
urTierTgagebas da Seamcirebda msoflio daZabulobasa da saomar moqmedebebs.
azrovnebis am skolam, funqcionalizmi ewodeba, meore msoflio omis Semdeg akademiuri sazogadoebis didi yuradReba miiqcia. mis momxreebs swamdaT, rom sazRvrebs gacilebuli mSvidobis, komerciisa da TanamSromlobis upiratesobebi
sazogadoebas sabolood viwro erovnuli interesebis uaryofamde miiyvanda.
guSindeli funqcionalizmi igivea, rac dRevandeli urTierTdamokideb-
multinacionaluri korporaciebi
592
kompaniebs, `ucxouri filialebiT, romlebsac firmis produqcia da marketingi qveynis farglebs gareT gaaqvT,~ Cveulebriv, multinacionalur ko-
593
Tan erTad, romlebic gaeros specializebul saagentoebia, multinacionaluri bankebi gadamwyvet rols asruleben investirebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis
xelSewyobaSi.
arastabilur wlebSi komerciuli bankebic cdilobdnen msoflios finansuri sistemis dabalansebas. 1973-74 wlebis zamTarSi, rodesac navTobis fasi
gaoTxmagda da 1979-80 wlebSi kvlav orjer da metad gaizarda, erovnul simdidreebs Soris uceb didi uTanasworoba gaCnda, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad
qveynebSi. am wlebSi saerTaSoriso sabanko sistema uzrunvelyofda stabilurobas navTobiT mdidari qveynebidan amoRebuli fulis gasesxebiT im qveynebze,
romlebic naRdi fulis naklebobas ganicdidnen an navTobze maRali fasebis
gamo xeli ar miuwvdebodaT kvebis produqtebze.
multinacionaluri korporaciebi kvlavac iarsebebs. zogierTi miesalmeba
maT arsebobas da amtkicebs, rom isini zrdian msoflio konkurencias, aumjobeseben ekonomikur efeqturobas da xels uwyoben teqnologiur ganviTarebas. da
mainc, multinacionaluri korporaciis warmoqmnam SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia mraval
qveyanaSi. kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom aseTi korporaciebi Zalze xSirad orientirebulni arian mogebaze da yuradRebas ar aqceven im zians, rasac am procesSi
maspinZel qveynebs ayeneben da isini ukanonod erevian am qveynebis Sida saqmeebSi
(magaliTad, CileSi 1970-ian wlebSi). am mxriv, vinaidan isini erTi romelime saxelmwifos legaluri kontrolis farglebs gareT moqmedeben, seriozul problemas uqmnian tradiciuli teritoriuli saxelmwifos suverenitetsa da saerTaSoriso sistemis erTianobas.
rogori safuZvlianic ar unda iyos es kritika, udavoa, rom multinacionaluri korporaciebi koleqtiurad Tu individualurad mZlavri
Zalaa Tanamedrove msoflio politikaSi. erTi cnobili politikosis sityvebiT: multinacionaluri firmebi, romlebic koordinirebas uweven
warmoebas globaluri masStabiT da sakuTar nawarms mTels msoflioSi
anawileben, globaluri urTierTdamokidebulebis Zalze STambeWdavi
manifestaciaa. isini eWvqveS ayeneben msoflio politikis im modelebis
Rirebulebas, romlebic xelmZRvaneloben erovnuli TviTdajerebulobis mosazrebiT da sazRvrebs miRma urTierTobebs gamonaklis SemTxvevad ganixilaven. erT-erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, isini XIX saukunis industriuli revoluciis saerTaSoriso ekvivalentia; meore mosazrebis
Tanaxmad ki, SesaZloa isini momavalSi msoflio ekonomikis safuZvlad
iqces.8
nizacia (IGO) ewodeba. orive maTgani mravali saxis asociacias moicavs (ix. cxrili 18-1 da 18-2). am TavSi yuradRebas vamaxvilebT saerTaSoriso samTavrobo
organizaciebze, radgan isini ufro pirdapiri gziT axdenen gavlenas msoflio
594
politikasa da saerTaSoriso mSvidobis gzebis Ziebaze.
cxrili 18.1
xsnis armia
gadavarCinoT bavSvebi
eklesiaTa msoflio kavSiri
ebrael JurnalistTa msoflio federacia
ostat mkeravTa msoflio federacia
gaerTianebuli erebis asociaciaTa msoflio federacia
Tanamedrove epoqis pirveli TvalsaCino arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizacia iyo wminda aliansi. igi 1815 wels Seiqmna ruseTis, avstriisa da prusiis mier evropaSi revoluciuri demokratiuli moZraobis CasaxSobad. saerTod,
arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizaciebi mniSvnelovani gaxda or msoflio
oms Soris periodSi (1919-1939 wlebSi). farTod gavrcelda erTa ligasTan _ istoriaSi marTlac pirvel universalur saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciasTan dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. 1940 wlisaTvis ukve 80-ze
meti saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizacia da 500-mde saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizacia iyo; meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi orive tipis
595
organizaciaTa ricxvi gamudmebiT izrdeboda (ix. cxrili 18-1).
Cveulebriv, saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebis wevroba SezRudulia teritoriul-funqciuri mosazrebebiT. isini erT konkretul mizans emsaxurebian.9 Tumca, arsebobs gamonaklisebic. magaliTad, jandacvis msoflio
organizacia, romelsac aqvs erTi mizani _ avadmyofobis damarcxeba, Riaa sayovelTao wevrobisaTvis. meore mxriv, afrikis erTianobis organizaciis wevroba
SezRudulia regionuli CarCoebiT, magram emsaxureba ramdenime saerTo mizans
ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri xaziT. gaero msoflios gamorCeul
saerTaSoriso organizaciad iTvleba im mizezebis gamo, romlebic momdevno
TavSia axsnili.
zeerovnul, transnacionalur da saerTaSoriso struqturaTa mravalferovneba qmnis imas, rasac erTi mwerali `erTmaneTze damokidebulebis qsels~
uwodebs.10 Cven saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciaTa or gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovan tips vikvlevT: ekonomikur paqtebsa (kerZod, evrokavSirs) da
samxedro aliansebs (kerZod, natos, romelic amJamad cvlilebebs ganicdis civi
omis dasrulebis gamo).
cxrili 18.2
596
afrikis erTianobis organizacia
amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizacia
navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia (OPEC)
bananis eqsportior qveyanaTa kavSiri
gaeros saganmanaTleblo, samecniero da kulturis organizacia (UNESCO)
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero)
universaluri (sayovelTao) safosto kavSiri
jandacvis msoflio organizacia
ekonomikuri paqtebi. savaWro xelSekrulebebi meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis yvelaze mniSvnelovani saerTSoriso xelSekrulebebis did
nawils Seadgens. maTi did umravlesoba mxolod ormxrivi iyo (moicavda mxolod
or qveyanas). arsebobs mravalmxrivi ekonomikuri paqtebis sul mcire, 5 gamorCeuli forma, maT Soris:
gamorCeviTi savaWro SeTanxmebebi. am paqtebiT ramdenime saxelmwifo Tanxmdeba mianiWos erTmaneTs eqskluziuri savaWro uflebebi, tarifis dawevis
CaTvliT. erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia britaneTis Tanamegobroba, romelic didi britaneTisa da misi yofili mravali koloniisagan Sedgeba.
aradiskriminaciuli savaWro organizaciebi. es paqtebi ideba, raTa xeli
Seuwyos ufro mWidro savaWro urTierTobebis damyarebas globaluri an
regionuli masStabiT. msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO), romelsac
adre erqva sayovelTao SeTanxmeba vaWrobasa da tarifze (GATT), yvelaze
mniSvnelovani Tanamedrove magaliTia; kidev erTi aseTi organizaciaa evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis organizacia (EFTA), romlis moculoba da gavlena
evrokavSiris Seqmnis Semdeg Semcirda (ix. CanarTi `evrokavSiri: Camoyalibebis istoria~).
Tavisufali savaWro zonebi. aseTi SeTanxmebebi scildeba gamorCeviT
sistemebs imiT, rom maTSi srulad aris aRmofxvrili savaWro barierebi wevr
qveynebs Soris. wevr saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebi Tmoben savaWro politikis
gansazRvris suverenul uflebas sxva wevr qveynebTan, Tumca inarCuneben
srul Tavisuflebas, gansazRvron sakuTari saxelmwifo savaWro politika
arawevr qveynebTan. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia CrdiloeT amerikis
Tavisufali savaWro SeTanxmeba (NAFTA), romelic warmatebiT Sedga 1993
wels aSS-s, kanadasa da meqsikas Soris da momdevno wlebSi igegmeba misi
gafarToeba centralur da samxreT amerikaSic.
sabaJo kavSiri. aseTi ekonomikuri paqtebi erTi safexuriT maRla dgas
Tavisufal savaWro zonebze da efuZneba Tavisufal vaWrobas wevrTa
Soris da erTian gare tarifs arawevr qveynebTan nebismieri saxis
vaWrobaze. magaliTad, merkosuris savaWro SeTanxmeba, romelic moicavs
4 sruluflebian wevrs (argentina, paragvai, brazilia da urugvai) da or
asocirebul wevrs (Cile da bolivia), xels uwyobs Tavisufal vaWrobas
wevr qveynebs Soris, Tumca 14%-ian saerTo gare tarifs awesebs warmoebis
saSualebebze.
ekonomikuri kavSirebi. aseTi SeTanxmebebi uzrunvelyofs erTa
Soris ekonomikuri integraciis mniSvnelovan dones, aseve gulisxmobs
597
suverenitetis nawilobriv daTmobas. aseTi zesaxelmwifoebrivi
organizaciis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia ganviTarebadi evrokavSiri (EU),
romelsac CanarTSi ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.
samxedro aliansebi. samxedro alianss iSviaTad ganixilaven, rogorc
saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizacia, Tumca faqtobrivad, isini warmoadgenen
mTavrobaTSorisi organizaciis pirvel umTavres formas, romelic Tanamedrove
saxelmwifo sistemisgan warmoiqmna. me-17 saukuneSi am sistemis Camoyalibebidan dawyebuli, aseTi aliansebi saerTaSoriso politikis ZiriTadi atributia.
samxedro aliansis mizani potenciur Tu ukve arsebul mterTan brZola an misi
SeCerebaa. gasakviria araa, rom aliansi, Tavis mxriv, sxva alianss warmoqmnis.
ase rom, samxedro aliansi xSirad gamalebuli SeiaraRebis nawilia, rac, Cveulebriv, omebs uZRoda win. am faqtma zogierTi politologi da msoflio lideri
im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom es aliansi iyo saerTaSoriso organizaciis iseTi
forma, romelic, raoden paradoqsulic unda iyos, winaaRmdegobaSi modioda
msoflio mSvidobasa da wesrigTan. magaliTad, prezident vodvord uilsons miaCnda, rom pirveli msoflio omis erT-erT mTavari mizezi samxedro aliansebi
iyo; rogorc Semdeg davinaxavT, man scada daearsebina `Ria garigebis~ principze
dafuZnebuli axali saerTaSoriso organizacia (erTa liga). mas swamda, rom aseTi aliansi aRmofxvrida samxedro aliansebis saWiroebas (romlebic saukuneebis manZilze saidumlod iqmneboda da zogjer saidumlodac rCeboda).
aliansebi ar gamqrala. meore msoflio omis Sedeg SeerTebuli Statebi
Seecada sabWoTa kavSiris mxridan dasavleT evropisadmi momdinare safrTxe
Crdilo atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis (nato) SeqmniT aecilebina.
SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis es iyo mSvidobianobis perodSi miRebuli pirveli
samxedro paqti, mas Semdeg, rac jorj vaSingtonma Tavis cnobil `gamosamSvidobebel mimarTvaSi~ axalgazrda amerikeli eri gaafrTxila, arasodes Cabmuliyo
`SemboWvel aliansSi~. sabWoTa kavSirma natos 1995 wels varSavis xelSekrulebis
organizaciis (cnobilia aseve, rogorc varSavis paqti) SeqmniT upasuxa.
varSavis paqti daiSala 1989 wels, rodesac aRmosavleT evropaSi komunisturi reJimi daemxo (sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde ori wliT adre). ase rom, natom
Seasrula Tavisi Tavdapirveli misia, magram imis magier, rom daSliliyo, man,
romelsac SeerTebuli Statebi edga saTaveSi, axali mizezi moZebna arsebobis
gasagrZeleblad da axali tipis aliansad iqca. vinaidan misi yuradReba aRar iyo
mimarTuli mtris damarcxebisaken, nato Seecada rogorc mSvidobismyofels, evropaSi axali roli Seesrulebina. natos axladCamoyalibebuli misiis pirveli
gamocda iyo mcdeloba, Seemcirebina bosniis omis diametri da xangrZlivoba sahaero dartymebiTa da jarebis SeyvaniT. nato amJamadac gafarToebis procesSia. misi 12 ZiriTadi wevridan oris garda (aSS da kanada) yvela evropuli saxelmwifo iyo. 1997 wlisTvis natos ukve 16 wevri hyavda; varSavis paqtis 3 saxelmwifo
_ poloneTi, ungreTi da CexeTis respublika _ 1999 wels natos sruluflebiani
wevri gaxda da wevrTa raodenoba 19-mde gaizarda. amave dros, 2002 wels natosa
da ruseTs Soris molaparakeba Sedga potenciurad istoriul SeTanxmebaze. natos gafarToebas xels uwyobda 2 mizezi: erTi is, rom natos arsebobis samxedro
mizani politikuriT Seicvala, meore ki is, rom aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis
gamoricxva wevrTa siidan iqneboda civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg aRmosavleTad
da dasavleTad evropis dayofis gagrZeleba.
598
natos axali roli, rogorc evropis `Serifisa,~ azrTa sxvadasxvaobas
iwvevs. zogierTi kritikosi eWvqveS ayenebs misi arsebobis saWiroebas civi omis
dasrulebis Semdgom. amas garda, rusi nacionalistebi amtkiceben, rom aliansSi
moskovis yofili mokavSireebis miReba aRmosavleT evropidan, aris agresiuli
politika, romlis mizania ruseTis federaciis izolacia evropisgan da evropis xelaxali dayofa ruseTis sazianod. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen
eqstremali (radikali) nacionalistebi. natos gafarToebis mowinaaRmdegeebi
SeerTebul StatebSi amtkiceben, rom es kvlav gamoiwvevs evropis dayofas (meore
mxares darCebian iseTi mniSvnelovani qveynebi, rogoricaa estoneTi, latvia,
litva da ukraina) da ufro gaamwvavebs urTierTobas SeerTebul Statebsa da
ruseTs Soris, rac, Tavis mxriv, safrTxes Seuqmnis evropis stabilurobas.
azrTa aseTi sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, nato kvlavac gaagrZelebs arsebobas. ruseTis dasavleTTan megobruli urTierTobis aRsadgenad popularulma
prezidentma vladimir putinma mravali nabiji gadadga. mas dRemde ar ucdia
SeeCerebina natos gafarToeba da am brZnuli nabijiT miaRwia imas, rom sanacvlod dasavleTi Tavad midis garkveul daTmobebze. Tumca kiTxvebi kvlav rCeba.
gaamarTlebs Tu ara nato, rogorc samSvidobo aliansi? ra Sedegebs miaRwevs igi
sabolood? da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, namdvilad Seuwyobs Tu ara igi xels
evropaSi mSvidobisa da wesrigis damyarebas?
evrokavSiri adre cnobili iyo, rogorc evropis Tanamegobroba (an saerTo bazari). misi
fesvebi, SesaZloa, davukavSiroT 1952 wels, rodesac belgiam, safrangeTma, dasavleTma germaniam, italiam, luqsemburgma da niderlandebma daaarses evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis
sazogadoeba (ECSC). 1957 eqvsma saxelmwifom dado ori xelSekruleba romSi, romelic momdevno wels gaxda legaluri safuZveli evropis ekonomikuri sazogadoebisa (EEC) da evropis
atomuri energiis sazogadoebis (Euratom) SeqmnisaTvis. 1967 wels ECSC-s, EEC-s da EURATOMis institutebi gaerTianda. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebas Seemata kidev 9 wevri qveyana: dania, irlandia da gaerTianebuli samefo (1973 wels); saberZneTi (1981 wels); portugalia da espaneTi
(1986 wels); avstria, fineTi da SvedeTi (1995 wels). im qveynebis siaSi, romelTa gawevrianeba
ganxilvis procesSia, aRmosavleT evropis bevri yofili komunisturi qveyanaa, maT Soris bulgareTi, CexeTis respublika, estoneTi, ungreTi, latvia, litva, poloneTi, slovakeTi da slovenia.
1987 wels miRebuli erTiani evropuli aqti uzrunvelyofda erTiani evropuli bazris
Seqmnas da moicavda SeTanxmebas sabWoSi sakiTxebis umravlesobis kenWisyriT gatanis Taobaze
(sabWo aris politikuri gadawyvetilebis mimRebi organo, romelic wevri qveynebis sagareo
saqmeTa ministrebisagan Sedgeba). erTiani evropuli bazari qmnis konceptualur CarCoebs
evrokavSiris amJamindeli swrafvisaTvis yvela qveynis ekonomikis sruli gaerTianebisaken,
evropis savaluto kavSiris (EMU) daarsebis CaTvliT _ evro 1999 wlidan. es zomebi ukve gaTvaliswinebuli iyo maastrixtis xelSekrulebiT, romelmac evropis ekonomikuri sazogadoeba
evrokavSirad gardaqmna.
dReisaTvis evrokavSiri sakuTar gafarToebul sazRvrebSi uzrunvelyofs saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis, muSaxelisa da kapitalis, teqnologiis, turistebis Tavisufal gadaadgilebas.
amas garda, igi awesebs erTian gare tarifebs da aregulirebs gadasaxadebsa da subsidiebs,
romlebic gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis SigniT vaWrobaze. misi erTerTi mizania agreTve erTiani sagareo, fiskaluri da savaluto politikis gatareba wevr qveynebs Soris da ufro didi
ekonomikuri specializaciisa da Sida kooperaciuli sawarmoebis xelSewyoba.
599
ufro metic, aRsaniSnavia, rom evrokavSirma Seqmna iseTi politikuri institutebi, romlebic asruleben zesaxelmwifoebrivi mTavrobis mraval funqcias. es institutebia: ministrTa
sabWo, komisia, evroparlamenti, sasamarTlo. ministrTa sabWo da komisia, orive aRmasrulebel funqcias asrulebs, amaTgan pirveli pirdapir gamoxatavs wevr mTavrobaTa Sexedulebebs,
meore ki _ mTlianad evrokavSiris interesebs. mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad
sabWoSi saWiroa erTsulovani mxardaWera. evroparlamenti aris saTaTbiro organo, romelic
iZleva recomendaciebs da Tvalyurs adevnebs maT Sesrulebas, magram ar iRebs kanonebs. 1979
wlidan mis wevrebs pirdapiri sayovelTao arCevnebis safuZvelze irCeven. sasamarTlo amtkicebs da aRasrulebs evrokavSiris xelSekrulebebs da ganixilavs davebs evrokavSiris wevr
qveynebsa da evrokavSiris organoebs Soris.
erTa liga, romelic pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, 1919 wels Camoyalibda.
