كتاب المعلم للصف السادس

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q npoj CG nH :pnG pHdG paG Y kAH
pjdG oGSG o`j c :rdCSpG ,zlLGe{ pIa
.nq`dG pHLEG pbpG ?pJHLEG pqU e pqcCd
odG
rsJ
.udG pHQCG pqfdG pSdG pGfCG pb`H rob
CG d nS dG nqfdG nSdG Gj CG pdG
q EG rWoG
.pdGh pq`dGh pqSQG pdG ghgT
lqaVEG leCG
paZ oUGqZ o j dG odG e ,(1) pe 1
?u`dG pUGqdG e ncCG nUj CG pUdG
,Gke 250 oq`j pUdG paZ nUGqZ oq`j dG oOdG
`Hh .Gke 15 oq`j s`dG nUGqdG oq`j dG oOdGh
o`j pUdG paZ nUGqZ sEa ,250 - 15 = 235 sCG
.u`dG pUGqdG e Gke 235 nae kY ncCG oUdG
22
pjM pfG`dG pGfCG oOY e ,(2) pe
pedG ofh mReQ oHQCG g ?sHO pfG`dG

oq`jh ,pfG`dG pjH uU`dG pQs`dG pSdG
g sEa ,4 1 # 10 = 45 sCG `Hh mGfCG 10 meQ tc
2
.sHO pfG`dG pjM pfG`dG e kYf 45

ps`dG pIjdG pTdG pS nb rpLhCG ,(3) pe
.1993 pY
uN Y 1993 nY rnq`J dG ndG ppLhCG
nb sEa dd ,100 pdG p`j EG odG .pGdG
100 hJ 1993 nY ps`dG pIjdG pTdG pS
.mgQO
nfdG nJ`dG t`J dG oqdG e,(4) pe
dG oqdG ?pp`dG pqjQdG pfYEG pVGZCG
rpM) .pNdG uG oeN g nfdG nJ`dG t`J
ps`dG pAd dG ,pIFGdG e pAGLCG ncCG sCG
(.oOSG s`J Gdh ,mOsè oZ ffEd
sr
Qp h`dG Y pdG pIAGb pqd pdG
q pSG e rscCJ
u`fdG pSdGh ,pIYCH u`fdG pSdG e xc
pSdG pRedG pLJ Y pJQb eh ;p`dH
pdG pj`J Y dch ;mOGYCG dEG pQdH u`fdG
.pIFGdH u`fdG pSdG pd pj`dG
q
IOQGh
ANC
l
l G
uSSCG pdG pSQGe pW

q pLMG oLGe
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q ogj :oMG
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e sbCG kb oq`j pedG nf sCG d rTpG :pIYG j qe
oq`j pedG nf sEa 100 oq`j oedG nc GPEG .mec meQ
.mReQ nfCG oqJ kqaVEG keCG ndG
q pYCG .50
pAedG e pe`dG oOJ

pN e pqfdG pSdG e mpè m`fC meCG dEG nIQTEG SuQ`dG pFeR EG rWoG
.pqL`dG pdG pN eh pd
q feqj dG udG idG
pdG e oNGdGh oHGdG

qJ dG nWG oJ dG pTG`dG e lIqOMh lV oP`f pTdG pS oSCG
oj qè ,pNGdG dEG me mU pqS hCG pN oSCG Jh
.nL
t
.e
k
pja nhg
23
rsnJn
pJS sch xH mSQ uc nGY GhCGj CH nqdG pucP
.pjQdG pY HLEH GhCGj CG b iNCG
(6) obQ ojdG
n H nbdG oqj sdG nSdG sCG nj nqdG sCG e rscCJ
.pWdG Y gpoHh pdG pOY

(8) obQ ojdG
pjdG Gg Y nHLEG j sfCG oqdG oj b
c sCG
n qdG pucP .mIe oZ pUGG njQe sC
pg h .xc e lAL g pIFGdH udG pSdG e b
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gQO
100 e nG GMj CGh sc iNCG njQG
m
.pUGG njQe Ghd
lJh oFe
(3) pbQ dEG (1) pbQ e ojQdG

ej h ,pRedG uH ej e kIOY jdG
p d
q ruVh
oHc oj sfCH ,4 000 000 pdG pqY AGLEH
Y gnYd JU pQdH u`fdG pSdG pe
.pqcdG
(1) obQ ojdG

p edG pf e pd pIYG EG odG
q
oj b
n qdG pQCG .udG udG pG pMe d pnG
me e peqdG nf sCG Ghd nG ej c
.msHe
(5) obQ ojdG

pU e oCGj sOdG nQ`dG sCG odG
q
oQj sHQ
.me
uaCG jQG p`je e dG pIQhH grucP
.pGDdG Y pHLEG nb ,mjH uOdGh
24
odGh oG
l jH lJ
pSdG e mf sCG nOqj CG mdW uc EG rWoG :oH`dG
pfdG pYè e xc pVd naCG oS pqfdG
:pJBG
mpè pqVjQ mdCG cp`dG
p dG
q oOGYCG 1
.pSQ`dG
t`fdG oSdG ,pIYCH t`fdG oSdG :lè lHLEG
.pQdH
,pdGh ,pdG oddG j dG obdG 2
.Ggh ,p`dGh
.pIFGdH t`fdG oSdG :lè lHLEG
.pqdG e mY`d oqjdG osJ`dG 3
.p`dH t`fdG oSdG :lè lHLEG
ljS lq`J
p `dG kepe fOCG nqVjdG n`dG ppcCG
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.zpQdH t`fdG oSdG{ ,zp`dH t`fdG oSdG{
.pfdG e mYèh pfdG e mb nH oQj ... 1
pIFGdH t`fdG oSdG
.pfdG pf nHGJ oqj ... 2
p`dH t`fdG oSdG
.pfdG pd nRedG oj ... 3
pQdH t`fdG oSdG
.pfdG pfQ`d le ... 4
pIYCH t`fdG oSdG
:oHLEG
:zwT l`J{ oHLEG
(pW hCG) pJQH ndG oqj pIYCH t`fdG oSdG
.pRedG pOH ndG pQdH t`fdG oSdG oqjh ,pOdG
.pIFGdG pb pVH ndG pIFGdH t`fdG oSdG oqj
Y pdG poH ndG oqj p`dH t`fdG oSdG
.uaCG pQ`dG
.pUCG pOdG ,pcCG pOdG :pIYCH t`fdG oSdG
.pRedG tbCG ,pRedG ocCG :pQdH t`fdG oSdG
.mb oVCG ,mb oVYCG :pIFGdH t`fdG oSdG
.mf fOCG ,mf YCG :p`dH t`fdG oSdG
25
1-1 pdG osS

l ec lAGOCG 4
pSdGh pIYCH u`fdG pSdG Y pfdG mqbH oddG oCGj
Ip FGdH u`fdG pSdGh pQdH u`fdG pSdGh p`dH u`fdG
.nH Qjh
o
l M lAGOCG 3
pIYCH u`fdG pSdG Y pfdG ,dP Y uM nH oddG oCGj
u`fdG pSdGh pQdH u`fdG pSdGh p`dH u`fdG pSdGh
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pIFGdH
o
2
w FL lAGOCG 2
u`fdG pSdG Y pfdG pfQeh pIAGb kHU oddG oj
pSdGh pQdH u`fdG pSdGh p`dH u`fdG pSdGh pIYCH
.pIFGdH u`fdG
V lAGOCG 1
pSdGh pIYCH u`fdG pSdG Y pfdG mqbH oddG oCGj
h pIFGdH u`fdG pSdGh pQdH u`fdG pSdGh p`dH u`fdG
.nH oQj
2-1
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
n Mj CG u`fdG pSd H o`j dG nqedG nFGdG nOqj
.mue mbH
pSQdG oee
nAT :pddG oGhOCG
nAT :puG oGhOCG
odG
l
LGe
:j qè xc pb n`Jf rpLhCG
1
2
3
4
5
56
84
72
96
85
_ 14
_6
_4
_ 16
_5
4
14
18
6
17
njQdG
o dG
q npoj CG nH :pnG pHqdG paG Y kAH
oGSG pfeEH c GPEG e rdCSpG ,zlLGe{ pIa
rWoG .pdG p`JGf pOjE (gdG)
udG p`dG
u
.pq`dG pHLEG sc rbpG .pN nVY dEG
odG
pbdG J
o
n N zrs{h zrsJ{ nJa Y pdG
q
e rYpG
EG ndG
q
pbG sK .pqSGQdG pqG e pqhCG pdG
oFe{h zrq{ nJa pjQ sM dEG rWGh mY
pMCG n mY uc EG rWG gnH .zlJh
nJ pYG pW
q EG rWGh pKdG pqfdG pSdG
.bdG
p dG
q Y nVYh pYG pLSG
rsJ
oHj GP :pGDdG pH rCGHpG ,(1) pe pbe Y
pSdG sCG odG
q
oj ?j GPh GOdG
sdh nf nqjOdG pe`dG qVj pqfdG
na odG
q
odCj nS .uaCG pqQdH j
.pIYCH u`fdG pSd aC
u Gh uOdG jQ`dG
lqaVEG leCG
pAdG pTdG pS oW (hj) oOj kIqe c 1
?ce pTdG pS nW pIdG
pW Y pIdG pAdG pTdG pS nW obCG
16 _ 13 c 1.2 :ce pTdG pS
GM pIdG pAdG pTdG pS nW sEa ,ddh
.ce pTdG pS pW e 1.2
26
Y pIQdH uUG u`fdG pSdG oJ o c

?pdG pc
15 ouZCG .kjhe pedG pQè Y pGdG sc rLpG
nSa oq`j GkOY oSQCG sK ,15 dEG 25h ,10 dEG
.pdG
e xc EG NdG
pQSCG nIOjdG ppLhCG ,(3) pe
p
dEG 1991 e pGYCG nN pG`dG pjMh ,H`dG
.1994
pG`dG pjMh H`dG e xc EG NdG
oQSCG
p
;ngGQO oIY 1994 pY h ,gQO 1991 pY
.ngGQO 8 pNdG pQSCG oIOjda ,ddh
sCG oqVJ nqfdG nSdG sEa ,dP e pZdG Yh
.ocCG H`dG pNO pQSCG nIOjdG
sr
mSQ uoc unOY qk hCG ndG Gpoj CG Y nqdG puT
pjdG oOY :dG pdG Y nH GfQj CGh xH
pfU osJe ;pYG JcdG pOY 43 hj pYG
.pIRG pFdG pfU psJe nf hj pqjOdG pFdG
GPEG e GhqcCd SG e Gqj CG
p dG EG rWG sK
. CG kU oJMe rnfc
IOQGh
ANC
l
l G
:oHLEG
p Gà n`H pa`dG oqj t`fdG oSdG :lè lHLEG
pI`dG pae pH dPh ,uOdG pQ`dG Y pOGYCG

.(1-10) pI`dG pae e nWCG (0-1)
pG`dG pae `dj t`fdG oSdG :lè lHLEG
mjhe mae pH dPh ,psJd ps`dG
.(15-18) ,(0-15) pG`d
27
uSSCG pdG pSQGe pW

q pLMG oLGe
pIYCH oqfdG oSdG n`d odG

q
oj :oMG
.lue g zrs`J{ pIa 2h 1 jdG
Y npSoQ x`fH mSQ pGQhCH ndG
q pOuhR :pIYG nj soe
dG pIYCG nSQ dEG rWG sK .pGdG he lSe
dG pqfdG pSdG n`H fQj rYnO .pfdG nb oqJ
.pu`dG pSdGh gU
uSSCG pdG pMe qe e lIe lFf

e ,udG pFeR Y nVYh mue mqfH mSd meCG nOjEG pqdG EG rWoG
tdG oSdG Gg GP oqVJ mGJ pAYEGh ,udG pSdG Gd mb mUh pVhY
.lue
pdG e oNGdGh oHGdG
.Gke 14 e ncCG EG odW nj qM nj CG o`j ,p`dG oTb gh ,mTb oVCG
ch .mQeCG 6 oVY oj ,kqbQh kIFW pT ojh ,pHQbCG oMCG pdG oTh
,ojDhQ oJ dG pbdG pq`dG pFdG Y iqJh ,pSCG o`jY `dG
.pdG pa lqY lT pA`dG e go`Jh
thdG oqdG
WG
sK ,p`dG
q
hCG pFG`dG e mue x`fH mSQ nQMEG mdW uc EG rWoG
r
pd dPh ,mW
q pHQCG EG mKK e goOY ohG`j mY ndG pdG
q EG
g pdG pLhCG pj`Jh ,pAGQBG pAGHEG pqjM
q e ,pbeh pqfdG pSdG g
.pqfdG pSdG
rsnnJ
(2) obQ ojdG

nOdG sCG oqj sdG nSdG sCG Ga b
n dG
q sCG e rscCJ
nqdG nbQCG sCG sEG mGqe 5 `H dG pOdG ne ocCG nqhCG
.mVGh mH dP oqJ
oj gh pIdG pqjdG pqjdG e pdG ohN :odG
.pdG pqjdG pJdG e 45.3 kg e n`cCG ncCj CG
dG pqjdG pJdG pWCG pOY njJ
p dG
q EG rWoG
.pIMGdG pdG ncCG pdG ohN oj
.qdG e 16.5 GM
(6) obQ ojdG

.nf pfdG qj qfdG SdG sCG pd
q
ruVh
28
lJh oFe
(4) pbQ EG (1) pbQ e ojQdG

SCG Y sG FG LqG qG sCG pd
q
ruVh
45 OdG e UCG dG OGYG sCG j qjOdG pjQG
.jQG Y rVJ
(3) pbQ EG(1) pbQ e ojQdG
pGQOdG nqqc oq sOdG nQG sCG EG pqdG nf ruLh
pQG Y peG sCG mYh Y
n dG
q
pLpG .pH
kIOLe (0-30) e pbQCG tc rnd sfCG oqVJ uOdG
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odGh oG
e oCGJ oHW
q goQj pdG pqKGMEG nQhè sCG e rscCJ
ljhe lae nH pQh`dG Y nOGYCG sCGh ,pdG
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p dG
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nVhh ,GkqL J
k
pSQdG Gg nge oq`J dGh
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pfU psJe Y pIR``dG pFdG pfU osJe ojj c
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:oHLEG
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H MJ ,mse mSG nad :lè lHLEG
oZj sHQ ,p`dG pS Y .oIOs`dG ofdG
kAjEG Gj CG pG pe mse mne Y `dG
rj d GPEG M ,pG e ndG Gg oqJ nSdG sCH
oeGSG o`j ou`dG t`fdG oSdG .kU dP
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l M lAGOCG 3
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w FL lAGOCG 2
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.pfCG
pQ`dG nSe n CH dP oJ o`jh ,f
29
.pdG e oCGj uOdG
2-1 pdG osS
l V lAGOCG 1

.uk e u`fdG pSdG pc nS oddG oqj
3-1
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
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. CG m`qJH Mj pQfG osè nc GPEG e nOqj
pSQdG oee
nAT :pddG oGhOCG
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qo SSCG o`dG
l`qJpG ,pQfG osè
odG
lLGe
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.pdG e kbfG YCG
E
5
4
3
2
1
0
pbdG oJ
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e qG pbdG nN GhTj CG
p dG
q
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YCG EG 5h pdG EG 4
YCG EG 3h pdG EG 2
A 1
B 2
YCG EG 4h pdG EG 0
C 3
YCG EG 0h pdG EG 5
D 4
YCG EG 6h pdG EG 2 E 5
b pdG
q
sc sCG e rs`J :pnG pHdG paG Y kAH
Y iNCG kWf rnV .u`fdG pSdG Y pdG e Ga
e xc nbe GhOqj CG pdG
q
pH EG rWGh pSdG
.pIj`dG pdG
dG
rsJ
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tc oq ,e xH mT uc h .udG uG pdGh
.pOGYCG e ksJe kLhR mf
30
laVEG leCG
bCH pO`dG Y ndG oQj JBG pQfG osè
,(z) (pqH`dG) pV`dG pTdG pd mè mW
ndG pOuM .(x) pedG p`f pTbh ,(y) pTdG pMh
.mTb pS ud mW bCGh pO`dG Y
odG pTdG oSCG
(pdH) mW bCG
2100
1800
1500
1200
900
600
300
0
30 60 90 120 150 180
(pdH) pIOdG Y odG
,30 cm pO`dG Y odG :(z) oV`dG pTdG oS

450 cm mW bCG
bCG ,45 cm pO`dG nY odG :(y) pTdG oM
1800 cm mW
bCG ,90 cm pO`dG nY odG :(x) pedG p`f oTb
300 cm mW
sr
IOQGh
lANCG
l
;pAG`dG oSeh odG :z{ pId lè lHLEG

dG pYdG oOYh ,kj a oJ dG pYdG oOYh
.kYS 24 pIa nN kFf a oJ
o
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q pLMG LGe
pj`J hCG pUh kHU

o dG
q oj :oMG
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kpè nFGW Mj
p dG
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bd pIQqdG Y nVYh ,pQfG ps`d meCG pOjEG ndhè pdG
q EG rWoG
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q
. CG mq`JH Mj
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pQedG pH nRdG Mercalli dce oSe oqjh .5 oJqb dG pGddG e mGqe
a (2) IIh ,pceCG pMCG (9) IX oJqb oJ sHQ oGddG .mse nceCG oj dG
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31
rsnnJ
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q
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q
EG WG
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.pqjdGh pqjdG pdG
32
o
o
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G
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v sCG
o dG
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peCG pH pdG
q pYè rOuhR .udGh e mAT pAGLCG
hCG pddG pc e meCG of o`j .pQfG psè
p dG
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ujGdG pq`JG :mYè pK EG ps`dG Ra
n
pVY EG ndG
q
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q
ljH lJ
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p dG
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.pH kfQe mT pAGM oSb 3
ojh pdG pOjORG e pAG`dG pSb njGJ odG opoJ
. ojj odG nH Y ojh bCG xM EG pAG`dG oSb
:HLEG
:zwT l`J{ oHLEG
`qfdG SdG e wc :pdG oLhCG :lè lHLEG 1
dG ndG oj e wch ,kIc mfH oq`j
t`fdG oSdG :pNG oLhCG .jOY Y oqJ
psè oN Ggh ,kqe ndG opoj p`dH
.pQfG
pqqdG nH mbY EG oj m`f nV odG oQJ 2
.pS`dG
:zrs{ oHLEG
.YC 300 ,pd 4.5 (a) 1
600 kg oRdGh p``dG e 6 dG
o
(b)
1500 kg oRdG h p``dG e 7.5 dG
o
(c)
.W
k ocCG g GkY ocCG ,f 2
.lq`JG oLj
.pdG pYS oOY sb sc pGQNG oFf tJ ,f
.nHGW 6 ,kKM 19 (c) hCG nHGW 8 ,kKM 37 (d)
33
3-1 dG
osS
p
l ec lAGOCG 4
. mqbH pQfG psè Y pfdG oddGoqj
. pQfG psè Y pgq`JG oddG oj
l M lAGOCG 3
.dP Y uM nH pQfG psè Y pfdG oddG oqj
.dP Y uM nH pQfG psè Y pgq`JG oddG oj
w FL lAGOCG 2
e qM pQfG psè Y pfdG pJ kHU oddG oj
.pIY`dG
.pQfG psè Y pgqJG pOjEG kHU oddG oj
V lAGOCG 1
.pQfG psè Y pfdG oddG oqj
.pQfG psè Y pgqJG oddG oj
4-1
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
p S pg pQGJ ie Y pdG nM mGQGb nj
.pTdG
pSQdG oee
xH mSQ oGhOCG
x H mSQ oGhOCG :pddG oGhOCG
AT :puG oGhOCG
odG
rpSpG
Ga b
n dG
q
sCG e nqcCd nqfdG nSdG ppLGQ
mSCG W
oZJ b .e wc oVj dG pe`dG
p
d pbGe nN dPh fOCG dGDd mpKè pdG
q Y
.j gh
?pU EG o`J GdG GQGdG e l
obCS pdG e mIa uCG nNh goQhRCS dG o`dG e
?pdH
jCG nQqJ CG Y oYS dG u`fdG pSdG of e l
?pdH oS
Y pdG nOY sCG oqj sfC ;pIYCH t`fdG oSdG
Y pdG pOY e ocCG uWCG p`dG WT
.OdG p`dG WT
34
ke ra
EG pIQhdH GLj d sfCG pdG
q
pQNEG oZJ b
.pJGQGb Gd uc pqfdG pSdG

uc Y Gd mMGh x`fH mSQ pQNG EG odG
q oS
nf GhQqj CG Y sfCG j ndG
q sCG e rscCJ .mGDS
.feS dG u`fdG pSdG
(10) obQ ojdG

pSdG e kbfG kITe pGDdG Gg Y oHLEG o`j
mT pdCG e ncCG sCG pGQOEG EG odG
q
oj .pqfdG
g nH fQj sK eh p`dG mY sc j
.`dG e xc pTdG pS pg pOYh pOGYCG
mYGO UJ
l
e pFdG pIdG oOjEG :lIpYe GAGb
n
Gg pIaG`dG pqfdG pSdG nH odG
q nj CG o`j
a jQGb Gj CG Y sCH ndG
q
pucP .pSQdG
rpTCG .hQNG dG p`dG EG gS eh jCG :gh
oJ b pqfdG pSdG Y ps`dG pe`dG nH sCG EG
.mqjQhV nZ
oqSdG
qfdG SdG Y pIOQGdG pfdG uV Y ndG
q soM
oqj pLhO`dG p`dH mMGh xH mSQ `dH
pSdG e rs`J .mT uc nN pTdG pS pg
.odG
q nU dG pqfdG
q
t hdG odG
p dG
q
pY`d nddG nqfhdG nQGhOCG nqJ CG o`j
:pq`dG pcEG Y ke pd
neCG pfdGh nF`dGh nq`dG pdG
q
oMCG oCGj
.pY`dG
.pY`dG pGQN oNBG ldW oqj l
pFeR Y p Y`dG pGQGb oNBG ldW oVj l
.udG
35
n oHdG
p`dGh pSQ`dG H
pqd kT oOoG ,mSCG oVM pè npLoh GPEG
EG kaVEG pqF`dG pfG`dG pGfCG ppè Y
p dG EG
.pcSh udG pWe
oZJ b ,mSCG pVM tCG pè g rj GPEG
pOjE ffEG pT EG pddG nqc pd
q
nqJ CG
.GvL mhe mSCG pVM Y mee
o
LddG e HdG
xH mSQ oGhOCG/lnee lUb
Ghd x`fH mSQ pGhOCG Gej CG odG
q
oj
GpNoj CG dEG rWoG .pqfdG pSdG pGfCG npè
CGh p`dH qfdG SdG pMCG Y nIOQGdG pfdG
Gej CG dEG rWG sK eh ;pS`dG nJ Gdhj
Gd pIFGdH qfdG SdG pMCG Y nIOQGdG pfdG
maSH pd kbh ndG
q pepG .pIYCH vfH kSQ
.u`fdG pSdG pGhOCG epe mIqM
36
pfdG oVY
odG
dG
pqSD`dG oAGQe :oV`dG
o
ffEG T
nJ CG oj sfEa ,ffEG
.pdG Gg obe rs`J pYV`dG
p dG e pedG oqc
,pdG oUa gh pdG Gg nVe odG g oqJ
oje Y nqj CG oj dG pe`dG pqqc Y kbeh
.pY u`H pd vej mqSDe uCG
... rCSpG
?GP`dh ?mqSDe nje nJ CG oZJ g
dG oVG`dGh mqSDe uCG pje Y oI`dG t`dG e
.pqSDG vej oLGS
o NGdGh oHGdG
o qWdG o HdG
,pGQeEG pdhO nT rndhJ dG pdG e odG g
.pH kc nqdCG b ppdG pADg e odGh
pdG d pQ`dG Y pdG pMCG nIAGb pdG
q
EG rWoG
pIdG pGR`fEH mF nHc sK ,nf pBG nS pH mjGR
.pY rnq`J dG
ojQdG
mIQeEG uc pcM Y mInè mIf nHc pHW
q EG rWoG
.pJGR`fEG ugCGh pIq`dG pqHdG pGQeEG pdhO
:pdG eue pSCG oHLEG

pqSDG nqfGe mqSDe uCG oje nqj CG oj :lè lHLEG
.qXG nJGhQh nNGGh pfYEG nch
nqVJ d mJ EG oqjOdG ofdG o`J :lè lHLEG
.odhJ dG pe`dG
37
1-2
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
.pqjQGdG phG`dGh pedG pGSH pfdG nqj
.pfdG pYè pT pVd s`fdG s`dG nj
pSQdG oee
nAT :pddG oGhOCG
nAT :puG oGhOCG
oqSSCG o`dG
lqfH lN ,lqjQGJ ohGL ,lqjQGJ leY
odG
l
LGe
.pcCG G pUCG e nOGYCG pJQ
u
1 18, 30, 23, 12, 16, 25
12, 16, 18, 23, 25, 30
2 34, 6, 22, 10, 63, 48, 9
6, 9, 10, 22, 34, 48, 63
3 178, 134, 189, 200, 106, 145
106, 134, 145, 178, 189, 200
pbdG oJ
e ndG pqfdG pGh pQGdG phGL oU oj
zrsJ{ Ja Y
p dG
q
e rYG dd .pbdG
sK .pqSGQdG pqG e pqhCG pdG nN zrs{h
uM Y ndG dEG rWGh mY EG ndG
q pbG
uc EG rWoG .zlJh oFe{h zrs{ Ja pjQ
nSJh GkMGh vjQGJ hL
k
ubCG Y nJ CG mY
.GkMGh vfH vN
n JJ o qdG npoj CG H
n :pnG pHdG paG Y kAH

msJe mF pOGYCG oVh oYj n`d :rdCSpG ,pOGYCG
?pSQ hCG pfdG p`J Y
pdG pcCG pj`J Y osJ`dG oFdG oYJ :lè lHLEG
c .udG pSd pGdG pQNG Y oYj Ggh gpUCGh
.gpZ e ncCG oJ dG ndG oFdG g oqJ
odG
rsJ
msè pVh nqqgCG pd
q
ruH ,(1) p`dG pVY Y
pGq`dG pOY EG kaVEG ph`dG nInNq`dG nd`dG oqj
.pdG
q nASCG oqj sdh ,o`dG a nOQh dG
laVEG leCG
p GUCG pRa nH .ud muè pQN mW
q 6 nqTJ
:nddG nGUCG sT`dG nf
38
pGUCG
oOY
s
o T`dG
xQGJ mhL pd ph`dG pfH rpSpG

pedG kepe
.pGQGdG K
q
s njQGdG
pGUCG oOY
ljQGJ
eY
q
l
osT`dG
.msTe tc ndf dG pGUCG pOH vfH vN rSQoG

