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2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

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2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

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jCG KK N H j CG Y c ,NQdG GdCG P VdG jH M
.dG eCG iMEG d eJ kHY kSd
fOH a IdG ge e Ea ,RdGh dH ICGdG J CG g dG ge e CG ch
CG M dEG FT eCG fY dH jdG CG bGdGh ,ZdGh dH ICGdG jJ CG
.IQdG jj dG e a j gh Zeh M Y j GPdG
gdG e FGQ RH H e a b ah QfR a jb a j HCG ch
fSGh fah jfG L e gdG dG fL dEa :gGdGh D dDdGh
UCG e dG dGh dG IQOdG FdG GgdH J fGN fc ,jhfh
Xe RdG g fch .jdG QMCGh SdG QQH UdG dG dEG ATCG
` SdG VGZCGh QGhdGh dG jGg Y GY ,FdG f ah AdGh AGgEd
FGN GHCG fG ` kGjL kGOde CG fc IjL LhR ` nGjL kGOa FdG OGR e GPEa
.jdG OdG Hh SdH J dG dG dG jGdG e d RdG
dEG keM HdG dG a eCGh Qhj CG jL W d dh e GPEG dG IOY e ch
fc dch .IdGdG M e LCG ddG a OddG M jh .jGdG g e kje kf
dUh M dGh gdGh gdG e f j a :GjdG JLhR e JOY
.iNCG jQhdGh dGh dG dG Xf c d jh c ,dG
bdG jT c a eh e a WdG e Nj c dGh CG ZQh
CG dG e cCG AGS dG S e MC d j a :FY OGaCG e dGh
.jRh jR ec Z a eeCG j CG LhdG hCG OhCG
b IU FV T Y fQT ` GdG dG f ` f CG IOdG fc bh
J K ,fe aQ WTCH FdG g HJ K ,MCG H a kGOY jdG J
dG bdG gdG dG fb Y Sh e dJ IMGh IV a jf
LCG gh ` iNCG jdG fch .dG gGdGh jdG QMCH dGh
jf a jh V hO fQX Y Ie WTCG jfh FdG J CG ` dCGh
AKCG ShDhQ Y aJ dG g fch ,fBGb jBG Y M b gP b e c
.ddG dG U a fe dEG OJ K dG
CG ,dG S f Mh ,GdG dG f ,d SdG dG J e ch
T Tb e j eLCG j kVa b IOdG Ja a Jf
Je j dh ,dG L Y a ,dGh gdG e H kfMCG Rj
.IOY dG gj dG dG
dG Gg VCG CG hO N aZ e Jh ,He aZ jCG MCG U ah
Y YRj CG OYG dG fdG JdG c a kW dGh e IUb
dG MCG dEG dGh CehCG JdG idG JCG CG e kH dh .U c dWCG
.nYdG He dEG JCG M e fOYCGh OdG Gg M bh ,adG e LGN
.Sdh jR eH EG jHCG IdG a XCG CG J ej eh
@@@

CG hOh ,J hCG H ga j CG hO eeCG e qJ M NTh SY QGe

QdG Y cPCGh ...bdG hCG pr dH Lh a Y j hCG H Y gT J
dG Y e cCG AGS MCG Y j j d dG ,dG bdG dG HCG Hh H
.Hh HG H dEG j IM J hCG W c Lhh EG dG fOCG e hCG
fc a ,gh ee dG Y VJ c J IdG XdG HCG LhR fch
h ,fY dG j CG MC J J d c .g YJ CG EG eeCG dH MC PCJ
M EG dG ,,dGh aGdG e jdH We EG dG MS dEG Ie LN fCG cPCG
eCG .MCG c e dG oj CG H kjW kbh g GOd SG L dEG HCG e gJ
PEG U U L fCch ,jdG d d kfL j CG aOj e Y Ea dG NGO
dG Y f VJ CG SCG GH YSGbh .dG FdG IM a ICa f Lh
f d ` QdG f ` dh .d jJ dG edG dG d J CGh ,dG ah
GNCGh INCG c ` gf CG H a QdG dG c a :Y fOJ QXE Sh f
a NCdG qf c d gd dh ;dG H dEG d j c U je dEG `
ddG adG Hh ,ML a IOY j c dG QaEG bh j M dEG gdG
dG Ea Gg c eh .f H J CG jJ fc dG ddG e qf CG SG deCGh
.JdG H a dLh IdG U kGc Qqj d gOLh CG YCG CG j
@@@
fj en e ch JdG H a e j JGNCGh JNEG Qc H ch
H Y CG ke dP a .JL hCG L j C gY hCG Y gDj e eh LCH
hO ch ` Ie hC jCGQ dh ,dG GH fj c jR idG NCG HG OS
fch ,GH e cCG HG ch ,d dEG J b dG c ` Y e SOdG
.HCG hM iMEG a LhR SG CG H HCG QGH dG dEG OY b jR NCG
fCG cPCG h .dG Y d J fOH a j a OdG g a FdG CGd kaNh
dG a FdG gdG Ga .kGcP fc Od JH Y d kHEG a
q kHCG hCG keCG JM a T
dc ` dG H a dG H dG q e b q dG c GPEGh .dG d SSCG
c dh .WCd dG edG a dG d OLh ffdG dG Gg Ea ` ke GdG
CH dPh .kjCG bdG dG dP a j ddG H e gZ a hCG fdCG a g j
dG e H ` kH hCG kHEG ` dWCG MCG ` dH dHh ` gc hCG jHCG MCG j
.Y QZ W ffEG WY gGQCG c gh ,jNBG gOhCG H j
q e j jYdGh
jT NG gh ,JH e KG dG W c a ,HCG e dG c Ggh
S b hO e HUCa GM dG NCG e dCG c GdG e Ie ah .dNh
:kFb fGOf ` c YCG h ` HCG Y dEG dG Uh dM ,kGc kdCG dGh d j d
.g dEG GM NCH d HG dS `
.jCG ie Y cj X kSb kfCJ e DhGL c GM dEG Uh dh
@@@
,dG g H FdG SG ch ,IdG g JdG H a d e WCG ch
FGO AH fch .dG WT b dG eCG Jh .MGdG dH SG dh
a J dH M jC Me J H dG Y ,aGWCG L e kMe dG
ba adG H dG fch .eb Y kahe c dG e dG Gg CG d `
Sh VQCG fch ,dCG e a dG MLQCG e M dEG J dc
.dG dG dG e c JjHGQOh
dh .GQdG SGc e jdG OdG iS AT dGh KCG e dG a j dh
YdG W a e (J) e Qe iSh ,GY IY J fG b GPEG dHCG
.kGPNBG kFGQ dG Gg e dG e ch ,dGh Lod f c dG L e
,a IdG hd dG a kKK hCG Je dG Gg j CG dG IOY e ch
.OhCG eCG e j eh jQP e ddGh S H IY LhR eh
CG hjj e FdG OGaCG e UCG a dG Gg dEG QM bhCG fh
.OGfG Yh UdG gQeCG a j
GWCG GdG YdG a j a :dG Gg a j CG jdG HC j ch

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

,kGY eCG QJh CG M gh ,LR NCG dG eCG jU H e ch

f e JAL bh ,eCG e cT fch ,IQSh je g HCG LhR e KGh
jN idG HG g ,kS fGj W IQd ch .e eCG AL dG dG
fJ fc c ,H dG Ic d dG IjT eCG fch .Le UCG HGh
fCG ` H J jYdGh dH J fL e eCG fch .jaGh Mh H
.ATCG INCG fCch KdG WCG f fCa ,Hh ` IMdG HG
,J d fdG g a ejCG CG kehO gJ dG e dG V IQS fch
e GPEG fCG Y eCGh gJ a Gdh .gH e W e Y dG Ic fch
MGdG WCG YS IdG b Y e bdG Ea gGMEG IM dG eNG
.JM a fCT c c dWC jYQ
S dG e H b Hh HG c ,fdG g Y IQS MQh ,LCG M Mh
gYH eCG ah a Gg eh ,UN jYQ dEG LH GOj d H GQOEGh IdG
.gGh jYQ e qY J fc e e Leh jN Y SCa jd
@@@
M JeCG jYQ J ` HCG AHCG e QcdG CG ` AGeCG j CG FY a IOdG fch
YEG Gg ch .gQYCG e jdG hCG IY edG a TdG S ZH Y j
dGdG Vd kJh ,aJ Mh f QGeh eCG d kJ j hCG kM NCj
.Ibh AGQRh e dG Qch dG SGqC j jJ SGH jh ;Y
g c ,fOH a dG Y q j kGReG LdG Me eCG H Y YEG ch
c FY ah .LdG Je dG H j a ,AGS M Y ddG OH c a dG
e jdG j ,d e kGQGO qJh ,QeCG a eCG SG dP fL dEG j
.IdG W Y J je jT ICae Y GY ,OdG QN e kGOYh ,dGh dG
N Ked OdG dG b SG bh .ReG Gg kGLe NCG HCG e GdG Gg Yh
Wh VdG bNCH c bh ,jdG dGh VGdG e c a .JaJ Mh
.eGMGh dG e aGdG Yh dG
eCc c a) TM a dEG cjh EG MGh SCG j c a ,fCGh eCG ,d dHh
dCG cQd j K ,dGMCG jh eCG dEG dG ODd (MdG H j MGdG
.keY Y KH fj fCG ZQ MGh S a W fCch ,ddG
AVQ iH eCG dEG fCGh dGh IOdG FY Yh Le dEG Uh jCG MCG ah
.H UN IQGO ghh ,dG jM eh ,TdG S ZH dGdG YCG a .Y dGdG
dSQ jN SQCG c .IjdG JQGO a NCGh e d f CG eCG dEG SJ bh
.dG GH eCG dEG
fEa ,jdh d OdGh dG e J e ZQh ,JYOh qjQC eCG jJ ZQh
kGLe dh .eCH dGh JJ CG JYhh ,aGeh dG Y hO ALQ q J CG aQ
H a ej c) dG dEG d ga ,YdG g eCG Y ahh ,jdG NG
fdG dG a dEG OY CG d e K .Y HCG bCa ,JH bCGh ,eCH Jah (MdG
dP Le X bh .ke GeCG JdG H e dfG UCG Ggh .dG PCG keM
GOhe kejCG fG LCJ Y jCGQ SG M kjW kbh eCG e eCG j dG
.ehd OGYEGh IjdG dG J jdh dh ,Ye L d a d

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

hQJGdG H

H cPCGh .b qb e adG jU dEG jg jJ

eCG e Ie gP ` IU W RCG d ch ` fCG SdG
ThCG dh ,QGdG iMEG dEG gf a AdG e Lh
,JdG H dEG IOd bQGhR cQh dG IQOe Y
Lh FGQh dG a ,H c Y HJ H MCG
RdG QH ae IU IU gH J kGRY fR
hCG gh ,IdG JS j d fEG{ H Fb qdEG eb
H YSCG Ma Idh .z YQe a j AT
YCG cCG dh .dG jM IQP SCGQ NGO LC GQhCG
e fc fGC FH Y dh ,RdG fdG g
Ma Ve j dG g fc dh . eGC eO N
.QhdGh dH gGcP LSCG dR eh ,LHGh
@@@

fc Y Ga :eCG Y g JdG H e dG J d
GH b Ja ,jdGh dG Y H kahY
gfO c dG dP e Qa ,W NO dG dG
ked EG e J d JM jCG c b a ;dYh
Y GOhdG YdG RhJ Ib IQOf GQjdh
MCG c MCGh dG Gg a dG dCG bh .dG QGe
eh SBeh MGaCG JWTh gMCGh gCG
QJh ,Y MJ CG Y j ch ,AdGh OdG U
,fdG g a FbUCG c gh ,dG Gg a gAbUCG
.LRh je dG gjU Sh
WGY OCGhh ,YdG g H V eCG dh
e GOYG JdG H e fH VQh ,dG
jdG dG a J b fCG ` H a d aYG c `
,IQS MGdG jU OhCG Leh jd kf cCG
.d gH AadG Y ` qK e ` QbCGh
Y fM e bCH eCG Ga Y QGdG gCG M j dh
JCj dG GC H M Y MQ N T CG a :bGa
jU c e Y J SCGh ,U c e
ch) GL j e dG e fG MCG{ :jUh
z?ff b Z dG e ?Y MdG Qbh (SG Gg
J d dG CG dEG eCG OQ ch .SCG g NBG dEG
.Y Mhe qdG e Ab g fEGh ,JOGQEH
AGdG H J zqdG e Ab{ c J Hdh
kaSG acCG hq j hCG jS gT qa
gQHCG GZCG e T h ADgh .Jch IdH
,AdGh VQCG a dG ddG Y hO gFHh
g gZ adG CG je dG JOGQEG GgJh
.fEG Fe QJ dG
g MU CG AGdG ADg cj CG LGdG e dh
a HdG IdG Y JjcP g hJ fEG GcdG
adG d dG g OLh M ,HdG dG
b JdG CG AGdG ADg j CG j c ,dGh
qdG CH eDj dGh ,SEG jO Y Cfh dh
dG g H a HdGh adGh ddG g d
Gh Aj G EG AT j fCGh ,kjCG HdG dG
QeCG c a IFdGh dG g ` fEG IOGQEG ` JOGQEG
.gch gU
jCG H a fCG a OGDdG cGh dG Yd ZQh
d Le IOY f fNCGh ,d JGOGSG IOdG
:GQT IdG g a j ch .MQ Y H
NCG NCHh dW aQh JGd Gd dH QT
HCG dEG Ud dH NBG QTh ,hQ NCGh GM
.edG YdG IdG IjdG e e
Ic f H j e TCG jCG g N ML ch
j Oe c ch ,FGQh OZ H YOdG QGhdH j
WY LQOh ee e Sj e GOdG jGg e e
ej fOH a jY FT IOY GOdG jGgh .ff
GQjdG AfG Y Mh H ,dG Y FbUCG dEG SdG
Y eH HdG bEG j MCG e eh .IdG

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

dh ,a IMGh aZ jdG dG a d N bh
HdG RGdG Y KCGh TdG ec MdG SGh
e RHCG ch ,Je H J bGdG a fa dCdG
QhdG dG IQd gaGf iMEG be H J
CG ` e AGdG UCG M ` dG IOY e ch .d
f SdG Jj CG g IOda .IMGh aH Gj
dGh adH egG d Gfch ,Qf d HdG
.d UN Z Y ASG j
dG Y id dG JJ a dC dG RG dG ch
:ddc
dG bdG YdG dG hCG SQdG OdG j
dEG VdG UdG GQdG Jh ,dG VQCG
IdG H jh ,gYCG Ne hCG Sq e Ga
IMGdG IdG jh ,AdG e jY Af iNCGh
Y J dG AGN dG adG e OY
Y jM HdGh .KCGh QdGh QdG fBG fCG
LCG e j ,H aZ jJh dG g eCG AbG
hCG fCG jge Y a bGQ hCG JSG e GPEa ,dH
e dG bO SCc hCG dG QdG e QOf U
Se QGdG jR C dP .d kK aj e j a ,QdG
.ee Yh LdG AGK
Y Va GdG H GAdH UN jY jh
MC G Mh kN HhQhCG e J gh ,jG dG
.SdG ie M adG S e IBGdG Jh ,OHCGh
ej dG KdGh QdG e IOY dG Jh
Oj dG dG d Ice hCG kjJ a C dG
a b QdG Vh a OdG c EG ` Mh ddG H
Iah J QdG a dG dh .jCG e e JM
Ic OGYCH H c a LJ dG YdG OY a Ic
hCG jGdG ShDhQ a IOY J gh ,e fCGh

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

kGH cdG SQ a WdG b kV c AdG Ch

S MCG QNEG e dEG Qd H ch ,AdG H Y
,AdG H kGHY X Y MdG MCG j CG ea :KK
LdG AGTCG e KG H j Sc Y J CG eEGh
CG eEGh ,cdG dEG dG dG dH AdG Va
aM M HdG e j N d Y kGS J
MCG gS a gj ch ,eCG JQNG e Ggh .cdG
fh ,NBG ON YGQP H aQ M a dG dG
.gLh eCG fL dEG cdG IQe dEG
a fdG fGdGh AdG a YdG dG fch
dG Y a AdG S Y dX J cdG
JQH GC H M cdG J EG eh .kHN kGMS kGe
IOY g c ,AdG a jOe jEG Y FOdG fGJ
M a MQ M WdG f f dh .dG MdG
fCG cPCG dh ,b CG WCG QOCG Y f a eCG
d SH OJ Ic GUCG Y IQYe Ya e aCG
SdH dG qY a a .gQe JCG CG SCG
.cdG IQOe S a fCGh ,fG b MdG CG cQOCG
kVGh j c FdG MdG H eCG cdG SQ bh
dG IdG aT fch .dG MS Y SG e
fch ,fdG fGdH jR MCH IAe dG Y
bGdG a Gfc WCGh AdG e TM H e
Gfj CGh H fCG dG Y cQOCG Gh ,q Y AHZ
Jgd G J b HGC LhRh JGNGC h JNGC
ddHh ,kS e UCG e WCG ch .H MdGh
dMh ,dEG J e cCG H dG Y J c a
Ma I Z ah c dG Uh Q dG AD g iCGQ
dG GAGdH IdG gLM GWG a dUH
.ef e jCG
EG eh ,dEG a fU dG jdG H cdG fQOZh
fj QdG JNGC q dGE fG M ,VQCG fC Wh
dEG Md Y jh ,bJCG cCG d OGOhh H
Gg PDj CG N dP Y d QYG eCG CG EG ,gQhO
.H Iaf a fJ gQhH fc dG jN dG
dG Y JNCG Me e H eCG QGb CG dGh
g dEG bGJ c a ,f a qM b e dGh
d dh .gP a UJ SQ dG IdG dG
dG Y YCG fC QaCH eCG Te Y kW hD LCG
a gdG fJ Za ,Y LJ a kGeCG Qb EG fCG
dG eQU ,dG IjT fc a ,d IaGdG e
CGb dh ,kGHGC LGdG a gJ ,IOGQEG jb
H dEG jb IQjH JYa ,FVQG OGQCGh QaCG
.dEG HCG Oj dM MdG
Le H ,hQJGdG H dEG jW a e Gg Yh
.dG Y e jh ,MdG H e dH jh ,jNh
,dGh dH QGdG Ne Y jN NCG SG bh
M ML dEG JOb K ,a FT kb kMJ H MQh
Uh Le X M a ,WdG GfCH Y dG QGO
d fPCSG CG H EG Y Nj dh ,SG aZ a
QhS hQCG c eh .dH IOdG J c ,eCG e jN
.H a j CG d J PEG WGY UCGh Leh

Ae a S JS CG YCGh Le dEG Uh kGNCGh.

fMdG b dEG QU b HCG eGhCG CGh ,ddG dG
hCG j :YGT ce dG Ae dEG Sd
.dGh TdG fh SGd fdGh Hcd
M eh .AbUCG GOhh cdH e MQ j ch
q J Hdh ,MQ j JdG H a HCG c a dG
!MdG QeCG Y H jh eCG Oq d dEG AdG
bh ,a FH qd dG dEG gP a M c Yh
Qj gh QaCG a kbQZ JOc ch ,ka a c
M Y e eCG iCGQ EG e dh .kHgPh L dG
jM a fG K ,kTH kTg SGh ,gf J
d j CG dG MGC dN dG eGC eg Oh
S Y d dP a Hdh ,JdG Hh GdG
q
e j c dGh dEG eh IdG Y HdG SCG
.eCG e jM b dEG Y HLEG LCG
dfG QGe Qj CG ` k W ` Q dG jh
IdGh jdG H Yh JdG JS M dah
jdG jCGQ b dG dP M cCG a ,eY IQH a
gcCG fG ,kGL Ib Idh ,a IMGh Ie EG
INCG e fj c dG dG OdG Y dH
.CG LhRh GNCGh
dGh dG MU L dEG fG dG GOh Hh
M eb Y bdH dRJ M ,S H IY
EG PEG d kGc kaT e Gg ch ,YGOhh dSG
.ge a dL gh YOJh gQGhR J CG JOY
,gH bdG efCG f CG d S PEG kaT JOGRh
.HCG dEGh INCG Id ...fQX dEG jf CG b
H f fNCG IdG IdG GOh e FfG Hh
e cS Od khfh kGO U LGh A HCG
Qb e dG dG EG f d M dh ,FbUCG
kL jDhQ j M IdG bh JQjR IOhe eCG
.cCdG Lh Y
d dG dG cdG dCG Ae HdG YdG ah
Y Ojh UdG HCG cGe e c :dG eCG SGe
Y JJh .jYeh INdG GY Me IY cPCG eCG
c e N dG MCG Y gh ,QTh HCG jGQ jQU
,Sd IQe YCG cdG jf ah .f hCG IQT
fCG jjdG TQdG a J a e Y IQY gh
Uf SGh e Jh ,UTCG IY dGd jh
dG fGL Y LdG Y J GWCG d VdG
.OGfGh jd keCJ hCG dG hCG jd AJG
d RdG gL fAL cdG Uh e FbO Hh
,HCG eN a LdG eGb e Gg gLh .MdG AH d
Y GTEGh IdG a MH d kaQh eCG bh
j dG a bdG W HCG X bh .dN MGQ
.dG JJ Y H e
gYOhh fDhbUCG YOh a MdG GhCG BG PEGh
c dGR eh jQdG YeO dJ dG dH
gLM e dG zedG e ...GOdG ...GOdG{
.dG M q fPCG a qJ dCGh dG N dG
@@@

