GS. TRNG HU QUNH GS. INH XUN LM PGS.

L MU HN

I CUO n S ^

LCH S
VIT NAM

I CNG

LCH S VIT NAM

TON TP

u D -0 1

8 39/4 -0 1

Ma s : 7 X 3 6 5 M 1

Ch bin ;
GS. TRNG H u QUNH - GS. INH XUN LM
PG S. L MU HN

I CUNG

LCH S VIT NAM

TON TP

T thi nguyn thy n nm 2000

(Ti bn ln th t c sa cha v b sung)

NH XUT BN GIO DC

Phn cng bin son :

- M u : G S. TR N G H u QUNH

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

- Chung I, II, III, IV : PGS. NGUYN CNH MINH
- Chng V I, VII, IX : G S. PHAN I DON
- Chang V , Mc IV (V II), VIII, X. X I, X II. XIII, X IV :
G S, TRNG HU Q UN H

VIT NAM (1858-1945)

- Chuong , II. III, IV. V : G S. INH X U N LM
- Chuung V II, V III, IX : PGS. NGUYN VN KHNH
- Chuung V I, X , X I. X I I : PGS. NGUYN NH L
C s cng tc ca c nhn s hc L NH H

VIT NAM (1945-2000)

- Chucmg I. II. I I I : PGS. L MU HN
- Chucmg IV . V : PG S. NGYN V N TH
- Chuomg V I, VII, VIII, IX , X : PGS. T R N B

LI NI U
Bc vo thin nin k i mi cng l bc vo ngng ca ca m t thi
d i hi n h p ton th gii, m i con ngui Vit N am khn g th k h n g
nhn li, suy ngm v lch s dng nc u gi nc rt n g t h o
ca dn tc, rt ra nhng bi hc cn thit, trn co 8 d bi d n g
thm ch p h n u, rn luyn thm bn lnh hn h ng trong th i
d i mi.
D dp ng nhu cu V g io trnh lch s Vit Nam bc d i hc, cch
y 4 nm chng ti hp sc bin son li lch s dn tc theo tinh
thn mi, c s tip nhn chn lc nhng thnh tu nghin cu qu g i
ca gii s hc trong h ai mai nm qua, ly tn l "Di cng lch s V i t
Nam" v c h ia thnh 3 tp. c s c IJ qu bu v gp kp thi ca

bn dc xa gn, nht l ca cc thy, c gio u ca sinh vin cc trng

d i hc - d n nay sch d ti bn n ln th t, chng ti nhn tk&y d.
n lc cn p h i hp nht 3 tp thnh mt vi nhng im aa cha, b
sung cn thit trong ni dung v b cc gip ngi c c dc ci n hn
xuyn sut, y v trn vn v i dn tc Vit Nam, v con ngi Vit N am ,
u vn ha Vit Nam.
"Di cng lch s Vit Nam* trn b c chia thnh 3 phn :
I

- L ch s Vit Nam (t thi nguyn thy n 1858), tri qua cc g ia i

don p h t trin ca x hi nguyn thy d n ng hp nht cng n hau

dng nn nc Vn L an g - quc gia u tin ca ngi Vit, dt nn m ng
cho s hnh thn h ca dn tc vi mt nn vn h a riin g - ci ngun sc
m nh tinh thn ca ngi dn Vit d vut qua nhng th thch ht sc
g ian nguy, c c. Tip l qu trnh xy dng t nuc v mi m t
ch in h tr, k in h t, vn ha ca dn tc Vit N am trong c lp lu d i,
vt qua m i kh khn tr ngi d to dng cho m nh m t quc g ia g i u
p vi mt nn vn m inh ring bit v nhng truyn ihng dn g t ho.

II

Lch s Vit Nam (1858 ~ 1945) phn nh m t cch h thng cuc

u tranh kin cng, anh dng ca nhn dn Vit N am v s nghip g ii

phn g T quc, tng bc vn ln ui thi di v vi ngi anh hng dn
tc, u lnh t v i Nguyni Quc d tm n con dng cu nc chn
chinh, d ri t lm nn cuc Cch m ng thng T m nm 1945 v i,
p h tan hai xi ch xing n l P hp - Nht, dng thi lt n ho c h qun
ch chuyn c h tn ti ngt ngn nm, m ra mt thi d i mi ca lch s
dn tc, thi i c lp dn tc gn lin vi ch n ghia x hi.
IU - Lch s Vit N am (1945 - 2000) l lch s na th k i du tranh
u s nghip bo v Li xy dng mt d t nuc dc lp, dn ch di s
lnh o ca Dng v ph hp vi trnh ngy cng c nng cao ca
dn tri. B a mi nm u l nhng nm chin tranh cch mng, nhng
nm chin u dy nhng s tch anh hng ca ton dn tc dnh bi
cuc xm lc ca h ai tn d quc u s l P hp (1945 - 1954) v Mi
(1954 - 1975), bo v vng chc nn c lp v s thng nht ca T guc
va g in h l i c. Tip l 25 nm xy dng b o v d t nc theo
n h hng x hi ch ngha, m rng quan h i ngoi, lm bn vi tt
c cc nc, mt thi gian tuy cha di nhng c n gha thi B su sc.
Trn tinh thn i mi, chng ti d, c gng bin son lch s dn tc
m t cch tang i ton din v h thng. Tuy nhin m i thi k lch s
d ch o nm trong s p h t trin chung c a lch s d n tc, un c nhng
c im p h t trin ring cn c lm r, b "i cng lch s Vit Nam"
do khng trnh khi c nhng hn ch, thiu st nht nh, m ong duc

3 gp xy dng ca cc bn dc xa gn, tp th bii aon c iu

kin rt kin h nghim, sa cha, b sung, nng cao thm cht lng sch
cho ln ti bn sau.
N h xut bn G io dc xin chn thnh cm n cc PGS. TS s hc
Cao Vn Lng, Trnh Nhu, Nguyn Quang Ngc, Nguyn D anh Phit, Vn
To, Chang Thu d c v gp cho nhiu kin qu bu.

H Ni, thn g 2 nm 2001.

C C T C G I

M u

VIT NAM : T NC V CON NGI

Dn tc V i t N am c mt lch s lu i vi nhiu thih tu v ch in

cng huy h o n g r t n g t ho trong s nghip xy dng v bo v T
quc thn yu ca m nh. Nh chnh Ch tch H Ch Minh dy:

Dn ta p h i bit s ta
Cho tng gc tch nc nk Vit Nam
D l ngi Vit N am th d u cung phi bit lch s nc m n h vi
l o l mun i ca dn tc "urvg nc nh ngun" Nhng h c v
dy lch s gi y khng phi ch ghi nh mt s 3 kin, mt vi ch in
cng ndi ln tin trnh i ln ca dn tc hoc ghi nh cng lao c a mt
s ngi lm nn s nghip to ln , m cn phi bit tm hiu, tip nh n
nhng nt p ca o c, ca o l lm ngi Vit Nam ; v chinh t l
ci gc ca mi s nghip ln hay nh ca dn tc khng phi chl thi xa
m c ngy nay v mai sau.

I. HON CNH T NHIN

1.

N c V i t N a m n m d n g n a m l c d a c h u , b c gip nc

Cng ha N h n dn T ru n g Hoa, ty gip nc Cng ha D n ch n h n

dn

Lo v nuc Cam puchia, ng v nam gip B i n ng (Thi B in h Dng),

c din tch 331 5 9 0 km^ t lin v 7 0 0 .0 0 0 km^ thm lc a. T th i c
sinh ca tr i t (cch ngy nay t 185 - 5 2 0 triu nm ) y l m t

8
nn hoa cng, vn mu v phin m a nham vng chc, tng i n
nh. Vo k th ba ca Thi T n sinh {cch ngy nay khong 5 0 triu nm)
ton lc a chu c nng ln v sau nhiu bin ng ln ca qu t,
dn dn hinh thnh c c vng t ca ng Nam . Ngi ta d on rng,
by gi Vit Nam v Innxia cn ni lin nhau trn mt nc bin; v
sau do hin tng lc a b h thp nn c s ngn cch ngy nay.
S hnh thn h lu i v bn vng c a lc a chu nh hng
rt ln n s ra i ca loi ngi v x hi loi ngi. Nm 1891, nh
bc hc H L an Ogien uyboa (E ugne Dubois) tm thy hi ct ca
ngi vn G ia va, sng cch y khong 1 7 0 - 1 8 0 vn nm. Nm 1929, gio
s Bi Vn T ru n g (T ru n g Quc) pht hin xng s hon chinh ngi vn
Chu Khu Dim (gn B c Kinh - Trung Quc) sng cch ngy nay khong
20 - 5 0 vn nm. Vic pht hin hi ct ngi nguyn thy c tip tc
trong cc th p nin qua chng t rng ng Nam l mt vng qu
hng ca loi ngi. Mt s di ct ca ngi nguyn thy cng cc cng
c ca h c tm thy trn t B c Vit Nam gp phn xc nhn
iu ndi trn.
V tr thun li ca Vit Nam t xa xa gp phn quan trng vo
vic giao lu ca cc nn vn ha khc nhau ca ng Nam , n D,
T ru n g Quc v sau ny vi c c nn vn ha phng Ty.
2.

a hnh v n g t li n kh c b i t : hai u phinh ra (B c b v

Nam b) gia thu hp li v ko i {T ru n g b).

a hinh min B c tng i phc tp: rhg ni tri di sut t bin
gi Vit - T r u n g cho n ty bc T h an h Ha vi nhiu ngn ni cao (ih
Phanxipng, 3 1 42 m ), nhiu khu rng rm , c (nh Cc Phng), y cc
di ni vi (Cao Bng, B c Sn, Ha Bnh - Ninh B in h ...) ct ngha
quan trng. S xm thc ca thi tit t o nn hng ot hang ng, mi
v quang cnh nhiu mu nhiu v ca t B c V it Nam. Cng vi rng
rm v nhiu loi cy hoa qu khc nhau, hng trm ging th vt, nhiu
loi , qung, to nn nhng iu kin c bit thun li cho s sinh
sng v pht tri n ca con ngi.
a hnh T rung b vi di Trng Sn tr i dc pha ty cng to nn nhiu
iu kin thun li cho con ngi sinh sng, vng t Ty Nguyn c
ph lp dung nham ni la nn bng phng v phl nhiu, sm tr thnh ni
c tr lu di ca con ngi cng nh l ni pht trin ca nhiu loi thc
vt, ng vt qu him

Vit N am cd nhiu sng ngi. Hai con sng ln nht l sng HDg v
sng Cu Long. Sng Hng bt ngun t V n Nam (T ru ng Quc) chy xui
ra B i n n g th e o hng t y b c - n g nam vi lu lng ln (t
700 m^/giy n 2 8 .0 0 0 m^/giy), hng ngy hng gi chuyn phii sa bi lp
vnh bin gp phn to nn c mt ng bng rng ln (din tch khong
1 6 .0 0 0 km^), thun li cho s pht trin c a nng nghip v t c ca con
ngi, ni hinh thnh nn vn minh Vit bn a. T ro n g lc y pha nam,
sng Cu L on g ' bt ngun t T y T n g {T ru n g Quc) sau khi chy qua
a phn c a hai nc Lo, Campucha vi lu lng ln (t 4 0 0 0 m^/giy
n 1 0 0 .0 0 0 m^/giy) chuyn dn ph sa to nn ng bng Nam b rng
ln (dn tch khong 4 0 .0 0 0 km^), ni sau ny tr thnh va thc ln
nht nc. K h c vi sng Hng - c c ln, sng Cu Long cd lng

ng rng, dc t v s hn c h c in H (thuc Campuchia) h n g

nm t e da l lt.
3.

N m tro n g khong

- 23^^22' v bc vi mt chiu di khong

1650 km, V t Nam thuc khu vc nhit i v mt phn xch o. Tuy nhin
nh gi ma hng n, kh hu tr nn iu ha, m, thun li cho s pht
trin ca sinh vt. Min Bc, kh hu m, chnh lch ln: H N, nhit
trung binh thng lnh nht l 12,5'^c, thng nng nht l 2 9 ,3 c . Mn
Trung, nh Hu, chnh lch l 2 0 - 30*^*c. thnh ph H Ch Minh,
chnh lch cng t hn: 26 -

29,8^c. Nhng thng 6 ,7 ,8 Bc b v Trung b

l nng nht trong nm, trong lc d, Nam b, nhit iu ha hn.

Ma xun, ma h, ma nhiu, lng nc mUa trong nra c khi ln
rt cao: H Ni nm 1 9 2 6 l 2.741 mm. H u tru ng binh 2 .9 0 0 rnm. T h n h
ph H Ch Minh, tru n g bnh nm 2 0 0 0 mm.
Da th vng ven bin, c nhiu thun li nhng cng c nhu thin
tai, c bit l bo p thp nhit i v gi ma ng bc.
Tuy nhin, nhln chung, kh hu Vit N am r t thun li cho 3 pht tr i n
c a siih v t , c b i t l th c v t v s a u n y ch o s p h t t r i n c a
nng nghip.