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
c ,ud uè nQNG oJOQCG GPEG{ :ndG

q pCSpG 3
z?dG pu`dG QNG
S
o
t
.pfG oIOYEG CG ,vS pcCG QNp
G :lè lHLEG
o
sr
lIOQGh lANCG
:oHLEG
pOd kYT ocCG oOdG g 3 nOdG sCG t`fdG tG oqVj
sCGh kYT tbCG oOdG g ndG sCGh pdH pqdG pGqe
n G
.of oQGdG d 5 h 4h 2 OGYC
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
uSSCG pdG pSQGe pW

q pLMG oLGe
nZ pfdG dqj eY
o qdG oApoj :oMG
.mqfH mN EG psJ`dG
Vh
K
n
s qk hCG pfdG nf dEG rWoG :pIYG nj soe
.u`fdG `dG
Y Vh
j
u
o
t mOY uc Y X peY
SSC
G pdG pMe e
oFf
u e Ie
l
u
,gd dG pjQG nUh pdG
q EG rWoG ,pqjQGdG phGG e pdG Y
.pqjQGdG pedG pGSH ,ghRMCG dG pGgCGh
pAedG e pe`dG oOJ
pGSH pfdG pJ dEG a o nbGe uCG nUh uG pFeR EG rWoG
.uQGdG ph`dG
YLG pSGQdG e oNGdGh oHGdG
rsnnJ
Gj CG
p qdG Y rbpG (1) bQ jdG ha
gnH Gej CGh pjdG rnOQh c pfdG pY

.pQGdG phL pVh nH mOY uc pH
39
:pIQeEG e c
v OuMh ,pIq`dG pqHdG pGQeEG pdhd kjN pHW
q Y rVYpG
.tHO 1
.oY 2
.oIdG
lJh oFe
pjdG uH pITG Y ndG
q
pYS :(3) obQ ojdG
nQYCG Y Gj CGh vaCG vN GSj CG dEG nJ CH
mS e e c H dPh 68 EG 49 e kAGHG sTG
.mIMGh
odGh oG
p dG
`fdG
u`dG X peY sc sCG
q pa e GkucCe roc
u
.pX`dG uQGdG ph`dG kqjQGJ keY oq`J
jH
lJ
l
mSQh ,xQGJ mhL nQNG
p dG EG Wo
G :AGOC
r
p G e
t
ue EG naVEGh ,pjQdG uM nAKCG pSH Geb x`fH x
.e xH uUG pAGOCG
ljS lq
u pFY pOhCG pOY pjhd vjQGJ hL
c
k
rpSpG
.oHLEG oqJ .uU mdW
.pqhCG pGDdG pfdG Y rHh
u vfH vN rSQoG
.oHLEG oqJ
:oHLEG
:zwT l`J{ oHLEG
1-2 pdG osS

lec lAGOCG 4
n hGGh nqjQGdG pedG ojh pfdG oddG oqj
.nqjQGdG
.mfH nY nod vfH vN oddG oj
lM lAGOCG 3
pedG ojh dP Y uM nH pfdG oddG oqj
.nqjQGdG nhGGh nqjQGdG
.pSG Y nj CGH vfH vN oddG oj
.pSG Y nj CG H xH xN pU kHU oddG oj
w FL lAGOCG 2
pqjQGdG pedG pGSH pfdG pJ kHU oddG oj
.pqjQGdG phGGh
lV lAGOCG 1
.pqjQGdG pedG pGSH pfdG oddG oqj
.(bO) xH xN nU oddG oj
uQGdG ph`dG e wc :pdG oLhCG :lè lHLEG

mb uc pGQGJ Y kIa j `fdG
u`dGh
u
.pfdG
SC
n G tQGdG ohG tnoj :pNG oLhCG
pH dPh ,pfd T
j sdh ,pHdG
k
e pZdG Y pfd T
k
j dG `fdG
u`dG
u
.pHdG cC
n G mq`d pT
p pfdG oVJ o`j ,f
e xc pGSH f
qVj sdh ,`fdG
u`dGh QGdG
ph`dG
u
u
p
j
QGdG
oh`da ,mp FGH
fdG
o
t
n
p
X `fdG
t`dG j
pM ,nqjQGdG edG
o
t
u Y d
.meY c
s
:zrs{ oHLEG
1
a) 1 IIII; 2 I3 III; 4 III; 5 I; 6 I; 7 I; 10 I

b) 13 I; 17 I; 18 I; 19 II; 20 IIII; 21 II; 22 II;
23 I
c) 1500 I; 2000 II; 2500 I; 3500 I; 4000 II;
5000 I; 6000 I; 6500 I
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx x
xx x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
tHO oY obQdG teSEG odG o SCGQ oIdG oqG obQdG

pG
40
2-2
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
p dG psè pGSH mIc mOGYC mY`è nqj
.pGQhCGh
pSQdG oee
nA T : p ddG o GhOC G
nA T :p u G o GhOC G
oqSSCG o`dG
pGQhCGh pdG osè
odG
lLGe
.pcCG EG pUCG e nOGYCG puJQ
1 352, 389, 362, 304, 321
304, 321, 352, 362, 389
2 1923, 1920, 1900, 1953
1900, 1920, 1923, 1953
3 56, 52, 54, 56, 59, 57
52, 54, 56, 56, 57, 59
pJJ e pdG
q
pAfG H
dG pqJGSEG GdOj CG e mH EG rWoG ,pOGYCG
pSCG e n`d e rnbJh pOGYCG pJJ geSG
.msJe mF Y pfdG oJ
.pJGQGJh pfdG ie pOjEG Y osJ`dG oFdG oYJ
odG
s
rJ
p GQhCGh pdG nsè sCG Y rOuT ,peCG pbe nAKCG
odG oj ,pG pe .pqf`dG pdG Y oJj

.pGMdG e oGQhCGh ;pGdG pfe nOGYCG
laVEG leCG
puM .pQ`dG e mOd qeY mAGQe oQYCG j a
.pGQhCGh pdG psè H
p
pfdG
57, 57, 49, 52, 51, 61, 61, 64, 56, 47, 57, 54,
50, 46, 55, 57, 68, 48, 54, 55, 58, 54, 65, 49,
45
41
pbdG oJ
pdG
q
pjH pqSGQdG pqG pIqe pK nN qk hCG rob
Y e rYG sK . pG Y e rYGh zrsJ{ pIH
e pqG pIqG pK nN zrs{h zwT lJ{ Ja
Ja pjQ uH nITG pdG
q EG rWG gnH .pqG
.zlJh oFe{h zrs{
odG
4
5
6
oGQhCG
567899
01244455677778
11458
odGh , 68 EG 45 e pfdG ie oHdG osG oqVj

pqG Gfc pAGQG oeh , 57 g kGQGJ ocCG
.pXdG pSG nbh gpY e
sr
n b .mbQCG pKHh bH GkOGYCG pg pfdG oY oqJ
GdAj CG Y pdG pqpN nbQCG odG

q nj CG
Y .dG N d mOY uc pGdG pOY Y
.113 kIY 11h 97 mGY 9 ng ,pG pS
lIOQGh lANCG
qCG
q j
b :oMG
pGdG nbQ q
n
o dG
o
o `j dG
.pOdG e
e pJsè Gfqhj CG dEG rWoG :pIYG nj qoe
:j
(oGdG) odG (oOMBG) oGQhCG
3
4
5
3
228
67
rs
uSSCG pdG pSQGe pW

q pLMG oLGe
SSC
G pdG pMe e
oFf
u e Ie
l
u
nb gpJh pqfdG pSdG pIAGb Y jQOb Gfj CG pd

q p`dG e sfCG npLoh d
pSGQdH pqU`dG u`dG pH oJ p`dG e sfE a ddh ,vfH pfdG p`J pdhè
.mYueh mIc mqfH mSQ Y odGh
p jQdG e oNGdGh oHGdG
:eh pdhd nqSSCG nGgCG pIqG pqHdG pGQeEGpdhO oQSO nOqM

pAYCG pGQeEG pc hCG pfc Y mGhY uc oaO ;oQGSGh oeCG ;oJOSh pOqJG oSpG
p`dd pGQeEG nH a KdG phdG o ;pOqJG pT pqjqMh pM ojM ;a
.WGG p dG pIG oaJ ;pnG
j .nIG pfdG Gj CG dG
q
Y rbpG
pdG ps pJ Y mOY sc Gj CG dP nH
.pGQhCGh
(3) h (2) obQ jdG

EG pcCG e mS uH pqUG pGQhCG pfH oVY o
.pdHh pUCG
thdG oqdG
e e wc GkOY 15 nHch ,mqW oHQCG hCG oKK oeGb mY ndG pqdG EG rWoG .bQ
.OGYCG d pGQhCGh pdG ps pH oJ sK nOGYCG mY tc oqJ pdG ps nYh ,iNCG pYG pOGYCG e gpOGYCG nOJ pYG EG rWoG .pIjG pOGYCG pY pGQhCGh
dEG rnqUJ dG pGQhCGh pdG ps nY nd mY uc e kdW rNpG ,jdG .pqU oQNG iNCG pYG EG onojh ,pIQqdG Y oY
42
lJh oFe
(1) obQ ojdG

pY kIMGh kIqe oj GkOY c{ :ndG
q
pCSpG
z?oOGYCG g eh ?pfdG
92 ,91 ,82 ,69 ,17 ,7
odGh oG
jS
lq`J
l
:pddG pfd pGQhCGh pdG nsè rYpG
1
42, 57, 56, 48, 42, 33
odG oGQhCG
3
4
5
2
3
228
67
28, 19, 15, 23, 15, 16, 15
odG oGQhCG
1
2
55569
38
2-2 pdG osS

ec lAGOCG 4
.pfdG e mYè pd pGQhCGh pdG nsè oddG oj
lM lAGOCG 3
p d dP Y uM n H
p GQhCGh
p dG nsè oddG oj
.pfdG e mYè
FL lAGOCG 2
p d pGQhCGh pd mbO msè pY kHU oddG oj
.pfdG e mYè
l V lAGOCG 1
.pfdG d
pGQhCGh pd kbO ksè oddG oj
p
43
lqe lMe
,pQNG nGQhCG Y oqRJ eY ,kfMCG sfCG ndG
q ppNCG
mdCe uM oeGSG oj vVjQ kjJ ksbDe J b
dEG LQGh ksbDe ndC`dG g rJG dP nM GPEa ,e
iNCG pSCG pH Y nHLEG sC ,mM mbh
.pjdG Gg pLSG Y oYJ b pQNG
:HLEG
:zwTlJ{ oHLEG
.pfdG nT oqVj e wc :pdG oLhCG
pfdG nT t`fdG t`dG oqVj :pNG oLhCG
pGQhCGh pdG osè oqVj pM ,mb ud
.mY pfdG nT
pjJ e oq`j sfC le pGQhCGh pdG osè
oq`j dc ,mU mqM pfdG e mIc mqqc
e ncCG mYH pGQhCGh pdG psè pY e kfMCG
.u`fdG uG
44
pfdG oUh
odG
oddG
qVjdG :oV`dG
ff EG oT
nJ CG oj sfEa ,ffEG
p dG e pedG oqc
,qVjdG gh ,pdG Gg nVe odG g oqJ
YdG pAGOCG pJ pAMEG pGSG nqc obJh
.qVjdG
... rCSpG
pIc pY oaCGh ?mb pIc pY oaCG pjCGQ g e
?mqS pIc pY oaCGh ?mj
?goJ n`j qM pfdG oJ o`j c
oNGdGh oHGdG
.ffEG pH nJG
q oJBG ofCG oqJ
oqdG
pH ,mVjQ uc mY paCG oj`J tj mY uc
EG rWoG .pGAMEG pJ sK ,pjQ`dG nN pJGQe
pNh pjdG pdSCG Y ndG sK xVjQ nQNG pHW
q
.H pqU`dG pjQdG
:pdG peue pSCG oHLEG

jdG qVjd kJ kYue mHLEG
o dG
q oqj :lè lHLEG
.kqjOY mfH Y eqj nS
pcGJ oe ,pSQ`dG pFGhCG oJJ :lè lHLEG
.pHfG hFdG ,pGQqdG oYS ,dG
45
1-3
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
.pfdG e mY nGGh nSdGh sH`dG nSdG nj
pSQdG oee
nAT :pddG oGhOCG
nAT :puG oGhOCG
oqSSCG o`dG
lGe ,lSh ,wHM lSh
odG
l
LGe
:pcCG EG pUCG e nOGYCG puJQ
1 32, 20, 8, 16, 41, 33, 20, 3, 12
3, 8, 12, 16, 20, 20, 32, 33, 41
:j e pdG n`Jf hCG p`dG nUM rpLhCG

a) 32 + 49 + 52 + 48 + 35 + 56
b) 434 _ 7 62
c) 76 _ 8
9.5
pbdG oJ
e ndG pSQdG Gg pjQh pFe tM oj b
pfdG e mY sc GqJj CG
p dG
q Y sfC pbdG
pqG nK qk hCG rpSpG .pSdG OjEG Y Gj CG nb
sK .zwT lJ{ pIa pSCGh peCG pb pqSGQdG
pIa pjQ u pqG e qG pbdG nK rpSG
pjQ uH GhTj CG
p dG
q EG rWoG ,GkNCGh zrs{
.qG pbdG nN zrs{ pIa
272
,nOGYCG odG
q
oqJj nH :pnG pHdG paG Y kAH
Gj CG dEG rWoG ?pSdG JCj dG oOdG e :rdCSpG
pdG `Jf nMCG a oSdG oj mfH nYè
.HdG
odG
rsJ
pJJ pqqgCG Y rOuT ,pdG
q
e neCG obJ nH
pG`dG pOjEG pM h .pSdG pOjEH pAdG nb pOGYCG
CG j .pOGYCG oJJ uQhdG e nj d ,a
GhQqj CG pdG
q EG rWoG .GkQJ pcCG pdG Y Gj
.pY`dG nV pYQPCG pW nse
46
waVEG leCG
pFd nG`dGh nSdGh sH`dG
n SdG ppLhCG
:pJBG pfdG
14, 18, 19, 24, 26, 27, 29, 42, 61, 61, 63,
73, 73, 46, 51
61 e wch ,42 g oSdG ,41.8 g tH`dG oSdG
,dP e ncCG oj mOY tCG oLj h ,Jqe oj 73h

.pOGYCd lGe g 73h 61 e c
v sEa dd
pOGYCd nG`dGh nSdGh sH`dG nSdG ppLhCG 2
:pJBG
3.9, 5.2, 3.6, 4.8, 2.3, 2.8, 4.2, 3.7
(vjYJ) pcCG EG pUCG e nOGYCG qk hCG ruJQCG

2.3, 2.8, 3.6, 3.7, 3.9, 4.2, 4.8, 5.2
Sh GOY oLjh 3.8125 g tH`dG oSdG

CG dG Jg oSe
g oSdG .3.9h 3.7 g
u
.pHdG pOGYCd lGe oLj h ,3.8
sr
nSG ndBG hCG ndGh nbQdG Gej CG
o dG
q oj
(2) jdG pfdG ne mY uc pL pUM pOjE
.(3)h
IOQGh
ANC
l
l G
GPEG pSdG pOjEG kHU odG
q
oj :oMG 1
.vLhR pdG oOY c
mjT Y pOGYCG njhJ dEG rWoG :pIYG nj qoe
PEG jhe b EG pjdG sW sK e ,xbQh
nH pSdG oj nSdG sCG pjDhQ Y dP goYj
.qSdG jOdG
pe pGQOEG kHU odG
q
oLGj b :oMG 2
.pG`dGh uHG pSdG
JCj dG oOdG g nSdG sCG d rTpG :pIYG nj soe
sHG nSdGh GkQGJ ocCG oOdG g nG`dGh pSdG
.os`dG g
47
rsnJn
p JJ Y xCHh me Y Gj CG Y ndG
q soM
CG pdG
q EG nJ CG oZJ b .pOGYCG pY
wc nj CG sK ,mY uc pJd ke KG tc nj
.mj uc pHLEG pOjE pO
((4) obQ ojdG
pdG ps gqcJ CG EG pqdG oH oj b
:psG nOGYCG oJ c gpQCG .pGQhCGh
.dhO Ggh 65 ,53 ,52 ,51
dG pOGYCG J H pG`dG pOjEG Y ndG
q
pucP
.pGQhCGh pdG psè mIqe e ncCG oJ

.pOGYCG e mYè uc ie nOjG pdG
q EG rWoG
7
48
xH xN pU Y bG ndG
q
sM :nbG EG
x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
.(1)p G pfd
48
lJh oFe
n dG
q puT .pbdG e ndG pFG g tM oj
e mY p pOjEG nY xCHh me Y Gj CG Y
nb pG e GkqL GhqcCj CG pdG
q Y rbpG .pOGYCG
.pdG pqH pdG
(2) obQ ojdG
:Gdj Cc ,mqY mjH pdG Y ndG
q
puT
nj CG oj dH .10 g oSdG .mOGYCG 5 ng{
z.50 oY mOGYCG pN sCG rpLhCG .50 pOGYCG o
o
odGh G
l jH lJ
d mfH pY`d me nAYEG pdG
q EG rWoG :oH`dG
.lGe d nd pfdG e iNCG mY`dh ,lGe
l jS lq`J
e m Yè
u d
n G`dGh
n SdGh nSdG ppLhCG
.pfdG
8, 10, 7, 6, 5, 7, 9 1
7 :oG`dG
:oSdG ;
7.4 :tH`dG oSdG
12, 18, 10, 13, 15, 19, 22, 27 2
oLj :oG`dG; 16.5 :oSdG ; 17 :tH`dG oSdG

:oHLEG
:zwT l`J{ oHLEG
,mOY tc oj c j (ouS`dG) tH`dG oSdG
odG g :oSdG .kjhe pOGYCG tc rnpoL GPEG
.mjhe nZ hCG kjhe odG pnfcCG lAGS oqSdG
.kYT ocCG odG g :oG`dG
pb o`Jf g nSdG sEG oM ,pIQhdH nd
nMCG kFGO nd oSdG ;gpOY Y pOGYCG pè
jOY ouSe oj kfMCG ,pOGYCG pYè pOGYCG
.Sh
.mb oUCG hCG ocCG rnapoM GPEG oSdG oqj :lè HLEG
1-3 pdG osS
ec lAGOCG 4
.pcCG EG pUCG e pfdG oddG oqJj
p Y`d
n G`dGh nSdGh sH`dG nSdG oddG oj
.pfdG
lM lAGOCG 3
.pcCG EG pUCG e pfdG oddG oqJj
p Y`d nG`dGh nSdGh sHG nSdG oddG oj e kdZ
.pfdG
:zlJh oFe{ oHLEG

nc GPEG .pcCG EG pUCG e ndG ouJQCG :lè lHLEG
,pdG pe dG odG g oSda ,vjOa goOY
ouSe g nSdG sEa vLhR goOY nc GPEGh
.SdG
49
FL lAGOCG 2
.kIU pfdG oYè rnfc GPEG pfdG nqJj CG pdd o`j
pShh mSh pOjEG kHU oLGj sdh nG`dG oddG oj
.pfdG e mYè
l V lAGOCG 1
.pfdG pJJ kHU oddG oj

.nG`dG hCG nSdGhCG nSdG mU mH oddG oOqj
2-3
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
pYè p`J oqKDJ oaq`dG odG pnfc GPEG e nOqj
.pfdG
pSQdG oee
nAT :pddG oGhOCG
nAT :puG oGhOCG
oqSSCG o`dG
laqe lb
odG
l
LGe
.pfdG e mYè ud nG`dGh nSdGh nSdG ppLhCG
1 24, 12, 16, 18, 16, 22
18, 17, 16
2 1.6, 2.2, 3.1, 2.4, 1.7, 2.2, 2.2
2.2, 2.2, 2.2
3 8, 7, 40, 9, 8, 6
13, 8, 8
pbdG oJ
(1) pG Y nd pqSGQdG pqG nf qk hCG rpSpG
Gj CG dEG rWG sK .zwT lJ{ pIah

bQ
p e njQdGh zrs{ pIa njQ Gqd mY
pf EG rWG qK .zrs{ pIa (6) pbQ EG (1)
pNBG pdG EGh (7) pbQ pjdG sM
p dG
q pY
.(8) pbQ pjdG sM
Gpoj CG pdG
q
EG rWoG :pnG pHdG paG Y kAH
e :rdCSG sK ,zlLGe{ Ia e (3) pjdG nqdG
?pfdG nY oHj dG oOdG
iNCG pOGYCG e mH ocCG sfC ;40 :l lHLEG
.pfdG pY
odG
s
rJ
p qcJ Y ndG
q ppYS ,peCGh zrsJ{ pIa pbe nAKCG
pb bH Y lIH lb sfCG Y aq
m e mb pIQY
pLQd p`dH u`fdG pSd o`j .pY`dG
Y nYj CG 44 ,46 ,49 ,47 ,44 :pddG pIQG`dG
.pIdG g pcJ
50
ql aVEG leCG
p JBG
p fd
s H`dG nSdGh nG`dGh nSdG ppLhCG
.paq`dG pdHh ,paq`dG pdG phH
1821, 952, 945, 902
sfEa ;iNCG pOGYCG e mH ocCG 1821 nOdG sCG `H

.naq`dG ndG oq`j
paq`dG pdG phH
945 :oSdG
lGe oLj
952 + 945 + 902 = 2799 :oSdG
2799 _ 3 = 933
paq`dG pdH
7981 = 549 + 259 :oSdG
1897 _ 2 = 948.5
lGe oLj
1821 + 902 + 945 + 902 = 4620 :oSdG
4620 _4 = 1155
sr
IOQGh
ANC
l
l G
dhj eY kqHM kANCG
o dG
q
oJj :oMG
.paqG pdG phH pSdG nOjEG
e naqG ndG GMj CH ndG
q pucP :pIYG nj soe
rbpG .pYG pfdG pOY eh pfdG pL pUM
CGh uc pYG pfH kF Gj CG pdG
q
Y
.dP nH nSdG Ghj CGh naqG ndG Gj
51
rsnnJ
(5)h(4) obQ jdG

e xc oOJ dG nOGYCG Gj CG EG odG
q oj b
pdG nOjEG Gdhj CG nb pGQhCGh pdG s
.paqG
(5) obQ ojdG
(4) pbQ jdH njdG Gg GfQj CG pdG
q EG rWoG
paqG pdG oOjEG pSCG e nc GPEG e Ghcj CGh .(6)h
.pGQhCGh pdG ps pGSH hCG udG uG pGSH
naqG ndG nOq CG oJ ;tdG tG :l lHLEG
.udG uG EG pdG pOq
(9) obQ ojdG
tbCG pjdG Gg naq`dG ndG sCG EG pHW
q nf uLh
.pfdG bH e
:bG EG
pbQ e pjQdG nMCG GhQj CG Y bG ndG
q soM
e nGGh nSdGh nSdG Ghj CGh (6) pbQ EG (1)
.pfhHh paqG pdG
o
o
dGh
G
p Sh Y paqG pdG pGKCJ pHW
q e rpbf
oqKDJ sHQ naq`dG ndG sCG ruVhh ,pfdG pYè
.pfdG pYè pSh
mb 10 e mfH pF nHc pHW
q EG rWoG :oqedG
pSdG ne xc nM dEG rWGh ,laqe lb a
phHh paq`dG pdH pfdG d ,pG`dGh pSdGh
pSdGh pSdG e vjCG oqVJ mIa nHc sK ,paq`dG pdG
.paq`dG pdH ncCG mIQH rqKCj ,pG`dGh
ljS lq`J
ud nG`dGh nSdGh sH`dG nSdG ppLhCG
.pfhO e sK paq`dG pdG e pfdG e mYè
1 4, 17, 7, 6, 5, 7, 10
,8 :tH`dG oSdG :17 paq`dG pdG e