10

dGh SFdG ge e qEG b e b bh .VhdG

dG e e OY cCG AdG j CG OdG J a
jdG jRdG FGdG e OY H j jdG
ADgh .MGh j a adG WCG Ghj CG j
e M NBG dEG e e QNCGh FSdG f g
jH ADg j CG gGdG eh .gS H geCj
cBdG a UN eH j CGh ,jYQh gS
a :hNBG dG fGbCG H j e J dGh
N bJ f a bOh QNCd fc QGe
H gf ,c e bj ddHh ,jQeh gS
ch .FGdG QNCGh dG QGSCG e L H J
ITdG hCG fGh dG aGH ADg eCG fN OCG
QGc hM dEGh ,jW bGU g dEG AGZEGh
J dEG dG LQ e dH iOCG e Ggh .Hh
.FGdG ADg eCG Y H Gd IAGdGh HdG
@@@
jN NCG c QGe Y IjdG JM d c bh
j H c a :GFGdG SGh YLG IdH
SCG a MGh j j Oj a ,dG N e H
e AGHG j .GFGdG GaC H QGdG j CG hO
dEG H e SG Hdh ,kMU SOdG YdG
dUh Y j eOdG fch .dG e
M g j M UN L dEG fjh ,dG
;kMU SdG hCG edG YdG a QGdG HQ J
e Ja Y kjJ dH g QfG Ia j ch
.dG VdG f
fc Le NCG Hh H gdGh OdG FY CG eh
WdG f MCG CG SCG d fCG EG ,kYh kbKh OGOJ
je dG jg NCG fc a ,jN NCG J
Y fEGh a q Y ,dG e j dh .kGc kjJ
,jNCG H dG Gg Mj CG ,b e aY e c
kbSG cCGh THh kGOh cCG e e j CGh
dG e Le c M a .G MGh d
Ic Sb dG IOM jN fc edGh VGdGh
ch .QdGh Id e ,d OfGh ANCd dG
Yh .gRGTGh jQ j LCG g ` neh ` e c
J M jJ fc a IQdG aV e ZdG
GQjdG g eCG CG ZQ ,IQjd kGYe LCG IS e
.bO HQCG hCG YS f e cC J J d
H HQ fc fCH YCG CG dG a c Gg eh
MGdG J ,dG Y HhDhO , cP IHe f
e Ga d aJ GPEG fch ,dG a IMGh d ddGh
WN hCG Le NCG K jH f TG bdG
ADg e INCG KK YCG ch .eN WC HdG
a j gGHCG ch .qdGYh fKh dS g ,WCG
e UCG Gfc fCG eh ,He kad Gfch ,dG
dG a S e a g e OLh d d ,H kS
aJ CG dEG SG e bGU Hh H Cf a
.MdG H a JGNCGh JNCG H Y kGNCG
@@@

11

jCH dUh H UG a,QeCH gGh ,d

Jjeh ebCG jj H AfCG L H Wh ,Fb
j e a QCG d dh .H kGge kGQhe hj ch
Y j JdG H HYEGh J c a ,HYEG
dEG IOdH eCG Y dG IjT ch ,ah H
fCG YCG c dh ,b Y AMCG JGdh Ye dEGh
GP ka UCG fCGh kUNh ,dG e W
.jdG dG a IFah f
fGd ke kT Le NCG a LCG CG fS bh
Ye e J fch .e IQOf Ye jh
LHGh fCG Qe fc e QHh ,AdG fGQCG
j d jNh eC eJh YRG Qe fc a
jO e Ye Le id ch .QGVCG e QG d
kGOY e QCG d ,VQCG QbCG e e L GdG
.HQhCG a GdG FGM a M ,kYGfCGh
H b bh ;fGdG IQjR dEG Me YG bh
j dh ;g JGeh JjGg a cQTCG CG WN W
` ech d f ` d L M jW bh q Y
H a IMdG IM q Y N dG jO e kGOY
kjJ j c a ch .kMG SCG Lh ,hQJGdG
,UbCG e jdG GS G j CG dG eC f
CG b H GdG H fh ,dHCG Va
.fK UbCG dEG dG H Oj
hj b c ,dG jGdH jdG GU dh
jh ,dG fG j qe VY fEa . d
.e jec jf ddG a jh ,SM
j NC a Le Hh H dC G dP H TGh
H dEG f c c ,dGh edGh dH IRQdG
VQ Y ZQ SdGh bdH edG SQd QGdG
Jh jedGh IRQdG YCG d J d dG ,IdGdG
Y dLdG jGdG g aCG c dh .q Y e
.WdGh IHEG YCG a jdG bdG Ab
Le eCG a :ShdG ShQO c Gg AKCG a ZCG dh
J OGR eh .Y jQJ a j CG kGQhS Y
PEG ,SQdG Y ` kbDe ` QH fbG fCG jGdG H
Gg Ya ,d IjL e Y jdG dG a j d
GhRh H IOSGh Jje T fG Y c
.ka kT hQJGdG H e hCG VfG
d c bh ` b e b c ` eC j d PEGh
aJ a ,QGdG hDT a jN e FGdG cf d
M dEG JbY KJh ,jQf SG M Ia dEG
dG dG dG Oe H e J bh .c
.dG c BG f
Y X a ,c JdG H U f d fCG Y
a ` ked dh ` gQhf , gC H FGO JG
CG EG .MdGh OdG WGY UCH eGdG fDhbUCG
dG jdG FSdG jW Y fc H FGdG U
GhOj d dG a SdGh .Hh H dG j
fEGh ,IAGdGh HdG GJCG EGh M ,FSdG Hc Y
e FdG AGS H QNCG Od gY ej
hCG TdG Jh hdH dG dhdG QeCG CG

.adG Y e GdG VJ
jQcdG SCH aZ jJ Y LdG Ujh
CG HdG e AGS LdGh dGh Odc dG
OGOjh ,kW SCG g b OGOJh ,SQdG CG cdG
hCG g Z e fc e GPEG H Jh HdG QaG ddH
.hdG a DhHBG
dG e IOY e c jS dG aZ a jh
jh .dG U e IQe TH jeh ,ddG
UdG SdG hCG dG e H MGf L e jdG
H kdY VQCG Y aJ dY FGb jdh .VdG
Sc Y OdH EG TGdG dEG UdG jo
.eOdG iME H fSH hCG ,jdG QGH Vj
kjCG dG VGZC jdG J OLdG GdG ojh
.VdG Ve hCG WCG He dEG dH
IGS ASH HdG dG a FGdG OLh Qjh
kGOGYCG IaGe SGdG Ea dP e dG Yh ,dG
a dGhOh HdG fGd OLh dch .kYGfCGh
gh zGQdH{ Y V jh , H dG dG
C e Y Jh IOe GQOCG d V Ic jOU
IMGdG adG a J bh ,dGh OdG Vd S
,adG GQL dGE aUe GQdG g e kGOGYGC
f N e dG a e GQdG g Hh
e hCG e U e Hh IQdG TdG jJ
Lh ;SdG FGdG ZUCH Rjh ,Y e
IQhe ShDhQ GP AGU Sf eH je kjJ
.dGh gCG TCG Y U bh Ic
Me J aGdG G gh fOH a jZ IgX Kh
VdG{ J Ea Gdh ,dG M a EG bdG W
.OdG J a d e zAGdG Qd
@@@
H d GH a ,eCG hCG jdG f e d j dh
aG bh .JdG H dEG fQH ke kV hQJGdG
GNCGh INCG e fGbCGh JGd j dG dG a
dG MS jdG dG a aG c ,AbUCGh
a GPh Gg e cCGh ,JdG H a SGdG IdG
a qSCG c dG OdG dG JdG f aG
dEG jdGh dG YGdG bQhR IjdG bGS
,TCG e hCG f dGM hCG jdG dG a a ,f
dCS ddh .dG fL a H e JCj AdG ch
?HCG dEG g S gh ?jdG H dEG Of e{ eCG
fCh z?dG VM a HQb q SCG CG Y c gh
dG eC SCG d fEa ,QhdG GH dG IjT c
eY ,gY e c dG J CG kehO jJ dG dG
MCG dEG dG QhdG Gg gCG CG MQ b qdEG W
.JdG H a JNCG
e aYCG d IjL f HH Qe a LHh
a fc a eCG eCG .dGh dH MCGh ,b
jN e fG bh ,kehO VdG W M MCG
.ked EG QdG a gGQCG YCG d M QGdG DhD T IQGOEG a
jYdG c Le dG NCG c a fdG fdG eh

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

H a edG IG

dGh dG e H a GO eh ,eCJh LdG g Y dG fhDe j geCG dh hCG

` T h Ie ` J c dG dEG HdG ICGdG aj dG a ,ddG hDdH j e
Jh aJ fcCG ,HdG NCG IM e HhQhCG ICGd C J d g iJh ?HhQhCG NCG
?dG QN OdG Y LCG e Jh d fCJh gVJ fc CG dGh dG IM Y
.NG Ve GDdG Gg Y GdG XCG e
jj CG d H JM Y jh ,bdG ICGdG j CG jj dG a c Yh
jdG FdGh FdG GbCG Y OYG j h ,jW bdG e Ia e jh
.OdGh fdG UCG e Jee j b jdGh ,kWN kGQY OdG hj
d fa IgdGh fSBG a jdG H IQjR d Qu ob JGdG HhQhCG H Mh
SG Z a LQdG gge EG e j dh ,M Y jdG IM j
.HhQhCG dG Y kN IdG
SdG Y hH eb H CG fCG CG SCG fa ,LdG dEG AdG e fG GPEa
YCG a J QeCG Jh cGdGh Yq dG IM GhOYG b a .LCG e afGh d
a Gg c H ,YdGh IQd e Hd j d Gg Yh .zhJ e J jCGh{
Y Gk c kbJ a Gj d IQdG GeG jdG dG e FdGh .YGQdGh dG
GQb a JGP d hCG jdG JGQb a JGP Qb dEG Gg Oe dh ,gZ
c Y H OJ dG aGdG bRQh AdG IdG dG dEG Gg Oe fEGh ,jNBG
MGdG Y j dG FGSG dG Gg dEG kjCG Oeh ;J hCG L hO j
VdGh YdG Y eGdG g ch ,QdH fjEG dEG kjCG Oeh ,ANSGh
kGaGh bRQ e Aa AL Ea ,Aj b e Z a dG Y aUh dH
cCGh OM j e EG HdG Qj a :kjCG YGQdG Y dG Gg jh .kGc
.kGe EG LQdGh dc QTCG YGQR Y d U h e bh bCG a
UCG CG hMCSh .eY IQH bdG IdG J VdG OGdG GdG Gg Yh
Yh QfR a IdG f UCG fEG fEGh ` MdG H ` H a edG IdG f
.iNCG bdG QbCG a fCG Y IY Gf e T h J dGh ,a
@@@

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

c{ :gh ddG GDdH kGQGJh kGQGe LGhCG fCGh OdG g dEG ehb e dR e
z?Y hCG T hO cOH a dG AdG J
IdG QJ j jdG dG gCG f Lh e dH H d GDdGh
QdG W f J dG a ICGdG CH e GJH fCG dEG aVEH ,Y H
.jdG H a Gah dYh N a bh J fEGh ,fCG jJ
Ge FdG a Y QhSh Id H OdH YQP VC cCG d fEa GPh Gdh
dG hdG CG ,gh ,e a e a j GMGh kGOQ GDdG QGJ QH Geh
FGQBG jJ a J dG g hdG gh ,NBG H Y ddG H H a J
.JM eh e dSCGh JGOYh
Y dc d fCG M a ,dG gCG Y kLGh kM dG L f hdG gh
Ich dG e a OGR b dG a dG Ibh dG IOha .dG gCG
eDd kGOLGh kGc f gj CG ddG LdG Y keGd QU Gd ,dG Jh SdG
.ddGh dH dG OGQCG EG cCGh cCG gj CGh ,IdG GQhV gCGh d
,GdG Ich dG AH dG Y fCG a :dG gCG e dc eCG dh
Hda g ddG b Y GYh ,dG ah h SdG Kh dEG LH GhOj a
c J e kGc jdG dGh ;dG WHh YdH ` j c QcCGh ` j
HdG j Mh .Yb VQCG T cCG ` dG H ` g dGh dH dG
.kGObGh kGaJ JGdG AcGh dG WH a CG j fEa zj c YdG{
WdG d AGQORGh ASH hj AgORGh QhdG J bh ddG d
dEG jXf Z ,`` bCG Y ` f a IOe Z fh ja dM gh ,FGSG
d dh ,AdG IjZ J eCG HhQhCG a dG CG gh ,HSCGh QeCG FM
a Gdh ,fch JM Y AHEd d e e OdG CG CG ,eT keY gDha
Y H j a dG H Y VhdG hdG g e j CG d j
.e H MQCG dG fc jdG jNBG
a ,fGh dCG e kYh kGq c q bCG djGh dJdGh SG if f gh
?jNBG e kch kN cCG dhCG G g ?iJ j Gg a dG g
,OdG TCG e WCG a dG TCGh ,kGYG cCG dhCG OH a dG W G dG
MGh dG Lj OQdG da .AdG LCG e d LM bCG a ddHh
g VJ dG dG hdG C ,H dG gC J Leh QGd
.g KhM MG J f g
j dG a da :dGh dG a dhCG IdG jQhV fQd ke NCdh
IOhHh dG Ib e dG fc d ATCGh LdG e c OY dEG JOh e
f EGh M Y N dG a OddG SCG dG CG M a ,OdG g a dG
jQhdG HdG e jW Fb dEG j fdCG a dG HG dGh .AGdG a
e iNCG jQhVh NGdG HdGh dGh GhdGh dGh QGdGh AGdc
a dG U Lj e c CG M a ,SCGQh bQh LQh jj d hdG hCG dG
.a SCGd AZh N b g dG HG c dh M QfR
WdG da ,d JQGOEG jWh Wh ICGdG LM Z b kjCG hdGh
d J dG dG j Y HdG dG HQ j dG a kehO dG AGdGh kehO
aL j h ,dG dEG j e j c f dG a a .HhQhCG ICGdG
FS Y ` QOdG dG a EG ` f dG a fCG c ;YS f e cCG
MUGh JJh aH jdG Ea AGdGh QdG Y J fCG Y Ga ,HdG
.QJ IQhV fOH a d c L dEG J
C ,W eCG Ggh .dG e Ic OGYCH J ee Y e bdG ICGdGh
f Y J H gh ,QfCGh bCG dG QN dEG JGQjRh b dG NGO J
.GSCGh QGdG a
CG EG Y a .j c H dEG dGh DdG Uh ICGdG j eCG dh hCG hdGh
.kee dP hO fc EG ,H H J CG hCG ,QdG hP e fc EG dG Y J
LhR GO eh ,dGh WdG e QdG Gg Y Wh Hh ICGdG LM eGO a Gg Yh

12

Ojh ,NGO hCG dG QN dYCG dEG LdG a dG Y GC j QaG Hh

dEG aa AdG eCG .dG e CG IRdG QM Y JNCG Y j
hCG FHCG K hCG gdGh dG H HK jH j YL hCG iOGa T
OJ hCG dG IAGH bdG j hCG ,AGdGh AdG jdG H JNCG
.dG NGO H a GQjdG
Y Lj aZ aGH d Y e dG H e adG HdG Jh
dG Gf e NBG dEG M e dEG Jj H gQhZ Vj ,HdGh IQdG
fc c ,GhdG Hd QhSh e Qe dG g fch .YGh
JGdGh ,dG g eCG Ff dEG dGh HdG dGh eCd b Qe
.dG gUe Y ddG OHE dG GfCH j c
SQCG b AdGh JGQjRh JLGh GcCG b LdG jh .QdG j Ggh
b YdG Jh .AdG YGe Y a gj .JjU dEG jT FSH SQ
J IdG J Mh ,fGhCG BG b dG IU Jh dG H IMGdG HQb
CG d j M UdG aZ dEG Oa c a ,AdG c SJ b dG
f b dG d Yf IM Y Tj K ,MGh b GY HK e j
jdGh cdG hJh jdGh hdG Hh .N dd kGJ jdG jBH
FGOCG Hh ;(ddG IdG) dG IU GhCG j M HGdG HGb dEG bdG Mj
QdG ch ,AdG J d dGdG IQjR Ohfh ,jR eH jd aZ dEG Of
.zS{ fhOa JeCGh QdG eCG zHCG{ H fhOj e
FfG Hh .c FdG LCG e J dGh INCGh fdG LdG bh BG jh
dG QU eCG ;a QdG Sd dh ,SGdG bdG a SGdG dG Jj
id d dG a dH GMG dh .kS e cCG g d kGbJ bGh Ga
.AT a Y j h ,cCG j UCa :e eG e gZ
dG dG e U Y kGH jh ,dG M FdG J adG a gh
f jOMCH Jh ,cGdG Yh IdG ddG Y QGJh ;dG SM g
J Se b hCG ` JM a Yf e jCGQ e cCG g ` c a ZQCG e J
HY Ia fJ M T AH c Gg Y Vj b hCG ,SdG hdG e
.kT AGOCGh kL kJU qdG gh IeY SG ,AY
e ch ,Qj dG S a wc gjh ,dG j YdG Hh YS Hh
MGS IOY gh ,QdG e bdG Gg e a GdG bhCG a FT jGg dG
jddGh fdG H fCf jdG f dh ,HdG IjdG T S dG j
,N dG Gg f c a Gg eh ,d jSBG gCG QSG ZQ ,Y fYG
.dhGJ qM dG dG Z ah
@@@

13

Ida .Y Jh IdG bhCG J dG Qf EG dG dG Lh Y j

ddG eCG kTN YQh j M ,j c Ge N jODj dG Y ja
e K AVdGh IQdG Le e j e e g IdG bhCG Jh .cCG
.QdG e YS K dGM aGdGh YOCG e j CG j
YdG H e L SdG j PEG dG Y GC J edG IdG a M c Yh
J IdG gh .dG IU gh IdG FGa dhCG AGOC edGh HGdG
TGa dEG hOa QdG hhP eCa ,T gGe SdG gH gjh ,bh jW
j jh ,IdG a idGh QdG gCGh jdG eCG ;ObdG S
dhCGh ADg Z eCG .AdG QfGh dG hH H EG dG dEG hOj h BGdG
.ITe IdG H Y hCGa SdG eY e
e eh GhPCGh QdG e e SdG e dG j dG SGdG H ah
JM e J IOe HGV hCG e YGb g J d UCGh dG
EG j ,CdG Gg a d j e j CG dG OGaCG e Oa d c H ,edG
LdG QM Yh ,dG GdG bhCG Y eQU bHh dG Lh
.dG a d dG QWG g YGdG g fch .FdG
M ,edG YdG M a fh dG dEG dG IU H Of c a Gg Yh
d j d Yf H eLCG Y J dG bdG UdG efCG e bJ
c ,Sd kGgL AdG j M ddG j G eh dG W H jM
Wh GdGh ,SdG QgRCH dG AKCG V CG H kjCG YCG b He Jh
.dGh dH
H fdGh Y d gH f ec YS jdGh SG Y Jh
a IdG Y b e kGe dG j M ,QaG W hJ cQd K ,dG
.HhQhCG bj dG jdG bdG dhJ a f
@@@

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

Sj e kGch .eGhCG d gCe j dh ,dG e Af W dEG dG

jdG dWCG MCG dEG IjdG idG e H hCG dG e Qe H gMCG dG
cQ cPC fEGh .FY OGaCG e VdG MC hCG ,dG IFe dEG Sd S gDj
d gQj c dG dG WCG a qdEG J fc M JdG H a dG
,Qd IFdG Y j dG dG UCG f cCf c QdG f fCG eh ,dG
dG H jh Qj e eW j CG e MGd QhdGh dG YGhO e fCG EG
.kjCG dG b dEG dGh QhdG Nj dG Gg ch ,f
GH dh aN H dG OOj dG hH AdG bh IFdG Y SdG Yh
dGh dG c AdG OOj cCG e AfG Yh ,zMdG MdG qdG H{ VGh
.zddG Q qd dG{ :dc qd
e hCG g ch ,ebCG M dG j K IFdG Y e NCj e hCG g HCG ch
a J ` RdG GY ` WG L qGE H Oa d U J IOY jd dh .Y j
cH KG c j CG j H ,IdG GWCG L a fH qoJ IU U
f fCG c .dG H HdG j fEGh ,cCG e HhdG QGJ h .MGh U e
OGQCG GPEG EG cCG AKCG jdG OJ IOdG e dh ,IdG Y cGdG hCG QgdG Vh IOY
.M c Y je eCG gh dG Y dG ja dP GY eh .j CG f dG
IdG dGh AdG jQHGC eM dG Y j ,Hh dG hJ bh
kGQOf ,HUCG g fY FdG cCG IGOCG CG dPh ,Hh cCG b jjCG d TdGh
d keGcG EG IFdG Y f a cdGh cdG eCG ,YdG f e
.fddG hCG OQdG AH gf AdH jCG Z Hh .dG e dhj M HhQhCG
La a UCG jhdG IdH Y dG Qhj YS f dGH LdG JG Hh
e dN dh ,Ld c dG a IdGh .dGh gdG e U a IU
HT b dG a IdG Jh .S h M H gMd Jh ,keJ FGdG
dO dG jh ,b EG H j UN IQe dEG J Y gh ,ITe
a kYVe kGMGh kfa H j M a ,idG H SdG e YdG IdG
iNCG dO e ZQdG LdH iCe U j dG Ye fL dEG jh ,U
Gg gjh kGOa GOa Y GhQhj CG jdG ADg a dG J GPEGh .Ib IAe
a ,H jYh IdH bdG gG QGe j dGh ,jdG OSCG GdG
hCG dG IdG J h ,kehO IjL a ddh ,J M Jh Jh J
.d J hCG kfL eJ H dG hCG fdG
Y dG H HGdG YdG dGM a J dG INCG gh fdG Lh J h
.Y dG IOYEG dEG LM a Gdh ,JJJh SGe a dhCG LdG
H jVdG Y QGJ dG ShDch jdG e WCG g LdG Jg GY ah
.JYLGh de a NBGh dG
@@@

