الأجناس الصحفية مفتاح الإعلام المهني

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s hCG IdG fYEG
adGh GhdGh GOdG fYEG
dG VhY
QdG QTEG
IG M YEG ,avis financiers de GQNEG) dG fYEG

(SDd jObG
JSDG QTEG
(cG GQGb ,FdG dG) FdG fYEG
eYEG SDd JGdG QTEG
HQ GgCG hO d YLG QTEG
G dG ``dO
28
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: eG
,QSCG ,dG ,G IG ,SG ,dG ,dG Y

dG edGh fdG YCG
FHdG QdG fG YEG e e Y UN QNCG Y
...e H HGHCG J IjL H dch ,e H
GhdG ,adG ,jdG eGH ,jLdG VhdG) SCG In r L
n GC Y
(...(YGe)
.AGdG jH Y
AGd edG IG Ff Y
dG Y
UQdGh dG QSCG Y
VjdG HG Ff Y
...GHCG Y
les formats journalistiques dG MCG (
dG MCG gCH Fb
G Y
G Y
dossier G Y
(VH JG QTEG Gch YEG j) cahier spcial UG adG Y
chapeau n rnG Y
Ours dG bH jdG M Y
sommaire jG Y
29
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sWDn G Y
encadr
M NGO dG Y
couverture
dG Y
Une
hCG Y
INCG Y
AGdG U Y
page ditoriale
CGdG U Y
Rubriques
GHCG Y
(S 54^61 Y 34,93) dG G Y
(jHJ) dG G Y
le berlinois
dG dG G Y
MG Y
G hCG dG Y
Y sG IQdG Y
G dG ``dO
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dG SLCG H SSCG GjdG .III

:dG SLCd ddG dG .1
RJ ,dG SLCd I eeh TG dBGh FXh g
H FdG GjdG dG hG q jh .iNCG J hCG Jh H
H CG MGh .(IRQdG) ddG JS EG dH dG SLCG
.eq j dG dG e S e cCG bJ hG NGO QJ SLCG
dG SLCG
ddG dG
dG g a RJ dG
dG SLCd
jG SLCG Y
jJQdG Y
SG Y
dG e Y
dG dG Y
MaG Y
QdG cdG Y
dG e Y
dG dG Y
dG OdG Y
fdH IG MaG Y
zcoup de gueule{(1)
SG Y
jJQdG Y
QdG cdG Y
dG e Y
QNEG
dG ee
XJ
q
bEGh G YEG
f EG Ud dG
KCd SCG XJ
.jb NGO L
q G d Nq dG G Y J MaG (1)
31
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GSG Y
dG dG Y
JGSEG YEG
CGdG hCG eG GS
dG e Y
dG dG Y
dG SLCG
MaG Y
dG OdG Y
QdG cdG Y
J dG dG SLCG
H J dG
dH jh ,e jf
(eY CGdG SLCG) Y cdG
dG e Y
dG SG Y
dG OdG Y
jQdG dG a j dG SLCG
(G ANEG hCG)
jdG LCG e
:CGdG SLCGh jG SLCG H jgG QGdG .2

EG eY J dG SLCG EG ,XdG HQd ah ,dG
,fonction d'avertissement ' fG IQKEG' hCG ' dG'' Xh ODJ jN SLCG
d e EG UG LCG e GMCG AGLCG H HdG jZ CGQ SLCGh
.fonction de corrlation a H J h GMCG J fCG ,dO
J hCG CG CGdG SLCGh jG SLCG H gG dG jh
.bGdG Ib AGQh edG G Y dG fdG hJ M ,bGdG rYn
fEa ,Sh H jG SLCG AGREG j dG c GPEGh
.G JO j gh GMCd qWD e EG j CGdG SLC SQ
dG bdG ,bdG GG UdG e Y jG SLCG Jh
U Yb EG Ud dG YEG eq è CGdG SLCG a J
.NBH hCG H IQs e
Y ,CGdG SLCGh jG SLCG H SSCG QGdG dG hG jo h
.Gh ,hdG Wh ,Gh ,dG r Vhh ,jdGh ,XdG ie
G dG ``dO
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CGdG SLCG
jG SLCG
GMCG H ddG hCG HGdG
''fG IQKEG'' hCG ''dG''
fonction de corrlation
fonction d'avertissement
G Y dG
bGdG rY
uWDe
Sh
dG YEG
GG UdG
SCj) ''YVe JGP''

Y ,T c EGh ,CGdG
(YVe e
YVe
,gdG ,G
dG bY
VdG ,WdG ,bdG
XdG
jdG
dG Vh
G
hdG W
SdG/HQG
: jG SLCG H SSCG QGdG .3

,G H q a .fl je EG jG SLCG H bhdG
,SLCG g J dG G g SSCG QNEG Gh ,q VG Gh
.H dG SSCG j REG YdGh dG Qe CG dP jh
j dG jdG a ,cdG Gh dG G cCG q e eCG
G M ddGh eG QOG OYG UN ,H G dG
.cdG G M (rcriture, rewriting) ZdG IOYEG hCG ,dG
Y SSCG H j fC Qc (l'objet) VG jdG e jh
dG jdG eCG .QWEG Gg Y j CG hO ,gOGpY e hCG HG jQdG
ad gAfG Qj e gh ,GH Kh H Jj a ,idGh
.jG SLCG bd aN ,bGdG
.jG SLCG j j J dG hG h
33
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jG dG SLCG j je
gj je
dG SLCG
G Y
VG G Y
QNEG G Y
REG YS/dG
TG jW
dG G Y
cdG G Y
VG
jdG e Y
GH JQG
dG jdG Y
idG Y
: CGdG SLCG H SSCG QGdG .4

dG g G Sb c EGh ,jJ e QH eJ CGdG SLCG EG
ie Y H FdG hdG ddG KdG hGG UJh .GMCG Y
.() gdG SC XJh ,() YVH WJQG LQOh ,(CG) dG e
CGdG SLCG G G (CG
j dG G
dG G
.IadG IQTEGh ,IdH H ,H bEG EG
dG OdG Y
.gGdGh G J IQhdH Yj
dG e Y
.G J SSCG be Y j
MaG Y
Y dG a Oj .OcCG dG G e jb
.YVe
Jc AGREG jh ,dhj dG VG Y SdG aj
.YVe e j c ,G H
dG e Y
G dG ``dO
QdG cdG Y
34
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YVH WJQG LQOh CGdG SLCG (

ed XJ gcCG e CGdG SLCG JJ
YVH qJ gcCG EG JGdG
dG Oe .1
dG e .2
MJ .3
QdG cdG .4
dG e .5
gdG XJ LQOh CGdG SLCG (
bCG EG gcCG e CGdG SLCG JJ
gdG SC XJ
dG e .1
MaG .2
QdG cdG .3
dG e .4
dG OdG .5
: QOG XJh dG SLCG .5

d fCG J dGh ''Qo Op e dG'' de U e ZdH
fMCGh bGe GPh gDe QOe OYH EG YEG e j CG
H a .dG H j QOG e SLCG eJ Ea ,UN
35
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Y dG j iNCG h ,d fU QOG J dG SLCG

QSG Y J dK Y gh ,SSCG g bG QOG
bh ,SSCG QG g GG j iNCG SLCG h ,MG QOG
a J SLCG `g CG c ,SLCG H JGd QG Xj
.QOd LG
.QOG e eJ dG SLCd IRQdG dG dG hG Vjh
: QOG XJh dG SLCG
LG
EG
QOG
b
JGd
GG
QG
SSCG
QSG
QOG
MG
dG
QOe Y
IjL
beh
QOe
dN
d
MaG
GSG
dG
jdG
dG
e
dG
dG
dG
G
G g)
(QG e
cdG
QdG
jJQdG
,JGd QG)
iNCG QOeh
(He
idG
G
dG
G
sVG
G g)
(QG e
OdG
dG
e
jdG
SG
dG
(JQHhdG)
G
cdG
G
QNEG
QG
dG e
G dG ``dO
36
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HG G GQGh dG SLCG .IV

ADg Yh .dG d e Jhe GQe dG SLCG J
J dG SLCG Lf H XJh U LCG e ae
.GQG g gC OL SCG hG h .J
: dG e SLCH TG j dG GQG gCG
dG HG GQG gCG
dG G
LQdG'' Y SdG ,SSCd gdG ,H ej GMCG Me

GNG ,(1)''Hd dG
G Y
LQdG Y SdG ,SSCd gdG ,H ej GMCG Me

G N J dG G UdG ,Hd dG
VG G Y
,IOe QOe e edG Y IQdG ,H ej GMCG Me

G EG gCG e IaGh ee J Yh
QNEG G Y
IOe QOe NGO gCG V
dG G Y
ZU IOYEGh ,IOe QOe NGO gCG V
cdG G Y
,GU hCG Gc M c AGS FKdG IQY GSG

e Jh
jdG e Y
jG FG dG ,GG Y dhCG IOG

.G jj QdG CH MJ dG GG
dG jdG Y
FG dG Y IQdG ,GG jdG dG Y IQdG

dG ,dGdG
idG Y
.qe CG e G TG SCG ,HbG ,H jh .QH hQ fdG Gh dG bdG J M (1)

37
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,dAGh IQhG Y IQdG ,IL HN JGSEG AH

jqqdG ,LGG Y IQdG
GSG Y
FYE IKe FL Y IQb ,YLG Iaf If

dG SG Y
HSCG gDe ,UN e
QOG e bY HQ Y IQdG ,GG dG Y Ic IQb
IjL bY fh jNBG e UGdG dS ,dOG dH J
dG dG Y
GhOCG eG ,GQG Jh dGdG FG dG Y IQdG

HSCG gDe Y adG ,YLG ` dGh dG IAGdG
jJQdG Y
O UbG ,HOCG IQhG ,dG N ,HSCG gDG

IdG GMCG
dG OdG Y
HSCG gDe ,dY aK ,YGHEG M
dG e Y
bEG Y IQdG
MaG Y
,IdG ,MCG CdG ,dG ,G ,ddG adG