7 :oG`dG ,7 :oSdG
2 12, 18, 10, 34, 13, 15
,6.5 :tH`dG oSdG :17 paq`dG pdG phH

7:oG`dG ,6.5 :oSdG
:oSdG ,17 :tH`dG SdG :34 paq`dG pdG e
oLj :GG
o
,14
,13.6 :tHG SdG :34 paq`dG pdG phH
.oLj :oG`dG ,13 :oSdG
52
:HLEG
:zwT l`J{ oHLEG
lIMh lb naq`dG ndG sC ,oG`dG oqj
cCG pOdG oqj Ggh ,pfdG pY`d lIjL
.pfdG pYè kYT
pSdG nb o nS oIdG oaqG odG ,f
pSdG nb o nS oIdG oaqG odGh ,oOGOJ
.SdG e bCG LQH kfMCG KCj oSdGh ,oJ
:zrs{ oHLEG
, 283 :oSdG , 283.6 :oSdG :pau`dG pdH (CG) 7
283 h 282 oG`dG
,282.5 :oSdG ,282.5:oSdG :pau`dG pdG phH
283 h 282 :oG`dG
oSdG ,Gqj nS oSdGh oSdG ,nqj d oG`dG ()
.ncCG mIQH qj nS
, 287 :oSdG , 287.4 :oSdG :pau`dG pdH (CG) 8
287 :oG`dG
,286.25:oSdG :pau`dG pdG phH
283 h 282 :oG`dG ,286.5 :oSdG
oSdG ,Gqj nS oSdGh oSdG ,nqj d oG`dG ()
.ncCG mIQH qj nS
2-3 pdG osS

lec lAGOCG 4
.mfH pYè naq`dG ndG oddG oOqj
.mfH pYè ,rnpLoh EG paq`dG pdG nKCJ oddG oqj
l M lAGOCG 3
.mfH Yè
p
naq`dG ndG oddG oOqj e kdZ
.dP Y uM nH paq`dG pdG nKCJ nqj CG pdd o`j
w FL lAGOCG 2
mIYe Y G
p
H naq`dG ndG nOqj CG pdd o`j
.dP Y uM hCG mqjH
.maqe mb pKCJ pJ kHU oddG oj
53
l V lAGOCG 1
.mfH pYè kaqe kb oddG oOqj

.paq`dG pdG nKCJ oddG oqj
MdG OQ
I
p
G
C
G
h
pg nIOQGdG ngGh pGQG

o dG
q oLGj nS
.qdG SCG b IdG f ee pIMdG
oqSQG oG
w e :pqdG oSCG
kHU hj jdG
p dG
q Y nJ CG oZJ b
EG pQdH udG pSdG pjH GhCGj CG ,pjdH pAdG
.mIa pM ud mqqc mOGYCG
.odG
q Y nM dG pfdG nah oHLG oqJ
.nqdLEG ndG GMG c pqdG e rpbf
nqbQdG nIFdG pqd
t Oa :pqdG So
CG
o
Y rbp
p G ,phG pJ kHU odG
q nLh GPEG
pUCG EG Uh
mJQG pcCG e GkAH pfdG phL nIOYEG
k
.pIYCH udG pdG pH pAdG nb ,mJQG
oSdGh oSdG ,mJQG oUCG ,mJQG ocCG :lè lHLEG
.lqe lJQG oG`dGh
phdG tY
t YL :pqdG oSCG
pd oaCG tjCG pjd pdG

q pIYe pH
p
t`fdG tG hCG pGQhCGh pdG os :fdG
udG uG pVY Y ruT ,(os``dG odG)
ndhJ jdG pUTCG Y pGQhCGh pdG psh
.p`dG e mf uc pqHjEG e rpbf ,odG
pdG
q p`J sCG e rs`J .pdG
q ofH oqJ
.gL dG pfdG e oHJ pJsèh
54
q
pqVjdG oè
VQdGh ohdG oq`j c
o dG
q oj
.pfdG e kYè
:lqjQJ l`d
pe`dG pH ojh pqVjdG e la g AMEG
.pSGQOh pJh mOGYCG pT Y
pqS pOY M nqbdG pe`dG eGdG oehdG nL
pse pM pH pqeh pqfehdG pqjQWGeEG
.Y oVnoJ dG pjdG
:pfdG e oHdG
pIY (fH) pQPCG pSb nOjEG p dG
q
G rWoG
pSdG nOjEG dEG rWG sK e ,ubCG Y m W
q
pd VQYh mhU pU EG ruLhh pSdG
.gL dG pfdG
:oHLEG
11 22
53
81
90
nJ CG o`j .pSdG nM oqJ pfdG oe

.laqe lb g
.pfdG lIQue lb g rnfc GPEG ,f
55
pH G
oHQ
p
oIMdG
ofdG
o`dG ,oY`dG ,oAdG :oV`dG
pIMdG oeue
mfH goOjEG o`j kIc GkOGYCG odG
q
oS
GkOGYCG Gd uLQ`dG pAdG mST ma`H oqJ
.pqqSCG pIQdHh pqSdG IQdHh pqdG pIQdH
pfQeh pIdG pOGYCG pjJ nqc kjCG qS
jd sFGLEGh sOdG s`dG
o dG
q oQqS .pJJh
oSdG nL dG pATCG pOH oqJ mfH epe
n mfH odG
pd p`dG M
q oS .pHh
.pO`dG pqjedG (pjO`dG) pGdGh pGu`dG e
pn`dG HdG
p
pe`dG oJ
dG pfdG GfCG nASCG Ghcj CG pdG
q
EG rWoG
q
c
odG
n GPEG e rpbf .pdCG e ncCG GkOGYCG oJ
.kqjjJ hCG kbO GkOGYCG oJ pfdG sCG hj
e GhCGQ dG pFGdG ppè pUh EG Yqe k HW
q oOoG
.mIc mOGYCG p`J nqc pdN
56
pdG oq
IdG
p
pOGYCG e oa 4
p qdG pIQdHh pqSdG pIQdH GkOGYCG odG
q
S
o
ffQjh nIdG nOGYCG HqS .pqqSCG pIQdHh
.fqJjh
wFGLEG wMh wOY wM 5
s FGLEG s`dGh sOdG s`dG odG
q
oQqS
nYGbh njdGh (sgdG) sdG n`dG epe
.pF`dG uM pLCG e pqdG pJJ
pG pY EG leue 6
;fqjh
m Gue oqJ mOe
o dG
q
S
o
.mqjL nHJ EG nqdG nF`dG kjCG dqS
57
ofdG IMdG
o
pH G
oHQ
p

.iNCG nbGeh ,NCTM
pSQdG pJ oTe
pddG oc
pG oOY
pSQdG obQ
o
oqSSCG `dG
o
pSQdG ee
oSQdG
pfdG pIMd wJ lsè
pfdG pIMdG oqMapG
,pn`dG oMd ,oFGN
pIMdG ohe
,mTCJ obCG ,oWe

p`ddG ojN
pHGdG pdG oqMapG

(1-4)
ljJ ,(lQe) lH ,lqfe lb
nAT
oHch pIdG pOGYCG oIAGb 1-4

ojJh
(2-4)
ose ,mOY osHe ,lIqb ,wSCG ,lSSCG ,leY

osS`dG oIQdG ,oqSdG oIQdG ,mOY
qY SM dBG
tSCGh oSSCG 2-4

pe`dG pdG oqMapG
(1-5)
jdG
,oaG`dG oOGYCG ,pjRdG qo qUN
o
(2-5)
(3-5)
pqdG JJ
o
(4-5)
nAT
(tgdG) tdG o`dG 1-5
nAT
pdG p`JGfh pdG pUGM ojJ 2-5
lSM lBG
pqdG oJJ 3-5
nAT
pF`dG o`J :pF`dG tM 4-5

pe`dG oOjEG :goJh pqdG
pL`dG Y pIFGdG
mjJ obCG ,p`dG oMd
(5-5)
oqjOdG o`fCG 5-5
mTCJ obCG hCG
pSOdG pdG oqMapG

(1-6)
ojdG ,wL lJ ,lHK ,lue
nAT
(ojO`dG) oGdGh oGu`dG 1-6

oqj`dG
,mV oUM ,mW oUM ,mL oUM
nAT
pqj`dG (pjO`dG) pGdG oHc 2-6
nAT
pO`dG oGSpG 3-6
(4-6)
nAT
pO`dG tM 4-6
(5-6)
nAT
pF`dG o`J :pF`dG M

t 5-6
(2-6)
mb o`Jf
(3-6)
ldOe
pqVjdG p`dG oJ :goJh pqdG

(6-6)
59
nAT
m ja pY ohe
n
o S
pMdG H f
SSh kYS 24 nN mMH pd odG
q
oqS
.fS dG pbdG oqJ kjN
o G
,oWe ,pn`dG oMd ,oFGN :ddG
GhOC
p
.mTCJ obCG
o G
.dG ojN :pu`dG GhOC
ph`dG oeue
odG
q
Zj dG pdG pFSh npè rpbf
c nLGJ CG kjCG ZJ
o
b .pMdH pd peGSG
kF Ghqpoj CG pdG
q
EG Wo
r G .pjd kMe oJ
n pJQjR Zj dG pceCG pASCH
.pdH GhCGj CG b
pdG nF pdG
q
:fOCG ns`dG uJGdG
u JGdG pdG oF
dG pdG pFSh pGfCG e mè mOY pcCH kF spYCG l
.oaJ
n
n G rNpG l
.pMdG N neGSG oJ mf pSh aC
g peRdG pYdG sn e rpLhCG sK e pMdG nae rQub l
.pMdG
psè rVYGh pMd kMe rnVh kjN rSQoG l
.udG pdG
q Y pMdG
o G
ph`dG cE
gM dG pYdG pse pfQe Y nqdG puT
dG pdG oSh rnfc GPEG e pbe EG oYOoG .pMd
ghOqM dG pYdH pd mde nZ hCG kde ghQNG
.pMd
pOjEG pN e peRdG pYdG nse
q
oj b
o dG
Y fj sK e fhRS dG pqdLEG pa`dG
.pMd psb`dG pbdG
pHh hS dG p`dG pH oHLEG oqJ
.fhQS dG pdG pSh
60
IdG
p
pOGYCG e oa
odG
oHGdG
oAdG :oV`dG
o
ffEG T
p````H kqe oSQe rnfc GPEG
n`````J CG oj sfEa ,ffEG
p dG e pedG oqc
o bJh ,oAdG gh pdG Gg nVe odG g oqJ
.pdG pSGQd neRdG pqVjdGh LddG
... rCSpG
lUTCG g nc GPEG qY nrdAJ CG d nS g
? CG iNCG ncGc Y j
?mAa nFGQ nJ CG `J
t
g
?ndG pAdG oAY H oSQj dG oFGdG e
o
NGdGh
oHGdG
n JG oJBG ofCG oqJ
.ffEG pH q
odG
dG pacG Y njQJ nHch ndG HpW
q EG rWoG
pdG Y kH Ghoj Cc ,pAdG Y dEG qo UdG s`J
pH Y pcGdG poHh pIQqdG pcGdGh qdG
.kH
:pdG peqe pGDdG oHLEG

:lè lHLEG
nH pa`dG Y pd pIdG pOGYCG oG`SG o``j
pYS hCG pAdG pd obJ dG pbdGh ,pcGdG
.pAdG
61
1-4
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
:CG Y GkQOb oddG oj pSQdG pjf
.pOGYCG pbQC qfG pdG e qj
,pqbdG pqedG hCG pqSdG pIQdG OnGYCG nj
.pqdG - pqbdG pIQdGh ,pqdG pIQdGh
pSQdG oee
nAT :pddG oGhOCG
nAT :pqG oGhOCG
oqSSCG o`dG
lqfe lb
ljJ ,(lQe) H
l
o
dG
lLGe
:se xc pYCG pOH kF oJjUh oAe rnVh 1
.8 ,4 ,4 ,3 ,1
4 .pYCG pOY nuSe - CG : rpLhCG
4 .nSdG -
4 .nG`dG -
7 .i`dG - O
:j qè xc pV nUM rpLhCG
pbdG J
o
penCG pb pqSGQdG pqG e nqhCG ndG ppSpG
EG rWG sK .zrs{ pIa pjQ Y pdh pKdG
pjQ uH pqG e qG pbdG nN nITG dG
q
.zrs{ pIa
a - 70 * 9
b - 800 * 6
c - 90 * 6
630
4 800
540
nSdG
o dG
q nj CG nH :pnG pHdG paG Y kAH
Gfc GPEG rdCSpG ,pYCG pOd i`dGh nG`dGh nSdGh
pSdGh pSdG pOjE nf nFGdG eS
of ojdG onoJ .GvL mIc mOGYC i`dGh pG`dGh
.GvL pIdG pOGYCG `dEG pdH
n
eh pOGYCG e xc pV UM
GhLh c rdCSG sK
o`dG hCG odGh obQdG :geSG dG oSdG
.(gdG)t
dG
t
sdG n`dG GeSG jdG p dG
q
EG Wo
r G
.pY njW GMj CG (sgdG)
peGSG Y ojdG goYj c
p dG
q e rnbJ
.(sgdG) sdG n`dG
62
odG
rsJ
p qfG pdG pMd e mAGLCG nj`J pHW
q EG rWoG
ruVh .pMdG e Y mIjL mAGLCGh ,a
k fj
pdG pMd nceCG pKK e mYè sc sCG pHd
q
.kM qoJ pqf`dG
p OdG kdS ocCG g nHs`dG nOGYCG sCG EG rpTCG
sfEa pbdG Y oCJ eY ,`dG pS Y .pUGdGh

n kHse oHLEG nJ CG oqbJ
ndh pdGh pHGdG e
n obdG
.(fKh kbO 29h oHGdG) e
ql aVEG leCG
p`f pb pW 8 pbd nqf`dG ndG ppLhCG 1
.1 668 622 km hj dG pdG
.8000 hCG mBG 8 oq`Jh ,pBG pfe 8 obdG
.pqdG pIQdG bGdG pdG p pb nW rcoG 2
lHQCGh moHQCGh kdCG nSh lMGhh leh nje oHQCG
.nqSh
:(pqbdG) pqSdG pIQdG JB
n G nOdG pcoG 3
.lKKh kdCG hYh lMGhh njH oS
7 000 021 003
:pqdG - pqbdG pIQdG nJBG nOdG pcoG
9 000 045 000
.kdCG 45h njH 9 = 9 000 045 000

sr
ndG Ghj CG Y sfCG j
n dG
q
sCG e rscCJ
.pb nOjEG ndh (1) pbQ pjdG 3 pbd nqfG
IOQGh
lANCG
l
Y mqUHh pqf`dG pdG nH
o dG
q oj :oMG 1
.pHch pqdG pQdH pOGYCG pIAGb
:pIYG nj soe
u pj`Jh ,mM EG pOGYCG pJ Y ruT
c
.pQdG pL e pHCG pOdG e GkAH mqfe mb
Op d pqf`dG pdG EG
o dG
q
oj b :oMG
pqf`dG pdG EG pdG e H
k njJ hqOj dG
HqS Gfc GPEG e Gadh p`j EG oj dG pOd
. CG YCG EG
:pIYG nj soe
Y
p d dG
EG kFGO Ghj CG dEG rWG
p
.pdG pHLEG
63
rs
(6)pbQ EG (3) pbQ e ojQdG
phL pIOQGdG zmsjJ{ pc EG nJ CG oZJ b
oQhj pcGdG e c
v sCG sfCG nuVJ CGh pfdG
nH naG sEa pdG nM uUG pQGe mQGSH
.pbdG e oqJ cc nH hCG pdGh e mcc
(17) obQ ojdG
poH pOjE sfCG pGQOEG kHU pdG
q
oH oLGj b
pVQCG nH paG oOjEG Y pdG Y JH pcc
sCG e rscCJ .JHh pVQCG nH paG EG oLh pdGh
ncGdG sCG CG ztJ{ pc e j dG
q
CG pG e sfCG
p dG
q oH oj b .mMGh xU oJ
xU oJ oH JHh ,nVQCGh ndG GSj
.paG Gj CGh mMGh
:bG EG
kIc GkOGYCG pfCH GqdDj CG Y bG
n dG
q
soM
CGh pqdG pIQdHh pqSdG pIQdH e vc Gj CGh
.pOdG nSG Gj
64
lJh oFe
(2) bQ
o ojdG
GqVj CG Y jdG Gg Y j a
n dG
q soM
CG , CG nOdG HqS Gfc GPEG e pjJ gpJ njW
.pUCG pOdG EG CG pcCG pOdG EG HqS Gfc GPEG e
odGh oG
ljS lq`J
.pqdG pIQdG 3 042 001 rcoG
.lMGhh kdCG HQCGh KGh nje oKK

.pqSdG pIQdG kqSh kdCG 34h GkQe 32 rcoG
32 000 034 006
:pbCG EG 3 145 987 002 nOdG pub

3 146 000 000 .me - CG
3 146 000 000 .mdCG pe -
3 145 987 000 .mdCG -
65
:oHLEG
:zwT lJ{ oHLEG
dG pqf`dG pdG pVCG oIY mqfe mb tc
.pdG pL e oJ
.oJ sJ h ,GvL lIc pOGYCG oH ,
oqj e Ggh ,kIc GkQUCG oj sHQ os`dG oOdG
.dG
hCG G
pqY
p
p
:zrs{ oHLEG
.lNh moSh kdCG fKh kfe KK - 2a
lqSh moJh mBG oKKh moKKh n`je oJ - 2b
.nHQCGh
lKKh eh kfe nY nMCGh leh n`jH oN - 2c
.hYh lqSh kdCG Jh
.nJh lfKh mBG oS - 2d
1-4 pdG osS

lec lAGOCG 4
.oHqjh nqf`dG ndG kepe mU mH nOGYCG ddG
o
j
o
(pqbdG) pqedGh pqSdG pIQdG mU mH nOGYCG ddG

o
j
o
.pqdG - pqbdG pIQdGh pqdG pIQdGh

l M lAGOCG 3
nqf`dG ndG kepe mU mH nOGYCG ddG
o
qj e kdZ
.oHjh
q
u mU mH nOGYCG ddG
nOGYCG j
o
hCG gpQU c
o
j
o
e kdZ
.JQU mU mH
wFL lAGOCG 2
oqjh nqf`dG ndG kepe mU mH pOGYCG nH ddG
o
qj
.nH
u ndh mQGSH nd dh mU mH pOGYCG nH ddG
c
o
j
o
.pQdG
l V lAGOCG 1
.oHqjh nqf`dG ndG kepe mU mH nOGYCG ddG

o
qj
.mIQU uCG mU mH nOGYCG ddG
o
j
o
66
2-4
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
:CG Y GkQOb oddG oj pSQdG pjf à
.pOGYCG Y pdG (wSCG goOe) nSCG nj
.pqSdG pIQdG pSCG Y mGJ nj
pSQdG oee
lqY lSM ldBG :pddG oGhOCG
nAT :nqG oGhOCG
qo SSCG o`dG
mOY ose ,mOY osHe ,lIqb ,wSCG ,lSSCG ,leY
oqSG oIQdG ,oqSdG oIQdG
odG
lLGe
x pV nUM rpLhCG
:j qè c
1
2
3
4
2*2*2*2
3*3*3
3*3*3*3
4*4*4
16
27
81
64
nUGM odG
q nj CG H
u pQGJ ie GhOqj CG rdCSpG ,pdG
.meY c
mGqe 3 : 4 ; mGqe 4 : 3 ; mGqe 3 : 3 ; mGqe 4 : 2
odG
rpSpG
n`dG ej c ndG
q nod mLH oJ b
oeQ nqj CG uSCG p`d o`j .pS`dG pdBG Y x y
nGSG hoj sfCG e pqcCd .iNCG EG mSM mdBG e
1 x y 2 ,1 x y 1 p`Jf nOjEG dEG Wo
r G , x y p`dG
pdGh pSSCGh uSCG e Y rOuT .dGhO Ggh
.pa e nqcCd peCG e ndG pYCG ,nH
jdG
hj sfEG . x y G nGSG o dG
q
ouj
me Y odG tj eY oS GPe pqbH gnQaCG
.mHH mqe
t`dG odG
x y p`dG pVe pj`J Y
p dG
q oIYe Y
pJ kHU o dG
q
nLh GPEGh .pS`dG pJBG
pd mhL nGSG Y rbpG ,pqd pJGAGLEG
.Y GM dG pFdGh ,Y odG s`J dG pJ`dG
67
pbdG oJ
mY hCG mqFK GYqRj CG
p dG
q EG rWoG
pdG nN zke ra{ pIa nFe Gqjh mIU
e dG pdG nN rob sK .uSGQdG pqG e pqhCG
pgeh zwT lJ{ pIa pSCG pjH pqSGQdG pqG
Gj CG pdG
q
EG rWoG .zrsJh rHQpG{ pIa
CG odG
q
ojh .zrs{ pIa pjQ Y mqFK
e qG pbdG nN zrs{ pIa pjQ uH GhCGj
.pqSGQdG pqG
Gke nY oJ dG pYd
GPEG , x y p`dG e oeGSG o`j mOY ncCG rOuM
.2 nOdG qk hCG r
n NOCG
oH`dG
n pdG
pQYG Gj CGh ,pJHLEG OJ
q
EG Wo
r G
.pS`dG pdBG pY nqc
of eY sfCH pJMe pdG
q
oH oqj sHQ
pOY Y oj nS n`ddG nOdG sEa ,mOY pqhCc 10 nOdG
.1 nOdG J dG pQUCG
:zke ra{ oHLEG

oHLEG oqJ
1; 1; 2; 9; 256
(a) 32
(c) 1000
(b) 36
:sC dG ihJ ;53 = 125 ,35 = 243 ;
3*3*3*3*3 5 *5*5
:zwT lJ{ oHLEG

.tSCG dEG oj dG pGq`dG pOd kah mec oOdG oQsoj
.zmV pUM{h zmeY{ e uU pW
q e rpLGQ
rsJh rHQG
mpè mQH n
o oJ dG pOGYCG nfQe pHW
q EG rWoG
.(uSCGh pSSCG GSH hCG peGY pV Uc)
.uSCG ,pSSCG ,peGdG nj`J dEG rWoG
lqaVEG leCG
q pLMG oLGe
uSSCG pdG pSQGe pW
.sSCG kepe 7 * 7 * 7 * 7 * 7 * 7 rcoG
7 * 7 * 7 * 7 * 7 * 7 = 76
pAedG e peG oOJ
.(mV oUM) psS`dG pIQdG 35 rcoG
n j CG dG pSuQe Y .nSCG pd
q oJ eY pdG pIqOe SuQe e rYpG
pIdG pOGYCG pd nSCG oAdG oj .oSCG a rnepoSG keCG ndG
q
pMCc ,GvL pIdG pOGYCG pd hCG ,pcGdG nH oaG ,pG pS Y ;GvL
.jdG
pdG e oNGdGh oHGdG

oAdG nj CG oj dG paG pSb pN e pAdG paG oSb o
.mse mIqe
(mIMGh mS oAdG oj dG oaG) oqFdG odG hJ
.me 5 880 000 000 000
35 = 3 * 3 * 3 * 3 * 3
.pqSdG pIQdG 45 rcoG
4 * 4 * 4 * 4 * 4 = 1024
dG pOGYCd pp`dG pdG e 63 oLJ

o
.msbe mOf pb pK peH Y `dG
o`j
.pqSdG pIQdG 63 rcoG
63 = 6 * 6 * 6 = 216
.pOGYCG e kpè k`J 216 oLj

Y oJ dG pKdG pOGYCG e m tc oqJ :lXe
.pIMGdG pedG pKdG pQMCG
68
sr
IOQGh
ANC
l
l G
pdG pOjE uSCH nSSCG
o dG
q
oj :oMG
.pqSdG pIQdG
:pe peCG pd psS`dG pIQdG Y rucQ :pIYG nj soe
nH nfQ`dG dEG WG
r
sK 3 * 3 * 3 * 3 onoJ 34
.53h 5 * 3
5 * 3 = 5 + 5 + 5 = 15
53 = 5 * 5 * 5 = 125
j
o
.KG e mYè ndG dEG WG
r
sK e
nj CG peR EG jh
o
pqqSCG pIQdG GkOY goMCG
.nQ(GhOC
Oj
pIQdG
20) GpbQ
EG (18sK) ppsbQS`dG
e ojQdG
rsnJ
nUGM Ghj CG
p dG
q
Y nJ CG oZJ b
.nH pfQG nb pOGYCG pV
xSCG mJ
s c Gj CH ndG
q
nqcJ CG oZJ b
hCG sFdG pqdG nUM Ghj CG nb pqSdG pIQdH
.nG
(22) obQ ojdG
gh ,pQG nOjEG oJ nSCG g sCG pHd
q ruVh
.pOdG pIqb pOjE oqdG oqdG
:bG EG
dG n jdG GqVj CG Y bG
n dG
q
soM
.(22) pbQ pjdG u ghYG
69
odGh G
o
l e jd jdG
n dG
q
(2)
o bQ oGDdG oYj nS
mOc uSCG pGSG e H
k u SCG pSSCG pd
.peGd
ljH lJ
hCG pKK e mY ndG HpW
q EG Wo
r G :wFGOCG lY
oqJ s`J e mYè tc oOq`J oH
m W
q pHQCG
mFZ med mN nHc dEG rWG sK ,ndG dG
u
Gg oOJ pY`dG pO sK ,qJ e a Mj
.pdG pHch pd nG
ljS lq`J
5 * 5 * 5 * 5 * 5 * 5.psS`dG pIQdG 56 rcoG 1
243.pqSdG pIQdG 35 rcoG 2
.56 sSCGh nSSCG pOuM
.6 g tSCGh 5 g oSSCG
:oHLEG
:zwT lJ{ oHLEG
.pHdG sbCG GkqM oj tSCG
37 = 2187 ,73 = 343 ; 2
.g c oOdG tj
2-4 pdG osS

l ec lAGOCG 4
.pOGYCG Y nud mU mH nSCG oddG oj
.pqSdG pIQdG nqqSCG nHdG oddG j
o
l M lAGOCG 3
.pOGYCG Y nud mU mH nSCG ddG
o
oj e kdZ
dh pqSdG pIQdG pqqSCG pHdG pHc nqc oddG oQj
.kb kANCG Jj
o
w FL lAGOCG 2
.pOGYCG Y nud mU mH nSCG kfMCG oddG oQj
.mKe mH pqSdG pIQdG nqqSCG nHdG oddG oj
V lAGOCG 1
.pOGYCG Y nud nSCG oddG oj
.pqSdG pIQdG nqqSCG nHdG oddG oj
70
wFGLEG wMh wOY wM
o dG
o eG
p`dG oY :oV`dG
o
ffEG T
CG Y oj sfEa ,ffEG
Y nIOL`dG nfCG nJ
ShD
p hH oJ`dG oqdG pUdG ojhY .pQc`dG b`dG
p
p dG e pedG oqc
,o`dG gh ,dG
Gg nVe odG g oqJ
p
.nqgCGh IG pqHdG pGQeEG HGdG
nb obJh
p
... rCSpG
?pFbH oSdG oj dG pATCG oGfCG e
?pbdGh pHGdGh pW`dG ob e
e oJ nS sfCG tJ ndG oeJ oATCG g g
?p`dG
o
NGdGh
oHGdG
op`dG
`d
uc`dG pjdG pe EG
p dG
q
pgP e H
k
p
Y oG o`j sfEa ,pI`dG pHGdG Y mee
.pjdG pg e pHGdG g nQU oVj dc
:pdG eue pSCG oHLEG