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

jh .hdG Y J dG IdG IdG J dG GfCGh jGdG Hh

Ggh ,UdG dG SdG b e dG Vh UUdG WH dG hZ Y
gYe a HGdG IdG g AGO dG a ,dG IU M kjCG j YG
INCG LhRh GNCG e QGhdG SG hCG dG IQjd eEG c gH d OdG
ihJ QOGfh QGJ jOMCG H ,QhdGh dH bdG Lj M ,CG LhR hCG
hO dh) MCG H a QdG d hCG jdGh cdGh WdG H hCG ,CGJ bh
QhJh ,WdG HW BG Y fdG Y dEG SGh AdG H hCG (gQ hCG Of
.jdGh cdG Uh dG Y ShDch IdG La GPh Gg H
edG IdG gh ,AdG Id GPG Jj dGh HdG YdG dGM ah
FGOCG LCJ dG HCG a jOMCGh dG YLG J IdG g dh .INCGh
.dG b bh CG dEG
eCG ,QGhdG SG hCG IQjdG Ua d J d jd ITdG YdG a dG bh GC jh
.H H hCG dG e dEG dG H j a gGY e
ah H ,jj dG bdG a c j H ,e YS a hCG dG dG IOY WCd dh
.OdG TGa dEG dG dP e Ahgh aH f dG dj K ,jj dG dG
QGH J dG FGH dd LdG e dG j TGdG dEG gdG bh
gJh .dG e M IAe dG fGdG J M a ,dG C J K ,dG
GP IdG Jh ,b e dP b c Mh Sd eH TGa dEG GdG
Y cdG dG a UdG HUCG J ch ,Uh hCG Uh TGa dEG QdG
,IjdG eMCGh dG JS e XjGh IbGdG IdG L a dGh jdG H
L a ANSGh MGdG H Y AdG e INCdG YdG g a J HUCG Ea
.TGa dEG UdG gH Jh ,MCG jdh ObdG d J M JS
da ,ej W J e bdG ICGdG id d qfC H dG dG C dG a Hh
hCG fdG Y J hCG SJ fCG Uh ,d LM d H QN J fCG
d QeCG g dh .dG M OJJ hCG (HdG Y bdG e g c) bJ
ICGdG fc GPGh .gZ iNCG FSh g G H ,bdG Ad IdG FSdG c g
a ,IdG AGQh kjL hCG IOdG Y kH YCGh jGdG g SQJ HhQhCG
,GdGh dG AGQh QdG dG Gg f h ,JH VGQh GS HdG
.OdGh dH HhQhCG ICGdG J CG dP H j h ,H Vf h f h
@@@
b a SGeh dG Y dG J e d H edG JM Y jd kSGh
c kMU SdG a .KG fc FdG JLh qE a bh S ch .QfR a HCG
OMCGh dG fCG c j CG edG IYdGh .dGdG j d dG dG a f
JH a j jdG dhC dH M dG a dG j M QaG IFe dEG
.dG hd e MCG H dEG kej gP HCG CG cPCG h .dG QN UdG
c H ,d UN aZ ` dG H c a dG g Gg c HQh ` jd j dh
,IdG J M ,dG fdU iMG a hCG dG adG a eEG JLh hf
dhW J dhW gh dG dhW e j e g IdGh ,dG UCG Y Jh
C WhCG dh .VY V ah OQdG dhW W V a ` IdG CG ` fCG EG OQdG
.fEG KK e cCG VQCG Y JJ PEG kGc e
fGN Mh hdGh FGQCGh SGdc HhQhCG KG e dG j H CG eh
Y kSL dG bdG jdG Y eW hf c Gg ZQ fCG EG ,HdG
.GdG hCG OdG a VQCG
dEG j dG a .eGUh bO H JG LGh eCG dGh dG aCG fch
e gQU IFdG W a jh ,gQYCG M QdG DhHCG fL dEGh IFdG QU
dG J dG WCG e IjY UCG IFdG Jh .gQYCG e HdG GhRhJ
TCG Jh ,QaG ASH Lh c Sh dG Gb g RdGh .cCGh U Y
SCG Jh ,LdGh CdG d j d dHh .d M kYJ OGYEGh W
dG a HhQhCG jd kaNh .IhdGh dGh bdG dG j c IH
j Gd ,edG Y J jdG gh ,MCG CG dEG j CG b IdG Y
q jo

14

dG a ICGdG Vh

J CG ICGd Rj a ,dG a SEG OH c a

FHCGh LhRh eYGC h JNGC h HC EG Lh Y
ICGdG e JQG ch .H UdG eN dh
.eGUh IT IYdG g OGORG YLG gceh
jZ LQ eGC Q dG dGE ICG dG VG GPGh
,L Jh Lh Y J CG a e dGhCG
eCG .AT EG dG jdG dEG J CG dG GH dh
dEG IdG hX gJh ,keN j JGdG AdG
kGQJ cCG ` f ` a QGdG dEG hdG e QcEG
CG d dd dG Y gGMEG dCS dh .YGdG g e
CG YCG CG jh .GdG Ad VJ d YGdG g
a jM Y GdG j AdG e jdG
M Y a oj GNC Gh ,GdGh h dG
.dGh dG eH dG gH OQGe d J
fEGh ,c hdG e ehe d jdG ICGdG CG Y
CG a :e LM hCG e S Lhd j CG j

15

a GMCG Y HQJ OJ IQHh QfR a GMCH

ICGdG d MCG J SCG fa Gg eh ,Yo
dG SEG MGC C dP .eY IQH bdG
HJ SEG Oj Mh ,MGh SSCG f e QJ
JZ dG dG H ASH MC Gh GMC G
.dG dG S JaCa
CG dEG gJ dG WdG IdG g J jQCG e hCGh
,LhR de e bCG de dG a J bdG ICGdG
QG dG qE a k Wh ` LhdG CG bGdG CG M a
kee LhR hJ ` jdG Ve d dGh
jdG e YLG de qGC h GReGh kbMh
c HQh ` UCG HdG d dG eh ,G MGh
ICGdG GhR RGL Y ` f eSEG jdG gQe
e dh .kMh de jhj e CG ,d koc d H
Ib h M h d jM qC ch hJ bdG ICGdG L
kYT LGh eCG ICGdG Mh .ddG IMh dG g

H cCG CG OhCG ,JM GMCG OS a dG bh

e jQCG .bdG IdG Lh H Uh a dG
dG fEGh ,fdJ hCG JGOY c TCG hCG OqYCG CG Gg
IQU jJ e HhQhCG QdG J g dEG gCG
.dG a Id edG fCG H Y U
Vh Y dG gh kGNh bO VGdG cCH GC HCSh
Gg a dG H T h MC fGh .dG a ICGdG
ICdGh ddGh UCG bT fc a .V dG
.L Hh jdG OH dEG dH Jd VS
WdG QaCG J a fCS XCG a dG Gdh
QaCG gh ,LhH bY Yh bdG ICGdG Vh Y
.UN fdCG a gh eY HhQhCG a FdG
a dG g WdG QaCG g T a dG dh
e edG ASGh ,a ATCG gH NCGh MCG
UGdG T e ZdG a .UCG gQOe Z
f a dG Gj a ,dGh HhQhCG H dSh
.aGdGh dG bh dGh VdG H HdG
Vd Y Hd jdG j a SSCG Gg Yh
a kGHY kGQhe e FS qe CG M GPEa .IdG hCG HdG
Y NCj IgdG hCG dG hCG fJ hCG dG
QOe ch ,H ddG dG Hc ceCG g Y HdG
dG dG UCG hCG a j dG dG N g Y
j fEG H ,ijh j H j dh .JJ a J
d SSCG dN ATCG Hc dEG a dG dd
ge e kGe Hc Y d bGdGh dG e
j h .QfG YSh dG d jh ,gCGh IdG
e J Mh kGQe dG j M jW bh
.MCG Y oJh edG
HhQhCG dEG dUh hCG C dG Gg a f bh bh
QhRCG fCGh ` YN a ,QeCG gGH YGfG H
J HGh dG FY ` e NCG hCG FdG H
bCG HhQhCG a FdG IdG CH dG dEG ga ,gLh
OhCG c CG H dh .OH a e AdGh IOdG dEG
e Gfc c egGh jYQ dEG Ic LH GhOj dh
e aQe OY ch ,LQdG ddH bY OGORG ,b
fBG ca ,FdG JM FNO dEG fh ,FdG
ATCGh SdG M Gh .dhCG eMCG a C dG QGe
a .hjh hj e Z g hj eh FNOh
WHh IOdG ggX dG jdG e dG Y aJ
CG dEG IQdG JMe H fG bh .GdG GfCG T
h ,AT a eSEG dG j dG GhdG f
dGh dEG fG dG dGh .cCG IOS JGH j
d bY LhdG fGh FdG IOdG CG a T
fGE h ,dJ hCG e hCG AdG jH h GhdG H
.NBd LhdG e c J QGe Y kGNCGh khCG Gj
H IOdG S g Z AT h Mh dG G a
.JM a AdG S g H eGfGh ,LhdG
PEG fCH dG dEG QSCG fa C dG a bd kJh
eJ ae Y JCG fCa dG a AdG M Y JCG

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

a OY M jb Le La a ddh ,MGh dG
e Lh fEGh ,LhR a j dh QGO dEG eG iMG
jdG g QhRCG CG JOY e ch .dG IjT dSQ
LhR H d e N hOh ATCG bh CG a
JQGR fCG EG ,GhdGh GdG Y kH QGdG Y dG
C ke JGQjR YGH gNGC CG e Wh k ej
Ydh QdG a Y dEG EG QGdG Qj j d LhR
LdG dG Gg S Y ge dC S dh .b
QGO a H d dSdG GC b d fCG dbh ;dH JNCG
eYh gQGUG iCGQ dh .LdG e Wh keOf gCG
.a bh ...cS H gYhh ,e QYG adG Y
.dSGh ICGdG jM Y iNCG kb hQCG CG d H h
c j CG LhdG dG e GPEG fOH a jQdG IOdG G
Jh ,dWCG e eW hj Gh .fdG j e
Cc ,Lhd dG jq Oq dG YCG H dP H ICGdG
hCG hdG Y MS J CG hCG W e GPEG AdG J
e ICGdG jODJ dG YCG gh .IOdG Y Y J
Y dh ,Y GcEG hCG MCG e W e hOh ,f AJ
.LhdG H VdGh dGh OdG J gJ
g dh .ICGd a dG da dG YCG eCG
e LdG j fEGh ,dG hd e fGe
e x a cCG hCG LhR Ld c GPEG Mh ,ICGdG J
a J dG q dG eCG .gMh JQGOEH J Oe H
eCa e jJ hCG dG JGReG Y aJ CG ICGdG
gdG QGeh ,hdG Wh ICGdG T Y be
Gd eY IYO Ie bCG fCG cPCGh .H fGh
Yh ,IYdG Y FdG Ic M dh ,YQe a
VY gh .cdG FSh aJ Y g dP a dG CG
d dG e dHh gM SJ CG JjU iMEG qY
HLCG khCG eCG a LhR PCJ G dCS dh .GYdG
dEG Oj QeCG g e jJ CH Wb H dh OCH
.a LhR PCJ fCGh a
M QfR a JjU e iNCG jU kjCG cPCGh
a :IQdGh dG QeCG HJ a ShCG kSG d
N JHq Oh dP qda ,ceCGh YQGe IQGOEH LhR d qS
Y kT Qj j dh H ,AT a Nj j d H HJ
e NCj CG j j dh ,NdG hCG QjG hCG jdG
CG Wf aGhh gHJ M e c bh .ej he
.jOhdG dG AjKCG e UCG
JY Y J WCG HJ CG HdG ICGdG M M eh
J M a .eCG CG LhR fcCG AGS ,H gJh
c fdG QhO dGE dWGC NGC dGE j fG ICG dG
jQCG dEG dSQEG dEG fdG J M ah ,U
HdG ICGdG a ,Y GZCG SfCG H jdG dj M
VJ dG a ,IdG jY dH dWCG dJ
j e kGMCG J h ,cCGh dG a bGJh gYJh
dP H J M ,ddG QhO Y Gj M jXf Y
OdG GMGh dG dG e IM kGQK J AGL
BG Y AdG H Vj e Gg ah ;H Hh H
.LhdG OJ
Sf a HGh IOdG FY j CG MC Qu ob dh

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

?e dG HhQhCG Hh dG H GhdG M
SG J LhdG OJ dhGe Y kU BG VCh
VQCG Y J aU e FW gh zfeQe{
g HhQhCG Y GhdG EG g idh ,aU e
CG MCG cCG a dG e dCG ?ka Se f
CG T H U ?HdG Ld IMGh zLhR{ Y f
,IMGh e cC H GhdG J dG jdG
SG CG Uh .dP a M Y fCG kL Vdh
kjCG dG e dCG dh ,IMGh e cCH GhdG j
c M dEG N b dG a IdG bGhh ddG CG
KBG hj HdG CG M a ,IYdG g QfG e
?QdGh dH dG gPJH jO dJ de
G HdG eRh bdG ICGdG H MdG dG dh
hCG ae g e dHh VH J dhCG
ICGdG J M a ,Uhh Th gOYh Jae
.c Gd J L a HdG
e QdG hhP EG j a ,QGdGh bdG Y eCG
h ,kW dh e GPEG oJ en C a Gg Y GYh .LdG
dEG LdG C j h .W e GPEG EG H dP H Rj
.eEG hCG kb Y QOdG dG a EG dG g a H
H jh ,gS H jM j QGdGh
c dh M ,T e Lhj CG dh ,jM H dP
.kGM kW kLGhR gq S CG
LhR ej HdG LdG CH dG WdG QeC G eh
,kJH ke dP j eSG ja :AGQORGh Q MH
kbM LdG e b jdG c GPGh ,dG H hjh
q jM Y LhCG f bdG a fEa AdG e cCG
d NBG M dJ Yjh qdG j dGh .qjYQh
VQh HGH eCjh ,dG H qdG AH eDj fC JM e
HhQhCG e c e UMCG a Gdh ,kjCG INBG a
.eGhC keGMGh qd kYW JHh Ff jYQ Y
c a f c HdG dG a f CG dG eh
dG JLhR dOj jdG adG H NBG e
Y LCG CG SCG dh .q gQb M q fQq j hCG adG
Y dG a S e cCG g S fCH GQOEGh Yh
JLhR V Y YQj adGh bdG gX GhRCG
C dG Gg Y aj HdG CG M a .JH a
e dc eCG dh .LdG H b e qj Y YT
FT eCG kY LhdG H dG Oa ,fOH a fdG
QGdG a ebEG AKCG kT NJ e cCG eh ,H
jdG dH J dG GLdG g e a
q a
.dG dGh
ddG EG J bdG ICG dG CG k jCG k U dh
CG J fCG bGda ,FGgCGh LhR Ghf eCG dGh
ah .VdG Y J CGh ,gCG hCG gCG dEG J
J CG J e ` ddG AfCG c a c ` AdG
e IY SOdG a d jU YCG fEGh .H M
dG a gj e HQbCG MCG e GhdH VQ gY
d Lh Qf j CG LdG Gg CGO e ch ,kGc
SSh bh ,AGgGh GdG Y d ke H QN
EG T eCG e J d IjdG LhR qGC dG d

GaCGh JBdG J hCG ,HQbCGh gCG e VdG OJ

` fOH a edG OLh dh .JQJ YJ CG hCG
aGJ CGh ,IdG eCG RJ CG ICGa ` kW dG d
e ICGdG J eQdG ddGh .gjb a eeGC
e J c ,MHG g e fG a SSG
dG ge e d jdG e AGQh SSG
eh .ae eO fCch QdH a hJ dG dGh
IdG Ic eC G Gg a bdG IdG CH aGYG
a HhQhCG ICGdG qJ CG kjCG LCG fa ,eGdGh
fc hj edG dG a J gh jRh Sd
.cdG JG a kJe kaJ NBG g
hCG hR hCG CG hCG CG e d FY dG CG IMdG ICGdGh
jdG H edG dd a ,kM AKdG dM qj dh
jMh LdG jYQ J NB G dG Y dGh
eN ja Jh ,dGC Yd Va ,OTQGh
jU e ch .GdGh dH dGeCG hj TMh
VdG Gg e Ud EG d GhdG Y ebCG d
dG qJ b bdG ICGdG dY CG if Ggh .dCG
TG WGd kGQe iQCG Gg e dh ,dG e
ISCe fj e J HhQhCG jj dG SCGh
g H ,ISCe a J fCG bGda .bdG ICGdG
,JOYGh IdG g dCG a ,dM e eJ h J
.OJ e gO e Adh
CG gQGVGh LhdG OJ H TEG Gg OGOjh
CG a GL h .jNCG hCG iNCG e LhR M J
CGh ,MGh BG a LhR HQCG hj CG d HCG jdG
hCG JLhR iMEG aJ c SOda edG hj
QGdG e Rj CG d HCG c .dH Y fG
JM c a fCG EG ,j J eh Aj e QGdGh
BG a Af HQCG e Lhe kLQ YCG hCG QCG d dH
kS dP dEG j Ld G e AGda .MGh
Y KH j e hSdGh ,dG GP d
.iNCG Y e JGH Fb H e d jh ,cCG
CG LGhRCG Y Wj IdG H a Gg Y GY
jh AGdG hCG GhdH iNCG ICGeG e Gcj
.dG Gg dN GPEG hdG e dG H fC
,IMGH GhdG g dG a kY Fda Gg Yh
GhdG a hdG M SQj CG e Ld GH GPEG dh
,d kGQch Y kHh J da ,IMGh e cCH
j dG LhdG H AdGh IdG WGY H
GLe dEG kehO a QdG WdG bdG dG
ICGdG CG Y gQGJ j b dGh ,IQe Sb Y
NGC e M a kfJh LhH kJ cGC bdG
.IOQdG ddG
ZQ dG a Oe eCG g AdGh AdG Yeh
Yeh fTCG U e kGa ,BGh QGcEG e J e
GhdG IOhe a dG Y LdG e jS dG
AdG Y dG MGQ a IMGh LhR e dG e
.cCG hCG KG e dG dGh
ICGeG e e iMCHh ,LQ e e CG VGdG a Hh
g e dh ,LhdG Od kGQe hCG kGQY J CG J

16

,dG GL a kah .jh dH HQCG dH

bQ a dG GYCGh ,QdGh jdH OdG GcGh
e dEG MR a GUh M dG e ehb e
,dG e e fch .QdG dM GHVh
kjCG fch .HdG OdG dEG J dh ,dG Ic
QGdG MR e kGQGa dEG LdH GP j CeG b
dEG LdG Ta ,a IdGh eCd W hCG Jh
e GPEG ddG dGh dG GQdG f eh .dG
!!OdG fh dG T
,CGdG a M :IdG g e Y GMCG c gh
YEG c M ,dG a kWfh ,dG a HUh
fc H ,H e QeCG HH J dh .fCG AGYCG
c gMh cJ fa ;H dG Y c e J
FdG edG GMGC d LdG SH Ie d
d d SCG a J CG Oc e kGch ,hdG cGd NdG
,e d LN bh .fM YSh Sha dUCG gJ
dEG C d b hdG G S a ,dG e jM fch
jdG M Y aGdG H j dGh ITdG
Y TLh Jb Y CG H GdGh dH dMG H
.gOLh WV Ah J CG jJ H ga ,dP
MCG HH ` LdG SH Ie fch ` g da
AGZEG hdG zLQ{ e gQYH dhMh ,dG bGdG
jh UdG IeCG e jj j CG Y OYdGh dH
MaCG Zh dG HdG Z d .QGdG e dEG
JM j CG Oc OdG c Gh ,Jje dEG OQh
J d dh hdG SGL e gQYH YJCG jCG Y
.jg Y d
QdG OGTH Y AdG TGh e e OGORGh
eCG fGh ,YdG fGh ,dG f a :eMEGh
e L Y GQh QdG e jdG dEG j Y CG a
d INCG H J CG IeCG Qb gh ,SCdGh HBdG
e jd ch .J CG H jc e a ,QdG
jdG e gY j d dh ,IMGh ce j e OhQdG
J ,dG a edG L J CG eCG a Gd .RdG
dG j CGh ,AT c eh jOdGh GHCG e
FGd OhQdG e kGM d kjCG SdG dH
hCG jdG e e g e c L c .OdGh aGdG
Wh FGb dEG JUh dG a SdG hCG UUdG
a dG GQhdG M ,kT dP hO aJ d ,Hbh
YH eC G Jh .Od W JU dG FGN
dH CGH ,OdG e QdG Gg d J CG Hh ,fh
M Y hdG NCG a .a M dG ch .dG
CG H QHOG de VQCG L c a YL ba ,IZ
Sh ...SCGh jLh b H L f N J
.Re hO IeCG M dEG L OdG OYh !e
HdG S HCG H M JQGOGh OdG J a SGh
JQGOG M KGC e ch , dG e a IY
a dEG QfCG Lj CG HCG SG G OdG QGSGh
IeCG g dEG jf a ,QfR e ch IjL QbCG
.QfR a fOLh H jdG
!!!bT ICGeG g HCG Y fch