(eRQdG) YLG HPG
QdG cdG Y
AGLCG H HdGh ,(synthse) cdGh dAG Y IQdG

G USGh ,IKG
dG e Y
G dG ``dO
38
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(1)
dG SLCG d LGNEG ee .V
SJ VGJ gh .dG H dG SLCG GNEG j
gOhQH fe dG HdG H QhU g UCG SQH
EG IQTEH hCG ,(dG OdGh ,QdG cdGh ,MaG) QdG e
,jJQdG ,QdG cdG ,MaG ,idG ,G) dG L
LGNEG j SLCG NBG fL e gh .(dG ,SG ,GSG
hCG WCdG hCG ,dH eEG) iNCG SLCG bH Y c gq H
.(justification) J dG IYCG hCG OdG IYb J hCG ,dG J
SLCG H dG LGNEG eG gCG dG hG Ljh
.dG
dG SLCG
LGNEG eG
dG OdG ,QdG cdG ,MaG
(2) IQb eM SLCG
,QdG cdG ,MaG ,idG ,G

dG ,SG ,GSG ,jJQdG
H
o s o
n J e IOY SLCG
,dG OdG ,QdG cdG ,MaG

j M q VG Gh G
(mise en rivire) OY
jH T GP SLCG
dG GNEG e (1)
OJ CG Maa .dG SLCd dG gQJ dG dG ''QdG G'' `H OG (2)
.(...''YV'' ,''CGQ dh'' ,''OdG c'') NBG Qb q hCG (''MaG'') dG G e
39
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: dG dG
: jG SLCG ee
GMCG f LCG e
28/04/11
8:04
Page 43
La brve G .1
hO bh QNEG Y j QNEG L fC dc G S
jY GM T Y HEG e Hj gh .UdG ZJ
.G g G EG ,GNG ,dG h .fK
LQdH ''GPe'' GDS Y ,dG SLCG bCG g dG ,G jh
.jJ hCG KM hCG bGh j ,jL N AYEG G ja ,K eh .hCG
.''e''h ''jCG''h ,''e'' `H G j ,SG Gg Y HLEG S h
IGdG'' ` ''e''h ''jCG''h ,''e'' ,''GPe'' CG ,HQCG LG SCG g h
HLEG ,jT bH ,Oo p nJ bh .G Gg OY g dG ` ''QNEd dG
.dP YJ ''GPe'' IGOCG fc GPEG jQNEG,''GP''h ''c'' GDS Y
,M dG dEG Oj iNCG SLC ee G j e dZh
QJ J d j GPEG ,JGH G j CG j Gg c EGh
.gZ hCG jN ,iNCG SLCG EG jJ
j fCG c ,G QOG H WJ ebEG EG G j h
G g c ,bG QOG Y cdGh ,IOG QOG OGjEH
.iNCG SLCG H
b e ZdG Y ` G AH j ,jG SLCG bH QGZ Yh
hO ,gCG bCH AfGh gCH GAH CG ,''G dG'' cT Y ` jdG
.dG SG d J dG jG dG NGO J CG
EG 5) c 50 GM e IMGh Ia ddG G Ojh
CG d ,FSG G H h ,c (OY/SCG
background N SGH TEG EG LM c GPEG UN ,Ja Y
.G S Y
43
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,(''G dG ee'') jG HdG YGb H G jh

CG e X hQG j e dZ eCG gh ,QOG hCG QG cP a
.gcPh QOG e dG Yj G
,''e ` c'' `H J j H ,dG H fGY G j h
Ve dG hCG (...) VG hCG (...) G EG eEG J IeGQ c gh
.QdG W e AfG a J LCG e (H G hCG a YdG) G
dG XH eEG ,d hCG dG EG dG H CJh
dch ,H H Y UGG GG LCG e ,FG hCG dG
j ,G jGH e fGY J dG g CG QYG Y
,LGNEG ie Y ,G f GC j bh .Vd dH jb JO
.(...IU IFGO ,q e ,e H U He) puce Iu YW eH
J LCG e ,mise en rivire (1)OY GG ,IOY ,jh
J h ,iNCG G MR H J Mh ,QdG W e dEG AGgG
.cG ' K'' d Sh
dG SLCG H e Fhe cCG QNEG G GG Jh
.dG MJ
G IOL je
;UdG e qe (J hO) N U .1
;GjL j .2
;hCG LQdH ''GPe'' Yh ,''QNEd dG IGdG'' Y .3
;''G dG'' Ad j .4
;(ddG ) IMGh Ia e j .5
;(H ,J jjJ d) HSCGh HN VGh .6
.QG a cj .7
.''gh g e'' ,''e Qe e'' ,''Gfl'' ,''be'' e Qb q e OdG Oj e dZ
(1)
G dG ``dO
44
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P : G
NH Y egG N ''J fGa'' e hDe Qe cCG l
Vhe Y K dG AfCG Y GOQ ,HG JG b
40 HGb Ab ''je'' cTh ''GQhCG'' Ya N e YG H
H hDG ''jGQh W'' bh .INCG g .SCGQ e FG
G EG (1)''IjG'' GQSG Y GOQ ''GQhCG'' cT id UGdG
AOEG h ,U fdG YG gG CH dhGG
.gGdG bdG VG M ahCG UH
fdd FQ eCG jQSdG dG ahQec fhH iOCG l
SFdG HfG N dG ae d ,WdG IMdG AH Jh
Jh .OdG SdG JdG QGSG EG IQTEG SGG Wb
Y ,G iG M EG j e afi gh ahQec
H R e HGdG jLCG fK IQhO Jc ShQj
CGdG dG Jc d MGdG FdG Iah J HfG
.VG f IFW ShQd
fCH G MCG fH H SEG L Y eCG U QdG l
L j FdG WdG e UY fGh .AdG QGdH
a ,fSEG dH dG d GPSCG j c dG SEG
.IadG SCG jd Y dG WdG TH
.ddG e e T G Gg UCG OQGdG Ijd dG SG aM (1)

45
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Le filet
VG
s G .2
.G j UJ j ,b QNEG e g VG
G
q
g hCG ` jQNEG JGOCG ` ''GP'' hCG ''c'' UdG g VJ e dZh
cCG Me d OJ H gCG e VG G OQGdG G jh .e
dG G J dG UdG CG dP jh .d G J e
Y Y dG bh j fCG hCG ,d e Iae J (G)
.Qd cCG VJ
q UJ OGjEG QJ G gCG CG QYG
.q VJ UH q Se fl VG G EG dG ,GRjEGh
dP j a ,''GP''h ''c'' eSG Y VG G j Mh
.jT bH
Rhj ,qbh ,c
Ga K EG Ja e QNEG G Gg jh
q
VCG N j CG VG
d h .GOY/GS 25 GM dW
q
.d dcG MG
AH UGe VH a J QNEG L bCG g VG Gh
dG Gch ,(gCG bCG EG gcCG e GdG J M e) G dG
Qj dG dG ``G UG NCG ,CGdG bEG Y) Je
,QOG OYG ,ITG GO``dG d LhO`G XJ ,G V
.(...G AfG
,d GY Vh (H fQe) VG
d dG dG Ljh
q
fGY G Gd QhG GdG j CG G eh .e ` H AcG
.(1)jd hCG ba GY aVEH KK hCG FK ,GMhh e FQ
,2006 ,eG``dG `gdG Y .O ,Q`dG EG `dG `bCG ,``dG GdG :''`G dG dO{ fG (1)
.43 ` 42
47
G dG ``dO
.U
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GG IOe J CG Y ,UN HdG ,dG LQO bh

''ed'' IjL CG LQd ,dhdG hCG WdG AfCG Ub e VG
''Ub'' `H VG GG a q dG OdG J fdG
.(dpches)
G g c ` OY VG GG EG dG Jh
L s b fCG c ,jH jg FYEG LCG e ` Gd dH
.VG
GGh L EG
s
VG
q G IOL je
;UdG H Ve
(J hO) N U N .1
q
;fl qj CG e gCG N .2
;GjL j .3
''c'' Y bH j bh ,''QNEd dG IGdG'' Y j .4
;jQNEG ''GP''h
;Jeeh ''G dG'' Ad j .5
;c Ga K e j .6
;QOG hCG QG a cj .8
;H j .9
;background G N a XJ b .10
;jQNEG fGY j .11

.(ddG ) sbe Z .12
G dG ``dO
48
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P : Vq G G
IMè `Y G`SG GbG
`dG `dG WMG Qhd jc
Hf IFL Y UG ,S jRL jeCG G bG
dG dG WMG Qhd jc J dhO Y ebEG ,ObG
.G QGSG d
eCG fH jfjdG UdG D NGe S bh
.''dG WMd jL d f'' G
O ShQh ,hL g dG FQ YO IdG g CG cj
.QhdG QGSG ie jCG e ,GNDe jae
jeCG edc eL ObG PSCG gh ,S VCGh
b ,dG dG dG eRCG CG ,hdG dH HS ObG hDeh
Y fH ,IG jdG YO dG dGddG dSCGdG Y
.GSCG fG
49
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L'article d'information QNEG G .3

zl'article d'information proprement dit {QNEG G J dG dG g Ic
Jean-Luc MARTIN-LAGUARDETTET (1)/M
,VG
G S JOe RhJ dG G H j Uc
q
Rhj b e EG Jc OY jh ,Ga HQCG j e EG JGa OY Jd
.c 700 hCG 600 fMCG
jQNEG UdG TCG H e dW ie Y QNEG G j bh
.la synthse p
r oG cdG dG GP UN (AfCG ch Y IQOdG)
G UGe d j a ,''QNEG G'' W c eh
.(Jeeh G dG) HSCGh AH ,VG
,G GMCG Heh ,cCG UJ ee ,QNEG G jh
GWCG H GdG Qe J dG hCG ,QOGh NG IH J dG
.be Qeh de GP
GQOEH jdG EG de jM Y aj CG dG Y jh
QO dG hO ,S GjL Ie c J dG Gh GOdG
adG SSCG PEG ,a G jdG hCG ''UdG LCG e UdG''
.WEG e dG bG e TEG g
jhY GQOEH ,jW c GPEG QNEG G HJQ J ,jQhV jh
.MG IOG e NGO
g hCG , hCG ba GH FdG fGY T dG G Gg jh
.q VG G GY e WCG Fe j QNEG G Ga ddh .e
.QNEG G bJ h
(1) MARTIN-LAGARDETTE Jean-Luc, Guide de l'criture journalistique: crire, informer,
convaincre, Syros, 1994.
51
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QNEG G IOL je
;IaGh UH Ve
(J hO) q N U N .1
s
;a Ve
fl d Ojo CG e gCG e N .2
q
HS GMCG QJ EG dH hCG ,f G ie Y GjL j .3
;be Z UJ Y dG M hCG ahe
;jQNEG ''GP''h ''c'' Y d ,''QNEd dG IGdG'' Rhj .4
;(ddG ) HQCG RhJ Ga e j .6
;bGh IOG QOG hCG QG a cj .8
;H j .9
;background
G N a XJ .10
;KK hCG ,FK hCG ,FQ ,jQNEG fGY j .11