1919 wels, rodesac erTa ligis SeTanxmeba oficialurad gaformda, mis
daarsebas uilsonelebi ise miesalmnen, rogorc msoflio istoriaSi axali epoqis dawyebas. erTa ligis faqtobrivi meqanizmebi iyo asamblea, sabWo da mudmivi
samdivno. asamblea gaxldaT mrCeveli organo, romelic Sedgeboda wevri qveynebis warmomadgenlebisagan. TiToeul wevrs hqonda Tanabari Zalis xma. raime
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiro iyo erTsulovani mxardaWeris mopoveba, rac
imas niSnavda, rom yvela saxelmwifo, raoden patarac unda yofiliyo igi, sargeblobda vetos uflebiT TiTqmis nebismier gadawyvetilebaze. ufro mcire sabWo
oTxi mudmivi da oTxi aramudmivi wevrisagan Sedgeboda. sabWos movaleobaSi
Sedioda safrTxis arsebobis gamoZieba da moxseneba asambleisaTvis, agreTve
rekomendaciis micema saTanado zomebis misaRebad. am orive organos zedamxedvelobda mudmivi samdivno, erTa ligis administraciuli ganStoeba.
sxva miznebTan erTad erTa ligis upirvelesi ambiciuri mizani iyo saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SenarCuneba da amave dros agresori qveynebisaTvis samagieros gadaxda _ mSvidoba da sasjeli, es iyo `erTi medlis~ ori mxare. omi
(iseve rogorc danaSauli) ar gaamarTlebda, radgan Tavdasxma erT romelime
wevrze niSnavda Tavdasxmas yvela maTganze. am kuTxiT liga iqca instituciur
ganxorcielebad prezident vudro uilsonis survilisa, Caenacvlebina ZalTa
tradiciuli balansi `qveyanaTa erTiani, yovlismomcveli, Zlieri jgufiT, ro-
600
melic gaxdeboda msoflioSi mSvidobis garanti~.11 mTavari iyo iseTi STambeWdavi koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis Seqmna, rom arc erT saxelmwifos _ arc
erTs, visac arsebuli mdgomareobis darRveva moundeboda _ ar hqonoda raime
Sansi mis winaaRmdeg. nebismier saxelmwifos, romelic saerTaSoriso mSvidobas
daarRvevda, daupirispirdeboda kanonmorCili qveynebis gaerTianebuli samxedro Zalebi. erTa ligis damaarsebelTa azriT, mxolod aseTi Zalis arsebobac
ki SeaCerebda potenciur agresorebs _ isini ver gabedavdnen mis gamocdas.
miuxedavad prezident uilsonis lobirebisa, SeerTebuli Statebi Tavdapirvelad gverdze gadga (radgan senatSi myofi respublikelebi henri qebot
lodjis meTaurobiT am xelSekrulebis damtkicebas ewinaaRmdegebodnen). es
nabiji erTa ligis momavali warumateblobebisa da saboloo daSlis momaswavebeli iyo. 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Tavi iCina mwvave metoqeobam da erovnuli
interesebis konfliqtma.
ukan Tu movixedavT, mivxvdebiT, rom liga marcxisaTvis iyo ganwiruli.
pirvel rigSi, igi msoflio organizaciad miiCneoda, magram ar yofila sayovelTaod aRiarebuli (rogorc SeerTebuli Statebi, ise axalwarmoqmnili sabWoTa kavSiri ligis gareT rCebodnen, Tumca sruliad sxvadasxva mizezis gamo).
meore, mas hqonda proceduruli xarvezebi: nebismieri samxedro Tu sapolicio
qmedebisaTvis saWiro iyo erTsulovani mxardaWera _ faqtobrivad garantia imisa, rom krizisis SemTxvevaSi liga paralizebuli iqneboda, radgan yvelas, didsa
Tu mcire saxelmwifos, vetos ufleba hqonda. mesame, koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis
zomebs qartiaSi gansazRvravda agresiis aqtebi, Tumca qartia ar ganmartavda,
ra iTvleboda agresiad. wevri qveynebi mis gansazRvraze verc abstraqtulad
SeTanxmdnen da verc Semdgom _ krizisul situaciebSi, rodesac hitlerma germaniis rainis olqis remilitarizacia moaxdina an italia eTiopiaSi SeiWra, germania daemuqra (da sabolood SeiWra kidec) poloneTsa da Cexoslovakias maSin,
rodesac iaponiam aziis dapyroba daiwyo.
da bolos, erTa ligis warmateba yvelaze metad damokidebuli iyo SeerTebul Statebze _ pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg ZalTa balansma dasavleT evropidan ufro globaluri saxelmwifos xelSi gadainacvla. am omma SeerTebuli Statebi win wamowia msoflio asarezze. ramdenime weliwadSi daimsxvra
miTi evrocentruli msoflios Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare, ZalTa gadanawileba
moicavda msoflios yvela saxelmwifosa da regions da udidesi saxelmwifoebi
an saerTod aRmoifxvrebodnen (avstria-ungreTis imperia da mefis ruseTi), an
daiCrdilebodnen iseTi saxelmwifoebis gverdiT, rogorebicaa SeerTebuli
Statebi, sabWoTa kavSiri, iaponia da (sabolood) CineTi.
601
erTi vetos ufleba hqonda; meore _ sabWoSic ki, sadac Zlieri saxelmwifoebi
mudmivi wevrebi iyvnen, aramudmiv wevrebsac hqondaT vetos ufleba. amis Sedegad, sust saxelmwifoebs zedmeti gavlena gaaCndaT, xolo Zlierebs piriqiT _
mcire. ligis kidev erTi didi sisuste misi arasruloba gaxldaT. SesaZloa, ligis samSvidobo miznebi msoflio masStabis iyo, magram misi wevroba SezRuduli iyo. ramdenime Zlieri saxelmwifos aryofna _ gansakuTrebiT SeerTebuli
Statebisa _ niSnavda, rom ligis mandati mxolod Teoriulad iyo sayovelTao,
praqtikulad ki _ SezRuduli.
1945 wels gaeros damaarseblebi miznad isaxavdnen ligis koleqtiuri
usafrTxoebis sistemis xarvezebis gamosworebas. didi Zalisxmeva daWirda imas,
rom arc erTi potenciuri wevri ar darCeniliyo axali organizaciis miRma (ix.
cxrili 18-2). generaluri asamblea Camoyalibda mrCevel organod, sadac yvela
wevr qveyanas Tanabari warmomadgeneli hyavs da xmis ufleba aqvs. da rac ufro
mniSvnelovania, gaeros qartiis Tanaxmad Seiqmna uSiSroebis sabWo, romlis
`ZiriTadi pasuxismgeblobaa saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCuneba~. qartia azustebs, rom es organo Sedgeba xuTi ZiriTadi wevrisa (aSS,
sabWoTa kavSiri [romelic ukve ruseTma Secvala], gaerTianebuli samefo, safrangeTi da CineTi) da aTi araZiriTadi wevrisagan. erTa ligisagan gansxvavebiT,
mxolod am, egreT wodebul did xuTeuls mieca vetos ufleba zogierT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze, magaliTad, rogoricaa generaluri mdivnis arCeva da aseve
SemoTavazebuli samSvidobo zomebi. am gziT gaeros qartia Seecada gamoesworebina legaluri (iuridiuli) Tanasworobis anomalia politikuri uTanasworobis pirobebSi. gaeroSi TiToeul wevr qveyanas ekisreba pasuxismgeblobebi, romlebic Seesabameba TiToeuli maTganis SesaZleblobebs.
zustad rogor unda momxdariyo am movaleobebis ganxorcieleba, gawerili
iyo gaeros qartiis me-7 TavSi _ `qmedebebi mSvidobis darRvevis safrTxesTan,
mSvidobis darRvevasTan da agresiis aqtebTan dakavSirebiT~. 39-e muxlSi dazustebulia, rom `uSiSroebis sabWo wyvets, arsebobs Tu ara safrTxe da dairRva Tu ara mSvidoba an ganxorcielda agresiis aqti. amis Sesabamisad igi gascems
rekomendaciebs an wyvets, ra zomebi unda iqnes miRebuli me-40 da 42-e muxlebis
Ssesabamisad saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad an aRsadgenad.~ Sesabamis muxlebSi gawerilia, rogor unda aRasrulos uSiSroebis sabWom sakuTari
movaleobebi. 41-e muxli exeba ekonomikur sanqciebs `ekonomikuri urTierTobebis, sarkinigzo, sazRvao, sahaero, safosto, satelegrafo, radio da komunikaciis sxva saSualebebis nawilobrivi an sruli gawyvetis CaTvliT.~ 42-e muxli
aregulirebs iseT situaciebs, sadac ekonomikuri sanqciebi arasakmarisia; aseT
SemTxvevebSi uSiSroebis sabWom, SesaZloa, ganaxorcielos sahaero, sazRvao an
saxmeleTo operaciebi, romlebic aucilebelia saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad an aRsadgenad. SesaZloa, es gulisxmobdes demonstraciebs, blokadebs
an sxva operaciebs wevri qveynebis sahaero, sazRvao an saxmeleTo Zalebis mier.~
me-7 Tavis danarCeni muxlebi eTmoba koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis samxedro komponentebis mowyobas, samxedro Stabis komitetis daarsebis CaTvliT
(muxli 47).
am muxlebiT gansazRvrulma saerTaSoriso samSvidobo meqanizmebma bevrad gadaaWarba erTa ligis Sesabamis meqanizmebs. ufro metic, rogorc misi,
egreT wodebuli specializebuli saagentoebis daarsebam cxadyo, gaero bevrad
gascda mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvis funqciebs. am saagentoebis wyalo-
602
biT gaero did rols asrulebs mTels msoflioSi katastrofebTan brZolis,
ltolvilTa gansaxlebis, sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis sferoSi teqnikuri
daxmarebis, jandacvasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebisa da mravali
sxva TvalsazrisiT. igi aseve xels uwyobs cxovrebis standartis amaRlebas iseTi saagentoebis saSualebiT, rogoricaa ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo (ECOSOC) da gaeros bavSvTa saerTaSoriso fondi (UNICEF). da bolos, msoflio bankis,
pirveli sveti
mTavari komiteti
mudmivmoqmedi da saproceduro komiteti
sxva daqvemdebarebuli organoebi
603
UNFPA _ gaeros mosaxleobis fondi
UNHCR _ gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisari
UNICEF _ gaeros bavSvTa fondi
UNITAR _ gaeros kvlevisa da treiningis instituti
UNRISD _ gaeros socialuri ganviTarebis kvleviTi instituti
UNU _ gaeros universiteti
WFP _ msoflio sasursaTo programa
meore sveti
604
UNIFIL _ gaeros droebiTi Zalebi libanSi (1978 w. martidan - dRemde)
UNIKOM _ gaeros erayisa da quveiTis sadamkvirveblo misia (1991 w. seqtembridan dRemde)
605
aRebad. Tu sabWoTa kavSiri ar gamoiyenebda vetos uflebas raime sadavo gadawyvetilebaze, maSin amas SeerTebuli Statebi akeTebda.
amis miuxedavad, konfliqtis marTvaSi gaeros SezRuduli funqciebi yovelTvis uSedego ar iyo. sxvadasxva dros gaerom didi wvlili Seitana mSvidobis
damyarebaSi specialuri Suamavlebis, zavis zedamxedvelobis gundebis, naxevrad
gasamxedroebuli Zalebis gagzavniT msoflios mraval kuTxeSi, kviprosis, axlo
aRmosavleTisa da kongos CaTvliT. Tumca es mcdelobebi SezRuduli iyo masStabebisa da warmatebis TvalsazrisiT, mainc Zalze mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda.
606
UNTSO _ gaeros zavis sameTvalyureo organizacia (1948 w. ivnisidan - dRemde)
UNIFIL _ gaeros droebiTi Zalebi libanSi (1978 w. martidan - dRemde)
UNOGIL _ gaeros damkvirvebelTa jgufi libanSi (1958 w. ivnisi - 1958 w. dekemberi)
UNDOF _ gaeros gamaTavisuflebeli sadamkvirveblo Zalebi (1974 w. ivnisidan - dRemde)
UNOMIG _ gaeros sadamkvirveblo misia saqarTveloSi (1993 w. agvistodan - dRemde)
MONUC _ gaeros organizaciis misia kongos demokratiul respublikaSi (1999 w.
dekembridan - dRemde)
ONUC _ gaeros operacia kongoSi (1960 w. ivlisi - 1964 w. ivlisi)
UNTAG _ gaeros gardamavali periodis damxmare jgufi (1989 w. aprili - 1990 w. marti)
MINURCA _ gaeros misia centraluri afrikis respublikaSi (1998 w. aprili - 2000 w.
Tebervali)
ONUMOZ _ gaeros operacia mozambikSi (1992 w. dekemberi - 1994 w. dekemberi)
UNIMOG _ gaeros iran-erayis samxedro sadamkvirvebli jgufi (1988 w. agvisto - 1991 w.
Tebervali)
UNMOT _ gaeros damkvirvebelTa misia tajikeTSi (1994 w. dekemberi - 2000 w. maisi)
UNMEE _ gaeros misia eTiopiasa da eritreaSi (2000 w. ivlisidan - dRemde)
UNOMUR _ gaeros sadamkvirveblo misia ugandasa da ruandaSi (1993 w. ivnisi - 1996 w.
marti)
UNAMIR _ gaeros daxmarebis misia ruandaSi (1993 w. oqtomberi - 1996 w. marti)
UNIKOM _ gaeros erayisa da quvetis sadamkvirveblo misia (1991 w. seqtembridan - dRemde)
UNIPOM _ gaeros indoeTi-pakistanis sadamkvirveblo misia (1965 w. seqtemberi - 1966 w.
marti)
UNYOM _ gaeros iemenis sadamkvirveblo misia (1963 w. ivlisi - 1964 w. seqtemberi)
UNOSOM I _ gaeros operacia somaliSi I (1992 w. aprili - 1993 w. marti)
UNOSOM II _ gaeros operacia somaliSi II (1993 w. marti - 1995 w. marti)
UNIMOGIP _ gaeros samxedro sadamkvirveblo jgufi indoeTsa da pakistanSi (1949 w.
ianvridan - dRemde)
UNGOMAP _ gaeros saSuamavlo misia avRaneTsa da pakistanSi (1998 w. aprili - 1990 w.
marti)
UNASOG _ gaeros aouzus zolis sadamkvirveblo jgufi (1994 w. maisi - 1994 w. ivnisi)
UNSF _ gaeros uSiSroebis Zalebi dasavleT axal gvineaSi (dasavleT iranSi) (1962 w.
607
gorbaCovis iniciativiT. 1991 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, SeerTebuli Statebi ukonkurentod darCa gaeroSi. pirvelad misi arsebobis istoriaSi gaerosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaxda erTsulovneba miznis misaRwevad da ara
mwvave konfliqti mis or uZlieres wevrs Soris. amas ori mniSvnelovani Sedegi
mohyva: pirveli, gaeros midgoma saerTaSoriso mSvidobis dacvis mimarT ufro
mkacri gaxda da zogjer mSvidobis dacvis farglebsac ki scildeboda (ix. cxrili 18-3).12 meore, man gasca sanqcia koleqtiuri samxedro qmedebis Sesaxeb erayis
winaaRmdeg, rodesac es ukanaskneli quveiTSi SeiWra.
samSvidobo qmedebebis gaZliereba.
608
civi omis Semdeg gaeros samSvidobo misia ufro xSiri da ambiciuri gaxda,
vidre odesme yofila. am bolo periodSi, mxolod erTi wlis manZilze (1999 wlis
ivnisi-2000 wlis ivlisi) gaerom ganaxorciela samSvidobo misia kosovoSi (iugoslavia), siera-leoneSi (dasavleTi afrika), aRmosavleT timorSi (indoneziis
yofili nawili), kongosa (centraluri afrika) da horn of afrikaSi (eTiopia da
eriTrea). magram es wamowyebebi risks Seicavs da warmateba garantirebuli ar
aris. magaliTad, 1992 wels gaerom mSvidobismyofelebi gagzavna somaliSi, raTa
xeli Seewyo SimSilis zRvarze myof mosaxleobaSi sursaTis usafrTxo darigebisaTvis, magram maT Tavs daesxnen amboxebulebi, romlebic gaeros dasavleTis
(kerZod ki SeerTebuli Statebis) marionetad moiazrebdnen. gaeros mSvidobismyofelebi, Cveulebriv, cdiloben Tavi aaridon msxverplis gamomwvevi Zalis
gamoyenebas, rac yovelTvis araa SesaZlebeli, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, ra cxel
wertilebSi uwevT maT moqmedeba. gaeros samSvidobo Zalebma am wlebis ganmavlobaSi didi danaklisi ganicada 1948 wlidan dRemde daRupuli 1600 adamianis
CaTvliT. samSvidobo misia libansa (244 msxverpli) da kviprosSi (170 msxverpli)
gansakuTrebiT sarisko iyo. arc erT SemTxvevaSi konfliqti ar dasrulebula
(meomari mxareebisaTvis misaRebi gadawyvetileba ar moiZebna) da amitom gaeros
samSvidobo Zalebi iq mudmivad imyofebian. 1990-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebuli 10
samSvidobo operaciidan umetesoba 15 adamianze naklebi msxverpliT dasrulda,
rasac ver vityviT siera-leoneze _ aq misiis 46 wevri daiRupa.
gaeros mSvidobismyofelebi yovelTvis verc saWiro politikuri cvlilebebis gatarebas axerxeben momavalSi ubedurebis _ magaliTad, sayovelTao SimSilis _ asacileblad. kambojaSi mSvidobianoba gaeros jarebis gasvlis Semdeg
didxans ar gagrZelebula: 1997 wlis ivnisSi gaeros ambiciurma mcdelobam, xeli
Seewyo qveyanaSi demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis, marcxi ganicada antidemokratiuli saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Sedegad. yofil iugoslaviaSi gaeros mSvidobismyofelTa Tavdapirvelma mcdelobam, mieRwia cecxlis SewyvetisaTvis,
Sedegi mxolod mas Semdeg gamoiRo, rac natos jarebma sahaero da saxmeleTo mxardaWera aRmouCina. sabolood serbeTis armia damarcxda da prezidenti miloSeviCi iZulebuli gaxda, molaparakebebi daewyo. erT-erTi daskvna, rac gaerom
bosniisa da kosovos omebidan gaakeTa, aris is, rom samSvidobo misia regionul
konfliqtebs ver SeaCerebs wevr qveyanaTa samxedro daxmarebisa da regionuli
samxedro aliansis (magaliTad, natos) mxardaWeris gareSe. faqtobrivad iugoslaviasa da sxvagan miRebuli gamocdileba mtkice argumentia axali regionuli samxedro jgufebis SeqmnisaTvis, romlebic imoqmedeben rogorc gaeros
samarTaldamcavi organoebi.