II. D N T C V I T N A M
i.

Nc V it Nam nm khu vc ni lin hai i dng: Thi Binh

Dng v n Dng, vng hi o v lc a chu nn cng l ni

10
t c ca nhiu tc ngi khc nhau. T r n bc ng pht trin ca loi
ngi, V it N am l nc nm gia hai tru n g tm vn minh ln, c xa, nn
cng sm tr thnh im giao lu ca nhng nn vn minh . Cho n
nay, theo c c nh dn tc hc, trn lnh th Vit Nam c 54 tc ngi sinh
sng. Mc du mi tc ngi u c nhng nt, vn ha ring, nhng vn
gn bt cht ch vi nhau trong vn mnh chung, thnh qu ca mt cuc
u tran h, ha hp lu d trong lch s ly tc ngi Vit - chim trn
80% dn s6 - lnti trung tm , Cc nh dn tc hc chia dn tc V it Nam
thnh 8 nhtm theo ngOn ng nh sau:
1 Vit - Mng (gm Vit, Mng, Cht...)
2. Ty - Thi (gm Ty, Nng, Thi, B' y, Cao Lan, Sn ch, Lo...)
3. H mng - Dao (gm H mng, Dao, P thn)
4. T n g - Min (gm H nh, Ll, X ..)
5 Hn (gm Hoa, Sn du...)
6. Mn - Khme (Khm, Khng, Xinh mun, Hr, XTig, Bana, Cho,
M, Rmm, Khme...)
7. M Lai - a o (gm Chm, Giarai, , Raglai...)
8. Hn hp Nam (gm Lach, Laha, Pupo...)
2.

T sau Cch m n g th n g T m 1945 vi s ra i ca nc V it Nam

dn ch cng ha - vn l thnh qu u tranh chung ca c dn tc - tt

c cc dn tc d t ngi hay ng ngi u t do v binh ng, cng
on kt c h t ch vi nhau di s lnh o ca Dng, chin u dng cm,
qun minh chng li c c t h c xm lc, bo v vng chc nn c lp
mi ginh li c ri ngy nay cng phn u vdn ln, chung sc,
Dg lng xfty dng t nc.

11

LCH S VIT NAM

(T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

14

DI CONG LCH s M T MAM

mt s a phng trn lnh th Vit Nam nh Ni (T h a n h Ka),

X un Lc (ng Nai), Ai Lc (Bnh Phc), cc nh kho c hc pht
hin c nhiu cng c gh o rt th s ging vi cng cu thi
i s k c.
Nm 1960, ln u tin cc nh kho c hc Vit Nam tm thy ln g
vn m nh gh, gi l mnh tc. Nhng mnh tc th, nng c l rgi
nguyn thy dng lm cng c c h t, ct. Bn cnh nhng mnh tc
cn c nhng hch (l nhng hn m t d Ngi Vn gh Ta cc
mnh tc), trp p. ni Quan Y n , ni Nung (Thanh Hda), X un Lc,
An Lc cng tm thy nhng cng c ging nh Ni . Nhng cng c
ni tr n c kh nng l ca Ngi Vn,
Nhng du tch tuy cha nhiu, nhng cng cd th tin rng thi c
s k, Ngi Vun cd m t trn t nc ta. Hi vng trong tng lai c
th pht hin thm u tch xa hn v phong ph hn na v Ngi Vn
Vit Nam.

II. C A C G I A I O N P H T T R I N C A
X H I N G U Y N T H Y V I T NAM

1. S xut hin Ngi Khn ngoan^'^

T ri qua mt thi gian lu di sinh tn v ngy cn g pht trin. Ngi
Vn chuyn bin thnh Ngi Khn ngoan, t Ngi Khn nTcan giai
on sm (Hotno Sapiens) n Ngi Khn ngoan giai on mu-a (Homo
Sapiens Sapiens). T rn lnh th Vit Nam, cc nh kho c hc pht
hin c nhng hta thch rn g ca Ngi Khn ngoan, harg Thm
<Ngh An), H ang

(Y n B i), T h u ng L a n g (Ninh 3:nh) c

nhng hta thch rn g ca Ngi Khn ngoan giai on sm.

h a n g Ko Lng (Lng Sn) pht hin c 2 chic rng npji hda
thch c nin i khong 3 0 .0 0 0 nm cch ngy nay. Tuy nhin, cc hang
ng nti trn, cc nh kho c hc vn cha pht hin c nhng cng
(1) Ng Khn ngcian c cAj lo 00 Lh phi irin kh hon Ihin gln nh ngudi ngy nay, It C30, xuong
hAm nh, khng nh ra pha truc nhu Ngui V a hai bn lay nh v kUo lo hon, b no plut rin hn.
(2 ) Thm m c 3 ha Ihch rng ca Homo Sapcas, cch ngy nay t 100.000 rm dn K5000 nm
(NgMyn Khc s, Nguyn Ln Cng, 1997)
(3) Hang Hm c 3 ha Ihch rtng ca Homo Sapicns, c n li cch ngy nay khong (;.000 dn
60.000 nm (Nguyn Ln Cung). Trch t C nhi Hc 'S nm, mt chng ung ca ^giyn Ln
Cucmg, Kho c hc,

s6

3, 1988,

IT.

18

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y DN 1858)

15

c c a h ; vi v y , chng ta vn cha hiu bit c my v cuc sng

ca con ngi thi .
i T h n g (th x H Giang) v mi Ngm (V Nhai, Thi Nguyn)
cc nh kho c hc pht hin c nhng cng c ca Ngi Khn
ngoan c nin

au ngi T hm m, Hang Hm.

Dc tr n g ca cng c i T hng l k ngh cui, cn mi Ngm

l k ngh m nh tc. Di a s cc cng c nm p di cng ca
di ch m i Ngm u lm bng nhng mnh tc nh c tch ra t
nhng hn cui quc dt lm no v mi nhn. Ngoi ra, cn c mt s
t cng c lm bng nhng hn cui ln ging vi cng c ca ngi
Sn Vi giai on tip sau . Nhng cng c nm lp trn ca mi
Ngm c nhng du vt vn ha Sn Vi.
S ph on g ph v k ngh (cui, m nh tc) lm cng c ni tr n
chng t r n g ch nhn ca vn ha hu k c Vit Nam cd m t
trinh pht tr i n v m t k thut c h tc .
C n c vo ha thch, hu ht xng rng ng vt di ch mi
Ngm u thuc cc loi hin i nh ln rng, b rng, kh, nhm
cc n h kho c hc suy on con ngi by gi cd ngh sn pht trin^^^
Vo cui thi i c, trn mt vng rng ln ca nc ta, c nhiu
b l c an bt, hi lm sinh sng. H c tr trong cc hang ng, m
ngoi tri, ven b cc con sng, sui trn mt a bn kh rng t Sn
La, Lai Chu, Lo Cai, Yn B ij B c Giang, n Thanh Ha, Ngh An, Q ung
C c di tch ca cc b lc thi k ny c cc nh kho c hc gl
b n g m t th u t ng l vn ha Sn
C n c vo s phn b cc di tich vn ha Sn Vi (cc di tich hang ng
t, ch chim khong 10% di tch, c c nh kho c hc cho rng c dn
(1) Nin dai cch ngy n;jy khong 40.000 - 2 3 000 nm

Nguyn Khc s). NiCn i

6 c ha Ihch nm lp trtn d chi mi Ngm l 23 000 200 nSm

ca mi v

23.100 300 nm cch

ngy nay Jch i yt Nmi, Nxb Di hc v Gio dc chuyn nghicp. H Ni. 1991. T l, tr.l7).
(2) U ch s Vit S a m . Sdd, irl7.
(3) DS c ti khong 160 a dim huc vfln hi Sn Vi iJOc phi hin (Nguyn l-n Cng, Kho c hc,
s 3 -1 9 9 8 , r.8 )
(4 )

Vi Li lOn mt x ca huyCn PK)ng ChAu lnh Ph Th, nc5i iu lin pht hin di lch vfln ha SOn
V'i* Vn ha Sn Vi cch ngy nay khoang t 30.000 nm n 11.000 nSm. NiCn i cc bon phng xy
(C *^) ca di (ch vAn ha Son Vi

(1 hang 0 > n

Mcxmg ('iianh Ha) \ 11840 nflm 180 nm cch ngy

oay v 11090 nm, di ich hang ng Ouyn (l a linh) c niCn di

cch ngy nay (Theo Lch s

Ih 18.390 nam 125 nm

Nam, Sd, lr.l9). T heo Nguyn Khc S cc nh kho c hc mi pht

h in oc 2 tii ch bn N Lc, N Ph (xft Ching S, huyn Sng M - Stn l,a) c nhiu cng c
g ing cng c c nhi irong vn ha Son Vi, c nin i khong 3 vn nm cch ngy nay (Bo i

D on k t. xuAn Ki MAo. ir.62).

PHN MT

THI I NGUYN THY

Chng I

THI I NGUYN THY TRN T NC

v i t n a m

I. N H N G D U V T U T I N
T rong bui binh minh ca nhn ioi, con ngi cn mang nhng c
im ging vi loi vn, nn chng ta th ng gi l Ngi Vn. Ngi
Vn tn ti cch ngy nay t khong hai triu nm n 3 - 4

vn nm .

Trn t nc Vit Nam, cc nh kho c hc tm thy nhng du vt

ca Ngi Vn gn ging vi ngi vn B c Kinh^*^
T ro n g c c hang T h m Khuyn<^\ T h m Hai (L n g Sn) tim thy mt
s rng Ngi Vn nm trong lp trm tch mu , cha xng ct cc
ng vt thi Cnh

Nhng chic rng tm thy trong cc h an g

ni trn cd c im ca rng ngi, li c c c im ca rng vn. y

l mt bng chng v s tn ti ca Ngi Vn trn t nc ta cch ngy
nay trn di 2 0 vn

Bn cnh nhng chic rng Ngi Vn, nm

cng lp cn c nhiu xng, rng cc ng vt khc sng cng thi vi

Ngi Vn nh h, bo, ln rng, gu, voi, vn khng l.

(1) Ngii vn 13c Kinh cch ngy nay khong 20-50 vn nm.
(2) NiCn di tuyt ca hang 'lim Khuyn bng ph(ng php SR l 475.000 nm cch ngy nay, sai

s 10% (l> s. T S Nguyn Khc s).

(3) nii Cnh lAn gm c 3 giai ton : So ki Cnh fln c nin di l 3 Iriu ni nm J n khong 70 vn
nam. Trung ki Cnh n t 70 vn nm n 15 vn nm. Hu ki Cnh tn l 15 vn nflm dn J2 vn
nm (c sai s khong v^n nm). 0 giai on

S5

k v imog k Cnh ln, chu Phi, Dng Nam .

Hoa Nam tim hy nhng ha Ihch ca rrig v xng hm Vun c phng Nam, cng vi nhng
di ci ha thch v cng c lao dng ca Ngi Vn.
(4) V hinh ihi kch thc rang Ngikii vUn Thm Khuyn v '['hm Hai gi^ng v rng Ngiii vn Bc Kinh,
luy cng mi [oi lomo Ercctu;, ?r>ng khdpg phi l con chu irvc lip ca nhau m l hai ph loi a li
(Soruscspce gographicuc) (Nguyn Khc s). C dn cho rng Ngi vun Thim Qiiyn, Thm Hai
cch ngy Tiiy trn di 250.000 nm (Nguyn Ln Cng, Tp chi Kho c hc, s 3-1998, tr 17)

16

I CNG LCH s \qT NAM

Sn Vi thi hu k c V it N am sng tp trung trn cc i, g tru n g

du, dng hnh chuyn tip t min ni xung ng b ng ; cm li thnh
nhng khu vc ln : trung lu sng Hng, thng lu sng Lc Nam, thng
lu sng Hiu^*\
Cc b lc Sn Vi dng cui l ch yu ch t c cng c. H thng
gh o ra cnh hn cui to nn nhng cng c cht, no

V. V. .

Cng

c c trng cho vn hda Sn Vi l nhng hn cui c gh o ria cn

thn, c nhiu loi hnh n nh, t h hin m t bc tin b r rt trong kl
th u t c h t c , tuy nhin, chua c k thut mi. Cng c cui vn ha
Son Vi c nhiu loi hnh phong ph c trng cho vn ha Sn Vi, nhng
vn cn mt s t nhng cng c m ang du vt k th u t th s ca thi ki
s k c v cng cd mt cng c c du vt vn ha Ha Bnh giai
on mi s kl. T vn ha Sn Vi pht trin ln vn ha Ha Bnh
Ngun sng chnh ca c dn Sn Vi i hi lm, s n bt cc loi thc vt
v ng vt. cc di ch thuc vn hda Sn Vi, c nhiu xng tru, b
rng, ln rng, kh, c.
S xut hin ca Ngi Khn ngoan Sn Vi (Homo Sapiens Sapiens)
nh du bc chuyn bin trong t chc x hi, c c th tc, b lo ra i.
Mi th tc gm vi ba chc gia inh, vi vi ba th h c cng chung huyt
tc sng quy qun v nhau trn c n g mt a vc. Mt s th tc sng
gn gi nhau, cd h hng vi nhau v c cng mt ngun gc t tin xa xi
hp li thnh b lc. Cc th tc tron g xnt b lc c quan h gn b, gip
nhau trong cuc sng v c quan h hn nhn gia con trai ca th tc
ny vi con gi ca th tc kia tron g cng mt b lc.
2.