.MU bJ j CG .12
G dG ``dO
52
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P` : QNEG G
jQd FQ fG L
`````LC````d `````T`è `````d à
`d
CG QG G G CG AKdG dG fd U QOe OaCG

QG SQe 25 jQd FQ f dG GdG gj
GG G VQG YR a bh ,iNCG Ie LCd Te
.eO b H eRCG IQO VQG W MG Y Y e
gh ,jL Y QG SQe 25 L LCJ j CG dG bJh
ej S dG eO b H dPh ,Yf e Y HdG LCdG
.QG SQe 30h 29
AfG jQJ ,VG ff 24 e jQd FQ hH d jh
.VQGh ZCG H aG H ,O eEG OdG HdG FdG jh
OGDa SFH dG AGQRdG CG e QOe OaCG dP EG
dCe j d ,SCG Gg M bh S dG IQdG
GQdGh JG Y S e QfG ,HdG dG cQG
.fdG eRCH G bEG
BG j hGdG CG eCG jJ jJ jQGRh QOe dbh
jRh OjEG EG dGh ,dG We EG Yj hCG ,MG KK M
ITe gH j CG Y d c AdEG cQe J hQe
j dG L Y S e QfG EG ddGh ,dG AfG bh
.NCG MG QOG g LQ bh ,OdG AKdG
53
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Q IYdG eCG J dG ,IQdG OGDa CG f QOG aVCGh

OH g ,U Ra G LQG jRh gJ b c dG dG
JGh jOh SS GOb e NGdG JG e S AGLEG
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g g :e T e Ad AGLEG M ,iNCG L e ,q G dG
(Og) ''QGM'' g hCG ,eh IjL e dJ EG ODj ''GSG'' a
.G
dG Hh H AGQBG OH T
n
T e Qjh ,JGP M jZ g dG GSG dG GSH g OG
SLCG JOe XJ dG HGSG e g f h .Qfi GSG hCG ''GL/GDS''
bJ dG SCG J f c ,''dG GSG'' hCG ,''jJQdG GSG'' e ,iNCG
.IG JUGe d c GSG EG H
(1)
H Qj bh ,feCGh jGh ITH J dG ,''/S'' H ,MCG dZ GSG Oj (2)

.(ITe Z iNCGh ITe AGLCG) G hCG ,''QqG GSG''
83
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,j GSG CG ZEG j fCG YCG G e jh

jG LddG fc EGh G ,dG G N ,SSCG
H j dG ,G GSG OLh RY b ffEG e UNh
e gh .Hc QhH Y d G
d Hc SCH dG
n
CG j e g d fCG UN ,bNCH GdG GDS ,fL e ,j
` feEH fCG c ,MhG SCG Y j dG f g G
n
NdG e dG j CG hO HLCG Y dG ` G
n
p
,Lfi hCG SM d hJ dG SCG H Y HLEG jo bh ,VdG
AdG G
eEH PEG ,gGhL e jdG GSG SCG n r Jo b c
n
,dG g ,GSG j ,NBG fL eh ,Aj GDS CG e HLEH
,QG HLCG fBG u dG HG SCG e
q fSh GeL
H M ,GSG hj ,eYh .e HG jG Y Jh
stratgie discursive ' HG JGSEG'' e Ze ,He Jh SCG
.e U c IQhdH gj dG (H e fG)
,dG G ee e ,cdG S c ,j L GSG c EG
.Jh ,n G dG HLCG e H dh Y G Lh ddh
: dG GSG UCG .II

:ddG (1)UCG EG GSG J
: QNEG GSG
dN e jh ,a Yah G Qfi G
a j
n
.G Gg J eh ee
.Kh OQGdG dG OYG g
(1)
Linformation sur lactualit et les genres journalistique, Centre de Ressources en Education aux
Mdias (CREM), document PDF, http://reseau-crem.qc.ca, pp. 2-3.
G dG ``dO
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: UdG GSG
.Y jh ,e IgX hCG M Y GgT G

a j
n
: dG GSG
dPh ,bS e GMCG Vd G

Y dG a jh
n
.hCG LQdH ''GP'' IGOCG H
: dG GSG
g ''?QT g e'' ,''?SMEG g e'' ,''?...EG J c'' ,''?J g e''

.GSG e dG Gg jce SCG
: CGdG GSG
SS a Oj Cc ,dL VGe G
a Vj dG gh
n
,ja HQe hCG jf Y adH e a j hCG ,N hCG eJG Y
.e QaCG MO hCG
: dG GSG
hCG a hCG SS e T GREG EG QG f d e Lj

M QhJ b MjEG G a jh ...ja hCG VjQ hCG aK
`H j e g j bh .JbNEG fMCG Qh ,JGREGh ,JS
,IRq dGh IdG ,HG SCG Y SSCG j dG ,''G GSG''
.cCG f Y d G
T J dGh
n
grand thme dG VG GSG
,gGdG Vj e dZh .idG G LdG M Qhj

.gZh ,SdG cQG hCG IAGdG Y hdGh ,eCG GfGh ,ITdc
85
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:GSG ''HG JGSEG'' .III

UdG e (''`HG JGSEG'') GSG JGSEG `J
: ddG
: VH EG .1
VG Y dhCG e dG Ohj CG ffEG d

dG eH EG CG) VH ''fdG WMEG'' h .hG
W M f e KGh dG j CG e (GSG AGLEG fhH
fBGh G fGG J e jhGR AfG d J
c ,AdG Ye
q
.IL U jOhOe GP SCG OGYEGh ,VG
: G T ae .2
a :GfCG KK G
CG EG dG HOCG H gJ
n
j dG HG JGSEG eJh .q Gh ,OOq Gh ,hG
a
.e c j e ah UCG g e c e dG
n
b H ,IL He SCH Mjh ,dG SCG Y e hG
dG Y j dG G e J G GSG L
q j
f EG j a ,OOq G G
eCG .AdG e j c e J
n
,J dG JGdG HbdG H e OhM EG f Y j h ,HLCG
hCG QYG ce Y H j e fl e G aGH ,ddG
,edH G G
jh .dEG j hCG j dG G
n
.q G dGh ,LdjjEG HN jh ,G dh
: G jhGR V .3
,G T aeh VH EG f g G jhGR
AKCG X GPEGh .GSG Qhfi V H SCG q oJ FV Yh
jhGR QN d jdG j G
HLCG jL GSG
n
G dG ``dO
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dEG Yjh ,G
d Y OQh e gCG Y dG cDj ,G
n
HGSG dG qdj Ggh .M GSG dG g EG LdH
e b j e
e FGLEG V e ,''CG GSG'' e iNCG
n
.H MGh ,HS
bG Y M G jhGR d Ge j CG dG Yh
.GSG AKCG H
: GSG Qhfi j .4
CG Y ,Jh NGJ hO jh SCG dG j d

.G jhGR LJ ,Qhfi Y YRq j
:GSG g EG dH SCG JJ .5
VdG aeh .''SSCG SCG'' e ''jdG SCG'' Ra j gh

,eJQG hCG ,AGQBG hCG ,YVe e Y G g g :GSG e
j c .GSG FH j JJ SCG JJ LCG e ,q e hCG
.jdG GDSh jGdG GDS V
:''jdG SCG''h ''dG SCG ''OGYEG .6
Z hj e
e edG M ''dG SCG'' OGYEG dG Y
n
Hq J hCG G
OOJ dM ''jH SCG'' OGYEG dch ,H j KGh
n
.LG SCG Y jJ iNCG H SCG AJh ,HLCG e
SCG dd UdG j fC AH aCG g ''L
q G f GSG''h
.G
dG e U UGJ J He
n
:Gh
dG H QG UGJ JGSEG OGYEG .7
n
j ,adG e edG H fc e e c EG
hCG G e o fCa ddh .U GS FYEG M eh e
.IL UGJ SW Lh ,AdG AGLCG WJ LCG e d
87
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:jqqdG UY V .8
AKCG ITe hCG JdG Y d dG J jWh ,GdG eh

,JdG T GaEG dG d e J dG SCG W jWh ,AdG
Vh ,SG hO dGh ,VGh H dGh ,hG Qfl Vh
. nWG Y EG dGh ,dG
: GSG REG MGe .IV

:jH dPh ,KdGh ''GSG b e'' e Y dG :hCG MG
;GSG V dG EG l
.dGh jdGh G n G d edG eH dG EGh l
HLEG AYEG EG G
dG aJ CG G g CT eh l
n
.fGRQh jL cCG
.GSG e jhGR j dc j MG g l
.G
dG e Ye NCG :fdG MG
n
edG G H hCq G dG j ,GSG Ye V Mh

UG egG ,H j dG G ,H j dG SDG)
Qn hfi dG j bh .GSG Ve dP H Vjh ,(...VH
dG SCG Y j M UdG NdG hO edG GSG
.GSG N S
Lh) Te :G dG e GSG T j j gh
SGG ,cdG) Te Z hCG ,(hdEG WdG SGH ,JdH ,Ld
fG j CG dG Y ,GMCG c h .(...ffEG Y fhdEG
e cCG g dG ,gLdG TG GSG QN GQN g CH
.dG bNCH h
G dG ``dO
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,adG H JH Oj dG ,AdG Ye dG j ,jdG

jh .G
dG ILCGh ,UN edG G gGcEG EG dH
n
G
e JH Oj c .AdG YSh eh jQJ jH dG
n
.(...YS ,YS f ,YS HQ) GSG ` Fe ` bS dG IG
GSG SCG OGYEG : ddG MG
.GSG SCG OGYEG d ,G e Ye Y G M

SCG Y eGd j fEa ,VdGh dG hj GSG CG h
Ua d J INCG g C ,nr oe Me J CG j dG
.a '' '' hCG ''f'' `H HLEG jW Y aEG e dG
SCG 10 e QJ a ,dG gj
dG SG OY Y eCG
q
C GSG N gRh j SCG g CG QYG e Gg ,bO 30 N
g CGh ,HS SCG Y GG Ve Y LCG b j G
n
.G
OhOQ fBG gqdJ He SCG
n
j CG d PEG ,IsnoG SCG cM g dc QJ j eh
a j dG hdh ,Y q G HLEd J ,gNDj hCG e H
.SCG Y Oq Q ch ,n G H j e e UNh ,GSG
GSG Ad : HGdG MG
SGq c q p jo CG dG Y j ,G
dH AdG b
n
dM h .QW d aVEG kb ,bCG Y ,e j CGh ,GSG
j j CGh ,GU M j CG j G dBd dSG
dG jQdG MU e cCj CGh ,AdG b YS f MU
.hCG Of M J jH jQH QMEG e ,J
G`HCG V`J ,IYe IGOCG G dBG j CG dG Yh
fBG `Jh èG NCG Y QdG Y ddh ,Hc eG jhJ
.(Prise de notes)
89
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G
d dG He AKCG FGLEG GG
n
: gLh GSG AGLEG M ddG GG S dG Y
;V j dG QWEdh d (dG) Jh dGh dG .1

;G jhGR Gch ,Y j dG VG J .2
fCG G
dG QTE VH JG TEd IQTEG .3
n
;e q e f SG EG j fCGh ,VG GQH q e
;dG W e gOYG M G dBG SH PEG W .4
UGdGh ,cG fEG jW Y ,G
dj gG AGHEG .5
n
SG Y J dGh ,SCGdG jH aGG IQTEG Y SSCG
;G
dj dG
n
H UM) ,G
e GL NBG H HG f gCG J .6
n
;(q G G e cCdG
.H e JdH dG H bJ feEH dG Wh dG .7
,(` :''bf'') ;(+ :' FGR'') GNHh YH HdG eG jhJ jh
fc EGh ` ar M
n HLEG jhd YGO h ...(2 G :''fdG'') ;(1 G :''hCG'')
dP C ` IQhV GSG We H r nG jhdGh ,
q e e bdG
EG HLCG J dG n G dG J Hj bh ,jW bh j
db e j hCG FL hCG e L GL dG j GPEGh .FeEG L
.VJ hCG ,b e IOYEG W hCG QSH IQOH Y ,n G
dG IOG Y f ,GSG AKCG ,FGO j CG dG Yh
CG Qj dG Gh eG Y cj S dP C ,S
SCG fCG GQe ,SCG H j CG Yh .dEG LM QdG
VG M UG FGQBG AGHEG j CG ,Y j fCGh ,QG
.G
Hh H GU EG dP ODj b PEG ,hG
n
G dG ``dO
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h ,GSG a dG edG AGLCG jhJ dG Yh

j bh ...YafGh ,OOJh ,dfGh ,dG U IJhh ,G
U
n
CG G eh .aGZJdG IQdH VhCGh AGLCG g e H Y
OSG e ,H hCG b ,GSG b d
q M QU J
n
.Y a Z dG G EG ,TQCG EG AdG
,`G
``dGh ``dG H hH j GSG CG h
n
''dG QN'' q `G `G b``d`H hCG e `èGdG `g Ea
e j d dG CG j e gh "off The record","hors enregistrement
,dG IOaEG LCG e a H j AGQBG hCG ee G
j
n
.dG jH
dJ dG ' HG SCG' N e GSG N dG e iq Jh
.cCG QG jJ LCG e n G HLCG SG dG M Y
dG d e jb d GSG AKCG j CG dG Yh
.fhdH hCG dH G
QT Od ,G
n
n
.SCGd SCGQ G
e GSG j CG aCG eh
n
GSG j :eG MG
JcGH e ,j EG dG j ,GSG AGLEG H ITe

.LRW H G GJ e dG
AGQBGh G e jJ LCG e LGe j ,GSG j Yh
e HGSG CG ae jh .dEG ,G GdG H VJh ,IQG
.dG G e U e U jJ M j ,IMGh YS
GDdG SSCG) N AYG GSG ZU Y dG YGjh
CG eh .Gh dG ie Y HPG d ,(hCG GGh
f IQhdH g d GSG AGLEG AKCGh b Iq n oG SCG JJ
.AGd JOe hN M
91
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GQq fi hCG (/S) ''GL/GDS'' cT Y Oj CG GSd h

.(QsG GSG)
fl jJ OGjEG e H ,(chapeau rG) GSG J Yh

.LCG jCGh eh ,GSG a iL dG d IQTEG e ,d
n
dG GSG fY
.n G dG HLCG e e'' dG GSG GY
,DhSG j dG ` FdG GdG SG Lj ,GSG GY
SG cP a j ba GH ` G dG HLCG e ,eGd
.(ihL d fc GPEG) GSG Seh Uh G
n
U Y GJ LhOe H G
dG c Vjh
n
He OQh e AadG Y SSCG j gG CG c .ITG
qbj CG ,L e ,j GSG AadGh .GSG f
EG dH ` jfK hCG VQY IQY e jdG JS hCG dG
G qLj CG ,iNCG L eh ,GY ie EG ` SSCG G
.Vproe hCG sae Z ZU IOYEG Y SSCG
, GSG jhY CG ,G
dj AadG gGcEG eh
n
HJ dG G Y dG pr oG Lg jh .dG EG ,f
.GSG AL e gCG LJh ,G
id SSCG G
n
e ,j hOh ITG U GSG e nn r
o G GdG Ojh
LCG e G eeh QNCG YU YJ dG G GY
Ze Y q G IjG eG hCG ,UG CGdG hCG ,IdG J CG
QGdGh dG e GdG jJ ,ccdG J ,G cJ) U
```TG CG `M CH Rj h .(...fMCG SCG J ,gZh
G dG ``dO
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H dh J c C ,Y qG G ` Gd IOUG ` G Y
.G
dG Y J
n
q GdG e j ,GjL e qdj
,(...) GSG e hCG GdG e GdG bG j CG qj h
.IAGdG (SG) Y hdG EG aGO j b
L Y YRq e ` G
Oq Q N e ` SSCG G c GPEGh
n
.GdG e gOGjEG ,GNd Hb Z
fl L N e MGh GY Zd pG NJ dM h
q fl Zh ,S GdG cJ j CG j ,G
d
n
.''(...) UCG eH
gdG Y .O ,''Q`dG EG dG bCG ,`dG G`dG :G dG dO'' : QG
. 49- 48 .U ,2006 ,eGdG
dG GSG IOL je
;gGdG hCG GMCG J GSG hj .1
;G
dGh dG H hdG Y j .2
n
;gq Deh GDc G
dG j .3
n
;a TOQO j .4
dG SDG hCG ,G
dG IQU d Sh d .5
n
;dEG j dG QdG hCG
:JUG jh H j dG GSG U dG a j .6
GSG ,CGdG GSG ,dG GSG , ,Uh ,QNEG)
;(dG VG GSG ,dG
93
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: Y J HN JGSEG dG a j .7
;VH EG (CG
;n G T ae (
;G jhGR V (
;GSG Qhfi j (O
;GSG g EG dH SCG JJ (`g
;''jdG SCG''h ''dG SCG ''OGYEG (h
;n Gh dG H QG UGJ JGSEG OGYEG (R
.jq q dG UY V (
:e c eh ,GSG MGe dG a j .8
;KdGh ''GSG b e'' e Y dG (CG
;n G dG e Ye NCG (
;GSG SCG OGYEG (
;GSG Ad (O
.GSG j (`g
G dG ``dO
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(Qq fih ,/S) LP :dG GSG