,mIqL mdM oJ dGh ,o`jdG oATCG :lè lHLEG
.kJe ob oJ e kFGO
dG
p pq`dG pedG Y oqVjdG oYJ :lè lHLEG
.p`dG pd pAGdG hCG
71
1-5
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
,pjRdG pqqUNh ,p`fCG pGSH vY nF`dG nqj
.pjdGh ,paG`dG pOGYCGh
pSQdG oee
nAT :pddG oGhOCG
QnAT :pqG oGhOCG
qo SSCG o`dG
ojdG ,oaG`dG oOGYCG ,pjRdG oqqUN
odG
l
LGe
:pddG phdG e oAJ dG (nOGYCG hCG) nOdG ppLhCG
.mbQCG 5 pOd l
.12 000 EG oOdG osoj l
.8 g pNCGh pqhCG bdG oè l
.pOdG lIQse lbQCG oLJ l
.12 g HGdGh
dG bdG pV oUM l
p
12 467 hCG 12 367
pbdG oJ
pqSGQdG pqG e pqhCG pdG nN dG
q e rpLGQ
EG rWG sK .zwT lJ{ pIa nSCGh zrqJ{ pIa neCG
zrs{ pIa njQ qG pbdG nN Gpoj CG
p dG
q
rWG sK .Y GM dG pHLEG nM Gbj CGh
oFe{h zs{ pIa pjQ uH GhCGj CG dEG
.zlJh
nY odG
q
npoj CG nH :pnG pHdG paG Y kAH
u`d gqJG dG pG`dG Y rdCSpG ,nOGYCG Ghjh
.pdC`dG
odG
rsJ
pOGYCG e Y ndG
q
pCSpG ,peCG pbe Y
meCG nAYEG pH EG rWoG .(pq`dG) paG`dG
.maGe mOGYC
,pdG nUM ,nedG :nddG pGO`dG e rpLGQ
j rYnO .pdG n`Jfh Y n`dG ,n`dG
.peCG nH
pqUNh pjdG e xc e nj`J dEG rWoG
uM e pIOSG nqc e rpbfh pjRdG
.pF`dG
72
ql aVEG leCG
:n`Jf rpLhCG
50 * 300 1
5 * 3 = 15 :ndG ppSpG
mQUCG 3 = lU + pGU
50 * 300 = 15 000
42 000 _ 700 2
42 _ 7 = 6 :odG
kGMGh kGU = mU 2 - mQUCG 3

42 000 _ 700 = 60
70 + 58 + 30 3
aGe GOY 70h 30

.oL oj sfC
70 + 58 + 30 = (70 + 30) + 58
= 100 + 58
= 158
4 * 49 4
50 EG osoj 49 sCG `H
.pjdG oGSG o`j sfEa

4 * 49 = 4 * (50 - 1)
= 200 - 4
= 196
pd kgQO 43 p `H m`jb mY 6 mhg iTpG 5

uqdG pdG pOjE pjRdG nqqUN rpSpG .pIMGdG
.pAGd
6 * 43 = 6 * (40 + 3): 40 + 3 EG 43 ruL
= (6 * 40) + (6 * 3) : 3 pOdG mAL sc rVpG
= 240 + 18
: ke nAGLCG pLpG
= 258
sr
lIOQGh lANCG
kIMGh kqJGSEG g s CG
o dG
q
tj b :oMG
.mdCe u`d udG p`dG
nH sCG c njòd n`ddG n`dG ppSpG :pIYG nj soe
:nFGW pIqH tM o`j pF`dG
48 * 4:
:ojdG
48 * 4 = (50 * 4) - (2 * 4)
= 200 - 8
= 192
48 * 4 = (40 * 4) + (8 * 4)
= 160 + 32
= 192
73
:pjRdG oqqUN
rs
dG pqJGSEG nj pdG
q
EG nJ CG oZJ b
nqJ CG oJ dHh pjQdG e xc u geSG
.pdMh pJGQN pqU e
(13) obQ ojdG

e vjCG GhOqj CG Y
n dG
q p uT :pF`dG u lIe lIa
u`d geSG b udG p`dG pqJGSEG
kse mqJGSEG qj sfCG cQj sHQh ,pdC`dG
.iNCG Y
74
lJh oFe
(2) obQ ojdG
CG hCG nddG pfdG ndG

q
nQJ CG oZJ b
pGSH odG
q
tj kqaVEG nFe ndDd enJ
lb udG pdG pcGdG ud .udG pG
odG oQhj .nIgdGh nOQY qcc pASH ,d lHJ lMGh
kjJ mec 383 000 pae Y pVQCG pcd oHdG
kbO 43h mYS 7h kej 27 oj gh pVQCG e
pdG nM oQhJ nVQCG sCG h .ndM nJQhO npod
oda ,pVQCG nM odG a oQhj dG pf pbdG
.e nfG dG pf pdG EG nOd kej 29 31 oj
pVQCG pb 41 hCG kjJ Gkec 3475 pdG ob oj
.kjJ
:bG EG
t M o nFe nHQCG Gj CG Y bG ndG
q soM
dG ugdG pG pFGW iMEG pGSH e xc
.gqJ
o
odGh G
p`dG pqJGSEG Y nHdG pHW

q EG rWoG :oqedG
pGSG pJ pSCG pVJ e ,jd ps`dG udG
.dP neCG sc peCG pAYEGh ,pqJGSEG g
l jS lq`J
:sdG n`dG kepe soM
40 000 _ 80
250 + 565 + 750
267 - 199
33 * 7
1
2
3
4
500
1565
68
231
lec lAGOCG 4
m H
n F`dG
t jh k pSe
x Y
m M nqN
o ddG oQj
.mU
:oHLEG
:zwT lJ{ oHLEG
:pe p`dG pqd paG`dG pOGYCG oH 1
25h 75 ,40h 60 ,50h 50 ,75h 25
:pe pdG pqd paG`dG pOGYCG oH
.nNBG meH e wCG oj oH ,1000 ,100 ,10
hCG ,mYH pdC`dG qM e nqCG qM :lè lHLEG
ldBG hCG lbh lbQh d oj eY pHM e nqCG
.lSM
75
1-5 pdG osS
l M lAGOCG 3
n F`dG tjh kpSe xY mM nqN oddG oj e kdZ
.mU mH
wFL lAGOCG 2
Qo j sdh k pSe
x Y
m M nqN kfMCG oddG oQj
.mU mH sc n`dG
l V lAGOCG 1
m H nF`dG tj h kpSe xY mM nqN oddG oQj
.mU
2-5
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
p jdG pGSH pdG n`JGfh pdG nUGM nQqj
.paG`dG pOGYCGh
pSQdG oee
nAT :pddG GhOC
G
o
nAT :pqG oGhOCG
odG
l
LGe
.dEG pQ`dG pf`dG EG 32 456 278 199 nOdG pub
32 456 278 000 :oBG 1
32 456 000 000 :oj`dG 2
32 456 280 000 :pBG oGY 3
32 500 000 000 :pj`dG oe 4
njQdG odG
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2078 _ 39 2
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76
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53 * 18 c 50 * 20 = 1000
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2
3
4
719 * 31
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5693 _ 68
598 888 _ 198
21 000
800
80
3000
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78
3-5
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5 # (4 + 8)
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10, 17, 24, 31, 38, ...
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103
6-6
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30
60
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150
180
210
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540
1080
1620
2160
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2115
2235
2355
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Y pd pIdG pOGYCG EG of :l lHLEG
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113
1-7
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.pOdG pHd tdG oedG
o
dG
lLGe
:j e rpcCG
1 476 * ... = 4 760 000
22 ... * 3.25 = 325
10 000
100
:sSCG kee rcoG

3 6*6*6
4 a*a*a*a*a
63
a5
oj c
q pCSpG :pnG pHdG paG Y kAH
n dG
.1000 ,100 ,10 Gd uSCG oGSG
101,102,103
pbdG J
o
p dG
pIa nhG Gpoj CG
q G rWoG
sK .pqSGQdG pqG e pqhCG pdG nN zke ra{
zrsJh rHQpG{ pIa jOQGdG dG
p d
q
rTG
Gpoj CG dEG rWGh pqG e dG pdG nN
.zrs{ pIa njQdG
nN zrs{ pIa pjQ uM oAdG
p dG
q peH
.pqG e qG pbdG
odG
rpSpG
.zrpSpG{ e pqdG pSdG pdBG oGSG o
ojdG
pfCG pSGQH pOdG pHd sdG nedG odG
q oj
.pS`dG pBG uSCG e pGSH pIqddG
t`dG odG
,pS`dG pJBG pGS mIYe EG odG
q oj sHQ
op`dG oSdG oBG oqJ .pTdG Y oj e pJh
.mYue nFGH pOd udG pedG Y
Gke nY oJ dG pYd
Ip qdG dEG pfdG pIqdG e 10 pOdG ib 2.3 OdG pVpG
pedGh pqSdG JQdH nFdG puSh ,pe`dG
.oMJ mfCG sCG rpU .dG
114
:HLEG
2.3 # 10 = 230
2.3 # 104 = 23 000
2
2.3 # 10 = 2300
2.3 # 105 = 23 0000
3
:oHLEG
:zke ra{ oHLEG
6 ;1 000 000 ;6 ;106 :oqhCG tdG 1
8 ;100 000 000 ;8 ;108 :dG tdG
10 ;10 000 000 000 ;10 ;1010 :oddG tdG
12 ;1 000 000 000 000 ;12 ;1012:oHGdG tdG
:oe`dG tdG
14 ;100 000 000 000 000 ;14 ;1014
:oSOdG tdG
16 ;10 000 000 000 000 000 ;16 ;1016
.pjH pQUCG oOY oOGOj mIqe uc :l lHLEG
.of oOdG uSCGh pQUCd
e nf nOdG pcGh uSCG EG rfoG :l lHLEG
.1 pOdG nH uSCd g dG pQUCG
:zwT lJ{ oHLEG

.GkU 12 `d pVdG oTT oqJ
.mIc mQUCG pHc pqd :l lHLEG
s rHQpG
rJh
o noj dG nOdG sCG GkqL cQj
n dG
q
sCG e rsJ
pIQdH onoj dG pJGP pOd kjhe j udG pedH
pOdG pHc Y mIOue meCG pGSH grpYS .pqSdG
pdG nb e oOdG nj CG Y pcdG e udG pedH
. 10 e nUCGh d mhe hCG mMGh e ncCG kFGO g pqjdG
rncq dG pfG uH pdYCG e qj rLGh
EG udG pedG e pjdG Y pdG nL oqjdG odG
.pqSdG pIQdG
ql aVEG leCG
,6 tSCG .pqSdG pIQdG 4.217 # 106 rcoG 1
nL mfe 6 pqjdG pdG oj`J oj dd
4.217 # 106 = 4 217 000 .pdG
.udG pedG 53 000 000 rcoG 2
53 000 000 = 5.3 * ?
nQj lMGh lbQ d GkOY nj CG oj oqhCG oedG
pOd nqhCG nedG sEa ddh ,pqjdG pdG
.5.3 g 53 000 000
nOY hj tSCGh ,10 pOdG ib g dG oedG
nL oqjdG odG ncqJ CG oj dG pfdG
oqjdG odG oqJ 53 000 000 pOdh .pQdG
.pQdG nL pfe 7
7
53 000 000 = 5.3 * 10 .107 g 10 pOndG ib
115
sr
IOQGh
lANCG
l
pedG a pIdG ib sCG
o dG
q
oVj b :MG
o
.pOdG a pQUCG nOY oHJ udG
nOY oXJ pOdG ib sCG Y rOuT :pIYG nj soe
:le ,oqjdG odG ocqJ nS dG pfdG
7.4 # 107 = 74 000 000
r snJ
(6) bQ jdG
o
pIQdH pOdG pIAGb kHU
p dG
q
oH oj b
:pIQqdG Y pqdG pIQdH rcoG ;pqSdG
pT Y onoj nQG sCG kFGO rscJ .kfjJ N
. 1018 pT Y njdGh 1012
(12) bQ EG (9) bQ e ojQdG
mae mU mOY pT Y onoj sSCG sCH ndG
q pucP
.pSSCG nHh nH pbd dPh
lJh oFe
(3) obQ ojdG
Y , EE oedG ah lSM ldBG pdG
q id nc GPG
sK pqhCG pedG k hCq G oNOEG :pddG pGH Gej CG
pS Y.uSCG Y sK eh EE pedG Y odG
. 3 . 2 EE 5 oS 3.2 # 105 :pG
odGh oG
1-7 pdG osS

l ec lAGOCG 4
.mU mH udG pedH nOGYCG oddG oqj
l M lAGOCG 3
w FL lAGOCG 2
oqj e a kANCG oJj sdh udG pedH nOGYCG oddG oqj
.mQGSH uSCH
l jH lJ
oqJ pJqej mIa njhJ pHW
q EG rWoG :oqedG
e nOGYCG oq`J eY ,oqjdG odG oqJ GP`d
.odGh ,udG pedG EG pqSdG pIQdG
nOdG sC pdG nL oqjdG odG oqJ :l lHLEG
:e
k .10 pOdG iH lhe
240 gh 2.4 # 10 # 10 f g 2.4 # 10 2
ljS lq`J
:pqSdG pIQdG a nOGYCG pcoG
4
11 6.8 * 10
22 2.073 * 109
68 000
2 073 000 000
:udG pedH nOGYCG pcoG

33 450 000
44 603 800 000
4.5 * 105
6.038 * 108
:oHLEG
:zwT lJ{ oHLEG
10 * 10 * 10 = 1000, f 1
V lAGOCG 1
e pGSG oSCG ,pHdG obCG :oGu`dG
pb pd kIc kHU oq`J :odG .pIdG pOGYCG

.pOdG
116
oMWh pqjdG pQdG oL
odG
oedG
odG :V`dG
o
ffEG oT
nJ CG oj sfEa ,ffEG
pbG Y nIOLG peG
,pYVG pShDhH oJG oqdG pUdG jhY
.pQcG
o
.pdG Gg obe rq`J
p dG e pedG oqc
iNCG phdG pY pp nb obJh .odG
.uJGQeEG pgQdH ofQJh
:... rCSpG
?iNCG phdG pY pb oae uG e n`d
eY uJGQeEG pgQdH mS pS oOjEG oj c
?iNCG mH gnS oJ
oNGdGh oHGdG
.ffG
E pH nqJG oJBG ofCG oqJ
aGG
pb pse nhGL pFGG e oqjObG odG oqJ
pb pqJ nHeh mdhO nQNG pdG
q EG rWoG .pdG
mjJ nVh dEG rWoG .YSCG hCG mSCG pIq pY
.hLh
opG
kdhO hQj ndG
q pnO .oqUG oY mdhO ud
e oqj mne nVh dEG rWoG .nY jh
.hLh
:pdG eue pGDdG oHLEG
Qp dG pSGH pgGQdG ob onoJ e kdZ :l lHLEG
.pqjdG
117
1-8
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
pHVh pMWh pqjdG pQdG pL nUGM nQqj
.pbh
pSQdG oee
nAT :pddG oGhOCG
nAT :puG oGhOCG
odG
l
LGe
.mIY e mAL pbCG dEG rub

11 34.572
22 0.139
33 5.97
34.6
0.1
6.0
.xqc mOY pbCG dEG rub

44 142.6408
55 0.49
pbdG J
o
peCG pb pqSGQdG pqG e nqhCG ndG ppSpG
.zrs{ pIa pjQ Y pdh zrsJ{ pIa pHQCG
e qG pbdG nN GhTj CG
p dG
q
EG rWoG
.zs{ pIa pjQ uH pqG
143
0
njQdG odG npoj CG nH :pnG pHdG paG Y kAH

e pjdG dEG L`j e :rdCSpG ,zlLGe{ pIa a
?pqjdG pQdG
dG pATCG pAGd kIOjR oMCG c dEG nYC :le lHLEG
.gojQCG
odG
rsJ
kgQO 16 dEG GqUJ c cQj ndG
q sCG e rsJ
e tbCG g ndG sCG GaY c rdCSG sK e .(1) pG a
oGSG GP nj CG pdG
q pMCG dEG rWoG .kgQO 16
pUM pjJ nqY oj (3) pG paGG pOGYCG
.dG f (4) pe h ,nSCG pdG
118
ql aVEG leCG
p xVjQ mb nAGT pdG pIc pja pAYCG oMCG nQqb 1
a ,ngGQO 5.75 p mqbh ,kgQO 12.95
?pAGd J kgQO 20
:mgQO pbCG dEG mOY sc rub
13 ! kgQO 12.955
6
19
ngGQO 5.75
s CG `Hh ,kgQO 19 kjJ hj pAGd oRdG tqdG odG

,(uUCG pdG e YCG ojdG) YCd nc njdG
.pqdGh pdG pAGd mc oda
:rQub
1.8 # 88.2
.pdG pqY pAGLE kaGe kGOGYCG rNG

88.2 " 90
1.8 " 2
2 # 90 = 180
:rQub 3
402.13 mgQO _ 83.02 kgQO
.pdG pqY pAGLE kaGe GkOGYCG rNpG
402.13
400
83.02 $
80
400
m gQO _ 80 kgQO = 5 ngGQO
sr
fej dG pOdG EG Ghj CG pdG
q EG rWoG
.pqHG pJqY e nqdG oJ oH gpjJ
dEG GHqb dG nOGYCG GhQNG n`d GMj CG dEG rWoG
.pjdH peb Y
IOQGh
ANC
l
l G
pjdH jOdG e c
v kFGO
o dG
q
oqj :oMG
.mb fOCG dEG hCG mb YCG dEG ke fHqj PEG ;pf
pQdG pjJ nYGb
p dG
q
e rpLGQ :pIYG nj soe
a 10 e pAGLCG nJ xN nVh dEG rWoG .pqjdG
:le .pjdG pqH pdG nb mOY uc
15 dEG oso 91 EG osoj 19.26
119
lJh oFe
(12) bQ ojdG
GHqb b fj da ,(d) nHLEG
o dG
q nQNG GPEG
p d
q ruVh , 25 EG nqhCG nOdGh ,700 EG ndG nOdG

675 jOdG sC ;vjQhV nd me pbCG EG njdG sCG
e GvL oj 700 oOdGh ,vgP oL o 25 h
.udG pG
120
rsnJ
(3) bQ ojdG
,15 EG 16.4 oOdG nuob GPEG .mGec 4 h 3 nH oHLEG
16.4 oOdG nuob GPEGh .mGec 3 oj nS njdG sE a
EG rWoG .mGec 4 oj S njdG qE a , 20 EG
p qdG
4 hCG 3 EG nbCG obdG oHLEG pnfc GPEG e nj
.uG pdG e
odGh oG
ljH lJ
sCG oje iJ :pdG
q Y ndC`dG g rVYpG :wFGOCG lY
pOdG e oj kJf j nS 72 * 0.45 pV nJf
.35
j hCG pCGdG nje e qj g :nHqW rCSpG
pLh pVd mIOue meCG VY
dEG rWG sK ,e
n
.gpf
ljS lq`J
:j qè xc nUM rQub
1 48.23 + 11.67
2 31.39 - 19.95
3 47.8 * 8.4
4 62.9 _ 7.1
60
10
400
9
:oHLEG
:zwT lJ{ oHLEG
GPEG e rOuMh pOGYCG pjJ nnq`dG pGdG ppLGQ
.ubCd hCG YCd rnfc
p
pKCG paO Y bdG
pOGYCG EG o`J :le lHLEG
e oQqJ eY kde oJ oqjjdG oOGYCGh ,pddG
.qk hCG pjd kK J lOf jd nc GPEG
1-8 pdG osS

lec lAGOCG 4
.me mjH ojh kpSe mjJ njW oddG oQj
lM lAGOCG 3
.naCG njdG kehO oQj b sdh mjJ njW oddG oQj
w FL lAGOCG 2
a kHU oj b sdh oqj eY mU mH oddG oQqj
.ppSdG pOGYCG pGSGh pQNG
V lAGOCG 1
.mde mGjH oj h npS`dG pjdG njW oddG oQj
121
2-8
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
.nqjdG nQdG nj
.nqjdG nQdG nj
pSQdG oee
mjJ obCG ,10 * 10 psHe oT :pddG oGhOCG
lqN
AT
n :puG oGhOCG
odG
lLGe
1
2
3
4
5
pbdG J
o
pqSGQdG pqG e pqhCG pdG nN pdG
q EG rWoG
qeCG .pG pT Y pdGh pG nFe Gq CG
pIa dG d rTa pqSGQdG pqG e dG pdG
.zrs{ pIa njQ Gqj CG dEG rWGh zrsJh rHQpG{
pqG e qG pbdG nN oITG
p dG
q peEH
.zlJh oFe{h zrs{ Ja pjQ uH
:j e a pdG nUM hCG pdG nUM rpLhCG

235 + 45 + 9
289
8 900 + 138 + 89 + 6
9 133
58 000 + 9 000 + 50 + 8 67 058
59 501
60 000 - 499
100 000 - 5 884
94 116
e ,4 442 Y na 222h 2 222 oMCG nL 6

e 2 222 nJ 222 nc d ?oMCG nJQG dG oCdG
nqfdG ndG pj d ddH ;pCdG pbdG a CG pQdG
.IXdG
n
njQdG odG npoj CG H :pnG pHdG paG Y kAH
o c Gqj CG dEG rWoG ,zlLGe{ pIa
pMWh pqqdG pOGYCG pL Y faj e oGSG
.pMWh pqjdG pQdG pL
odG
rpSpG
.zrpSpG{ e 10 * 10 pT oGSG oj
ojdG
pL nH pHdG pS nPdG odG
q
oj
.pMWh pqqdG pOGYCG pLh pMWh pqjdG pQdG
o`dG odG
e xc njJ H ohj a ,pjdG nAKCG nqdG ppM
pOdG dEG pfG nb pqhCG pOd pG pAGLCGh ,pIdG pAGLCG
.pdG nUCG pjdG pqY oj e Ggh ,dG
122
Gke nY poJ dG pYd

Y oLf oj iNCG meCG njJ
p dG
q
EG rWoG
.pdG
:zke ra{ oHLEG
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
uSSCG pdG pSQGe pW

q pLMG oLGe
:zwT lJ{ oHLEG
e GkMGh GkAL hj e gh ,me e mAGLCG 10 oLJ 5
.mIY
e mAGLCG pdG e mIY e mAL oSG o
.me e mAGLCG pIY dEG mIY e pAdG ojh mIY
rsJh rHQpG
hj 10 e GkMGh GkAL sCG pae dEG
o dG
q
oj
pT Y mIU msHe nIY hCG 100 e mAGLCG nIY
10 * 10
hCG pqjdG pQdG pL pqH odG
q
oCGj eY
1.1 :ka .pdG pIQhd pa e rsJ ,pMW
.mIY e GkMGh GkALh kIMGh kIMh J
123
SSC
G pdG pMeue e lIe oFf
u
;pQdG W
Y pOdH nedG oqJ dG pbGdH ocCG wSM lQT pdG
q id
p
oqJ iNCG bGe
n
dEG nqjdG nQdG oJ dG nbGdG oqf neCG sc sfEa ,ddh
.pOdH
`fhdG
odG
q
t
,qHhdG ,QjdG ,hQdG :pe pdG e iNCG mGfCG Y pd mYe ndG pdG
q EG Wo
r G
.G
padG e oNGdGh HGdG

o
pLhCH oqJ kbe rQpOCG sK ,udG dEG mYue mhH mqUN mIU mY nQMEG
p dG
q EG Wo
r G
.pIq`dG pqHdG pGQeEG pdhO pY nHh nH pNGh pdG
pG pAGLCG p Y qo cJ dG pdG
q pGJ EG pUCG
p pIOYEGh ,pqjdG pQdG pL Y mIY e mAGLCG
.pMW Y me e mAGLCG EG mIY e pAGLCG
lqaVEG leCG
3.8 + 6.87 rLpG 1
4+7=11 :rQub
3.8
+ 6.87
10.67
n
dEG e mf f
,pqdG pQdG iMEG a
t Uh
oIOjdG a ,4.32 cm EG oNBG lf `fh ,6.4 cm
?dG pdG Y pqhCG pdG uf
.udG pIOjdG pOjE rWpG
:mIY e mAL pbCG EG rub
6.4 - 4.3 = 2.1