C dn Ha Bnh, B c Sn - Ch nhn nn vn ha s k thi i

mi.
Ch nhn vn hta Sn Vi, trong qu trnh lao ng dn dn ci tn
cng c v bc sang mt giai on mi cao hn - Vn ha Ha Binh - Bc
Sn, t vn ha hu ki thi i c chuyn sang s k thi i mi.
-

C dn vn ha Ha Bnh^^) a m rng a bn c tr n nhiu khu

vc, t vng ni rng T y B c (H a Bnh, Sn La, Lai Chu), H Giang,

(1 ) Nguyn Khc S (/ido c6 hc. s 3 - 1996, lr.l2).
(2) Ha nh l a m du tin phi hi^n diic di tch vn ha thuc s ki thi dj A nii, cAch ngy nay
khong l 17.000 rtm n 7.500 nm, lp rung cao 12.000 l.ooo nm cch ngy nay (Nguyn Khc
s). Mt di lici huc vn ha Ha Bnh l Hang Cha frs n Ki.

An) c nin ;ii c*"* l V325 i 120

nm cch ngy nay, v Hang ng (Ihuc vn Quc gia Cc PhUtng c rn i

l 7665 65 V 758)

80 nm cdi ngy nay (Lch s Vii Nam, Sd, ir.22). Cng c kin cho rng vn ha Ha Binh cmM
ngy nay c ih l l gn 2 vn nm n 6.000 nSm (I I u Nga, Kto c hc, s 3 - 1998, ir 32). VAn
ha Ha Bnh phn b rng rai Dng Nam . lp trung nhiu nht l (> Vit Nam. c^k: di lich vn hii
Ha 8'tnh c nini sm nhl l Vii Nam (Nguyn Khc

cu f)ngNm A. 2 - 1996. ir 35)

VIT NAM (T THI NGYN TH Y DN 1858)

17

Ninh B n h n min T ru n g (Thanh Ha, Ngh An, Qung Binh, Qung Tr).
C dn vn ha Ha Binh ch yu sng trong cc hang ng hoc mi
thuc cc thung lng vi, gn ngun nc ; rt t di tch ngoi tri v
thm sng. Ngi Ha B n h c tr lu di trong cc hang ng, cng c
lao ng v tn tch ph thi sau ba n ca h cht thnh tn g vn ha
kh

cd ni ti 3,7 m nh mi Lng Bon (Ha Bnh)^^\

Cng c ca c dn vn hda Ha Bnh c nhiu loi hnh phong ph, a

dng, c c h tc t cc nguyn liu khc nhau. c trng cng c lao
ng bng ca c dn by gi l nhng cng c cui gh o mt m t
nh ru ngn, no hnh a, ru hnh nhn, riu bu dc. Ngoi ra cn c
mt s cng c gh hai mt, cng c m nh tc, cng c cui nguyn thy
(chy, hn nghin ht, bn nghin). Mt s cng c c lm big xng,
v trai, co kh nng c dn Ho Bnh s dng cng c lm t g, tre.
H cng,4%-bt u bit mi li cng c nh cc cng c xm T ri, hang
Lng h ^ ' S n bt, hi lm l hot ng kinh t ch yu ca c dn
vn h a H a Bnh. Cc nh kho c hoc tm thy nhiu xng ng vt l
cc loi rfy]f'tVig, cc v ng vt th n mm sng di sng, sui, hang
Cha ( T n W,jNgh An) trong tng s cc xng th c 46% xng hu,
tru, b, 9% xng ln rng, 5% xng khi, 2% xng t

nai,
gic

vn, trai, hn, trng

v.v... hang Di (Qung Tr)

tm th ^ ctcimg c, xng ng vt thuc vn ha Ha Bnh nh ru ngn,

ru h l n f w a ;" f r u li dc, li hnh cung, mnh tc, bn nghin ht, c
ni, c sui, v trai hn, xng ng vt (khong 1 kg gm nhiu loi khc
nhau).
Da vo s phn tch bo t phn hoa hang Ma (Thi Lan), cc nh
kho c hc d on cd kh nng c dn vn ha Ha Bnh bit n
nng nghip s khai, nng nghip trn g rau qu hoc cy cho c. Cd th
ngh rng cch ngy nay trn mt vn nm, c dn vn ha Ha Bnh l
m t tro n g nhng c dn vng ng N am bit n nng nghip s
khai. Mc d cuc sng ch yu vn a vo ngun thc n do hi lm,
s n b n m ang li, nhng s ra i ca nng nghip s khai c ngha nh
du bc chuyn bin mi, tuy l bc u ca c dn Ha Bnh.

(1 )(2 ) Tng vfln hii l ml Ihui ng kho c hc ch noi cu Ir ca con ngi nguyn thy irong ml
giai d o a yo nn mi u'ip dt dy. rni U n g lon c l 2378 hin vt rm iRng lng vn ha
dy 3,7 rn (Ngiiyn Khc s)
(3 ) Xhngph tt m
(4 ) U ch iv
2-CLSVN T.tp

kho c hC im

m ,

Nxb KiIXH , 1995. ir.4,5.

ln h, Nxb Ngh ln h , 1984. T l, r 25.26.

18

D CONG LCH s VT NAM

Tp tc ph bin ca c dn Ha B n h l chn ngi ch t ni c tr.

y l tp tc ph bin ca ngi nguyn thy nhiu ni trn th gii
vi nghia gia ngi sng v ngi cht vn c mi quan h rig buc,
hang T h m Hoi, hang Cha (Ngh An), hang ng, mi Mc Long
(thuc Vn Quc gia Cc Phng), h ang Lng Go (H a Bnh), cc nh
kho c hc phat hin c nhng m t n g thi vn ha Ha Binh. Ngi
m hang Cha chn ngi ph n theo t t h nm co, xung quanh xp
nhiu hn ln cng vi mt chic ru chn theo ngi cht. Cc ngi
m d vun Quc gia Cc Phng, ngi ch t c bi th hong v chn
theo t th nm co nh ngOi m hang Cha. Ngoi nhng ngi m chn
ring l, cn cd nhng khu m t n g tp th ca cc th tc thi vn ha
Ha Binh, hang Lng Go (Ha Bnh) tm thy 20 s ngi ln v s tr
em nm tro n g khonh t chng 2 5 m t vung ; km theo s l cc cng
c bng
i sng tinh thn ca c dn Ha Bnh kh phong ph, h b it lm
cc tr a n g sc lm p thm cuc sng, o cc di chi thuc vn ha
Ha B nh tim thy cc tra n g sc nh v c bin c mi v cd l
xu dy eo, nhiu ngi m xc ch t c bi th hong.
C dn vn ho Ha Bnh c<5 l ny sinh nim v tn ngng vt
t s khai, hang ng Ni (Ha Bnh) ct nhng hnh khc m t mt con
th v 3 m t ngi. T rn u 3 ngi u cd sng. m t s h ang nh
hang L n g Bon, cc hang Yn Lc, Kim B n g u c6 nhng vin cui
khc c c hlnh cy hoc cn h cy.
Cc i tch vn ho H a Binh thng gn nhau v c t n g vn ha
kh y. c<5 l, y l ni c tr ca c c th tc trong mt b lc, nhng
cng x th tc nh c lu di, hi lm pht trin , nng nghip manh nha,
cha bit n gm. Cc cng x th tc ny ct th l cng x th tc
mu h vo giai on vn ha s k thi i mi, m u cho vn ha
mi V it Nam.
- C dn vn ha B c

Cc b lc ch nhn vn ha Ha B n h

to nn vn ha B c Sn t trong qu trnh tin ha ca h. Cc b lc

(1 ) T 30 nm ir li y, cc nh kho c (la pht hin thm uc 20 dja im c di cl ngi

thuc vfln ha Ha Binh. Trong s ny c mi s

ngi kh nguyn v;n nh s c mAi d

Nc, mi d Uim, Dng Can (Nguyn Ln Cng, Kh c hc, S 3 - 199H, r l 9 ) .

(2) 3 c Scn tinh Lng Sn, ni phi hCn u tn nhng di tch vAn ha s ki ihi i dmiii

nir i sau vn ha Ha Bnh, cch ngy nay khong l 10.000 nm n 8.000 nm. Mang R
Lm (Lng Sn) thuc vn ha B c Sn c nin i c *'' l 10295 200 nm v 9.990 t 200
nm cch ngy my.
Tnh n am 1997, c 5 l ja im Ihuc vn ha Bc Sn .k: pht hin, iropg chi c
da im lim thy di ct ngi (Nguyn l.n Cng. Kho c hc, s6 3 - 1 9 9 8 , I r l9 ) .

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y N 1858)

19

Bc Sdn c tr trong cc hang ng, mi vng ni vi gn sng, sui

thuc cc tinh Lng Sn, T hi Nguyn, H a Binh, Ninh Binh, Thaih Ha,
Ngh An, v.v... Cng c ph bin ca c dn Bc S n l ru mi lai v
bit n gm. Trong cc di tch vn ho B c Sn, c c nh kho c hc
pht hin c nhng chic riu mi li, bn cnh nhng cng c bng
cui gh o mt m t kiu vn ha Ha Bnh. Cng c c trng ca
vAn ha B c S n l ru mi li {nn c c nh kho c hc thng gi l ru
mi B c So n ), v du B c Sn, ngoi ra cn ct nhng cng c gh o khng
nh hnh v cng c mnh tc c tu chinh^*^
Vi nhng chic ru mi c s dng ph bin, c dn vn ha B c Sn
ch tc d dng hn cc cng c bng tre, na, g, so vi c dn Ha Bnh.
Hot ng kinh t ch yu ca c dn Bc Sn vn l hi lm v sn bt.
Cc nh kho cd hc tm thy trong cc di tch vn ha c Sn nhng
ng v 6c, xng th cht thnh mt lp dy ti 3 m t nh hang Lng
Cm (L ng Sn). C dn vn ho B c Sn bit n gm. Bi vy,
mt s nh s hc thng gi vn ho B c Sn l vn ha mi s k cd
gm. D c im gm B c Sn c ming loe, y trn. Ngi B c Sn ly
t s t nho vi c t khi nung, gm khng b rn nt, Tuy vy,
gm thi k ny cn t, hnh ng cn th v nung cha cao.
Nh c cng c lao ng c ci to, cng c mi ph bin, hiu qu
trong lao ng c tang tin, c dn B c Sn ngoi hi lm, san b t l
ch yu, cn nh c, chn nui v m nng nghip 5 khai. Ngun thc
n tr nn phong ph hn, di do hn. Con ngi by gi sng nh c
kh lu di mt ni nht nh. Khu m tp th Lng Cm (L n g Sn)
l mt biu hin v cuc sng nh c n nh ca c dn vn ha B c Sn.
Di sng tinh thn ca c dn B c Sn kh phong ph v c nng cao
hn c dn vn hda Ha Bnh. tran g sc c nhiu loi, ngoi nhng v
c bin c mi c xuyn l lng dy, cn c nhng tra n g sc lm
bng phin c l eo, cc chui h t b n g t nung ga cd xuyn l... C
dn B c Sn cng cd nhng tp tc ph bin nh cu dn Ha Binh v cd
nim v mt th gii bn kia. iu c th hin trong c c cch chn
ngi ch t kh c nhau, chn theo ngi cht cng c lao ng. C dn by
gi vn sng trong cc cng x th tc mu h.
Nhn chung, vn ha Ha Bnh v vn ha B c Sn mc d cd nhng
n t chung, u giai on s kl thi i mi, nhng vn ha B c Sn

(1 ) Nguyn Khc s, li liu a dn, ir.7

20

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

cn ct nhng nt c trng ring^*^ v cd nhng biu hin pht tri n hn

trn c s ni tip, k th a vn hda Ha Bnh v u c nng nghip 9 khai.

3. "Cch mng d

v c dn nng nghip trng ia

Vo cui thi kl mi cch ngy nay khong 6 ,0 0 0 n m n 5 .0 0 0 nm ,

trn c 8 pht tri n mnh m ca k th u t c h t c v lm gm, c
dftn by

mi thc s c mt bc tin trong vic ci thin cuc sng

ca tnnh. P h n ln c c b lc u bc vo giai on nng nghip trn g la

Vo thi ki ny, con ngi khng chi bit gh o, mi mt m t m
ph bin a mi nhn c hai mt. Ngoi ra, cn bit khoan , ca
VI vy, cng c ct hnh dng gn, p hn, c nhiu kiu loi thlch hp vi
tng cng vic, tng vng khc nhau. Nh th nng su t lao ng t n g ln
r rt. KI th u t mi pht tri n cao hn thi vn ha Ha B inh , B c Sn
v kh ph bin trong cc b lc sng ri rc trn t nc ta by gi. c
trng ca cdng c by gi i nhng ch ic riu mi ton th&n. Ngoi nhng
chic ru m i ton thftn, ru c chui t r a cn, cn cd cc loi cng c khc
nh bn, c, dao, cuc c chui tr a cn. T t c cc cng c ny u
c mi nh&n.
Cu dn by gi cn bit dng tre, n a, xng, sng c h t c cc cng
c thch hp. T re na dng lm cung tn, tre, g cn c s dng lm cn
cuc, cn rlu, cn dao v.v... Nh vy, i vi c dan nc ta thi hu k
mi, g, tre, na gi mt v tr quan tr n g trong i sng.
Xng v Bng c dng lm c, dao nh, kim khu, v.v... v 6c cng
c dng lm cng c no gt.

