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01 Tm2100eu02tm 0001 Introduction
01 Tm2100eu02tm 0001 Introduction
Siemens
Introduction
Contents
1
2
3
History
GSM
Current Situation, Market & Trends
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History
Introduction
History
Fig. 1
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Telegraph: S.F.B. Morse: 1843 First experimental telegraph line: Washington Baltimore
Telephone: Phillip Reis 1861: First speech transmission by cable / A. G. Bell: 1876
World Exhibition, Philadelphia
At first electronic communications was possible only via wire i.e. by means of fixed
(immobile) connections, forerunners of today's Fixed Network Connections. Initially
an operator ("switchboard girl") was needed to establish these fixed physical
connections for the caller manually at the central office. The first automatic
exchanges were first put into service in the mid-1920s.
Radio Communications
Radio connections were first used for Wireless Communications in the late 19th
century; information was sent via "ether".
1903: "Deutschen Telefunken GmbH" founded by AEG and Siemens & Halske
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Introduction
Electronic
communication:
"terrestrial network"
Telegraph
1st telegraph line 1843
Washington - Baltimore
Telephone
P. Reis 1861
A.G. Bell 1876
World Exhibition Philadelphia
Radio transmission:
1873 Maxwells theory of electromagn. waves
1887 H. Hertz: experimental proof
1895 Marconi: 1st wireless transmission
1901 1st transatlantic transmission
1903 Dt. Telefunken GmbH: AEG, Siemens& Halske
1906 1st speech and sound transmission
1909 1st radio broadcast
1917 1st mobile transmission: radio station - train
Fig. 2
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Introduction
Connection Types
There are two principles for radio connections:
Simplex Connection
Simplex connections are a "one-way street" for communication in the form of (mostly
fixed) transmitters and mobile receivers. This has been realized as e.g. (broadcast)
radio and television. But simplex connections are also used for direct communication
exchange i.e. two-way communication using stations which can be used both as a
transmitter and a receiver (e.g. walkie-talkies). However the equipment (transmitting /
receiving stations) cannot transmit and receive simultaneously. The call cycles or call
intervals are determined by prior agreement or personal code words ("over").
Duplex Connections
Duplex connections signify two-way communication. Users can transmit and receive
messages simultaneously. An example of an early duplex connection is radio
telegraphy.
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Over
Simplex Connection:
transmit or receive
Duplex Connection:
simultaneous
transmission and reception
Fig. 3
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The equipment required was extremely heavy, bulky (therefore only feasible as a
car phone service) and expensive.
The service range was limited to the area that could be covered by a single
transmitting or receiving station (single cell system).
The HF frequency range available was (is) very limited; it had to be (and still has
to be) distributed among competitors (e.g. the military, radio, and television).
The result was limited capacity, rapid market saturation, high equipment costs and
low service quality.
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Introduction
Siemens
First Mobile
Services:
Car telephone service
Since the late 40s
Fig. 4
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Introduction
automatic switching
reduction of size and weight of equipment (in the 1950s/1960s a car phone took
up half of a car trunk; 1988: introduction of the mobile phone)
but:
l
During the 1970s large-scale integrated, electronic applications and the development
of microprocessors made the configuration of more complex systems possible. One
result of this was the development of single-cell transmitter systems with multiple
receiving stations. This made it possible to extend the range of the supply area, i.e.
the operational range of the subscriber because the mobile station's transmitter
power limits the size of the cell in Single Cell Systems. However no increase in
capacity resulted from this.
Cellular Mobile Radio Systems
The breakthrough in capacity, which resulted in a significant increase in the number
of subscribers, was achieved with the introduction of the Cellular Radio System in the
late 1970s/early 1980s. The coverage of the supply area of a mobile communication
operator involves many radio cells with cellular radio systems, in which the
aforementioned limitation of the available HF frequency range is neatly circumvented
through the repeated use of the HF channels.
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radius
r
Single Cell
System
re-use distance
Cellular
System
Fig. 5
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System
Frequency range
[MHz]
Introduced
in year
USA
AMPS
800
1979
Japan
NTT-MTS
800
1979
Sweden, Norway,
Finland, Denmark
NMT
450, 900
1981 - 86
Great Britain
TACS
900
1985
Germany
C450
450
1985
France
Radiocom2000
450
1985
NMT
900
1989
RTMS
450
1985
TACS
900
1990
Italy
Fig. 6
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Analog technology.
