Small Strain Hardening Soil Model - Presentation

Hardening Soil model with small strain stiffness
Andrzej Truty
ZACE Services
25.08.2009
Andrzej Truty ZACE Services
Introduction
Hardening Soil (HS) and Hardening Soil-small (HS-small)

models are designed to reproduce basic phenomena exhibited
by soils:
densification
stiffness stress dependency
plastic yielding
dilatancy
strong stiffness variation with growing shear strain amplitude
in the regime of small strains ( = 106 to = 103 )
this phenomenon plays a crucial role for modeling deep
excavations and soil-structure interaction problems
NB. This model is limited to monotonic loads
Introduction
HS model was initially formulated by Schanz, Vermeer and
Bonnier (1998, 1999) and then enhanced by Benz (2006)
Current implementation is slightly modified with respect to
the theory given by Benz:
simplified treatment of dilatancy for the small strain version
(HS-small)
modified hardening law for preconsolidation pressure
modified form of the cap yield surface (2009)
This model seems to be one of the simplest in the class of

models designed to handle small strain stiffness
It consists of the two plastic mechanisms, shear and volumetric
Small strain stiffness is incorporated by means of nonlinear
elasticity which includes hysteretic effects
Notion of tangent and secant stiffness moduli

Initial stiffness modulus Eo
Unloading-reloading modulus Eur
Secant stiffness modulus at 50 % of the ultimate deviatoric
stress qf
250
Eo
q [kpa]
200
1 1
150
100
qf
qun
E50
0.5 qf
q50
Eur
1
50
3=const
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
EPS-1 [-]
Remark: All classical soil models require specification of Eur

modulus (Cam-Clay, Cap etc..)
Stiffness-strain relation for soils (G /Go ())

G - current secant shear modulus
Go - shear modulus for very small strains
Atkinson 1991
Notion of treshold shear strain 07

G
() curve an additional
Go
characteristic point is needed
To describe the shape of
It is common to specify the shear strain 0.7 at which ratio

G
= 0.7
Go
0.7
07
Influence of void ratio and confining stress p on

G /Go ())
Cohesionless soils
Wichtmann and Triantafyllidis (after Benz)
Influence of plasticity index PI on G /Go ())

Cohesive soils
(Vucetic and Dobry (after Benz (PhD thesis))

Remarks
1
Results for PI < 30 are confirmed by other researchers while

these for PI > 30 should be used with a special care (Benz)
Stokoe proposed linear interpolation for 0.7
0.7 = 104 for PI = 0 to 0.7 = 6 104 for PI = 100
Dynamic vs static modulus

Relation between static Young modulus Es , obtained from
standard triaxial test at axial strain 1 103 , and dynamic
Young modulus (the one at very small strains) Ed = Eo is
shown in diagram published by Alpan (1970) (after Benz)
100
Ed
Es
Ro
ck
co h
es i
10
ve
so i
ls
gran
1
1000
u l ar
soil
Es [kPa]
10000
100000
1000000
Shear modulus for very small strains

0
Go = A f (e)OCR
p
pref
!m
Hardin and Black (1978)
Soil
emin
emax
A [kPa]
Clean sands
0.5
1.1
57
Undisturbed
clayey soils
and crushed
sand
0.6
1.5
33
Undisturbed
cohesive soils
0.6
1.5
16
(2.97 e)2
0.5
1+e
Kim
Loess
1.4
4.0
1.4
(7.32 e)2
0.6
1+e
Kim
f (e)
m
2
(2.17 e)
0.4
1+e
2
(2.97 e)
0.5
1+e
Ref.
Iwasaki
Hardin
and
Black
Poisson coefficient for very small strains
Poisson ratio varies in the range = 0.1..0.3 in small strain

domain
Its value in further derivations will be kept constant (by
default = 0.25)
HS model: general concept

Double hardening elasto-plastic model (Schanz, Vermeer,
Benz)
Nonlinear elasticity for stress paths penetrating the interior of
the elastic domain
600
500
Cap surface
q [kPa]
400
300
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
p [kPa]
Graphical representation of shear mechanism and cap surface

HS model: shear and cap yield surfaces
Graphical representation of shear mechanism and cap surface

HS model: shear mechanism

Duncan-Chang model as the origin for shear mechanism
250
q [kPa]
qf 200
M-C limit
150
100
50
0
0
Eur
qf
E50
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
eps-1
HS model: shear mechanism