(1) Bit * dng ph bin riu mi ii v bit n gm. Ml s nh

kho c hc cho rng yu

l ngun gc t k ngh< mnh, ben cnh myn Ihng cng c cui irong vnha Bc StHi l
ni c trng rng ca vn ha Bc Sn v6i nhng nt dc irng chung ca vdn ha Ha Binh
t u ong dng truyn Ihng cng c cui (H Hu Nga, K^o c /c, s 3/1998, lr.32,33).
(2 ) X c h mng m r l giai on hnh hnh cc vSn ha d mi sau Ha Bnh - Bc Sn. chuyn
sang giai oan hu k mi, cch ngy nay khong 6.000 n 5.000 nm.
(3) Di ch Da Bt (Thanh Ha) c niCn i
Oi ch H9 K^ng (Qung Ninh) c r6n i

60^5 60 nm cch ngy nay

l 5646 60 cch ngy nay. Di cht' G Trng

(Thanh H a) c nin i c*^ i 4790 nm cch ngy nay. Di chi Qunh Vn c nin i
4785 75 nm v 4130 rm 75 nm cch ngy nay.
(4 ) cc di chi G Trng. H Long tm (hy nhOtg ru d c du vt ca hoc mnh li ca.

22

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

cc di chi vn ha ni trn

Hoa vn trn cc gm cng c nhiu kiu

cch : hoa vn du thng, hoa vn hnh ch s ni ui nhau chy quanh

g ming (di ch a Bt, G Trng, Ci Bo, Bu Trt, Thch Lc). Cng

c hoa vn hnh sng nc, hinh trm , hinh gn l, hoa vn nan (G
Trng, Ci Bo), hoa vn ng song song, hoa vn hlnh ch s ng s t
nhau (Bu Trd, H Long), hnh hoa th ni lin nhau, hoa ct bn cnh cn
i, gia v trn cnh thng c l thng^'^v,v...
Nh c s ci tin trong k th u t ch tc cng c lao ng, nn kinh t
a dng ca c dn by gi c bc pht trin hn thi vn ha H a
Bnh, B c Sn. Cc b lc by gi ngoi mt b phn vn c tr trong vng
ni vi, o' l ch nhn ca vn ha H Giang^^^ v vn hta Mai
l hu du trc tip ca cc nn vn ha thung lng H a Bnh, B c S o n
trc

; cn mt b phn dn c khc dn dn m rng a bn c

tr n vng ng bng, ven bin, hi o, sng nh c tng i lu di,

hot ng sn xut nng nghip hoc nh c, khai th c nhuyn th bi'n.
Nhiu ng v c, v s, ip cn li y n 3 - 4m, hoc c ni c c 4 c
ip than tro bp dy trn 2

C dn ca thi k ny thng c t,T

tro n g cc hang ng hoc ngoi tri.

i sng vt cht v tnh th n ca c dn thi hu k mi V.t
N am cng phong ph hn trong nhiu m t. Mi gia nh {mu h) IC
cc cng c lao ng v dng sinh hot nh ng, ni, niu. v.v...
Qun o lm bng da th, v cy sui, thy c du vt qun o im bmg
si dt, tuy cha ph bin. mt s di chi d pht hin c di x e c:hi
bng t nung nh di ch Bu T r, T h ch Lc.
X hi chia thnh nhiu th tc. Cng nh thi vn ha s k lni
(vn hta Ha Bnh - B c Sn), cc thnh vin trong th tc u cd nui
quan h gn b vi nhau bng si dy huyt thng. Mi ngi trong th tic,
b c u binh ng vi nhau, ngi gi v ph n c tn trng, mg
u th tc l ngi ph n khe mnh, ct tui t c v nhiu kinh ngbiiim.
X hi ang nm trong khun kh ca c h cng x th tc mu qi4ym.

(1) L/cA s y ifi Sam , S T l. !r.35.

(2 ) (5 )(4 ) - Hu Nga, "Nghin cu ihi di d m - mi hnh Irinh a qua". Kho c h{oc,
s 3 -1 9 8 8 . tr.34
(5) Di chi Bu Tt. bai Phi Phi, i s6, ip ITich I c
Ba X (t^n g Sdn) c lng vn ha dy dn 3m.

nhiu lp than iro bp diy irn 2 m. Haing

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y N 1858)

23

Vic phn cng lao ng gia nam v n, cng nh theo la tui vn

tip tc thc hin. Dn ng lm cc cng vic nng nhc, n b lm nhng
vic nh hn v gn nh, tr em cng lm vic.
C dn by gi cng c mt i sng tinh thn phong ph. H
nghi ti vic tran g im cho cuc sng p hn. B n g chng l trang
sc ph t hin c cc i chi thi ki ny rt a dng. Vng tran g sc
bng vi nhiu kch thc khc nhau, hnh dng khc nhau, khuyn tai
nhiu loi, vng bng t nung (di chi vn hta H Long, Bu Tr), Cng
c nhng tra n g sc lm bng v cc loi c bin c mi thng phn
lng xu dy, nhng khuyn tai trn mi t mnh v c, nhiu h t chui
nh b n g t xng sng c, v c Liu^'^ (di chi B a X Lng Sn, di ch
N T hm , T h m T in Qu Chu - Ngh An) v.v... P h m lm bng th
hong cng c s dng lm cht liu tra n g sc.
Quan nim v th gii bn kia ca con ngi thi ny ngy cng phc
tp hn Ngi cht c chn theo nhiu cch : Chn theo t t h ngi xm,
chn, tay gp li, ngi xm bt gi, nm co, nm nga dui thng, chn theo
cng c lao ng 'v trang sc, ngi cht b buc c h t trc khi em
chn^^^ C hin tng xng s v cc xng khc ca thn th cd mu .
Phi chng, ngi by gi bi th hong (mu ) vo xng ngi cht
tr c khi chn l biu th c mong ngi cht ti sinh nh m t s b lc
trn t h gii ?
T rin h ml cm ca c dn by gi kh pht trin . iu ny c th
hin s phong ph v kiu dng, loi hnh, hoa vn gm, c c tran g
s c a dng, tinh t lm t nhiu c h t liu khc nhau, nhiu kiu cch
t r a n g tr p mt.
C th kh n g nh rng, vo giai on cui thi ki mi, vi cuc "cch
m n g mi", "con ng mi

Vit Nam sau giai on van hc5ft

(1 ) Lch s Vit Nm, Sdd, tr.35,36.

( 2 ) rri chi ngUi tho LU b ngi xm. nm co l mun ngi chi khng tr vd lm hai ngi
sng, mOl s bO lc irn Ihc gii nh Dng chau lhi, Philippin cng c lc chn ngi
nh vy.
(3 )

C kin cit> rng "con dng mi ha** ViOi Nam sau vn ha Ha Bih, Bc Son rt
a dng, gm c con ung ca vn ha Da Bt Thanh H vi nhng chic riu mi ii
giai on u n chic riu mi li hon lon gai ilon cui cng gm dy trn... Con ng
ca vn ha Qunh Vin Ngh An... Con dng ca di ch Ci BO... Con ng ca di ch Bu
> Q u :^ Nam - D Nng... Con ng vn ha H Giang, van ha Mai Pha. (H (lu Nga,
"NghtCn cu Ihi iSi m - mi hnh trnh qua", Kho c hc, s 3 -

1998, tr. 33,34)

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y N 1858)

21

Vi s tin b v k th u t c h tc v s phong ph v loi hnh cng

c lao ng s n xut, nn knh t ca c dn thi hu kl mi, sng trn
lnh th V it Nam by gi c bc pht tri n m nh m trn nhiu lnh
vc. a bn c tr c m rng. Ngoi mt b phn c tr trong vng
sn khi vi, mt b phn khc chim linh ng bng, ven bin v
hi o. H ot ng kinh t r t a dng. H i ltn, sn b t vn cn tn ti
nhng khng cn ng vai tr ch yu tron g i sng ca cc b lc by gi.
Ngh nh c cn c duy tr v pht tr i n cc vng c dn ven sui,
sng, ven bin. Nhiu u vt ch li, xng c... trong cc di chl thi k
mi hu ki nc t a ni ln iu <5^'\
Ngh n n g nguyn thy cd t thi vn ha Ha Bnh, B c Sn, tip
tc pht tr i n , tr thnh ngh ph bin, ch o trong thi hu kl mi.
Ngh nng tr n g la dng cuc

x u t hin, ngi ta dng cuc c ld

mi nhn c cn xi t gieo ht.

Ngnh th cng r t pht trin, n h t l c h tc (bao gm cc cOng c
lao ng, dng c gia nh, tra n g sc bng ) v ngh lm gm. Ngoi
ra cn ct ngh dt
Vi ki th u t c h tc pht trin , c dn by gi a lm r a c nhiu
cng c v dng gia inh bng t t v p hn thi kl vn hda Ha
Binh, B c Sn.
Ngh lm gm gi mt v tr kh quan trn g trong i sng v sn xut,
tr thn h m t ngh th cng kh ph bin v hinh th n h cc tru n g t m
lm gm. K th u t lm gm thi hu k mi V it Nara c bc pht
tri n cao hn thi s k mi. Cc di ch Mai P ha (L ng Sn), Nm Tun
(Lai Chu), S p Vit (Sn La), Ci Bo (H i Phng), a B t, Cn C Nga,
G T rn g (T h a n h Ha), T r i i (Ngh An), T h ch Lc, Phi Phi (H T in h ),
B u Tr<5 ( ng Hi), Bu Cn (Gia Lai - Kon T u m ), raixi (c Lc), Cu
S t (ng N ai) v,v,.. u c nhiu gm vi k thut lm bng tay hoc
lm bng bn xoay. gm c y trn, m ing loe hay bdp vo, bn ngoi

c vn nan t o nn bi bn p buc dy, mt s ng cd vnh chn

... Nhiu dng hng ngy nh ni, niu, v, h... c tra thy tron g

(1) cc i ch G Trng (Thanh Ha), H I^ n g (Qung Ninh) tm Ihy nhiu chi li dnh c
bng hay bng d( nung.
(2 ) Nhng chic cu c lm thy cc di chi i>t

Phi Phi

(Nghi Xun, }l Tinh), dichiBu Tr

(Dng Mi). Ln hang Ih (Qunh Ltlu, Ngh An), di ch Draixi (D c Lc) v.v...
(3) () mt s6 di ch Ihi hu ki mi Vit Nam S pht
vi (di xc chi bng t nung) nh di chi Bii Tr6.

hin duc nhng du vt ca nght

24

DI CNG LCH s WT NAM

Ha Bnh, B c Sn din tin mnh m, ph bin nhiu a phng

nc ta by gi. Nh vy nng nghip tr n g !a dng cuc ph bin,
ngoi sn x u t nng nghip cn nh c , khai thc cc nhuyn th bin,
hoc sn b t v.v... X hi cng x th tc mu h c l bt u bc vo
giai on cui. Nhng thnh tu mi ca ngnh kho c hc Vit Nam trong
vic nghin cu c c di ct ngi nhm di chl Ci Bo (Hi Phng), a
B t (T h anh Hda), Qunh Vn^*^ (Ngh An), cng vi vic nghin cu cc
hin vt, du tch trong cc di chi Mai Pha, Phai V (L n g Sn), B n Bun,
B n Thm <Sn La), Nm Tun (Lai Chu), H Giang, H Long (Qung
Ninh), Ci B o (Hi Phng), a B t, G T rng, Cn C Nga (T hanh Ha),
T ri i (H Tnh), Bu T r (Qung Bnh), Bu D (Qung Nam - Nng),
Bu Cn {G ia Lai - Kon Tum ), raixi ( c Lc), Cu S t (ng Nai) v.v ..
thuc hu k mi Vit N am cho thy s phong ph, a dng c a b
m t x hi V it Nam thi .

4. C dn s k thi di ng thau - tin ng Sn

-

Cc b lc Phng NguyrS^'^. Vo cui thi i nii, c dn c c b

ic sng lu vc sng Hng trn c s pht tri n k th u t c h tc , lm

gm, b it n mt loi nguyn vt liu mi l ng v k th u t iuyn
kim ng thau, mc d cn budi u. Di ch vn ha Phng Nguyn tm
thy nhiu ni thuc lu vc sng Hng nh Ph Th, B c Ninh, H Ty,
H Ni, Hi Phng, mt s i tch thuc vn ha Phng Nguyn, cc nh
kho c hc tim ra d ct ngi^^\ c c cc ng v xl ng. Diu
chng t c dn Phng Nguyn luyn ng ngay trn t nc la . v
vn hta P h n g Nguyn m u cho s k thi i ng thau. T ip theo
cc b c thuc vn ha P hng Nguyn l cc b lc vn hta ng u,
G Mun (thuc trung k v hu kl thi i ng thau nm trong th i k
tin ng Sn) trc tip xy dng c s cho vn ha ng Sn ra i
sau .

(1) Nguyn tJln Cng, "C nhn hc, 30 nflm, mt ching tlng'', Kio c hc, st 3 - 1998, Ir. 9,20.
(2 ) Phng Nguyn (Ph Th), l da dim c ir u tiCn phl hin c di lich ca vftn ha so ki
thi
ng thau Vil Nam, tn ti vo khong na du thiCn nin ki
nay gn 4.000 nm.