Terminal devices were
bulky and heavy.
Second generation
GSM mobile telephones
Second generation
GSM mobile telephones
Fig. 7
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16
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0,01
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1988
1986
1984
Year
2000
1998
1996
1994
Germany
GSM (E2)
introduction
GSM (Eplus)
introduction
100
1992
1990
C-network
introduction
10
1982
0,1
B-network
introduction
1980
1978
Subscriber [M.]
Introduction
Siemens
Fig. 8
17
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Introduction
18
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1G Limitations
Capacity
Quality
Incompatibility
European mobile
communication market
early 90s
Fig. 9
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Introduction
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GSM
Introduction
GSM
Global System for
Mobile Communications
Fig. 10
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Introduction
22
1982: The CEPT forms a team of experts, the Group Special Mobile (GSM) with
the purpose of developing a binding international standard for mobile
communications in Europe.
1987: Main transmission principles are selected; 13 countries agree in the MoU
(Memorandum of Understanding) to start GSM networks until 1991.
1989: GSM is renamed from "Group Special Mobile" to "Global System for Mobile
Communications".
1995: GSM-R (Railway): The ETSI reserves further frequency range for a railway
networks; first test projects are started. GSM Phase 2 work is completed.
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GSM Milestones
1978
CEPT reserves 2 x 25 MHz in 900 MHz range
1982
CEPT founds "Groupe Special Mobile" GSM
1984-86 Comparison of technical possibilities
Goals:
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1995
1996
- free roaming
- international accessibility under 1 number (international roaming)
- large network capacity (bandwidth efficiency)
- flexibility ISDN
- broad service offering
- security mechanisms
Fig. 11
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Introduction
1997: GSM Phase 2+ Annual Release 96: CAMEL Stage 1, ASCI for GSM-R.
DCS1800 / PCS1900 are renamed to GSM1800 / GSM1900. Dual band
equipment for GSM900 / GSM1800; 10 years of MoU: 109 countries; 239
operators; 44 million GSM subscribers; 28 % share of the world market.
1998: Phase 2+ Annual Release 97: HSCSD, GPRS Stage 1, CAMEL Stage 2,...
08/98: 100 million GSM subscribers in 120 countries; 35 % share of the world
market; GSM is quasi world standard. GSM-R networks in operation. World-wide
servicing through co-operation with mobile satellite systems (IRIDIUM).
1999: Phase 2+ Annual Release '98; 250 million subscriber; 130 countries
2000: Phase 2+ Annual Release '99: GPRS Stage 2, CAMEL Stage 3, EDGE,
Virtual Home Environment VHE, Adaptive Multirate speech AMR,...GSM Rel. '99
services identical to UMTS Rel. '99 (first UMTS release); 410 million subscriber;
161 countries; approx. 60% of world-market
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GSM Milestones
1997
1998
1999
2000
Fig. 12
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GSM Recommendation
Series 08:
MSC-BSS Interface
PSTN
ISDN
MSC
BSS
Series 04:
MS/BS Interface
& Protocols
MS
Series 05:
Um Radio
Transmission
Register
Series 10:
Service Interworking
Series 11: Equipment & Type Approval Specifications
Series 06:
Speech Coding
Series 067:
Terminal
Adaptors for MS
Fig. 13
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Downward compatibility
Phase 1
1991
Full Rate Speech (FR),
Standard services
Data: max. 9.6 kbit/s
MTPy: Multiparty Service
CUG: Closed User Group
AoC: Advice of Charge
ASCI: Advanced Speech Call Items
SOR: Support of Optimal Routing
UUS: User to User Signalling
Phase 2+
Phase 2
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 1
1995
New services e.g.