6.40
- 4.32
2.08
.dG pdG e ncCG 2.08 cm oqhCG odG

sr
pGQOEG e pqd (d) h (c) jdG oGSG o
.dGhCG G b pQUCG paVEG pqd pdG
q
IOQGh
lANCG
l
mqUH pQdG pW pqY a odG
q oApoj b :oMG
ncCG (phG) a pqjdG pdG nH pbQCG oOY nc GPEG
.(e phG) YCG pdG a pbQCG pOY e
dEG mQUCG oaVEG oj sfCG pHd
q rucCG :pIYG nj soe
phd oqjdG obQCG pnfc GPEG e pdM ,ph`dG
oOY qjdG jd nj qM ,e phd e sbCG
.pf pqjdG pf`dG
rsnJ
.mIqe e ncCG oOJ pqMCG nhG sCG pd
q rTpG
pOGYCG nMCG oSj kaM hj eY sfCG
q ppNCG
n dG
oOj Iqe qc G Gg oHc pYSa ,pZGdG
.mGqe 3 oOJh O nG oq 0.17 ka .f oOdG
(16) obQ ojdG
Y pqdGdG pqjdG pQdG pGSG
o dG
q opoj b
GkAL 65 h nFbO 4 :oCGo
n J nFbO 4.65 sCG d ruVh .pedG
.kfK 65h nFbO 4 ndh bdG e pG e
124
lJh oFe
(2) obQ jdG
o
gnQMEG dEG rWoG .mGQd oP pqdG pH id
nPdG g rpSG sK ,k nc GPEG udG EG
.pVdG
o
odGh G
ljH lJ
e mYue njQJ nQNG pHW
pSQdG nge oqJ sfCG hj dGh ,pqd`dG pJLGh
.H uUdG pAGOCG ue nVhh ,GkqL J
k
ljS lq`J
:ruH
1
2
3
4
5
4.07 + 8.45
2.34 + 7.984
20 - 1.95
0.529 - 0.32
409 - 76.456
12.52
10.324
18.05
0.209
332.544
sfEa ,pqqdG pOGYCG pW hCG pL Y sfCG

p d
q
ruVh
.of oqf`dG odG d dG nbQCG of hCG of
pbdG nH kFGO oVJ b nqjdG ndG sCG d ruVh
.dP oAGLEG pdG e sdh ,pNCG
oVh oj sfEa ,pOdG pW hCG pL Y sfCH ndG
q pucP
.pH nSCG xOY xN pqjdG pdG
:oHLEG
:zwT lJ{ oHLEG
nnoj hCG e nnoj CG oj mbQ sc sC :lè lHLEG
.pqf`dG pdG a pe Y
e jOdG nMCG nrMW GPEG ,p`dG pqY pAGLEG nH
pAGLEG nHh ,pNBG pOdG Y oJ na ,pJdG
e (nhG) n`fdG nOdG nrL GPEG ,p dG pqY
.pqhCG pOdG Y oJ na ,p dG pJf
2-8
pdG osS
lec lAGOCG 4
.mU mH oMjh nqjdG nQdG oddG oj

2
lM lAGOCG 3
.mU mH oMjh pqjdG pQdG ne oddG oj
wFL lAGOCG 2
kANCG oJj sdh oMjh nqjdG nQdG oddG oj
hCG xSCGQ mH psJG pZ pqjdG pQdG pH mQGSH kqHM
.qOY
V lAGOCG 1
.mU mH oMj hCG nqjdG nQdG oddG oj
125
3-8
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
pqjdG pQdG pL Y dG pOdG sj
.pMWh
pSQdG oee
nAT :pddG oGhOCG
nAT :puG oGhOCG
o
dG
lLGe
:j e soM
1
2
3
4
x + 10 = 38
a - 7 = 17
y + 215 = 325
w + 50 = 900
x = 28
a = 24
y = 110
w = 850
njQdG odG
pIQH kdOe Gj CG dEG rWoG ,zlLGe{ pIa a
pbQ pjdG oHc oj ,pdG pS Y .mqVjQ mL
10 dEG nVoCG GPEG dG oOdG e :ddG pdG Y (1)
?38 hj
pbdG J
o
dG pb pqSGQdG pqG e nqhCG ndG ppSpG
.zs{ pIa pjQ uM Y pdh zrsJ{ pIa
zrs{ Ja pjQ uH nITG pdG
q
EG rWoG
.pqG e qG pbdG nN zlJh oFe{h
odG
rsJ
pjd mqaVEG mIYe dEG pdG
q H
o oj b
pudG IAGb
j
sfCH grcP
o
o
u .mqd mQU dEG pOdG
z?oOdG g e{ :JBc
lqaVEG leCG
x + 3.8 = 8.9 :ndO`dG soM 1
5.1+ 3.8 = 8.9
8.9 = 8.9 3
5.1 hJ x ob
eYh ,jdG e kfdL 15 `H pjd Gq

l N oj
a oJ fCs G rnLh pGqdG Gg nAe oIQS rnOGQCG
.kfdL 13.4 dEG
?pe nb pGqdG a rnfc dG jdG oqqc a
126
pe nb pGqdG jdG qn c
q = x sCG rVapG
x + 13.4 = 15
1.6 + 13.4 = 15
15 = 15 3
.pe nb pGqdG jdG e dG e 1.6 oLj

sr
peGSG id pqdG pqdG pGSH
n dG
q pucP
nqY ej PEG ,zmqY mjH rYpG{ nqJGSEG
.mW pdOe u pG nqYh mL pdOe u pdG
IOQGh
ANC
l
l G
eY sc nIOLdG pSdG odG
q oj b :oMG
oj b (8) pbQ pjdG a ,ka .mL ndOe j
:odG
q
x = 7.3m + 8.5m + 25.5m
oqdLEG oadG g 25.5 m sCH grucP :pIYG nj soe

:j c pdOdG oHc Y ddH ,psdG nM
25.5 = x + 7.3 m + 8.5 m
rsnJ
oL
o mqJM nFe nY
p dG
q
EG rWoG
.pOG g pGSH
(11) obQ ojdG
jOdG pH Geb b sfEa (d) nHLEG odG
q nQNG GPEG
;4.01 pOdG e 2.91 pOdG pW e H
k 4.01h 2.91
.pdG pqde pQNG pqqgCG Y rucCG
(12) obQ ojdG
p jJ Y gnYj CG o ms nSQ sCH
n dG
q pucP
.uM nb pdCd mIQU
:bG EG
pb oK oj :pddG pdCG uM Y bG ndG
q soM
pK Y gQ`H padG oK ojjh .ngGQO 5 maOh mUUQ
:oadG ?padGh pUUdG pb e xc oS e .pUUdG pb
.mgQO 1.5 :pUUdG ob ;ngGQO 3.5
127
o
odGh G
ljH lJ
mOe uCH mF nY pdG
q
EG Wo
r G :tJGdG odG
mL nHc dEG WG
r
sK .pSQdG Gg kCN uH Geb
udH kYe ,hLCG dG pCdG pUd L hCG
.pdG
ljS lq`J
:j e soM
1
2
3
4
n + 3.1 = 7.5
y - 5.9 = 10
2.25 + x = 5.55
50.9 - x = 30.9
4.4
15.9
3.3
20
:oHLEG
:zwT lJ{ oHLEG
.ae dOdG ;f
J ,pG e pdG e 2.5 pH nH :le lHLEG

nc pG e Gkd a ,pOGqdG pG e 15.3
?pOGqdG
3-8 pdG osS

l ec lAGOCG 4
.pMW hCG pqjdG pQdG pL Y mOe oddG oj
.pMW hCG pqjdG pQdG pL Y mOe oddG tj
lM lAGOCG 3
pMW hCG pqjdG pQdG pL Y mOe oddG oj
.dP Y uM nH
.pMWhCG pqjdG pQdG pL Y mOe oddG tj
wFL lAGOCG 2
hCG pqjdG pQdG pL Y mOe pHd oddG oaj
.pMW
pMW hCG pqjdG pQdG pL Y mOe oddG tj
.dP Y uM nH
V lAGOCG 1
.pMW hCG pqjdG pQdG pL Y mOe oddG oj
.pMW hCG pqjdG pQdG pL Y mOe oddG tj
128
4-8
pSQdG ue
pSQdG oGgCG
.nF`dG s pqJGSEG Qjh nQj
pSQdG oee
nAT :pddG oGhOCG
nAT :puG oGhOCG
odG
rsJ
n H nbdG zrsJh ruN{ pqJGSEG
o dG
q oj
mIe mee Y mqe mH pd pOdG e a
.ma uc nb Ghj CG EG
?pOdG a Y oaJ dG e l
pdG pb Y kgQO 15 `H dG Jg iMEG ob ojJ
.kgQO 115 dG oe ;iNCG
?nqJh nqd oaJ e oS c l
pdG pb Y kgQO 15 `H dG iMEG nb ojRCG :nuNC
.iNCG
115 hj dG oe nc GPEG e iQC oqJCG :nqC
.kgQO
zmqY mjH rYpG{ pqJGSEG odG
q
oj
.pOdG e ma uc nb Ghd sFdG pdG nUM
?pdCdG uM Y nYd kdOe J
o
c
pfdG pdG nbh n hJ `dhCG pdG nb sCG rVpd
n + n + 15 = 115 ; n +15 hJ
n nb oSCG :l lHLEG ?pHLEG e oqJ c l
.lU ndOdG sCG e nqcCJC oqJCGh
t `dG odG :wT lJ
oqJ dG zsr Jh ruN{ pqJGSEG pMhdG EG pUCG
pqLdG Y goYj mJ sc sCG cQj
n dG
q
sCG
.pdG pHLEG EG kITe
zmqY mjH rYpG{ nqJGSEG sCG
o dG
q
oQj c
.pdCdG ud pqdG pqdG nGSG e oqJ
:zwT lJ{ pIpd oHLEG
dG odG nc GPEG e pjJ Y mJ tc oYj 1
nGSG oSCG .GvL GkU hCG Gkc H nrb
.naCG mH nbC pedG
EG oMCGh p dCdG kIQce oHLEG oJ enY 2
.pbdG pedG pOjEG
129
u`dG EG
EG kaVEG pqJGSEG g
o dG
q
nj CG oj
oqJGSEG ,pdG pS Y iNCG mqJGSEG
zkf rNGh{ z khL ruc{h zkse kF spYCG{
.zsdG ndG p pSpG{ oqJGSEGh
Y zrsJ{ pIa njQdG qj gh ndG
q
puT
pGDdG pVJ Y lse lqJGSEG goYJ c pT
g GeSG b Gfc GPEG e rdCSpG .pdCdG uMh
.mdCe uCG ud iNCG mqJGSEG e nqJGSEG
sr
Y rpbpG ,pdCdG g uM kHU
o dG
q nLGh GPEG
nIOQGdG zmY
mjH rYpG{ nqJGSG Gej CG
q
s e rpbf .117 pdG
pdN e j mIN c
dG pLSG Ghcj CG Y ruT .pdCdG uM Y
.mIN uc pN e H ndG j
tG odG :IOQGh
lANCG
l
pdG pGSG k HU
o dG
q
oLGj :oMG
.naCG mH Ged pqdqhCG
nqc GkqL cQj jdG
p dG
q EG rWoG :pIYG j qe
e Gj CG zrsJh ruN{ pqJGSEG pN e pdG
ruT .pIYdG EG Lj jdG jNBG pdG
q
mJ uc pGSG pqc pbe Y pdG
q
nGhRCG
.naCG mH pd
rsJn
EG nJ CG oZJ b ,nFe nIqY
o dG
q npoj CG nH
ruN{ nqJGSEG epe nFe uH Geb jdG pADg
e H Geb dG pdG nS GcQj CG zrsJh
.udG pFeR
l
p dG pe oGQOEG :lIpYe GAGb
CG dEG WGh
r
mGhRCG nV Gj CG pdG
q EG Wo
r Gl
.zrsJ{ pIah zrsJ{ pIa pjQdG nMCG Gj
a mJe mH ndCdG CGj CG pdG
q pMCG EG Wo
r Gl
o
.pZU Y oeR j
Yh pGDdG Y nAdG Gqj CG pdG
q
EG rWoG l
.mqe iNCG mee
sc oCGj oH ,pdCdG nIAGb noj CG pddG EG rWoG l
peRdG pGdG pH oeR ojh ,gpOH mL
.zmqY mjH rYpG{ pqJGSEG
epe ke kse GSj CG
p dG
q EG rWoG l
.pdCdG ud ejh pGdG g
o tSdG
pqJGSEG pjJh mIMGh mdCe pQNG Y ndG
q soM
fqj sK e pdCdG J qd geSG dG
.iNCG kqJGSEG epe
130
obh pqjdG pQdG oV
odG
oSdG
oMdG :oV`dG
o
ffEG T
nJ CG oj sfEa ,ffEG
pbG Y nIOLG peG
,pYVG pShDhH oJG oqdG pUdG ojhY .pQcG
.pdG Gg obe rs`J
p dG e pedG oqc
nN odqMdG nLGh dG nFG obJh .oMdG
.gpS
:... rCSpG
pG paGb e mMH odG pfeEH sfCG oJ g
?pAGdG
?e fj Gfc dG pdG of e ,pjCGQ
oNGdGh oHGdG
.ffG
E pH nqJG oJBG ofCG oqJ
ojQdG
pIQd GkQNG pAGdG pG paGb oMQ rnfc
G rWoG .pdG pqNG phdGh pIQGG pq Y
o LdG pADg fj nc dG pcG Y ndG pdG
q
.udG pFeR Y fVj mjJ nVhh
aGG
pUCGh pWCG h ugCG e pAGdG nY oMdG pnfc
pHEG oOLh d sd oMdG g rJ h ,pMdG
.pAGdG pjdG pQSCG pq Y pJQH oJ dG
pdhO pAGdG nY mjW nj
p dG
q G rWoG
.oaGdG rneSGh nS pIqG pqHdG
p GQeEG
.mjN Y pjdG g nSQ dEG rWoG
:pdG eue pGDdG oHLEG

pMGh pdG pSd oqVjdG pnepoSoG :l lHLEG
.pMd pIQhdG pdG pqqc pj dHh paG
131
1-9
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
.xY mc vjnY Gkc nj
. xY mc qv c kGOY nj
pSQdG oee
nAT :pddG oGhOCG
lqN mjJ obCG ,10 * 10 oT :puG oGhOCG
odG
l
LGe
1
2
3
4
.mL pqY sc jhj jOY pV nUM rcPoG

4 *2
2+2+2+2
7+7+7
3 *7
6+6+6+6+6
5 *6
5+5+5+5+5+5 6 *5
pdG pUGM e c
v nQqd
x qc mOY pbCG dEG rub
:pddG
20
1 3.9 * 5.1
64
2 7.88 * 8.01
10
3 0.89 * 9.91
18
4 5.78 * 3.1
pbdG J
o
zTlJ{ nJa pjQ uh zrsJ{ pIa pHQCG
pbdG nN GhTj CG
p dG
q EG rWG soK .zrs{h
.zrs{ pIa pjQ uH pqG e qG
pjdG pOdG nHc rpYCG :pnG pHdG paG Y kAH

xY mc pT Y zlLGe{ pIa e (1)
.ndCG Gqj CG dEG rWGh 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.2
0.8
.pqG pjQdG dP Quc

:l lHLEG
0.7 + 0.7 + 0.7 = 2.1;
0.6 + 0.6 + 0.6 + 0.6 + 0.6 = 3.0
0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 = 3.0
n H fMj dG pHdG pjhJ Y
n dG
q
puT
pG pqYh pqqdG pOGYCd pQuG pG pqY
.pqjdG pQd pQuG
g :rdCSpG ,jdG pdG UM odG
q nj CG nH
e ncCG (3) jdG tdG pdG oUM oS
xqc mOY EG nuob sdG sCG ?e nUCG hCG ujdG pUG
e ncCG tjdG pdG oUM oS dH ,ncCG
.udG pUG
132
odG
rsJ
pqqdG pOGYCH pae pGSG Y n dG
q
puT
dEG rWoG .pqjdG pQdH pdG pqY a gnYd
pqqdG pOGYCG oV ,pdG pS Y pdG pqH ndG
.pqjdG pdG oVh sK eh
pqH Geb GPEG nqjdG ndG cqj c ndG
q pCSpG
.(pdG pd mfe 4) .10 000 `H pdG
jc pV pqH peb id kHU
p dG
q oH oj
.1 e nUCG `jY
q
pT oGSG o .1 e oUCG g pdG oUM
hCG `qjY jc pV pqY pLd 10 * 10 msHe
m
oj nSh 1 e ncCG xqc mOH 1 e nUCG xY c
.pcCG pedG e oUCG lOY g pdG nUM Cs G
9 # 0.001 = 0.009
38 # 0.1 = 3.8
6.1 # 0.082 :rVpG 4
4.2 # 6.7 :rVpG 3
6 # 0.08 = 0.48 :rQub

0.082
# 6.1
82
492
0.5002
4 # 7 = 28 :rQub
6.7
# 4.2
134
268
28.14
sr
,pIQqdG Y njQdG Gqj CG Yqe mW
q EG rWoG
ndG S jCG GcQOCG c GMj CG dEG rWG sK
.nqjdG
IOQGh
lANCG
l
pQj Y nqjdG pfdG odG
q
oj b :oMG
.pqjdG pdG pbe pjd pqjdG dG
pfdG pMG Y
n dG
q
ppYS :pIYG nj soe
Y ndG
q puT . pqjdG pdG e pdG nL pqjdG
pfQe Y uMh pdG pUM pOjEGh qk hCG pjdG
Y nM dG pqG pUGG e pIQqG pUGG
.pJHLEG pqde e Gqd
133
uSSCG pdG pSQGe pW

q pLMG oLGe
9 # 0.001 :rVpG 2
ql aVEG leCG
3.8 # 0.1 :rVpG 1
SSC
G pdG pMeue e lIe oFf
u
.GkQc oqJ kqHM mqY oJ mYue mM LddG oGSG o
nM oQJ dG LddG g
p dG
q nfG YJ dG LddG ncCG sEG
sCG udG EG Ghpoj CG
p dG
q EG rWoG .pdCGh pHGh SGh pVjdG
.jd dc
pAedG e pedG OJ
o
pdG pGSG Y GvL kIe oqjdG oQdG tnoJ GPd ke pbfh ,pdG pSuQe e rYpG
.udG
r snJ
pVh pqjdG QpdG pV nH pdG nLhCG rpLGQ
Qn dG Hj eY sfCH ndG
q pucP .pqqdG pOGYCG
pUM nqjdG ndG Gj CG oa ,nqjdG
.pJHLEG pqde e pqdG Y ruT .pdG
(7)h (6) bQ jdG
.jdG jg vgP Gqj CG
p dG
q EG rWoG
(18) obQ ojdG
GVh sfCG Y tj dP sEa (a) nHLEG odG
q nQNG GPEG
h qjdG jdG Mj sfCc ,nqjdG ndG
pVh Y goYS njdG sCH grucP dd ,fHj
.pdG pVe pqjdG pdG
:bG EG
mCG Y pd mSM mdBG pGSG Y ndG
q soM
kpHe oJ oH pdG pUGMh pqjdG peGdG
. (22) bQ pjdG pIOQGdG d
134
o
odGh G
l jH lJ
p FdG e xc pCdG njJ
p dG
q EG rWoG :oHdG
:e xd mU xM pjJ e ,pddG
1
0.3 * 0.7 = 2.1
0.002 * 5.25 = 52.50
l jS lq`J
x pV nUM rpLhCG
:j qe c
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10 * 5.67
1000 * 5.67
5.18 * 5
3.124 * 14
18.8 * 0.01
0.001 * 9.1
7.8 * 3.1
0.47 * 6.5
135
56.7
5670
25.9
43.736
0.188
0.0091
24.18
3.055
:oHLEG
:zwT lJ{ oHLEG
0.004 # 6.2 1 0.4 # 6.2
oqjdG odG oqJ 0.4 6.2 pOdG pV Y

6.2 pOdG pV Yh .pQdG nL kIMGh kfe
nL mfe nK oqjdG odG oqJ , 0.004
.pQdG
oqJ nS pOd nqjdG ndG sC ,pOdG e oUCG
.pQdG nL
.of g pdG oYGb
1-9 pdG osS

l ec lAGOCG 4
.pqjdG pQdGh pqqdG pOGYCG pV nUGM oddG oj
.qjY jc pV nUGM oddG oj
l M lAGOCG 3
.pqjdG pQdGh pqqdG pOGYCG pV pUGM ne oddG oj
w FL lAGOCG 2
p dG pVh a oApoj e kdZ sdh pdG pUGM nH oddG oj
.pqjdG
.qjY jc pV pUGM nH oddG oj
lV lAGOCG 1
m H pqjdG pQdGh pqqdG pOGYCG pV nUGM oddG oj
.mU
136
2-9
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
.xqc mOY Y vjY Gkc nj
pSQdG oee
nAT :pddG oGhOCG
nAT :pqG oGhOCG
oqSSCG odG
.pdG o`Jf ,Y le ,le
odG
l
LGe
:j qe xc pb nJf rQub
1
2
3
4
36.7 _ 4
148.9 _ 3
478.9 _ 62
415.8 _ 69
9
50
8
6
e odG
q nj CG nH :pnG pHdG paG Y kAH
pFed nj CG gpMCG dEG rWoG ,pqjjdG pJGdG pOjEG
.pdG pJGf pOjE njdG nSG c
odG
rsJ
p
q qc OY Y xY mc pb nH HdG
Y rOuT
cQj ndG
q
Cs G e rsJ .pqqdG pOGYCG pdGh
nj CG pdG
q pMCG dEG rWoG .mQUCG oaVEG Y e
.mQUCG oaVEG oj e
kbH pdG oJf q
o j eY oQUCG oJ :l lHLEG
.m QUCG paVEG phO e pdG oHe oj h
pqYLG pIJSCG e nbJ CG (4) pdG a oJ
nOjEG rphM .mhO hCG me pIqY a pqdG pOGYCG pqJ nM
dEG rWG sK pVdG mS 100 `dG nN pqdG pOGYCG pqJ
.pIMGdG pdG a pjGdG pse nOjEG pdG
q
137
pbdG J
o
Y pdh zwT lJ{ pIa pSCGh zrsJ{ pIa
GhTj CG pdG
q EG rWoG .zrs{ pIa pjQ uM
zrs{ Ja pjQ uH pqG e qG pbdG nN
.zlJh oFe{h
lqaVEG leCG
729.6 ' 8 :rbpG 1
720 ' 8 = 90 :rQub
91.2
8 729.6
- 72
9
-8
16
- 16
0
161.28 ' 42 :rbpG 2