/S :hCG PdG
:(1)`dÙ `dG è QG`M ``b QG``f

''dG VQCG EG dG AS e dG
o dfCG''
N EG dG CG jJ fEG ,e Ve ,J fCG ,QGf CG
dP a Ue YT g c GPEG fCG YCGh ,SdG ej
SdG BG j ,dG J a :VGh Ggh ...fCG a
.?d dH Ic M d J ` Yd
:dG VQCG EG dG AS e dG dfCG fCG : Gk L H dG `

g G dG CG ke kfEG eDhCG c ` jdG JjGH e ` fCa
dG IQSCG EG .T Y c jdGh jGdG g SdG qCGh ,Sd
CG j Y f .S ,AdGh AGeCd ,UG d G
g n UC UCG Jb ...SdG g dG e hG j
EG UJh ,f dW GjO 1948 Y dH CJ bh .dG
.dG e CGj Gk AL SdG a j jT dOe
h ,QaC j GQOEG fEG CG ICa M GQOEG Gg g
?jNBG Y AGd T ...aQ fCG d
f g c .QGh YdG H Ic Ig g CG T jGdG e `

fTh .dG SdG hj CG hO j dG G dG QGG e
eYEGh jOCG W e b QGf YdG e (jQJ HOCG Kh j dG) QGG Gg LCG (1)
.H kHOCG kGQfi c eY 1973 jHCG H ''S .H .H'' `dG YGPEH dU dG GOdG
95
G dG ``dO
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c jdG dG e Mh gG dG e SG dG dG
Yh dG Yh ,jdG cGdG Y j c fC k U Gk T
jh ,OcCG GQL e j CG dG e OQCG fCa .aNdG
.e jh SdG jjh ,edG FGG
?GjO hCG QUCG e
.1944 Y eO QU bh ,''AGdG db'' GjO hCG `

YCG ''QdG EG bQh'' fGY Ib d GdH GjdG Gg
CG jJ Yh H Y ''fb ` H'' `dG e kYf a J fCG
Hh H ''fb ` H'' `dG GH e dR eCG .Qd eJ
?FQb
KK b b e qEG bCG CG SCG fCG .HdG ATCH eDhCG fCG `

ZCG'' J SCG CG SGh ,IG e QJCG fCG :fb g ,ke ,S
kJe j fEG CG YCG eY g CG EG .'' c L
g ` eCJ hCG ` dG J Y jG H fCGH dG jf ,ke .H
cCG CG hMCG ` j c ` fCGh ,U dH GJ jf
.GHCG eh aGdG e SdG H NOCGh ,IjL kfGQL
?L J fCG ` jdG Lh Y ` GPe J
,HdG fT eRCG Q .e TCG h ,e ATCG OLH eDhCG fCG `

Ne IMGh Ib Y IQY FdG fc fCG ,fG QY
b d hCG Y d j YdG CG j :HQc Qh Y
` INCG S dCG N HdG d dH ` c dG .fEG
Y IQY fc :e g e cG :cG e f Y IQY fc
j CG j Seb c dH f ` BG ` f .jd Ac
...S SedG Ea Gd .IdG j dG g fEG EGh ,Ib
G dG ``dO
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fGdGh cGdGh dCG e Yc dG jOhfi H S

f CG j fC df ,dG ,f .dG dG eQdG
.G UdG e IG e
.dH egG jUG AGdG cCG fCG ,QGf CG , j d
VGh d ,jM g jM d J U fCG
Y H J dG dG g dG G IOH egG T
?SMCG
dG dG YCG fCG ...dG e Y ,khCG ,f CG j ..dG PSCG `

HdG dG ShQO h SQGe h JeL k jW keR JUM
.dG ShQO h
?SGH Wfi
S hc dG g EG d dj Gfch ..SGdG e H Wfi `

OQG SaG EGh a ICG hdG J hCG J CG j
.SdG H j dG dG g fCG aCG dG dG .dG AG
.G f Ia EG H OYCG
M ,IdG CG Gg j g ...G f Ia EG ,kjCG ,H OYCG
:Y kLQN kY J .kT J d dH J ,J
?gJh J
YdG AH CG YCGh .jQJ Me EG ` cCG M ` J IdG `

.cG Y bJh IdG gY c dG jQdG MG
,AadG b e kYf d Gg kW .b RhCG CG ,kFGO ,MCG fCG
.dGh RhdH ,kFGO ,j d AadG .d AadG jT dh
b gc Fb Ghj CG j ,ke ,hc SfCG g
.IeG g dG Y LY fCG ,dG dBG bH S jY
97
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GHCG N fl jOGa Y IQY g b eO e

o C f `
GPEG fCG EG ,AH d Mj b U bR NJ b .IU N
H GPEa ,jOGa eeCG a :WGdG G GHCG e kHH a
jQG Gh SdGh OQdGh da :gdG L e L NJ
Gk QhO d G g .IMGh Ie eeCG HJ c adGh SCGh
db'') hCG jhGhO .jdG d jJ h JM ke
jHCG H cCG dG jHCG CG MJ ('' fCG'' , ''f dW'' ,''AGdG
Ib jQdG jQddG dCG e Gk c SGh ,eO
ahe Z jQS Jf ASCG SG :''eCG EG Fb N''
.SSCG g VQCH JQG ...''dG''h ''dG'' `c HdG dG H
EG
n bCGh Gk OM L bGdG g .YdG e g VQCG CG TCG
.AGdG e Z e dG jb
fCG UgQEG
o L
n J fc g ` n SQ c ` G ddG g
?kGYT S
L jW Y JAL dG KdG g EG :e Mf EG TCG CG MCG `

c ...dG N HCG g HdG G jQCJ IN d d
jf Gg c .HT QH TCG CG SCGh ,aQ RGW e kfa
` j c afi eO H n G n nJb .Y SdG dG
,KhQG c Me RhL bh .kW kMe ` dG Ie hC
h ,e EG gP :eO QGSCG QN EG dG N HCG f ch
gaY dG MG cG OGhQ e Gk FGQ j CG SG e
.dP H e
?cCG hCG Y dCH b GTY AGH HJ deR HGH CG
fCG :HQ HCG H Y T ,ke ,N .dG e j JQCG `

