CEREBRUM

SULCI & GYRI

FUNCTIONAL AREAS

Cerebrum
Cerebrum is a

highly convoluted
bilobed structure.
Situated in the
cranial fossae

CEREBRUM

Median longitudinal
fissure

3 poles frontal,
occipital, temporal

3 borders

Superolateral
surface

superomedial,
inferomedial,
inferolateral 3
surfaces
superolateral, medial,
Medial surface

Inferior surface

SUPEROLATERAL SURFACE
Five

lobes on the basis

of
1.Central

sulcus

(Rolando)
2.Lateral

sulcus
posterior ramus & line
extending backwards

4.Parieto-occipitalis

sulcus
5.Pre-occipital
6.Line

notch

joining 4 & 5

LOBES OF THE
CEREBRUM

SULCI & GYRI ON

SUPEROLATERAL SURFACE

Angular & Supramarginal gyrus

Lateral sulcus (Sylvian

fissure)

Central sulcus (of

Rolando)

Insula
Lies within lateral sulcus
Overlying cortical areas are called
'Operculum'

MEDIAL SURFACE

INFERIOR
SURFACE

INFERIOR SURFACE

Functional areas of the

Brain
Cerebral cortex

demarcated into large

number of areas which
differ from each other in
their functions
Divided by Brodmann
into 47 areas

FUNCTIONAL AREAS
Brodmanns classification
Types of cortical areas:Motor areas- corticospinal & corticonuclear

tracts.
Sensory areas:- receive afferent fibers from
thalamic nuclei.
Association areas:-associative, cognitive &
integrative functions.

MOTOR AREA
Primary motor area-4 of

Brodmann.
precentral gyrus, anterior
part of the paracentral
lobule.
Controls voluntary motor
activities of the opposite
half of the body.
Lesion of primary
motor area in one
hemisphere produce
paralysis of the extremities
of the opposite half of the
body.

HOMUNCULUS

Human body is

represented in an
upside down
manner in the
precentral gyrus.
Inverted
homunculus.

Sensory areas
Primary sensory area
Secondary sensory area
Sensory association area

PRIMARY SENSORY AREA

3, 1 & 2
Postcentral gyrus, extend to

posterior part of the

paracentral lobule on the
medial surface.
Concerned with perception
of sensations from opposite
half of the body.
Receives projections from
thalamus.
Lesion- loss of sensation
from opposite half of the
body.

Speech centres
Motor speech areas/

Brocas area 44 & 45

Sensory speech area/
area 22,39,40 (wernickes
area 22)
Sensory speech area
receives input from
hearing, vision, touch &
proprioception & then
projected to brocas area
through arcuate
fasciculus.

BROCAS AREA
Pars triangularis-45 &

pars opercularis- 44 of
inferior frontal gyrus of
the frontal lobe of the left
hemisphere.
Production of expressive
speech / Vocalization.
Formation of words with
connections to adjacent
primary motor area.
Lesions- Motor aphasia.
Agrammatical & nonfluent
speech.
Expressive aphasia.

SENSORY SPEECH
AREA
Area 39 of Angular gyrus,

stores visual images &

recognises objects by sight.
lesion- word blindness.
Words are seen but not
comprehended. ALEXIA,
AGRAPHIA
Area 40 of supramarginal
gyrus of the inferior parietal
lobule, recognises familiar
objects with help of touch &
proprioception
Lesion produces astereognosis
conduction aphasia- arcuate
fasciculus is inv repetition of

WERNICKES AREA
Area 22 of superior temporal

gyrus Comprehends spoken

language, recognises familiar
sounds & words
Lesion produces word
deafness/ sensory aphasia,
unable to interpret spoken
words.
Lesions inv both motor &
sensory areas result in loss of
production of speech as well
as loss of understanding of
the spoken & written speech.
Global aphasia.

Speech areas

TEMPORAL LOBE
.

AUDITORY AREA 41 & 42

Primary auditory area

41, in superior surface

of the superior
temporal gyrus

lesions-word deafness.

visual area
Primary visual area-17 in
walls & floor of calcarine
sulcus. Perception of
isolated visual
impressions like color,
size, form, motion &
illumination.
Loss of vision

Visual & its association

areas
Area 18/ parastriate

area, Area 19/

peristriate area.
Together called as
occipital eye field.
Receives afferent
from primary area.
Relates visual
information to past
experiences &
responsible for
recognition of objects.

Blood supply
of
brain-CEREBRUM

Brain is sensitive to hypoxia &

hypoglycemia.

10 secs of cessation of blood flow

consciousness is lost

More than 4 mins IRREVERSIBLE brain

damage starts.

Brain 2% of total body weight

receives about 15% of cardiac output

and utilizes 25% of total oxygen
consumption of body

Per minute, 750 ml of blood circulates

through brain of an average weight.

Arteries of Brain
Vertebral system
Carotid System

1.Internal carotid artery

Branch of common carotid artery given in

neck.
Enters cranial cavity through carotid canal.
Internal carotid artery- branches (terminal)

Anterior cerebral artery and

Middle cerebral artery.

Internal carotid artery

2.VERTEBRAL ARTERY
Branch of subclavian artery.
Passes through foramina transversaria of

upper 6 cervical vertebrae & enters cranial

cavity through foramen magnum.
2 vertebral arteries unite at lower border

of pons to form basilar artery.

At upper border of Pons, basilar artery

bifurcates into 2 posterior cerebral

arteries.

BASILAR ARTERY

CIRCLE OF WILLIS
/Circulus arteriosus

Circle of Willis - Formation

Anteriorly Anterior

communicating artery.
Anterolaterally 2

Anterior cerebral
arteries.
Posterolaterally- 2

Posterior
communicating arteries.
Posteriorly posterior

cerebral artery

Location
In Interpeduncular fossa
Around optic chiasma

Branches
1.Central branches numerous, slender & arise
in groups. Immediately they pierce brain to
supply internal parts
Do not anastomose & are called end arteries.
Supplies diencephalon, corpus striatum &
internal capsule.
2.Cortical branches Ramify over cortex to
anastomose on piamater.
Numerous branches enter cortex at right
angles & these do not anastomose.
3. Choridal Branches supplies the ventricles

CORTICAL BRANCHES- LATERAL SURFACE

LATERAL SURFACE

ANT.CER.A
POST.CER.A
MID.CER.A

CORTICAL BRANCHES- MEDIAL SURFACE

MEDIAL SURFACE

ANT.CER.A
POST.CER.A
MID.CER.A

CORTICAL BRANCHES- INFERIOR SURFACE

Cerebral circulation functional

significance
Normally there is little or no mixing of blood
streams between
Internal carotid artery &
posterior cerebral artery
in posterior
communicating artery.
Two vertebral arteries in
basilar artery
Two anterior cerebral
arteries in anterior
communicating artery.

 Right half of brain is supplied by right

vertebral & right Internal carotid artery
Left half of brain is supplied by left vertebral
and left internal carotid artery
However, if internal carotid artery or vertebral
artery or their branches get occluded, blood
passes forward or backward across various
alternative routes for Collateral Circulation.

THANK U