160 ' 40 = 4 :rQub
3.84
42 161.28
- 126
352
- 336
168
- 168
0
uSSCG pdG pSQGe pW

q pLMG oLGe
SSC
G pdG pMe ue e lIe oFf
u
,pFdG hCG pWCH pqUG pZQdG pJdG nY nQMEG
p dG
q EG rWoG
rWGh ,mqjY mQc Y oGRhCG g oJh ,Y e xc oGRhCG oGh
.mqqc mOGYCG Y pGRhCG pb EG mLH g GP be dEG
qdG e NGdGh
HGdG
o
o
oJ tj ,idG pdCGh pRGh pqddGh pdG pe pVjdG pH
k pRG pVjQ a .pqjdG pQdH a aG pFf
10 obdG toj ,e
!dP oj e GkQOfh ,aG Y nj CG o mf ncCG
:mde mQT pHQCG nddG nddG lOY nNqOpG 3

a ,kgQO 86 ,mgQO 101 ,kgQO 98 ,kgQO 91
?pMGdG pdG nNqOG e ouSe
:lOY Nq
n OG e oe
91 + 98 + 101 + 86 = 376 kgQO
:pdG lOY Nq
n OG e ouSe
376 _ 4 = 94 kgQO
.kgQO 94 g pdG lOY Nq
n OG e ouSe
e pdG iMEG pqdG oOY njGJ ,mY pe nN
nOY sCG nVpoa GPEa ,mf 152 000 dEG mf 8000
pqjdG pIOjdG ouSne a ,mHK msH ojGj pqdG
?kjJ pqdG pOY
152 000
- 8000
````````````````````
144 000
mY 100 nN pqdG pOY oqqdG oIOjdG

.mf 144 000 g
100 Y 144 000 rbpG
144 000 _100 =1440
.kf 1440 g pqdG pOY pqjdG pIOjdG ouSe

138
sr
tM o dG pFG nj YqG
p dG
q EG rWoG
nSG ndBG epe gqj CG oj dG pFGh vgP
lIOQGh lANCG
a pCdG pdG a nqjdG ndG odG
q .nodGh
j :onbQdG
MGhCG
.pdG pqH peb id pdG pJf
mqjOY mN nSQ pdG
q
Y rbpG :pIYG nj soe
pqY a mOY uc pHd pdG pqH peb id
pdG pJf a pqjdG pdG pVh nqc gpQCG .pdG
.pdG pOdG a pqjdG pdG na kITe
rsnJ
(3)h (2) obQ jdG
mH jdG jg uM Y jQOb ndG
q sCG e rs
.(9) pbQ EG (4) pbQ e pjQdG uH GhCGj CG nb mU
:bG EG
pjQdG e njQ pKK pQNG Y bG ndG
q
soM
.pqdG pIQdH pHch (9) pbQ EG (4) bQ
(10) bQ
o ojdG
dEG Lj e sc tpoj b ndG njdG sCH
n dG
q ucP
CG oj odG oHLEGh ,mU mHLEG Y pd
.8 pOdG pOhM dG oMdG oQNG sfC (c) nJ
139
lJh oFe
(1) obQ ojdG
p Ld nqVG pGKCdG pFGhCG pSdG e odG pQj
.pnG pgdG e kIc mqqc oqJ dG
odGh oG
ljH lJ
e ncCG hCG mMGh nQNG
p dG
q
EG rWoG :pAGOCG te
mc pb ne oqVJ dGh ,uH Geb dG peCG
xH uUdG udG nVhh ,xqc mOY Y xY
.e
ljS lq`J
:ruH
1
2
3
4
7.8 _ 6
57.6 _ 18
18.8 _ 100
2.045 _ 5
1.3
3.2
0.188
0.409
:oHLEG
:zwT lJ{ oHLEG
2-9 pdG osS
oHLEG oJ nS dh ,pOGYCG Y dP oj
.ubCG Y mqjY mfe nK
.mGqe 10 oAj nOdG oJ 10 Y odG
.mGqe 10 oAj nOdG oj kjCG 0.1 odGh
.0.01 ndG oKJ 100 Y odG dch
Y of Y pdG pdG pJf pH
.pdG
l ec lAGOCG 4
. pqqdG pOGYCG pY pqjdG pQdG pb nGf oddG oj
l M lAGOCG 3
.pqqdG pOGYCG Y pqjdG pQdG pb pJGf nH oddG oj
w FL lAGOCG 2
p dG p Vh Ao
p j sdh p dG
p JGf n H oddG oj
.pqjdG
lV lAGOCG 1
pqqdG Op GYCG Y qjdG Qp dG p b
n JGf oddG oj
.mU mH
140
3-9
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
.mqjY mQc Y kqjY GkQc nj
pSQdG oee
.lqN mjJ obCG ,pGdG oT :pddG oGhOCG
nAT :puG oGhOCG
o
dG
lLGe
11
22
33
44
63 _ 9
630 _ 90
6 300 _ 900
63 000 _ 9 000
:j e rbpG
7
7
7
7
CG
p dG
q dEG rWoG :pnG pHdG paG Y kAH
6.3 ' 0.9 pb n`Jf Gqbd ndG Gej
a Y pdGh pdG e tc hj :l lHLEG
dG pOdG e nUCG mGqe nY 4 dEG 1 e pjQdG
. 7 kjCG g 6.3 ' 0.9 pb nJf sEa ddH ;oj
pbdG J
o
odG
rpSpG
ojdG
xY mc pb pf pc nfCG odG
q oj
.xY mc Y
tdG odG
Y mCN mjH nFdG Lj jdG ndG
q
ppM
.zke ra{ Ia 1 IG Y pHLEG
Gke nY oJ dG pYd
nOQh d pHe jNCG dCe ubCG Y rcoG
.pHLEG psbJh zrpSpG{
6.3 _ 0.7 = 9 :l lHLEG
3.6 _ 0.6 = 6 hCG
141
lJ{h ,zke ra{ Ja Y odG oj b

nqG nbdG ppSpG .pqSGQdG pqG pIqe nf zwT
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uM oITG pdG
q
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2a
;10
1
10
2b
;5
1
2c
;6
1
2d
;6
1
2e
;3
1
2f
;5
1
2g
; 26
10
20
26
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10
12
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q pLMG oLGe
SSC
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u
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v f GPd pdG
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oH oqJ dG pqfdG pQKBG pN e dEG oJ dG pqedG uOGdG e pdG pJ Y kjCG oJh
pqddG pHhdG pN e oNJ dG iNCG pdG pH dEG paVEH pudGh pjhOCG
u CG Yh ,ikhY C
u G Y kIH ,kS pIqdG g Y pdG oqgCG JCJ g eh .pqdG pNdG pIOYh
dGh udG (A) Sh#dG pe ,pqjdG Sh#dG e lGfCG oLj sfCG ohdGh .H tJ b mQKBG
Gg pIQN e ZdG Yh .me mT pIFe pGhOCG pGSGh pWCGh pdG pjW Y oj
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p
pdG p GSG hCG p dG pf pjW Y Sh#dG GH ihdG oJh .pIjdG JQN
dEG paVEH
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.me e kAGLCG oqj Y ndG sC pdG oT
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rsJh rHQpG
p jW EG pdG pGSG e odG
q
nj CG nH
e xc oV pfeEH sfCG j sfCG e rscCJ ,pdG
CG nhO udG pZ pf pOdG Y pGh pG
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142
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7.65 _ 1.7 :pb nJf rpLhCG 1
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4.5
17 76.5
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85
- 85
`````````````````
00
4.5 g pdG oJf
e 127.5 Gkec 3111 nae lS rnb 2

.pYdG pYdG padG nuSe rpLhCG .pYdG
3111_ 127.5 :padG ouSe
3111 _ 127.5 31 110 _ 1275
24.4
1275 31 110.0
- 2550
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e 24.4 nc pYdG pYdG padG ouSe

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sr
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l G
pd pQUCG pVh a odG
q
Ao o
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Y mYue meCG pN e
n dG
q
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rsJn
uH pAdG nb pdG nf GhQqj CG
p dG
q Y rbpG
e pqcCd dPh pJGjJ oGSG pfeEH .pjdG
pJHLEG e nqdG j sfCGh c pJHLEG pqde
nhj CG oj .Y pGh pdG pf pV pN e
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(12) bQh
o
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k 1.9 g (8)
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k 0.7 g (12)
pdG p) pfG p mb pf uc pQUCG
.(pqfG
143
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pV ndCe oqJ mCG pjJ Y bG ndG
q soM
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.dP Y mc (18) pbQ pjdG
.pdG
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ljH lJ
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q EG rWoG :oqedG
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ljS lq`J
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11
22
33
44
2.436 _ 5.8
1.224 _ 0.6
3.5 _ 0.005
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0.42
2.04
700
360
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200 ' 25; 2.0 ' 0.25
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l M lAGOCG 3
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.mU
lV lAGOCG 1
m H qjY jc oqJ mb pFe nJGf oddG oj
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144
4-9
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pSQdG oGgCG
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.mbh mV
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AT
n :puG oGhOCG
o
dG
lLGe
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11 8m = 72
22 6x = 24
33 3m = 45
y
44 __ = 20
10
m=9
x=4
m = 15
y
= 200
uM e odG
q nj CG H
Y mdOe sc Gj CG dEG rWoG ,YCG pOdG
CG o (1) bQ jdG a
k .mqVjQ mL pT
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dG
rsJ
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t oj
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dG
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u
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a dG
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u
Y
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145
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o
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p dG
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u
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z?7 kjhe oJdG nc 6 Y npob GPEG dG oOdG e{
42
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6 =7 s
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wY lbQ g nj CG oj sfEa dd ,0.7 pbdG
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x = 4.2 dd
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n
ig H n
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lbQ g nj
w
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sr
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rsnJ
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q ppM
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q ppM
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soM
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u
l jS lq
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y
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4
x
33 __ = 0.9
10
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= 0.05
= 0.64
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t = 90
:oHLEG
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4-9 pdG osS

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s
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147
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AT
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p
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q
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d pbGe nN dPh pddG pSCd mpKe
p dG
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?mf
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Y pWd psdG pYdG ne oLCG .mf
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.pLdG Y pWd nsdG pbhCG oqYCG
pQGhOCG nMCG nQj CG pYdG mY uc EG rWoG
ke ra
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p dG
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q sCG e rsJ
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n dG
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m W
q
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o dG
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GhOqd uSCGdG pQdG EG hj
n dG
q
sCG e rscCJ
j eYh sdG qj eY oadG oqJ c
.Y
o qSdG
nH oJqe ohGJ mMH pd Gqj CG Y
n dG
q soM
GhNCj CH grucP .mYS 8h mYS 5h mYS 3
dG nbdGh pMGSG pYSh pAGdG phJ nbh pQYG
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148
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.goRLCS dG padG oOqMCG .mqjCG 3
nJQGh qe uc nH nadG mjN tc oqJ 2
.nH
ng 1.5 km tch 2.5 h nqJ 1.5 km tc oj 3
mS 1 h ud mMGSG 0.25 h dP oqjh .1.5 h
.pKdG pqjCG nN dPh
pKdG pq jCG nN pdG eoCS dG obdG e 4
Y pdG hCG mAL uc pqJ obSCS dG obdGh
pfh pdGh pdG phJ a ondG obdGh
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hfh
k
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pMGSGh pdGh pdG pbhCG pjJh mAL uc
.pdG pfh
5.38 h ;20.7 km :(CG) oQG 6
4.62 h ;17.8 km :() oQG
7
pGDdG Gg Y
p dG
q pHLEG oFGW oqJ :Me
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pjEGh pgdG pOdG onG oedG l
.kYS 43.125 g ( 20.7 km hj uc pQG oW)
pjEGh pgdG pdG onG oedG l
.kYS 25.875 g ( 20. 7km hj uc pQG oW)
.kYS 69 g (kHjEGh kHgP) tLEG obdG
:() oQG
oW) pjEGh pgdG pOdG onG oedG l
.kYS 37.125 g ( 17.8km hj uc pQG
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.kYS 22.25 g ( 17.8km hj uc
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8
id osdG oATCGh oqjdG obdG :le lHLEG

pMGSGh pdGh pdG obhh pQdG oWh mue uc
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.pIOdGh
149
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10
.oHLEG oqJ
11
.oHLEG oqJ
12
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q oj
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n dG
q
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. 24.05 h 24.85 : 4 tdG
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150
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1
1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, 1111, 10 000
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1, 10, 100, 1000, 10 000, 100 000,

1 000 000, 10 000 000, 100 000 000
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152
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155
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pj`Jh ,pjdG pqqc
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157
1-10
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n
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pSQdG oee
nAT :pddG oGhOCG
nAT :pqG oGhOCG
osSSCG G
lqe ,lS ,c ,ld ,lGL ,le ,we lf
odG
lLGe
:xY mc IpQH mc sc rcoG
3
1 __
10
53
2 ___
100
289
3 ____
1000
pbdG oJ
n b GkqL uG pdG pe GQOEG EG oqdG oj
pqG e nqhCG ndG ppSpG .pSdG pGMh pj

phG Y pdGh uG pdG pSCG pLG pqSGQdG
pqG e ndG ndG pSpG .144 pdG pOQGdG
.zs{h zwT lJ{ Ja pjQdG Y pd
0.3
0.53
0.289
pLGe e odG
q nj CG H
m`f sCG Gj CG dEG rWoG ,10 `dG ib Y pdG
.pdG pGf fMj
ndG oqMCG ,10 `dG ib Y obCG eY :l lHLEG
pQUCG nOY oAaj pfG e GkOY pQdG nL nqjdG
.Y pG pOdG
odG
sJ
Y soM ,u`dG pdG pa Y ndG
q
nYJ c
Gj CG dEG rWoG .u`fEG pdG nHh nH pfQ`dG
.nH pNGh pdG nLhCG
10 gh kqSSCG kIMh t`dG odG oj :lè lHLEG
oa t`fEG odG qeCG .10 `dG ib EG paVEH
s`dG ndG sCG c .mSb pIMh ud kp kASCG
oj nH pGMdG nH p jd 10 `dG ib oj
.p jdG peGdG e GkOY t`fG dG
o
158
g s`dG ndG sCG GY GPEG

p dG
q ngG ooJ sHQ
.pGQeEG odhO eh pdG pOH pZCG onG odG
ql aVEG leCG
:ppS`dG pqjG pGMdG pGQNG kepe rpcCG 1
``````````````` 40 g keY 12 oY mdh oRh
Y osSDJ u`dG pdG pRdG pGMh sEG oM
Gg pRd npS`dG nIMdG sEa ,pGLdGh pG`dG
pddG oRh .kg g goQNG dG oGLdG g pddG
.40 kg g
?pQeCH odW a ,1.6 km odW ljW
e pjdh ,pedH lIe dhCG oIMdG
.1000 of pQeCG dEG pedG
1000 * 1.6 km = 1600 m
``````````````` k l = 1340 m l 3
(mdc oQNG g k l )
s K ,1000 Y of md dEG pq`dG e pjd :qk hCG
.1000 Y of mdc dEG md e pjd
1340 _1000 = 1.34 l
1.34 l _ 1000 = 0.00134 k l
sr
pdG pjOQGdG dhG pGSG Y ndG
q puT
.pSCG Y HLEG Y fGYj PEG 144
ej e pqcnJ mHU odG

q
o :oMG
j
eY pdG nqY ej eh pdG nqY
.nqj`dG pSdG dqj
.oj e pdG Y grpYS :pIYG nj soe
g oj nS nUCG mSb pIMh EG pjdG Y
nqY oSCG ,ncCG mOY Y pd .ocCG lGMh
.pdG
lGMh g oj nS ncCG mSb pIMh EG pjdG Y
.pdG nqY oSCG ,nUCG mOY Y pd .tbCG
o
uSSCG pdG pSQGe pW
q pLMG LGe
lIOQGh lANCG

,pdG ,(dG) pRdG ,pGWCG e xc pSH pqUG pfCd nceCG oJ o
,pWG :pe ,pSd mGhOCGh ,oSb o mYse nATCGh ;pdH mqUN mGQhCH mIOshe
pdH oqUG oGQhCG oqJh .(mLsQe mShDc) pdOdG pGcCG ,mGe ,pSdG pjT
pSdH pjJ nfQeh ,nSb sK ,pIG pIMdH pSb njJh pATCG g e pddG nQNG
kHQe rnUCG pJGjJ sGC oS .pATCd pSdGh pjdG oqdG tj pM ,udG
.pqdG pSd GvL
pAedG e peG oOJ
rWG .WCG Y Y pSdG pIAGb Y
p dG
q pIY pAMCG pY pSqQe e rYpG
JhdGh GQgHdG pc pjd peG pqjG pSdG pGMh njhJ dEG
.jOdGh
pdG e oNGdGh oHGdG
159
oAdG oj dG oaG sfCG Y oG nOuoM .pSd udG pdH kjCG tG odG ooj
1
.fdG
pGdG
299 792 458
rsnnJ
pGQG pe rnp pYf zq{ pIa ojQdG oqJ
pSdG GMh ojh uG pdG pe oGQOEG :g
.uG pdG nV
udG pG Y (3) pbQ EG (1) bQ e ojQdG oqcJ
pbQ EG (8) pbQ e ojQdG oqcJh ,mjOa Sb pGMd
.pSdG pGMh nH pjdG Y (15)
(4) obQ ojdG
,pjdG Gg ' mRh'' pc pGSG odG
q ooj b
.mc (mRh) oIMh g nGnG sCG
fhdGh pGG oGSG o qfCG gpQNEG oZJ b
.mT hCG mAT pRh Sd
(15) bQ EG (8) bQ e jQdG
a Y pdd keS oqdG nSj CG oZJ b
pSdG pGMh nH pjdG Y pqjdG pdG pj qc
.pqjG
:bG EG
pjd hL
k
Gfqj CG bG ndG
q
EG rWoG
dG pOQGdG qdG hd kHe pSdG pGMh
e pjQdG e nFe pN nQNG dEG rWGh .144
EG rWoG .phG nLGQOEGh (15) pbQ EG (8) pbQ
pFG pIG pSd pjdG jW Gqj CG pqdG
.ghQNG dG pG
160
o
o
dGh
G
ljH lJ
pcCG pjdG nj`J
p dG
q
EG rWoG :tJGdG odG
.u`dG pdG kHU pcCGh kdS
ljS lq`J
:j qè xd npS`dG pSdG nIMh unS
lGL
mMqJ oRh
le
maGQR oJQpG
ld
mY pY oS
:ruM
4 0.53 kg =
5 56 mm =
161
g
m
530
0.056
:oHLEG
:zwT l`J{ oHLEG
pIMdG e mIqe 1000 hj e wc :pdG oLhCG 1
.pqSSCG
pM pRdG pSd oGLdG onoj :pNG oLhCG
.pa`dG pSd oedG onoj
d nd ;mS oIMh odGh mW oIMh oq`dG ; 2
lqje Rh lIMh oGq`dG dc ,of oqSSCG oIMdG
.of oqSSCG oIMdG d nd ;mW oIMh o`dGh
1-10 pdG osS

lec lAGOCG 4
.nqj`dG pGMdG kepe oddG oj
.pGMdG nH oddG oqj
l M lAGOCG 3
.nqj`dG pGMdG kepe oddG oj
.pGMdG pH nH oddG oqj
w FL lAGOCG 2
.pqj`dG pGMdG nH kepe oddG oj
pANCG nH oJj sdh pGMdG pH nH oddG oqj
.pqjdG pdG pVh
l V lAGOCG 1
.pqj`dG pGMdG e ndG a kepe oddG oj

.pGMdG nH oddG oqj
162
oFGhdG
o dG
Y OG
oYGNG :oV`dG
pffEG oT
sfEa ffEG pH kqe oSQe rnfc GPEG
Y nIOL`dG pe`dG nJ CG oj
oqdG pUdG ojhY .pQc`dG pb`dG
.pdG Gg obe s`J pYV`dG pShDhH oJ`dG
p dG e pedG oqc
,oYGNG gh pdG Gg nFdG nV`dG odG pg oqJ
.padC`dG pZ pYGNG nH obJh
... rCSpG
mIAGH Y o`dG p`dG Y oj GP`d ?pGNG oIAGH e
?pYGN
Gg pJ sM pd J pe`dG e laGe g oIAGdG
.mqeR mId pd hCG pGSd dPh ,pSH pGNG
?oGFdG pnoJ `d GPEG oJM oS c
.oHLEG qJ
o
o NGdGh HGdG
.ffEG pH nqJG oJBG ofCG qJ
oYdG
p GNh ,pYGNG pGAGH Y mjJ nHc pHW
q EG rWoG
.pdG pdJh ,pd pn`dG pedGh ,mGNG pIAGH pJ
odG
hcCG pje oLJ Hall of Fame qdhdG Y`dG oqL
ndG pdG
q
EG rWoG .Akron,Ohio pqceCG jghCG pjH
.pq`dG g lAYCG g jdG pAdG e mOY Y mjJ nYh
:pdG eue GDdG oHLEG

e pdG pY pqc pd lqjQhV oqVjdG :lpè lHLEG
.pYGNG
163
1-11
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
.pIFGdG nè npLj
pSQdG oee
,mSb ojT ,pdG pqjFGO ATC
n G oN :pddG oGhOCG
.lSM ldBG
lQLa :pqG oGhOCG
oqSSCG o`dG
() ,lè ,lb ,b of
odG
l
LGe
.pO`dG e c soM
1
2
3
4
pbdG J
o
.pATCG e pjG nbh n odG
q nj CG oZJ b
e qcJ nY odG
q nYj CG o pATCG nSb sEG
rsh peCG pN e rYpG .pIFGdG p pOjEG pIYbh
.pdG
q pjQ e
5x = 35
14 + x = 28
55 - x = 20
x
__
=3
11
x
x
x
=7
= 14
= 35
x = 33
njQdG odG
pdG nqY oJ c :rdCSpG ,zlLGe{ pIa
?1 pjdG u`d
.5 Y pdO`dG adG c obCG
odG
rpSpG
ojdG
p`dG pSH () pqjdG pdG ne odG
q
uj
Y mqjFGO nATCG p`d dPh pdG pW Y pbh
.ubCG
t`dG odG
pAdG pe nY mae ncCG j
n dG
q sCG e rscCJ
.pdG pW pOjEG Y dPh ,(ce)
Gke nY oJ dG pYd
Y p`dG pb nFf oqVj pIYCH vfH kSQ rSQoG
.oSb s`J dG pATCG e xd pdG pW
.oHLEG qJ
164
:zke ra{ oHLEG

.pdG
q nhGL rpLGQ
.oHLEG qJ
.3.14 pOdG pOhM oHLEG nJ CG j
.3 pOdG e oJ oL pNCG pOdG ob 4
:zwT lJ{ oHLEG

.3 e tc oJ
mOH pdG pV oUM g nG sC ,90 cm GM
.3 e mjb
rsJh HQG
.pSQdG Gg pqdG pS`dG pdBG oGSG o`j
pJBG z{ `H uUG p`dG ncG
p dG
q EG rWoG
e Y GM dG np`dG ndG puS .pS`dG
.dP nM GP`d rpbfh ,pp`dG pS`dG pBG
Gg .xf oZ lOY g sCG pdG
q
pQNEG oZJ b
nbQCG sd ,wFf (pbQCG) pfe nOY sCG j
udG nZ nqhCG nOdG nj CG nG e .GkHCG oQqJ
pZ iNCG pOGYCG EG pdH qeCG .odG
q
onJ dG
C
u uHdG pQG pae pN e goOjEG oa pqdG
.7 OdG pe ec
k
ksHe nd mOY
ql aVEG leCG
?oè a ,kUH 27 mLGqQO pY ob 1
* ndG = o`dG
A = d * = 27 * 3.14 = 84.78 in
.pUdG e 84.78 g LGqQdG pY oè
= 3.14 :SG ,mIFGO uc n rpLhCG 2
31.4 cm
10 cm = pdG oW (CG)
62.8 cm 10 cm = pdG pf oW ()
sr
.pdGh pG nH oHJ c = * d IYdG sCG Y rOuT
nGSG oJ dH ,pSdG nMCG oJ nrc GPEG
.pNBG pSdG pOjE pIYdG
IOQGh
lANCG
l
pb pf nW
p dG
q
oH oj nS :oMdG
e sfEa ddh .p`dG p`d pdG e H
k pIFGdG
p`dGh pdGh pdG pf nH pbdG oLGe p`dG
.mpe mIQH
oè .pjdG pGSG Y ndG
q puT :pIYG nj soe
6 hj sdh ,kjJ pdG nW mGqe 3 hj pIFGdG
.kjJ pdG pf nW mGqe
165
rsnnJ
sfC pjQdG uc u SG dBG pGSH qd rSpG
3.14 `H pdG EG nLj
(6)h (5) pbQ pjdG
oZJ b ,jdG jg uH odG
q
CGj CG nb
oOoG .pbdG pSdG pOjE mOe uM pqc pLGe
:pdOG nHc Ghoj CG EG YqG pdG
q nH
.pdG pfh pdG pOjE c = * d
1 c
1
c
r = # hCG r = d d =
r
r
2
(7) bQ jdG
Oo dG a nj CG o dG pCG nj pdG
q
EG WG
.CG pHLEG e xc Y nj d
(9) bQ jdG
s dG paCG paG pJQG pc a EG odG
q oj b
.pQWEG pH gRLG
o
166
o
odGh G
l jH lJ
IFGdG p b
n H p bdG
n T pdG
q
EG rWoG :oH`dG
.h
ljS lq`J
g d ,pdG of g r oM nbdG pSdG ppLhCG
:oG g c ,odG
1 r = 4 mm; d = ?; c = ?
8 mm; 25.12 mm
2 r = ?; d = 10 cm; c = ?
5 cm; 31.4 cm
3 r = ?; d = ?; c = 200 cm
31.85 cm; 63.69 cm
p dG
q
EG rWoG ,(2) bQ pGDdG Y pHLEG pd
.zrpSpG{ `H uU`dG pdG pJHLEG pqbO na
:oHLEG
:zwT l`J{ oHLEG
sC dPh ,z{ pqjdG pd GkqL kjJ tnoj 3.14
.pqfG p`dG e wFf lOY d z{
,GvL kIU nJ d pSdG sC ;lIc lIFGO
.lc la g nj d dHh
1-11 pdG osS

l ec lAGOCG 4
.mqbH pIFGdG nè oddG oj
l M lAGOCG 3
kqHM kANCG oJj sdh pFGhdG pè ne oddG oj
.kb
FL
lAGOCG 2
w
kqHM kANCG oJj sdh pFGhdG pè nH oddG oj
.kb
lV lAGOCG 1
.mqbH pFGhdG pè oddG oj
167
2-11
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
.pFGhdG nMe npLj
pSQdG oee
.we ,lQLa ,nHe oT :pddG oGhOCG
.lQLa :pqG oGhOCG
odG
lLGe
:nMeh mT uc nè rpLhCG
-1
3 cm
5 cm
-2
5 cm
4 cm
3 cm
16 cm = o`dG
15 cm2 = o M`dG
12 cm = o`dG
6 cm2 = oM`dG
pqc Y ndG
q
pCSpG :pnG pHdG paG Y kAH
.mIFGO pMe pOjE mse pMe pOjEG pjW pGSG
pbdG oJ
pjQdG Y pd kjJ pqSGQdG pqG K rpSG
e nqG ndG puN ;zrs{h zke ra{ Ja
e zrsJh rHQpG{ pIa pIOQGdG peCG pb pqG
e mY Gj CG
p dG
q
EG rWG .pdG
q
.zrs{ pIa jdG Gqd pKG
pGMdG nOY oQqbCG sK xH mSQ nbQh oSCG :lè lHLEG