17

.fdG hCG NCG dJ YCG dEG H aJ bh

J e c d J CG ICGd j SG a dGh
hdG W GPGh .bQ hCG b hO dG IM Jh
dh ,RLh SdG jGg H J CG Lha dG
.fL e dG W AL EG dG Gg J
bdG ICGdG CG j e Gg ec a j CG LQCa Hh
d M dG FdG dG dG dG dP d
.kehO dP GhQj CG g Sd j c ,IdG a e h
.Ff d ddG PdG e db H Y OCG dh
d fc a : S H IY HGC LhR g e hCGh
e CT e a ,S dG dG Y edG IdG
jGC Q dGE Nh EG S dG hCG dG hCG dG hD T
e j CG j H gCG e MCG c eh ,gGgh
,Y aGe jh khCG dEG H j d EG T dG
LhR IM W Re hO dG dG d X bh
.dG
dG fdG dG MCG HG g NBG e BG fjh
dG UQb fch ,QfR a LhR e SGh AL
c Gg e aCGh ,dGh GdG Ic jdG IVM
fc c Gg e dh ,e dG e fL Y fc qfGC
H ke T hO ,LhR c .dG e jdG S
,ch ,jCG H FGgCGh JGhf j a ;H kdh
gJ e c dEG aGe Y j ` kVGQ CG kge
.d Y fCch GZ M MGQ hCG Ga bh d aj ,dEG
ghCG c J iNGC T a GPh Gg ah
gh , bdG ICG dG zg J{ Y dG a FdG
e dG Gg M dGR e dG HCG Y g dG
Y cM L J a .dGh YdGh AgdG a dG
dS Yh S HCG g KK kGOhCG Jah Y e eEGh
d qfGC H d .Td QGdG g HCG ch ,FY Yh
Uh J e H c ,H Y e SdG JCG b j
dS fCG YCG ` HGdG d aNh ` Y d ,Y
S j M NCG HG Y jUdGh OdG M H
LdG QGdG Gg U bh .dG hDT djh TdG
HCG S U SG hjj Gfc jdG AGQRdG ZQ
dd dSGh dG Y ASd Vh
e kGoH eCG jf a Ghj d M c Y dh ,UdG
IeCG GjO dEG Ghj CG Y QUh ,dGh YdG
OdG hDT Y gjQJ dEG Gad Qf c UdG
` Mh IH QeC G eCG bh ,dM geGhCG G jh
jdG ch .IgS j H ATCGh UTCG bGQh
bh .IQGOGh dG LQ e dG hCG Jd jdG c
c Y zdG{ VH J fa ,dG Ob f
HY Z edG hDdG a bJh gAGQRh dJ M
e J CG Jh g c a gfh SdG H
.UNEGh H
M b bh EG jUdG hDT dJ Y j dh
IQK OdG a f a ,Y e YT VJ
f a .Y a hdG c SCG e eCG gh ,ALg
N bh fC dG ZG hjj FY e a
fCG IS e EG jUdG ce Nh HCG S d dEG

H dG a jC gLh Yh bdG AdG

e dP Zh dPh bdG SDH Y HPdG YTEG
g Oeh .SGh jGQdG hCG AKdGh dG f
dG g ` HUCG H dG qMCG GPEG Gg ` MG
Y dG dG CG M a ,jdG dG
QeCG WGH dEG PdG j Y LG GMCG
dW EG ` hJ IHY IQjR a qJCj Ggh ,dUCGh
.YdG AGLCG H EG `
ch dG M e HdG H oj e ZdG Yh
QGSCGh JM FNO Y dG hj q e j fEa IOadG
dG a Y kLCG dG Gg c GPEG UNh .H
dG H a f c e Gch .dGh IdGh
e IMGdG e jdG a .HhQhCG GFGdG H
HKh ,Y jZ Ha ,dGh AjRCG FGZ Y j
cC dG jWGC d f K ,d gdGh dG Qe
Tj CG Hh ,HdG adG J M hdGh
g c GOdG jGH ke YOJ ,OQdG Ae dG Y
YWh dGMCH kY cCG d gh e Jh ,IOdG
jdG b a fc b a , Y NO M e
YGC h ,dG Af e dG FdG gTh
Y HdG Y JQbh dG Mh jdG SH
M dMh .Gg e cCG dh ...bTQh H VQCG
a
q J d a .gH L hCG S e jNC G
e Z dG e J dh ,FNO dEG J dh ,e jdG
qj a .e ghNCGh dEG dG gOb dG SG
dEG PdGh QeCG WGH dG YJ CG g e IFGd
?Y MCG QGUEG K eh FNO
@@@
LhdG IdG ge e NBG e dEG IQTG e d H h
IdG G gh ,OdG g a AGdG Hj b dG a
Lha ,dG gGe h FdG SG GhdG a J
de dEG JJ CG a J dG AHCG e fc EG eCG
,za H fa{ g J H GhdG HGQ Za ,LhR
AGeCG MCG hR GPa iNG L eh .SEG GH YJ Jh
j e kGQOfh ` ,eN MCG dEG NCG hCG HG dG MCG hCG
a Y LdG c da ,J dEG Jf Ea ` Gg
,dG dH kGY j LdG CG eh .dc H kGY
.zS{ hCG dG MH LhR Oj IOdG H j fEa
Y jM a AL e GPEG LdG CG dc jdG GOdG eh
LdG eCG c qj CG IOY j e gh ` LhR cP
a H{ fCG Y dEG j fEGh LhR gYj fEa `
.J d CG e fCGGC AGS dG CG hCG zfdG
a ,QdG e Yh ddG AfCG c a j ch
dGh dG jh ,LhdG FW H adG Qj
,e hCG kU ke JM QGSG hjh ,H
dG M J gh ,dH fG dEG GCa
` T hO ` aCGh SCG a .eSG jdG a
CG HQe NGh YW j J LhR Ch
r e JM W j CG e Sh AhH j
,AdGh dH c Y OJ FH J LhR ZCH

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

bdG

HQhCGh bdG If jJ Gg Yh .QeCGh YCd J a dG N

.JGOYh gdJ jH bdG dEG
,OdG J a c Y AdG eEG a TCG jb YLG f dG a bda
IH QhdG Y YLG f J dhe a dG dG a M c Yh
eY a jOL Jf a bOU Gfc G HhQhCG Y fGh .SM LHh ,b
fCH GhCGj CG AT c bh khCG Yh ;QMh AH H jdG Gg a Ghj CG
.dG g BG j e CG f M a ,d Ihbh ke Gfd
JH a fjh dG hj dG OH a cdG HhQhCG da
dG{ H dP hQj hCG ,Wh a WGe Y dP Y j gh .YQGeh
h .fdG YCG g eCG dEG jQPh kGQe dG j CG j M a ,zdG
hCG ,dG H j c QGdG a kY fdG J H bGdGh GC dG M e a
eCG bGhh dG a fdG dG c Gh ` HhQhCG H j c dc J
.e cCGh kSGe UCG
j Hda :dG e bdG J ffG bCG fCG HQhCG gH a Gg e cCGh
aGH hdG ` HQhCG j M a ,dEG LM fG e GPEG j h jQGL
IjL Y ASG CG Ie cPCGh .GSCG a H dEG ` bQ Y dG dEG dG
.kGS HdG fhe dEG GhGOdG JN jadG jfG MCG H M QfR
JG K ,OdG jQGL ee Aj qfC HdG QL fdG dG TG Ie ah
HJh jYQ dJ L AGOS H d Vh fCGh ,fR N fdG Gd G
.jdG dG
gQGhR dEG dG j G ` jhQCG CG SCG d TCGh OGdG g Hh ` HGZ a
.dGh jdG H jdG
@@@

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

g CGdG N IYe gcCGh SM VGdG TCG e bdGh dG Y dG

LH dH FGbh FbUCG L bCG CG SCG fCH kee YC fGh .jCG
.Jh MGU H g f Lh J qY LGdG e iQCG Gg e dh ;f
dG e hda ,VdG M SdG H FdG dG g eCG a jdGh
kehO gj fEa VdH dG dhG M H ,FdG UY j d
WGdG S j d OLd QXGh bdG Ve IQKG G gh Uf bGh M
H a c KCG SdG YCGh eGd c H ,a HQhCG OdG Y ffG
.H jdGh eCG
fG H Y bJG JOM dG hdG YdG M M ,H W GRCG e c
jYdG L Y jJ ITeh kM a j dGh S dG dG HCGh
.QfR a dG fjdG
,fdGh ShdG Vh ,fjdG jYdG Y bdG jT QGdG Gg ch
JHh JLhR dEG GSQGh ,idG e e GTG jdGh QfR a dG de
d f CGh ,eCG Gg a Nf CG jjCG a j d dh .dGh MdG e j
.H P kT
a j jdG dG e dG j fjdG jYdG ADg e dG c bh
fGh YQGe a dG bJ MGh j a L jJ eh ,YQGe IQGOEG
edG jdG QGb f e c a Gg Y GYh .keJ kGQeO QeO K OQGe
H CeG dG dG FOdG JjL a eCG J g Ic e QX ZdGh
ADd jdG e c a .dG Y WdGh dGh UdG e dCH
JQb HJh dGh dG jM K ,Y CG AGOCG Y dG QdG g dG dG
.jNBG e dGh dG ZG Y
jdG MCG If e QdG WCG ADg jCG e YS jdG bGh IQGe d
J bh .dG OQGe h b H ,JM a Ie hCh fCG GhLh a ,QdGh
GhOCG b fCG ADg X a .bdG ae SQ ,ffEG Hh dG Y
a Gfh ,dG ADg jd OdG e GhgL a dSQ GhfCGh ,feCG
J fc e ASH ,dEG jJ j e hCG H Hj e jd j a ,ge
e Id jJh dG adG QGdG cM e ` e ffG ` JLhR H
g e jj c j CG OdG cM a dP GY e eCG ` !AGSG N S
.Y c Y aRdGh eCH HdG FdG HdG
fjdG jYdG Y kGUb c dG jQdG Gg e dG J e G d OYCGh
e dhGe Y gjYQ J CG J fjH CG g HCG Gj c c dGh .a
Gd ,fOH eM Y JOGQGh jCGQ VJ CG a dG J dh ,CN fG J
.bdG eSG GdG L ah QfR a kGFS ,GR eh ,bdG X a
G bGda :jeCG T a Vc d eSG dG a bdG Vh CG Y
dG M a OM kVGh kffb kVhh GReGh kbM bd M SG
.dG Mh
QhdH qadG g INGh .bdG IQJ Hh bdG J H dG Qj gh
jaCG HZ a ZdG Y bdG QJ CGO a .dGh id IdG AGSGh
fhj K eh JH e cdG ADg hNCa .Lh dG d dZOCGh
kGU e GdG a ,GbCG Y ke dG MS dEG jdG jdG b Y
Ld kjCG j e Gg dh ,GgCGh YdG d Vjh ,AYEGh kYh
a dd .dGh QNCG e d Vj e d Va ,d aGdG f bdG
Y AHG e e a ,ad YdG NG j LdG CH d Qe hCG Le
.GSCG a H d d dS AMCG dG
G j e Y dTG YJ e IdGh ,ffG Z Y dG CG T
Y CG jaCG SGhCG a gL OSCG fR Y bhCG AGS Ib Hh dG e j
.jS ge a j e HCG
e c a GdGh C dG YGb f J j fCG kjCG f CG j d

18

g a SdG e dG g CG d hjh .e S fG T e jh ,dG a

j e VCG IH jdG e jh ,WGh MGdG e VH j OdG
z.fOH a edGh dG e dCG H
c Y GYh ,bdG jaCG a jW Id GY jdG fG MCG d d bh
.zLO{ Oe fCH dG ggH bdG ehe cM d d ,ATCG FM
QfCG TCG e e kej c dG zhOQc{ CG g iNCG bGh g cPCG CG H dG ah
Gg a gQUCG dG fGb L AdEH GOdG a fdG M Ia GC H bdG ae
cGQOEG j dh ,jaCG a bdG OLh IQhH fjEG j Ggh .UdG
.jQdH Jh jJ Y dG Jh ,IMGh aO UCdG ddG g dSG

19

IODJ H eCH dG a ,bdG AdEG Y ka AGQBG JGh kM dG oN e GPGh

Ada .IQdG Ff e Jh dG Gd gPCG J jJ GN khCG J Gh ,QMh
cCG hO ddHh ,Y hO jOe SdG ADg e GaCG J e dG jJ hCG dG
H Y fdG dG Md OdG a YGQdG Y dG AdG kjCG eh ,ihCe h
YGQdG NOG K ,fdG Y a ZdGh dH QdG N khCG j GPh Gd .jdG
bCH FdG MCG AYG e dG GY Y IMGdG dBG J M OdG dEG dBG
fGh ,dG jJ AGQh e ffG VGZCG SdG Qj CG GPh Gg b jh ;OdG
.JGe hCG dH hCG H QGVG H j
QaCG e kjCG jL cCGh H da cCGh ffG cCG d hJ g dG jWh
gh .SdG S a j c dG dG a c AH Ic IdG JdG
dKc gGMGh QfR a kHS JOLdG dG WYG S Y
cM HEG j dG g CG Y GY ,QGhdG b e GJ fJhH fdGh
QdG a IdG g kjS j b NBG e QNG eG a PG ,AGdGh dG
.YCGh cCG e
CH j eGc Y jM gdH e ` bdG c ,dGh
dJ Ge hCG ,M Gj hCG gj d IjL QaCGh AGQBG Y VJ
QeCG dEG IdG hCG CGdH j EG e dG G SDdG dh .gdJh JGe
.a deh dX eCG Ggh .dG dGh jdG dH j M HQhCG e
dG j Gg dh .H dGh jO MCG Y dG jT HdG CG T h
AKCG dG Y aCG Sh dG hQ H T bh .aCG Vh OdG CG
dEG Yh e e LN b ch ,Y keY Y J Z H QfR dEG JOY
cCG kGQMG e SCG fa Gdh ,IJe LQN H gCG H fCa Gdh :e
dG OdGh edG MdH Hb a Gg eh .kUCG e c d SG e
.bOdG dG WGdGh
f jM a ZdG fEGh jdG dG d cS dEG HdG aGO Ea PG
dG dG J Yq j e adGh dG H he V dJh JGeh
.Jh QaCG Le dEG aOdGh
dG j fEG gh ,jO hCG IY CH j ne fdG H a iNCG L eh
SG e d bYG jh jOe YbEG e jdG dSQEG d eJ e H
gh) Se a edG fG jdG LQ MCG d T bh ,Y jdG GZEG
DdG c NH kffh IOjR j HJ OY CH (QfR e dG dEG IjL
fdG Y f d CGOh AH kjCG g dG j dh .WdG e dEG OJ dG
.MhdG dG LQO YCG dEG aQ hf CG b jdG QdG
Yh RfH ejh ,bdG a g FGQBG Y V j e g CG T h
ADg dEGh .bdG JCfh HdG HJ H eCG Gg dEG Jf a YVdG
dG dMdG c a :Fb HhQhCG IT dEG dG bj HQhCG GOT bCG
:j Gfc e 1880 Y OjQ
J SG Hh .q Y NdG hJ ICGeG GU Y SG HcG 12 d a{
LHh dd fGh .f YH d JGh ,LhR e UJ b ICGdG g CG d
QOdG e j dh ,Yf e jdG OdG g Gg j dh .d eCG J dG ddG
Jh de Y Wb VGh gH Ggh .bSG jh jdH j kLQ J CG
.dG d OLh GdCG hCG AGOS GdCH dGMCG J dGh bdG Y IdG jQdG
Y bdGh ,VdG JM hX e H MCG d IjdG IdG hX CG T h
IY N hCG Y UNH gS GeN GPEG j a ,gZ e kM MCG dG
FSh a J dG dG a EG gOSCG e dGh d Vj gh .S
.iNCG dG
zjaCG SGhCG GH dEG MQ{ Hc a eJ jRL dG fG c bh
:j e
M de OH gh ,dG W L AdGh QdG j (QfR) OdG g ah{
hCG dG d OdG g a OLh h .a T HQCH ej j CG AdG j
dG j fa ,Y Y OSCG MCG Ib N dG dEG JQG GPEG fCG dP .HdG

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

a FdG YL j CG hO jdG a HGdG bGQhCG a hY hY j d hCG hY jU c a .JaJ

?AH Y Oj hCG VQCG
.cCdG Y hY ddG a
@@@
YCG Hh j QdGh AbUCG Y j eh
b dEG HbCGh JNCG YCa :GNCGh INCG Y ibCGh
YQ M c b N Wh W H Le ch bh .YL Z YL dEG fG fCG Od FGYCG e QU
j CG j kY f c c fCG EG .eGMGh Ye fa ,dGh jDhdG Y SdGh fG fYCG
dG jJ DhGQRh da ,dG hDT c Y H CG hO bJh OGOJ dG H J AdGh dG
RHCG Y H S ch .gOLGh FGgCG M e ,H H dG GQjdG fGh .fe hCG RGh
dH SG kYGN kYQH ch ,kGPf gcCGh FGQRh e d e f e Mh IHdG GAdG efGh
hDT c dEG j j CGh QeCG c Y Pj CG AgdGh QNCG a d j Afh kLQ jdGh SGdG
CGh ,IadG g JOGQGh dG g c j CGh ,OdG Gfh S AY He dGbCGh JcJh iNCG dG
.c
kffCG ch .QdG dEG kGQUCG AGQRdG FeR H j
gH QdG dEG Mh QhZ aO bh ,kGQhe kL .ADg eGC dGh dGh GPBGh GHC G fGh
gDJ dG dG ZH Y ZQ d J Se c a dG QNCG e jdG J Y J dG GAdG fa
.gQb d hQj jdG dG f YQKCG e ,GMd GbW e kGch .Z e cCG aj en dEG H GSEGh
eGQCG iMEG d j CG dEG dGh AdG aO bh de hCG ke kGN d Gd dG e H dG Y
.eCG Y e a fch ,Wa SG cT fch ,HCG GPa ,AdG LCG e fh H fh f c dh a
a dGh QdG M c e GhdG dEG aGO dh FdG dGE gP kGQGO hCG kfM S kfa CG Y
,d kLhR H VQ H dG b e g fch .de e b e IS TG GPGh ,dG VCG d aOh
.dG H J X jqeCG e bGP CG H dh HJ bh ,e MCG d j CG FdG UhCG dG
CGh ,Le id Pf e jj CG cdG Gg SG bh Sa ,JH QGSCG QN dEG adG GdG Gg QNCG
Gd JGNCGh dG INCG H dGh dG Qf LDj .dd Gg Vh j GhCGHh ,dP QdGh YdG
.kGPfh kgL OGOjh ,dG YWC a ,jQ gjh
.Yh fe fCch f fU Ggh
,QdG FY OGaGC H a , N a f bh
@@@
YdG CGHh ,dG QeGC ASh ,edG OGORGh
H e g NBG jRh dG d Le id ch .J ,FdG e M MCG Y jCG J a dNh Le ch
dG f ,gdG SGh kLQ ch .edG qdG Y UCG KG MCG fC QhSh H Qe Gg ch
ke ch ,GOGL kjc ,dG c dG Z ,dGh fCch eCG Iah H eY b ga .b YCG e dG
Lh a ba ;Y H d kgQc dh fd QdG H gGYG H OdG bY d .IMdG W
Le j dh .Y f QKCG e ,dGh jdG .edG dG dEG eCG H fG M ,ZH NCG H
qdGY H e j d Gd ,S Z MC H d dh g fH YCG CG SDa NCH ch M eh
.dG a FOdGh dG fc Le
.Pfh S S e dGh QeCG UGh OdG
NGO GU a IdG g a c a d dHh
@@@
fh fh cCf ,dN e c ej YCG fCa :je
dd j CG khe ZH fNCG NJ AKCG g ah H AGdG d Jh ,Le J CGH q d r dh .ke
gCG H dGh AGdG ge Le NCG V YGf a OdG Y HCG CG SCG fG QJ S e hO dG
.dG AHCG H edG geh ,H Y eeCG adG Y kfMCG hD LCG c bGdG ah ,H
TdG g ZH CG ZHh Le jNCG H AGdG Sh dh ` fCG gY JjL c fc dG Le AdG NCG
.QfR a dG Sc Y ddG ` ZH
e ch .IMGh kH G j d dG Le H e d
a INCG cCG QYH dG dh g ZH CG H dG jCGQ J dEG S e j a ;YCG dc dG dh
Gj CG dG a dG AdhCG IOY eh ,Q fR H JCG fCGh QTh QT qY qe bh .VdG a
Y ddG M dEG dG hO TdG Y SL jCG dEGh ,QNCG jCG QOCG jQf H qJCGh gJG
S a j h ,gAHBG CG JNCG GfcCG AGS ,ka dG dG M M dh .b Y jY ga ,fCG
Y LN dh Sh c dEG AdG Y dG dEG UdG QNG hCG QT hO fCG JLh ,NCdG a j
.dG GYGC h dG Th j dG dG AGS Y Ggh .Vh C N Y fCH faY e ,dN fL dEG
J G AS dG ZH a ,IYdG g e kbfGh JOGQG Sh ,jDhdG Y dd M fYCG a ,WdG
d ,S dG HCG Iah Y QeCG YCG Y d HGJ eCG ,J hCG QJ e c a JSCG Lh ,Jh
S a jh Hj a ,Le NCH MWG eCG j f gh ?QN e dG a g dh .QdG d
.Gg ag hCG ?HYh dG U Y e GPG dG hCG dG d
FGQBGh FOe Y f LCG eh dG S a d
@@@
Y IdG IdG J c ,JGe SbCGh fQaCGh