[I TCN , cAch ngy

(3) Theo Nguyn Ln Cng Ihi trong s6 55 a im ca vn ha Phng Nguyn da phi hin
uc 3 a im c i ct ngUi (Nguyn lJin Cu<5ng, "C nhn hc, 30 nAm mftl chng iing"
C h c s - 1998, lr.20).

K ho

VIT NAM (T THI NGYN THY. DN 1858)

25

- Cc b lc Hoa Lc, Cn Chn 7 n ' ' . Bn cnh cc b lc Phng

Nguyn lu vc sng Hng, cn c nhng b lc khc cng tin n
giai on so ki thi i ng thau v bit n k th u t luyn kim nh cc
b lc vng chu thd sng M m cc nh kho c hc gi l vn ha Cn
Chn Tin, Hoa Lc^"^. Cc b lc Cn C hn T in sng vng ng ba sng
M - sng Chu v cc b lc Hoa Lc sTg Ir cc cn ct ven b in l
nhng c dn u tin bit n kim loi v tin n giai on s k thi
i ng thau cng thi vi c dn Phng Nguyn lu vc sng Hng.
Tip sau cc b lc Cn Chn T in v Hoa Lc (s k ng thau) l cc b
lc B i Man (tru n g k ng thau), Qu Ch (hu k ng thau). Bn cnh
nhOng nt vn ha a phng, cng to ra nhng nt gn gi vi vn
ha Phng Nguyn, ng u, G Mun cui cng ha chung to nn
vn hda D ng Sn thng nht vng B c b v B c T ru n g b.
- Cc b ic u vc sng Lam^^\ T i lu vc sng Lam , cc nh kho
c hc pht hin c mt s di tch thuc s ki thi i ng thau nh
nhdm di tch n i, Qa cc cng c v gm ca c dn di tch
ny cc nh kho c hc cho rn g c dn by gi c mt trnh tng
ng vi c n Phng Nguyn, Cn Chn Tin, Hoa Lc. C dn s k thi
i ng thau lu vc sng Lam cng tri qua c c giai on tru n g k
v hu k ng thau tip theo sau giai on s k vi nhng nt vn ha
ring ca m nh, tihng vn th hin mt trn h pht trin tng ng vi
c dn vng chu th sng Hng, sng M trong cng mt giai on, v
c n g h a n h p v o g i a i o n v n h d a n g S n s a u ( t t h
k VII tr. CN - I sau CN).
^ Cc b Lc vng Bng

M y, cc nh kho c hc pht hin

c 5 a m c tr c a cc b lc s k thi km kh. C dn y
t c vng ca sui dc i b sng M ko di khong 10 km t x
Mng Lm n x N Nghin. Ti c c t im c dn ny, c c nh kho
c hc tm thy nhiu cng e mi, gm v nhng hoa vn phong
ph, rt p. c bit pht hin c nhng vin hnh Y oni (sinh th c
kh n) biu tng ca tn ngng phn thc. Nhng d vt ny thng gp

(1) c>a I,c, Cn Chn nn Ihuc lu vc sng M ( hanh Ha)

(2) lloa Lc thuc huyn Uu Lc lnh Thanh Ha
(3) Sng l-am cn gi l sng C Ngh An- Di tich vn ha sftng Lam cn bao gm c cu dn
cng thi 'Hnh
(4) Sng M l ln mi huyn mn ni bin

nam CH tnh Son I.a.

26

DI CONG l c h s v i t n a m

trong cc di tch vn ha tin ng Sn lu vc sng Hng, sng M

(Thanh Ha> cd nin i khong 4 .0 0 0 n m cch ngy
Nh vy, cch y khong 4 .0 0 0 nm, trn lnh th min B c v B c
T rung B nc ta, nhiu ni c6 cc b lc - ch nhn ca vn ha
Tin Dng

giai on s k thi i ng thau v k th u t luyn kini

nh c, sinh 3ng u di.

C dn by gi u lm ngh nng trn g la v cc cy lng thc khc
bng cuc . Thi k ny kl thut c h tc t n trnh pht tr i n
r t cao, k th u t mi nhn, ca^ khoan, tin rt ph bin v hon thin.
Cng c c tm thy c nhiu loi hnh phong ph, tinh t nh cc
riu, bn t din c mi nhn c kch thc nh, cc i cuc mi
nhn c chui tra cn v.v... Nhng cng c lao ng hn rn g c tc
dng quan trngj ln lao trong vic nng cao hiu qu nn kinh t hy gi.
C dn vn hda Phng Nguyn mc cha c cng c bng ng, vn s
dng cng c bng l ch yu, nhng vi vic bit s dng nguyn liu
bng ng v k thut luyn kim to iu kin tin cho c dn vn
hda ng u, G Mun tip sau k tha v pht trin ngy cn g cao
hn kl thu t luyn kim, trn c s t hinh thnh nn nn vn minh rc
r thi Vn L a n g - u Lc - nn vn m inh sng Hng v s ra i ca nh
nc s khai giai on vn ha ng Sn.
C dn by gi, ngoi ngh nng chnh, cn chn nui gia sc, gia
cm nh tru , b, g, ch v.v... di tch xdm Rn (Ph Th) cc nh kho
c hc tlm thy tng u g bng t nung. Cc di tch lu vc sng
M (Thanh Hta) c nhiu xng b, ln, ch.
Cng vi nng nghp, chan nui, n gh th cng ca cc b lc P hng
Nguyn, Hoa Lc, Dn i - R T a v.v... r t pht trin. R t nhiu m nh
gm vi nhiu hnh loi, hoa vn phong ph, a dng tm thy trong cc
di tch thi k ny. di tch Phng Hong^^^ (Quc Oai, H T y) gm
cd loi m ing cong cd g, loi khng cd g, loi ming loe, loi ming ng
Chn cng c 3 loi, tai gm, chc gm cng cd nhiu kiu. D gm

(1) Nguyn Khc s, "Phi hin rl mi cc di lich lin - sd s trCn i sng M (Scin

(iio

i on k t, Xun K Mo. 1999, ir.62.

(2) Hi<n nay vn d vn ho Phng Nguyn, Dng u, G Mun van ha Tin Dng Scm hay thi
l cc giai don pht trin ca mt vn ha Ong Sn chung, dang cn dc ip (c lm sng t
(3) Nhng phi hin m i ve kho c hc nm 1994^
K l i x n . 1995, ir 4 5 .

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y N 1858)

27

mi khu vc tuy m ang nhng nt c t n n g v kiu dng, v hoa

nhng im ging nhau l tt, p hn gm thi vn ha mi. K
th u t dng bn xoay nn gm r t ph bin.
S pht tr i n n inh cao ca kl th u t c h tc , k th u t lm gm,
bit n k thut luyn kim chng t s pht tri n m nh m ca th
cng nghip by gi. Cc ngh th cng khc nh an lt, dt vi cng kh
pht tr i n d mt s b c. Ngh nh c, sn bn vn tn ti nhng khng
cn pht t r i n c dn vn ha Phng Nguyn, nhng li c pht tr i n
cc b lc khc. Cc khu vc sinh sng ca c dn Phng Nguyn c r t
t xng th rng, xuang c v cng khng pht hin thy ch li nh
c. Nhng cc b lc vng lu vc Bng M (T hanh Ha) v c c b lc d
huyn S n g M (Sdn La) li tim thy ch li nh c. Nhiu loi xng,
rng th rng c tm thy cc di tch vn ha Hoa Lc. Ch nhn vn
hta P h ng Nguyn, vn hda Hoa Lc, S n g M, n i - R T a (Ngh
An).v.v... ct m t trnh m cm kh cao. Diu d khng ch th hin
trn c c n tra n g tr gm, m cn c tro n g kl th u t ch tc cng c v
tra n g sc ca h. Cc cng c c n xng, xinh xn, mi nhn bdng
p mt. T r n m t s riu, c ca c dn vn ho P h ng Nguyn cng c
tra n g tr b n g nhng ng khc chm. Cc tra n g sc nh vng tay, ht
chui b ng c khoan tin tinh vi. Mt s tng ng vt bng t
nung nh tng g, tung b... cng c tm thy tron g mt s di tich vn
hda P hng Nguyn^^^ Cc nh kho c hc cn pht hin c kh nhiu
con du bng t nung hlnh ch nht, hnh trn, hnh bu dc, trn m t
con du ct c c hoa vn c khc

nh di tch van ha Hoa Lc.

C nhng du hiu cho thy ch nhn vn ha P hng Nguyn trong mt

mc no d a ct t duy khoa hc, ct quan nim v t h gii, v v tr.
iu ny c th hin hoa vn trn gtn c tun th cht ch cc
quy t c i xng. K thut ch tc t n nh cao vi nhiu loi hinh,
kch c khc nhau v.v...

(1) D gm ca c dn Phng Nguyn c c dim ha lit lo nen bng nhng dung cong, uyn
chuyn, Ihanh Ihot, c s phi hp kho lo gia hoa vn v kiu ng. D gm Hoa Lc c
c itn hoa vn l nhng di thong dSng, trn hay c nhng nhm chm... (Lfc/i s Vit
Nam. Sch s dn, T l. tr.43,46), D gm cc b lc Sng Ma (huyn Sng M - Sn l j i ) c
hoa vn du dan ing di, vn khc vch ch s i xng, vn hnh hc. (Nguyn Khc s , "Pht
hin ri mi cc di tch tin s s trn t Sng Ma", bo Di on k i, XuSn Ki Mo, tr.62)
(2) (3 ) L(ch s Vift Nam. St5d, tr.43,46.

28

DI CNG LCH S VIT NAM

Cng nh ch nhn vn hda mi, con chu ca h thi vn ha P h n g

Nguyn c tc chn ngi cht ngay ni c tr, chn theo cng c lao ng,
cc vt dng khc k c tra n g sc, H cng th hin nim v mi
quan h gia ngi ang sng v ngi cht. Nhn mt cch tn g qu t
trn cc m t hot ng ca i sng x hi, chng ta c th thy rug ch
nhn ca vn ha Phng Nguyn, Hoa Lc, n Di - R T a v.v... Cch
ngy nay khong 4 ,0 0 0 nra, sng nh c kh lu di v a bn c tr
ca h ngy cn g m rng trn lu vc c c sng Hng, sng M, sng C
H ot ng nng nghip l hot ng kinh t ch o. B n cn h ngh nng,
sn bn, nh c vn tn ti, ct ni cn k h pht trin. Cc ngh th cng
lm , gm t n trinh cao c v k th u t v m thut. C dn
by gi bit n ng v k thut luyn kim. X hi ang trn bc ng
chuyn m inh t cng x th tc mu quyn sang bui u cng x th tc
ph quyn. C h cng x nguyn thy ang bc vo giai on t a n r.
Giai on ny cn tip tc cc bc pht trin ca vn hda ng thau
ng u, G Mun sau , ua n s r a i nh nc th Hng Vng.
Nm tron g giai on vn hta ng thau s k (thuc T in ng Sn)
Bc b v B c T ru n g b th Nam T ru n g b cn cd vn ha T in S a Hunh
v Nam b c vn ha ng Nai (khng thuc T in ng Sn).
-

Vn ha T i n S a Hunh^*^ Cch ngy nay khong 4 . 0 0 0 nm n

3 .0 0 0 nm, ch nhn vn ha T in S a Hunh tin n thi i s kl kim

kh v bit n k thut luyn kim. Cc nh kho c hc pht hin c
nhiu di tch van ha Tin Sa Hunh nh di tch Bu T rm , Bu N, G
Miu, Ph Ha Qung Nam - Nng, di tch Long T r ch , B inh Ch&u,
G Li Q ung Ngi ; di tch xm Cn, B in h Hng, Mi N K hnh
C dn S a Hunh sng ri rc trong c c tinh N am T ru n g b, lm nng
nghip dng cuc, trng la nc v cc cy trng khc.
c im ca cng c lao ng ca c dn S a Hunh l rt It c n g c
bng ng, nhng cng c bng st (cuc, thung, lim) v v kh b n g st
li r t nhiu. C l do ni c tr ca c dn vn ha S a Hunh r t him
qung ng, nn ngnh luyn kim ng khng pht trin . T r i li, n g h rn
st pht tr i n hn. Cc nh kho c hc pht hin c nhiu c n g c

(1) (2 ) Sa Hunh thuc huyn Dc Ph, linh Qung Ngi. v an ha Sa Hunh giai on Km
(Tin Sa Hunh) c nin i 4.000 - 3.000 nm cch ngy nay , giai on rrun vo na thin
nin ki 1 iruc cOng nguyn. (Trn Qu6c Vng ch biCn, C s vn h a Vii Nam, Nxb Gio
dc. 1997. lr.91).