manamde gaeros samSvidobo misia zog regionSi mudmiv realobad iqca konfliqtis saboloo daregulirebis gareSe (qaSmiri, kviprosi, libani da zemoT
dasaxelebuli sami magaliTi). es misia gaeros biujetis gadinebis mudmivi mizezi
gaxda. 1990-iani wlebis SuaSi gaeros samSvidobo misiaze weliwadSi 3.2 miliardi
aSS dolari ixarjeboda da am Tanxis erTi mesamedic ar anazRaurebula. 2001 wlis
ivlisidan 2002 wlis ivnisamde gegmis mixedviT gawerili iyo 3-3,5 miliardi aSS
dolaris xarji. mTlianobaSi 1948 wlidan 2001 wlamde samSvidobo operaciebis
saerTo danaxarjma daaxloebiT 23 miliardi aSS dolari Seadgina.
magram saWiroa am cifrebis perspeqtivaSi ganxilva, rasac gaeros mowi-
609
naaRmdegeebi iSviaTad akeTeben. SedarebisTvis, SeerTebuli Statebis biujeti
mxolod 2001 wels 300 miliardi aSS dolari iyo. pentagonisTvis uaxloes momavalSi 48 miliardi aSS dolari gaTvaliswinebulia axali vertmfrenebis, 67 miliardi aSS dolari TviTmfrinavebis (F-22) SesaZenad da 223 miliardi aSS dolari
axali erToblivi Tavdasxmis samxedro kontingentze (JSF) _ am cifrebTan SedarebiT yvela samSvidobo misiis saerTo xarji Zalian cotaa. rac unda mokrZalebuli iyos am misiebis warmateba, mainc warmoudgenelia ukeTesi kapitaldabandeba
msoflios gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTaTvis.
gaero kvlavac sazogadoebis undoblobas ganicdis. bevrisaTvis gaugebaria, sinamdvileSi ra funqciebs asrulebs igi. paradoqsia, magram gaeros imijis problema yovelTvis gansakuTrebulad mwvaved idga SeerTebul StatebSi, qveyanaSi, sadac mdebareobs da romelmac
yvelaze didi roli Seasrula mis CamoyalibebaSi. sazogadoebis undobloba gaeros mimarT
metwilad gaurkvevlobiTaa gamowveuli. gaeros miCneva Camoyalibebis procesSi myof msoflio
mTavrobad, igivea, rac Zveli zRapris dajereba.
gaero msoflio organizaciidan, romlis Tavdapirveli mizani omis Tavidan acileba iyo,
gadaiqca organizaciad ufro nakleb ambiciuri mizniT, rogoricaa mSvidobis xelSewyoba (magaliTad, droebiTi zavis (cecxlis Sewyvetis) monitoringi, samSvidobo procesis dakvirveba
da naxevrad gasamxedroebuli Zalebis ganlageba). is aseve Zalian mosaxerxebeli adgilia wevri
qveynebisaTvis dialogisa da, amave dros, umTavres globalur sakiTxebze molaparakebebisTvis. gaero aseve arapirdapir uwyobs xels mSvidobis SenarCunebas, risTvisac ekonomikur da
teqnikur daxmarebas uwevs uRaribes qveynebs.
arc is Seesabameba simarTles, rom gaero mxolod da mxolod SeerTebuli Statebis nebis
Semsrulebelia. marTalia, iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac zogierTma wevrma qveyanam maT Soris
SeerTebulma Statebmac, uari Tqves sawevros gadaxdaze, rodesac ukmayofilo darCnen ama
Tu im gadawyvetilebiT (1998 wlis martSi SeerTebul Statebs sawevros 1.3 miliardi dolari
davalianeba hqonda). mTlianobaSi gaerosadmi sxvadasxva qveynis davalianebam 2.5 miliardi aSS
dolari Seadgina, rac TiTqmis orjer metia mis wliur biujetze.
amerikis sazogadoebis nawili miiCnevs, rom amerikam sakuTar Tavze didi tvirTi aiRo.
aRsaniSnavia, rom gaeros daaxloebiT 1300 mSvidobismyofelidan, romlebic 1945 wlidan sxvadasxva misiisas daiRupnen, mxolod 3 procenti iyo amerikeli. kidev erTi naklebad cnobili
faqtia gaeros mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri wvlili SeerTebuli Statebis ekonomikaSi. yofili
meris, rudolf julianis gancxadebiT, gaeros wyalobiT niu-iork siTis ekonomika 1990iani wlebis bolos yovelwliurad 3.2 miliardi aSS dolaris mogebas naxulobda; niu-iorkSi
gaeros Stabbinis arsebobam 30600 samuSao adgili Seqmna, rac 1.2 miliardi dolaris wliur gamomuSavebas Seadgens.
610
rodesac isev SeerTebuli Statebis winamZRolobiT gaerom 1950 wels samxedro
Zala daupirispira CrdiloeT koreas, romelic samxreT koreaSi SeiWra. am qmedebam maSinac problemebi wamoWra. sabWoTa kavSiri ar monawileobda am operaciaSi.
moskovi mtkiced ewinaaRmdegeboda amerikis mier gaeros gamoyenebas omSi Tavisi
sateliti (damokidebuli) saxelmwifos _ samxreT koreis dasacavad. Tumca samxedro misia gaeros droSis qveS mimdinareobda, es, egreT wodebuli koreis konfliqti, sinamdvileSi iyo omi, romelsac SeerTebuli Statebi awarmoebda jer
CrdiloeT koreis da Semdeg CineTis winaaRmdeg.
kidev oTxi aTwleuli gavida, vidre gaero isev CaerTveboda saerTaSoriso
koaliciaSi agresoris winaaRmdeg. civi omis dros yvela aseTi mcdeloba uSedegod sruldeboda _ orive zesaxelmwifo vetos uflebas iyenebda meoris mier
SemoTavazebuli Zalismieri qmedebebis SesazRudad.
1990-91 wlebSi, rodesac SeerTebulma Statebma (britaneTis mxardaWeriT)
eraySi wamoiwyo samxedro operacia `udabnos Stormi~, gaeros uSiSroebis sabWoSi ikribebodnen msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebi, raTa gadaewyvitaT, rogor epasuxaT erayis agresiisaTvis. es iyo pirveli didi gamocda gaerosaTvis
civi omisSemdgom periodSi. SeerTebulma Statebma moipova uSiSroebis sabWos
mxardaWera erayis winaaRmdeg rezoluciis misaRebad, mkacri ekonomikuri sanqciebis dasaweseblad da sabolood miiRo Tanxmoba Zalis gamoyenebaze quveiTidan erayis armiis gansadevnad. erayis yuris omis dasrulebis Semdeg gaeros
inspeqtorebs eraySi im adgilebis inspeqtirebis saSualeba miecaT, sadac, savaraudod, biologiuri, qimiuri an birTvuli iaraRi iyo gadamaluli. mogvianebiT erayma gaaprotesta inspeqtirebis pirobebi da SeerTebul Statebs dabombviT daemuqra (Tumca gaeros generalurma mdivanma kofi ananma warmatebuli
diplomatiuri ZalisxmeviT droebiT moaxerxa am qmedebebis Tavidan acileba).
erayis winaaRmdeg omi amerikis qmedebebis Sedegi iyo. gaeros sakuTari
Zalebi eraySi ar gaugzavnia. generaluri mdivani ver akontrolebda verc koaliciuri Zalebis ganlagebas da verc maT qmedebas. iq ar imyofeboda gaeros generaluri Stabi da Sesabamisad ver xelmZRvanelobda koaliciis wevrTa (ZiriTadad SeerTebuli Statebisa da britaneTis) mier ganxorcielebul samxedro Tu
diplomatiur operaciebs. igi arc operaciis dafinansebaSi monawileobda. saomar qmedebebs umTavresad amerikis umdidresi mokavSireebi: iaponia, germania,
quveiTi da saudis arabeTi afinansebda. amitom ar SeiZleba erayis winaaRmdeg
oms gaeros operacia vuwodoT. igi arc koleqtiur qmedebad SieZleba CaiTvalos.
ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, es iyo SeerTebuli Statebis mier Seqmnili da gaeros
mier sanqcirebuli farTomasStabiani koalicia.
611
universalurobis problema. pirvel rigSi, saWiroa yvela metnaklebad
mniSvnelovani sididisa da gavlenis mqone qveynis darwmuneba, raTa SeuerTdnen did saerTaSoriso organizaciebs da darCnen mis nawilad. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, adre Tu gvian, krizisul situaciaSi gamomJRavndeba aseTi organizaciis araadekvaturoba da igi daiSleba. rogorc erTa ligis magaliTiT gaxda
TvalsaCino, saWiroa, rom am organizacias SeuerTdes yvela Zlieri saxelmwifo
anu yvela, visac Seswevs Zala, daarRvios sayovelTao mSvidoba. amis TvalsaCino
magaliTia absurduli gadawyvetileba, CineTis saxalxo respublikis gawevrianebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc es qveyana ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi
gaeros miRma rCeboda. dRes gaero universalur organizaciaa. 2000 wlisTvis
misi sruluflebiani wevri iqneba aranakleb 189 qveynisa, im juja saxelmwifoebis CaTvliT, romlebic rukaze wertilebad moCanan.
uTanasworobis problema. patara saxelmwifoebi did saxelmwifoebTan
Tanasworobas moiTxoven saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi, sxvagvari damokidebuleba Seuracxmyofeli iqneba da aman SesaZloa sxva saxelmwifos suverenuli
qveynis Sida saqmeebSi Carevis saSualeba misces. imave principiT Zlieri saxelmwifoebi moiTxoven, rom maTi upiratesoba gamoCndes specialur procedurul
sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa vetos ufleba, romliTac gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevrebi sargebloben. sxva SemTxvevaSi isini amas sakuTari mniSvnelobis damcirebad miiCneven. ufro metic, vinaidan wevr saxelmwifoTa SefardebiTi Zala
meryeobs, Tavdapirveli formula, romelic aseT sakiTxebs agvarebs, gadaxedvas
saWiroebs. zogierT qveyanas, romelsac adre didi Zala hqonda, unda CamoerTvas
uwindeli uflebebi, raTa adgili gaTavisufldes aRmavlobis fazaSi myofi saxelmwifoebisaTvis. es bevrad metia, vidre ubralod `teqnikuri~ problema. verc
erTi saerTaSoriso organizacia ver SeinarCunebs sicocxlisunarianobas, Tuki
ar gadaWris uTanasworobis problemas da amave dros ar iqneba imdenad moqnili,
rom Seicvalos mdgomareobis cvlilebasTan erTad.
kompetenciis problema. xSirad saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Zala ar
SeswevT, ganaxorcielon esa Tu is qmedeba yvelaze naklebad keTilganwyobili
saxelmwifos survilis winaaRmdeg, maSin, roca calkeul aseT saxelmwifoebs vetos ufleba ar gaaCniaT. Tuki ganviTarebadi qveynebi gaerTiandebian, maT SeuZliaT dablokon generaluri asambleis funqcionireba, SesaZloa uSiSroebis
sabWos romelime mudmivi wevri daiyolion, veto daados ama Tu im sakiTxs (an
Teoriulad maT SeuZliaT umravlesobis mopovebiT dablokon esa Tu is sakiTxi
uSiSroebis sabWoSi). Sedegad saerTaSoriso organizaciebs akliaT is Zalaufleba sxvadasxva sakiTxis gadasaWrelad, rac mTavrobis kompetenciaSi Sedis.
erTaderTi, risi gakeTebac maT SeuZliaT, aris zogadi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis
gadaWra (magaliTad, samSvidobo qmedebebi).
erTianobis problema. warsulSi yvelaze warmatebuli saerTaSoriso
organizaciebi iyo aliansebi, romlebic saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg iqmneboda.
amis magaliTia wminda aliansi, romelic safrangeTis aRorZinebis SiSiT Seiqmna. kidev erTi magaliTia Tanamedrove `arabuli liga~: rom ara saerTo mtris
(israelis) winaaRmdeg gaerTianebis aucilebloba, arabuli qveynebi, albaT, am
bolo 50 wlis manZilze ufro sisxlismRvrel brZolaSi CaerTvebodnen. aseve,
rom ara komunisturi eqspansiis safrTxe, 1940-iani wlebis bolosa da 1950-iani
612
wlebis dasawyisSi, CrdiloeT atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia arasodes daarsdeboda. gaerom erTianobis piks 1990-91 wlebSi miaRwia, rodesac
mas msoflios saxelmwifoTa umetesoba SeuerTda saerTo mterTan _ erayTan sabrZolvelad. rogorc ki realuri safrTxe qreba, aliansis kavSiri sustdeba.
suverenitetis problema. suverenitetis problema _ saxelmwifos uzenaesi Zalaufleba teritoriul farglebs SigniT _ safuZvlad udevs oTxive zemoxsenebul problemas. qveyanas suvereniteti an aqvs, an ara, an Tavad wyvets
sakuTar Sida saqmeebs, an ara. rogorc mecxramete saukunis politikurma liderma jon kolhaunma erTxel aRniSna, qveyana iseve ar SeiZleba nawilobriv suverenuli iyos, rogorc qali nawilobriv fexmZime. ase rom, efeqturi msoflio
mTavrobis Seqmna mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu arsebuli mTavrobebi
daTanxmdebian daTmon suvereniteti ufro zemdgomi xelisuflebis sasargeblod. am perspeqtivas ki saxelmwifoTa (da politikosTa) umetesoba Zalze sariskod miiCnevs dRevandeli SiSiT, crurwmenebiTa da undoblobiT gamsWvaluli msoflios pirobebSi.
saerTaSoriso samarTali
mSvidobisa da harmoniulobis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod dRevandeli eri-saxelmwifoebis sistemis pirobebSi. am konteqstSi saerTaSoriso
kanonebs SeuZlia gaamyaros saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, raTa am ukanasknelebma ufro mSvidobiani da usafrTxo msoflios ganviTarebas Seuwyon xeli.
350 wlis ganmavlobaSi saerTaSoriso sistema regulirdeba saerTaSoriso
samarTliT. es ukanaskneli gansazRvravs saxelmwifoTa uflebebsa da movaleobebs erTmaneTis mimarT. `TamaSis wesebi~, romlebic suverenulma saxelmwifoebma aRiares, ZiriTadad xelSekrulebebiT gamoixateba. saerTaSoriso kanonebis
sxva, aseve farTod aRiarebuli wyaroebia Cveuleba da konvencia, samarTalze,
samarTlianobasa da moralze darTuli zogadi kanonieri principebi, agreTve
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi da uzenaesi iuridiuli avtoritetebis swavlebani.
saerTaSoriso samarTlis yvelaze cnobil kodifikaciad rCeba hugo grotiusis `On the Law of War and Peace (omisa da mSvidobis kanonis Sesaxeb), romelic
gamoqveynda 1625 wels, ocdasami wliT adre, sanam vestfaliis zaviT eri-saxelmwifoTa sistemis arseboba oficialurad gamocxaddesboda. SemTxveviTi ar aris,
rom Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistemis aRzeveba daemTxva wesebis warmoSobas,
romelTa mixedviTac awesrigebdnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs. vestfaliis
zavis Semdeg saerTaSoriso samarTali yoveldRiuri msoflio politikis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda.
sargeblianoba
erTi wuTiT warmoidgineT uamravi praqtikuli SekiTxva, romlebzec sarwmuno pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia saerTaSoriso kanonebisa da konvenciebis
gareSe. rogor SeiZleba ganisazRvros sazRvrebi xmeleTsa da zRvaze? davuSvaT, or saxelmwifos Soris sazRvarze mdinarea, vin gadawyvetda: (1) sad unda
613
gaevlo sazRvars: mdinaris napirebs Soris, mis kalapotze, Tu mdinaris zustad
centrSi; (2) mdinare unda yofiliyo Tu ara Ria navigaciis zona erTi saxelmwifosaTvis, orive saxelmwifosaTvis, Tu arc erTisaTvis; (3) aqvT Tu ara mdinaris saTaveSi mdebare saxelmwifoebs dambebis, hidroeleqtrosadgurebisa da
rezervuarebis aSenebis ufleba mdinareebze, romlebic dinebis boloSi mdebare
saxelmwifoebis teritoriazec miedineba? am saxis kiTxvebi Tavs iCendnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobis bevr sxva SemTxvevasa da sferoSi. ras SeuZlia ama Tu
im ucxo qveyanaSi akreditebuli diplomatiuri warmomadgenlebis usafrTxoebis garantireba? rogor daregulirdeba moZraoba Ria zRvaSi? vin wyvets, unda
hqondes Tu ara neitralur saxelmwifos ufleba, gaagrZelos normaluri komerciuli urTierToba orive dapirispirebul mxaresTan omis dros? esaa ramdenime
im arsebiTi mniSvnelobis sakiTxTagan, romelTa gadawyvetac uaRresad rTuli
iqneboda saerTaSoriso samarTlis arsebobis gareSe.