MTPy, CUG, AoC;
Half Rate Speech (HR)
Enhanced Full Rate Speech
EFR:
Intelligent Network
IN:
CAMEL: Customized Applications for
Mobile network Enhanced Logic
HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for the GSM
Evolution
1997
Year
Fig. 14
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890
GSM-R
935
GSM - Adaptations
1880
GSM
900
GSM
900
E-GSM
E-GSM
876 880
960
GSM
1800
GSM
1900
[MHz]
1710
Frequency Range
[MHZ]
GSM400
GSM
1800
Useable HF
channels
35
GSM
1900
1910 1930
1990 [MHz]
Application Area
rural environment
124
174
Worldwide except
America
374
Worldwide except
America
299
America
19
Railway systems
Fig. 15
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Introduction
The GSM-PLMN
In the GSM System there must be a distinction between network operator, provider of
telecommunication services, supplier of terminal equipment and manufacturer of
network components. Especially the sale of telecommunication services and terminal
equipment differs from the conventional fixed network and mobile communication
network of the first generation, in which state-owned network operators, service
providers and equipment suppliers usually form a monopoly. In GSM the actual
network operator often transfers services to private providers who supply the
services to the mobile subscribers under different conditions. With the wide range of
products there is also great competition in the field of mobile equipment as well as of
mobile communication network components which should force further technical
development and keep the prices down.
PLMN - Public Land Mobile Network
A PLMN is a terrestrial mobile communication network set up and run by public and
private operators. It is used to provide public mobile communication services.
General Objectives of a GSM-PLMN (with respect to service aspects):
a) Provision of a wide range of speech and non-speech services and
compatibility to those services offered in fixed telecommunication networks
such as PSTN, ISDN and PDN;
b) Additional provision of specific services for mobile access environment;
c) Compatible access for mobile subscribers in all countries where the GSM
System is operated;
d) Provision of roaming (roaming agreement) and automatic updating;
e) Location registration of mobile subscribers in these countries;
f) Provision of sufficient quality of service;
g) Provision of services with a wide range of mobile stations, e.g. permanently installed in vehicles, so-called portables and hand stations (mobile phones).
General Objectives of a GSM-PLMN (with respect to performance aspects):
a) Guarantee of a high spectrum efficiency;
b) Provision of a system concept which will lead to attractive costs regarding
infra-structure and mobile equipment
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Example:
Germany
GSM-PLMN
(Public Land Mobile Network)
D1
Telekom
Competition concept:
D2
Mannesmann
Eplus
E2
Viag Intercom
Fig. 16
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Introduction
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2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
0,01
1980
0,1
Current Situation,
Market & Trends
Fig. 17
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Introduction
Overview: Systems/Standards
At the time there is a wide spectrum of mobile communication systems of the first and
second generation along with the GSM Standard and its adaptations. Important
examples include:
l
Paging Systems
Cordless Telephone
36
Target groups
Services offered
Prices
Coverage
Degree of mobility
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Introduction
Current
Mobile
Communication
Systems
Differences:
target groups
services offered
prices
coverage
degree of mobility
transmission technique
...
analogue
paging systems
e.g. Citycall
digital
paging systems
e.g. ERMES
analogue cordless
telephone systems
e.g. CT1, CT1+
digital cordless
telephone systems
e.g. DECT, PACS, PHP
Cordless
telephone booth
analogue
Private Mobile Radio
PMR
digital
PMR
e.g. TETRA
analogue
cellular systems
e.g. C450, NMT, AMPS
digital
cellular systems
e.g. GSM, D-AMPS,
PDC, IS-95
analogue
satellite systems
e.g. INMARSAT
digital
satellite systems
e.g. IRIDIUM, ICO,
Globalstar
1G
2G
Fig. 18
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1G Systems
C450: closed 12/2000
TACS (Total Access Communications System): closed 2001.
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone): closed 2001.
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service): The AMPS system was introduced in 1979
in the USA. The system, operated in the frequency range of 800 MHz, was the most
successful mobile radio system in the world until 1997. It still has an increasing
number of subscribers, because of its large coverage in the USA. 12/2000, more than
75 million AMPS subscribers were registered.
2G Systems
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications): The GSM Standard was
adopted as the first digital mobile communication standard, as planned since the
early 80s. Commercial operation started in 1992. This led to the world-wide use of
GSM net-works, which were originally planned for the European system, in more than
120 countries and regions. GSM uses a hybrid solution of FDMA and TDMA as an
access technique. GSM used currently 900 / 1800 /1900 frequency ranges.
D-AMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System): The D-AMPS was conceived
as a supplementary system to the successful analogue AMPS in the USA and
Canada. The commercial start was 1991/92. D-AMPS as IS-136 standard is based
on a combined FDMA/TDMA access technique. It shares the 800 MHz range with
AMPS (824 - 849; 869 - 894 MHz). It expanded to the 1900 MHz range in 1995.
