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Drilling Fluids
Drilling Fluids
Introduction
The drilling fluid is a liquid or gas that flows using the drill
string to the drill bit and returns to the surface through the
annulus. To date, a gas or oil well cannot be drilled without
this basic concept of circulating fluid.
A cycle is the time required for the pump to move the drilling
fluid down the hole and back to the surface.
The drilling fluid is a key part of the drilling process, and the
success of a drilling program depends on its design.
A drilling fluid for a particular area should be designed to
meet specific requirements.
Generally the drilling fluids have many properties that are
beneficial to the operation but also after some of which are
undesirable. There is always a compromise.
Definition
The drilling fluid or mud as it is commonly called can be any
substance or mixture of substances with appropriate physical
and chemical characteristics, such as: air or gas, water, oil or
combinations of water and oil with certain percentage of
solids.
Specs
The fluid must not be toxic, corrosive, or flammable, but inert
to contamination of soluble salts or minerals and stable at
high temperatures. Further must maintain their properties
according to the requirements of operations, should be
immune to the development of bacterium.
Density
It is the property of the fluid whose main function keeps
formation fluids into place.
The density is generally expressed in lbs. / gal
Is a factor which depends on the hydrostatic pressure exerted
by the fluid column.
The hydrostatic pressure must be slightly greater than the
formation pressure to avoid possible an onslaught, which
depend on the characteristics of training.
Weight material is used as barite due to its high specific
gravity (minimum of 4.2gr / cc).
Density
Mud balance: allows, in addition to density in lbs. / gal and lbs.
/ ft3, knowing the specific gravity and the pressure gradient
per thousand feet.
taken.
API viscosity
Marsh funnel the funnel is used to determine fluid viscosity at
four seconds per gallon. It is determined with the Marsh
funnel, and serves to buy the fluidity of a liquid with water.
Plastic viscosity
Is the viscosity resulting from mechanical friction between:
Solid
Solids and liquids
Liquid and liquid
The viscosity depends on the concentration, size and shape of
the solids present in the fluid, and is controlled by mechanical
solids control equipment. This control is essential to improve
the rheological behavior and especially for high rates of
penetration (ROP).
A low plastic viscosity coupled with a high yield point allows
effective cleaning of the hole with high penetration rate.
Yield point
Gel strength
This resistance or gel strength is a measure of physical and
electrochemical attraction under static conditions. Is related to
the ability of fluid suspension and controlled in the same way
as the yield point is controlled, since the same type originates
solid (reagent)
This force should be sufficiently low:
Allow settling of solids in surface tanks, mainly in the sand
trap.
Allow good performance of pumps and adequate velocity.
Minimize suction effect pulls the pipe.
Filtered
The filter indicates the relative amount of fluid filtered through
the filter cake into permeable formations, when the fluid is
subjected to a differential pressure. This feature is affected by
the following factors: pressure-dispersion-temperature-time.
In permeable formations controlled non-producing developing
a quality plaster, which is possible if you have high
concentration and dispersion of clay solids that are the real
addictive filtration control. It is therefore actual practice to use
pre-hydrated bentonite to control the filter.
PH
PH indicates if the sludge is acidic or basic. Most dilute
aqueous base are alkaline and work with a range of pH
between 7.5 to 11.5. When the pH ranges from 7.5 to 9.5, the
fluid is of low pH and then varies from 9.5 to 11.5, pH is high.
The main factors that determine the selection of drilling fluids
are
Types of formations to be drilled.
and
pressures
exhibited
by
Base Oil
Are similar in composition to the water-based muds, except
that the continuous phase is water instead of oil and water
drops is, emulsified in the oil phase.
Another important difference is that all are considered inert
solids, because they do not react with the oil.
Components
1 suction tanks or dams
2 suction line
3 mud pumps
Conclusions
The drilling fluid is a liquid or gas that flows using the drill
string to the drill bit and returns to the surface through the
annulus. To date, a gas or oil well cannot be drilled without
this basic concept of circulating fluid.
Bibliography
www.fluidosdeperforacion.com
http://www.planetseed.com/es/sciencearticle/fluido-deperforacion-elemento-vital-del-pozo
http://www.ptolomeo.unam.mx
www.propiedadesdelosfluidos.com