Tanxmoba da iZuleba
gasaocaria, magram saerTaSoriso samarTals adgenen da axorcieleben
is saxelmwifoebi, romelTa SesazRudavadac iqmneba igi. rogorc erTi avtori
aRniSnavs:
Tavisi arsebobis oTxasi wlis manZilze saerTaSoriso kanons skrupulozurad akvirdebodnen. roca misi erT-erTi kanoni irRveoda, amas
yovelTvis ar mohyveboda saTanado reagireba. xolo roca sadamsjelo
qmedebas mimarTavdnen, is ar iyo yovelTvis efeqturi. da mainc, imis
uaryofa, rom saerTaSoriso samarTali arsebobs, rogorc savaldebulo
wesebis sistema, ar iqneba swori.14
saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganxorcieleba yovelTvis did siZneleebs ukavSirdeboda. damnaSaves saxelmwifo sjis kanonis ZaliT. magram saerTaSoriso
sferoSi arc erTi saxelmwifo ar aris mmarTveli (cxadia, es arc gaero aris),
cxadia isic, rom SeuZlebelia saxelmwifoTa dapatimreba, gasamarTleba an cixeSi Casma. Tumca maTi dasja mainc SesaZlebelia. mTavrobaTa funqciuri ekvivalenti saerTaSoriso sferoSi Zalauflebis damabalansebelia. sxva sityvebiT,
`kanondamrRvevebad miCneuli~ saxelmwifoebi gaxdnen sxva saxelmwifoebisgan
diplomatiuri cenzuris, ekonomikuri embargos an blokadis msxverplni. eqstremalur situaciaSi SesaZlebelia maT sazRvrebSi SeWra da dapyroba.
cxadia, ar aris marTali is mosazreba, rom saerTaSoriso samarTals ar
gaaCnia aranairi mamoZravebeli Zala da didi eri-saxelmwifoebi verasdros
iqnebian iZulebulni, daemorCilon mis diqtats. sinamdvileSi ki gansxvaveba saerTaSoriso da saxelmwifos samarTals Soris mudmivobaze, simyarezea
damokidebuli: im dros, roca rigiTi moqalaqeebi, rogorc wesi, elian sasjels
kanonis darRvevisas, mTavrobebs ufro xSirad SeuZliaT daarRvion kanoni da
darCnen dausjelni. amis gaTvaliswinebiT politikuri zewola saerTaSoriso
samarTlis moTxovnaTa Sesasruleblad realuri da azriania. amis Tanamedrove
magaliTi iyo serbeTis xelisuflebis mier didi xalisis gareSe miRebuli gadawyvetileba eqs-prezident miloSeviCis gaeros saomar danaSaulebaTa tribunalisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb.
politikuri sapasuxo reaqciis SiSi ar aris erTaderTi mizezi imisa, rom
614
umeteswilad mTavrobaTa umravlesoba mihyveba am `saerTaSoriso TamaSis~ wesebs. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, yovel qveyanas bevris mopoveba SeuZlia saerTaSoriso wesebisa da regulaciebis am unificirebuli sistemidan. am wesebis gareSe
saerTaSoriso vaWroba, mogzauroba da turizmi Zalian garTuldeboda, xolo
saerTaSoriso finansuri transaqciebi, ucxouri investiciebi, teqnologiuri transferi, safosto da telekomunikaciebi lamis SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
diplomatiuri imunitetis saguldagulod damuSavebuli da farTod aRiarebuli wesebis gareSe Zalian cota mTavroba gagzavnida Tavis warmomadgenels
ucxo qveynis dedaqalaqSi. arsebul garemoebebSi saeWvoa, SeuZlia Tu ara nebismier mTavrobas, qedmaRlurad Sexedos saerTaSoriso samarTals. diplomatiuri izolaciis, ekonomikuri ngrevisa da samxedro SurisZiebis safrTxis winaSe
mTavrobebi, rogorc wesi, arRvevdnen xelSkrulebebs, konvenciebsa da zogad
wesebs mxolod yvelaze eqstremalur, gamonaklis situaciebSi.
am SemTxvevaSic Zalaufleba aris yvela saxis politikis safuZveli da
misi aRsrulebis uzrunvelmyofi Zalebis gareSe kanoni farsia. saerTaSoriso
scenaze moTamaSeebi policiis rols individualurad an koleqtiurad TamaSoben. amrigad, ZalTa balansi `aucilebeli mdgomareobaa TviT saerTaSoriso
samarTlis arsebobisaTvis.~15
vencia (gadaxedil iqna 1906 wels), romelic exeboda brZolis velze daWrilTa
mkurnalobas. kidev ufro didi mniSvnelobis iyo 1899 wlis haagis konvencia,
romelmac pirvelad amdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi yuradReba gamaxvilda saxmeleTo
omis wesebze. 1907 wels haagis meore konvenciaze gadaixeda 1899 wlis kanonebi
meomar da neitralur saxelmwifoTa da adamianTa uflebebisa da movaleobebis
Sesaxeb. aseve, wamoWril iqna sakiTxebi axali saxis iaraRis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb,
rogoricaa ,,dum-dum~ tyviebi, Sxamiani gazi da gaziT savse balonebi, romlebic
dabombvisas gamoiyeneboda.
cxrili 18-3
ZiriTadi ormxrivi SeTanxmebebi SeiaraRebis kontrolze aSS-sa da yofil
sabWoTa kavSirs/ruseTs Soris
TariRi
SeTanxmeba
ZiriTadi miznebi
615
qeT, amonabeWdSi es cxrili aris da amitom ar gadavTargmne!
wyaro: Charles W. Kegley, Jr. & Eugene Wittkopf, World Politics: Trend and Transformation, 8th
ed., Bedford/St. Martins (2001), 580-581.
1993 wlis qimiuri iaraRis konvencia miznad isaxavs aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
qimiuri iaraRis ganadgurebas. aSS-is senatma am molaparakebis ratifikacia
1997 wels moaxdina.
arsebobs sazRvrebi, ras SeiZleba moelode am molaparakebaTagan. mTavro-
616
bebi, rogorc wesi, xels ar aweren xelSekrulebebs, romlebic moiTxoven maTgan
iseT moqmedebas, romelsac ar Seasrulebdnen am molaparakebis ararsebobis pirobebSi. magaliTad, aSS-m gamoacxada, rom mas ar ganuzraxavs qimiuri iaraRis ganviTareba (erovnuli usafrTxoebisaTvisac ar eyrdnoboda is am saxis iaraRs), im
dros, roca man xeli moawera qimiuri iaraRis konvencias. iq, sadac qcevis wesebis
Sesaxeb molaparakeba qveynebisagan moiTxovda maTTvis mniSvnelovanze uaris Tqmas, saerTaSoriso samarTali ar iyo sakmarisad efeqturi.
saerTaSoriso samarTali da garemo.
617
levis Sedegebi ilustrirebulia qvemoT).17
grafikebi:
marcxniv
grafikze zeviT: aSS
vertikalurad: kanis simsivniT daavadebis wliur SemTxvevaTa r-ba mln adamianze
marjvniv
grafikze zeviT: CrdiloeTi evropa
vertikalurad: kanis simsivniT daavadebis wliur SemTxvevaTa r-ba mln adamianze
warwera grafikebis gverdiT:
ozonis safaris damcavi qmedebebis gatarebis gareSe
1987 w. monrealis protokolis pirobebSi
1992 w. kopenhagenis gamkacrebuli damatebebis pirobebSi
ozoni da simsivne
1992 wlis saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebma ozonis fenis gamanadgurebeli qimiuri nivTierebebis
gamoyenebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb Tavidan unda agvacilos milionobiT adamianis daavadeba kanis
simsivniT. mecnierTa prognozi kanis simsivniT daavadebulTa raodenobis Sesaxeb: kanis simsivniT daavadebis wliur SemTxvevaTa r-ba mln adamianze
globaluri daTbobis Sesaxeb molaparakeba (ganxiluli msoflio liderebis mier kiotoSi, iaponiaSi, 1997 wlis dekemberSi) kargi magaliTia imisa,
raoden Znelia saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis Camoyalibeba. bevri mecnieri, maT Soris geofizikosebi da meteorologebi, winaswarmetyveleben dedamiwaze globalur daTbobas momaval saukuneSi. msoflio masStabis globaluri
daTbobis efeqti SeiZleba damRupveli iyos, uaryofiTad imoqmedos msoflio
klimatze, gamofitos niadagi da gamoiwvios zRvis donis mateba, romelic daemuqreba bevr sanapiro qveyanas.
globaluri daTbobis umTavresi mizezia naxSirorJangi, romelic warmoiqmneba navTobis, naxSirisa da sxv.wvis Sedegad Sida wvis ZravaSi. magram aSS-Si arsebobs politikuri opozicia nebismier molaparakebaze, romelic xels SeuSlida,
SeaCerebda an SezRudavda sawvavis moxmarebas. profkavSirebs, rogoricaa AFLCIO (cnobili profkavSiri aSS-Si) afiqrebs samuSao adgilebis dakargva. mrewv-
elobis umsxvilesi dargebis warmomadgenlebi damatebiTi samarTlebrivi SeRavaTebis dawesebas iTxoven. skeptikosebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben samanqano
modelebs da eeWvebaT, rom globaluri daTboba saerTod moxdeba. fiqroben,
rom SesaZlebelia misi efeqturad da advilad gadatana.
msoflioSi arsebobs mravali gansxvavebuli mosazreba. evropis qveynebi im
proekologiuri standartebis momxreni arian, romlebic ver gadis aSS kongresSi.
karibis zRvisa da wynari okeanis samxreTiT mdebare qveynebis mcire raodenoba
sakuTar Tavs globaluri daTbobisas yvelaze maRali riskis qveS miiCnevs (magaliTad, zRvis donis mxolod ori futis matebasac ki SeuZlia safrTxeSi Caagdos maTi sanapiro biznesi da daabinZuros wyali). es qveynebi kidev ufro mkacr
standartebs lobireben, vidre evropa. am dros ganviTarebadma qveynebma, maT
Soris CineTma, indoeTma da braziliam, uari Tqves nebismieri saxis molaparakebaze. navTobmompovebeli qveynebi, rogoricaa saudis arabeTi, nebismieri saxis
momaval molaparakebas miiCneven ekonomikurad sazianod da agrZeleben maT kategoriul oponirebas.
618
erT-erTi pirveli umniSvnelovanesi sagareo politikuri gadawyvetileba,
romelic jorj buSma miiRo, iyo is, rom xels ar moawerda kiotos xelSekrulebas. am gadawyvetilebam farTo kritika daimsaxura sazRvargareT, qveynis SigniT
ki sapirispiro reaqcia gamoiwvia. globaluri daTbobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis
gaurkveveli Sinaarsi kidev erTi mxarea, raSic is SeiaraRebis SezRudvis xelSekrulebebs waagavs: maTze mosalaparakeblad mravali welia saWiro, kidev ufro
meti _ maT gansaxorcieleblad da yovelTvis politikosebisa da politikis gavlenis qveS aris.
619
elmwifoebma unda imoqmedon saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos 36 muxlis mixedviT,
romelic ambobs:
mocemuli wesdebis qveynebs nebismier dros SeuZliaT gamoacxadon, rom im qveyanasTan mimarTebaSi, romelic aRiarebs am valdebulebas, isinic aRiareben savaldebulod sasamarTlos iurisdiqcias yvela
legalur uTanxmoebaSi, romelic exeba: (1) xelSekrulebis interpretacias, (2) nebismier kiTxvas saerTaSoriso samarTalTan dakavSirebiT, (3)
nebismieri faqtis arsebobas, romelic gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi arRvevs
saerTaSoriso movaleobas.
sxva sityvebiT, mTavrobebi kanoniT movaleni arian daemorCilon sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT micemuli aqvT Tanxmoba sasamarTlos mier saqmis ganxilvaze. maT SeuZliaT winaswar gaakeTon deklaracia
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sesaxeb, rogorc maT 36 muxli mouwodebs
an daemorCilon mas garkveuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
msoflio sasamarTlos arsebobis pirveli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi 42-ma
mTavrobam gamoTqva survili, damorCileboda sasamarTlos savaldebulo
es niSnavs, rom aSS daTanxmdeba savaldebulo iurisdiqcias mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amgvari molaparakeba ar aiZulebda mas, mieRo sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia. magram aSS-is Tanxmoba savaldebulo iurisdiqciaze ar iyo unikaluri.
Tanamedrove samyaros arc erTi mTavroba ar daTanxmebula upirobod damorCileboda msoflio sasamarTlos brZanebebs.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da msoflio sasamarTlo. zogma SeiZleba ifiqros, rom Tu aSS an sxva romelime saxelmwifo itvirTavda liderobas
msoflio sasamarTlosTan gonieri urTierTobis damyarebis saqmeSi, SesaZloa,
sxva qveynebic mihyolodnen maT kvals. ras SeeZlo xeli SeeSala amerikisaTvis
da vTqvaT, didi britaneTisaTvis kargi magaliTis micemaSi da pirobis dade-
620
baSi, rom momavalSi maT Soris uTanxmoebaTa gadawyvetas msoflio sasamarTlos andobdnen? yovel SemTxvevaSi, garegnulad mainc arafers SeeZlo daebrkolebina qveynebs Soris aseTi xelSekrulebis dadeba. es SesaZlebelic rom
yofiliyo, ratom iqneboda saWiro? erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi aSS-sa da britaneTs Zalian mcire uTanxmoeba hqoniaT, romelic xangrZliv molaparakebas
saWiroebda da nebismieri uTanxmoeba momavalSic mcire da umniSvnelo iqneba _
axlo mokavSireebi iSviaTad xvdebian iseT azrTa sxvadasxvaobas, romelTac sasamarTlo garCeva dasWirdeba. cxadia, savaldebulo iurisdiqciis efeqturoba
ver gaizomeba, roca ori mTavrobas esoden megobrul urTierToba aqvs erTmaneTTan. nebismieri uTanxmoeba, romlis gamosworebac SeuZlebelia Cveulebrivi
diplomatiis gziT, isedac gadaecema gasarCevad saerTaSoriso tribunals.
msoflio sasamarTlos sikeTe gamoicada 1980-ian wlebSi, nikaraguis yofil marqsistul reJimsa da reiganis administracias Soris warmoSobili dapirispirebisas. adre 1985 wels aRiZra saqme msoflio sasamarTloSi aSS-is winaaRmdeg. is daadanaSaules korinTosTan sazRvris danaRmvasa da ajanyebulTa
mxardaWeraSi. saxelmwifo departamentma gamoacxada, rom aSS-is mTavroba process boikots ucxadebda da uars ambobda nikaraguis mTavrobasTan molaparakebebze. prezidentma reiganma es qmedeba imiT gaamarTla, rom nikaragua sasamarTlos politikuri da propagandistuli miznebisaTvis iyenebda.
1986 wlis ivnisSi msoflio sasamarTlom aSS-is gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni
gamoitana. nikaraguis iniciativiT gaeros usafrTxoebis sabWom kenWi uyara
sakiTxs imis Taobaze, unda daeWira Tu ara mxari sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebisaTvis. kenWisyra aSS-is sawinaaRmdegod dasrulda: 11 xma 1-is winaaRmdeg (didma
britaneTma, safrangeTma da tailandma Tavi Seikaves, aSS-m vetos ufleba gamoiyena). samwuxarod, rogorc es winaaRmdegobebiT savse saqme gviCvenebs, savaldebulo iuirisdiqciasTan dakavSirebuli problema, iseve, rogorc zogadad
saerTaSoriso samarTali, yvelaze naklebefeqturia iq, sadac yvelaze metad
saWiroa.
1998 wlis TebervalSi msoflio sasamarTlom mniSvnelovan saqmeSi kidev
erTxel gamoitana ganaCeni aSS-is winaaRmdeg. amjerad saqme exeboda uTanxmoebas, romelmac Tavi iCina 1988 wels ~pan amerikan~ aviaxazebis 103-e reisis TviTmfrinavis teroristul afeTqebasTan dakavSirebiT lokberis (Sotlandia) Tavze.
am dros 259 adamiani daiRupa (plus 11 adamiani miwaze). aSS da didi britaneTi
intensiurad ibrZodnen libiisaTvis gaeros sanqciebis dasaweseblad, roca libiis mTavrobam uari Tqva teroristul aqtSi eWvmitanili ori libieli nacionalistis eqstradiciaze. sanqciebi dawesda 1992 wels da agrZelebda moqmedebas.
libiis mTavrobam saqme gansaxilvelad msoflio sasamarTlos warudgina, magram
aSS irwmuneboda, rom sasamarTlos aklda iurisdiqcia. es proceduruli sakiTxi
mosamarTleebma sabolood gadawyvites 1998 wels.
magram am saqmeSi politikuri da legaluri manevrireba erTad mimdinareobda. aSS zewolas axdenda libiaze, raTa mas Caebarebina eWvmitanilebi da Sotlandiuri samarTlis Sesabamisad gadaeca is niderlandebis sasamarTlosaTvis da
ara saerTaSoriso sasamarTlosTvis. 1998 wlis bolos libia daTanxmda aSS-is
SemoTavazebas da 1999 wels gadasca eWvmitanilebi gaeros. sajaro sasamarTlo
procesi gaimarTa 2000 wels, xolo 2001 wlis ianvarSi erT-erTi libieli (libiis
yofili dazvervis agenti), romelsac brali edeboda lokberis masobriv mkvl-
621
elobebSi, damnaSaved cnes Sotlandielma mosamarTleebma da 20 wliani patimroba miusajes. meore gaamarTles da libiaSi dabrunebis ufleba misces.
am ganaCeniT saqme ar daxurula da arc aSS daTanxmebula libiisaTvis
gaeros sanqciebis Sewyvetas. Tumca man mainc moaxerxa am saSineli saerTaSoriso
teroristuli aqtis Sesaxeb saqmis daxurva. amgvarad, man Seamzada niadagi libiisa da dasavleTis (kerZod, aSS-is) xelaxali daaxloebisaTvis. 11 seqtembris
teraqtebidan raRac rva TveSi man sruliad axali mniSvneloba SeiZina _ SesaZlebeli gaxda momavalSi msgavsi saqmeebis ganxilva.
622
samyaroze (da msoflios istoriaze). sinamdvileSi gaeros miRwevebi iyo mcire,
Tumca arc sul mTlad umniSvnelo.
marTalia, ZalTa balansis politika da birTvuli Sekaveba amyarebda SedarebiT stabiluri wesrigis sistemas 1945 wlis Semdeg, civi omis dasasrulma
warmoSva ara mxolod wesrigis damyarebis axali gzebi, aramed axali safrTxeebi
da arastabilurobis wyaroebic. axali saerTaSoriso organizaciebis gavrceleba da Zvelebis momwifeba _ SeZlebs Tu ara wesrigis arsebuli Zalebis dabalansebas, jer kidev ucnobia.
saerTaSoriso samarTali da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ver Secvlis
diplomatiasa da oms (an mis safrTxes), rogorc saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac eri-saxelmwiofoebi agvareben uTanxmoebaTa umravlesobas. ar unda velodeT rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis pativiscema an xelSekrulebaTa xelSeuxebloba gaizrdeba imdenad, rom sakompensacio Zalebi aRar iyos omis SeCerebis an
SezRudvis mTavari saSualeba.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebs SeuZliaT dagvexmaron konfliqtis menejmentis uzarmazari davalebis SesrulebaSi, Tumca isini ver gadaWrian yvela
konfliqts yvelgan. mowesrigebuli msoflio naklebad iqneboda ganwyobili
omisaTvis. SesaZloa, is yvela gagebiT ukeTesi samyaro yofiliyo. asec rom iyos,
imis Tqma, rom vinaidan omi wesrigis ararsebobaa, amitom wesrigis arseboba avtomaturad niSnavs omis ararsebobas, logikuri Secdoma iqneboda.
faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs swrafi warmateba. arc erT calkeul faqts an
movlenas, misi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, ar SeuZlia gaxdes iseTi msoflios winapiroba, sadac aRar iqneba omi. ideologiuri mtrobis dasruleba msoflios
umsxviles da uZlieres saxelmwifoebs Soris mniSvnelovani win gadadgmuli
nabijia ufro usafrTxo da janmrTeli msofliosaken. magram es, samwuxarod, ar
aris usasrulo mSvidobis garantia.
amrigad, Zieba grZeldeba. imis miuxedavad, rom mSvidoba rCeba miuRweveli,
omis Tavidan acilebis saWiroeba _ gansakuTrebiT umsxvilesi omebisa masobrivi
ganadgurebis iaraRis gamoyenebiT _ imdenad aucilebelia, rom adamianebi gamudmebiT eZeben konfliqtebis mogvarebis gzebs. aris Tu ara konfliqtis menejmenti sakmarisad kargi? unda vecadoT Tu ara konfliqtis srulad aRmofxvras?
naTqvamia, rom politika aris SesaZleblobebis xelovneba. Tumca dResdReisobiT msofliosaTvis konfliqtebTan ufro warmatebiT gamklavebis gzebis monaxva Zalian saWiroa.
daskvna
ra wvlili miuZRvis saerTaSoriso organizaciebsa da saerTaSoriso samarTals mSvidobiani samyaros SenebaSi? vaWrobaze, mogzaurobasa da yvela saxis mimosvlaze saxelmwifo barierebis moxsna aisaxa Tanamedrove msoflioSi arasamTavrobo faqtorebis zrdaze, maT Sorisaa mravalerovnuli korporaciebi,
saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebi da saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. mravalerovnulma ekonomikurma paqtebma da samxedro kavSirebma
aseve gaaZlieres regionuli da saerTaSoriso urTierTdamokidebuleba.
miuxedavad amisa, saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da saerTaSoriso
623
paqtebis es STambeWdavi qseli Tavisufali ar aris saxelmwifo SuRlisagan. mravalmxrivma internacionalurma organizaciebma daamtkices TavianTi dadebiTi
roli saerTaSoriso arenaze xangrZlivi mSvidobisa da stabilurobis uzrunvelyofaSi. meoce saukuneSi erTa liga daiSala dapirispirebuli erovnuli interesebis gamo. civi omis ganmavlobaSi gaero mraval dabrkolebas gadaawyda,
Tumca warmatebasac miaRwia, rogorc mSvidobis SenarCunebis institutma.muSaoba mSvidobis SenarCunebis sferoSi gafarTovda civi omisSemdgom samyaroSi.
am periodSi Catarda gaeros egidiT koleqtiuri samxedro moqmedeba erayis winaaRmdeg.
saerTaSoriso samarTali aregulirebs da aiolebs urTierTobebs damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs Soris, romelTa urTierToba sxva mxriv SeiZleba
qaosuri iyos. rogorc gaeros, saerTaSoriso samarTalsac zogadad araTanmimdevruli istoria aqvs. saerTaSorso samarTlis Tanamedrove magaliTebia
Jenevisa da haagis konvenciebi, romlebmac gansazRvres omis wesebi da dades
mravalerovnuli SeiaraRebis SemzRudveli xelSekrulebebi. saerTaSoriso
ekologiuri molaparakebebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis sul ufro metad mniSvnelovani nawili xdeba. saerTaSoriso samarTlis SezRudvebi aSkara xdeba im
siZneleebis ganxilvisas, romlebsac msoflio sasamarTlo awydeba. gaerosa da
saerTaSoriso samarTlis sisustes ganapirobebs is, rom maT unari ar SeswevT
gadawonon erovnuli interesebi.
sakvanZo sityvebi
624
funqcionalistebi (funqcionalizmi)
Sida iurisdiqcia
urTierTdamokidebuleba
saerTaSoriso samarTali
arasamTavrobo aqtorebi
Jenevis konvencia
haagis konvencia
nizaciebi (INGO)
antarqtidis SeTanxmeba
nizaciebi (IGO)
britanuli Tanamegobroba
luto fondi
axeb
evrokavSiri (EU)
erTa liga
msoflio sasamarTlo
koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba
savaldebulo iurisdiqcia
kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis
1.
gansazRvreT arasamTavrobo faqtorebi saerTaSoriso politikaSi. ra gavlena aqvs maT saerTaSoriso sistemaze?