HCG H Y CG J fCG .jdGh VQCG bGdG H e JQCG
AGdG EG eGh dG jOGS e fCG LNCG c G NCG HQ
G dG ``dO
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o c d .dj CG SdG jj j YH :H eDhCG fCG .dG

EG ,dGh cGh dG e Gk c f Y ad k ae Gk YT
j CG g YdG è C :`Sh g YdG `d CG YCG fCG
ke j dG d`G `G QdG Y `J`be `b
.dG e
CG g ,e M EG ,gj e ` jhGhO ` ICGH YdG bY
Oj GUh Gf a bY :ICGG e Ie cQe YdG
?j cCG kM j
e eG EG :VhCG CG MCG f
n KCG d ...dG PSCG j T `
Gk T cCG L G jf .G jdG QOG g ICGG
.JjGH e MCG
.dG HH GC J fCa M e UdG QJh ,G j M `
dGh ,G dG g G eGQdG EG bCG C Yj Gg
e Gk S J a :kGL e Y dG EG ...kT j G
M eq CG .kGL ffCG Y IOdGh dG EG ...JOH J M
.dG GC j a ,eGQdG e G Nj hCG ,G j
? ''dH SdG'' Jb kYh eGQO Fb cCG e
YdG Z j dG eRCG ...eRCG Y kY Gk J J IdG g ``

IdG g ...MGh H jW j :Ohe e EG j M
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dG dG FdG AV h jQdG JdhDe eCGh f'' :VCGh

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d J ,je IQOe jCG YO Y UM dhDeh LGh Hh
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j T C bGY hCG NJ CG eCG GHCG ZEGh ,G bGG
J IjL U ah ,HCdh fG AfEG a j dG dG
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````````dG ``````SG .2
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:jdG HdG .5
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e Qj g H .''SG SGc'' j e c G `Xj h

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RhJ dG CGh UN ,dH d eCG dG id SS

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117
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RGHEGh ,bdG Jh ,dG Va ZdG Y dG a Uj

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SdG dG ihL Y c ASH dG e jdG jh

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.GeCG aO SGe hCG AMCG
QJjQdG'' EG j e bCGh ,hCG e ''GO'' cCG a ,dG dG eCG
dG e edG dc H ,a QGGh aCG S j gh .''QG
Gg ,MU GLH cCG e gh .MGh BG e heh d aGc
OdG Qd hJ b dG GMCG e G j dG GLdG
QdG j H dG j dG JG gh .TGe Z Iae
.eh e ICLGh G YGdGh jdG H J Sd d Qj
,SG dG a aCG EG ,a IRQdG edG J OdG jf d
155
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Tg X ,j EGh ,IAGd G dG (e hCG) e ,Y

.''ojf dG OdG'' de gCG Qf g eh .MU QfGh OdG
.jdG IQGT b LCG e QdG Y jdG g ANEG jh
CG ,Y j AH Ea ,QaCG YGJ j dG OdG c GPEGh
.(dG AH EG bCG) (la chute) jdG e bfG
jCGQ Y j CG OGSH e T dG OdG Jc EG
gEG e jQG GMCH OdG dGh .IQG VGG c
VGG EG jdG IQTEGh ,eCGh jQGdH KdGh ,LG
H e fQe ,GL Gb dG Od VGaG dG j bhG
.SLCG
CG dG SdG gh ,''dG N''`H dG OdG Hc Jh
G AdG N e f g j IH YbE QdG
SQdG d q j e Ggh ,OdG IAGb AKCG QdG j bh .Od
HUh .cG Gh IgG QaCG hY OdGh .f c hO
id EG h S Z U L e ` Jb
q S dc J dG
IadGh TdG g e HSCGh jdGh jQdG Je J b
.BG f
INCG hCG hCG dG j e dZ PEG ,e dG OdG eh
.(''fdG hCG''dc Y j dG)
G dG ``dO
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dG OdG fY
dG OdG GYh .dGh ,dGh ,AEG fGY j
.G f EG LdH EG eGe GQOEG dG MdG g
:(CG) e
eGh dG Y MdG
:() e
YL AZ
, ' QdG EG dG bCG ,dG GdG ` G dG dO' : QG

.2006 ,eGdG gdG Y
dG OdG IOG je
;''QG QJjQdG'' j e bCG .1
;Jc H j .2
;dG ObGh GNH j .3
;IeGdG GQTEGh ,GdGh ,jQdG SGh ,jdG EG .4
;jZ dh Sh a jdG .5
;Je jJ .6
;TgOEGh QaCG YGJ Y j .7
;(OdG e g Le jf Y j) ' o jf dG OdG'' .8
dG GMCG e G jh ,IG F e j .9
;TGe Z Iae OdG Qd hJ b
;IgG QaCG Y iCj .10
157
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P :dG OdG
!``KQ`f `f
(1)
j fCG EG ,edG H Uh QY jU CG e ZdG Y

GdOCG e TCGh ,fjdG dG U MU KQf dG db e Y
.YEGh adG gdH
SdG a Zj e cQOCG d :a M S Y KQf p So a
M Y HdG EG'' g FT de e Gg dG jh ,d ea
H eH EG G g J dG S QY jU Qj .''FGO
.FG e dG bh ,bdGh G e jG
j e AT c Gg eh dG Gh FdG G T QY Y
.IQ jCG Hj h ,e jCG j .AdG Y We d
h ,''WG d EG j '' e L Y EG Ie GP b
.GjL Y G YCG H e bdG MQ Lh d .dP Z AT
dG e ScCG L e GWCG J dG IdG GQdG e iTG
QfH UdG Y Tah ,G H Y M .G dLdG
HGdG dG h .MGh hR iS YH e j jCG KK GWh .FHdG
AM dG dG W EG gd Va ,e jdG dG FH Z
,f YdG j FH Lh d .g J ICLG fa ,dG
c .AGdH JW J j LQd ,SdG e Ic IL
c a ,YH dG cG fEG jU b .ge FdGh VGh dG
.HdG adG IYCG e j e gh ,f jW OdG Gg (1)

159
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GdCG Y FdG cQ a .a GdCH jh ,dG Vh VGh

,fCG eCG .HT eh Gh hdGh UCGh OQdc G HdG
ddh ,edGh FOdG GdCG Na ,knnM bhP L a :QY j
.NBG H ej OGOJ MHQCG CGHh ,GdCG H YQS
n p co a j j h ,AdG Y We EG dG dP e QY j
Lf GOQe UCG M JZQh SdG GhPCG d S H ,L Y
.FdG e d
H SJ dG YEG FShh dG J CG ,Gg Gh ,Y
ah MCG dh ,Gh
eQGdh ,QdGh GHCG d Me
q
FGa dh ,SdG e dG gH fGL a .gZh G
.!SdG GU e dG dhCG ,Ic U
G dG ``dO
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La critique
dG e .2
a hCG HdH e ,a hCG YGHEG ,K d J g dG e

e ,QG e jJ H ,q G dG OfG e SSCG jdG dh .LdG
.dG Ff cCJ Y a q j CG hO a dG f Lh AGHEG MG
,J Ve) VG Y eY Ia AYEG g dG e j eh
dG Y H j CG Y dP N e QdG Mh ,(...Me ,dDe
S Vh e ,dG Gh jG Y cdG jh .G
.V Qj dG dG edG cG hCG dG fEG
G SSCG IYb gh G IMH dG e jh
J d iU HN EG SSCG G j CG h ` dG
.(d dG fG) Ic IMGh Ia
OcCG dG dBH VG Vj CG dG Y jh
b M e XJ ,e Seb OYG ,dG dG ge)
dPh ,(...eQU GN hCG UJ EG UG ,jdG QG j
hCG YGHEG dH UG G H dG ae eGdEG e ZdH
.aKh dG
Qj H ,Vj dG HOCG hCG dG dG dG e j CG jh
OSG j e dZh .G dG S gCG NGO J e jhGR
,jdG ,dG IQU ,GdG) dDG d ''dG Y'' j e EG
GPEG dDG g Y We Ia j b e gh ,(...dG X ,dG
.q H d bCG Y hCG ,ec JAGd dG bdG dG NCj
e j h ,SSCG G Yj dG e dG jh
dG edG IdG e TJ dG J EG YVG Gh eG
.HOCG hCG dG dG Y fc
161
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Y hDG hCG VhG dG Md GOT OQj CG d h

dG dG e GOT bG j c ,` YG GHEG M `
J IQfl P gh ,YGHEG YCd dH UN dG ej
Jh .dDd edG YGHEG eG J CG j d ,dG FGd
J g GPf gcCGh ,dG JGP J fc G GOdG Xh
.RcGh bH q J dG
dPh ,dG aK e AL j dG HSCH dG e jh
,hG VH dG EH j CG QdG Y PEG) bEG LCG e
HdG H dG e Hc SCG qcjh .(dEG j dG H dch
,d j dG e CG h .dG SGh jJQdG L
GPEGh .dG Sd e jJQd bCG ,ZdG ie Y ,hj fEa
dG e EG dG eCG ,f dG SLCH dG e fQe T
Ud QdG AdG '''' dh ,a hCG a Y M ''SG''
.G M EG
N UN H AYG j ,Sd dH G g ch
.dG e flh
dG VG QT hCG G dG hCG dG GH SSG h
.dG e GY AH LCG e dG ej dG
h .dG GHE AYSG dG SLCG cCG e dG e EG
.Y j dG dG GHEG Y j YGHEG m nn H j CG NCG Gd
Hda ,''Tj a AfEG c'' de dG G Gg Y Jh
,(dG SG fG) jdG HdG EG cCG j FS a M
H SG hCG dG AfG e Yf dG ee YJh
SSG ,NBG fL e ,jh ...(e RG XJ) IG ZdG QdG
.G MUH
G dG ``dO
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UN ,(dG SG fG) bdG fd dG e AH jh

,jG
r MGh ,YVG Gh ,G JGH j e
.ITG Zh ITG Gh
j c dH G dG eG GQOEG dG e jh
.K CHh dEG UdG c ae e QdG
dG e fY
dq G ZH U c dGREG dG e GY q j
: e .HSCG d
''jG Y VJ ''dG e'' ba''
VdG ZH MLQCG
, ' QdG EG dG bCG ,dG GdG ` G dG dO' : QG