Multimode / multiband equipment is used for AMPS/D-AMPS.
PDC (Personal Digital Cellular): With the influence of D-AMPS, PDC (originally
called JDC - Japanese Digital Cellular) was standardized for the Japanese market.
The commercial start was 1993/94. A combined FDMA/TDMA procedure, similarly to
the D-AMPS, is used as an access procedure. Mobile stations transmit at the higher
frequency with PDC, in contrast to all other systems. Frequencies around 900 MHz
(810 - 826; 940 - 956 MHz) & 1500 MHz (1429 - 1453; 1477 - 1501 MHz) are used.
IS-95 CDMA IS-95 CDMA was developed in the early 90s based on CDMA spread
spectrum digital technology and was declared IS-95 standard in 1993. The
commercial start was 1995/96. IS-95 CDMA networks are emerging world-wide with
emphasis on North America and Eastern Asia. Frequencies in the 800 MHz and 1900
MHz range are used world-wide, and also in the 1700 MHz range in Korea.
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Cellular Systems
First generation:
C450
NMT - Nordic Mobile Telephone
TACS - Total Access Communications System
AMPS - Advanced Mobile Phone System
Second generation:
GSM
D-AMPS
PDC
IS-95
Start
1992
1991/92
1993/94
1995
Coverage
worldwide
especially
USA, Canada
Japan
especially USA,
Canada, Eastern
Asia
Frequency
ranges [MHz]
900 / 1800 /
1900 (America)
800 / 1900
900 / 1500
Multiple
Access
TDMA / FDMA
TDMA / FDMA
TDMA / FDMA
CDMA
7.95
6.7
9.4 / 13
Data (max.)
[kbit/s]
9.6
(n14.4; n = 1...8)
4.8
4.8
9.6 / 14.4
Subscribers
(02/2001)
~ 410 million
~ 55 million
~ 85 million
~ 35 million +
75 million (AMPS)
Fig. 19
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Introduction
1G MSS
MARISAT (Maritime Satellite): MARISAT went into operation in 1976 as the first
mobile satellite system, initiated by the USA.
INMARSAT (International Maritime Satellite Organization): INMARSAT is taking a
dominant role in 1G MSS. Founded in 1979, it is used by more than 100 membership
countries. The four INMARSAT (operation) satellites are in a geostationary orbit
(about 36,000 km altitude). With the exception of a the pole caps, a global
transmission to the world is achievable. Digital transmission is via INMARSAT
satellites since 1995., i.e. INMARSAT has turned over to a 2G MSS system
2G MSS
Digital information transmission and a larger number of satellites in lower orbits (LEO
and MEO satellites) allow considerably higher capacity. Several services similar to
those of GSM should be possible. A problem of the 2G systems is the comparable
high price and fast extension of 2G terrestrial networks
40
Globalstar
ICO
Ellipso
ORBCOMM
Teledesic
Skybridge
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Introduction
10,000
- 20,000 km
MEO
Medium
Earth Orbit
700
- 1,500 km
Earth
LEO
Low Earth
Orbit
approx.
36,000 km
GEO
GEostationary
Orbit
HEO
High Elliptic
Orbit
1G:
MARISAT (USA) since 1976
INMARSAT (International Maritime
Satellite Organisation):
since 1979; > 80 member countries
4 GEO satellites;
global access
2G:
Iridium, ICO, Globalstar
private MSS operator
speech- & low data rate services
Fig. 20
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Subscriber trends:
1980 - 2000
Germany
100
World
10
1
Single cell
systems
1G
Introduction
2000
1998
1996
1994
Year
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
0,01
1982
0,1
1980
Subscriber [M.]
1000
2G
Introduction
Fig. 21
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Introduction
A s ia / P a c ific
Subscriber [M.]
No rth A m e ric a
1 5 0 0'
E U 15
1 0 0 0'
5 0 0'
0'
1995
2000
2005
2 0 10
Year
2015
UMTS Forum
Report #1
Fig. 22
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Introduction
Mobile Trends
The mobile radio systems of the second generation have been optimized for speech
transmission. Data transmission is possible, but has previously been considered
secondary. Taking the increasing mobility in the professional world (work outside the
office, telework) into consideration, the need for mobile transmission of data is increasing. Comparatively user-unfriendly terminals (adapter solution) and relatively
low data transmission rates are problems for data transmission of the second
generation of mobile communications. The data rates for GSM are between 0.3 - 9.6
kbit/s, the transmission rates of other cellular standards are comparable or less. The
first mobile satellite systems of the second generation also have only low data
transmission rates (Iridium max. 2.4 kbit/s, Globalstar max. 9.6 kbit/s). These rates
are considerably lower than those of ISDN (64 kbit/s).