2.
3.
4.
sad gamoiyenes gaeros samSvidobo operaciebi yvelaze metad 1990-ian wlebamde? rogor Seicvala saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SenarCunebis konteqsti
civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg? CamoTvaleT adgilmdebareoba sami an oTxi
yvelaze ambiciuri samSvidobo misiisa bolo wlebSi.
5.
6.
7.
8.
risi gakeTeba aris SesaZlebeli msoflio politikaSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis rolis gazrdisaTvis?
9.
aniWebs Tu ara msoflio politikis tendenciebi upiratesobas saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos? ufro farTo rols aniWebs mas, Tu ufro mcires?
SeniSvnebi:
1.
Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, American Foreign Policy: Pattern and Process,
me-2 gamoc., (New York: St. Martins Press, 1987), 149-150.
2.
pirveli citata aris Joan Edelman Spero-s naSromSi The Politics of Economic Relations, me-4 gamoc., (New York: St. Martins Press, 1991), 104. meore ki Bruce Kogut-is For-
625
eign Policy (Spring 1998): 7; online at www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m1181/n110/20492572/.
3.
4.
Lester Brown, et al., Vital Signs: The Trends That Are Shaping Our Future (New York: Norton,
1993), 74.
5.
Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkoph, World Politics: Trend and Transformation, me-6
gamoc., (New York: St. Martins Press, 1997), 129.
6.
7.
8.
George Modelski, ed., Transnational Corporations and World Order (New York: Freeman,
1979),3.
9.
11.
citirebuli Inis L. Claude, Jr., Power and International Relations-Si (New York: Random
House, 1962), 97.
12.
Margaret Karns, `Maintaining International Peace and Security: UN Peacekeeping and Peacemaking, in World Security: Challenges for a New Century, me-4 gamoc., red. Michael Klare
da Daniel Thomas (New York: St. Martins Press, 1994), 199. Cveni msjeloba gaeros ro-
lis Sesaxeb civi omis Semdeg eTanxmeba karnesas da Cven valSi varT misi naSromis winaSe.
13.
14.
15.
Lassa Francis Oppenheim, International Law: A Treatise, nawili 1, me-2 gamoc., (London:
Longman, 1912), 281.
16.
17.
sityvari:
626
nair Sedegs ar iZleva.
amerikuli konservatizmi _ politikuri mimdinareoba aSS-Si, romelis prioritetebia ekonomikuri zrda, usafrTxoeba da sxva tradiciiseuli faseulobebi.
amerikuli liberalizmi _ politikuri mimdinareoba aSS-Si, romelic sxva faseulobebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWebs individualizms, Tanasworobasa da samoqalaqo uflebebs.
amerikis revolucia _ (1775-1783) brZola damoukideblobisaTvis da revoluciuri omi. am epoqalurma movlenam gamoiwvia britanuli mmarTvelobis
dasasruli amerikis camet koloniaSi da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
formireba 1787-1789 wlebSi. ZiriTadad TariRdeba damoukideblobis
deklaraciis gamocxadebiT (1776).
anarqizmi _ sistema, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba mTavrobis nebismieri formiT arsebobas, xSirad Zaladobisa da ukanonobis gziT.
antarqtidis xelSekruleba _ saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romelic krZalavs
yvela saxis samxedro saqmianobas antarqtidis kontinentze da uSvebs iq
yvela eris dawesebulebaTa arsebobas. is, aseve, krZalavs am miwaze vinmes
mier teritoriis miTvisebas da aRmoCenebisa da kvlevebis SemTxvevaSi xelis momwerT avaldebulebs awarmoon mSvidobiani molaparakebebi.
antisaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi _ terorizmi, romelic mimarTulia mTavrobis an iseTi institutebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic warmoadgens saxelmwifos.
saapelacio sasamarTlo _ sasamarTlo, romelic gadaxedavs saolqo sasamarTloSi ganxilul gasaCivrebul saqmeebs.
gamalebuli SeiaraReba _ moqiSpe qveynebis Sejibri SeiaraRebaSi. xels uwyobs
mecnierebisa da teqnologiis ganviTarebas. SeiZleba omis mizezic gaxdes.
askriptiuri sazogadoeba _ sazogadoeba, romelSic individis statusi da
pozicia religiis, sqesis, asakis an sxva romelime maxasiaTeblis mixedviT
ganisazRvreba.
aziuri (frinvelis) gripi _ termini, romelic ixmareba aziur safondo birJebze, finansur institutebsa da ekonomikaSi gavrcelebuli uwesrigobis
aRsawerad.
avtoritarizmi _ saxelmwifos legitimuri Zalauflebis koncentrireba erTi
adamianis (diqtatoris) an adamianTa mcire jgufis (oligarqiis) xelSi.
individTa uflebebi damorCilebulia saxelmwifos survilebs da Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad yvela SesaZlo saSualeba gamoiyeneba.
avtokratia _ erTi mmarTvelis SeuzRudavi politikuri Zalaufleba.
ZalTa balansis sistema _ saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis klasikuri Teoriis
ZiriTadi principi, romlis Tanaxmadac daaxloebiT Tanabari Zalis mqone
erebi ecdebian status kvos SenarCunebas im gziT, rom xels SeuSlian
romelime nebismier ers sxvebze upiratesobis mopovebaSi. ZalTa balansis
sistemaSi monawile saxelmwifoebi qmnian aliansebs da ibrZvian SezRudul
omebSi. am dros erTi qveyana moqmedebs rogorc `balansis SemnarCunebeli~
da alternatiulad uWers mxars moqiSpe mxareebs balansis darRvevis Tavidan asacileblad.
balfuris deklaracia _ ase ewoda britaneli sagareo saqmeTa ministris pativsacemad, romelmac 1947 wels gamoacxada, rom britaneTi mxars uWer-
627
da `palestinaSi ebraeli xalxisaTvis erovnuli saxlis gamocxadebas~ da
mouwodebda `am miznis miRwevisaken.~ es ki Semdegnairad aRiqves: araferi
unda gakeTebuliyo iseTi, rasac SeeZlo ziani mieyenebina palestinaSi arsebul araebraul erTobaTa samoqalaqo da religiuri uflebebisTvis an
sxva qveynebSi ebraelTa politikuri statusisTvis.
baristeri (advokati) _ advokati did britaneTSi, romelsac SeuZlia ganixilos saqmeebi sasamarTloSi da SeiZleba dainiSnos mosamarTlis postzec.
bastilia _ safrangeTis revoluciis dros (1789 weli) Zalian cudi reputaciis mqone samefo cixe parizSi. bastiliaze masobrivi Sturmi da patimarTa
gaTavisufleba 1789 wlis 14 ivliss pirdapiri dartyma iyo monarqiaze da
safrangeTSi erTi epoqis dasrulebis simbolo gaxda. revolucionerebma Semdeg giliotina burbonTa dinastiis mefe lui XVI-is winaaRmdeg da
misi eqstravagantuli meuRlis dedofal maria antuanetas winaaaRmdegac
gamoiyenes.
ZiriTadi kanoni _ dasavleT germaniis konstitucia, romelic 1949 wels miiRes.
bihevioristebi _ Teoretikosebi, romelTa mier politikis Seswavlac xazs usvams qmedebis faqtebze dafuZnebul Sefasebas.
bihevioristuli fsiqologia _ fsiqologiis skola, romelic amtkicebs, rom
adamianiTa da cxovelTa qcevas gansazRvravs garemodan an sxva adamianebidan miRebuli stimuli. am skolis Tanaxmad, adamianisa da cxovelis qcevis
manipulireba SesaZlebelia garemos frTxili konstruirebiT, romelic
uzrunvelyofs pozitiuri stumulis warmoSobas sasurveli qcevisa da
negatiuri stimulis warmoSobas _ arasasurveli qcevisaTvis.
orpalatiani sistema _ sakanonmdeblo organos dayofa or palatad.
bili Serisxulebze _ sakanonmdeblo dekreti, romelic cnobs adamians damnaSaved da miusjis sasjels sasamarTlo ganaCenis gareSe.
konvencia biologiuri iaraRis Sesaxeb _ saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebis kontrolis Sesaxeb 1972 wlis xelSekruleba, romelic mouwodebda biologiuri
iaraRis maragis ganadgurebisaken da maT warmoebasa da Senaxvas ukanonod
acxadebda.
bipolaruli sistema _ tradiciuli evropis ZalTa balansis sistemis moSla
da gardaqmna or mtrul banakad gayofil samyarod, romelTac saTaveSi
edgnen aSS da yofili sabWoTa kavSiri. orive maTgans hqonda STambeWdavi
ekonomikuri da samxedro Zliereba da TiToeuli sastikad ewinaaRmdegeboda meoris politikasa da ideologias.
burJuazia _ marqsistul ideologiaSi ase ewodeboda kapitalistur klass.
brendis bili _ ase ewoda aSS-is yofili prezidentis ronald reiganis pirveli
pres-mdivnis jeims brendis saxelis mixedviT. es bili (kanonad iqca 1994
wels) moiTxovs xuTdRian lodins mcire zomis cecxlsasroli iaraRis
SeZenisas. am droSi aRmasrulebel organoebs unda gaerkviaT, rom myidveli aris Tu ara saSiSi (brendi mZimed daiWra 1981 wels prezident reiganis
mkvlelobis mcdelobisas).
balansireba omisa da mSvidobis sazRvarze (konfrontacia) _ diplomatiaSi
samxedro muqaris ganzrax gamoyeneba krizisuli atmosferos Sesaqmnelad;
gaangariSebuli Zalisxmeva, gadaiyvano daZabuli ormxrivi urTierToba
omis gaCaRebis sazRvarze politikuri miznis misaRwevad (magaliTad, saerTo mtris Sekaveba, raTa man ar ganaxorcielos agresiis aqti mokavSiris
628
winaaRmdeg).
britanuli Tanamegobroba _ TvalsaCino magaliTi preferenciuli savaWro SeTanxmebisa, sadac ramdenime saxelmwifo Tanxmdeba, mianiWon erTmaneTs
eqskluziuri savaWro upiratesoba. masSi Sedian didi britaneTi da bevri
misi yofili kolonia.
britaneli raji _ britanuli koloniuri mmarTveloba aziis subkontinentze
meTvramete saukunidan 1947 wlamde indoeTisa da pakistanis damoukideblobamde.
biujetis deficiti _ federaluri mTavrobis mier imaze meti fulis daxarjva,
vidre agrovebs mogebis saxiT weliwadSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi es deficiti gadaizrda saxelmwifo valSi da mniSvnelovani xangrZlivi gavlena aqvs
qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobasa da keTildReobaze (ix. aseve erovnuli
vali.)
bundesrati _ germaniis federaluri sistemis zeda palata. misi wevrebi, romlebic pirdapir iniSneban Lnder-ebis (miwebis) mier, axorcieleben yvelaze
araformalur gavlenas sakanonmdeblo procesze.
bundestagi _ germaniis federaciuli sistemis qveda palata. sakanonmdeblo
saqmianobis didi nawili swored am palataSi xorcieldeba.
kemp-devidis SeTanxmeba _ 1979 wlis SeTanxmeba, romlis Tanaxmadac israelma
daubruna sina egviptes egviptis mier israelis aRiarebis sanacvlod. orma
yofilma mterma gamoacxada sruli diplomatiuri urTierToba da ganacxada, rom mSvidobas SeinarCunebda.
kapitalizmi _ sabazro ekonomikis sistema, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris centralurad dagegmili ekonomikuri sistemisgan gansxvavebiT eyrdnoba kerZo
warmoebas da motivirebulia piradi mogebiT.
kaTalitikuri omi _ konfliqti, romelic iwyeba, rogorc lokalizebuli da
SezRuduli dapirispireba da Semdeg gadaizrdeba sayovelTao omSi, roca
sxva mxareebic CarTulni arian konfliqtSi samxedro aliansTa gaaqtiurebis gziT.
qselebi _ mcire, mWidrod dakavSirebuli organizebuli erTeulebi.
centraluri komiteti _ jgufi, romelic marTavda sabWoTa kavSiris komunistur partias partiul yrilobebs Soris. mis wevrebs irCevdnen partiis liderebi.
qarizmatuli lideri _ politikuri lideri, romelic moipovebs legitimurobas mosaxleobis aRiarebisa da Tayvaniscemis gziT. amgvari Tayvaniscema
SeiZleba gaaCndes warsuli (realuri an mogonili) gmirobis an pirovnuli
oratoruli niWisa da politikuri nawerebis gavleniT.
SezRudvebi da sapirwoneebi _ konstituciuri instrumentebi, romlebic aZleven saSualebas samTavrobo Stoebs, ar dauSvan romelime Stos Zalauflebis zrda.
konvencia qimiuri iaraRis Sesaxeb _ saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebis kontrolis 1993
wlis xelSekruleba, romlis Tanaxmadac 10 weliwadSi unda ganadgurebuliyo qimiuri iaraRi. is mouwodebda qimiuri iaraRis maragis ganadgurebisa da im kompaniebze dakvirvebisaken, romelTa produqti SeiZleba gamoyenebuli yofiliyo nervuli-paralizebis gamomwvevi gazis dasamzadeblad,
agreTve aseTi saxis produqciis gamoSvebis Sewyvetisken.
samoqalaqo liderebi _ individebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen mTavrobaze, ma-
629
Sinac ki, Tu maT ar uWiravT oficialuri Tanamdeboba.
samoqalaqo ganaTleba _ moqalaqeebSi gamocxadebuli wesrigis, fundamenturi
faseulobebisa da rwmenis STanergvis procesi.
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba _ kanonis darRveva araZaladobrivad da Riad,
sakononmdeblo, politikuri an socialuri samarTlis yuradRebis misaqcevad.
samoqalaqo omi _ qveynis Sida omi geografiul seqciebs an politikur
fraqciebs Soris.
koaliciuri mTavroba _ mravalpartiul saparlamento sistemaSi politikuri
situacia, romlis drosac arc erT partias ar aqvs umravlesoba da umsxvilesi partia erTiandeba romeliRac sxvasTan sakanonmdeblo organos
adgilTa umravlesobis gasakontroleblad.
Tanaarseboba _ safrangeTSi gayofili aRmasruleblobis Seuwynarebloba.
civi omi _ umaRlesi donis daZabuloba aSS-sa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirs Soris,
sadac diplomatiuri manevrireba, mtruli propaganda, ekonomikuri sanqciebi da samxedro Zlierebis zrda gamoiyeneboda, rogorc iaraRi dominantobisaTvis brZolaSi.
ministrTa koleqtiuri pasuxismgebloba _ britanul sistemaSi arsebuli principi, romelic kabinetis wevrebs aerTianebs da yvelas Tanabrad akisrebs
pasuxismgeblobas mTavrobis qmedebebsa da gadawyvetilebebze. ministrebi
sajarod an Riad ar ewinaaRmdegebian premier-ministrs nebismier sakiTxSi
imis miuxedavad, Tumca SeiZleba (cxadia, es asec aris) kamaToben kidec am
sakiTxebze da gamoxataven sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebs calke.
koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba _ qveynebs Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba Zlieri
blokis Sesaqmnelad, romelic daupirispirdeba nebismier agresors.
koleqtivizmi _ rwmena, rom sajaro keTildReobas yvelaze ukeT emsaxureba
warmoebisa da distribuciis saerTo mflobeloba.
koleqtivizacia _ saxelmwifos mier yvela miwisa da produqciis saSualebaTa
miTviseba.
kolonializmi _ politika, romelic iRvwis nakleb ganviTarebuli adgilebis an
susti qveynebis ekonomikur da politikur sferoebSi dominirebisaTvis.
mas aseve imperializmsac uwodeben.
saerTo samarTali (common law) _ kanonebi britaneTSi, romlebic iqmneba
mosamarTleTa gadawyvetilebebisa da ganaCenebis precedentebisagan.
damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (dsT) _ Tavisufali federacia
axlad suverenuli saxelmwifoebisa, romelic Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlis Semdeg. is Sedgeboda TiTqmis sabWoTa kavSiris yvela yofili respublikisgan.
savaldebulo iurisdiqcia _ samarTlebrivi valdebuleba, daemorCilo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos arsebobis pirveli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi 42-ma mTavrobam gamoacxada survili, mieRo misi
savaldebulo iurisdiqcia.
konkurenti Zalebi _ erTiani federaluri da saxelmwifo kontroli.
konservatizmi _ politikuri filosofiis mimdinareoba, romelic yvela sxva
faseulobaze maRla ayenebs ayvavebas, usafrTxoebasa da tradicias (ix.
aseve liberalizmi).
konstitucia _ xelisuflebis mowyobisa da saqmianobis ZiriTadi wesebi.