2006 ,eGdG gdG Y
dG e IOL je
;a hCG HOCG hCG a K Y M ''SG'' dG e .1
;''c'' `H e H e ,dG dG Y j .2
S Vh e ,dG Gh jG Y cdG a j .3
;dG fEG
;q G dG Y H qj CG Y QdG j .4
;q G dG j .5
;G IMH j .6
163
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;OcCG dG Y j .7
;aKh dG hCG YGHEG dG M d a dG jo .8
;q G dG S gCG NGO J e jhGR dG a Qj .9
Y hDG hCG VhG dG Md GOT dG e OQj .10
;(YG GHEG M )
;dG e e J a j .11
;(e SCG) dG aK e GAL j .12
jJQdG L HdG W e jb Hc SCG j .13
;dG SGh
;dG GHE AYSG dG SLCG cCG e g .14
;(dG SG fG) bdG fd DhH j .15
.dH G dG eG OQj .16
G dG ``dO
164
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P :dG e
`H``dG a``dG NBG
bGh H GdG Qd M (...) g ,e aK ,NBG IQU
,adGh ,GdG e ,Se jQJ hd bY J ,aK
,dG aK e bGh ,bGdG ,IG J Y , a .SbGh
h ,dG AdG LJh c e YGh OdG ` jdG ` h
dG dG MCGh ,jedG dGh bGGh ,YGh QaCG e k je
,SbGh ,aJh ,cMGh ,NJ T SQG U Y QJ
.dGh aGdG dM
''HdG adG NBG'' Hc GOdG M j dG Gg h
b e e HdG G NBG IQU ASG EG (2010 ,bdG QGO)
YJ IjG IdG g CG T h ,jdG dG EG kUh ,SEG
GMCG H e NBG CG kUN ,IG IQdG d keY ke
gBGQ c ,iNCG fjdGh iNCG dG IQU VY N e ,QdGh
KCGh ,fGLh NOh ,aK JQG ch ,kfb Y HQCG N dG
,dG g bNCGh adGh jObGh SdG bGe
.a gKCGh H gKCJ c Jh
e iNCG d dG jDhH WMEG Hc GOdG M hjh
Fb dG c CG e CG ,jdG dG M OG SOdG dG
dH dG Aa gDhah ,Y fi g fi c dG JjL
T EG dG e eG ,SGh jQWGeEG J d J CG EG ,dEG
SBG jOCGh dG GY d fGOh ,HhQhCG Z Lh jaEG
.kjCG HhQhCGh jaEGh
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bGG g Jh ,NBG e (dG) bGe Le VY ] b[ h

dP aGQ eh ,cG dG deh ,jQdG MGh jOCGh dG
hdGh SdG T CG (GOdG) jh .YGUh aN e Jh
,HdG FdG EG dH KEG NBG fc TMCGh fdG
g (HdGh SG bCG LQHh) Gh jOdG fjdG fch
Z eTh IL ae J LEH HdG FdG J h ,jdG N
n B G
YCG EG fOCG If dEG Jf fc ddh ,fjdG gh dG g
.fjdG EG dH YEG Ifh ,dG EG dH
S CGh dJh kb Vah ,IjL a e SEG M bh
,aK hCG L hCG d CG e CG ,Gfc KEG CG e dG H iha ,IjL
ddG ,kjOh ch ,IjL L JCGh ,dGh G IGhG cCGh
dhdG ebh MdG CGH EG eh .e bdG a ,dG gCG e ,YCG
IQU J h .jdGh KEG ,NBG EG IdGh gG J M jeCG
dMdG SCG a ,b bh hCG kVY hCG aU HdG adG NBG
QdG UGdG SCG c ,jJ QdGh NQDGh aGGh dG
.Jh IQdG g SQ gZh hGh YLGh ObGh
ObGh SdGh QGh dG UGdG CG T h
c ,kOe Gk KCJ fCG ,iNCG dGh dG H dG YLGh
.iNCG dG aKh eSEGh HdG adG jJ c QhO d c
L SJ dG SG g eSEG LG fc c G h
Sh SEG dJ fc c ,iNCG fjdGh ,iNCG dG EG IdG
.dG J dN e dG iCGQ dG IadG g G
dOY If fc ,dGh dG T EG dG If CG GOdG ijh
hCG HQ gh ,b e ,kFL ,dG g aj Gfc fC ,kf
bdG HhQhCG Th dGh ddGh QGh dG eCG ,d iJ
dH eCG dch ,g kHT fhj Gfc a (ehdGh fdG T)
G dG ``dO
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Sh T) dGh (jaEG Zh HdG T) AGOdG jaEG T EG

f bh .dG g dJh GOY hjh Hj Gfa ,(jaEG
dG g bGh M aGGh jG NQDGh QdGh dMdG
.M kFGO J Y IQU Gebh ,G jJ M H ,JGOYh
OfG K ,dG hG e kHhQhCG j CGH NBG CG e ZdG Yh
Ea ,YdG IQd ddG HhQhCG jQSG GhdG H dG H
adGh HdG GLdG dG Y kbe c NBG Gg e bG
HhQhCG QdH e ''HdG dG'' OGhQ c L a ,HdG
jG e S h ,gjeh jG dhdG AHh HhQhCG IQGh
QdG Y ka ,gZh dG ah dGdGh IGhGh WGbdGh
Gg CG hj Gfc ,iNCG L e ,d ,dGh YGQdGh YdGh dG
,JGhK fh Y IdGh OdG QSG j hY HhQhCG NBG
Ic jT CGQ f bdG fCG EG .gOLhh eCG Y N g dHh
.gQJ eh e IOSGh ,HhQhCG e bdG feEH dG jdG e
GLdG Gk c Gk QJ ,kHjEGh kS ,QJ NBG e CG GOdG Mjh
,Y SdG dG HdG dG Y M SEG b e e HdG
JOSh g OGeGh ,eSEG HdG dhdG JH QdG Gg KCJh
jdG hdG N ,jQJ Me c IjL Th IjL VGQCG Y
c dP AV h .WfGh Vh LGJ e K ,UN hCG KdG
d ,KEG NBG hCG jdG NBG AGS ,kGOheh Gk Ohfi SEG a NBG
OdG g jdG iG Y NBG c M ,kSGh Gk jY UCG
H UCa ,fdGh SQdGh G NBG KEG G h ,Gh
jdG fjdGh gGdGh jPdc ,IjL IjY fjO JCG SEG
G dG UGa KEG dG eCGh .jaEG fjdGh dGh
e ch ,jaEGh cJh jgh Uh ,HhQhCGh jSCG ,IjL T e
hdGh hdG H ,HdG adG NBG IQU J CG dG
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IQU e Oj dG FdG QG g dG QG ch .G
Gg NCGh ,SG g jdG SG VCG K ,SEG QX b NBG
,gCG QhdG j Gk Qa ,eSEG HdG MdG H jh Oj QG
g e dG O kdK Gk QWh ,KEG Qd e Y j NBG Gk QWh
.e bGh NBG
d G j dG dhJ dG jQdG MG OGeG CG Z
d ,kYJGh kY cCG H NBG Y IQdG Jh ,Me c cCG
Y QhGh ,fie jh ,I eY IQU J e GOdG
.dG Gg hXh fJ SCG
G dG ``dO
168
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L'ditorial
MaG . 3
jh .be Y dG ,CGQ Y GYEG e cCG ,hj U L MaG

j e gh ,BG f Y Geh jdG N e Ze bG Gg
J CG jh .''Ijd SdG dG Lh'' `H fMCG Y
jObGh SS dG CdG S J dG idG jd MaG
fC SG GH ,HdG UG ,MaG Jh .aKh YLGh
.hCG dG jJ gOLh Y ,MG OGG (QJ) J
e dZ jdG ICg e T hCG dG bJ MaG h
bH n r Jo dG MaG Jh .gj FQ hCG dG je j
J M ,Y G bH jdG ICg GdG Y GJ cCG dG
Y cCG Ie jdG ICg NGO e e T SH bJ dG MaG
.jdG N AZ MU be
,N aU EG CGQ aU e G Z edG adG Hh
QNCd hCG dG G d Mad HQdG IdG e Yf TJ
gCG J dG MaG Ea ,''kqoM rOOJ kqpZ rQoR' d qJh .LRdG
CG hO ,VGh be a Qj CG J dG jdGh GMCd gUQ e
Gg J J dG VGG aGSG a ,ej aJ MaG J
,CGdG U e NGdG dG OJ b fCG c .gAGREG dG G
.(jJ M) IMGdG dG NGO MaG e cCG J b hCG
e OY c IH IVM MaG J ,edG adG Yh
.jdGh ,jdG fh ,YSCG adG
Y gdG N e Y G bH bEG Y MaG Jh
Y IQhdH J gdG gh ,MaG Qfi dEG gj e U
169
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OGjEGh ,G YEGh ,argumentation L

q G Y J e QH G
.QdG UdG SCG XJh ,(JGdG) fCG Jh ,PdG
,''ditorial coup de gueule '' fdH Yj MaG e U gh
,KCd W SCG Y TG a j) ddGh G Y Fb gh
.(jb a qLG d
SdG dG EG ej e gh .jPh ,Hh ,SCGQ EG MaG Jh
.(G ,VdG ,eG) VGG
SCG hCG GDdG IQKEGh ,VG H ,zSCGdG{ ie Y ,jh
GPEG MaG Y J dG H qcJ CG ed H h .dM SSCG
dG OhG J Y Ze dG Ea EGh ,ahe G Gg c
a ,zdG{ ie Y eCG .he Zh GjL c GPEG ee
EG MaG Jc j ,zjdG{ h .bG J dG gGdG J
.H q d jq e AGdG j H SSCG G Y cdG
:MaG gdG
:(1)gdG LCG e MaG Jh
;QdG bEG fCT e dG FMEG bQCG eh YVG G .1

;a GL dGh a UG FbdGh GMCG .2
;IAdGh jH d OG QOG .3
bEGh G Gh SDG Y IQOdG HCGh jQdG .4
;bGH dG dhdGh
.dG UG dG ' JFL hCG GMCG H bdG '' GY IqWDG IOG dc fG (1)
G dG ``dO
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VGh MaG Y aGJ dG bG dG PdGh eCG .5