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y D N 1858)

29

lao ng v v kh b ng s t trong c c di tch vn hda Sa Hunh nh ru,

li cuc, c xe cn xng, ao, kim, gio v.v,..
Cc ngh gm xe si, dt vi, lm tran g sc cng kh pht tr i n
ch nhn vn ha S a Hunh* H cn b it nu c t lm thy tinh kh sm.
Cng ging nh chu nhn vn hda T in ng Sn, c dn S a Hunh vo
thi s ki thi i kim kh c mt trin h m cm cao. H c h tc c
nhiu tr a n g sc p, nht l tran g sc bng thy tinh. Tm thy nhiu
chui ht bng , bng ng, bng Tn no, cc khuyn tai hai u th v,v...
C dn S a Hunh cng c quan nim v th gii bn kia. Quan nim d
c th hin tc chn ngi cht. H thng t xc cht, tro xng
vo c c v b ng t nung cng vi cc tran g sc. Cc n h kho c hc
pht hin c nhng di ct ngi tro n g vn hda S a Hunh, nh cc
di tch nm ven bin min T ru n g M Tng, B u Ke (Thun Hi), xm
c (Q uhg Ngi), Bnh

(Qung N am ). C dn S a Hunh thuc tiu

chng M Lai - a o, sng ri rc trn cc chu th ca cc sng Thu

Bn, T r Khc, ng Nai, cc vng ven ni rig thuc nam T rung b v
bc Nam b.
Ch nhn ca vn hda Sa Hunh l t tin ca ch nhn vn ha Chm
sau ny.
-

VLn h a ng Nai^^\ Theo kt qu nghin cu ca cc nh kho c

hc th cch ngy nay khong 4 .0 0 0 * 5 .0 0 0

ch nhn ca vn ha

Dng N ai a t c vng ng bng N am b, ti cc vng t badan

ng Nai, vng t badan sng B, vng ph sa h lu sng Dng Nai,
vng t xdm ven sng Vm c ng v vng ngp nc, sinh ly ven bin.
Cc nh kho c hc pht hin c m t s i tch vn ha ng Nai
nh di tch G C t (thnh ph H Ch M inh), di tch R ch Ni (Long An),
di tch Ci V n, Ngi Thngj G Me, Dc Cha (khu vc Dng

(1 ) Nguyn Ln Cng,

nhan hc, 30 nm, mt chng ung, Kh c hc, s 3 -1 9 9 8 , ir.21.

(2 ) Tinh Dng Nai Nam b(3) Theo C s vn Ho

yit Nam,

Sd, tr.92.

(4) Theo Trn Q uc Vung (ch bin), C s vn h a V i Nam, Sd, lr.93. Ti cc Ui tch ni
Gm, sui Chn> t ng Bc, G Ct, Ci Vn, Dc Cha c nhiu d ng, di tich m Chum
vng Xun Lc, Drtng Nai c nhiu cng cg, v kh bng st. cc |J ch i Phng Khng,
Ung B c (3ng Nai), C Lao Ra, Dc Cha (n h Srtg B c) c nhng tl trang sc bng
Ihy linh ca c dn vn ho Dng Nai.

30

DI CONG LCH s VIT NAM

C dn vn hda Dng Nai lm ngh nng trng la nc v cc cy lng

thc khc. Ngoi ra, h cn lm ngh khai thc sn vt rng, sn bn, lm
ngh th cng. Bn cnh cc cng c bng (cuc, riu, mi nhn, cuc cd
vai), cn cd nhiu cng c bng ng v b ng st. Nhiu tra n g sc bng
thy tinh, ng v st.
C dn vn hda ng Nai cng c tc chn ngi cht ni c tr ca
nhng ngi ang sng.

P HN H A I

THI I DNG N c
Chng //

THI I DNG N c
Sau hng ch c vn nm gian kh lao ng v sng to, t nhng cng
c bng c th s tin n pht minh ra k th u t luyn kim v ngh
nng trng la nc dng cy ct sc ko l tru b ; i sng vt cht v
tmh thn ca ngi nguyn thy Vit N am ngy c n g c nng cao, tng
bc lm thay i b m t x hi, a n hnh thnh mt lnh th chung,
mt nn vn ha, vn minh chung v m t t chc chnh tr, x hi chung,
l quc gia v nh nc Vn L ang - u Lc, nh du mt bc chuyn
bin c bn tron g lch s x hi Vit Nam, m ra mt thi i mi - thi
i dng nc. Thi i lch s quan trn g ny c nhiu ngi quan
tra nghin cu, c nhiu ti liu cp ti.
Di cc triu i phong kin V it Nam. trong mt s tc phm c
cp n thi i ny di dng truyn thuyt, lch s hay a l. l
cc tc phm Vi^t Nani th chi^^\ Vit s lc^^\ Vit din u

Lnh
Nam chch qui^^^ (bin son thi T rn), Di Vit s k ton th^^\ D a
ck^^\ Vit s thng gimP^ (bin son thi Hu L), Lch triu hin chng
loi
(thi Nguyn) v.v... Tuy vy, nhiu nh s hc ca nc ta thi
by gi cn t r a hoi nghi v s tn ti ca thi ki lch s ny m nguyn
nhn ca s hoi nghi t l bi thiu c c c liu ng tin cy.

( ) Vic S am ih ch (2 quyn) ca H Tng Thc ghi chp s vic t Ihi Hng Vng n
nh Triu,

uc biCn son nm 1377 cha r tc gi, c ngi cho rng ca s Ki Nhan.

(3 ) Vit in u /inh ca L T XuyCn
(4 ) U n h /^am c/ic/ qui ca Trn Th Php bin son vo cui Ih k XIV .
(5 ) O yit s k ton th ca Ng S Lin bn son nm 1479, v sau c s b Kung ca Lfi Truy,
(2 )

Phm Cng Trl, Le ly. oc in nm 1697.

(6 ) D a ch ca Nguyn Tri
(7 ) yt s thng gim ca V Ounh (gm 26 quyn, 2 c)
(8 ) ich -iu hin chng loi ch ca Phan Hiiy Ch bn son trong 10 nam (1809 - 1819) gm 49 quyn

DAI CONG LCH s VIT \ \ \ M

32

S a n g thi Php thuc, vi s th n h lp t r n g Vin Dng Hc C

nni 1900)^ cng tc nghin cu thi i ny c ch . Vic (im kim,
thm d, khai qut v nghin cu c quan tAm v cd bc chuyn bin
mi thc s l nm 1924 khi khu di tich c tr v m tng Dng Sn
Thanh Ha) dc khai qut T nm 1921 n nm 1932, nh kho c hoc
ngi Php l Pagi (Pajot) nhu ln khai qut di tch vAn h(5a ^ng
Sn ny, pht hin c nhiu ng^*\ gin v si Vi k"t qu

Lng Hmg Vng rn ni Ngha (P Th)

(l)

Ihu thp dOc 489 hin vt hlng dng. 'I hco long Xun Chinh, Lich s phi hin v

ihtri cu inm g vn ha !)n San Vit Nam. ch biCn J VAn rn, Nxb K iX H , 1994.
ir 9 .1 0 ,u

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y DN 1858)

33

khai q u t ni t r n , m t cun sch v thi i ng thau B c kl v

BC T r u n g k r a i nm 1929, do Glubp bin son. Tip sau , nhiu
nh kho c hc nc ngoi tham gia vo vic nghin cu thi i ny
trong lch s nc ta nh H.Ghenec (H.Geldern), O .Y anxe (O .Ja n se ) v.v...
Nhiu di tch kho c c pht hin v khai qut. T nm 1 9 3 5 n nm
1939, nh kho c hc Thy in khai qut di tch ng Sn 3 ln v
thu thp d ng Cu Cng (Thanh H a), Phrt Lu (Lo Cai) v.v... Mt s
cng trnh nghin cu mi v vn ha ng San in lut c cng b nh

Ngun gc u s phn b ca trng ng kim loi, kh ai qut Dng Sn,

Nh Dng Sn, Nin di s k un ha ng Sn U.L>...
Trn c s nhng c iiu mi, c c nh kho c hc nc ngoi bc
u nu ln c nhng c trng c bn ca vn ha ng Sn, khng
nh s tn ti ca mt Iin vn hta ng thau pht tri n Vit N am - nn
vn ha Dng Sn, xut mt s nhn nh v nin i, ngun gc ca
nn vn ha ny.
Tuy vy, do nhiu nguyn nhn, cc n h kho c hc nc ngoi by gi
khng i eu vo nghin cu ton in cc m t ca i sng x hi v
bn cht ca nn vn hta ig Sn {v kinh t, quan h x hi, t chc
nh nc...), m ch tp trung vo nghin cu nin i ra i, 3 tn ti v
ngun gc ca n n vn ha d. Mt sai lm ca cc nh kho c hc nuc
ngoi thi l ph nhn tnh bn a ca nn vn hda ng Sn. H
cho rng nn vn ha o bt ngu-n t nc ngoi (t T ru n g Quc v xa
hn na l t chu u).
Ti sau C ch m n g th n g T m nm 1 9 4 5 , n h t l t n m 1 9 5 4 , sau
khi t h c d n P h p b i t r n i n B i n P h , m i n B c c h o n
t o n g i i p h n g , n g n h s hc v k h o c h c V i t N am c h n h th c
ra i v ngy c n g p h t t r i n , v i c n g h i n c u m t c c h t o n din
v th i i H n g V n g - An D n g V n g m i t h c s c ch
t r n g v n g y c n g c y m n h , o t c n h i u t h n h
t u to l n . C c n g u n t i liu c p h t h i n v th u th p n g y c n g
p h o n g ph . C c c n g t r i n h n g h i n c u c gi t r l n lu t c c n g
b nh : Vn h a ng San h a y vn. h a

L a c V it, V n h a d
d n g v trn g n g L c V it c a o Duy A nh, L c h s c h Cng
s n nguyn th y V it N am c a T r n Q u c V n g v H V n T n ,
X h.i n u c Van L a n g v u L c c a V n T n , H ng Vang d n g

3-CLSVN T.lp

34

DI CONG LCH s VIT

nuc^^\ T rn c s nhiu di tch vn ha Dng Sn c khai qut nhiu

a phng*-^^ nh di tch Ni Np, Qu Ch, ng Ngm, Dng Vng, Bi
T, Cn Cu^-^) (Thanh Ha), Lng Vc (Ngh An), I ^ n g C (Ph Th), Dng
C, Ph Lng, Vinh Quang, Phng T (H Ty), Bi Mn, Cha Thng.
inh C h ng (H Ni), ng Mm (Ngh An) v.v... m ngy cng c nhiu
sch, bo, tp ch, k yu kho c hc hng nm c cng b. Thi i Hng
Vung c nghin cu su sc, ton in. Nhiu ni dung quan trng thuc
thi i ny c lm r hn : nin i, ngun gc v c trng ca nn vn
ha ng Sn, hnh thi kinh t - x hi, thit ch chnh tr ng thi v.v...
T r n c sd nhng thnh tu mi d, chng ta i vo tm hiu m t s
ni dung ch yu sau y ca thi i ny m chng ti gi chung l thi
Hng Vng hay thi Vn Lang.

I.

NIN I V A BN c TR

CA NGI V IT C TH I HNG VONG

1. Nin i
Da vo cc ngun t liu mi pht hin v kt qu nghin cu, nhiu
nh kho c hc v s hc cho r n g thi ki ng nc u tin ca dn tc
Vit N am " thi Hng Vng tri qua 4 giai on pht trin ni tip
nhau lin t c v ngy cn g cao trn c s k tha thnh qu giai on
trc. 4 giai on phn nh qu trn h hnh thnh v pht tri n c a nh
nc v quc gia Vn L a n g - u Lc.
- G iai on Phng Nguyn^'^^ tn t i vo khong na u thin nin
k II tr. CN, thuc s k thi i ng thau. Giai on ny cha cd cng c
bng ng.
- G iai on dng

vo kh on g na sau thin nin k II tr.CN ,

thuc tr u n g k thi i ng thau. y l giai on pht tr i n k tip v

(1) K yJ Hng yng ng nc, T I. H Ni 1970, n (1972). T3 (1973), T4 (974).
(2)(3) T heo Hong Xun Chinh thi cc nh kho c hc

d phi hin c 125 i tch vn ha Dng Sn

xttn i ac ta, trong o 65 di tch cu ini, 27 di tch va cu tr va m tng, 28 di tch m tng

v 5 di chi xng ch tc 6 trang sc bng (Vn ha n Sn Vt Nam, Nxb KHXI , 1994,
Sd, tr.l7).
(4)(5) Lp ii ca di lch ng Du (Ph Th) c nin i

(thuc vn ha Phng NguySn) l 380

100 nm ir.CN. Di chi Trng Knh (Hi Phng) thuc vn ha Phng Nguyn giai on mun l 1455
100 nm irC N . Dng Du Ihuc x Minh Tn (Yn t-c, Ph 'li). Di Lch kho c hc ny i<;k: pht
hin nm 1964. Di lich Vn Chui (Hoi Dc, H Ty) thuc van ha ng Du

c niCn i c l;i

1120 nm trC N . Cc ri kho c hc pht hin c nhiu ch kho c thuc vfln ha Dng Du
cc lnh Ph Th, Ha Binh, H Ty. Bc Giang. B c Ninh. H Ni (Lch iir Vii Narn, Nxb. o n
GDCN, 1991. T l, tr.43 v 60).