630
konstituciuri demokratia _ SezRuduli saxelisuflebo sistema, romelic
dafuZnebulia umravlesobis mmarTvelobaze, sadac politikuri Zalaufleba gabneulia mraval fraqciasa da interesTa jgufebs Soris. mTavrobis qmedebebi da institutebi unda emorCilebodnen konstituciis wesebs.
konstitucionalizmi _ ix. kanonis mmarTvelobis principi.
Sekaveba _ amerikis mier globaluri status-kvo politika, romelic mohyva
meore msoflio oms. termini warmoiSva aSS politikidan, romelsac is atarebda sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT, cdilobda ra SeeCerebina misi gavlenis
sferos gavrceleba sxva qveynebSi, rogorc es gaakeTa aRmosavleT evropaSi. nato, marSalis gegma da koreisa da vietnamis omebi yvelaferi am politikis Sedegia.
kontrterorizmi _ meTodebi, romlebic terorizmis winaaRmdeg gamoiyeneba.
qveyana _ rogorc politikuri termini, gulisxmobs suverenul saxelmwifos da
igivea, rac eri an eri-saxelmwifo. sityva `qveyana~ xSirad gamoiyeneba siTbos gamosavlenad. `qveyanas~ emociuri datvirTva aqvs. amgvari emocia ar
axlavs sityvas `saxelmwifo~.
coup detat _ Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis mcdeloba. xSirad smxedro gziT.
mmarTvelobis sistemis fundamenturi Secvlis gareSe.
danaSauli kacobriobis winaaRmdeg _ danaSaulis kategoria. termini, romelic
pirvelad gamoiyenes niurnbergis procesze.
danaSauli mSvidobis winaaRmdeg _ danaSaulis kategoria, romelic gulisxmobs
saerTaSoriso mSvidobis darRvevas agresiuli omis warmoebis gziT.
deitonis SeTanxmeba _ samSvidobo xelSkruleba, romelsac xeli moewera safrangeTSi, parizSi, 1995 wels da miznad isaxavda bosniaSi omis dasrulebas.
am molaparakebiT bosniis teritoriis 49% unda gadacemoda serbeTs, 51%
musulmanebs da xorvatebs, saraevo ki dedaqalaqi unda yofiliyo. amasTan,
unda Seqmniliyo mTavroba saerTo prezidentiTa da parlamentiT.
adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia _ dadgenili safrangeTis erovnuli asambleis
mier 1789 wlis agvistos. es mokle manifesti gamiznuli iyo liberalurdemokratiuli konstituciis preambulad. is acxadebda eris suverenul
avtoritets, magram zRudavda mas individualuri uflebebis aRiarebiT.
rac gulisxmobda sicocxlis, sakuTrebisa da usafrTxoebis uflebas.
delegatTa warmomadgenlobis Teoria _ Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac arCeulma
moxeleebma unda asaxon amomrCevelTa Sexedulebebi.
demagogi _ is, vinc iyenebs liderobis unars sajaro Tanamdebobis mosapoveblad, xolo Semdeg Tanamdebobas iyenebs piradi miznebis misaRwevad.
demokratiis kedeli _ kedeli pekinis centrSi, romelzedac xalxi reJimis
mimarT ukmayofilebas gamoxatavda.
demokratiuli korelatebi _ iseTi mdgomareoba da situacia, romelic miCneulia, rom dadebiT kavSirSia eris SigniT demokratiis mSeneblobasa da
SenarCunebasTan.
demokratiuli socializmi _ xelisuflebis forma, romelic gulisxmobs arCevnebs, sajaro mflobelobas, ekonomikis marTvas, keTildReobis programeb
jandacvisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi moqalaqeTa sasargeblod.
demokratizacia _ mixeil gorbaCovis politika sabWoTa kavSirSi demokratiis
waxalisebis Taobaze, maT Soris mzardi saarCevno kampania komunisturi
631
partiis farglebSi.
damokidebulebis Teoria _ am Teoriis mixedviT ganviTarebadi qveynebi rCebian
Raribebi da damokidebulebi mdidar erebze imis Semdegac ki, rac kolonializmi oficialurad dasrulda. es xdeba imitom, rom ganviTarebuli
qveynebi iyeneben yvela saSualebas (politikur, ekonomikur, samxedro da
kulturul), raTa xeli SeuSalon konkurencias nakleb ganviTarebuli
qveynebisgan, sadac muSaxeli iafia. aman samudamod unda SeunarCunos dabali fasebi nedleuls da soflis meurneobis produqtebs.
ganviTarebadi qveynebi _ qveynebi, romlebsac ar aqvT saSualeba uzrunvelyon politikuri Zalaufleba, sajaro momsaxureba da individualuri
usafrTxoeba.
uflebis gadacema _ aSS federalizmis konteqstSi es gulisxmobs misce Statebs
da raionebs meti ufleba miiRon kanonebi, gadawyvetilebebi da gaataron
politika vaSingtonidan Carevis gareSe.
dialeqtikuri materializmi _ karl marqsis Teoria istoriuli progresis
Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac ekonomikuri klasebi ebrZvian erTmaneTs. saboloo jamSi es brZola migviyvans uklaso sazogadoebamde
proletariatis diqtatura _ marqsistul TeoriaSi politikuri ganviTarebis
gza, romelic mohyveba muSaTa revolucias. komunisturi partia akontrolebs saxelmwifos da icavs mas kontrrevoluciisgan. proletariatis
diqtaturas mivyavarT komunizmamde da uklaso sazogadoebamde.
pirdapiri demokratia _ mmarTvelobis forma, sadac gadawyvetilebebi miiReba
uSualod moqalaqeebis da ara maTi warmomadgenlebis mier.
Sida iurisdiqcia _ sakiTxebi, romlebic arsebiTad suverenuli saxelmwifos
farglebSia.
Sida terorizmi _ terorizmis forma, romelic xorcieldeba qveyanaSi im adamianebis mier, romelTac aranairi kavSiri ar aqvT arc erT mTavrobasTan.
doqtor bonemis saqme _ inglisis sasamarTlos saqme (1610), sadac iuristma
edvard qouqma Camoayaliba principi, romlis mixedviTac samarTlebrivi
normebi upiratesia sakanonmdeblo aqtebTan SedarebiT.
ormagi (dualuri) aRmasrulebeli _ saparlamento sistemaSi saxelmwifos
meTauris da centraluri aRmasruleblis funqciebis gayofa or adamians
Soris. premier-ministri centraluri aRmasruleblis rols asrulebs da
sxva arCeuli (an samefo) figura qveynis formaluri meTauria.
saWiro sasamarTlo procedura _ samarTliani proceduris garantia, romelic
moipoveba aSS konstituciis mexuTe da meToTxmete SesworebebSi.
duma _ oficialurad saxelmwifo duma. federaluri asambleis qveda palata
ruseTis erovnul sakanonmdeblo organoSi. igi xelaxla gamocxadda 1993
wels, mas Semdeg, rac gaauqmes 1917-Si. is Sedgeba 450 wevrisgan, romlis
naxevaric airCeva qveynis masStabiT partiuli siebiT, meore naxevari ki _
erTmandatiani saamomrCevlo olqebidan.
distopia _ sazogadoeba, romlis Semqmnelebi iwyeben idealuri politikuri wesrigis Senebas, magram bolos aRmoaCenen, rom ver SeZleben xelisuflebis
SenarCunebas iZulebis da komunikaciaTa saSualebebze kontrolis damyarebis gareSe.
ekonomikuri SeRweva _ gavlena, romelsac erTi an ramdenime qveyana axorcielebs postrevoluciuri qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaze.
632
eTnikuri wmenda _ bosniaSi qalaqebisa da soflebis musulmanTagan gawmenda Zaladobrivi gziT.
eTnocentruli midrekileba _ erebis uunaroba, iyvnen obieqturebi sakuTari
qmedebebis gansjisas ideologiis an nacionalizmis gamo.
evgenika _ saxeobaTa STamomavlobiTi Strixebis kontrolirebis mecniereba,
xSirad seleqciuri Sejvarebis gziT. im mizniT, rom gaumjobesdes saxeoba.
evrokomunizmi _ dasavleT evropaSi sabWoTa komunisturi Teoriis modifikacia, romelic uars ambobda Zaladobriv revoluciasa da diqtaturaze, arsebuli mTavrobis arCevnebis saSualebiT kontrolirebis sasargeblod.
evrokavSiri (EU) _ evropuli qveynebis ekonomikuri asociacia. adre ewodeboda saerTo bazari an evropis ekonomikuri erToba.
gamoricxvis wesi (exclusionary rule) _ sasamarTlo norma, romlis mixedviTac
konstituciuri farglebis darRveviT mopovebuli samxilis gamoyeneba ar
SeiZleba sasamarTloSi mopasuxis winaaRmdeg.
eqspansionizmi _ strategia, romlis mixedviTac eri iRvwis gaafarTovos Tavisi
teritoria da gavlena.
kanoni ukugebis ZaliT _ kanoni, romelic retroaqciulad (ukugebis ZaliT) danaSaulad cnobs aqtebs, romlebic kanonieri iyo maTi Cadenis dros.
faSizmi _ totalitaruli politikuri sistema, romelsac marTavs erTi politikuri lideri da misi partia. faSizmi gansxvavdeba imiT komunizmisgan,
rom ekonomikuri struqtura saxelmwifos mier imarTeba, magram kerZo sakuTrebaa.
federaluri asamblea _ ruseTis erovnuli sakanonmdeblo organo, orpalatiani parlamenti, romelic gamocxadda 1993 wlis konstituciiT da Sedgeba qveda (duma) da zeda palatisgan (federaciis sabWo).
federaciis sabWo _ federaluri asambleis zeda palata, ruseTis sakanonmdeblo organo, gamocxadebuli 1993 wlis konstituciiT. Sedgeba 178 wevrisgan, 89 terotoriuli erTeulis or-ori warmomadgenlisgan.
federalizmi _ SezRuduli mmarTvelobis sistema, romelic dafuZnebulia centralur mTavrobasa da ufro mcire regionalur mTavrobebs Soris xelisuflebis ganawilebaze.
first past the post (pirveli posts iqiT) _ saarCevno sistema, romelic gamoiyeneba
did britaneTsa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. sadac sakanonmdeblo
kandidatebi kenWs iyrian erTwevrian olqebSi. es sistema exmareba did
politikur partiebs da midrekilia orpartiuli konfiguraciisken. misi
kritikosebi Tvlian, rom es aris arademokratiuli, radgan is did bariers aRmarTavs mcire an axali partiebis winaSe da xmis mimcemT aiZulebs
airCion umsxvilesi partiis kandidati an uazrod daxarjon TavianTi xma
im kandidatis mxardaWeriT, romelsac ar SeuZlia gamarjveba.
komunizmis pirveli etapi _ marqsistul TeoriaSi es aris periodi, romelic
maSinve mohyveba kapitalizmis Camogdebas. am etapze proletariati gamoacxadebs muSaTa diqtaturas, raTa Tavidan aicilos kontrrevolucia
da Seqmnas socialisturi ekonomikuri sistema.
pirveli dartma _ moulodneli dartyma birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebiT.
pirveli msoflio _ industrializebuli demokratiuli qveynebi
fokus jgufi _ komunikaciaTa eqspertis mier marTuli adamianTa mcire-
633
ricxovani jgufi, romelic axdens reagirebas da ganixilavs konkretuli
dRis wesrigis Temebs.
Tavisufali mewarmeoba _ kidev erTi termini kerZo warmoebis aRsawerad, romelic ar aris zedmetad Seviwroebuli saxelmwifo regulaciebiT an SezRudvebiT. is upirispirdeba saxelmwifos mier kontrolirebad warmoebas
an biznesisa da industriis saxelmwifo mflobelobas.
Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika _ decentralizebuli ekonomika, sadac fasebi, gadasaxadebi da procentuli ganakveTebi, iseve rogorc warmoebuli
saqoneli da momsaxureba, ganisazRvreba miwodeba-moTxovnis ZaliT da ara
saxelmwifos mier.
safrangeTis revolucia _ (1789) Camoagdo burbonTa monarqia safrangTSi `libert, egalit and fratenit-s~ (Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba da Zmoba) saxeliT. amiT
634
CineTis ekonomikuri struqturis transformirebisa da modernizebisaTvis. amis miRwevas is gegmavda mTeli mosaxleobis masobrivi mobilizebiT
damoukidebel komunebSi, sadac yvelaferi jgufurad keTdeboda.
didi proletaruli kulturuli revolucia _ qaoturi periodi 1966 wlidan
dawyebuli, roca CineTis axalgazrdoba (wiTeli gvardia) Zedongis xelmZRvanelobiT Tavs esxmoda biurokratiul da samxedro moxeleebs im qveteqstiT, rom adgili hqonda kapitalistur da materialistur tendenciebs.
es moxeleebi igzavnebodnen SromiT banakebSi, raTa gamoesworebinaT isini.
mwvane revolucia _ dramatuli zrda soflis meurneobis nawarmisa, romelic
iyo Tanamedrove irigaciis sistemis da qimiuri sasuqebis Sedegi. axasiaTebs indoeTs, meqsikas, taivans da filipinebs.
partizanuli omi _ organizebul samxedro dajgufebaTa taqtika. es dajgufeba organizebulia mcire, mobilur razmebad, romlebic axorcieleben teroristul da sabotaJis aqtebs, Semdeg ki ifantebodnen mosaxleobaSi.
arqipelagi gulagi _ metaforuli saxeli muSaTa SromiTi banakebis qselisa,
romelic yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi ioseb stalinma gamoacxada da mas saidumlo policia inarCunebda. iq agzavnidnen arakonformistebs da politikurad arasaimedo adamianebs.
habeas korpusi _ kanoni, romelic inglisis parlamentma 1679 wels miiRo.
aZlierebs da icavs inglisis moqalaqeTa uflebebs.
haagis konvencia _ farTod aRiarebuli wesebis wyeba, romelic akontrolebs
rogorc meomari, ise neitraluri mxareebis saomar moqmedebas xmeleTze,
axali iaraRis gamoyenebas, uflebebsa da movaleobebs.
cxeli xazi _ usafrTxo pirdapiri komunikaciis xazi vaSingtonsa da moskovs Soris 1963 wels civi omis pikze SemTxveviTi birTvuli armagedonis Tavidan
asacileblad.
adamianis buneba _ adamianTa jgufs saerTo maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic gavlenas
axdenen imaze, Tu rogor reagireben isini garemosa da sxva adamianebze.
asi yvavilis kampania _ xanmokle periodi CineTSi (1956), rodesac mao Ze dunma
neba darTo azris gamoxatvasa da individualizms. es periodi Sewyda, roca
gaaqtiurda kritika reJimis winaaRmdeg.
ICBM _ sakontinentsaSoriso balistikuri raketa.
idealizmi _ politikuri filosofia, romelic saxelmwifoTa qcevis gasagebad
da Sesacvlelad faseulobebs, idealebsa da moralur principebs gadamwyvet elementebad Tvlis.
ideologiuri terorizmi _ terorizmis forma, garegnulad marqsistuli, romelic miznad isaxavs mTavrobis gadagdebas.
ideologia _ nebismieri wyeba myari, ganWvretadi ideebisa gatarebuli politikosebis da moqalaqeebis mier imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor emsaxuron sajaro
keTildReobas.
aralegaluri saqmianoba _ qveynis kanonebis winaaRmdeg politikuri saqmianoba.
imperializmi _ teritoriuli eqspansiis politika (imperiis mSenebloba), xSirad samxedro dapyrobis saSualebiT, warmoSobili sityvidan imperia.
individualizmi _ aleqs de tokvilis Tanaxmad, es aris adamianis grZnobebis
mimarTva sakuTari Tavisa da imdroindeli situaciis mimarT, sakuTari Ta-
635
vis gamoyofa sazogadoebis, rogorc erTi mTelis, ufro farTo interesebisgan.
iniciativa _ moqalaqeebis aqtivoba ama Tu im kanonis moqmedebis Sewyvetis
mizniT.
urTierTdamokidebuleba _ am Teoriis mixedviT, rom arc erT ers ar aqvs imis
saSualeba da saxsrebi, rom gaxdes sruliad izolirebuli sxva erebis
politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli saqmianobebisgan. amis Sedegad
ki warmoiSva saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, romlTa interesebic cdeba
erovnul iteresebs.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi _ gaeros mier daarsebuli saerTaSoriso organizacia. igi Sedgeba bevri qveynis mTavrobisgan, Seqmnilia msoflio
savaluto TanamSromlobis, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis da ekonomikuri stabilurobis dawinaurebisaTvis. is, aseve, iZleva valis aRebis saSualebas
wevri qveynebis mier.
interesTa jgufebi _ SezRudul areSi specifikuri interesis individTa asociacia, romelic cdilobs gavlena moaxdinos politikasa da kanonmdeblobaze.
saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebi _ saerTaSoriso organizaciebi,
romelTa wevrebic mTavrobebi arian.
internacionalisti _ Teoretikosi, romelic mxars uWers qveynebs Soris mSvidobasa da TanamSromlobas yvela qveynis mTavrobis aqtiuri monawileobis
gziT.
saerTaSoriso samarTali _ CveulebaTa, molaparakebaTa da zogadad aRiarebuli wesebis organo, romelic aregulirebs erebis uflebebsa da movaleobebs.
saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi _ kerZo individebis an jgufebisgan Semdgeg saerTaSoriso organizacieb.
saerTaSoriso revoluciuri partia _ dominanturi politikuri partia meqsikaSi 1929 wlidan dRemde. am partias arasdros waugia arCevnebi 2000 wlamde,
roca prezidenti gaxda nacionaluri moqmedebis partiis warmomadgeneli
vinsente foqsi
saerTaSoriso terorizmi _ terorizmis forma, romelsac iyenebs qveyana meore
qveynis mTavrobis winaaRmdeg; xSirad saxelmwifos mier dafinansebul
terorizmsac uwodeben.
intifada _ arabulad niSnavs `ajanyebas~. es saxeli ewoda xangrZliv palestinur
ajanyebas israelis mier dasavleT sanapirosa da Razas dakavebis winaaRmdeg 1987-93 wlebSi da mere 2001-02 wlebSi. meore intifada gansakuTrebiT
Zaladobrivi iyo, am dros xSirad iyenebdnen TviTmkvlel bombebs eqstremistuli palestinuri dajgufebebi da xdeboda sastiki zewola israelze
mis mier okupirebul teritoriebSi.
saxelmwifoTaSorisi omebi _ konfliqtebi suverenul saxelmwifoebs Soris.
oligarqiis rkinis kanoni _ elitisturi Teoria, romelic gulisxmobs, rom
msxvili organizaciebis menejmentSi CarTuli informaciis xelmisawvdomoba da kontroli administraciuli saWiroebebis gamo koncentrirebuli
gaxda mcire biurokratebis xelSi, romlebic Semdeg floben namdvil Zalauflebas am organizaciaSi.