;bGhh Seh
;a dG dG e ce N Y dG YdG .6
h e J hO dGGh IdH Gh ,dG VGdG SCG .7
.cQR
IOe hCG Ije MhW J c GPEG UN ,dGh jdG ee
q .8
.f dG MhW Y bGG AVEG gj
dG CGj CG G a ,JJh gGdG AH j e eCG
j h .Ib bCG gGdH AfGh ,hCG jdG gGdG H
Y j H ,MaG j dP C e dG gGdG dG
.jdG gGdG OSE e ee jRJ
EG j fCG ,prescriptif jQH MaG N jh
dG e Sj CG dG Y jh .j CG j e EG LdG
.fc LdjjEH Zj dG MaG J CG eh ,OTQEGh YdG
hJ H ,fl dSCH G f QGLG j CG Y c
.(rnd) a nod AH O MaG
OJ C ,(MGdG VG) MGdG G J CG MaG Y jh
.VG IMH JG Jb gj ,NGO HG
EG IQTEG Y IQY a j h ,be MaG GY jh
.VG
171
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MaG IOL je
;jdG N e Ze j be Y MaG J .1
;''Ijd SdG dG Lh'' J .2
;dG CdG S J dG idG jd J CG j .3
;eGd G a j h ,gdG ee J .4
;Ib bCG EG ibCG e gGdG JJ .5
;Gh L
q G p r oJ .6
;PdG OQJ .7
;dG ''fCG'' a J dG UdG SCG XJ .8
;a VJ dG IgdG hCG H (SCGQ) Ne qcJ .9
;(jdG) jf SSCG G Y a cdG j .10
;LdjjEGh ,OTQEGh YdG Y a dG j CG j .11
.VG IMH J .12
G dG ``dO
172
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P :MaG
(1)
Gh dG e gH K
fEG .c H QG gG L 2003 Y GdG hd jdG dG

g jeCGh fjdG OG BG Lh ac jGQO Y
dh ,a f Gb jdG bGdG e BG GY Y gf ,G
dG d jObG dG ,bdG Z Y GY fc dG
189.3 VG KG j jeCG FdG W a .UGG jdG
Yh ,faCGh GdG jdG dG jd QhO dJ
.2008 Y e iNCG jY
GOYG ,SS SC jdG de e jdG SCG HCG dG
HU cCG eCG S WGdG Y j dG SfdG CG e
CG T g dh ,jeC eCG IQhdG QWEG Vj W CG MO
jeCG a dG GdG Y G EG gS fEG e G Gg
bGdG eG YH Ohfi Z H Jh ,L dCG 130 e cCH
.dG IH ,gGdG
d dLEG dG aS QGdG he Ea ,j e GPEGh
QhO fdJ 807 EG iNCG gQEG ae Yh faCGh GdG
.(...) 2001 e
JGSEG d HG Z TGh ce gGLCG SGQO UJ a
,QhO Qe 88 H hCG G M c CG EG ,G dG fRGGh
j GdG .QhO Qe 518 edG GdGh ,QhO Qe 456 jQdG G
.a M V j b G
.fjH Ij MaG (1)
173
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aM Y dhO H GdG .Gc d ?fEG Gg He fM GPe

HgQEG YG jJ .VdH J ShCG dG e .QfG
fjHh IG jd dhdG dG .OjORG NCG d ''eSEG''
.G EG LGJ
gDhMh jeCG gf dG d N dG GeCG CG c
Y IQGOEG AH GYG Y jeCG LQG ZQoCG a .Ya H J
jQH G eCG (Dyn Corp) QfjO cd aO QhO Qe 1.2 H
a aU dG LhCG ae e LGG j M ,bGdG WdG
XdG fGe a Y eY b c b ]U[ (...) fch .GeCG g
.QhO Qe ddG bGdG adG IQGRd dLEG YadG
HCG dG Cac a .a e Z EG g e FdG J eh
GQG U h .V OH e HG jeCG eCG cdG
dG hdG Gd dGh G e c dG .ISdG bGdG GQGRdG L
j e c Ea dP eh .GL Ic fc ,fjH dch jeCG JJ
.f AdG e jG g SdG JOb ej CG
G dG ``dO
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La chronique QdG cdG .4

q e ,MU a j dG HdG e U g QdG cdG
fE g Qj Ve dG dMEH ,dG e bG f h Qb
dG j ICg NGO e U QdG cdG MU j bh .gCH
hCG ,HdH Seh he d QdG cdG n r jo h .LQN e fhe hCG
IJH QdG cdG MU jh .ejQch G fRh d d
e Aah HGQ YG e c (YSCG J e dZ) ,HK QhU
''CGdG c'' q e HdG adG QdG cdG qc Oj bh .AGdG
.Gh FGG U Y jQhO IJH Qd nr oj jdG
c EGh gh ,dG NGO ''G U'' QdG cdG MU h
CG VG e dG aK Ea ,GMCG e dG AGQBG j
eCdG Y JQbh ,GMCG j Gh edG eEGh ,SGh J
.j e Y b J ,fGdGh dGh MCG SGh
Gg OY dPh ,QdG cdG Jc dEG gj e GJH QdG jh
UdG c LGQOEGh ,FOdG h ,dG Oe e NCG
e QdG cdG Ma dP ah .AGQBG e Mj bEd G
iU a J CG h ,IHY J CG FGQB jj h ,YLG dhDH
.j H hCG ej EG q J GMC NS
GSG LCG e AGSG EG QdG cdG MU Cj e dZh
GMCG Fj e dZ fCG c .jQGSGh dG HW d e
,edG Gh ,dG adGh ,WGdG ge EG dH gGdGh
jdGh ,IUGh ,dUCGh ,dGh ,edGh ,dGh ,IGhGh ,KGGh
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175
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fCG SG a Rj fEa ,MU e QdG cdG CG h

IOQGdG GdGh dG CG c .a J dG dG e Y ,G
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.IQhG iNCG G
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: VG jM
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g j`Lh ...aK hCG jO`bG hCG YLG hCG SS c AG`S g
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.
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176
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M e Y IQdG QdG cdG MU aJ e dZh

Y HPL j ,(dG Oe e) NBG M GhOCH e
.bEG SCG
WCJ) ,identit visuelle YdG (T) jH QdG cdG jh
e hdEG jdG aVEGh ,jJQdG MU IQU aQEG ,J hCG IOG
edG EG dG AGdG jT Y j (...AGdG e UGdG LCG
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(la chronique)
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jdG g QN c GPEG GdG Qfi Yh .MU eP Y j
jdG JS Ea EGh ,fdH G edG YGdH j CG
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.2006 ,eGdG gdG Y
177
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QdG cdG IOG je

;dG NGO GJGh G U .1
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178
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P : QdG cdG
eCd IYO ...dG HdG
CGh UN ,T b ?dG MGh e jd g :jU dCS
H cQGJ .dG QdG H dG EG HJ dG dG Y g
g CG J M H fEG :H jU OQ ?GDdG GP dh :dP
.dG QdG H dG EG HJ dG dG Y
j Q PEG ,jU GDS Y LCG fCGh Qhj T g c W
J ,U P Z d H dG hDT e T g
adG J h ,eG QOe e gDe Qc ej h ,dhdG H
dG aG dG Rjh GAdG j HjEG (jahH) jJQd IOe
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?dGh d e ,Hh
G cCG e g ''dG dh dG GWG'' de EG :jU j

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GH W e eCdG dG J dG QdG cCG e dG Hda
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Y Hfi jb Y EG ch ,WGdG Oc GdG H j H
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179
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dG SGM f J dG
dG LJ gh ,Ija jObG dG dG HdG EG

f W dG bdG dG eEH fCG Y Jh ,eH dG Qe
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.jQdG dhDH M d c GPEG ,NBG H
S OY f jJ gh ,f Qe 1.3 cS RhJ dG da
WMG hCG gh ,Y d Tf hCG g ,dG Y G
H fdG JG dG JCJh .dG c edG d Y
f h ,dG jObG ie Y jeCG IG jdG
f j e ddG JGh ,AdG Od dH Y LQdG
dG OhJh ,(2001 S QhO Qe 60) dG dH G fGG
e dG M CG hdG dG FMEG Jh .SGG e %50 `H
d Te dG g CGh ,%20 EG J Ld dG fEG
fEG e %60h ,edG YU e %70 `H dG Gg KCjh .2010 S %50
.dG FGdG LGQdG
e (WG OGQCG ) ''dG dG'' Hc QT jhCG jh
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cGT Y ` dG T UN ` e J H ,H R e
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.YCG bQCG ZH e Yhe j dG dG
G dG ``dO
180
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dG HG bdG
L g dG FdG (2006) VG jHCG H M a ,cdh

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:''jfhCG edG dG U''
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.''eT
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e M ,HdG dH fQe FG 28 IOjH ,2005 S jeCG QhO
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Y gh ,dhdG d J dG G OY g eh ,dH dG
181
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H dhdG S gh ,Y Y fHCG HH Md QG Gg
QJ M) dG H GYGh ,dG jN LefG LJ
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GM dG GQcdH H dG dG IQGRh J h 1997h 1984
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.?(GfBG HG eG
SCGQ Yh HdG hdG bGJ dG ` dG HdG dG EG
Y AGS gGdG IdG e e ` c Y jeCG IG jdG
Y hCG eG OcCG dG Y ,dG Y hCG OGaCG ie
ie Y hCG eG FGhdG ,G dG SDe cGe ie
NBG Y ej WN HJ JY Y dG HG GAdG
Ie dH edGh GH d LdG QdG SG J CG
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dh ...Y dW e d c'' :Cj CG jH iLCG S gHh
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182
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`````dG è .5
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FbdGh GMCG H bdG Y dG Y JOh fe e
c dG G Gg HQG hJ H ,dG V JG
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.e ,gP Y IQY G GH gh .GG jdG
G e L EG GOSG YV dG Y dG e jh
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OY ML d CG c ,pluridisciplinarit aG G OJ j
.d c Je XH dh ,e H KdG
Y Fb dmarche dmonstrative VJ f dG e jh
dG j CGh ,Seh GTe dG j CG jh .gdG
dG YEG j fCG c .OcCG dG G jdG jdGh
XJ eEHh .H d bW e GMCG Y eGh ,dG
.gdGh dd FKh e Ie hCG M GOT
,IjG QaCGh MGbG Y FGO e fCG dG e S eh
hCG (inclusion) AGMG Y gJ dG G bdG QSH dPh
RhdG hCG (exclusion) IaG hCG (intersection) WdG hCG (adquation) HdG
.(dpassement)
183
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Page 184
dG e JFL hCG GMCG H bdG VJ

hCG ddG hCG YdG M e '''' h ''CG'' H bY ebEG dhM GPEG
UGG a J ''CG'' CG Y ddG eEH fEa ,.dEG ,HjEG
J M ,dP e dG EG dG gj bh .'''' H IQcG
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J UGG g CG gOe UN EG ODj CG d h
QG J fCG hCG ,c J fCG hCG ,'''' h ''CG''
.c hCG gMCG
jW Y eEG ,'''' jH Me ee ''''h ''CG'' Rhj b dG CG c
.'''' h ''CG'' `d FG jdG hCG edG RhdG
: dG e AH
hCG Vh hCG KM ,VG dG Vj dG e Ne

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184
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Page 185
S e J ,FL UN Y dG G Gg j M FdG
.gH JCj Jh
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WdG IFG d TG dG YCG AfG je e

(@)dG UG 004 2 (G) ad idG
hCG SS dM hCG Vh hCG IgX Y j CG ]dG e[ Y l
;jdhCG GPh VGh dO d .dEG ,YLG hCG jObG
Jh G ie Y VdH j CG dG e Y l
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G J dG OhG e j CG dG e Y l
dG j h .WEG hCG M hO ,VG J Yj dGh
;FhH j dG jdG
.kpr eo h VGh j CG dG e j dG SSCG G Y l
.ddG Gg e Vh e jG g l
.ddG Gg dDe Vh e jdG g (@)