VIT NAxM (T THI NGUYN TH Y N 1858)

35

cao hn giai on Phng Nguyn. Ngi thi ng Du vn dng

irong sn xut v i sng l ch yu, nhng hin vt bng ng thau
chim khong trn di 20% s cng c v v kh. K thu t lm gm v
luyn kim pht tr i n hn.
^ Gii don G

tn ti vo na u thin nin k I tr.C N . c

im ca giai on ny l gim s t r rt, chi chim 4 8% tro n g tng

s hin vt, ng thau chim tl l cao, trn 50% tng s cng c v v
khi. y l giai on hu ki thi i ng thau.
'

G iai o n ng

t n t t r o n g k h o n g th i g ia n t t h

ki V III tr.CN n th k II sau CN. y l giai on chuyn tip t s pht

trin rc r ca ng sang s k st. 0 y ch cp n vn ha
Dng Sn giai on trc th k II I tr.CN . giai on ny tl l trong
tng s cc hin vt thu thp c ch cn khong 13^4%. Cng c v v kh
bng ng chim u th vi ti l r t cao. K t qu nghin cu m t s
di tch kho C thuc vn hda ng

cho thy : di tch Lng C tng

s hin vt khai q u t thu thp c c 182, trong c 161 hin vt b n g

ng thau, chim t l 88,5% tng s hin vt ; gm c 12 hin vt, chim
6,5% tng s hin vt. Cc hin vt chl ct 9, chim tl l 5% tn g s hin
vt m ch yu l tran g sc (7 khuyn ta, I ht chui v mt hin vt
khc ging khuy o c 2

di tlch ng Sn c 2 7 0 hin vt, tro n g

t ng c 2 2 2 hin vt, chim 82,2% , s t c 6 hin vt, chim 2,2% ,

c<5 42 hin vt, chim 15,5%. D tch Lng Vc thu thp c 6 2 4
hin vt, trong d cd 5 2 2 hin vt bng dng, chim 83,6% , thy tnh
c 4 3 hin vt, chim 6,9% , c 5 9 hin vt, chim

2. a bn c tr
Cn c vo c c dl tlch kho c hc th u c vn ha ng S n p h t
hin c, c t h x c nh a bn c tr ca ngi V i t c nc
V n L a n g t n g ng vi vng B c b v B c T r u n g b ca n c t a n gy

(1 ) <} Mn Ihuc huyn Phong ChAu, Ph Th. Di tch kho c hc ny d<;c phi hin ni 1961,
Nhu linh phi hn oc di tch vn ha giai on G Mun.
(2 ) Dng Sn thuc 1'tianh Ha. Da im kho c hc Dng Sn c phi hin u ln nm
1924. Di tch vftn ha Dng Sdn c ntn di

2820 120 nm (rm 1950). Di tch Vit

Kh (Hi Phng) c nin i c'"* l 2415 100 nam (1950).

(3 ) (4 )(S ) Theo yn h o Dng Sn Vii

Nxb KH XH , 1994. (r.4 0 ,4 1 .

36

DI CNG LCH

nay

s V IT

NAM

m ch yu sng tp trung trong cc ng bng thuc luu vc sng

Hng, sng M, sng C, mt s t sng ri rc dc min ni theo cc th u n g

lng c a min Bc, min T rung nc ta.

II. S C H U Y N B I N V K I N H T - X H I

1. V k i n h t
Thi H ng Vng do k th u t luyn kim ngy cng pht trin , nn cng
c lao ng bng ng thau ngy cng chim u th v thay th dn cng
c bng .
giai on u (giai on Phng Nguyn), cng c bng cn chim
u th, n n kinh t cn m ang tnh cht nguyn thy. S a n g n giai on
ng u, G Mun v nh t l Dng Sn, nhiu loi hnh cng c b n g ng
ra i v ngy cng phong ph nh li cuc, li cy, li thung, li
xng, li ru

V. V. . .

Mi ioi hnh cng c sn xut cng cd cc kiu dng

khc nhau* T ron g khong 2 0 0 chic li cy bng ng^^^ c ti 4 kiu dng,

l ldi cy hlnh tam gic ct hng t r a cn to khe c phn b dc

sng Thao, li cy hinh bu dc, hnh thoi c phn b vng ng bng
B c b, li cy hlnh thoi c phn b t p trung vng sng M, li cy
hinh x n g vai ngang phn b vng Ln g Vc. Cuc bao gm li cu c c
l tra cn, cuc hnh tam gic, cuc cd vai. Cuc ch u , cuc hnh q u t v.v...
Li ru c ru hnh ch nht, riu t din li xe, ru hnh li xo, hnh
bn chn, rlu li lch^^^ Ngoi ra cn c li lim ng, cng c lao ng
bng s t. S tin b ca cng c sn x u t thc y nn kinh t ngy
cng pht tri n , t n mt trnh kh cao. Nn kinh t bao gm nhiu
ngnh, ngh, trong nng nghip trng la nc chm a v ch o,
ph bin rng ri khp lnh th t tru n g du n ng bng, ven b in .

(1)

Theo Lch

Uii Nam, T l , Nxb D !i v OE)CN Ihi ja bn ca nilc Vn hang cn

bao gm

mt phn phia nam Qung Dng, Qung Ty ca Trung Q u c (tr. 56, Sd).
(2 ) Nhng s tCu (rich ! Di vt vn ha Dng s^n ca Ch Vn Tn, Bi Vn Lim ' irong yn
h n^ Sn Vii Nam, Sd. ir,47. 'Vhto k qu nghiCn cu ca cc lc gi ni irfin thi irong
s 200 li cy dng c 4 chic Ihuc loi hnh lam gic, lio rhic huc loi hnh 'OU duc vii
bnh xhOiy 82 cUc \ loi hnh Ihoi nm v ng, 4 chic hnh lu xng. vai ngang.
(3)

C 64 chic riu Ihn i 7.9 cm. lui rng 5.8 cm, 44 chic riu gi vung
nh di 8,2 cm. li rng

cm... Trch Iheo li liu dn

bn. in hnh ch

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y N 1858)

37

Vi vic ch to ra li cy v nng nghip dng cy thay t h cho

nn nng nghip dng cuc, ih du bc pht trin mi, mnh m trong
nn kinh t thi Hng Vng. Vi vic r a i nhiu loi hnh cng c sn
xut b n g ng cn chng t bc tin v k th u t canh tc ca c dn by
gi. Nng nghip dng cy l ngun cung cp lng thc chnh nui sng
x hi, tr thnh c s ch yu ca mi hot ng khc.
Nhng di ct tr u b nh tm thy trong cng mt d tch vn hda ng
Sn, h nh b khc ho trn m t trng Tig chng t dn c thi K ng
Vng s dng tru b lm sc ko tron g nng nghip. Nhng du tch
thdc go, nhng cng c gt hi tlm thy cc di chi thuc vn h<5a ng
ch ng t s ph bin v pht tr i n mnh m ca ngh nng trng
la nc thi H ng Vng.
S pht tri n oa nn kinh t nng nghip trng la nc i hi ngy
c n g bc th it phi lm cng tc thy li, khai khn t dai, m rng din
tch can h tc. D c mt s ti liu

cho thy c dn by gi d bt s

dng bin php ti, tiu theo nc triu ln xung"^^^.

Vi nhng cng c bng kim kh, c dn ng Sn m rng a bn
c tr, y m nh cng cuc khai khn t ai, chinh phc vng ng bng,
ven b in B c b v bc T ru n g b. C dn ng thi trng la trn cc
loi rung nc, bi v nng ry vi nhng hnh thc canh tc ph hp
vi a hlnh v t ai tng vng. La gm c la t v la np. Ngoi
trng l a nc l ch yu, ngi ng thi cn pht trin ngh lm vn,
trng rau c, cy n qu lm phong ph cho ngudn lng thc. K ho c
hc tim thy du vt ca cc loi bu bj u, khoai, sn.
Thu hoch tron g nng nghip ngy cn g cao. S tch "Bnh ch ng bnh
giy" nti ln bc pht trin ca nn nng nghip trng la thi . S
c ca T ru n g Quc cho bit vo nm 111 tr.C.N, s gi nh T riu cng
cho tng Hn l L Bc c 1000 h ru, 100 con b. S kin cng
ch n g t s pht trin nti trn.
Cng vi tr n g trt cn c chn nui, nh c v th cng nghip cng
r t pht trin.

(1 ) O lch thc gao lim Ihy di tch Lng Vc c 2 ni gm irong c nhiu h thc, v ir j
tm Ihy trong thp ng lng Vc. Cc cng c gt hi c lim, dao gt, nhp. Nhu :h tch

c cOng ghi chp v s hiCn T ca ngh nng irng la nic thi Hng Vng nh cc sch
i v ch ca Dong Ph thi Dng Hrv Thy kinh ch ca Lch Do Nguyn. thi Bc Ngy,
Vn i loi rtg ca L Ou Dn, v.v..,
( 2 ) O iao Chu Xoi vc k n i trong Thy kinh ch thi Phong Kh c phng li.
( 3 ) An Nam ch iuc ca L Trc.

38

I CNG LCH S V I T NAM

phc v cho trng trt, c dn by gi y mnh chn nui tr u ,

b ly sc ko v phn bn. Nhiu di tch vn hta ng Sn c xng
tru, b^'^ Cc gia sc, gia cm cng c nhn dn chn nui r n g ri,
nh ln, g, ch v.v... Ngh th cng t c bc tin rt quan tr n g t
khi c dn P hng Nguyn pht minh ra ngh luyn kim, c ng, ti n ln
ngh luyn s t giai on ng Sn. V ic pht hin c nhng khun c
ng v x ng khng nh ngh luyn kim do c dn Hng Vng sng
to ra. K th u t luyn ng ca ngi V it c thi ng Sn t n
tTnh iu luyn khin cho cc hc gi nc ngoi kinh ngc v ph n h n

tnh b n a ca n. T rn g ng, thp ng l nhng hin vt tiu biu

nht cho tr tu v ti nng, thm m ca ngi th th cng c ng by
gi. T hc t cho thy t Phng Nguyn, ng u, G Mun n D n g Sn
khng nhng s lng cc cng c bng ng ngy cng tan g nhanh ch n g
m cn phong ph, a dng loi hnh v s tin trin v trnh k th u t,
m thut.
Vic nghin cu v nu luyn hp kim ng ph hp vi c c loi hnh
cng c khc nhau l mt thnh tu ln ca ngi th th cng c ng
by gi. Vic cu to hp kim ch to cng c thi H ng Vng tri
qua 2 giai on, m giai on 2 li tt hn, to ra c nhng cng c bn,
chc hn. giai on u hp kim gm ct ng - thic. Cn giai on sau
hp kim gm cd ng - ch - thic vi t l ng 8 0 - 90% , thic, ch chim
t 10 - 20% . lm ntng chy hp kim ni trn, c c th c ng to
nn mt nhit trong l luyn t 1 2 0 0 n 1250c v bn th n l phi
chu uc nhit 1400*^0. lm c iu <5 khng phi d i vi ngi
Vit c cch y my ngn nm khi khoa hc k thut cn cha pht trin .
Vi k th u t luyn ng, c dn by gi to nn bc ngot. loi tr
hn .
T rong m t s di tch thi Hng Vng nh Tin Hi, Dng My, G
Chin Vy, ng Mm, Vinh Quang tm thy c c di vt bng

T i khu

(1) <Ji tich I^n g Vc lim thy 13 chic rng au. b. Dinh Chng tim Ihy sng iru nh. Trn
irng ng Di R o c hinh b. di chi G Mun, Krtng au. b nh chm l ic 38.7% . Dinh
Chng lng ln 6S,7% so vi lng s xUdng cc ng v$t (s liu irich t Lfch s Vit Nam, T l.
Sd. ir 12).

(2 ) di tich Dng Mm (D in Chftu) tim thy d i vt luy^n st xp. Ti Vinh Quang (H oi Dc

H y ) c du tich ng b, cc cng c bng st tim Ihy Dng My, O Chin Vy. L
cuc sl G Chin Vy c nn i
chy Ihnh ml

\o \

l 2350 100 nm (nm 1950), Oung st c nu

st c hm lung ccbon cao. lc l gang vi nhiCi nng chy U 5 0 ^ c

kim v c h tc kim toi thi tng Vng-H ng yung dng nc, T V , ir .2 0 3 '2 1 1
ca H Vn Tn, Hong Vfln Khn).