gancalkevebis kunZulebi _ ojaxi, eklesia an sxva socialuri organizacia, rom-
636
lis saSualebiTac SeiZleba SenarCundes Sinagani winaaRmdegoba mbrZanebluri totaluri reJimis winaaRmdeg.
xunta _ mmarTveli oligarqia, gansakuTrebiT, Tu is samxedro pirebisgan Sedgeba.
samarTali _ samarTlianoba, sazogadoebaSi jildosa da tvirTis gadanawileba
damsaxurebis mixedviT.
samarTliani omi _ Tavdacvis mizniT warmoebuli omi, an imitom, rom es aris
erTaderTi gza, romlis meSveobiTac ers SeuZlia gaakeTos is, rac sworia.
qaSmiri _ sakamaTo teritoria indoeTsa da pakistans Soris. qaSmiris udides,
teritorias akontrolebs indoeTi, sadac mosaxleobis umravlesoba musulmani indusia. inodeTma da pakistanma sami umsxvilesi omi awarmoes qaSmiris gulisaTvis 1947 wlis damoukideblobis miRebidan. daZabulobam
xelaxla iCina Tavi 2000-01 wlebSi. indoeTs aqvs birTvuli iaraRi da SesaZloa, pakistansac hqondes SezRuduli raodenobis atomuri bobmebi Tavis
samxedro arsenalSi.
balansis SemnarCunebeli _ eri ZalTa balansis sitemaSi, romelic asrulebs
uTanxmoebaTa arbitris funqcias da cdilobs SeinarCunos balansi.
naTesauri qveynis sindromi _ fenomeni, romlis drosac qveynebi, romlis xalxica da liderebic kulturulad dakavSirebulni arian erTmaneTTan da ikaveben erT pozicias.
kneseti _ erTpalatiani parlamenti israelSi.
kulakebi _ mdidari miwaTmflobelebis klasi ruseTSi, romelic gaanadgura
ioseb stalinma, radgan is ewinaaRmdegeboda mis survils gamoecxadebina
saxelmwifo kontrolis qveS myofi koleqtiuri fermebi.
kuomintangi (gomindani) _ CineTis nacionaluri partia, romlis lideric iyo
Ciang kaiSi da romelic 1949 wels mao Zedunma daamarcxa.
laissez-faire kapitalizmi _ im ideiT moqmedi kapitalizmi, rom saxelmwifos dageg-
637
skola, romlis Tanaxmadac, mTavrobis mizania individualuri uflebebis
dacva da maTTvis brZola. Tumca arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba amerikel
liberalebsa da amerikel konservatorebs Soris imis Taobaze, Tu ra saxis
uflebebi aris ufro mniSvnelovani.
liberalizmi _ politikuri filosofia, romelic xazs usvams individualizms,
Tanasworobas da samoqalaqo uflebebs, sxva faseulobebze maRla ayenebs
maT (ix. aseve konservatizmi).
liberalizacia _ sabWoTa kavSirSi represiuli Sida politikis moduneba. liberalizaciisa da represiebis periodebi erTmaneTs cvlida sabWoTa kavSirs arsebobis manZilze.
libertarianizmi _ sistema, dafuZnebuli rwmenaze, TiTqos mTavroba aris
saWiro boroteba, romelic individis Tavisuflebasa da pirad cxovrebaSi
rac SeiZleba naklebad unda Caerios. aseve eZaxian minimalizms.
SezRuduli mTavroba _ koncefcia, rom mTavrobas ar SeuZlia ganaxorcielos
qmedeba, rac ar unda bevr adamians undodes, Tu es qmedeba ewinaaRmdegeba
konstituciaSi mocemul umniSvnelovanes princips.
SezRuduli omebi _ totaluri omis, kerZod totaluri birTvuli omis, antonimi.
siaTa sistema _ proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sistema, sadac kandidatebi
arian rangirebulni balotirebaSi maTi partiis mier da airCevian rangis
mixedviT.
lobistebi _ adamianebi, romlebic cdiloben gavlena moaxdinon samTavrobo
politikaze specialuri interesebis sasargeblod.
lok sabha _ indoeTis federaluri parlamentis qveda palata, romelic pirdapir
airCeva xalxis mier. indoeTSi, rogorc did britaneTsa da sxva saparlamento saxelmwifoebSi, mTavroba iniSneba umravlesobaSi mosuli partiis
mier.
dabali informaciis racionaluroba _ idea, rom amomrCevlebs SeuZliaT gaakeTon gonivruli arCevani maSinac ki, roca maT ar aqvT saTanado codna sajaro politikis, kandidatebisa an mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb.
dabali intensivobis konfliqti _ Tavs iCens, roca erTi saxelmwifo afinansebs.
an SigadaSig xels uwyobs gaxangrZlivebuli Zaladobis gamoyenebas moqiSpe qveyanaSi.
loialuri opozicia _ rwmena, romelic daibada inglisSi, rom ara saxelisuflebo partias pasuxismgebloba aqvs, Camoayalibos alternatiuli programebi
da politika. am saxis partias xandaxan loialur opozicias uwodeben.
Tavisuflebis didi qartia _ CamonaTvali politikuri koncesiebisa, romelic
1215 wels mefe jonma dauriga Tavis baronebs, rac gaxda inglisSi kanonis
uzenaesobis safuZveli.
umravlesobis mmarTveloba _ principi, romlis Tanaxmadac nebismieri kandidati an programa, romelic miiRebs sul mcire xmebis naxevars plus erTs,
imarjvebs.
marSalis gegma _ meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi dasavleT evropisaTvis
masiuri ekonomikuri mxardaWerisa programa. STagonebul iqna imis SiSiT,
rom qveynebi momwifebuli iyvnen komunisturi revoluciebisaTvis.
marqsistebi karl marqsis (1818-1883) politikuri filosofiis mimdevrebi,
romlis mixedviTac momavali ekuTvnoda industriul qveda fenas (prole-
638
tariats) da saboloo jamSi `uklaso sazogadoeba~ gamocvlida klasobriv
gansxvavebaze damyarebul sazogadoebas. civi omis ganmavlobaSi (1947-91)
am termins xSirad SecdomiT iyenebdnen nebismieri adamianis aRsawerad,
romelic eTanxmeboda, an misdevda sabWoTa kavSiris, an CineTis respublikis dasavleTis winaaRmdeg mimarTul politikas.
masirebuli kontrdartyma _ samxedro-strategiuli doqtrina, dafuZnebuli
realuri birTvuli kontrdartymis safrTxeze, romelic SeimuSava aSS-m
1950-ian wlebSi amerikuli birTvuli monopoliis xanmokle periodSi. am
doqtrinis mixedviT, Tu sabWoTa kavSiri Tavs daesxmeboda aSS-s, mokavSireebis kontrdartymas aSS birTvuli iaraRiT ganaxorcielebda.
masobrivi xazi _ mao Ze dunis rwmena, rom SesaZlebeli iyo nebismieri problemis
gadaWra, Tu individs ideologiur rwmenas Caunergavdi. amiT moxdeboda
masebis mobilizeba da gaaqtiureba.
masmedia _ masobrivi komunikaciebis meqanizmi, rogoricaa televizia, radio,
filmi, wignebi, Jurnalebi da gazeTebi.
masobriv mobilizaciaTa reJimebi _ totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi TavianT
yvelaze aqtiur fazaSi, rodesac mouwodeben da waaxaliseben mosaxleobas
monawileoba miiRon Sekrebebsa da politikur yrilobebSi.
masobrivi moZraoba _ nebismier mimdevarTa didi jgufi, romlebic erTgulni
arian lideris an/da ideologiis da mzad arian gaiRon nebismieri msxverpli moZraobis sakeTildReod.
meijis aRdgena _ iaponiis feodaluri eris dasasruli 1868 wels, roca Zalauflebiani individebis mcire jgufma simbolurad akurTxa axali imperatori, ganaxorciela ekonomikuri modernizaciis programa da gamoacxada
axali samTavrobi biurokratia.
Sereuli ekonomika _ ekonomikuri sistema, romelSic kombinirebulia, rogorc
kerZo, ise sajaro mflobelobis sawarmoebi.
Sereuli reJimi _ eri, sadac mTavrobis sxvadasxva Sto warmoadgens socialur
klass.
mogolebi _ musulmani dampyroblebi, romlebmac Seqmnes dinastiuri imperia
aziis subkontinentze. mogoli mmarTvelebi iyvnen baburi (1483-1530), arkbari (1556-1605) da aurangzebi (1658-1707). Sah jahani iyo taj mahalis arqiteqtori.
monarqistebi _ im sistemis momxreebi, romelic emyareba rwmenas, rom politikuri Zalaufleba erTi adamianis (magaliTad, mefis) xelSi unda iyos.
monros doqtrina _ status kvo saerTaSoriso politikaSi, romelic Camoayaliba aSS-s prezidentma jeims monrom, igi mouwodebda amerikis SeerTebul
Statebs xeli SeeSala da ar daeSva nebismieri garegani Zalis mcdeloba
SeecvalaT amerikis naxevarsferoze arsebuli ZalTa balansi.
moraluri relativizmi _ idea, rom yvela moraluri gansja Tandayolilad subieqturia da amitom ar aris faseuli aravisaTvis, garda misi gamomxatvelisa. rwmena, rom arc erTi mosazreba moralurobis Sesaxeb ar aris meoreze
ukeTesi.
mozaikuri sazogadoeba _ sazogadoeba, romelsac axasiaTebs maRali donis socio-kulturuli mravalferovneba (xSirad gvxvdeba afrikasa da laTinur
amerikaSi), romelmac SeiZleba seriozuli dabrkolebebi Seuqmnas qveynis
ganviTarebas.
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mravalerovnuli korporaciebi _ kompania, romelic awarmoebs bizness ramdenime saxelmwifoSi.
mravalerovnuli
saxelmwifoebi _ suverenuli
saxelmwifoebi,
romlebic
moicaven or an met (zogjer kidev ufro met) msxvil eTnikur jgufebs (an
erebs) TavianT kontrolirebad teritoriaze. aRsaniSnavi magaliTebia indoeTi, nigeria, ruseTi, CineTi iseve, rogorc yofili iugoslavia.
ormxrivi Sekavebis politika _ Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, agresiuli omi SeiZleba SeCerdes, Tu potenciuri msxverpli SeinarCunebs sakmaris samxedro
Zalas, rom zarali miayenos SesaZlo agresors.
Crdilo amerikis Tavisufali savaWro molaparakeba _ molaparakebas xeli
moawera 1994 wels aSS-m, meqsikam da kanadam. am molaparakebiT gamocxadda
Tavisufali vaWroba, an vaWroba dabali tarifebiT am sam saxelmwifos Soris.
nacia/eri _ xSirad saxelmwifos an qveynis Semcvleli termini. igi sinamdvileSi
aRniSnavs xalxs gansxvavebuli eniTa da kulturiT, an umsxviles eTnikur
jgufs _ magaliTad frangi, holandielii, Cineli da iaponeli xalxebi,
yvelani Seadgenen ers, iseve rogorc saxelmwifos, aqedan gamomdinareobs
termini eri-saxelmwifo. yvela eri ar aris imdenad iRbliani, rom sakuTari saxelmwifo hqondes. Tanamedrove magaliTebi gulisxmoben qurTebs
(TurqeTi, erayi da irani), palestinelebs (dasavleT sanapiro, Razas seqtori, libani, iordania), puStunebi (avRaneTi) da a.S.
erovnuli moqmedebis partia _ mTavari opoziciuri partia meqsikaSi. misi kandidati vinsente foqsi 2000 wels gaxda prezidenti.
erovnuli asamblea _ fokaluri wertili safrangeTis orpalatian sakanonmdeblo StoSi, romelmac unda gaamarTlos yvela kanoni.
erovnuli vali _ wliuri biujetis deficiti, roca mTavroba xarjavs imaze mets,
vidre iRebs. es aiZulebs mTavrobas isesxos fuli xarjebis dasafarad.
erovnuli interesi _ politikis mizani, romelic exmareba ers SeinarCunos an
gazardos Tavisi Zalaufleba da prestiJi.
erovnuli usafrTxoeba _ qveynis dacva gareSe da Sinauri mtrebisgan.
eris mSenebloba _ procesi, romlis drosac mocemul teritoriaze mcxovrebi
adamianebi, miuxedavad maTi eTnikuri, religiuri an enobrivi gansxvavebebisa, asocirdebian TavianTi eri-saxelmwifos simboloebsa da institutebTan.
nato (Crdiloatlantikuri aliansi) _ samxedro aliansi (daarsebuli 1949 wels),
romelSic Sedian: aSS, didi britaneTi, kanada, germania, safrangeTi, italia, saberZneTi, TurqeTi, portugalia, norvegia, belgia, dania, niderlandebi, islandia da luqsemburgi. adre misi umTavresi mizani iyo sabWoTa kavSiris agresiis SeCereba evropaSi.
neo-izolacionistebi _ iarliyi, romelic xandaxan ekvris sagareo politikis kritikosebs, vinc fiqrobs, rom aSS-s aqvs zedmetad bevri valdebuleba sazRvargareT da ukeTesi iqneboda misTvis, Tu is sakuTar saSinao
sakiTxebs dauTmobda met yuradRebas.
neitraliteti _ politika, romlis drosac prioriteti eniWeba omisgan Tavis Sekavebas. es xdeba ara muqaris poziaze dgomiT mezobeli qveynebis
mimarT, aramed TavdacviTi samxedro SesaZleblobis ganviTarebiTa da
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konfliqtebSi raime poziciis dakavebaze uaris TqmiT. fineTi, SvedeTi da
Sveicaria im qveyanaTa Soris arian, romlebic neitralitetis politikas
yvelaze warmatebulad awarmoeben.
axali federalizmi _ niqsonis prezidentobis dros federalurma mTavrobam
uzrunvelyo Statebi da raionebi SeuzRudavi (an naklebad SezRuduli)
fondebiT am programis mixedviT. mogvianebiT, prezident ronald reiganis mmarTvelobis dros is xelaxla gardaiqmna politikad, romelic miznad
isaxavda StatebSi mimavali federaluri fondebis Semcirebas.
axali industrializebuli qveynebi _ qveynebi, ayvavebuli ekonomikiT, saeqsporto industriiTa da Zlieri saSualo klasiT. misi magaliTebia samxreT
korea, taivani, singapuri da tailandi.
axali politikuri mecniereba _ meTvramete saukunis koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac, SesaZlebelia politikuri institutebis ise mowyoba, rom maT Seqmnan kompetenturi mTavroba da xeli SeuSalon Zalauflebis koncentrirebasa da tiraniis Camoyalibebas.
nihilizmi _ filosofia, romelic miiCnevs, rom yvela arsebuli socialuri da
politikuri institutis sruli ganadgureba bunebaSi sasurveli dasasrulia.
undoblobis votumi - saparlamento mTavrobebSi, sakanonmdeblo votumi, rom
arsebulma mTavrobam unda gaimarjvos, raTa darCes xelisuflebaSi.
nomenklatura _ mniSvnelovan Tanamdebobebze xalxis daniSvnis kontrolis partiuli sistema sabWoTa kavSirSi.
miumxrobloba _ civi omisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli politika, sadac bevr ganviTarebad qveyanas _ formalurad mesame msoflios saxeliT cnobils _ erCivna
ar gamxdariyo aSS-sa da misi dasavleli partniorebis mokavSire. miumxrobloba gansxvavdeba neitralitetisgan imiT, rom is ar gulisxmobs qveynis
araagresiulobas an adgilobriv konfliqtebSi Caurevlobas. neitralitetisgan gansxvavebiT, is ar gaxda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mniSvnelovani koncefcia meore msoflio omamde.
molaparakeba birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis Sesaxeb _ saerTaSoriso molaparakeba 1968 wels. SemuSavda, raTa ar daxmareboda arabirTvul qveynebs maT dauflebaSi. mas xeli ar moawera safrangeTma, CineTma da sxva
qveynebma, romlebic aqtiurad iRvwodnen birTvuli iaraRis Sesaqmnelad.
arasamTavrobo aqtorebi _ organizaciebi, maT Soris, mravalerovnuli korporaciebi da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebic mniSvnelovan rols
asruleben saerTaSoriso politikaSi.
araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegoba _ konfrontaciisa da protestis pasiuri forma,
mas xandaxan samoqalaqo daumorCileblobac ewodeba.
birTvuli monopolia _ roca mxolod erTi mxare Sejibrebis urTierTobaSi
flobs realur birTvul SesaZleblobas. aSS flobda birTvul monopolias daaxloebiT dekadis ganmavlobaSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg.
oligarqia _ avtoritaruli mTavrobis forma, sadac Zalauflebiani individebisgan Semdgar mcire jgufs xelSi aqvs absoluturi Zalaufleba.
Cveulebrivi politikosebi _ is, vinc koncetrirebulia imaze, rom xelaxla airCion.
kosmosis xelSekruleba _ saerTaSoriso molaparakeba, romelsac xeli moewera
aSS-sa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi. is krZalavda samxedro iaraRisa gamoy-
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enebasa da erovnuli suverenitetis gafarToebas kosmosSi. waaxalisebda
TanamSormlobasa da informaciis gaziarebas kosmosuri gamokvlevebis
Taobaze.
gadacdoma _ imaze meti birTvuli arsenalis qona, vidre es saWiroa mtris sruli
ganadgurebisaTvis.
palestina _ teritoria libanisa da siriis samxreTiT da iordaniis dasavleTiT,
romelic bibliur droSi iudeisa da samariis saxeliT iyo cnobili. dRes
teritoriis did nawils Seadgens eri-saxelmwifo israeli, romelic gamocxadda 1947 wels aSS-sa da britaneTis daxmarebiT.
demokratiuli mSvidobis paradoqsi _ demokratiuli qveynebi xSirad arian didi
samxedro Zalis mflobelni, eomebian sxva qveynebs, ebmebian SeiaraRebul
intervenciaSi da xandaxan axorcieleben agresiis aqtebsac, magram isini
ar eomebian erTmaneTs.
parlamenturi suvereniteti dauwereli konstituciis principi did britaneTSi, romelic britanul parlaments aqcevs uzenaes kanonSemoqmed organod.
parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonebi ar aris sasamarTlo kontrolis sagani da monarqs ar aqvs misi uaryofis ufleba.
saparlamento sistema _ demokratiuli mTavrobis sistema, sadac xelisufleba
koncentrirebulia sakanonmdeblo 11StoSi, romelic irCevs premier-ministrs da ministrTa kabinets, romlebic Tanamdebobaze arian manam, sanam
parlamentSi umravlesoba hyavT.
monawileoba _ aqtiuro CarTuloba politikaSi, moicavs speqtrs xmis micemidan
masobriv protestebamde da SeiaraRebul ajanyebasa da terorizmsac ki.
mTavrisa da klientis urTierToba _ politikuri urTierTobis forma, romelic
yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba ganviTarebad qveynebSi da romelSic ierarqiuli
sistemis farglebSi gavleniani adamianebi iReben xmaTa sargebels qrTamis
sanacvlod.