.pIFGdG nNGO psH`dG
odG
rpSpG
ojdG
pVCG pKK Y pIFGdG pMe nIOjdG odG
q j
.zpdG pf psHe{
t`dG odG
pfh pIFGdG pb nH pbdG nVJ pdG
q
EG rWoG
.gpb
Gke nY poJ dG pYd

Y (1) pbQ pI`dG mIFGO ud nIQs`dG nM`dG pbpG
nH rpQbh ,(2) pbQ pI`dG zpdG pf psHe{ pMe
Y nrM dG pHLEGh ,Y o`J dG pHLEG
.(3) pbQ pI`dG
168
:z ke ra{ oHLEG
:lpè lHLEG
(a) (b) (c) (d)
28; 13; 50; 20

9; 4; 16; 6.25
:lè lHLEG
(a) 3.1, (b) 3.25 (c) 3.125 (d) 3.2

3 pOdG e oJ pFdG nL sCG g onM`dG odG 4
.z{ e hCG
:zwT lJ{ HLEG
.pH e jb tc 5
.3 e tc oJ
rsJh rHQG
pOjE pYGdG nH GfQj CG pdG
q
EG rWoG
oJ pG nIYb sCG Y rOuT .Meh JFGdG
oa pMG oIYb qeCG ;pdG hCG pdG nd qeEG Jqe
pdG pdG pGSH ndG
q
pucP ,pdG pf nsHe
.pHG
2
hCG 2r g o`dG nH r g nM`dG sCG Y rOuT
pOjE oYqJG oj dG oG`dG e
n dG
q
pCSpG .d
?pdG oW jd nc pM IFGdG pMe
pb nf oLCa 2 Y pdG nW obCG :lpè lHLEG
.nM`dG oMCG sK ,IFGdG
ql aVEG leCG
:nM`dG pLhCG 1
12 cm
A = * r2
= 3.14 * (12) 2
= 3.14 * 144
= 452.16 cm2
:nM`dG pLhCG
1.6 cm = pdG of
3.2 cm
A = * r2
= 3.14 * (1.6)2
= 3.14 * 2.56
= 8.0384 cm 2
,5 cm gob mIFGO pT Y mGgè pY oAZ

r = 2.5 cm ?oMe a
A = 3.14 * (2.5)2
= 3.14 * 6.52
= 19.625 cm2
19.625 cm 2 g pGg`dG pY pAZ oMe
169
sr
e xc G nSdG GhOqj CG dG
q
EG WG
h ,pdG pf oSb (b) jdG nOuoM d .jdG
oqaVEG oIG e
n dG CSpG .pdG oSb (a) jdG
Gfc GPEG IFGdG nMe Ghd gpPqJG EG Lj dG
e pdG nf nLC KG Y ndG obCG .gnb aj
.MG oLCG sK
IOQGh
lANCG
l
Y pIFGdG pb pf nHJ odG
q
j b :MG
o
.r2 e H
k r a .pMe pMG
.njQ`J pIqd mM pOjEG Y grpYS :pIYG nj soe
rnnJ
sfC pjQdG uc u SG pdBG GSH pd
q rSG
.3.14 `H pdG EG Lj
sfCG nZ .qk hCG dG OjEG EG dG oe oS
pdG pf Y Gd 2 Y pG ob pYSH
.mIMGh mIN
sQ .pQfG ps pJ mIYe EG odG
q oj b
b mIFGO uc pb pf pW oOjEG d pG e oj
ud nddG nG Gpoj CG dEG rWoG .pSCG Y pHLEG
:mf
2
ojh ]ftg
hJ oMe
oIOdG
q
.kgQO
oK
170
lJh oFe
(1) bQ
o ojdG
zfS{ `d pqLQG pIFGdG mM tc oj
.QeCG 4 GM YJQGh vje vW 25 GM Stonehenge
zfS{ oAH nbSG dG pYdG nOY MdG nQqb
.mY 500 RGj e gh ,mYS ne KH
:bG EG
e kY Gqj CG Y j jdG
n dG
q
s
Y kT oJ H a nFGhO onoJ QMCG
Y nIOQGdG nATCG odG
q
nqj CG oj .zfS{
,oG ,odG ,pdG of :pG pS Y SG
.nSG Ghcj CH grqcP .oMG
odGh G
o
ljH lJ
p`dG nH pbdG nVJ
p dG
q EG rWoG :H`dG
:pddG
. ,lè ,lMe ,lb ,mb of
.pJHLEG oqVJ meCG nAYEG dEG rWG
ljS lq`J
:mIFGO uc nMe rpLhCG
1 r = 5 cm
2 r = 7.2 cm
3 d = 20 cm
78.5 cm2
162.7776 cm2
314 cm2
:oHLEG
:zwT l`J{ oHLEG
sc sCh ,pM`dG pOjE pdG nf oqHf qfC 1
.psH`dG pGMdH onòJ pM`dG
2-11 pdG osS

l ec lAGOCG 4
.mqbH pFGhdG pMe oddG j
l M lAGOCG 3
kqHM kANCG oJj sdh pFGhdG pe pMe oddG oj
.kb
w FL lAGOCG 2
kqHM kANCG oJj sdh pFGhdG pH pMe oddG oj
.kIQue
lV lAGOCG 1
.mU mH pFGhdG pMe oddG oj
171
3-11
u
pSQdG oe
pSQdG oGgCG
.p`dG pZ pTCG nMe npLj
pSQdG oee
nAT :pddG oGhOCG
nAT :nqG oGhOCG
odG
lLGe
:nbdG nOdG ppLhCG
1 __
2
4
1 __
, , ?; __
2 4
8
2 2, 2.1, 2.01, ?, 2.0001
3 800, 400, 200, ?, 50
5 __
3 7
1
3
4 __
, , __, 1, ?, 1__, 1__
8 4 8
4
8
pbdG J
o
dG pb pqSGQdG pqG e nqhCG ndG ppSpG
EG rWoG .zrs{ pIa pjQdG uM Y pdh
uH pqG e qG pbdG nN GhTj CG
p dG
q
b .zrs{ pIa (6) bQ EG (4) bQ e pjQdG
CGh KG e mY
o dG
q
nj CG oZJ
.pFdG nH GfQj CG FeR EG nJ
3
__
6
2.001
100
1
1__
8
njQdG odG
dG pqJGSEG nOJ dEG rWoG ,zlLGe{ pIa
c d ruVh .pbdG pOdG pOjE geSG
ruHh .pbdG pOdG pcG nIG nOGYCG GeSG
Y faj e pSQdG Gg eS sfCG d
pOjEG pIFGdGh psGh pGh psHG pMe
.pG pZ pTCG pMe
odG
s
rJ
nMe lQe nL GP GMj CG
p dG
q
EG rWoG
MG e idG nMG la nW pM ,G
dG pjdG nQNG sCG pae Y ndG
q
ppYS .idG
mah mQe e xc pjDhQ pqc Y oj feS
ksHe ia la qeCG ,e lQe ij .pjG nT
e wc qODJ .lU lsHe pNGH oj GkMGh Gkc
.pf pMG pOjEG EG jdG
172
ql aVEG leCG
:nM`dG ppLhCG
4 cm
6 cm
10 cm
.mseh me EG pdG oJ o`j