185
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(l'article d'analyse) dG e fY
Y QdG d ,dG f J EG dG G GY ''

EG Ob dG (...G ,eG) GG dG e ` G
.''dG e
dG UG iMEG hCG d edG UG GdG j bh
.IAGd HGL Ne J dGh ,gCG dG gj
j CG VG e fC ,OdG HH dG G GY jh''
j [ ,G Y j fCG c .YVeh ,dG eGU Y
.'']QNC bf L d fCG
Y ,''QdG EG dG bCG ,dG GdG ` G dG dO'' : QG
.2006 ,eGdG gdG
dG e IOL je
;GMCG AGQh e Vj .1
;''e gP '' g .2
;aH KdG Xj .3
;YVG dG j .4
VdG dG j .5
;aG G OJ j .6
;gdG j .7
;Se j .8
G dG ``dO
186
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Page 187
;dG dG o p r jo .9
;IjG QaCGh MGbG Y e .10
;G bdG j .11
;''GP'' IGOCG Xd G G e ,G L SSCG Y r jo .12
;GMCG AGLCG H dOG bdG j .13
;FG UG j .14
(N) dG UH j .15
187
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Page 189
P :dG e
cdG N e dP GM GhRa jdG jQG
FGdGh ``fEG CG ,j`dG FG `Y
dG Pf eJ
Ff jQG M d ,VGh VG SCG HfG UN
J fCGh Ye Ue A jLCG HfG g CG U .IL
CG Mf d ,V a NdG cQe fh fi FH
GJU ,VG dG GdG N QG G Ghf jdG ,G
AfCG c Le Yf J dLEG FdGh .Ic OGYCH G Gd
.dG Pf eJ gh ,HdG dG
,Ic jObG eRCG S dG EG GYCG N b d b d J
S eG EGh ,dhDe Z ae GQGb Y SSCG H f
(aG M) dG CG LQCG Y bJ d ,FdGh cdG Id
,M S (WGbhdG M) QdG CGh ,SdG MdG e QS
da ,M M dG g Mh QG G a ,fl dh
M j fa h ,fCG dG cG afi FG Ra ,VG
RdG Y aG Tj fjH h ,c T jCH RcQS f
M jdGh QdG Mh ,eY 17 e hCG Id WdG HfH
,G .j dG g dG Ea ,IOY cGTG WGbdG Rj
.fSEG gh CG ,Qj M j HhQhCG Mh c H g
Ea ,jObG HGVG e ZdG Y fCG EG FL dG Oj ?GP
Qj d .cGTG EG AdG j G CG jL J SdG e b
189
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Page 190
M Ya .gPf ej dG aG GMCG EG c Y dG jCG

,''eJ afi'' fCH f j hec jO fjH aG
Mh G dG Y eGU cCG HbQ Va EG IH Yj RcQSh
f Y IH aGJ ce fCGh ,dP Zh jjG GhY Y bCG
.ReH Sh dG j ,HhQhCG .fCG cGTG dG
jCG g d ,HhQhCG e aJ cCG IG jdG fc d
N e dP GM GhRa jdG jQa .IFdG YdG SdG fc
Lj e dZ dG IOG GOfG Yh jJ Fe Y cdG
GQaCG Gj a ,FGdGh fEH j a ,eHhC QG G
Geb eYh ,YLG FG Y GhOj hCG ae jObG
.Qjf jh T M c ,NdG Qf GhQKCG ,dH
SS LQ IOQdG G H SdG MdG j e aCG
QfG CG H Jh c H iCGQ a .VG dG J FGhCG
b dGh QdG H IdG IdG fch ,jL bGh Af EG iOCG YdG
GSCG Y e ObG Ia SdG YG e ,aJ bCG Sh EG d
AN Y j NdG j .e YLG eCG H jCG j
H KdH jeCG c bCG .IAdG Y H LdjjEG
PdG Ue AYEG N e edG dG hDdG IQGOE WGbdG
.jQdG SdG e H HhQ HhQ eCG AcPCG WGbd
ga ,K cP SH dG eRCd eHhCG GQH e h
G CH AdG GOfG jCG gh ,dG eCd QdG e GYdG
Gd ,QdG dG Y dG eY h ,j eT Z jdG
.MGdG g c e Y VGQ Z HM QdG a
J jeCa .fl dCG hJ ,dG jYdH j a d
dH J gGMEG ,dG jYdG b SSCG eRCG
d d hCG dCG dS eHhCG N CG hj .dH iNCGh
G dG ``dO
190
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8:04
Page 191
e jCG ASh jObG MdG e AS Gg .fdG dCG GJ

M jeCG e FH 85 Y KDJ dG eRCa :SdG MdG
dSQ CG hj dHh .e FH 15 Y EG KDJ dG eRCG CG
LQN a ddGh e U jYQ f jd'' :g dG EG eHhCG
.''dG Gg EG T e 45 f CG EG Y eh ,IdG Y
WGbdG cG ZU dG jYdG fb CG jeCG ij
b fH TCG gh ,OG WGbdG WGbdG e H dG
YGdG Vj b Gg .ReS Q dh fL hd FdG Zj
GdG N ddG JQG GPEG .G Vj d d ,d dG
jgL GY dG S GhN b WGbdG S ,G dG
.jObG FG AcCG fCH Hc
dG J SdG EG HM Hh c f eY
CG Y c) . aj GhCGH K ,jGdG aG T ,VG
EG e hCG K H QdG T ,HhQhCG .(VQG Y fCG Gh
GPEG ,G dG GdG N d ,jeCG QJ QeCG GJ .dG
gCG eHhCG LGj a ,SM H SdG EG QG G fG
.WEG Y SFQ
191
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N
f ,''G YEG e'' dG SLCG CG dG Y K M
GhOCG j jdG da .Ve P Z fH h ,ZH aJ hf
g CG VG e dG ''G aG'' GQOEG ,dTG
.jGdG W Y GHCG j gGJ ddh ,gZ Y
H ,(OdG H) e
,eL j CG ddG Gd fOQCG bh
u
Y dG jh ,fGL L Y L c `q j dG LZGdG
.M Y L d dH dG SQG LQO YCG EG UdG
.e d `q fi c EGh ,ddG Gg Ge Gg a
Y AH) Qe H dG SLCG H g dDG Gg e EG
g jdG hCG ,SQG d Z CG f f PEG ,(e hCG dG
GQOEG Y dPh ,''dG SLCG WQN'' ae Y ,jdG QW
feEG e ,dd J ,IOSGh ,d IQhe g dG (FXdG) VGZCG
GP f Yh G Y dG LCG e G H NJ dG FdG
.''HGQ S'' J CG W ,bdG
,(hCG LQH jdG SFQ) jjdG IQGOEG EG dG dG Y Zh
,eSdGh ,ddG AVE ,WQG H EG Y ASG
HdG Y dG M dch ,MJ dG OGG Y HPGh
dG SLCH EG j h .gMCG dG hCG H SLCG
,dG GOGSG J PEG ,he H V adG SQ e dG
hG gG hCG ,NBG hO L IOLEG e eY ,JGAch
id SLCG aK J CG dG H ,JGP M Y Gg dh .H
.UCG V dG
193
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8:04
Page 194
d Nc jjCG H dG G OYH ,ddG Gg AGb f Gdh

W b ,HdG dG Ve g c dG SLCG H hdG
LCG e ...Yf aVEG a d J CG H SLCG dG
.VdGh QG Y J e HCGh ,G c e gG
G dG ``dO
194
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Page 195
aGZH
dhdG QGdG ,hDhdG Y c LJ ,G dG ,(L) g
.d ,jdG ,IgdG ,jRdGh d
.2001 ,OQCG ,jRdGh d QGO ,QNCG Hc a ,(QdG Y) OGL
,eG Y dG dG ,(AS) MdG Yh (M) f fi
dG ,eG dG QGO ,dG jOMCGh dG Hch j
.2005 ,(IG HdG GQeEG)
,AfCG fl hCG Rf SDe ,G adG dO ,(GQjO) JH

.(HGdG Y e) , www.newslab.org, 2006.
eYEG' T ,FSG HdG ad ''jQCG'' dO ,G QO Y
.2009 ,fdG e cGH ' jQCG' HY FSG aU LCG e
e hH ,dG SG :G dG dO ,(gdG Y) eGdG

YEd dG Gh HG ad WdG HdGh fdG e
.2004 ,JGh
,(gdG Y) eGdG
dG bCG ,dG GdG :G dG dO
.2006 ,QdG EG
Antoine (Frdric) et autres, Ecrire au quotidien, du communiqu de presse

au nouveau reportage, ditions Vie Ouvrire, Bruxelles, 1987.
Boucher (Jean-Dominique), Le reportage crit, ditions CFPJ, Paris, 1993.
Ferguson (Donald L.) et Patten (Jim), Journalism today, fourth edition,

National Textbook Company, 1993.
Florio (Ren), Lcriture de presse, Trimdia, Lille, 1984.
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Gaillard (Philippe), Le reportage, Prcis de journalisme, dit par lInstitut

International de la Presse, 1973.
Gurin (Louis), Manuel de secrtariat de rdaction, CFPJ.
Guide des sources dinformation, Presse et formation, ditions CFPJ, Paris, 1995.
Harkrider (Jack), Getting started in journalism, National Textbook Company,

second edition, 1993.
Hervouet (Loc), Ecrire pour son lecteur, guide de lcriture journalistique,

Ecole Suprieure de Journalisme, Lille, 1979.
Lagardette
(Jean-Luc Martin), Les secrets de lcriture journalistique, crire,

informer, convaincre, dition Syros, Paris, 1994.
Lexique des termes de presse, ditions CFPJ, Paris, 1991.
Ross (Line), Lcriture de presse, lart dinformer, Gatan Morin, Paris, 1990.
Strentz
(Herbert), De source bien informe... lenqute journalistique,

Nouveaux Horizons, 1978.
Voirol
(Michel), Guide de la rdaction, ditions du CFPJ, Paris, 1993.
Ferguson (Donald L.) et Patten (Jim), Journalism today, fourth edition,

National Textbook Company, 1993.
Florio (Ren), Lcriture de presse, Trimdia, Lille, 1984.
Furet
(Claude), Le titre, pour donner envie de lire, Centre de Formation et de

Perfectionnement des Journalistes, n 49, 1995.
Gurin (Louis), Manuel de secrtariat de rdaction, CFPJ.
Harkrider (Jack), Getting started in journalism, National Textbook Company,

second edition, 1993.
Journalism in the New Millennium, Sing Tao School of Journalism,

University of British Columbia, 1998.
Mouriquand (Jacques), Lenqute, ditions du Centre de Formation et de

Perfectionnement des Journalistes, n46.
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الأجناس الصحفية مفتاح الإعلام المهني

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Ajnase Sahafiya-44 BLEU

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