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

ah IeGDe
IS fdG dG a dNh eCG e HCG Iah H Y
fG K ,GS K AdG Gg GO bh .fMh aH
jh ,kW SdG j ch ,GddG AHh OdG a
ch ddG iMG ah ,kej QGdG S e GdG Y
Id TGa a dG dEG kS SCG d dG Y a
Y d TJ CG eOdG e a ,aZ NGO dG
.MGdGh IOhd kW Y V IM VQCG
Qd dh ,dW CG bCG QOCG IZ a MQ bh
dG eCG La dG e SG PG Ya QGe QdG
HLCa H Y YJe dCa .dCG e iJ eb Y
,TGa a Gg dM Y dG f b fCH dCGh fCH
a HH d q dEG MR a ,M b LCG CG T PGh
.INCG Jd
j CG Tjh ,IjdG eCG UCG b HdG AHda PEG
kf d bCG CG SCG fCG gh dCG a OGRh .Y
SCG K ej dG hJ Xh .kGV Y aOCG h
j Y fM ch ...HCG dEG bQah ,IgdG MhQ
d H e fL MCG X a .QJ ch M c
qdG Y JCG c fC dP ,ihdG N e QGfH MCG
,fJ VdG dh ,IjdG MGdG e dEG fNCj CG
.dG MdG qdG AH bCG CG EG d j dh
,CGh CG j IY edG S ah UCG Ggh
a ,GeCG H J MGa aO a S e e
J fch ;jOdG fh ITdG f d eGC fc
d dhDeh LGh eCG Mh bCG BG .dhDdG
qY e jNBG J H a f J ,b e aYCG
CG JOGQG AT PEG dG dJ qd kGTh .YCGh gYQCG CG
.d dGh IdG YCG dhDdH eG gc j
QeCG JQh AhH Vh a dG YCG a Gg Yh
.e MCG e Y hO H
@@@
a :dG MGQh AhdG e dG Gg Y J d QeCG d
J NCG IjL Ye JM L a RH CG Y
IeGDdG dEG e QNG hO be JLh M cGJh
.Le dG NCG OdG S V
Qf f IdG IQTG fc HCG Iah Cch GH bh
keY J CG H ,AHCGh JH f H dGh dG
H kGFS S dG Gg CG GHh .H dG qdh ad
adG OjEG kM dG e j a ,JbY a ke
JeGC L SJ ,kNGC h kNGC KKh S H
.dG gDheO bhY a Jh ,IOdG
IU Ye dGE HGC Iah H fG a G dh
OY jj h ,kGjT keN H a Ue Me
QM bh .OGaGC dG hCG HQCG Y Y dG AYCG
dfh ,H efG g S a a aQeh fDhbUCG
MCGh AbUCG YCG fN a .dG AdG TTQ e
e jOdG JbY Y dG GdhM fCG Od QbCG
a e hCG fgPCG a e Od j dh , dG

20

qdEG Ld BG fej fC ,N a dG
Jh HQBe J Mh LdG J M fhjh
kGc fCS dP Yh .SCGh fdG jRJ Y YWCG
GPEG fH fQfGC K !e YS h , a AS Y
dhDe JCG CG j fa OYh OL Y QUCG
hJ e IH H j CG j fC ,ec dP
OdG W j hCG ,aGdH JH ab e GPEG aGdG
.OL e ce a TG e GPG QU dEG UdG e
a .kGNCe Le NCG QGfG Uh a SCG e dh
Y UdG Y QbCG h ,ZHh dN d f L
e J edGh ,HGC LhR bQa bh .d Yh
Jca ;H dG OdG Gg e GS Hh .Y
dG dh ,JJ Uh f Le Hh Gg FH
.dG S b c
Nhh dG a KCG hO IjdG dSdG g IQjRp J dh
e hG gdG fG hCG dG SSh e Nh ,dG a
Ad hCG U c qJCG CG Qb a Lh GP fCH JG
.b dEG Gbh L H fG CGh Le e
@@@
AdH eCj CG IdG g a Le Y dG e ch
iMEG a H jh ,AdG aQh ZH NCG Y dG
Gj ch ,dGh IdG j j d Le d .dG
kS Le j d PEG GQe dEG Ojh ,NCG Yj CG eCj
fCG j c c .ZH NCG V j dG AGdG Gd
j d H eJ b dEG dP ODj G NCG e Y GPEG
j CG jj Le c a GP hCG Gg ah .Le gjj
fgG ` IeGDdG g a cdG HQCG IdG f
.QeCG bGYh
ZH NCG V Hj Y fPCGh Y Le Z a dd
jGf c a ZH O J J dh , e fh
Va e eCG NBG a kGqH j d dG V fGhdG
C ,HbdG g ihL b Y ,ZH H Y HbdG
Y gh ,TdG e Gfc dG d chCG jdG OdG
GWj CG j H ,Fd YCG AdG e c fL
a dG f aj heBdG ch .FYCG MCH
LdG ch .SG MCG fjh ,bGdG OL
Y dG j kfMGC h ,HdGh d Ve
f dG GYCG d aN AdG f c dd ,H
J Y MCG hD j PEG jdG AfCG a IdG dG
Yh FGO cM a fh f kL ch .Me hCG
JGOGSG S j ch ,f N fCch e
eH UNh ,jdG IQdG e SQe a fhDe Lh
Y dG A dGE e dG QG H A fC G dGE Uh
.IjdG QN gOHEGh cM LQ e gdG
ae CG EG kS GeBdG IdG UCG c fCG eh
Gg U EG ` IQd zedG IJdG{ d gCG Hd
ASDhQ e SGdG aH bCG dG H ch .dG
a ch .dGh GOGSG QGSCG Y WGh ,FdG
fCGh GLdG bh dG NH MCG CH d j S
d UUdGh OhQdGh O dG OGYE eGhCG QUCG

21

.OYhh OYh
M ,ASDhdG ADg H dM j CG ZH SG bh
X a .jdG a jdGh dG QKCG U H d UCG
eCG ;dG dG hP jRfG e ADg YJG dZ CG
Y GhHG a PdGh IdG hhP edG ASDhdG
a ,JGeGDe GgGC h N d Vh M ZH
q g jdG ffCG edG jRfG e NBG L e
hO PdGh UdG a JGTh YWCG J EG d
d Sh fCG Y EG f ZH e dEG f e
.IdG JjZ
H AdG Qb ,ADg e c OY ZH Y J dh
ZH Jh Le Y dG AdH Jh ,N
,JH a J YLG fch .Y kH OdG Y kfS
.heBdG dEG jh ,dG NGhCG hCG dG L a J
dG MG a jh ,f ZH SCGj ch
.d OGSG FShh gCG
YdGh jdG e e L IdG g a JH Y Sh
CH gfh ,dEG SdG bCH f a .dG Gah dGh
a IOjR ch .fQNCG Jh Y Jh bGJ SdG
TCH fCH fh ,JH dEG dG f dGh dG
Y eG c .Nh jOMCG Y WG Y d kGOHEG dG
.MCG CG IQjR hCG QGhdG SG
j a .j H kej W IMh fG OGOj ZH ch
ITh W Id c H ,eCG ch HYCG V j
,aC Gh GbC G a kYJ fcGC h kJ bGC d fG
.d AGY fXCGh
Y dG YfH fGhdG jGf Y dG c bh
d S dG IRdG hCG ,edG dG e QM
OGaCG e Oa c Y LGh kej gQMh ,Y dG
eY e eYh ,dG LQ c Yh ,cdG ISCG
e dGh SCG S gh .d UNGh AdG
EG .Y hCG Wh a jb IOY gh ,QfR dEG ehb
K ,SCG jCG cCG QdG Y j NCG ZH CG
H j e bCG J gh ,edG dG dEG eCG H fG
.dGh AGdG j d aS AGY fG
dP f PG ,jGf Y dH dG a ZH C NCG bh
c ,HbdG jJh QdGh dG NC QfCGh dG
dH VCa ,geCG fG e kaN QfCG T a
aCG q K eh ,Le Y dG AdEG a ZdG Ua
.AL N
@@@
n d Jhe NBG e j CG EG Le NCG f HCG bh
FdG YCG a QdG e jdG Y GhCG Ga b
.dEG be c dG
,H H a JQjR j FdG hd kGf fCh
q dEG SQCG a ,H IQjR Y jW bh e fG fCh
` Y GjdGh JeCG jU e ` HCG LhR iMEG
LQCG CG SGH qdEG SJ
q bh .VdG a e d
FGYGC e dG JGC CGh ,GdGh dG IO L dGE
Yd Qb d M dH q Y Oj d Y gh ,eNh

H e Le NCGh dfG H kGN ke S JG bh

H a S OU M ,jdG a QGSGh JdG
ke e kej c dGh dNh SCG dG d He
.IOGT SQdG IeCG Sd
CG NCc SCG kGjL kGQW JM NO dG Hh
c Gh ` AdG a J fc dG Fbh aCGh HCG
Y kXM dP Y YCG dh ` dG Lj H
e ZH e a e c e ZdG a .FdG S
j dG HdG dH eDhGC dR fa ,jEGh IdG
O e Ib Y J CG e VCG c dG e EG
.HdG
Hh H WdGh OdG f M fQGH ZH S eh
,ked EG bQj H a ej HS j UCa ,dN
WCGh ,JFK QKCGh XZCG e Le NCGh H gCG bh
dG fa .jFGdG eCGh kY dN e dH fd
.H edG dH fG ,NC G H keM kGQT
.dG H dGh AhdG fG M H QeCG ASh
a NJCG dh GdG Gg a QTCG d fC IS ch
dEG QfG a NCd dG Ve c fCG H d
.Y kZQ GdG
a J d dN dh ,Ld ee a e dN J dh
YCG eh gOe ZH c a :jCG J a gQW
fc fh .AT H S a dG Y NCJ dG
jdG Gg a J a ,JM a AT c d dH
MCG MCG H a c Gh ` IOhe Yh e H
gQhZ e ZdG a :Le f jdGh OdG dH
gjJ eSh eSG d fGC CG SCG fa
CG YSG dG H IMdG fc a ,cGQOEG Mh
f Y OS dG bGdG ASh dYCG Y QJ
.kehO a Jh dP dEG J fch ,Le Y eBdG
d kHe kH J dN NCG HG TQah T fch
M eG jW Yh Hh .kY d M ch .kjCG
KdG JH UCGh ,Y NOh ,ZH Y dGE
.Le Y eBd kGN kGce jdG a HQdG
@@@
OY cGC dM j CG hCG agh ZH q g ch
jZ eg f dG dGh .FdG ASDhQ e j
,Fb IY dGE e da .WfGh SJ a
c Jh .H dEG K ,PaCG dEG K ,FY dEG FdGh
a OdGh .gCGh dG OY M e dG g e
.S e f dEG d AY YW FQ j dG
HdG c gL g FQ YWh d UNa
SG SG fL dGE j HY ch .FN RHGC h
ke fCa .bj Kh hCG bQh c a SG jh ,b
b SG g SdGh zjSdC G dS{ bhCG
.SdG IdG
OY cCG c dEG eCG c j G dG e QU Gd
e dG OGYCG ddH d ASDhdG ADg e e
eCH d dG FQ Ah c dh .LdG Y gOGaCG
Baeh AYh ,eheh Vhe e d H H ,dG

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

af CG Lf ch ,kGL Ib IQjH d S b ch
EG .dEG NdH ah c ,QGdG e SCG NCH hdH
j CG dG a .GgCGh We LhN hO CG
WEHh H jU eGhCG a kfY dG e ZH
QGdG e j hCG QdG j CG hj e c Y QdG
d .AdG HH dH EG Jd S h ,kGb
FjH ZH CG g eeCG RH dG jdG dG
ch .a jh AdG He Jj CG HCG dLQh
bdG a b JQN e jjh ,GNh kU bdG
,dG dG dEG dNO N Uh MGh d MdG
J bj NBG Oe AGLG CG PJG hCG gGH eCa
Qj cH ga Y j c dP Vh a c .N
.a j e
Y f CG d Sh ,d ZH VQ c L Hh
e a Ggh .AZ hO Y f CG Y AGOS IAY
MS eH gh ZH Vhh .kjCG jdG Y dG
JGh ,QdG dW d cdG a JCGeG WCG H `
jge jdG GWGC Pfh iOf dG f
kbh kaN Jf bGdG a c M a QdGh GfH
bGdG Jh ,feCG a a OdG j CG N
d dG GaCG OdG dh .GhdG dGh AGOdG
fh ,dS !d jh ` fQeh d FdG GcH
.IdG g e ffh ,eRCG g fLG fCG f
CG dEG Wh ASDhdG H dEG H c b ch
,jdG QN e eh e bh a YJCGh fhj
NCJ dP a dGh bdG dP a dEG f d GPa
ch .IjL J e Ghj CG Yh dG J
Ud f c YQe a jh ,jdG Y kGH dG
a f CG Y c dd .dGh dG QGe dEG
Ga b dG dG dP dEG dG f CGh ,fS
dh ,kW kGS jdG NGH fS bh .OhdG bdG
jMCH bdG fS WCG M MGV Uh EG e
H fh fh ,jdG H Hf dGh gdH IRdG
dG Mh LG dGh dG a dG dP Sh
dG fNCG M ,kM fS Ggh ...dG bGSh
CG dG f Y ch .OdG dG dEG dUH
dG IQTG g c N kS S K .kb f
ZH HLCa ?zdG MU{ :GDdH U Y K ,Y
Ggh zqd dG{ ...zqd dG{ adG JQa jH
.dS ag Uh
dG gX ,YG Je jdG W ZH ch
YJCG H fU EG e dh .kGHCG H j dh ,fGh
c PEGh ,dG Sd jdG Y dG NCGh N M
dG J f a Se jh dG UGj CG Y
dG L a Y gQfCGh NGh ,Ye fYOh a
.eGdG
N f dG dG dP a jMh bdG e Ia Xh
dG fCG bh ,TEGh gdG e jH MGdG TCG
CG d BGh ,H J b c dG dh .fGb gh ,eLCG
j eU H FOg IOdG MQ fch ,JH dEG Of
AV H JCS e dGh ,BG FdG dG e dG

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

dG a e c ,ZH H dG UM Mh .QdG
QGdG a ee j dh .e GhMa ASDhdG e c OY
a Le OLh d QGdG NGO cdG jM Gf kje
ch .gCGh YJCG dEG FSQ f CG Y ch ,NGO
Gdh .bdG e d kJ ac N f CG BG Y
b Se We a ZH QfCG j CG QJ a
M ,dN NGC HG dGE O J YQe gh , U dG
.g j
dH J CG j Se qGC dP ,S IdG J dh
OdG j LdG e e H J M bdEG
j jdG cdG Gg eh ;kjW kGeCG Y adGh a
Y J K eh ,IjdG AfCG c dEG J CG cd
f fCGH SSCG Gg Yh .MGf L e UdG
SG hDhO H dG g dEG DdGh OdGh dG
.J H fG dh ,fGb c
e c c H ,UN M IQd j CH fMCG j dh
f e IQdG J e UdG OQGe e j
ATCG L f J dh .DdGh OdGh OdGh dG
fQaCG OfR f LG Se a jdG cdG e dEG
dEG QGdG H fG bh .FdG HV V S a
ce dEG fh ,hCG SCG e ZH GS WG Lh
d fjJ eh .JOb Y H GTd cdG
j j d dG Ea ,dG e Y JdG dG
,VdG Gd N Vh ddh ;adG Hb dEG jW
.kGQa gH fCGHh
dNh cJ ,gdG HCG gP e gGcP q J eCG a
N M dG QdG ah .AdG e gQ j H
LJh ,kjCG AdG e TM eh NCG HH eSe
e M M QGdG Y Uh EG eh .ZH H dEG cdG
dEG ddG e QGdH dG dG e a bf c
d H ch .Jjg j CG hO IOdH feCGh
...dN NCH U dd ,GbGh ICGH dG e N
,JjH fh SdG HV dGE gf YO dN{
IdG Oe ` IdG g fch ,zT h Nf YSh
bO d ,ddGh dG Y kLhN J ` JGP H
dG IQNh ,MEGh OOdH J J d bdG
dNh gPh .UCG bdG dN EGh ,Sh c QJ
IKDeh eQU d ah ,ge a dG Y NOh
fj CG gOd j c gdCSh JjH gaY
Yh ,fY gdG a bh .NCG H NO e
GcQOCGh ,eOCG dEG Jc f a ,dCG ICLdG
dG W Sjh QGYG H dEG GbCG ge
.e GdGh
bh .NdH cd GfPCGh ,Ib IQjH d GS dh
a dG ADg W SCG fCGh f a dH MCG
e GPG keQU HY K g aS eGLEG jZ S
.geCG fG
YdG M TCG a Le NGC h Z H f Lh bh
GTh ,ce Uh IadG a GHCG a ,GVGh
Y dG a fOL J CG Nh SdG e be
.gd cfh HYGC Y a ,NdH PEG

e dh ...b dEG MCGh qdEG SdG bCG e AjHCG

Yh Y fCG CG j gh ?BG LGdG j g ?dG
j , ?dG YS a IMh cJCGh dN NC
dG g fEGh Zd Ah h dG Y kY ,dP
.dd
.GdG Y dG OM dd ch ,CG M ZH c
ch .dGh AgdH kL bj kcP kLQ c dh
H j e QGe Y eCG .IeBG T dh ,kGe kGe
MCG e e qGC j dG da FY a jJh M e
dG f fZ cM dEG fG IdG FY OGaCG e
dG jdG Y NCG g Ub MGh U Zh ,HQCG
` dG j gh ` dGh ,Y e IY fdG Rhj
IdG g a dG dh . Y eG dG dN d J
a hO kGS HCG aO e H J e g d gGdGh
.feh H j kJ d dG
M EG gJ gCG WGY M j CG Zd Qj dh
.cM e SdG If iCGQ
Y HCGO H ,Wf j hCG g J a HbdG IT ZQh
hH d ,cCG H dGdG JYLGh dG Y
jJ J EG e dh .IQdG j jJ J M ;IQN TCG
OdG H MU ah ZH H MCG M dG Gg
LQdG ddG e d dJG c H IOdG eGhCG e
j AGLEG Gg CG ZQh .QNH MU j M
CG f ch .fL a e fCG EG deB jb HV
eCG c Y AdG j Ggh ,Jd f AdG j
Gf AGQRdG H CG FH dEG f c bGdG dh .d
cGe c gh ,KdG dG IUH dG NGC
CG Oj d fC dG g aQ Le d ,eBdGh dG
.dGh fgd JGNCG H Vj
heBdG f LN ZH H OdG MGC dMh
hGf Iaf c a KG JH aGf dEG dG GeBdGh
OY d SGh QfG Th Y ch ,eC G a
.OUh ZH
gh ,ge M fgPCG dGE b dG g ah
GfBG QfR H J a .ZH H e AdG Pf MG
bh .a jh j AdG c fGh ,AdG HfCG J
dG g dh ,H a AdG e Ic c ZH N
dG a jCG KK hCG ej fN H d J
Y e ZH QGO Y dG fGh .QdG FGSG
Ae d jW a fa dd ,cGC ehdG YSG
Ia Y AdG iMG jb OLh .fSCG dEG dG
AdG jEGh dG YTCG bCG e HfCG Y :gh Fg
a jCG GY Yh TdH AL e YSh .H
AdG c dG dWG eh AdG d kdU GZ M WN
c a dG dh ,SCG NCG H a j OQdG
e Ghj a ,a dG L e dG dG Y j OdG
.QHCG GZh fhCGQ d hCG ,f c
kb c GPa ,c AY JY Y bh a ZH YG Hh
Yh c dG Qe BG UCG a cQe O e
SGh fU fGC dP .dG Ff bJ BG fO L
a YJCG Hh ZH H IadG jW Y MdG JG