700
=0.1=const.
600
M-C
q [kPa]
500
=0.01=const.
400
300
200
=0.001=const.
=0.0001=const.
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
p [kPa]
qa
q
q
2
PS
E50 qa q
Eur
2 sin()
qf =
( + c ccot)
1 sin() 3
qf
qa =
Rf
f1 =
Flow rule for shear mechanism, dilatancy and hardening

1 3 1 + 3
sin m
2
2
sin m sin cs
sin m =
1 sin m sin cs
1 3
sin m =
1 + 3 + 2c cot
sin psi_m
g1 =
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
Contractancy cut-off
Rowes dilatancy
Domain of
contractancy
0
10
20
Domain of
dilatancy
30
40
50
60
phi_m [deg]
d PS

= d1
g1
g1
g1
1 2 3

= d1
Cap mechanism
q2
+ p 2 pc2
M 2 r 2 ()
r () is defined via van Ekelens formula (like in Cam-Clay
model
q2
Plastic potential: g2 = 2 + p 2
M

pc + c cot m
Hardening law: d pc = d2 2H
p
ref + c cot
Yield condition: f2 =
Remarks:
1
M and H parameters can be estimated for assumed KoNC and

tangent Eoed modulus set up at a given vertical stress
Additional strength criteria

Mohr-Coulomb yield condition
1 sin
2c cos
3
=0
1 + sin
1 + sin
Mohr-Coulomb plastic flow rule
f1 = 1
g1 = g1
NB. Here same plastic flow rule is used as for the shear
mechanism f1
Rankine yield condition (tensile cut-off)
f3 = 1 ft = 0
where: ft is the assumed tensile strength (default is ft = 0)
Rankine plastic flow rule(associated flow rule is used)
g3 = f3
Stiffness stress dependency
ref
Eur = Eur
ref
E50 = E50

3 + c cot
m
ref + c cot

3 + c cot m
ref + c cot
Remarks
1
Stiffness degrades with decreasing 3 up to 3 = L (by

default we assume L =10 kPa)
Extension to small strain: new ingredients

To extend standard HS model to the range of small strain Benz
introduced few modifications:
1
Strain dependency is added to the stress-strain relation, for

stress paths penetrating the elastic domain
The modified Hardin-Drnevich relationship is used to relate
current secant shear modulus G and equivalent monotonic
shear strain hist
Reversal points are detected with aid of deviatoric strain
history second order tensor Hij ; in addition the current
equivalent shear strain hist is computed by using this tensor
Hardening laws for PS and pc are modified by introducing hi
factor; this factor for very small strains is much larger than
1.0 and decreases to 1.0 once the shear strain hist exceeds
certains strain amplitude c
Certain constractancy is allowed in the plastic flow rule for
shear mechanism
How does it work ?

N
N-1
N+1
plot from paper by Ishihara 1986

At step N : histN1 = 8 105 histN = 104
At step N + 1 : histN = 0 histN+1 = 2 105
max
Primary loading: histN+1 > hist
max
Unloading/reloading: histN+1 hist
Go
Hardin-Drnevich law: G =
hist (secant modulus)
1+a
0.7
Shear tangent modulus cut-off

G
Gur
c
0.7
c =
a
r

Go
1
Gur
Modifications: Dilatancy
PHI = 40, PSI=10
PHI = 30, PSI=5
10
20
Scaled Rowes dilatancy

D = 0.25
15
10
-5
-10
-15
10
20
30
Dafalias,Li
(after Benz)
-20
5
0
-5 0
-10
-15
-25
-30
40
PSI_m [deg]
PSI_m [deg]
Rowes dilatancy
Scaled Rowes dilatancy

D = 0.25
10
20
30
Dafalias,Li
(after Benz)
-20
-25
Rowes dilatancy
-30
-35
PHI_m [deg]
PHI_m [deg]
40
Setting initial state variables: oPS and pco

Given: o , OCR
Find: oPS and pco
600
500
Cap surface
q [kPa]
400
SR
300
Shear mechanism
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
p [kPa]
Procedure:
Set effective stress state at the SR point
ySR = yo OCR
xSR = zSR = y KoSR

600
500
Cap surface
q [kPa]
400
SR
300
Shear mechanism
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
p [kPa]
Procedure:
For given SR state compute oPS from plastic condition
f1 = 0
For given SR state compute pco from plastic condition f2 = 0
Remarks
1
KoSR = KoNC 1 sin() in the standard applications