TanatolTa jgufi _ erTi asakisa da saerTo interesebis mqone adamianebis jgufi.
perestroika _ termini, romliTac aRiniSneba mravalmxrivi mcdeloba sabWoTa
ekonomikis gardaqmnisa da, amavdroulad, socialisturi xasiaTis SenarCunebis mcdeloba, romlis iniciatori mixail gorbaCovi iyo.
kanonis peticia _ inglisis parlamentis aqti (1628), romelmac monarqs gadasaxadebis dawesebis ufleba CamoarTva da mTavrobas gadasca.
filosofosi mefeebi _ brZeni filosofosebi, romlebic platonis idealur qalaqs marTaven mis `respublikaSi~.
plebisciti _ mTliani sazogadoebis xmis micema sajaro politikis specifikur
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
pluralistebi _ Teoretikosebi, romlebsac sjeraT, rom nebismier demokratiul qveyanaSi politikuri sistema decentralizebuli da institucionalurad fragmentirebulia da, aqedan gamomdinare, Zalauflebis struqturis kontroli SesaZlebelia mxolod erTeulsakiTxiani koaliciebiT
konkretuli interesebis viwro sferoSi.
policiis Zala _ saxelmwifoTa Zala SeinarCunon saSinao mSvidoba da wesrigi,
uzrunvelyon ganaTleba da daicvan adamianebis janmrTeloba, usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba.
politbiuro _ mcire klani, romlebic Seadgendnen gadawyvetilebebis mimReb
642
uzenaes organos sabWoTa kavSirSi. misi wevrebi ekuTvnodnen sekretariats da iyvnen wamyvani samTavrobo saministroebis xelmZRvanelebi.
politikuri apaTia _ politikisadmi interesis arqona.
politikuri ganviTareba _ mTavrobis unari, efeqturad ganaviTaros Zalaufleba, daamyaros sajaro wesrigi da gauZlos konkurencias opoziciuri organizaciebis mxridan.
politikuri efeqturoba _ politikur saqmianobaSi gonivrulad monawileobis
SesaZlebloba, rogorc wesi imitom, rom adamians ganaTleba, socialuri
warmomavloba da sakuTari Tavis Rirseba aqvs.
politikuri SeRweva _ ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSewyoba xidebis agebiT,
gzebisa da satelefono xazebis gayvaniT, raTa Seqmnas ufro integrirebuli erovnuli ekonomika.
politikuri realizmi _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac, Zalaufleba mniSvnelovani faqtoria yvela saxis politikur urTierTobaSi da unda iyos
gamoyenebuli pragmatulad da gonivrulad erovnuli interesebisaTvis.
politika kargia an cudi imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba erovnul
interesebs.
politikuri socializacia _ procesi, romlis drosac erTobis wevrebs aswavlian maTi sazogadoebis ZiriTad faseulobebs da amzadeben moqalaqeobis
movaleobebisaTvis.
politika _ procesi, romlis drosac sazogadoeba irCevs mmarTvelebs da aniWebs maT uflebamosilebas miiRon gadawyvetilebebi, imoqmedon garkveuli miznebis misaRwevad da moagvaron konfliqtebi qveynis SigniT.
Zalaufleba _ adamianebsa da institutebze gavlenis moxdenisa da maTi marTvis
SesaZlebloba.
prefeqtebi _ safrangeTSi umsvilesi samTavrobo saagentoebis meTaurebi.
saprezidento sistema _ mmarTvelobis demokratiuli forma, sadac uzenaesi aRmasrulebeli airCeva calkeuli arCevnebiT, msaxurobs gansazRvruli vadiT da aqvs sxva samTavrobo Stoebisgan mkacrad gamijnuli Zalaufleba.
warmomadgenlobiTi akrZalva _ samarTlebrivi doqtrina, romlis mixedviT,
mTavrobas ara aqvs ufleba, SezRudos masmedia, garda sagangaSo situaciebisa.
kerZo interesTa jgufebi _ sakuTari interesebiT gaerTianebuli adamianebis
jgufebi.
proletariati _ marqsistul TeoriaSi es aris muSaTa klasi.
propaganda _ masmediis gamoyeneba iseTi STabeWdilebis Sesaqmnelad, rac surs
zogadad sazogadoebas, raTa gavlena moaxdinos sasurveli samizneebis azrovnebasa da saqmianobaze.
proporciuli warmomadgenloba _ politikuri struqtura, romlis drosac adgilebi sakanonmdeblo organoSi ganawilebulia TiToeul partias Soris im
xmaTa procentuli maCveneblis mixedviT, romelic TiToeulma miiRo.
sajaro keTildReoba _ politikuri sazogadoebis saziaro rwmena imis mixedviT,
Tu ra miznebi unda daisaxos mTavrobam (magaliTad, miaRwios usafrTxoebis, ayvavebis, Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebis an samarTlianobis umaRles
dones yvela moqalaqisaTvis).
sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebi _ jgufebi, romlebis wevrebic xels uwyoben
imas, rac, maTi azriT, momgebiania mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis.
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sajaro azri _ mosaxleobis Sexeduleba, romelic gavlenas axdens samTavrobo
moxeleTa gadawyvetilebebsa da politikaze.
sajaro azris gamokiTxva _ moqalaqeebis azris gageba.
wmenda _ xelisuflebisadmi nebismieri saxis winaaRmdegobis aRmofxvra masobrivi dapatimrebebis, gadasaxlebebisa da mkvlelobebis saSualebiT. es
procesi xSirad mimarTulia xelisuflebis yofili wevrebisa da maTi mimdevrebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic safrTxes warmoadgenen mmarTveli elitisaTvis.
kiTxvebis saaTi _ gaerTianebul samefoSi es aris dro, romelic gamoyofilia
orSabaTidan xuTSabaTamde yovel kviras misi udidebulesobis samefo
opoziciisaTvis (uZalauflebo partia). kviraSi orjer premier-ministrma
unda upasuxos mtrul kiTxvebs, nasrols mis mimarT opozociis mxridan.
raja sabha _ indoeTis federaluri parlamentis zeda palata, romelic arapirdapir airCeva Statebis sabWoebis mier.
SemTxveviTi SerCeva _ gamokiTxvis meTodi, romelic moicavs adamianebis gamokiTxvas mosaxleobidan SemTxveviT arCevis gziT.
gawveva _ pirdapiri xmis micema, raTa gadadges arCeuli moxele postidan.
reqtifikacia _ maoistur CineTSi yvela saxis kapitalisturi Strixis mocileba,
rogoricaa materializmi da individualizmi.
referendumi _ kenWisyra, romlis saSualebiTac moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT pirdapir uaryon sakanonmdeblo organos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba.
teroris gamefeba _ safrangeTis revoluciaSi masobrivi egzekucia, romelic
sruldeboda maqsimilian robespieris da misi sajaro usafrTxoebis
komitetis brZanebiT. igi mimarTuli iyo yvela adamianis mimarT, romelTa
politikuri Sexedulebebic gansxvavdeboda maTi utopiuri idealisgan.
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia _ moqalaqeTa monawileoba, romlis drosac arCevnebis gziT airCeva xalxis warmomadgeneli mTavrobaSi.
respublika _ mmarTvelobis forma, sadac suvereniteti am qveynis moqalaqeebis
xelSia da ara mmarTvelebis. respublikaTa didi umravlesoba dRes demokratiulia. rac niSnavs, rom suverenul Zalauflebas axorcielebs arCeuli warmomadgeneli, romelic pasuxismgebelia moqalaqeebze.
nacvalgeba _ damnaSaveTa dasja im mizeziT, rom isini cudad moiqcnen da imsaxureben tanjvas.
pozitiuri diskriminacia _ roca dadebiTi qmedeba, romelic miznad isaxavs istoriulad diskriminaciuli jgufis samsaxuriT, saxliT da ganaTlebis
SesaZleblobebiT uzrunvelyofas, iqceva dabrkolebad umravlesobis
wevrebisadmi. umciresobebisa da sqesobivi diskriminaciis msxverplTaTvis upiratesobis miniWebis uneburi Sedegi.
revolucia _ fundamenturi cvlileba sazogadoebis politikur da socialur
instituciebSi. xSirad amas Tan axlavs Zaladoba, kulturuli bunti da
samoqalaqo omi.
mzardi molodinis revolucia _ revolucia, romelic moxda mesame samyaros
qveynebis ganviTarebiT, roca isini cdilobdnen gadaeWarbebinaT meore da
pirveli msoflios warmatebisaTvis.
revoluciuri komunizmi _ ideologia, romlis mixedviTac kapitalisturi
sistema unda ganadgurdes Zaladobrivi gziT muSaTa klasis mier da unda
Seicvalos sajaro sakuTrebiT da mTavrobis mier kontrolirebadi eko-
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nomikuri sistemiT.
revoluciuri omi _ amerikis brZola damoukideblobisaTvis (1775-83) (ix. amerikis revolucia).
revoluciis ufleba _ jon lokis Teoria, romlis mixedviT mTavrobis qmedebebi
Zirs uTxris sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis ZiriTad uflebebs,
moqalaqeebs aqvT ufleba, ajanydnen da Secvalon mTavroba iseTiT, romelic marTavs sworad.
saliamis taqtika _ v.i. leninis mier gamoyenebuli taqtika oponentebis mcire
jgufebebad dayofisa, romlebsac Semdeg erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg ganawyobda da advilad daamarcxebda.
zRvis fskeris xelSekruleba _ saerTaSoriso molaparakeba, romelic krZalavs
birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebas okeanis fskerze Tormetmiliani sazRvris
gareT.
komunizmis meore faza _ marqsistul TeoriaSi utopiuri uklaso sazogadoeba,
sadac miRweulia individualuri aRsruleba, socialuri TanamSromloba
da harmonia da sadac omi sabolood aRmofxvrilia.
meore dartyma _ sapasuxo dartyma birTvuli Tavdamsxmelis winaaRmdeg. es
`meore dartymis unarianoba~ paradoqsulad amcirebs imis albaTobas, rom
birTvuli konfrontacia, marTlac, gamoiwvevs birTvul gacvla-gamocvlas.
meore samyari _ komunisturi saxelmwifoebi.
ajanyebisaken mowodeba _ waqezeba revoluciisaken
Zalauflebis dayofa _ mTavrobis organizeba sxvadasxva Stoebad, rogoricaa
sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo funqciebi. TiToeuli maTgani pasuxismgebelia sxvadasxva sferoze da flobs sakuTar Zalasa da valdebulebas.
martivi umravlesoba _ xmis mimcemTa umsxvilesi bloki arCevnebze.
SLBM - wyalqveSa balistikuri raketa.
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melic mosaxleobisgan iTxovs loilobas, axorcielebs monopolias Zalis
gamoyenebis saSualebebze da akontrolebs Tavisi moqalaqeebiT dasaxlebul teritorias.
saxelmwifos mSenebloba _ politikuri institutebis Seqmna, romlebsac SeswevT
unari, efeqturad marTon qveyana da efeqturad gaanawilon misi resursebi.
saxelmwifos marTvis xelovneba _ saxelmwifos saqmeTa brZnuli menejmenti.
usaxelmwifo erebi _ adamianebi (an erebi), romlebic gafantulebi arian ramdenime saxelmwifos teritoriaze da ara aqvT avtonomiuri, damoukidebeli an
suverenuli samTavrobo organo. usaxelmwifo eris magaliTebia qurTebi,
palestinelebi da tibetelebi. (ix. eri)
bunebrivi mdgomareoba adamianuri arsebebis mdgomareoba, sanam Seiqmneboda
qcevis samoqalaqo kodeqsi da normaluri adamianuri impulsebis kontrolirebis koleqtiuri teqnika.
saxelmwifo moRvawe _ politikosi, romelic flobs politikur unars, praqtikul sibrZnes da romlis liderobasac mniSvnelovani dadebiT gavlena aqvs
sazogadoebaze.
saxelmwifo terorizmi _ rogorc wesi, Zaladobrivi meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba mTavrobis TavdacviTi Zalebis mier sakuTari xalxis Seviwroebisa
da iZulebis gziT.
status kvos strategia _ erovnuli politika arsebul ZalTa balansis SenarCunebisa koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis SeTanxmebebis, diplomatiis da molaparakebaTa meSveobiT. agreTve, iseTi `instrumentebis legitimaciiT~,
rogoricaa saerTaSoriso samarTali da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi.
strategiuli SeiaraRebis Semcirebis xelSekruleba II (START II) _ xelSekruleba
aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris strategiuli birTvuli iaraRis Semcirebis Sesaxeb.
stratificirebuli SerCeva _ gamokiTxvis manera, romelSic monawileebi airCevian maTi asakis, Semosavlis, socialur-ekonomikuri warmomavlobis da msgavsi kriteriumebis mixedviT. SemTxveviTi SerCevis antonimi.
`Calis gamokiTxva~ _ aramecnieruli kvlevebi. ubralo, iafi gamokiTxva, romelic Riaa yvela saxis manipulaciebisaTvis.
Camogdeba _ mTavrobisaTvis Ziris gamoTxris mcdeloba, xSirad garegani daxmarebis gamoyenebiT.
uzenaesi sasamarTlo _ ukanaskneli saSualebis federaluri sasamarTlo, romelic agvarebs saqmeebs, roca warmoiSoba garkveuli saxis problemuri
kiTxvebi samarTlebriv interpretaciaSi an konstituciur principebSi.
vaWrobis pirobebi _ saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba (an fasi) msoflio bazarze.
terorizmi _ politikuri saqmianoba, romelic eyrdnoba Zaladobas an Zaladobis muqaras miznebis misaRwevad.
Teokratia _ mTavroba, romelic damyarebulia religiaze da sadac dominireben
sasuliero pirebi.
mesame samyaro _ aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis ganviTarebadi qveynebi,
romelTa umravlesoba evropuli kolonia iyo. mesame samyaros qveynebi,
rogorc wesi Raribi da Warbmosaxleobiania.
`tiananmenis~ moednis sasaklao _ 1989 wels SeuiaraRebeli moqalaqeebi, muSebi
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da studentebi gamovidnen tiananmenis moedanze pekinSi demokratiisa da
samTavrobo reformebis moTxovniT. samxedro razmebma Zalis gamoyenebiT
upasuxes, mokles 1500 demonstranti da daWres 10000.
totalitarizmi _ politikuri sistema, sadac sazogadoebis, ekonomikis da mTavrobis yoveli aspeqti farTod kontroldeba mmarTveli elitis mier. saidumlo policiuri terorizmi da radikaluri ideologia danergilia masobrivi mobilizaciisa da propagandis gziT.
tradicionalistebi _ Teoretikosebi, romelTa politikis Seswavlac damokidebulia fundamenturi da mudmivi kiTxvebis gansjaze.
tradicionalisturi sazogadoeba _ aseTi sazogadoebebi xSiri iyo warsulSi,
gauZlo cvlilebebs da dRes xSirad Zalian Raribi da CamorCenilia, maRali SobadobiT da ganaTlebis dabali doniT.
transnacionaluri terorizmi _ sxvadasxva qveynebis teroristuli dajgufebebis TanamSromloba an erTi qveynis teroristuli dajgufebis moqmedebis
gavrceleba qveynis sazRvebs gareT.
namdvili lideri _ is, vinc iSviaTi sibrZniTa da unariT miuZRvis Tavis qveyanas
krizisis dros.
trumenis doqtrina _ prezident hari trumenis mowodeba aSS-sadmi nebismieri
Tavisufali xalxis dasaxmareblad, romlebic revoluciuri safrTxis winaSe arian Sinagani SeiaraRebuli umciresobis an gareSe agresiis gamo.
meurveoba - centraluri biurokratiuli zedamxedvelobis sistema, romelic
mTavrobis unitarul sistemebSi gvxvdeba (magaliTad safrangeTi).
umravlesobis tirania _ politikuri situacia, sadac dominanti jgufi iyenebs
Tavisi mTavrobis kontrols umciresobaTa uflebebis dasarRvevad.
ultranacionalizmi _ eqstremaluri nacionalizmi, xSirad faSizmTan asocirebuli samxedro memarjvene orientacia. tipiurad axasiaTebdaT militarizmi, rasistuli mtroba da qsenofobia.
arasasurveli zarali _ omis dros gancdili zarali, romelic potenciur
agresors omis dawyebas gadaafiqrebinebs.
unitaruli sistema _ sistema, sadac mTavrobas SeuZlia airCios da gadasces
saqmeTa mmarTveloba adgilobriv mTavrobas.
utopia _ nebismieri meocnebe sistema, sadac xorcSesxmulia idealuri politikuri da socialuri wesrigi.
utopiuri socialistebi _ individebi, romlebsac sjeraT, rom sajaro sakuTreba SeiZleba efeqturad iqnas Camoyalibebuli da mas SeuZlia gadaWras
mniSvnelovani politikuri problemebi.
omi araswori gaazrebiT _ SeiaraRebuli konfliqti, romelic iwyeba, roca ori
eri SecdomiT aRiqvams erTmaneTis namdvil ganzraxvebs.
saomari danaSaulebi _ danaSaulebi, Cadenili omis dros, roca zogadad aRiarebuli wesebi sastikad irRveva.
omis eskalacia _ SeiaraRebul konfliqtisas gadasvla adgilobrivi da SezRuduli brZolis masStabidan totalur omSi. ZiriTadad iwyeba maSin, roca momentis autsaideri gadawyvets gazardos Tavisi samxedro Zalebi.
varSavis paqti _ samxedro aliansi yofil sabWoTa kavSirs da mis satelit qveynebs Soris, Seqmnili 1955 wels. am dros gamocxadda saerTo samxedro
mmarTveloba da ufleba mieca sabWoTa armias SeenarCunebina didi garnizonebi satelit qveynebSi, raTa Tavi daecva gareSe Tavdasxmisgan.
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vaimaris respublika _ konstituciuri demokratia, romelic daarsda germaniaSi
pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg konstituciur krebaze 1919 wels vaimarSi,
asocirebulia politikuri da socialuri uwesrigobis periodTan. dasrulda, roca hitleri movida xelisfulebaSi 1933 wels.
keTildReobis saxelmwifo _ saxelmwifo, romlis mTavroba dakavebulia Tavisi
mosaxleobisaTvis socialuri keTildReobis uzrunvelyofiT da akeTebs
amas, rogorc wesi, specifikuri sajaro politikis meSveobiT, rogoricaa
janmrTelobis dazRveva, minimaluri gadasaxadebi da a.S.
sistema `gamarjvebuls rCeba yvelaferi~ _ saarCevno sistema, sadac imarjvebs
kandidati, romelic xmaTa umravlesobas miiRebs.
msoflio sasamarTlo _ aseve cnobilia, rogorc saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo. es
aris gaeros umniSvnelovanesi sasamarTlo organo. sasamarTloze ismineba
nebismieri saqme im mxareebis Sesaxeb, vinc nebayoflobiT ambobs Tanxmobas
misi iurisdiqciis aRiarebaze.
msoflio savaWro organizacia _ aradiskriminaciuli organizacia, romelic
xels uwyobs vaWrobas globalur doneze.
sionizmi _ moZraoba, romlis genezisi iyo ebrauli erovnuli saxelmwifos, israelis, xelaxali gamocxadeba da Semdeg ukve mxardaWera.
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