22

dN aZ dGE gPh dG dP U SG bh
JLa ` dG Y J aZ fch ` dG J MC
CGH M JCGQ EG eh ,dGh GVG M TCG a
e SGh VdG d MT K ,Hd Jh eJ
.JQHh fjdG QhdG if CG aZ Iaf
Y j d c .IdG g T dG IQN a j dh
VQ fCG a ,dG ZH OY g IdG g dG CG T
IjL eGO kKGMCG dG qd dG NCG Yd
dfG dd Gg jCGQ MT dh .dH Y OJ CG j
M a dG e cCG d fCH keJGh kjJh ked q Y
.b YCGh f
eh{ fGh IH LCa ,dN e S e gPCG dh
?IQd Fh U Y gHC aCG CG qY j c dG
dH VCG dCG ,?QdG Y MCGh H VCG dCG
c YV gh ?DhGOCG q dEG W e AGOCG a NCJ g ?JhKh
JG Ve a BG UCGh qeGh dG g
kf iQCG YCG d dGh dG Ge a fCG Od dGh
z?FdG dG GH QGSG a
e fAL d d cC cCG d dh ,JG Gg dBG bh
FVQEGh M S a dG ,dN M Z NBG T
.Y ebCG e Y ebCG
@@@
IQGH bOH Qf WEH IQdG GC H ,Gg jM AKCG ah
dG aGf UUdG NG bh ,ZH H Y Jh
fG a Gd .f ZH J CG e IMGh Och
AHG QGdG e dG dG dEG jdG Y NCGh NCGh
.IdGh edG
J M UUdG GUCG d N S EG eh
GLe Jh J dfGh ,YeO fGh ,HYCG
M a ,T IQH NBG H MGdG fGh eMh
kGQch kGQU L QGdG gCG H dGh YdG fG
PG a ,ITe ZH QGO N J fQGa :keNh kIOS
e GPG Qed Veh ,jdG a UUdG Gd Ve
TdG YdGh dG IZ a fa bh .b aGdG CGH
f a .gf jCG dEGh ,fCH f e Qf dh ,GJGh
OJ NCG e qa :ig Z Y fdc QGdG ALQCG a
Ye J CGH e q eh ,GdGh dG dCJh ,jNCG
Yh ,GdGh AdH dG fGh .QGd kgCJ Mh
JQb qTh ,UUdG GUCH eGh dGh dG
.dGh dG Y
hCG dG Ge a IdG dGE afG e e ch
j j dh ,dGh Ah dG Y Ga .JMH
jNCG MG e YSh .UUdG d h dG
Ahgh dG MGd kfGf IdG Y bC a ,deGC
S e qMh ,JdGh dG fa ;YCG
dGh JOGQGh Fb dGE dGh qdH jG gQe
.VGQ e H Qbh Fb qJh H
@@@
bM OdG UCGh ,FbdG QhH OGOj X dG dh

23

M Se dEG edG L Uh EG a dd .dG

,kcO b ca ,jdG dG dP Y QdG aGe a
e a S jQV cH baQ e OL TG K
Id bdG SGh ,baQ e qa ne qa bh ,jdG
.edG
a ZH CG f c ,jdH cdG QNCG J CG bh
,kehe kGQMe OY fCG JNCG Le NCG dh .Se
fCG Y bh .c xGC jDhQ Y j fGh ,N H NOh
dEG j d fG ZQ ,jdG M dG IOhe Y e
MCG S U ZQ iHCG dG jdG Y NCG Z fL
eGdG QfCG e b f Zh ,GbGh YdG hV
N j CG H j CG eCj ch ,QGO H CeG
VCG GY JeEG J fc M MfG a a dG
dG a fFN e ZdG Yh SCG eh ...ADg OY
ch HQbCGh JNCG If ZQh ,dGh eCGh LdGh
Fbh jhD Q Y dGh SdG fYGC a ,e gGC
N dEG S dG jQdG dG QJ Yh ,QeCG
.ZH
j G dG eh ,ZH IOY N SdG H T bh
IdG g CG ZQ dG NCG dEG SG j fCG dG
NC j CG f Le OGQCG bh .H Y Zd J d
OdG dEG Sj CG e ka SG eCG Y jh ,eGc
YdH dSQ eh g cCG NCG HG OS dEG ahCG ,dY
bEH ZH j CG jT M e fh GdGh dH
.ke YCG g e Y
e cCG ch ,d ke kjOhh kee kLQ OS ch
ZH H dEG L hCG SM hOh H ga ;kS ZH
aQ ZH d .b eSh dG f M Y kdJ
e dSQ j CG dGE Wh ,QGdG NH d dG
.NdG Y q UCGh kW dP aQ OS dh ,QdG
OS Qhd j H kHQGe dG a QfG W Hh
f Lh M QGdG U a QU EG eh ,eh H
c M fdG HdG dEG dG j CG dEG kGe
c a :kaM YCG fCGh zj{ bCGh ` NCGh ZH
IMdG jdGh :bGdGh LGdG GfCH GOhe dG
dG g fCG eh .dG jHGQO j CG g Od
U H N e ZH aZ dEG Mj CG Y c M
ZH f dh .dG jOdG N e aQ CG H
eh NCG H dG fgG H pJ d IQhdG
.dG dG Vhd dG aQ Y OGR H ,dG
SG e kGqH Le j d adGh OdG Gg Jh
CG OGQCG dG dG Hh ZH V I dGh dG
.QfGh dG e dG dP a Hh H q j
d Ff M Vh LH fjdG dG f bh
jH Yhh ,gGe JGh geGC W dG HGVG
.jdG M fL dEG bdGh ,dG Gg a d IYdG
a ,IU fjH HM S AdG a c CG Uh
GfH d ZH H b dEG gSe j CG JG
ODJ d GPa ;dG Y Md dG dEG jdG Ie e Ib
aGe GC J dP a ,ZH SG dEG GAGLG g
.ZH d dG dH dG

Uhh ,IU YL bJ jdG NO GPEG M ,QdG

.e W Y JH dEG
dG fLCG j dh ,S e dG dEG kW d j dh
,gJJ IOhdG HYCG Y d dEG LM IT Y
ASh dG jh ,MGQ dG eLCG dGE jh
.QaCG
fh f fCGH aZ a AhdGh IMdG IZ ah
H JCS e dEG QaCG H J K ,YdG GMCG jT
Ye CGHh .GaCGh FH hCG QhTh QGc e dG
c GPa ,Sfh eLCG a a J INCG YdG
dG JdGh dG dG f CG e M dEG f
dG dG dP J CG J adG fOLCG Ea
AYCGh QCGh dG fh Gd ,AdG Gg H M dG
a ,LhCG IT e AdH H fGh dj fCG GC H
.gQEGh dG IT e e NBG dG Y ZCG M
J KH dG fFVh OdG fQaCG Gg a fch
,eCf hCG U c a dG U hCG dG aGM U
fQhO Y j edG OL cM c a QJh
e jjCG U e Y OdG AGdG f M dEG fhNCd
d AGY h ,QCGh dH jdG dG b Ggh .AS
jdG FbUCG YCG ghh ,aGgCG UCG JCG fCG EG
.edGh
aZ a dN e dG IU Uh ,dG GPBG JQGh
e Qf fCh .aZ a e c J CG JOY fch `
U bh .YqOhh dN YqOh a QdG H Y S
GC SCH SdG JAL M HdG YdG M a ,SM
:QNCG
OdG MCG a .dG AKCG M e H edG Y a
LhN Y Y J b ZH H Y SGdG TdG
j CG HCG Md UNGh Dhh e bh ,J ZQ
YG fCGh kUN dH edG j a .JH jh HG
Q fR e QG dG g QGdG IQO e e ZH b CG
.QNCGh cdG Y OHGh
a dG dGE FH eO dG jdG ihQ bh
J dG dG e Ic YL GhgT fCG dG
QNCGh QNCG g H SdG Ha ,Ye Se f
.dG dG S Y IdG IeGDdG
QNEG BG LGh e CG TdG dG Lh dG Gg Yh
edG gG bh .ZH hg Y j H edG
AOG a NCJ SCG Y dH S dh ,QNCH
ab V AGLG e j e j d GPdh ,JeH
a j CG Y Ie dCG j CG j fCG LCG ,AdG
dG Gd M e QOCG h .S dG d iPCG bCG
V H GU a dYCG AS bhCG dG dG adG
.LGhh
ed j a dG dG Gg dEG QeCG Uh PGh
.IadG IQdG d kSM kGM dG a J CG e H
d Se dEG gOL e BG H SQCG a ddh
N b QGdG f c bh .jF dG jOC Jh IQ dG
J dh ,dG ThdG hCG ZdG SSCG Y cd
Ge a edG Gb e SGdG HdG fM a

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

dG OM
bGH fY Y fGh ,VGdG deBG QfGh ,jQdG dH Jee fG
,jjCG U e QK f CG Y ch ,SdG bGdH JQGh ,dGh dG
.U AS K afh
fNh ddG fQeCG J a ,jdGh jOdG Mf e kdZ dG ch
b e a :dG eGdG fY IN e dG fN c ,fOQGe e dG
fOH fcJ M gGT eeCG Ga cdG gT hCG VdG bCG e eh ,f
.SdG e AjHCd BGh LGdG g c qS dG
dh ,a jOdG IQdG Y YQR dG dG OM bG d gCG dG ch
J fh eJ b e ` dN NCG HGh dNh fCG ,d e g Ve TCGh gOCG
kbh dCG jj e ch .ec dY a L FbUCGh HQbCGh FY OGaCG L e
.gJ Gg aJ a eb qqMCH dG fQT g Sf a
CGh dG dG dP Mh Le X dGh gGdG e dG dG Gg Sh ah
jEH jOdG IdG GUCG kehO aj Xh ,GMCG J a .kFGO fc dG dG
a .AdG f gGc Y OGdG J AdG a dG c e fch ,H dG
dEG OCG dG dYCG Y j hCG ehe a j CG ZH SG d YOh cQe
.AjHCG bh AedG S
be Y HCJ fc dLQ dh ,FbdG Hh dG g eH j Le ch
!eOh d eh HCG H qc GPEG a ,jdG AdG
oj CG e qLCGh YCG g c c f CG e bCG c Le e fh NCG c Ggh
.dH LCG e
@@@
AGd e kJ qeGE :fQNCG fh Y dH dP Y SdG V H OGR bh
gZ e YCG a ,g dG YC f fL e f dh .d kJ hCG d
,N QfG f hCG fc Y Uf e d j dh .IOY Z dEG fG b CH
H ,AbUCGh QdG e d qJ ne Y HCG b dGh Hbd kag fAH d
jdG ddG fdG YdG kFf e Y fG kGqM eCG H M ;kjCG dGh
IQdGh MbdH jdG Fd Lhj Ae c JH dEG Gj CG kb GhOYG
.H GhTG dG
fc CG H ,b MCG dEG dj hCG bj Me dN JH UCG a Gd kJh
Gg Y a IdG L e .Ae U jOdGh FGdH Jh J dG c
.MG U GdG
@@@
RhJ bdG e Ib Idh kGQOf EG dG YQGe QR b eCG Iah e cCG dh
e q Y q e eh gQGh dG e df e Hh BG dh .Ie c a MGdG dG
SdG Y HCG CG Qb ,eBGh dG Vh AbUCGh gCG Qfh GMCG J
d NG bh .dGh dGh dG MGQ qdEG OJ M YQGe iMEG SCGh
jcH DhLQCG J dGh dG eCG J fc dG dG qfC fc YQe
HCG QM jCG MCG a H fG a QGdG Gd GJh .dEG IQdG JGQjR
H AS e LCG cCG dh .fc f e dGh QGdG H iOj dG
edG ddG H gMh J dG HdG ICGdG LGJ dG YdG e JY
.LdG dY Y Y VhdG
dYCG Ach Gfc EGh QGMCG LdG e dG Y J fOH a SdG dda
.dG SGH AJh hJ HdGh eGhCG a ddh ,YQGe Qf hCG
.dG fGe hCG dG c YQe Xf e ICGdG J CG b dCdG e j dh
CGQ ICGeG J CG dP e QfCGh ,H Af H kGL IQOf b HdGh IAGdG aQa
a GO eh ,kfhDeh keW QGdG C j XdG GO a .Jfh JGOQGH kc JM a
.jdG ah M Ga ,dG jf a GQhdG H JS dEG aj dP

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

J CG dN YSG a Gdh .AL KQc dEG ODJ

ddG d kaNh .SH dG Y dG fNGC
f hJ QdG dEG H LN UCGh bdG YGbh
jEG dEG Jh ,dG dEG d fjdG dG H
OdG Gg H M a hdG AJ bh .QdG WEG
NCG dEG gdG H fG dEG dN gP a dG Y
kGM dG NCG f ZHh dN AGY H gh ,Le
e dG W Y LGC Ib dGE A dG a j
?ITe
GMCG hGJ T bh ,DhdG Gg Y GdG YCG h
.VdG Gg a jdG Y
BG d dG PdG GfBG fjd j a M c Yh
QfR hDT a NJ ch .jaCG Th QfR a
a dCG hCG GJCG Nc V H kGOhe dG
dG Gg eh 1875 Y e AGHG dh .OdG J hDT
M Y fjH dd e H QeCG J ,a
Sd dP a dGh .bbSGh QaEGh T QeO
!!bdG ae a jfG
OL d .fjdG dG Y J CG dN J dh
e KSG GUCG YS KEG QdG WG GbhCG jdG
jOdG Jgeh zeC G ...eC G{ OJ ZH H
.QGdG S H j dG TGdG ZCGh
CG b dP ch .AgO jeO KQc e IdG J Ggh
d dh .b FbH QdG WH aGdG dEG eGhCG QJ
dP a TdG Y eBdG H b dG aGe CG
dh Z kLQ dG QfR TY Y ddG d ,dG
.HhQhCG dEG AdG d Qb c
a qY AdG f HY c e ,BG Cj FS sondh
d a .AT g GdGh ?QeOh T e a a cQTh
fNCG dG dGh ddG dG hP dG TY Y j
CG HCG fh H dh .c T jQ h dd Le
.V jjCG eb e c Y Sj
dG H QJ a GeGDdG g eCG QGJ dh
Y dEG f a Gg Yh .eH dEG ZH f fjdG
bh .jdG Y NCG QNH e gPh ,HM S X
GOdG c d dHh ,AdG dP YOe ZH fQR
.Zd NCG
jdG TdH MG GhOGQCG fjdG CG T h
c jh ,jjCG Y Qd dG Y Le Nh
bh .OLCGh a bh .dG j M de d j
,Ahg H QfR dEG OY K S eH a ZH b
TY ` 1870 Y Le Iah H ` JQG M dc Xh
.LCG e Mch d QfG W dG OdG
@@@

24

.kYJ eeCG e hj IdG bQGhH SCG OUh ,kMGhQh L

TCG d Mh bGd dCJ a ,a NCG HG Ga EG edG JOS qY j j dh
.RdG HCG LhR Z aQ e jdG Gg a d j a ;dG
e KK ch .kGHh kGH dH dEG UdG jh ,jdG dEG jb HHH fch
e Y hCG dG QX Y kej fhQhj Lh GMh gdG Y gh ,JNCG
.AdG dGh dGh jdGh dGh cCH jS bdG f ch ,HQGb
MGh j qY j c a ,fc a e UCG HHH a YLG JM QUh
J bh ,JjU e ` IY dEG OdG j HQh ` KG hCG IMGh a fQhJh EG
.kejCG J hCG YS IQjdG
@@@
,JM jCG C gCG fCG Y gcPCG HCSh ;AdGh IOdG dN HHH a ebG fch
.kGc j CG a ed Qj d d
e HSa ,SdG FY ee Yh kGMh jCG MCG a gdG Y NCG fAL b
:LCa dH j Y dCSh ,dP
H Y dG a .z?e QMG dh .MCG CG OOh dSQ dS j d MCG fEG{
:d a OdG Uh b GjL kfjH b CG fNCG jG
z.hGJ h J ?b e Se fCG gh eCG e j eh{ `
:bh jhdGh AhdG fLQ Lgh Z iCGQ dh
CG jdG dG d J dR e c EG Lj dG f Le e dSQ d MCG fEG{ `
z.eCG e W bh .d U kGe gjj fjdG da ,HHH J

25

M e dP N VQCG J e eCG .dG RLh fdG H e JCJ GOQGdG gh

Ghj CG H d j e H j QGdG Qd j fGh ,H dG a QN hCG
.OGdG g e dG LM
KG hCG SCG c Ie fQhj Y H M YQe Xf c jdG SCG c dh
d fch .JJh eGhCG kjCG jW Y jh ,dG MCG SGH jH dEG dd
a GhOj CG b MGdGh dGh cCd a qj M ,LdGADg S Ie aZ
.YQGe dEG AdG
e e j dG c a ,dEG dfG H kGRf UCG YQdG a M e dh
,iNCG YQe dEG f e kGe LCG d Gdh .eeCG QX Yh Y ANG H NBG dEG
,kcP kf kLQ ,Le ` jdG XdG ch .Y kH kGXf TMCG fY MCG Jh
.HdGh IAGdG j ch
MCG hCG XdG jH QT e hO a GdG jM YQdG e M gP d j bh
UJ IOS LCG ch ;dCG JfGMh QGdG H Qf YS bCG ch .Z
LH d HCGh ,IdG NGcCG a gQhRCG a ,VdGh dG Y adG a
dd jdG e f eCG M a gh ` dG WCH YCG ch ,INdG JFe e dG
f ch .eWGh Jh HbQ Y j e YCGh kej LCG a ` jHCG
IZc IZQ YCG AdH Nh Wh L e GPG c T Qh gh ,d QdG
fCG Ggh .JH dEG Ae JeCG OJ M Mjh j WCG jh .HdG
.bdG dG IQGM J QdG W JeCG QX Y M e Cdh WCd
.dG MGQh dG AUh dG MGQ qdEG Oa ,dG OdG jdG IM JOaCG b
,jW YS aV a jh fQj dG YCG Af CGH a UCd kWh
.HSCG hCG kejCG J b JGQjR fch ,jdG a eGdG FbUCG H j GC H dch
c kGc jd IHdG dG OY c a ,W IY e Y J fc fc Ch
.g cCG NCG HG a d YQeh JGNCG e K YQe QGH fch .j
e hCG ch .J d SdG dh ,W jOh hD oeG fEG b e LdG Gg Y b bh
.kej fQhj ch ,eCH dG qJ H qJ bh ,M Y aY
d Od j c U a kSQ dEG q SCG a :jdG e e H MG bh
QNCH qdEG Od SCG c Ie JeON iMEG SQCG c c .AdG a gQNCH
.Jjbh JjU
dG CG EG ,BG JM N b TdG IeGDdG J hX KMCG dG LdG CG T h
jdG dEG JOY NCJ dEG fYj e Ggh ,kFb Gj e GNCGh INCG H QdGh
.JQjR Y YfGh
CG YG dG ,dG g ...kGMGh kT aCG d d eJ ec J CG JOS Och
,dG Y IH dG a c J dG YQGa .JM d e d c a gTCG
QdG j dh .K hCG L e dP c e dG b YQe TCG CG Qb a dd
.gOGjE bd H Wj deCG j jda :dG eCH YQdG g e Y
.jQCG e Y QdG Y Y d j qdEG OY a ,dG qdG dc dG OYdG ZQh
d Y H CG JNCGh JjU iMEG JAL M ,YdG QNCG dG HCG CG eh
H YbEG hS fCGh ,jdG j fC e j dG WT Y IU YQe
.d gLCJ hCG YQdG g
bh .IjdG YQdG SG Ggh ` HHH H iQC gdG Qb fdG dG ah
J H dG WT Y Fb AdG IL a QGO Sj ,FGQ L JLh
a JJh ,d PNCG FGQ e Y dG aZ Jh ;Ae U fGQL GeCG
gh ,jdG JdH fcj U hL a jh ,RdGh dG QTCG jM
IU MS J QGdG e dG dEGh .QdG fOH L e a c HQ JGP M a
.dG Lh dG H j
g HG YSCG eGO U Vhe Hh .gQSG hCG YQdG g AGT Qb bh
dG MS Y gOLh T h HSG dG Teh LGhO e dEG fGh ,YQdG
.HHH dEG fc e dG Ia UbCGh ScCG a qX CG H
YS Y JCG LCG ch .H Jh MG c q Jh dH MG fCG gdGh
a J dG Hh ,adG bQH f eGoC dG MS Y JCG gPCG PG jW