(approximate Jakys formula)
KoSR = 1 for case of isotropic consolidation (used in triaxial
testing for instance)
For sands notion of preconsolidation pressure is not as
meaningful as for cohesive soils hence one may assume
OCR=1 and effect of density will be embedded in H and M
parameters
Setting M and H parameters based on oedometric test
600
500
Eoed
q [kPa]
400
300
q*
200
100
p*
0
0
100
200
300
400
p [kPa]
500
ref
oed
Setting M and H parameters based on oedometric test

Assumptions:
1 At a given ref vertical stress both shear and volumetric
oed
mechanisms are active
1 + 2KoNC ref
ref
2 p =
oed while q = (1 KoNC )oed
3
3 A strain driven program is applied with vertical strain
amplitude = 105 and resulting tangent oedometric
modulus is computed as Eoed =
4 The two conditions must be fulfiled: K coefficient generated

o
by the model must be equal to the one set by the user (using
Jakys formula for instance Ko = 1 sin ) and tangent
oedometric modulus generated by the model must be equal to
the value given by the user
5 If we take the data from the experiment we must be sure that
the given oedometric modulus corresponds to the primary
loading branch of curve
Material properties
Parameter
ref
Eur
ref
E50
ref
m
ur
Rf
c
emax
ft
D
M
H
OCR/q POP
Eoref
0.7
Unit
[kPa]
[kPa]
[kPa]
[]
[]
[]
[kPa]
[o ]
[o ]
[]
[kPa]
[]
[]
[kPa]
[/kPa]
[kPa]
[]
HS-standard
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
HS-small
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
User interface
Remark
1 HS/HS-small model can be actived only in the Advanced
mode
User interface: Elastic properties
User interface: Elastic properties (HS)

Remarks
1
Standard HS model is activated if Advanced checkbox is

set OFF
ref is the unloading/reloading Young modulus given at the
Eur
reference stress ref
ur is the unloading/reloading Poisson coefficient; it varies

from 0.15 to 0.3, hence for sands it is recommended to
assume ur = 0.2..0.25 and for clays ur = 0.25..0.3
m is the exponent in stress dependency power law; it varies

from m = 0.4 to m = 0..6; it is smaller for dense sands and
larger for clays
L is the minimum allowed reference stress value used for

evaluation of stiffness moduli
User interface: Elastic properties (HS-small)

Remarks
1
HS-small model is activated if Advanced checkbox is set

ON
The HS-small model requires two additional parameters:

Young modulus at very low strains Eoref at the reference stress
ref and threshold shear strain 0.7
In case of lack of information on Eoref one may try to estimate

Eoref based on Alpans diagram assuming Es = Eur
In the current implementation 0.7 is assumed to be constant
In case of lack of information on 0.7 the diagram by Vucetic

and Dobry can be used for cohesive soils and diagram by
Wichtmann and Triantafyllidis for cohesionless ones
User interface: Plastic properties (HS/HS-small)

Remarks
1 All material properties collected in group Nonlinear are
common for HS and HS-small models
2 In the advanced mode one may activate tensile and dilatancy
cut-off conditions, set up the multiplier D for Rowes
dilatancy law in the contractant domain (for HS model the
default value is D = 0.0 and for HS-small D = 0.25),
3 E ref is the secant Young modulus at 50 % of failure deviatoric
50
stress qf derived from the q 1 curve in drained triaxial test
4 is the friction angle
5 is the dilatancy angle
6 c 0 is the effective cohesion
7 R is the failure ratio (default R = 0.9)
f
f
8 f is the tensile strength (default f = 0)
t
t
9 e
max is the maximum allowed void ratio; if current void ratio
exceeds the emax dilatancy angle is switched to = 0

Remarks
1
Cap surface parameter M and hardening parameter H are

derived by using a simple calculator which simulates an
oedometric test; for given tangent oedometric modulus Eoed
ref and for assumed K NC
at a given reference vertical stress oed
o
parameter (here Jakys formula can be used) values of H and
M are evaluated (press button Evaluate M,H ); one may
ref
m
oed + c cot
ref
assume Eoed = E50
as a default value
ref + c cot
Setting the initial state variables oPS and pco can be carried
out by means of assumed OCR or preoverburden pressure
q POP
To compute KoNC from Jaky formula press button
Use Jakys formula for KoNC
Remarks
1
Pairs KoSR and OCR (OCR 1.0) or KoSR and q POP are
needed to setup the initial position of the cap surface and the
initial value of the hardening parameter PS
min is the minimum allowed value for the initial
pco
preconsolidation stress
Converting MC to HS model: general idea
Question: Having calibrated standard MC can we convert it to HS

model ?
ref and cap surface parameters H and M
Stiffness modulus Eur
can be estimated by running an inverse analysis of a plane
strain problem of a soil layer loaded by a strip loading q
q = 0.5 qult with qult being the approximate ultimate limit

load density
The template data files for MC and HS model can be found in
the CFG directory under names: template-foot-MC and
template-foot-HS
Converting MC to HS model: indentation problem