. 6 cm odW lJQGh ,10 cm odW lIYb d o`dG
:hJ p`dG nMe sCG `Hh
pJQG * oIYdG
10 # 6 = 60 cm 2 :p`dG nMe sEa
`Hh ,4 cm odW lJQGh 10 cm odW lIYb d os`dGh
JQG * oIYdG :hJ psG nMe sCG
`````````````````````````````
2
:ps`dG nMe sEa
A = 10 * 4 _ 2
= 20 cm2
60 + 20 = 80 cm2 :hJ oqqdG oM`dG
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2
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```````````````
2
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= 6.82 cm2
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199
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0.75
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0.88
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2 (a)
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1 0.68
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.Qc
EG pqjdG nQdG oddG oqj
lM lAGOCG 3
.mqjY mQc EG pQdG ne oddG oqj
m
.Qc
EG pqjdG pQdG ne oddG oqj
wFL lAGOCG 2
m
kHU oj sdh mqjY Qc
EG pQdG nH oddG oqj
.p`dG pqjdG pQdGh pqjQhdG pqjdG pQdG H pdG
.mQc EG pqjdG pQdG nH oddG oqj
207
V lAGOCG 1
.mU mH mqjY mQc EG QdG
oddG oqj
n
.mU mH mQc EG nqjdG QdG
oddG oqj
n
3-13
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
.nQdG nQj
.nQdG nqJj
pSQdG oee
AT :pddG oGhOCG
AT :puG oGhOCG
oqSSCG o`dG
lne le
odG
lLGe
.cCG EG pUCG e nOGYCG puJQ
1 365, 360, 402, 331
331, 360, 365, 402
2 4.1, 4.3, 4.07, 4.23
4.07, 4.1, 4.23, 4.3
3 0.05, 5.0, 0.005, 0.5
0.005, 0.05, 0.5, 5.0
4 0.928, 0.2895,0.82, 0.2 0.2,0.2895,0.82,0.928
pbdG J
o
p eCG pb pqSGQdG pqG e nqhCG ndG ppSpG
e pjQdG uH qG pbdG nN GhTj CG
p dG
q
.(9) pbQ EG (1) pbQ
njQdG odG
q npoj CG H :pnG pHdG aG Y kAH
pJH Geb c pT Y ruT zlLGe{ pIa
.a OGYCG
odG
rsJ
e mAc (mne) nc GHb GPEG sfCG dEG nHqW ruLh
,pn`dG pY`dG :oqcJ Y oa xVjQ me
edGh
,pn`dG pedGh ,pUCG p`dG pY`dGh
p
.pJdGh pfQ`dG pa Y ndG
q ppYS .pcCG p`dG
pQdG e kbfG pOGYCd pqf`dG p dG nfQe dEG rWoG
,nf g pf`dG pH obQCG pnfc GPEG .pdG EG
Ggh J dG pqf`dG pdG EG nfG dEG rWoG
.dGhO
208
ql aVEG leCG
3 5
1
4 h 6 rpQb
.pNBG pdG p mc uc neh nH rVpG

5 5 # 4 20
=
=
6 6 # 4 24
3 3 # 6 18
=
=
4 4 # 6 24
sEa , 18 1 20 sCG
24 24
3 5
1
4 6
, 5 cm h 9 cm odW aQ GQe mM id
8
16
sCa ,pWCG pQ`dG nGSG l`JM nOGQCG GPEa

?oj nS mQe
5 5 # 2 10
=
=
8 8 # 2 16
10
9
sCG `Hh
2
16 16
oj S .oWCG g 5 cm odW dG oQa

8
. 5 cm odW dG nQG l`JM

8
.pcCG EG pUCG e nQdG uJQ

1 2,
9
7
,
2
8
2 2
,
13 7
4 5
,
5 6
1 2
3 0.25 , ,
6 5
2 2
, ,
13 9
4 5
, ,
5 6
2
7
7
8
2
1
, 0.25 ,
6
5
sr
IOQGh
ANC
l
l G
p
pJdGh fQ`dG
pHe
o dG
q
oApoj b :oMG
m
.ncCG hCG Qc
nKK qJj eY
m
goYj hL
pjJ Y
q ppYS :pIYG nj soe
n dG
UCG pQdG pGSH grucP .pY pJ Y
:le nQdG J qJj eY
1
3
3
UC
_
_
_
o
t G dG
2
4
_
8
4
6
_
8
8
3
_
8
dG oddG oqhCG
209
pHc pIOYEG nH odG

oJdG
uSSCG pdG pSQGe pW

q pLMG oLGe
.pQdG pfQ mp nFGW pGSG Y

n dG
q puT
dG nFGdG e rpbf ,pY e j eY
.e c
v GhQNG h j c geSG

dP sCG dEG nf oqLf ,udG pS`dG pdBd pHW
q pGS VQdG e nrc GPEG
nH pbdG pGQOEG h ,pOdG pqjf mIOue mYVe pS
p d
q GvL le
GvL u`dG e sfCG o`f ,vdM of dG LddG pY h .pqjdG pQdGh pQdG
oBG eh ,mIAH ppS`dG pqLddG pGhOCG pGSG Y jQOb
o dG
q nj CG
.oS`dG
pYdG e NGdGh
HGdG
o
o
g oqJh .pqHQCG tQdG oLfEG CGH bh ,pdG onoJ leN g SLdG
nH GvL oIdG oZGdG gh .mIsè mc ke msè pLdG e maQ mN e oe`dG
.ph`dG pAdG nNGO nIQG`dG o`Jh nAGdG o`J p`dG
rsnnJ
oGSG Y ,nQdG qJj eY sfCG nqdG pucP
rnYoCG dG nQdG ndh pJHLEG pqUCG pQdG
.ojc
(11) obQ ojdG
o dG
q oj .GkQch kqjY GkQc ojdG Gg oqj

pT Y ndGh mc pT Y sdG ndG Gj CG
.f dH tc oOGYCG onoJ oH ,xY mc
lJh oFe
(3) bQ EG (1) bQ e jQdG
p nG pG pOjEG njW Gej CG
p dG
q EG rWoG
dBG kepe pJHLEG e rs sK e ,pjQdG g u
.nSG
:bG EG
pJHLEG nHc Ghj CG bG pdG
q EG rWoG
.pFbdH (4) pbQ pjdG
;kbO 120 = mYS 4 ;kbO 45 = mYS 9
2
12
.kbO 30 = mYS 1 ;kbO 90 = mYS 45

2
30
210
o
odGh G
ljH lJ
pqd mse mT nHc pHW
,m`H pVdG e lpè lee d jd pfQe
.H uU`dG pAGOCG u`d ndG dP soV sK
ljS lq`J
.pcCG EG pUCG e nQdG puJQ
3 _,
7 _
2
1 _,
4 8 3
2 _,
1 _
1
2 _,
5 4 2
5 __,
7 5
_
3 _,
6 12 8
3 _,
4 _
5
4 _,
4 5 6
2 _,
3 _
7
_,
3 4 8
1 _,
2 _
1
_,
4 5 2
7 _,
5 _5
__,
12 8 6
3 _,
4 _
5
_,
4 5 6
:oHLEG
:z wT lJ{ oHLEG
5
= 0.625 sCGh jhe oZ jdG ee sC ; 1
8
4
= 1.3 h
3
oee dG ndG sE a ,jc H ihj eY
.ocCG ob dG odG g oUCG
3-13 pdG osS

lec lAGOCG 4
.nH oQjh nQdG oddG oqJj
M lAGOCG 3
.nH oQjh mU mH pQdG ne oddG oqJj
wFL lAGOCG 2
pANCG nH oJj sdh pQdG e kLGhRCG oddG oqJj
.pQdG pJJ
V lAGOCG 1
.nH oQj h mU mH nQdG oddG oqJj
211
pIMdG
G
OQG
pIMdG g ngGh pGQG oqdG oLGj nS

.pqdG pSCG pIdG nf nee
n`fCG ppHJh rsbJ
t YL :pqdG oSCG
p jd pSG pdBG pGSG pqc pLGe oZJ b
.mqjY mQc G pQdG

:phG oHLEG
, 0.5 : 1
2
, 0.25 : 41
O , 0.16 : 1
6
, 0.125 : 1
8
,0.1 , 1
10
O , 0.083 : 1
12
, 0.0625 : 1
16
, 0.05 : 1
20
O , 0.3 : 1
3
, 0.2 : 1
5
O , 0.142857 : 17
O , 0.1 : 1
9
O , 0.09 : 1
11
O , 0.06 : 1
15
O , 0.05 : 1
18
oM`dG
w cM :pqdG oSCG
pf pOj nQdG ej c ndG

q ppbf
njJ j
n dG
q sCG e rscCJ .pqqdG pM`dG
.udG pdG pd gpQNG
.oM`dG dch pdG
q pZ pVQCG oeJ qJ
pOGYCG oIe
w d :pqdG oSCG
,3 ,2 pOGYCG pYe uH mF nVh odG

q ojj b
uCG pf pY e pqcCd dPh pdG GH pAdG nb 7 ,5
.pdG msHe
.kqdqhCG GkOGYCG YoJ oT sj dG oOGYCG
neGc 3 h 2 jOdG 9, 8, 6, 4 oYe oqJ
.kqdqhCG GkOGYCG rnd a dH
212
q
q
p VjdG oè
pY hCG pqJ pd (") nu
o dG
q oj nS
.pYGdG pH pqJ
:lqjQJ lMe
dG pdG Y onoj dG oSG g pH odG
nSpG ,xfEG me oY g ' " L'' .nG oSQj
oG pY mY nH pbdG pQXE pG
Gg oH a npoYh .1881 nS of s`J dGh tedG
.(") ps pG e odG
:pfdG e oHdG
pdG (") pM Y pdG EG ndG
q oOoG
oVY o pfdG e meCH ndG rdCSpG .pGh
q
Y hLh e nVY dEG rWoG ." ps pSGH
.gpQaCG nbe sK udG pFeR
:oHLEG
:lè lHLEG
:lè lHLEG
:lè lHLEG
22
3
28
1 5 25
34
23 98 54
13
16
55
2
5
1
17
213
25
20
90
10
oMWh pQdG oL
oIMdG
oSOdG
odG :oV`dG
pIMdG oeue
Y ndG
q pdG pFa nM oIaG`dG oe`dG oYJ
oqj .pMWh pqjdG pOGYCGh pQdG pL pSG
.mqjc mOe uM nqc kjCG odG
q
o
pn`dG HdG
pe`dG J
p
a hCj b pqedG pI`dG e mM pdG
q e rpbf
pSb p`dG pS Y ,pMWh mqjc njOe pL EG
.pdG hCG mae
214
pdG ou
o
o
14
MWh
pqjdG pOGYCGh pQdG L
.nMWh pqjdG pOGYCGh pQdG nL
o dG
q
oqS
pL pjW Y mqjc mOe sM qS sK e
.pMWh pQdG
215
oSOdG IMdG
o
o
oMWh pQdG L

.iNCG nbGeh ,NCTM
pSQdG pJ oTe
pddG oc
pG oOY
pSQdG obQ
o
oqSSCG `dG
o
pSQdG ee
oSQdG
pSOdG pIMd wJ lsè
pSOdG pIMdG oqMapG
,ive lQh ,mjJ obCG
pIMdG ohe
lIe
nY nHGdG pdG oqMapG

( 1-14 )
oUCG lne le ,l lee
pQdG oFbQ
pp`dG peG pGP pQdG oL 1-14

oMWh
( 2-14 )
nAT
o`dG : qp jdG pOG tM 2-14

odGh
(3-14)
SM
l
lBG ,fd e lUGbCG
pqdG pF`dG `J
:pF`dG tM 3-14
o
pbdG peG oj` :gJh
o
(4-14)
217
pQdG oFbQ
oMWh pqjdG pOGYCG oL 4-14
m ja pY ohe
pdH mqJ pM oQT
p`d pjhdG EG oj mne pH odG
q oj nS
.pj`dG pqqdG pqSD`dG pH pdd pdH mqJ
oGhOCG
mjJ obCG ,ive lQh ,lIe :ddG
p
p h`dG oeue
pn`dH oqj e pIdG e lH pd
q
oj b
sfCG pdG
q EG nJ CG oZJ b .pjdG pbCG pGSGh
pXhh pJah pdG nM pe`dG oLGe Y j
.pM pqch
pdG nF pdG
q
:fOCG ns`dG uJGdG
JGdG
pdG oF
u
.oqS dG nIdGh pJSbh nfdh pn`dG nT rOuM l
.pn`dG pjdG nIa oVS c rpbf l
.pqbOh pSdGh pGdCG e rscCJ l
tdG nj Cq Gh kH pn`dG oQT nj CG Y rUMpG
.Gkc
.udG pFeR Y nn`dG pVYpG l
p h`dG ocEG
ch Yu`dG Y pn`dG pKCJ pbe EG
n dG
q oOoG
.pdH pqdG pce EG pqLdG Y goqS
nIdGh rnOQh dG nQaCG GMj CG
p dG
q
EG rWoG
.pn`dG rnpoYG dG
paZ pJne pVH
o dG
q
nj CG oZJ b
.mne uc pIa pbeh udG
:zT lJ{ oHLEG
pn`dG GkRQH oMCG odG oj b :oHLEG oqJ
.oMCG odG Y oj mQWEG e pd lSQ oRj b kjCGh
b hCG AB ,B ,A ,O oqj mhL nV :lè lHLEG
.on`dG oqj dG pIQdG nM oRedG oqRJ
218
pOGYCGh pQdG oL
oMWh pqjdG
o dG
nY nHGdG
odG :oVrdG
o
ffEG T
nJ CG oj sfEa ,ffEG
pVG Y nIOL`dG peG
pShDhH oJG oqdG pUdG ojhY .pQcG
.pdG Gg obe rs`J ,pYV`dG
p dG e pedG oqc
gh ,pdG Gg n FdG nVG odG g oqJ
.pdG nFa obJh ,odG
... rCSpG
?peO na oJ g
?peO na odG nj CG G
e GP`d
u
o NGdGh oHGdG
.ffEG pH nJG oJBG ofCG oqJ
odG
p dG
q
EG rWoG .pfEG p pIG ie g odG
.pfEG pL pdG pFXh nASG
ohjh p`dG pAGLCG d
ndGh ncCG oj
u
.nVGeCG
o qdG
id oqjcG oG`dGh pdG pH ocGe rnRMCG d
EG paVEH pIq`dG pqHdG pGQeEG pdhO pqdG pIQGRh
dHh. ISO 9002 nIOT pbQdGh X HCG pdG pH
kpK kIOT oR dG hCG pdG pH oeN oJ
.pG
:pdG peue GDdG oHLEG

.pdG pqqc pUd oQdG onoJ :lè lHLEG
219
1-14
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
.pp`dG pe`dG nGP nQdG nj
.pprdG perdG nGP nQdG nj
pSQdG oee
pQdG oFbQ :pddG oGhOCG
nAT :puG oGhOCG
qo SSCG o`dG
oUCG le le ,lp lee
o
dG
l
LGe
.pQdG e mhR ud nUCG nnG n`dG ppLhCG
2
1 _
3
5
2 _
6
_
3 3
4
3
4 _
8
3
5 _
5
pbdG oJ
pLd vaVEG kbh pd
q
nqJ CG oZJ b
FbQ
p
pGSH zrs{ pIa (b)h (a) pjdG
.pQdG
7
,_
8
8
,_
9
5
, __
16
7
, __
12
1
,_
4
24
18
16
24
20
njQdG odG
q npoj CG nH:pnG pHdG paG Y kAH
gqJG dG pqJGSEG Y rdCSpG zlLGe{ pIa
pHc nIOYEG dEG rWGh ,pUCG pn`dG p`dG pOjE
.(1) pjdG jdG
pnG pG pGSH nUCG nnG nYG oLCG
.pUCG
2 16 7 21
=
; =
3 24 8 24
odG
rsJ
pW pd pQdG nFbQ
b
o dG nj CG ZJ
o
.(3)h (1) dG c ,pp`dG pe`dG pGP pQdG
nUM sCG Mj b ,1 pG M
p dG
q pY nAKCG
u Y
d`dG qeCG .oUCG on`dG o`dG g e`dG pV
g kFGO nd e`dG pV nUM sCG Y rOuT ,(3)h (2)
.nUCG nn`dG nY`dG
220
ql aVEG leCG
,pbdG e pdG 2 EG e o ,mIa pd 1
3
pbdG oqqc a ,pbdG e pdG 43 EG kjCG oh
?e dEG o dG
2 2#4
8
=
=
3 3 # 4 12
=
3 3#3
9
=
=
4 4 # 3 12
=
2 3
8
9
+ =
+
3 4 12 12
=
8 + 9 17
5
=
=1
12
12
12
.pbdG e mc 1 5 EG e o
12
,lnLe () peO oa pqdG e 9 GM 2
100
e .ldS () peO oa pqdG e 1 GMh
50
?() peO oa jdG pqdG pOY Y tGdG odG

,100 g 100h 50 jOd oUCG onG oYG
EG mJ pIOYEG EG mLH dG g oqhCG oda ,dd
100 oee d mAae mc
o
uSSCG pdG pMe pSQGe pW
q LGe
1
1#2
2
50 = 50 # 2 = 100
9
2
2+9
11
100 + 100 = 100 = 100
11
.() eO ona pqdG e 100
uSSCG pdG pMe ue e lIe lFf

7
3
- nf rpLhCG 3
12 8
dGh ,pHG pZh pHG peG pGP pQdG pWh pL pVJ pdG pJc oGSG o
.pdGh pG pHM CG rsJ sK naG nQdG sk hGC rpbf ,30 ,... ,12 ,6 ,4 ,3 ,2 oJee
sr
24 g 8 h 12 jOd oUCG onG oYG
7
7#2
14
=
=
12 12 # 2 24
3
3#3
9
=
=
8
8#3
24
14
9
14 - 9
5
=
=
24 24
24
24
b .mT pHCG pHLEG sc Gj CH

n dG
q
pucP
e nqd nQdG GhqZ c d GMj CG oZJ
.pUCG pnG pGh pnG pG ne pcGQOEG pJ
221
pAedG e peG oOJ

pqdG EG rWG sK .kjCG pud dP nFGah ,pdH pqdG nqqgCG
p dG
q e rpbf ,pdG pue e phdH
.dEG pjdG pdH pqdG pceCG Yh ,WGd pdH pqdG ocGe oeqJ dG peG Y mjJ nY
pdG e oNGdGh oHGdG

nd pIqrdG pqHdG pGQeEG pdhO oQNG s ,prdG i`dG pddG pdG pf pe`d GkjJ
.pdG pf pe`d HdG
pOqJd nFdG nc`dG
u
oMdG oG g pfEG oLh ,pdG Y noj CG o mjH C
G
o
Lj
s
f
G
C
pdH pqdG qq gCG JCJh

t
HdG pWCG :oe ,pdG dEG LdG VdG e odG ngh .pI`dG nFS qoj dG pd
,p`dG pMG`dGh ,udG pdGh ,pWdG Veh ,pOG`dG Heh ,pdG pVGeCH
.mIc iNCG mM e gpZh
IOQGh
ANC
l
l G
pn`dG p`dG pOjEG e
o qdG oqj b :oMG
.pUCG
m
c
nJ dEG rWoG :pIYG nj qoe
u pY`H F
pY`dG n`J N
x nVhh ;pcCG EG pUCG e me
:le .oUCG onrdG o`dG g dG pUCG
5
_ $ 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36,
6
2
__
$ 15, 30, 45, 60
15
30 g oUCG on`dG o`dG dH
rsnJn
Y .mT pHCG pHLEG sc Gj CH ndG

q ucP
.msce c ud vjc GkOY Ghcj CG pqdG
pnG G pGSG kHU pdG oH oLGj b
peG pQNG pqdG nqjqM ndG
q
pepG .pUCG
.pcnG
,pIG
p HLEG e oAJ pdG
q
oHLEG rnfc GPEG
.mT pHCG nHc dEG WoG
:bG EG
mqd nFe nHQCG Gj CG bG pdG
q
EG rWoG
rWG sK .nMWh mp mee pGP mQc nL oqJ
.gqjh pFG J GdOj CG dEG
222
lJh oFe
(1) bQ jdG
dG
p sce iMEG g platelets (oFdG) ojdG
.pAdG hCG pAGG pqjdG pZ
odGh oG
pY`dG nOjEG j jdG n dG

q
ppM
.ped pUCG pn`dG
ljH lJ
pdYCG Y nP nQNG pdG
q
EG oWoG :AGOCG te
ue nVhh ,GkqL J
k
pSQdG Gg nge oq`J
.e H
x uUG pAGOCG
l jS lq`J
:j qè xc pW nUM hCG pL nUM rpLhCG
_ 5
1 3
+_
8 6
3 __
7
2 _
4 + 10
1 2
_
3 _
5+3
11 3
_
4 __
12 - 4
7 2
5 _-_
8 3
5
24
9
__
1 20
13
__
15
1
__
6
5
__
24
1
:oHLEG
:zwT l`J{ oHLEG
pp`dG pQdG oL nj qM :lè lHLEG 1
.oMW hCG peG
eG pV oUM 5 h 43 :le , :lpè lHLEG 2
6
.12 g d oUCG onG oG H 24 g
1-14 pdG osS

lec lAGOCG 4
`H ,oMjh pp`dG pe`dG nGP nQdG oddG oj
.mT pHCG pdG hCG p`dG oHc dP
l M lAGOCG 3
,oMjh pp`dG pe`dG nGP nQdG oddG oj e kdZ
.mT pHCG pdG hCG p`dG oHc dP `H
wFL lAGOCG 2
p H oMjh pp`dG pe`dG nGP nQdG oddG oj
.mT pHCG ndG hCG n`dG oj sdh pMCG
V lAGOCG 1
oMj h pp`dG pe`dG nGP nQdG oddG oj
mjH mT pHCG ndG hCG ne`dG oj h mU mH
.mU
223
2-14
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
.pMWh pQdG pL pGSH pOG j
s
pSQdG oee
nAT :pddG oGhOCG
nAT :puG oGhOCG
odG
lLGe
:nddG pOG d
dG
n`dG ppSpG
s
s
1
2
3
4
5
x + 5 = 12
16 - y = 7
a-5=8
9 + n = 18
c - 4 = 10
x=7
y=9
a = 13
n=9
c = 14
sM
o dG npoj CG H
dG
p `dG Y rdCSpG ,zlLGe{ pIa pjQdG
.gqJG
oOdG e:(1) pjdG dG pGDdG oW :lè lHLEG
?12 hj 5 EG npoL GPEG dG
pbdG oJ
eCG b SGQdG G e hCG dG SG
WG .zrq{ Ia jQdG qM Y dh HQCG
jQdG qH G bdG N GhTj CG dG
q EG
.zq{ Ia
odG
rsJ
CG pdG
q EG rWoG ,pHQCG peCG M
u Y pY nN
uM nHh GkQc oqJ dG pOG uM nH GfQj
rOuT .kqqc GkOGYCG hCG kqjY GkQc oqJ dG pOG
.oqJ ud nqSSCG njdG sCG Y
puG Y ojdG o`j sfCG
o dG nQj CG o`j
pJHLEG pHHh .kU odO`dG Jh mae mQH
pdG Y S pdG
q
nL sEa mT pHCG
.pud pf
224
ql aVEG leCG
6
5
:ndOG soM 1
x=
13
13
6
5
=
13 13
11 6
5
=
13 13 13
5
5
=
13 13
11
x=
13
x-
rnCGb GPEa ,pfEd uQhdG pRG Y kHc oOS rCGb 2

b rnfc pMCG pj Ae h ,pdG nj pdG 1
5
4
?pMCG nj rJCGb dG oqqdG a ;pdG rnSG
5
1
4
+x =
5
5
1 3 4
+ =
5 5 5
4 4
=
5 5
.pMCG nj pdG 3 oOS rCGb
5
.prdG pRh 43 ke oJhdGh oAG oqj 3
o dG a ,p`dG pRh 3 oqj oAG nc GPEG
5
?prdG pRh e oJhdG oq dG
3
3
+x =
4
5
3 3 # 4 12
=
=
5 5 # 4 20
3 3 # 5 15
=
=
4 4 # 5 20
12
3
15
+
=
20 20 20
12
15
+x =
20
20
.mJhH pG pRh e 3
7 5 2
- =
6 6 6
7
x=
6
oLGe
uSSCG pdG pMe pqW LMG
p
20
5 1
x - = :ndOrdG soM 4
6 3
6 g 3 h 6 jOd oUCG onG oG
5 2
1 1#2 2
x- =
=
=
6 6
3 3#2 6
uSSCG pdG pMe ue e lIe lFf

pH lT pdOG sM sGC grpNCG dd ,pOG GkQc aOj eY oqdG oJj e kdZ
qGC oj :pdOG pqU e Gqd pdG GH puG Y Vqjh Gkc oqdG oQj .zsh ruN{
.hCG pdhG Ga GPEG pMEH oqdG nj
sr
CG (4) pbQ EG (1) pbQ e pjQdG
p dG
q
EG rWoG
sdG nG uM GeSG dG njQdG Ghcj
.pJqJGSEG GcQj CG sK eh (sgdG)
IOQGh
ANC
l
l G
oQdG oJ eY kHU odG
q oj b :oMG
.mpè mee nGP pdO`dG
pQdG pHc pIOYEG Y ndG ppYS :pIYG nj soe
.uM nb mcne mee pGSH pdO`dG
225
pAedG e peG oOJ

.gpZh pfdG id sGQhdG nRG pqdG e nbj CG pAMCG pY hCG pdG pIqOe pSuQe EG rWoG
pqdG e oNGdGh oHGdG

pjGdG pqJ pVGeCH pHUEG pW e nqj CG mIqe mIQH pqVjdG pjQdG pSQ o
,mS mH FdG pH pVjdG pSQ Y oIQdG oJJ .udG pdG pGah pdG pVeh
.pcCH odG oOshoj oH
rsnJn
jdG
pN e pJHLEG e pqdG Y ndG
q uT
p
mdOe Y GM GPEG .pHLEH pqUCG pdOG puG Y
Gj rCH grucP .kU oHLEG oJ dH ,mU
.mT pHCG pJHLEG
(15) obQ ojdG
n HCG mdCe uM pN e njdG Gg odG
q sj CG o
10
e H
k 10 nOdG Gej CG Y rbpG .qk hCG
4
. 43 e H
k 3h
(16) obQ ojdG
,nbG
o J m dOe pHc kHU odG
q
nLGh GPEG
.pdCG Y oqj mT nSQ Y rbG
p
:bG EG
:nddG pOG Gqj CG bG
p dG
q EG rWoG
2 1
6
3
+ +x =
x=
7 7
7
7
4
2
10
4
+x+
=
x=
13
13 13
13
1 4 2
2
+ + +x = 1 x =
9 9 9
9
3
1
2
+ +x =
x=0
10 10
5
odGh oG
nL oJ dG pOG tM o nqdG sCG e rscCJ

pQdG Y odG pfeEH sfCGh ,vY nMWh pQdG
nHqW ruT .oUCG lne le d mae mQc pIQU
.ue Y oJ qVjQ mL pIQU pJHLEG pJ Y
l jH lJ
pOd uM pqc nVJ
p dG
q EG rWoG :oH`dG
,peCH dPh ,pMWh pQdG pL Y oJ dG
.vJ G
u pGN pHc e
l jS lq`J
:pddG pO`dG e c
v soM
3
7
_ __
1 a - 5 = 10
_1 11
__
2 x + 3 = 12
2
1
3 _ - y= _
3
6
5
1
_
_
4
8 - n= 2
13
3
__
a = __
10 = 1 10
7
x = __
12
1
_
y=2
1
_
n=8
226
:oHLEG
:zwT lJ{ oHLEG
sCh ,pO`dG g M
t nj qM :lè lHLEG 1
hCG onoJ dG g odGh ,g c J
pe`dG
t
.onoJ
e H
k p`JdG Y mjH pHLEG pqU oQNG o`j
nc GPEG .pdG pAGLEG sK ,pqUCG pdO`dG pu`dG

o
.lU nHLEG sEa ,kU kdOe g dG
2-14 pdG osS

ec lAGOCG 4
`H nMWh pQdG nL oqJ dG pO`dG oddG tj
.mIQU pHCG pHLEG oHc dP
lM lAGOCG 3
nMWh pQdG nL oqJ dG pO`dG oddG tj e kdZ
.mIQU pHCG pHLEG oHc dP `H
w FL lAGOCG 2
Qp dG nL oqJ dG pOG pMCG pH oddG tj
.mIQU pHCG pHLEG pHc kHU oj sdh nMWh
lV lAGOCG 1
.nMWh pQdG nL oqJ dG pO`dG oddG tj
227
3-14
pSQdG ue
pSQdG oGgCG
.pbdG pe`dG pjH sjh kqd nFe nqj
pSQdG oee
An T :pddG oGhOCG
lSM lBG ,fd e lUGbCG :puG oGhOCG
odG
ke ra
?pdCG u`d dEG o`J dG oe`dG e oQqJ c
.Y oHLEG sY j dG nGDdG mqH oCGbCG :lè lHLEG
phG`dG oIAGb :lIpYe lGAGb
oqaJ c nLGd 210 pdG Y nh`dG ppSpG
nIOs`dG pe`dG oqVJ nFO odGh ojhdG
EG rWGh FGY
mH phG e jN rNpG .nIaG`dG
x
mqN tc oqJ dG pfdG ncP Ghoj CG
p dG
q
.uU`dG pHSCH
t `dG odG :wT lJ
pGDdG p`J Y oqcJ dG pMhdG EG pUCG
.pdC`dG u`d pqjQhdG pe`dG pjd ph`dG
t hdG oqdG
Gj CG pY`dG pdG
q EG rWoG
uc mdW sc pYCG .kUGbCG epe ke
GkMGh kUb odG
q oj .Ub mY
oj EG eh .nqdG ojj eY pdhdG pSh
pYSH oOj pdhdG Y UdG oddG
oL bdG
o dG
q nj CG EG nqdG
.pdhdG Y nUGbCG
:zwT lJ{ pIa oHLEG

GPEG e iQC pe`dG EG ofCG sK nGDdG oCGbCG :lè lHLEG
.pdC`dG u`d neGSG oSCG orc
sr
p`dG `Y ph``dG pG`SG EG
o dG
q o``j `b
.(1) nbQ njdG Gqd 211
G
odG :lIOQGh lANCG
t
peG pj kHU odG
q oLGj :oMG
.pdCG u pqjQhdG
EG phG Ghj CG
p dG
q
EG rWoG :pIYG nj soe
.pqjQhdG peG
228
rsnnJ
p h`dG pIOQGdG pfdG e Gqj CH
n dG
q pucP
pe`dH goOqhJ rnfc GPEG e Grhnd 211 dG Y
.pF`dG u`d pqjQhdG
:oHLEG
:zwT lJ{ oHLEG
; 211 nU zrs{ pIa ph`dG oLGe
13
A-: 100
17
B-: 200
43
A+: 50
111
B+: 200
;oL oqdG hCG 100

100 : AB+
3
AB-: 20
7
O-: 100
23
O+: 50
pIa ph`dG oLGe

; ;211 nU zrs`J{
e keO qJ CG AB-h B+h A+ pdG oFa oJ
CG oJ AB- ndG sCG pMe e ,nFa pHQCG
.pqdG e mIU mjT e na ndG sJ
p dG
q
pOY pae EG oMCG ;lbf lee
.pSQ`dG
; 211 n`Ù zrs`J{ pIa ph``dG oLGe
1
.AB+ pdG na j jdG oUTCG ; 25
mT tc oj .zudG puG{ na O- oq`J
pFdG ud pdH nqj CG ndG g oj

.iNCG
CG O- pdG na j jdG oUTCG oj
pdG na j jdG pUTCG e ndG Gqj
7
na j pqdG e a 100
h a nf
. O- pdG
; 211 nU zrs{ pIa ph`dG oLGe
17
39
73
50 + 100 = 100 ; O+ , A+
lqY lMe
8
o SdG
jOQGdG dh`dG pMCG pGSG Y ndG
q
soM
nqJ CG o`j .mdCe pHd 211 h 210 dG
CG
p dG
q
EG rWG sK e .kbf mee odC`dG
`d GPEG .dP neCG GPEG gtjh pFeR e nF`dG GdOj
pe`dG Gj CG a ,pFrdG M
q pj
s
o dG
.u`d dEG Lj dG
229
eY .pdG pdG pa e sfCG e oqcCdG j nNBG EG mT e pdG pf Y

ma oIqOQ o`J ,ndG pdG na oj nNBG mT e keO lT qj
pqjc ,dG qJ dG pd o`dG pdG oqjc oLJ PEG ,pdG pf pqY
pOGfG EG qODj qè .(oRJ) oqJh pdH d nqJ dG pd n`dG pdG
.p`dG pIdG pqjedG pYhCG
nNGO HZdG opoJh ojdG pdG oqjc oseoJ ,mb mYS ue nH
.pY pjEH nqj CG o`jh dG nNGO HZdG t`j .pdG iè
p SG pdBG e oHdG
oZJ b . (3) pbQ pjdG u`d nS`dG pBG Gej CG
o dG
q oj
kbQh kepe ndCG sj CG pAedG pMCG EG oJh mGhRCG nV
o dG
q nj CG
.nS`dG ndBG kepe ndC`dG oeR tj a mUUQ nbh
.mT uc pO pH oqj e nFGdG GdOj CG pAedG EG rWoG
oYJ e vjCGh kqda ncCG sjCG GhOqjh jdG Gbj CG
o dG
q oj
.pQdG e pdG nM pe`dG e pj`dG pae Y
4-14
pSQdG oue
pSQdG oGgCG
.nqjdG nOGYCG nj
.nqjdG nOGYCG nj
pSQdG oee
pQdG oFbQ :pddG oGhOCG
pQdG oFbQ :puG oGhOCG
odG
lLGe
nsc`dG nQdG pcGh j qè
x c pL nUM rpLhCG
:xc mOY pT Y
_ 1
_
1 5
6+3
1
1_
6
_+1
_
2 3
8 4
5
_
8
2
9
3 _ + __
5 10
3
1__
10
_+5
_
4 1
6 8
19
__
24
_ 3
_
5 2
5+4
3
1__
20
:j qè xc pW nUM rpLhCG
pbdG oJ
peCG pd pqSGQdG pqG e nqhCG ndG ppSpG
EG rWG sK .zrs{ pIa njQdG oqdG npodh
e pjQdG uH qG bdG nN GhTj CG
p dG
q
.zrs{ pIa (14) pbQ EG (1) pbQ
_
_-1
6 5
6 3
1
_
2
_-1
_
7 3
8 4
1
_
8
7 _
2
8 __
10 - 5
3
__
10
5 1
_
9 _
8-6
11
__
24
4
_ 3
_
5-4
1
__
20
10
s M odG
q npoj CG H
gqJG dG oG e rdCSpG ,zlLGe{pIa pjQdG
pOLh pM pMW hCG pQdG pL pUM pOjE
.mp mee
.nUCG nnG nG oLCG
odG
rsJ
qjc jOY oL :qk hCG

p UM pOjE pQdG pFbQ pGSG Y ndG
q ppYS
pHc nIOYEG dEG rWoG .pqjdG pOGYCG pWh pL
mOGYCG pT Y hCG mqjc mOGYCG pT Y psc`dG pQdG
.p`dG pqH ndG sK ,mqqc
230
qjc jOY oW :kfK

dP oj eY pdG nqY Ga b sfCG e rs`J
.vjQhV
:dG pdG Y 7 2 oHc o`j :le
9
9 2
11
6 + =6
9 9
9
pqjdG pQdG pLh pqjdG pOGYCG pL nH rHQpG

.(oqjdG oOGYCG) pMGdG e pcCG
lqaVEG leCG
1
2
2 + 1 :rLpG 1
4
3
2 + 2 = 4 :rQub
1
3
2 =2
4
12
2
8
+ 1 =+ 1
3
12
11
3
12
gGe e ocCG mqMS mje pQGh u`dG ie 2

u`dG ie nc GPEa , 3 2 cm `H iNCG mqMS mje
3
ie a , 5 5 cm iNCG pj`dG g pQ`dGh
6
?hCG pj`dG pQGh u`dG
4 + 6 = 10 :rQub
2
4
=3
3
6
5
5
+ 5 6 =+ 5 6
89
6
1 hCG 3
9
9 =
2
6
3
. 9 1 cm hCG pj`dG pQGh u`dG ie

2
1
2
2 - 1 rWpG 3
4
3
1
3
3
15
15
2 = 2 = 1+1 = 1+
=1
4
12
12
12
12
2
8
-1 =
- 1 12
3
7
12
9 cm g mqMS mje pQGh uG ie sCG nVpoa GPEG 4
, 4 2 cm iNCG mqMS mje Ge oj pM
3
Y hCG pj`dG pQ`dGh u``dG ie oIOjR a

?iNCG pjrdG
1
1 1
```` `1``` ````
333
3
9"8
3
2
2
-4 "-4
3
3
41
3
1
Y 4 1 cm `H hCG pjG pQGh uG ie ojj

3
.pfdG pjG
231
sr
.nQdG sK nqqdG nOGYCG qk hCG GL
n dG
q
qCG e rscCJ
.mIQU pHCG pJHLEG pHH grucP
e nqcCd zs{ pIa pdG pjQ oGSG o
q
q pe pGQOEG
x c mOY hCG xc mOY p nqY pdG
.sce mch xqc mOY pT Y
IOQGh
lANCG
l
Gj CG pG pqY
o dG
q
j b :oMG
UM
pscG pdG pHc pIOYEG Y nq qdG nOGYCG
p
.pG
mIN sc Gfqhj CG pdG
q Y rbpG :pIYG nj soe
. (2) h (1) dG c pY
nAKCG pdG pqY kANCG
o dG
q oJj b :oMG
.pdG pqY dP EG pL`dG
pOdG pJ pIOYEG pJ Y
n dG
q ppYS:pIYG nj soe
pT Y 5 pJ pIOYE :le .udG pOdG hCG uqdG
3
3
5 = 4 + 1 = 4 + = 4 : 43
3
: 2 87 T Y 3 17 pJ pIOYE
1
1
7 1
8
3 = 2+1+ = 2+ + = 2
7
7
7 7
7
rsnnJ
.pJHLEG e Gqd pjdG pGSH ndG
q pucP
oLGe
SSCG pdG pSQGe
q LMG
p W
p
pGSH pd
q nJ CG o`j ,pQdG Y pqdGh ,pQdG pge pjQJ nN
.pa pYd kjCG dh ,pJHLEG pqU pQN a nd ,pS`dG pBG
pAedG e peG oOJ

pqdGh pqFHdG pbdG pfEG EG oJ dG pOhdG nGSG nbj CG pdG pIqOe pSuQe EG rWoG
.pfdG p
(2) obQ ojdG

mOY oW pjdG Gg Y sfCG Mj ndG
q
pnO
dG
pIOYEG EG Lj dH ,xc mOY e q
p
x c
.GMj CG nb
nG epe pQdG nHc GhOYCG
n dG
q
sCG e rscCJ
pHLEG nHc oqj dP sCG EG rpTCG .nUCG nnG
.mIQU pHCG
232
(16) bQ jdG
pGqd pG pd tdG tSdG obdG nc :oVjdG
nqS dG obdG gh ,pfdG e 41.37 GkhY me 4 x 100
nbdG sCG pM ,1985 HcCG 6 pqbdG fCG oja
GkhY me 4 x 100 pS tceCG ojdG nqM dG
.pfdG e 41.49 nc 1996 pY pGqd
233
lJh oFe
(7) obQ ojdG
:pdCG g u pddG pqJGSEG oGSG o
.zT
k
rSQG{h zrsh ruN{h zmqY mjH rYpG{
o
odGh G
l jH lJ
dG
p HdG nUh pdG
q
EG rWoG :tJGdG odG
.pMW hCG pqjdG pOGYCG pL Y oLGJ
ljS lq
:j qè xc pL nUM rpLhCG
1 _
3
1 1_
2+ 4
7
2 5 _1 + 4 _
3
8
2
3 6 _1 + 1 _
4
3
11
5
__
__
4 2
12 + 4 6
3
5
5 8_+1_
4
8
1
2_
4
5
__
10 24
11
__
7 12
_3
74
3
10 __
8
:j qè xc pW nUM rpLhCG
2-14 pdG osS

lec lAGOCG 4
.mqbH oMjh nqjdG nOGYCG oddG j
.pIQhdG Y pdG EG oddG oCj
l M lAGOCG 3
.mqbH oMjh pqjdG pOYCG ne oddG j
.pdG EG pqjQhdG pG pe oddG oCj
wFL lAGOCG 2
Y uM nH mqbH oMjh pqjdG pOGYCG nH oddG oj
.dP
.pdG pM pe pdG EG oddG oCj
l V lAGOCG 1
.mU mH oMj hCG nqjdG nOGYCG oddG oj

.ndG oqJ dG pG oddG oq
6 1 _1 - _3
2 4
7
_
7 5 1 - 4_
3
8
8 6 - _2
3
5
_
__
9 4 - 2 11
6
12
10 8 3_ - 2 _1
4
6
3
_
4
11
__
24
1
5_
3
11
__
1 12
7
6 __
12
:oHLEG
:zwT lJ{ oHLEG
pdG pQj EG dG obQCG oq`J tqdG oOdG ,f

p`j EG dG obQCG oq`J tdG oA`dGh ,pqjdG
.pqjdG pdG
p`dG pJ pIOYEG dEG o`J sHQ sfC :l lHLEG
.pMGdG e ocCG sfC ,udG
nW GY e d`dG lIMGh ojdG :lè lHLEG
udG pA`dG oNCG oj sfC ,pqjdG pOGYCG

.pQYG
Om Y EG uqdG pOdG pj`J EG of :lè lHLEG
.e mc pW EG of eY xc
234
Ge
pIMdG
G
d
oOQ
p SO
pIMdG g ngGh pGQG
o dG
q oLGj nS
.pqdG pSCG pIqdG f pee
zjH{ ojW
w e / qH :pqdG oSCG
Op GYCG pj nhO pdCG pc

p dG
q nq ojJ b
.zjH{ pjW e
3
7
1
=
4 12 6
pgGQdG oOHCG
w cM / wH :pqdG oSCG
.udG pdhW pSb Y ke KG c

q oj
s
o dG
epe e pqdG nb pJGjJ nJ dEG rWoG
.nqjG nIG
.oHLG oqJ
lgGR lGdCG
w S / wT :pqdG oSCG
jdG pUTCG pASCH mF nVh

p dG
q EG rWoG
PEG .H pAdG nb dPh pSGQO cQS
.pHLEG pJ Y dP goYS
e rscCJ .pdG
q id pIFGdH oqfdG odG oqJ
.pfdG e udG pdG pHe
235
q
pqVjdG oè
pYdG pH n`dG nbdG odG
q oj nS
.pFbdGh
:LddG Y l`d
o`J .oqjqQdG oYdG g p`ddG kqbO pYdG ocCG
mWe mqFHc mcè pSGH nbdG oYdG g
hCG Cesium jRdG pIqQP pe mbO mAGLCG pq`J nah
pbdG nV pYdG g tOCG oJ .feCG pjL
hj oM .mS pe 1.6 nN mIMGh mfK pQH
ndCG 180 GM goS ojh pS`dG pdhW nM
.mgQO
p bdH oHdG
nceCG EG pgd pRdG pbdG pSd ndG

q oOoG
.pSQ`dG EG pdG e pgdG pe ,mpè
s`K pUdG pYSh pfG pYS njhJ dEG rWoG
.pMdG nN `dG pbdG nOjEG
:oHLEG
.nFbO 10 h YS
l
1
.kbO 11 h YS
.kbO 24 h mYS 3
. 7:15 oYdG
. 7:51 oYdG
236

كتاب المعلم للصف السادس

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كتاب المعلم للصف السادس

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