A large variety of demands are being placed on future mobile communications. Along
with improved world-wide service, user friendliness and cost reduction, mobile PC
Internet connection with a high data transmission rate is required.
Many of these demands are taken into account in GSM Phase 2+.
In this way bearer services were standardized with transmission rates in order to increase data transmission rates as well as to realize mobile computing and access
to the Internet. Data transmission rates can be adapted to the transmission rates of
ISDN and can be increased significantly further (up to more than 100 kit/s) by means
of these bearer services. User friendly equipment and cost-reduced features are also
planned, such as improvements in speech quality and world-wide availability by
means of satellite roaming. Furthermore flexible services adaptable to customer requests and intelligent network services are planned.
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Mobile Trends
Trend:
Voice Data
100
Voice
Data
Traffic [%]
80
60
Requirements:
high data rates
user-friendliness
improved service offering
cost reduction
worldwide accessibility
40
GSM Phase 2+
20
0
1996
Source:
UMTS Forum
2001
2005
Year
2007
Fig. 23
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300'
Mobile communication
forecast (Europa)
Mobile subscriber
(total)
Subscriber [M.]
250'
Mobile subscriber
all applications from
voice to Multimedia
200'
150'
Mobile subscriber
Speech only/
low data rates
100'
50'
0'
1995
Source: UMTS-Forum
2000
2005
2010
3G (UMTS)
Year
Fig. 24
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1G
2G
(analog)
(digital)
Paging Systems,
e.g. City Call
Paging Systems
e.g. ERMES
Cordless Telephone
e.g. CT1, 1+
Cordless Telephone
e.g. DECT, PACS, PHS
wireless
Telephone cell
Wireless
Local Loops
WLL
PMR
e.g. TETRA
Cellular systems
e.g. C450, NMT, AMPS
Cellular systems
e.g. GSM, D-AMPS,
IS-95, PDC
MSS
e.g. INMARSAT
MSS
e.g. IRIDIUM, ICO,
Globalstar
IMT-2000
3G
1 family of
standards
for all
applications
countries
Fig. 25
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Zone 1 Indoor: for offices, private households,...; for low speed (stationary / up to
10 km/h) max. data rates up to 2 Mbit/s are theoretically possible.
Zone 2 Urban: for city, shopping malls, railway stations, subways, airport halls for
low speed (stationary / up to 10 km/h) max. data rates up to 2 Mbit/s are
theoretically possible.
Zone 3 Suburban/Rural: For wide range mobility (car, train) with higher / high
speeds (up to 120 / 500 km/h), 384 kbit/s 144 kbit/s should be possible. (Remark:
for UMTS only the lower speed value is currently planed)
Zone 4 Global: For rural, thinly populated areas with low user densities. All speeds
from stationary (individual buildings, measuring stations), to intermediate speeds
(car, train, ship), to 1000 km/h (airplanes). Mobile satellite systems (e.g.
INMARSAT: Horizons) which ensure up to 144 kbit/s are planned for servicing.
For IMT-2000 the frequency ranges from 1885 - 2025 MHz and from 2110 - 2200
MHz should be reserved (requested by ITU).
UMTS uses in Europe the frequency ranges of 1900 - 1980 MHz, 2010 - 2025 MHz
and 2110 - 2170 MHz.
The frequency ranges of 1980 - 2010 MHz and 2170 - 2200 MHz are reserved for 3G
MSS.
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Introduction
MSS
144 kbit/s
cellular
2010
2170
MSS
1885
cellular
2110
2025
1 9 0 0
1 9 5 0
2 0 0 0
max.
data rate
2048 kbit/s
384 kbit/s
144 kbit/s
1980
1 8 5 0
Micro
Cell
Zone 1:
Indoor
Pico
Cell
2 0 5 0
2 1 0 0
MSS
2200
2 1 5 0
2 2 0 0
2 2 5 0
Fig. 26
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Introduction
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