1m
A
q = 0.5 qult
10m
10m
User interface: Converting MC to HS model
Given: dry , Koinsitu ,ur , ref , L , m, , , c 0 , OCR, KoSR ,

ref
ref
E50
Eur
=
....
and
= .... and Young modulus that user
ref
ref
E50
Eoed
would assume in the simulation with a standard MC model
ref
Find: Eur
Convert MC to HS model: algorithm

The estimation idea is as follows:
1
We know parameters to be used in the simulation with aid of

a standard MC model: E , dry , Koinsitu ,ur , , , c 0
Now we want to use HS/HS-small model but we do not know

ref , H and M parameters
on how to estimate Eur
We select a plane-strain problem of a strip loading q applied

to a uniform layer of soil as a template problem
We assume the additional parameters for HS model: L , m,

E ref
OCR, KoSR and the two coefficients ur
= .... (default is 3)
ref
E50
E ref
and 50
= .... (default is 1.0)
ref
Eoed
ref , M
We run the optimization procedure which yields the Eur
and H such that the settlement at point A obtained from MC
and standard (!!!) HS model are the same
Example: triaxial test on dense Hostun sand

6
5.5
120000
100000
4
HS-std
HS-small
3.5
3
80000
G [kPa]
SIG-1 / SIG-3 [kPa]
5
4.5
2.5
HS-std
HS-small
60000
40000
2
20000
1.5
1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0
0.00001 0.0001
0.1
-EPS-Y [-]
0.001
0.01
0.1
EPS-X - EPS-Y [-]
(a) 1 (1 ) (Z Soil)
3
(b) G () (Z Soil)
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.08
0.07
0.06
HS-std
HS-small
2.5
2
0.05
-EPS-V [-]
SIG-1 / SIG-3 [kPa]
3.5
0.04
HS-std
HS-small
0.03
0.02
0.01
1.5
0
1
-0.01
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
-EPS-Y [-]
(c) 1 (1 ) (zoom) (Z Soil)

3
-0.02
-EPS-Y [-]
(d) v (1 ) (Z Soil)

6
200000
5.5
180000
SIG-1 / SIG-3 [kPa]
160000
4.5
140000
HS-std
HS-small
3.5
3
G [kPa]
2.5
120000
HS-std
HS-small
100000
80000
60000
40000
1.5
20000
1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0
0.00001 0.0001
0.1
EPS-1 [-]
0.001
0.01
0.1
EPS-1 - EPS-3 [-]
(a) 1 (1 ) (Z Soil)
3
(b) G () (Z Soil)
4
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.08
0.07
0.06
HS-std
HS-small
2.5
2
0.05
EPS-V [-]
SIG-1 / SIG-3 [kPa]
3.5
0.04
HS-std
HS-small
0.03
0.02
0.01
1.5
0
-0.01
1
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
EPS-1 [-]
(c) 1 (1 ) (zoom) (Z Soil)

3
-0.02
EPS-1 [-]
(d) v (1 ) (Z Soil)

6
300000
5.5
250000
200000
4
HS-std
HS-small
3.5
3
G [kPa]
SIG-1 / SIG-3 [kPa]
5
4.5
HS-std
HS-small
150000
100000
2.5
2
50000
1.5
0
0.00001 0.0001
1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.001
0.01
0.1
EPS-1-EPS-3 [-]
EPS-1 [-]
(a) 1 (1 ) (Z Soil)
3
(b) G () (Z Soil)
4
0
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.07
0.06
HS-std
HS-small
2.5
2
0.05
EPS-V [-]
SIG-1 / SIG-3 [kPa]
0.02
0.08
3.5
0.04
HS-std
HS-small
0.03
0.02
0.01
1.5
0
-0.01
1
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
EPS-1 [-]
(c) 1 (1 ) (zoom) (Z Soil)

3
-0.02
EPS-1 [-]
(d) v (1 ) (Z Soil)
Estimation of material properties: input data
Given 3 drained triaxial test results for 3 confining pressures:

3 = 100 kPa
3 = 300 kPa
3 = 600 kPa
Shear characteristics q 1
Dilatancy characteristics v 1
Stress paths in p q plane
Measurements of small strain stiffness moduli Eo (3 ) for the
assumed confining pressures (through direct measurement of
shear wave velocity in the sample)
Estimation of material properties: stress paths in p-q

plane
Estimation of friction angle = cs and cohesion c
q
Residual M-C envelope
M* =
6 sin
3 sin
c* =
6c cos
3 sin
p
If we know M and c then we can compute and c:

3 M
3 sin
= arcsin
c = c
6+M
6 cos
Estimation of material properties: stress paths in p-q

plane
Estimation of friction angle = cs and cohesion c
3000
2500
2358/1386=1.7
2000
q [kPa]
2358
1500
1000
500
1386
0
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
p [kPa]
Here: = arcsin
3 1.7
42o
6 + 1.7
c=0
Estimation of material properties: dilatancy angle

0.06
0.05
0.04
EPS-V [-]
1
0.03
Dilatancy cut-off
0.02
0.01
0
-0.01
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
EPS-1 = - EPS-3 [-]

= arcsin
d
2+d
Estimation of material properties: dilatancy angle
0.06
0.05
0.04
d=0.75
V 0.03
0.02
0.01
0
-0.01
-0.02
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

= arcsin
0.05
0.06
0.75
2 + 0.75
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
16o
Estimation of material properties: Eoref and m
Analytical formula: Eo =
Eoref
3 + c cot
m
ref + c cot
Measured: shear wave velocity vs at 1 = 106 and at given
confining stress 3
Compute : shear modulus Go = vs2
Compute : Young modulus Eo = 2 (1 + ) Go
3 [kPa]
100
300
600
Eo [kPa]
250000
460000
675000
Analytical formula: Eo =
Eoref
3 + c cot
m
ref + c cot
Measured: shear wave velocity vs at 1 = 106 and at given
confining stress 3
Compute : shear modulus Go = vs2
Compute : Young modulus Eo = 2 (1 + ) Go
3 [kPa]
100
300
600
Eo [kPa]
250000
460000
675000
Plot Eo vs 3
800000
Eo [kPa]
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
[kPa]

Reanalyze Eo vs 3 in logarithmic scales
13.1 12.55
Averaged slope yields m; here m =
= 0.55
1.0
Find
ofthe line with axis ln Eo at
intersection
3 + c cot
ln
=0
ref + c cot
Here the intersection is at 12.43 hence
Eoref = e 12.43 2.71812.43 = 250000 kPa
13.6
13.4
13.2
ln Eo 13
12.8
+ c cot
ln ref3
+ c cot
12.6
12.43
12.4
12.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Estimation of Eoref from CPT testing
To estimate small strain modulus Go at a certain depth one

may use empirical formula by Mayne and Rix:
q 0.695
Go = 49.4 t1.13 [MPa]
e
qt is a corrected tip resistance expressed in MPa
e is the void ratio
Note: this is very rough estimation
Best solution: Perform triaxial testing and project on CPT
profile to adjust empirical coefficient (49.4) for a given site
ref
Estimation of material properties: E50
Lets us find E50 for each confining stress

2500
E50 ( 3 = 300 kPa )

1
2000
E50 ( 3 = 600 kPa )

1
1500
E50 ( 3 = 100 kPa )

1
q50f ( 3 = 100)
1000
q50f ( 3 = 100)
500
q50f ( 3 = 100)
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
ref
Estimation of material properties: E50
Reanalyze E50 vs 3 in logarithmic scales

Here we can fix m to the one obtained for small strain moduli
Find
ofthe line with axis ln E50 at
intersection
3 + c cot
ln
=0
ref + c cot
Here the intersection is at 10.30 hence
ref e 10.30 2.71810.30 30000 kPa
E50
11.4
11.2
11
10.8
ln E50
+ c cot
ln ref3
+ c cot
10.6
10.4
10.30
10.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Estimation of material properties: Eurref
The unloading reloading modulus as well as oedometric

moduli are usually not accessible
ref once we know
We can use Alpans diagram to deduce Eur
ref
E
Eoref (default is ur
= 3); for cohesive soils like tertiary clays
Eoref
this value is larger
For oedometric modulus at the reference stress ref = 100

ref = E ref
kPa we can assume Eoed
50
0.7 = 0.0001...0.0002 for sands and 0.7 = 0.00005...0.0001
for clays
Smaller 0.7 values yield softer soil behavior
Conclusions
Model properly reproduces strong stiffness variation with shear

strain
It can be used in simulations of soil-structure interaction
problems
Implementation is rather heavy
It should properly predict deformations near the excavations
Model reduces excessive heavings at the bottom of the
excavation

Small Strain Hardening Soil Model - Presentation

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiffness

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiffness

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