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

.VZ h kGM Y d j j d fCG fh c H d kMe

Y YOj gh d bh ,FdGh OdG e M N a gb ec YS H baG bh
:QGdG Y
Y CG c ,jDhQ dEG be J ja .dS j IQjdH Y J CG LQCG{ `
z.kjCG GJ CG jJ ` dG c J dGh BG e J dG ` FY
@@@
HdGh INCG jT Y gf ` edGh OCG jT a dG h dG e j dh
H dEG gP a ddh !jdG JYO gH a ,d IQjdG OQ Y eCG CG `
bdG LGh bCH eb CG QOCG cCG dh ,Y dEGh NCG dEGh dEG Lh ,dG
M Gj eh ` q Y QKCGh fNh jL Gg Y YG a ,kGL kdZ S Gg edGh
Lh deh JM dH jdG UTCG f e AdGh dGh dG GfCG c ` dG
dGh adG dG d .ZH Jh b hCG Le N dEG eGdG JeGDe fE
.OdG GdG Gg e ICWh J Sh ,FY U RHCG e ` !SCd jh ` fc YCG
Ak N cCG H dh ,d Sjh
NBd e c j kHS fc c jdG SG a
q
WGYh j CG e cCG dGh ,CGj CG e ShCG H GdG c a .bCG Hh
.NBG jdG a jCGH IgdG Y ja c Qj a ;J CG e ibCG dG
a :HhQhCG j dG IQhGdGh fdG j h H VGh jU HdGh
.Je Z VGh d ,FGY a Sb Y
,dG fAGYh adG JeN dG H fCG JS SH Y qdG qe bh
aR SdG fch :HdG Fgh HdG H e kH FdG Jd OYCGh
dG e dGh GaCG a ,eY AHCG e jNCG Y JGNCG e KG
.b B H dGh
d M a ,fg IS IM LhR e TYh ,LGhR a ShdG iMEG S bh
LhRh d IT Y kW RJ d dhCG CG IdG bQe eh .iNCd IOdG J
.dGh dH fdG bRQ M a ,,dEG
@@@
bGdG gY iJ ,dG Y dTCG GC SCG a dG iJ a :kehO WY SCG HdGh
QjGh ANG Uh OGOh Y :dTCG a dG bGdG OGQCG a .gQU hQCG Y AadGh
dG hO e a dG Y
l bh WdG g C .dG dEG ga ,Aah Wh
dG IT e ZdG Yh .UCG WYh fCG e Y QJ g fC H ,iNCG
Jh ;dG bGdG eCG keJ Jh hJ dG QGdG g a dG a dG
kGeCG adG MCG c G a ,IGhdG b Yh bQ ffG bY adG H bdG
.IGe ken GC hCG kbQ kGY NBG dG ch ,dG H e IS hCG GM
a e SCGh ,jYH NCG JNCG Ia kH Le NCG jU UCG fc a
.H dG a M Ie ` cdGh ` IdG dG H bY Xh ;dG
e d NBG dEG eRJ X eN e d kjU eGh adH cPCG CG d H h
IdH dP e eCG d d HdG MQ a J CG q Y UCGh ,QfR a FH d
.Y de gYCG eh ,jdG ahCG e eOdG g fch .jdGh
a ke e T pSo GPa ,IdG bh a dG a bGdG gGX J e RHCGh
DhbUCG e N OdG Y e T HGoC GPGh .QdG YS cCG dG cQj jU
OdG L dEG hOj H LdG hCG dH j d kjU AbUCG j h .kjCG
dP ...dG ah Sf AJ e Gg j gh .eGch JY j H d jJh
.jdGh QdG GcEG Y dG e dG a C f fC

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

adG e d OLdH T CG e fJCG dh .d Sb eU dG Gg ch

MC a OdGh dG fYCG dG dGh CG Gg !!Le dh .dGh TdG
Hb K ...,eh JM Y Ad eBdGh dEG IASG a bCG dh ,jcdGh HGhdG
GH ke kWh ?...kW d aQCG CG BG SCG g ...jdG dGh dG dH dP c
,GQhdG e BG H c RhJ H W JSCG GYCG a a ,kGjYh kdZ d
IOYEGh fd AdG XoC d J Ua hCH jdG Yh dH dG KBG dd
.NCG e jdG OdGh bGdG UGhCG
dEG OYCG CG Qb b .kGLe H NCGh OY dG gdG Y NCG dEG QGb fCG bh
Le CG fhNCGh ,ddG dG U qdEG GhOY KdG JNCG CG EG ,fc YQe
IOdH QGH JNCG a .dEG fC jdG a H d j CH gdG Y eCG b
ALQ q dEG Gfh ,jdG a e d OYCG CG q dEG GSJh q Y GhQK fc dEG
S fCH dG MhH L VCGh .kjCG IOdH ` cT ch ` JeCG
.dEG Y e GPEG YQdG
dG dG Sh ,jdG dEG IFY SCG H HHH cJ dEGh SdG Gg Jh
.Le K aOh ,JNCG d QNG
@@@
Sa QGfEG HS hO eh eCG iMEG a dN JQGR SCH dUh Hh
dG IQGdG e a SdG aQh ,SdGh dH Hb dh .MdGh OdH
ge Y dCG CG j dh ;T dP a e FGY qdEG JQS CG dEG a ,d eb
OdG H JQOH dH fCGJ CG bh .fGh dG IT jj cM ah
VQ Y dG a keCG fjdG d YQdG H Y aGd ,dGh fdGh
` fdG H ` hCG H a e d YCG d fCGh ,e fG a kWh Yh Le
Yh Ahg H dhM bh .eJG e dP Z dEG qY Le d kJh e If
dSQ a dG hX d MT fCH Jca qdGh jhdGh GdG Ahg dEG gOQCG CG
g JNCG CGh ,Le dSH gdG Y NCG a q dEG Uh dG dG f a d H
d kM SdG cCG f g aJ c fCGh ,a fSCGh dG Gg d GhQNG jdG
HCG kjCG g J c fCGh ,jdGh FdG d Fhh M qY L bh ,H kJh
.WCGh adG AGQh kjL bCGh ,dGh dG Y SdG
b YQdG b a aH fCG Y UCGh ,kY gP YbEGh FJ a OL d
OGORG K ,J fc c zdG{ Ld AVSGh kJ HUCGh b N
QNG G eeCG d ,dS j SG{ :de e LQN gh H Na kfGh kLg
z.edG e ...fG QdG Y Hh ZHh H
:Y qdG N YCG e JM a d He NBG g fch ,fG M TCG a LNh
jCG H HV CG H EG e be J dh ,jdG a FH Ie dP H dN QCG a
a J dG FSQ Oa ,LhR IaH X GMCG bh ,dGh HdG QGL
.QdG fOH U a gdG Y q qdG hf jdG f Y a ,HdG OH
@@@
Fd J a SCG CG Qbh ,jNh Le Ad Y jW eCG e fG b ch
.fdH d dN eJG cDJ b dG d kaOh gV eb e Ad e kN
.dG a J d ICLe d j c QdG dh
TMh QGdG NO a !!HS Ye hOh Z M Y d Le IQjR EG ICLdG J dh
.GOBGh edG YGb HCG dH J c dSG dEG Ya ,jCG MCG a IdG
c Gh qfGE kFb ,b YCG e kMe kTH ,jQSCG e ,dG SH qY bCG bh
dG e LS fc Ic WQh e d PfE fd q dEG AL a kS cCG
.W aQ fCG d fjdG
,SMCGh YdG e gGY e Y Le NCG jDhHh IQjdG H Ma W bh
VGe dEG jdG H J K ,JQjRh X M d IcT ee Z H a
VdG jcP e Ic ATCG dEG jh ,NBG dEG Ve e j Le ch .q T
,bGYh INCG IeGDdG GMCG dEG H e h jb e j d d ,VdG Zeh

26

S N UNGh OGOdG WGY UCH Hb kjCG

ebG d j e c Y dG eCG b e ebEG
Qa zS hOhQ{ a U J bh .IS fg
.a SGQO He OhCG d e dH J CG
dG JM Y GNOCG jc AbUCG Lh kjCG gh
H keS kegG f ddG FdG XCG bh .QhdGh
.M e aYh Aah H d cPCG HCS

27

Y Rhj d WGC KK eh ,jdG dG dG

.QT KdG gUCG
Mj CG AT QdG dh ,Wh dEG IOdG a a bh
e fOY dG Le NCG jT H aJ a :LGdH
j d fCG M e H M ;dGh dG Y dG
.QfR e Hhg
PEG VdG jNCG WGY Y kSM kfgH iHCG bh
a qdEG d jGdG GfCH ke kce Jah b d SQCG
H Y bh ,e kT JCG d SCG e dh .eg
d Le eGhCG dh ka AdG Uh cdG CG GS
e LdG MQ H fCG kjCG QbCG CG j gh .J
fCG M jM a cJ H ,LhR jj d QfR
.Y dEG H kM OdG QOZh gqUh dYCG
:dG AS a bQj d eg a S Gg H Hh
SdG H ANCG H ,JhK e kGc kGQGe a a
T dG dG Gg e IdH MCGh .H Kh jdG
dG gCG H QGQhRG dCG a OGRh JOS jCG e dG
.H J dG edG d ee Yh ,Y
WGY WC H Hb M ,jQO dGE fG G dh
dP hQCS c ,d dEG aS K .e c a bGdG
a ZQ J NCe jQJ ah kGNCGh .ddG dG a
gh .zS hOhQ{ IdG dG jdG H dG

QfR e QGdG
OGaCG H QdGh dH adG ddG jCG J N
ke c fdCG T Y dH dG fSCG ,FY
d c dG gh ,QfR a fdCG jQdG dG MC
dG e kGc Ch ,jCG Hb a LhR j CG
e iQCG VdG Gg Y hQo b WdG dGh HPdG
.dG Gg a dG g M LhCG CG aCG
cH Le NCG M AKCG QfR a HhQhCG J
jRe kaV j Gfa ,b e d j d YLG
NCGh fCG bCG bh .YQe hCG b a NCG Y ee
QfR a HhQhCG FdG H e W bY dN
GOY H J e Qb GQjdGh edG OJ a J
J HhQhCG GdG GQjR fch .gdJh OdG
.dGAf hO e dN NCG Yh q Y
a ,HHH e JOY H dG hR Y aJ bh
QGO S ch ,QGd IQhe S dG QGdG fc
JM Jaf e bQCG e kdZ ch .QGO S e C WhCG
j dG ceCG a ebEG j c dG NPdG dLdG
MG g Y WG a ZH d f Y
QJ dG bGU N dG a T e YSh .HdG
j dh ,Le NCG H a ,Oe M dEG jdG a
d FGY Y OdG Gg a YTG dJ e ch ,kcS
.dG e d SSCG N e a S hCG
dW kGS OdG e hdG hMCG CG d kW ch
CJ K ,dhCG dhe a bh ,a LGhR j
dGh QcdG LhR zS{ dG H fK UdG d
dG e QhH ddG iMEG a f dG fG
fc dG ,Ha g fjdG HdG INdG HQ z{
AdG QOZ M gX Y U EG a cd IgL
dEG UhCG M dG f e JGh ,dG Y
.Y Ae gh OdG ag
a Y aJ fSG FY aH df Y ah
d dG LhR hb dG QH fCG Xh ,QfR
dYCG d QfR a gb TCG IY H EG H j
jdG dJ qJCG NCG g QfG Ia ah ,cT a
eEG SH J J M LhR Uh G eh ,dG
SGe dG a Jh ,Y a jfG dG a hQ
dEG LhRh aS K .ffG Fd kW GhdG
.QM MH gCGh dGh SG M ,eg Wh
dG a dG Y dG Y f M dG ah
j e c JCG SMh d H CGHh .jdG LCG
H bGj jdG LhR ch .dG JM a fYd
UN LH j .dG Gg a eJ MGe QhSh e
S bh HhQhCG I d dH JY fG ij CG
.e kej gf e JCG CG LQCG UN Gce a JYfG
a .Ib Ia EG J d fdG IdG JM d
Hh GS K EG eg a fQGSG Y p j
AKCG N OH dG jdG LhR UCG M dG
e dCG a gb jCG KK Hh ,GdG HY e b
Gg a IMh HCG CG d Qb Ggh .dG LCG aGh

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

Y Vj gh ,H a Jjh Ujh hHjh jj dGh

.GcEG M j dH JeN
SG c ,ddG IYH EG fC jdG Th dG QdG Gg a f dh
.JhCG dEG J HY Y dG fCG Hh JYH
LdG MCG dEG j ,iNCGh bO c a .gah Le e HdG a fS oj dh
HdG j e gj dG YdGh jdH kGQeh ,kfLJ hCG kdO Y JeN kVQY
.dge QHOCG Gdj M HdG dH Y OQCG c e dh ,OdG a
c Ge ej a eCGh ,dG dZ ,NSdG dH JhCG a jQSG a df bh
WGYh dG bdG gH JCG M HdG AMG a bh qoL bCG c b ,dG
e HdG JCG EG e dh eCG hCG jQh T a feCj Gfc jdGh ,IOhOdG gCG
j Gfch .jOh jOMCG a e a ,dGh dH gLh jQSCG J M
a c fCG H ?JG e LQdG H d J c{ fdCjh HdG dG fJEG e
.z?jW Ie OGH
e kW kLQ ,jQSG a Ke Id gfLCSG dG HdG FS ,Y SCG ch
,eON fdCG dEG e JCj CG Y VY qfGE M dEG ke ch ;fGh Gdh jd
dh .f e IMGh Ib j CGh ,JM W ke d j CG aH bCG bh
.edG jf a HUG Y QYG M Ic eCG H npoe dG LdG
,WCGh FGN BG Z b dLh H QdG e Y o TG dG jQSG EG
H J CG Qj ddh .?!e c a fdGh IQdG f Mh fG zffEG{ H
` fG FU e ch ` AGQRhh e jN GY eh ,fG j e jdG
dG dCG GSCGh QGdG a Y bjh ,fG gj e gCG e bda
LCG a jfG c GPEG Y kFGO CSCG ch ,H e H S bh .FdG TCGh
CGQ Gg j dh ,gf a YJQGh f ee H dH TCG fdCG fCH
e WCH a jQSG a HhQhCG ddG CGQ c e PEG ,fG a gMh jdG
.dP
@@@
a fG M ,YS Y fK bSG IS a S QH dEG fG jQSG eh
.jaCG T a fdG jdG IMd HdG zdOCG{ dG dEG
jj e c a AdG j H Ic a LdG CG EG ,IU IH S QH CG eh
J dG jdG Ib bJ dG SGdG AGdG jGH g kjCG S QHh .jh
.MCG dH HCG dG
HQe ae Y J Gdh .MGh bh a S Qhd J H kGL V IdGh
YS e c a dG J M ,dRdG d eh IYdG dG bd e
.fdG JG e eOdG iNCG dG Qhe J YS hCG
X dEG j dd .HhQOh de aj dG HHdG EG IdG a dG j h
jdG cCG bh .IdG a gS AKCG dG hOj fG HHQ S QH a dG
aj a :dG FdG dG Gg a MdG hDH bO ae jdG IdGh dG
,QfG Ie g eh ,QfG hCG QhdG Y c GPG e AdG S Y adG GQTG e
.fdG JG a IHdG dG OY ch
WdG Y WJh GeCG Ib ODJ CG N YS eH IdG a J dGh
IAGb Y IQdG Gf dG AKCG c IdG a dG jh c .edG fGL QfG dEG
.GQTG
J EG e dG MCG dG dEG Neh jf J M jdG je Y IdG VJh
.YS bCH a OJ M dG
a .J CG e cCG MCG dG a fCG G ,kGL ge fc IdG a dG IQGM CG eh
Ab dEG f a ,dG aGf H d d dG AGfCG J dh ,Qf d kbY f
fCa ,d YRG dG eCH Gg c eh .je Z b SGc Y dG X Y dG
dh ,dG g W eY dG OH f CG H d bTG W bh ,AGLCG g HG
.gQGh dH GUCa ,j CG e cCG ch ,OhC j d dG
@@@

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

QfR dEG OY
dG a Wh cJ CG e Y dGh GMCH adG GdG GdG fc b
eN TC AdG gj e YCGh QdG bCH dN Qe fh c Ia
.ke kLh goe kf M fc ,AGY
MG Y JYS c ,RGdGh FGdG MG Y jdG H eCG hCG JYS dh
.b e Y YCG d dG ddG dG Ib
,dG J e d H a ,H qVCGh ,fc e qg edGh cdG bJ d
.hCG Wd IQjR a OhCG UG Ia S e dEG OY GHh
Y j d dG eCG Gg dhe QGJ q e e gGMG JQa :eCG a q HG KM bh
.IdG g J a q dG Y iNCG T M a ,FH HdG a
.Jh Y c fdCG dG e dh ,SGh H jL e ka dG CGH bh
.jL e e eCG aCG CG ThCG M Jh W b eG a GPh Gg ZQ dh
IQGRh e LY dSQ QfG Z Y q dEG Uh ThCG hCG SCdG Y aQT Mh
g fch .jb Ye a QfR dEG d OGSG q dEG J jQWGeG LQdG
SGh kMa HGU QW e GPEG Y a ,dG hCG idG fCc d dH dSdG
eMh dG dG fQWGe kGTh jGgh aJ Y qd da .fGh IdG
.dH adGh dG eH a cf OhCGh HCS jdG ITdG
g eCG q L e d he eCG a eRdG GOGSG UJ OS dEG H LM h
ahCG a ,MdG d SdG fGdG Y dG QGd hd c ,idG jdG MdG
.jCG J IQOdG dG kH
@@@
z"{ K zjH{ f dH e jdG MQ fCGH 1885 Y RJ T e hCG dG ah
zS"{ INdG H bCG eh dG e ddG dG a gUh dG zjJ{ dEG eh
H fch .e FOg MQ fa ,kcS dGh ,kFGQ dG ch .f dG a
dGh dG e QJCG a :H fc dch ,dGh UdG J hj H WCG
INdG H e CG H EG INCG GdG W SCG e JaG dG dG MGH TCGh
.qdG Y
Ib dH dG d JCG M aQc IjL a dG e edG dG U bJh
a zKCG{ Y fQa S H QS K ,FGdG IjdG J ge MCG jDhH f CGh
.e a jQSG U JG eh zjfc{ Y K fdG L
@@@
W M ,fh gFeh gLe H Uh ,jQSG VQCG eb CWh CG eh
Y HdG e Hc e EG aj QT ,WhCGh gCd dGh dH eZ QT qY
g a !fY dG SdG hdG fY e EG H
q oj Th ,GdG dG g H
dGh UhCH e keY Y J GO Z H jdG dG jDhH J Y
QdG be dLCG IOQdG ddh ejCG cCG b .dGh dG bMh icdG YHh
.H a
LGdH gc Aj ,OdG SQdG dG Gg S e fdCG WGe UCG fCG a
YCG c c IdG g N fCG EG ,fdCG dG HQ H J dG jdG IjdG
e a .a YCGh SCG dG dG Y kGL kGH kGH ...dG a Yeh QaCH
Y j hCG dG j c IAGb Y fG e d aCG fc Ga LJ hCG J
ba QW e LNCGh ,Ye qY jQSG e e e GPEG Y a Gdh .dGMCG
.j CG NG jd M a fCch ,Lh AdG V IQhe dge TCG
jg Y cCG CG Qb dh ,Jjg RGHEG dEG GW QdG IFGO a fQe Mh
Xd JRHGC h ,jg dG aQ iMG e Sa ,dP Sh e dG
.HGSGh gO Sh H ca ,hDdG
gj jT QH Z SdG e L Y WCG M QdG IFGO e LN EG eh
LdG e GdG GY H MCG a ,FVVh L Sh f CG fch SfG

28

QGT a dG Y JQd gdGh HGdH QT c IQKG SMCG g ibCG d

EG QGdG g dEG NCG CG YG dG fCGh ,LdG e L aHh QdG Vh a jdG
CG XCG ch .dG SGdG e U Hh dG L J dG ae LdG e
d ,IjdG IdG Y JOYh VdG Gg fCG b HQhCG a keY Y J JM
a M b e H TCG cCG d H QH jL e fTCG QfR QGT a dGJ
.e dEG H b HS JQjR N
,L c e H jh ,dM hj SdG GC H jdG QGT dhCG dL eh
Je dh Y M FY gLh Yh fY a dCG ch .e c dEG faGjh
,MGdG hCG HdH qY j Gfa ,WGY c H j dh .VGh gOh
dG Gg GH jCG QhHh .jdGh GMG ge d hODjh ,U Y fdCjh
dG W a Gg j dh ,OGOh Yh SM jh OY OGOj ` QNH ` d aGdG
.dG fjdG dG SdG Qeh dG Vj e
Gfc e AjHCG cdG H dGh dc dG bCG jEG dEG dG Y bh
IMdG Fb id dG fjdG dGh g TG H dH j dh .Je aGj
.jdG a JL aGJ dG GgdG e fdG jdG
,aGe e JQM a dG AjHCG ADg Y e kbTGh ,QNCG g YS Yh
QXEG Y gj CG j Y e e CG GHLCG fCG EG ,Y eG dEG LQh
.f AadGh AdH gQT
JJ q dEG jh ,FbUCGh HQbCGh JGNCGh JNCG QNCG q dEG j dG ch
X Y JQjR a Zj fCGh eeCG Me gQhO CGh UNGh gOh QGSGh
Gfch ,JGNCG H e He FSQ e qdEG j dG ADg H ch .INdG
FSQ fch .dG e Z M Y j a fSj K FY J FSdG j
.JH a gQhRCG CG q dEG j ,kMh Ydh kbT J JGNCG
hdG M Y khf H AL Y ,J hCG GAGdG d HSG aQCG c dh
.YdGh cdG Y ad kGOHGh IFdG
dH q dEG d gQhO GHCG N j GdG dCG c ,jdG a dGJ AKCG ah
.dGh YG H hCG
Af gf ,fdG jdG Z aGf J fS hCG ,dG eCG QGhdH fQe GPG ch
Ggj CG IQHh V e e e LQCG ch .dGh dH jjCH d Mj
q dG
e dPh ,QdG U dG JCG QhH ch ,H dG GhOj CGh GQTG g
CG dG gd qj c a .e Y e gPfEGh dG IdG Jg eS LCG
hCG dG Y LdG IdG bGj CG e j dG a e e a f j
d jdG c jda ,IHY ee J hCG jH IQTEG gGMEG e QH GPa ,QdG
!dG gS Y e dG
HQhCG ajh H ,dG aj bGh M g H ,NG hCG J dG Gg a dh
.adG M QfR a cdG
Y HdG dG a KGMCG bh dG dG OdG Gg a IQdG jdG eh
,cdG Je iMG dG Ue a gh dG d a :QfR dEG dUh
bQhH j c dJH QH dEG dH J ` dGh MdG e c fL Y fch
.dG eCG
jCG ` c fCG cPCG PG .da INGDdGh dG Lj e IdG g Y a j dh
J Y Ofh fdGh fG IQdGh dG S f ` keY KK b dW
.JOS e MCG VGYG g JaJ J dh ,dH
dH gj GC Hh ,cdG FM dEG gP a :VdG a NBG kjCGQ ZH d d
f fEG b bh .Fb jCG H hdG SCa ,J d ge IHh d OLh fP Y
dG e j V Y bCa ,jL YHh f YT iCGQ CG H a Y
IhJ gb Y j GR e fEa fP Y kGJh ,hdG SCG M Y HCa GdGh
.kej BGdG
qdEG gOOJ QGSG e SdG j d dP Ea ,dG ITh IdH dG QTG ZQh
gGc{ d J gdG j G dG j c e dh ,f gQT QXEGh
cQ c b Z aGf J H j ,JS edG e G zH gGc ...H

29

jCG N Y Ae a bCGh ,ec jCG S Y Ae dEG S QH e MQ SGh

jdG e a c M dG AdG Gg bQa EG eh .dG UGH d dG b
a UYCG bZCG dG dG f ah ,SdG jdG fj dG HdG HdG
K ,kIjh kj dH d JY jQ Y gh ,zchCG{ HdG INdG HSCG b
IT e Ld kLh a dG jCGQ dH jCG KK GO kGee kjb kGQYEG jdG QU
jCG g N S fc a .dG gQGh IdGh SCGdG BG IT eh gdGh dG
K YCG dEG aj QYG a ,kbh kUh kYh ka ,jdG e a jc KdG
h d M GeCG TCG a fh ,dG GP hCG dG GP dEG K SCG dEG H j
EG kT feCG e f .gJ CG MGhQCGh ,J CG dYh ,J CG fDheCG OJ ,Ib
.qdG e QfGh Qd SG
QYG Gg N HGdG dG Y W a .QgO e WCG fc kKK kejCG ARdG SGh
JT Y eCG dh ,kTh kj H a NBGh dG H dG YJ jdG X EGh
.fT dG dH Sj
@@@
Md jh ` d H BG T e fdG dG a !dG M Y M c a qd dGh
H H adG INdG Jh ,QfR e ke KK H Y gh ,H IjL MGS `
S VG edG VQGdG OLd dG a AdG NO M dG M dh .YS
.QfR dT zec Qf{ a d J C
,WGdG TLh ,jcdG Va a :L d j hCG dG W L d j dh
Mh je ddG dG a OhCG SGh .fGh WGdG H dG MORGh
dG GSCG fch ,AdG f kGjhQ kGjhQ MJ dG fc dG S dEG LN
ff J fCch dG aCG a dG QTCG d a ,dG QGfCG eCG GJ
dG JdG X WdG e kHGbG fOR ch ,H e d hCG dEG fd gOLCH
.gh g Ie fdG ib Jh ,QTCG
dG QCG ch .jdG WdG VQCGh dGh dG e :FGdG dG Gg d S bh
eCJCG Ma kaT kbQ kMhQ e L b OGDdG GVGh dG Lh WdG ah
HTh dW QU Xf eCG dfa ,jcPh eCJ a OLdG Y Z M dG
gd a ;edG hUh GMCG FGZ e dP H d iL e K ,WhCG g a
eCG e j IdG g a Ada .IdG g a dG HGdh ,dG Gg a fG
.GMCGh Z e dG d j e j h ,kT f
cCG d OH dEG IdH qY hdG M K ,QGO YCG ah e HY Cfh dh a
eh fdCG fh e f OH dEG OYCG fCG gh ,b e jCGQ hCG H S b
JQOZ dG dG f a jdG GZG Gg H Wh dEG JOY J CG dG FGZ
dG f e QfR dUh j dG Gg j CG ZCG dh ,keY IY J b a
.keY Y N b LhR a aJ dG YdG fh H
M qY Gj dh ,jJh H qdEG hj Ga dH fGh dgP OhCG T bh
gh CG dJ qdG MC fGh .kfMh kM J fc YdG cdG fY dh .QaCG
.eCG e YCG IdG S CG H Y Ibh iS OhCGADg
@@@
b HQCG UdG dEG S a .YTCGh QGdG e HZ fCch H e hj AdG ch
Jc JNH g K ,e b dOCG JNH J dGh bdG fdCG SCG e
cGdG e j OYh ,dG S e S Nh fjdG SCd HJ
.IdGh IdG YGdG
CG OGQCG fEGh jdG dEG hdH d j CG JNH HQ zSH{ QhOedG C j dh
Uh d .AGSGh dG QKCG J gh ,zjS dM{ ` db M Y ` fj
hdG a jM d OYCGh ,QeCG UCG zQH{ HdG INdG X Y zQc{ GeCG
.ATCG e bh jdG dEG
dGJh H VQCG Y fK OLh Oe ch .FfCG a dJh jdG dEG df bh
.SMGh fG d ke YQGT a

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

.JM a GdG T dG bGPCG dG OS H Y b Y BGdG IAGd kGNDe

H Y J eDdh ZH Ib e aYCG c H fcPh ,fT HdG c QKCG bh
.LQ idG NCG dNh OS
Mf bh ,eC dG NCG LQ fch ,jR JNCG cCG HG ` AGdG cj c ` Y c a
.kJGQ Y iLCGh ,kH dG bCa ,jW eR e e e dEG
a TGdG jW S b ` S e hO Hh M L ZH Y U dG ` Y ch
e a ,H d H hCG hR d j dh ,H iOhCG dG dG Ve a JdG H
.Ve TGa a MGQ Y Jh ,NCG HH J CG Ld dG
dGh ,e dGh OdG WGd j h ,dG h MdG b j dG ZH d
JSh f j dh ,Y J NCG J XZCG ,jdG fh OSCG M YCG
e gY jNCG a gOLh ,JGQ Y b a ,kGY eCG J HQ dGh JGNCG cC
.gQGO
TCG e M AdG Y j eCG gh ,JRL J a ZH j d Y aJ dh
d a ...Y b Y IdG ebEGh BGdG IAGH eCj BG dh ...IhGY eN
!GdGh
qY keGd LCa ,ZH dG NCG QfR a FY SCGQ Y dG dEG bJ b eO eh
g FY e OH kY OfCG CG ` dGh ` fAnd fGh ,iNCG dYCG H Y QdG jRCG CG
ZQh ,OHh gCG Y OdGh bdG S Za ,OdG Sh FdG SCGQ BG gh NCG
dH e kej V dG fCG ,d ffG Z eeh V Mh gJ ZH Ib
H MCG GRCG e fCa Gg c e ZdG Y ,kfS Jh b fEG S a JMh
H jdG e jh ,gGcP jh eb Hh gC AadGh dH j kb L
.Hb Hh gCG e C WY q GC j dG f ZH g OdG j d d
AHCG e QfR a jOLdG cCG gh ,N NCH a e QfR a FdG b a
Y OdG TY ZH dJ EG a dd ,d H dG TdGh ,ZH H HCG
j CG e aN j CG EG Qe hCG S fhO dG gZ dEG Gg NCH eQ M 1870
j CG g OGQCG c V eBa ,QeCG SG dEG ` Y dhh N gh ` N
.Le NCG V eBa QeCG
hOh ,dG j CG hO GW GS K ZGh OdH Sj dG CG Xh
.TGh MdH NCG b dN j CG
QL e dG f bGP dG JGNG iMG fG a ,GQGVG S ANEG dEG VG K
gAa ,ICa dG V a ,e a dG ja AGOCG dEG gdG ` Jbh ZH
CG HCG fCG EG ,SdG b eCGh qdG H a dH cd GdGh dG e ke
.N NCG GS j d e eKBG d J
NC CG cG e YSh .JcM Ujh baQh bGj X dh ;ka MGS WCG bh
JeGDe jCG dEG ZH dH OY IcGdG CG T h ` bdG f a kjKh ke kjU
N j CG Qb dd ,FZh f e AZCG ASDhdH HGhQ Y OY eh Le NCG Y
:d bh NCG jU dEG SQCG a Gd .dH YdG AdG Gg e e TdG Y
.zgAGT jQCG fa jJ dG dG Y fN dd YQGe H J fCG S fG{
dh :ceCG H a ke aCG d fCa !S j e C N g CG H { :HLCG LdG dh
.zke eCG a J CG LQCGh VGQCG J CG e e G{ Y OQ dG
jj dG dG Y GDdH QOH dG dG IM dEG fK LdG YO Fb jCG Hh
e SdG OdG AL dh ,e dG Gg e a j fCH cCJ LdG OYCGh ,ceC
kGeCG gh QhO dCG 50 Y d aOCG fEG H .eCG jJ a gCG jCG jGd d{ :dG
.zdG S
d dG e Nh qd eCG dG qdG LdG S dCGh IdG De c Hh
NCG ,dG SGh dG eCG d gP d fCG dP ,YCGh TCG iNCG ICLe QfH
dG g BG j e Gh ,kjS kb jH d aj S dG CG hDdG XdG
dEG j c e dH gh ,Jh LdG Qfa .QhO jNh dCG Qbh a hCG
.dG
b g J ,jhQCG fCGh kdCGh IM f Jh kN Lh j iNCG KOM gh
K ,d jhJ ZH dG aa ,ahdG LdG MCG d J dG JGNG iMG

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

.dG dEG jFY bQGhR

jdG ShdG e ADg s Lo ch ,hdGh SGdG fKEG a j CG dG eh
HdG dG ah .kaM e j dG fdG f fC kT Y Gj CG j
gfG Lh ,jOd FbUCG e KG dG L J dG dG J MQ j Y
SSL fCG fGNCGh ,,e Fc JNH Y kGc OOj c dG V LQ dEG
keh kbM eCG hCG a c M a ,hCG dG LQ BG UCG dG zLhOGH{
.dG a Hd
keON dG J J f Vh UCG Vh dG N Shg Gg LhOGHh
e :kIch kIU L QeCH Y j dG hCG dG LQ GZ M kVh
KK Qb kJGQ LhOGH Vjh .dG IFe Y edG dEG SeHdG VhdG
Sdh dG Y f j V e dG GYH gh a dG a kGQhO
IjL OQGe Y d kTh j ShdG Gg j CG Gg H dG eh ,dG
Y NCj H iPCG TCG bd dG Y SGdG Pf VdG Gd j ch .GdH
Gg HdG Xe dEG aj CG aQ gGdH dG e CG ke dP a .de J
NBG dEG gdG Gg Y dH dG LhOGH bCa ,dG je Y dY
.hCG e GH dd HSG cCG
@@@
gh ,S X Y H MCG CGh ,jCG g a Oe Y j CG dG FGZ eh
g a MG eb H IOY e d PEG QfR a Oe H a MG Ie hCG
.SdG
@@@
.IjL H IY a H a .b e Y fc e kL cCG dG e QfR je hJh
V j dGh AHdH AdGh dG eCG FdG QdG ge L e OGR eh
.He Id zfdG OdG Y IT{ fH JQH
eCG AS b jdG NGO G ` HhQhCG a jdG ebG KCG e Gg dh ` d iAGj dh
dG jdG QGT a J FGda :gEGh GdG e d Kj mdM a UCGh
e J h .kjG GdG H H fh H dGh dG Y f bh ,SdGh
H e AfEG CG hjh .de Z H SdG q j H H j hCG dG g dEG j
dG af gT C f UN GMCG dj CG dG S EGh ,dG eCH d
AHd eh dG d ke OdG dEG NOCG fCG Y .jQHh dh H a YQGTh
.fdG WCG h fdG NdG bCG d iNCG ATCGh QdGh
S eU CG QOCG cCG dh ;dCG TCG dBGh ,HGNh jdG M AS eU dh
eh SCGQ e QR M dh ,JdG H dG b iQCG M cCG dCGh TCG
.GdGh dG H MCGh ,b f J GN e H M e jCGQh ,dW
NBG ThCGh ,kFf fe e ddG MCG GR PEG :WCGh cQ dEG dG dG J a
a SG MH eCG ;Gfd Fe NBG Hh H fG b GQdGh .QfG Y
fh ,ShCGh jdH JMS CeGh ,fGQL QfGh ,aS edG Y QW
kGe d LCG dh ,HdG eh HdG dG H gdG cj e j dh .FdG a
.dG IQOH EG qY WCG jdG gdGh dG e
fCG Y f dEG bh ,dG M dG Sh HY T e J dG JQOe Yh
YCG kLQ Lh JdG f Y fQhe Yh .bQGhR dEG UG bh .SdG FQ
hCG dH SdG GC HCG CG QfR dEG Uh CG e JOY e j dh .dG Ae e C Vj
e bCG CG hO Y a ,YCG LdG Gg e IYdG cCG CG jCGQ dh ,dG
e M JU S EG e dh ,e fc H aCG hCG AVh Y bCG d Gc
eh .Th IQGM H Lh Y Vh K ,bh T dEG aQh j NCGh ,jj q dEG
c G dCa ,ae a C NCG b LdG j CG N a WGdG H ddG KCJ
Gg SGh z!Jg H W fCGh M dW dG ,dS JS fCG{ ,LCa fCG e Qj
.bQ jOh H j dG YCG LdG
dG Y bh ,JdG H e a PDdG g LdG G aGdG HdG fNCG bh

30

NCG dEG dG ga ,LdG Ggh NCG H M bY Y HPc Ve YTG S

j e c e dG JAGHh VdH dG L d J CG kY dha ,dH LGhh
feCG LGh Y FdGh INCG LGh Y jdG dG bdG CG Gg dh .dM
eh ,dGh dG e kecQ cJ kWS H jdG NCG Y jdG H fG
e ah L gX a MdG eBG H SJ TGdG jW S e dGR
a c BGdG IhJh IdG gb Y a jdG CG eCj CG J M dh ,f
.OS H Y NG HG hCG cdG LhR e
Gg S Y jdG e HhQhCG bj e j hCG GC j M QdG a J eHh
Mh LdG Gg M Y H d dG g cj ,N Wh W bQh dG
j eh j e Ic Y ` kT hCG kGMCG j gh ,jeh AK e dM HQhCG j e
.c eCG Hh dCGh fG dP a j HhQhCG g e d gc e `
@@@

.zWCc j fa JS j Y J { CG zH JJGhL Sc fc H{
dh ;dG NCG e dCS dG SG W e T a QfR Uh M cCG dh
cCG dh .fdCG ed VGdG ZdG J j CG j NCG CG kjCG KGh c
bJCG CG j h ,d keGMG QfR a OLh MG b bCG Y a :jJ a e
a e jOLdG JGNCGh JNC ee AS e jCGQh S dG H dP e cCG e
.QfR
INCG WGY H FH Ie fWMCGh ,MdH dUh N GJ a SdG H eCG
AHCG ch fdGh ShdGh da ;eGh RGYG H d cPCG HCS e Ggh ,OGOdGh
.JM H a f QfR a OhCGh HCG CG q dEG ALdG a jS GcTG OdG
fGcP dh ,H HdG HGQ gJCG CG HQbCG e KG e jM a Ie J bh
HQbCG cCG C kGe c eCd gJ CG d qa .H gJ hCG d Y Yh ,H
ZdG a ,jdGh GMG EG d Gj fCH MGh H HLCa .e Fh Y Gd
q Y e eCG fEG b a jdG J Y eCG .S dG HG GRCG e fEa M e c e
K .qdG IOGQH ee QeCG c dEG JOYh QfR e Hhg Ea dch ,jGdG e
.QfR a OhCGh HCG CG fCS
.dG ADg Y jdG dG AfG Y ddG c ddG jdG Gg ah
IaGdG dG e dG AHCGh AbUCGh gCG L e H WMG dG AadGh OGOdG ge G
cPCG HCS kGS kKM g MQ L b fK Ie jdG Wh jDhH Y cH
Y dJ qd dGh dG QcCG CG EG d dh ,jCG ie Y QdGh dGh IOdH
.MQ SGhh f c
dHh d dH dCGh dH e dCG YS fch ;fBG b MdGh IOdG YS dh
e N G iQCGh .H H c dG H Hh ,dBG c GOdG dBG dG FdG FbUC
HdG H kGfh kGT YGOh FSQ H f g c dG Ggh dG Gg H NG
:MGdG dG a hCG dG
.dG eh dG e fa dEG GhOY S a Y MRdG jCG{
d fY QUh ,kJ N OGDa Qd ,idG Y ,eY dG b YCG c d
.AGdG d MhQ QUh ,jg
GeCc J edG EG d J dh dG beh hdG e S b Y MGdG jCG
.dG
Vg bh dG j c dh ,dGM WCa kGW cCG CG J GjhQ RdG dG jCG
?dG e
z!JS L a J MGhQCG O hCG dG b fK LG ddG Q j dEG
@@@

31

JW UH dG NCG e kafEG hCG kGN bJCG CG J eH dG eh

YhdG bM e kT JCG d ,VadG dN QfR e LQCG CG Y h .UdG
GhdG Y YVe dN b e dG Jf d dG H kGHCG U h .a
H eh HCG Y KQh dG ceCG ac KCG eSG f fdCG dEG H Y dG ddG
MCH YG dG JW a .b kGMGh ka SCG d fCG da .kGQGO jYh mK K
.dG M a q n jo d e dGR e ` Y J d eC fGh ` f fjdG dG
S g ,bM d Ff jc zOGdG dG{ NCG qY VY dG zdG{ dG G
dWCG e Qe Y hj a AHEG Hh dG e kFf kaQ aQ bh HhQ BG
JGNCG e Nh JNCG e N aJ dG TY ZH dJ CG a .kffbh kYT H
Nh .jdG HCG LhR iMEGh ,JNCG AHCG MCGh INCG H e Kh FY Yh
.kL JcJ a kYT QCG fCGh ,FW kGeCG ADg L
.fdCG edG Y MbG dG jdG ad aGh WH H dG QJ dh
a SdG de b a e Y W M BG M H b QhS dh
.dG
a .zSDdG{ aM Y J jfG SeHdG Y iNCG b hQCG CG g d H h
a dG dG eCG ,ATCG aGJ Y IUb dG S CG QfR a Oa d hdG
fCH ` DhGYCG a H ` dG d j dG dG fjdG dG H a edG QeCG
dG Hd kGYe j CG LdG Gg Yh bh .hCG RGdG e M SeHO
dGh dSCH gL IZ GRCG e fCG gdGh .YhH YG dG b Y Vd
V MC fjdG dG db e bU a dd ,S Y b c c SeHdG
CG dG Ad j d fC b a kT j CG YSG d SCG Y fdCG SCG
.e b Hh dG Hd Ua
b b QcdG dG CG Y M b Wh L d fG e YS dh
Y SdG H j Y GY .YQGe MCG a dG e jdG Gg Y HdG YSCG
.fjdG ddG MU H dG dG MU b Hj Te J N OLh
@@@
AGT a gYSCG CG S aQ qdEG W a :V SGh EG Sh dG j dh
Y d dP N Uh a ,ZdG MCG cO Y gjGh OOa ,JLhd dG H
FdG C Zh M L Y Uh ,FdG W a SQCG ,LhOGH hCG LQ jW
j fCH IAGH LCG FdG CG EG .ATCG H jh fcO a j CG VQ
e H Oa ,dG Z e jdG QKCG e ,dG NCG fcO e Oj CG
Jh dG Z j fCG Y OQ CG EG AdG FdG e c a OdG QN LGNEGh
.fgEG q C Vj CG Y OdG
qe fhAL jdG Y H eCG a :H Gg e bCG ie dEG dG fh
.QfR dUH GY eY
gQT ANEG SdG hj dh ,V AGSGh dG Qe fc JaJh JGAGLEG CG EG
:fhgT e GPEG j Gfc PEG f q FGdG

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY

32

2004

jO / hCG fc 1 AHQCG

76

OY