39
VIT NAM ( T THI NGUYN THY U N 1858)

Mi tn dng

Cn dao g m dng

Li cy dng

40

DI CNG LCH S V IT NAM

C Loa tm thy u tch ch to st. Ngi ng Sn ch to st

bng cach luyn ra s t xp, rn st n phng php c.
S pht tri n ca trnh ki thut ityn kim n\ ring v ngh luyn
kim ni chung thi Hng Vig khng nhng lm thay i v c h t v
nng cao hiu qu ca cng c sn xut, thc y s pht tri n m n h m
ca nn kinh t m cn to in bc chuyn bin quan trng trong quan
h sn xu t x hi, a n s phn cng lao ng trong xa hi. Mt s
th th cng tch khi nng nghip.
Ngh lm gm cng pht trin ln m t bc. Ngh th u t nn gm bng
bn xoay c ci tin. Ngi th gm by g cn bt dng phng php
to hinh b n g cch khun v nung tron g l kin chuyn dng. C h t lng
gm ngy c n g cng v It thm nc hn, mn ngy cng tng. Trnh
to hnh cng ngy cng cao hn (cc bnh gm phn ming, ra ming,
on co th t c u n, song song chy quanh th n gm, loi hnh sn
phm gni phoiig ph, a dng)^'^
Tuy nhin, ngh lm gm by gi vn cha vt qua c gii hn ca
gm th. Vo cui thi Hng Vng gm tr nn n iu v t c
ch n vic gia cng tran g tr.
Cc ngh th cng khc nh mc, an lt, ko t, dt

la, ng

thuyn vn tip tc pht trin. Ngh sn xu t hin v t n tr in h

k thu t kh cao vo thi ng Sn (son c nhiu mu v tr a n g tri p).
S pht tr i n ca nt kinh t trn nhiu m t l c s cho s m rng
trao i h ng hda vi nc ngoi. Hin tung mt s trng ng loi I Hg
ca nc Vn Lan g Thi Lan. M alaixa... cng nh s c m t ca nhng
li qua ng Chin quc nhiu di tch vn h(5a Dng Sn a chng t c
s bun bn gia ngi Vit c ng thi vi cc quc gia quanh vng.
Mt s tr a n g sc, tru, b cng tr thnh hng ha trong vic bun
bn gia Vn Lang - u L c vi cc nc ln bang.

2. S chuyn bin x hi
S pht trin mnh m ca nn kinh t, s phn cng lao ng x hi
gia nng nghip v th cng nghip,,s trao i sn phm v c c nguyn

(1) Sn phm

c nhiu loi ahu ni (y Irn, y bng, y li), ch (c ni y dinh lin va

ch khng c ni y dnh in), chu y bng, Ihnh ming Ihng ng, ng knh ming gp
3 !n chiu cao, bi (loi c v khng c6 chan ) ; Ihp, binh, v, ni nu ng ; khuCn c
(khun c riu, khun c chui kim, gio, chuOng), bi gi. di xc chi. chn chc, chi li.
hn
v.v...
(2 ) Ngi Dng Son bl nhum vi bng v cy (cy chm. cAy vang), di lch
Ihy mi mnh vi mu xanh chm. H cng bii dng khung ci g d di vi. la.

v ^ c lm

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y N 1858)

41

iu gia c c a phng ngy cng m rng di thi Hng Vng to

iu kin thun li cho vic tn g thm ngun ca ci x hi. Sn phm tha
xut hin ngy c n g nhiu hn, to nn c s cho s phn hda x hi.
Nhng ca ci chung ca x hi (do ao ng cng ch, do thu nhp t rung
dt cng cng ca ching, ch) dn dn b m t s ngi tim cch chim
ot bin thnh ca ring, Ch t hu ti sn ra i v ngy c n g pht
trin theo s pht trin kinh t x hi, ng thi cng dn n mt chuyn
bin x hi quan trng i x hi phn h a thnh k giu, ngi ngho. T
thi Phng Nguyn, hin tng phn ho x hi xu t hin, nhung cha
ng k. Trong s' 12 ngi m khai qut Lvlng Ha (Ph Th) c 2 m
chi c 2 hin vt chn theo ngi cht, 2 m c ti 20 hin vt v 2 4 hin
vt, ph bin l s m cn li u co' t 3 n 13 hin vt. ty t n g
ging nhau gm cng c, dng bng , gm. Nh vy l, giai on
u thi Hng Vng quan h cng ng nguyn thy mi bc vo qu
trnh tan r.
T giai on Dng u, G Mun n Dng Sn, mc phn ha x hi
ngy cng r nt hn. khu m tn g L n g

(Vit T rl - Ph Th) thuc

giai on ng S n ct 3 0 7 m tng th s m ngho khng c hin vt ty

tng ti 84,1% . S tn c t n 2 hin vt c 10,1%. S m cd t n n
l hin vt c<5 11,8%. S m c t 16 hin vt tr ln chim 1%. Ngi m
c hin vt nhiu n h t l 2 3 trong cd 15 gio, 1 dao gm, 2 ru, 1 thung,
1 thp, l v gm, 1 b kha th t lng cd tng ra, Di tch m t n g Lng
C cho thy hin tng phn hda x hi y kh r rt. Ngi ngho
chim tuyt i b phn trong x hi.
T i khu m Thiu Dng (Thanh Ha) c 115 m thuc giai on ng
Sn thi 2 m khng co' hin vt chn theo, 53 m chi c gm, 2 0 m c
t 5 n 2 0 hin vt, 4 m c trn 2 0 hin vt, c bit c mt s m ln
ti 36 hin vt. T ron g s 5 m hnh thuyn Vit Kh (Hi Phng) ct 4
m khng c hin vt, 1 m cd 107 hin vt trong t ct 93 hin vt bng
ng (bao gm cng c sn xut, nhc kh, dng qu gi, v kh). Cng
c mt s khu m li khng thy c hin tng khc nhau v s hin vt.
T heo ti liu thng k 71 4

c nin i ng Sn ca 5 khu m t n g

ni ting l Dng Sn (1 0 2 m), Vinh Q uang (51), L n g Vc (2 2 6 ), L n g

C (2 19 ), Thiu Dong (1 1 6 m) th s ngi m ca ngi ngho (khng c
hay ch c mt t gm v tra n g sc bng n gin chim phn
( I ) v (2) S liu ly l Vn ho Dng Sn Vit Nam, Sd, ir.26-C'<f di tch vn ha Dng Son ca Phm
Minh Hiiyn,

42

DI CNG LCH S V IT NAM

ln (51,9% ). Nhng ngi m ca ngi trung bnh, c mt s , gm.

c thm mt t cng c v v kh bng ng, hoc c thm cng c st

(chim 41,4% ). Nhng ngi m ca ngi giu c, chn theo nhiu ng,
st, nhng san g trng ch chim mt ti l nh (6,5%)^^^.
T s phn tch cc hin vt trong c c khu m tn g thi Hng Vng
cho thy x hi by gi c<5 hin tng phn ha thnh cc t n g lp giu,
ngho khc nhau^^^. S phn ha din ra t t, ngy cng r nt tri
qua mt qu trnh lu di t Phng Nguyn n Dng Sn, Tuy nhin, s
phn ha x hi thnh hai cc by gi cha su sc. S phn ha ti sn
l biu hin ca s phn ha x hi. G n lin vi hin tng ny l s ra
i c a n l g ia tr n g , dn ti s hinh th n h c c t n g lp x hi
khc nhau :
- Qu tc (gm c cc tc trng, t trng b lc, th lnh lin minh
b lc v nhng ngi giu c khc).
- N t
" T n g lp dn t do ca cng x nng thn i t n g lp ng o nht
trong x hi, gi vai tr lc lng sn xu t ch yu.
T n g lp tr n ca x hi ngy c n g giu c v nm gi c c cng v
qun l cng vic cng cng ca ching, ch...
Nh vy, nhng tin u tin cho s hinh thnh quc gia v nh nc
thi Hng Vng vo giai on cui ng Sn xut hin.

III. S RA I CA NCV.N LANG

1. S gii th ca cng x th tc v s ra di ca cdng x nng thn
Cng x nng thn l mt hlnh thi x hi xut hin ph bin vo giai
on tan r ca ch cng x nguyn thy v qu san g x hi c
gia cp.
Cn c vo c c di tch kho c thi H ng Vng t Phng Nguyn n
ng Sn ta thy khng nhng v m t khng gian c s m rng dn v

(1)

Theo Ihng

ca Ch Vn Tn rong Vn h a On s<yn Vii Nam,

Sd, tr.398

(2) Hin tng phn ha x hi hi Hng Vdag cn oc phn nh rtng cc Iruyn thuyi l|ch
s Qu dua , Ch ng T Bnh chng b/ih giy. trong Qng Chu k, vi cu "Ngl cay
rung, t \'c cAn, ngui n rung, l ic h,1u".

M T NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y DN 1858)

43

tp tr un g nhng vng ng bng ven cc con sng ln ca B c b, B c

Trung b m c c khu c tr thng rng ln t hng nghn m t vung cho
n mt vi vn mt vung v tn g vn ha kh dy, n h t l giai on
ng S n , khu c tr c tn rng

c nhng khu c tr rng ti

2 5 0 .0 0 0 m . Nhng khu vc c tr rng ln l nhng xm ing nh c

trong c mt dng h chnh v cn c mt s dng h khc cng snh
sng. N hng xm lng da trn c s cng x nng thn (by gi gi l
k, ching, ch). Mt cng x bao gm mt s gia nh^^\ sng tr n cng
mt khu vc tron g quan h huyt thng vn c bo tn tron g cng x
bn c n h , quan h a vc (lng ging),
S r a i ca cng x nng thn l mt trong nhng tin cho s hnh
thnh quc gia v nh nc,
Nhn t thy l v t v cng dng vai tr rt quan trn g a n
s hnh thnh lnh th chung v t ch c nh nc u tin vo thi ng
Sn. T trong cuc u tranh khc phc nhng tr ngi ca th in nhin
(ma ngun, nc l, bo t, phong ba, hn hn) i hi mi thn h vin
khng phi ch c tron g tng cng x, m nhiu cng x phi lin kt vi
nhau tin hnh cc cng trnh ti, tiu nc, m bo cho s p h t trin
mt nn kinh t m nng nghip trng la nc l ch o.
Nc ta li vo v tr chin lc ca vng ng N am , nm trn cc

u mi giao thng thy b quan trng t B c xung Nam, t Dng sang

Ty nh mt u cu t bin c tin vo t lin. Dy cng l ni giao lu
kinh t, vn ha thun li v cung ni xy ra nhu ng v nhiu
mi e da ca gic ngoi xm. Yu cu Hn kt, thng n h t lc ing
t v cng khng km phn cp thit nh yu cu lin kt u tranh
chng nhng tr ngi ca thin nhin.
S t n g nhanh v t l v

so vi hin v t trong cc di tch t Phng

Nguyn n ng Sn chng t mt hin tng ni ln cui thi Hng

(1) Mt s khu c

ITTJ

c pham vi rng n nhu Lng C : 70.000m^, Thiu Dong 5, Dng SOn :

50.000m ^ Hong L : 250.000m . Hong Phng : 70.000m ^ Nt si : 9 l0 .0 0 0 m ^ Lng V c :

40 ,000m ^ ng Mm : 40.000m^. Qu Ch : 30.000m ^ Ph Cng ; 12.000m ^ S liu trch l
yn h a Dng Sn Vi Nam, Sd, T l, tr.404
(2) Thi Hng Vung ch hn nhn mi v mi chng dn n ph bin, gia dinh nh mt
t bo ca x hi. Dy gia inh ph h. nhng ngu ph n vn c a v quan trng, c
coi trng trong gia (lnh v ngoi x h.
(3) Theo mt li hu thng ke s lng v khi c irong 4 khu tch ni ting Ihi Dng Son nh
sau : Vinh Quang chim 63,5% trong ng s hn vt, tJing C 64,1% , ng Son 505%, Thiu
Dong 57,8% . Nhn chung s lng v khi chm trn 50% . {Vn h a Dng Sn Vit Nam,
Sdd. lr.401).

DI CONG LCH s V IT NAM

44

Vng l x hi cd nhiu mi e da v xung t. Trong hon cn h nh

vy, nhng yu cu ni trn c tc dng y mnh s qun t, thng
nht c dn sng trong cc a vc khc nhau c cng tin g ni v phong
tc thnh m t cng ng c dn thng nht. T thc tr n g lch s , tri
qua cc th h ni tip, thc xy dng v cng c mi quan h gn b h
hng, lng nc c tng cng. iu d a n s lin m inh gia
nhiu b lc ln vi nhau m s c gi l 15 b thnh m t lnh th chung
do b lc V n L a n g lpi trung tm. Lin minh b lc Vn L ang l ngng
ca ca mt quc gia u tin trong lch s Vit Nam.
Cn c vo phm vi phn b ca nn vn hda ng Sn, chng t a thy
trng khp vi cng vc ca nc Vn L a n g thi Hng Vng. C ng vc
gm c 5 b lc in, b cnh nhng b lc nh khc sinh sng, c mi
quan h lng ging cht ch do c qu trnh cng chung sng bn nha, c
cng chung iit s phn lch s, mt nhu cu tn ti v pht t r i n ,
dn dn to nn cho c cng ng c dn mt li sng chung, vn ha
chung. V nh vy, t cc n v cng c ca mt x hi nguyn thy
hnh thnh cc n v hnh chnh ca mt quc gia cng vi s hlnh thnh
lnh th chung v mt t chc chung qun li v iu hnh x hi, l
nh nc Vn Lang.

2. Nh nc Vn Lang ra di
Da vo ti liu kho c hc, ti liu th n h vn (s c ca T ru n g Quc,
Vit Nam) chng ta c th s b phc ha cu trc ca nh nc thi Hng
Vng theo h thng 3 cp ca b my ca i tr tng ng vi 3 cp quan
chc nh sau : ng u nc Vn L ang l Hng Vng. Ngi H ng Vung
cha truyn con ni. Hng Vdng ng thi l ngi ch huy qun s, ch
tri c c nghi l tn gio.
Di Hng Vng v gip vic cho Hng Vng c cc lc hu, lc tng.
Lc tng cn trc tip cai qun cng vic ca cc b. Nc Vn L a n g c 15
vn l 15 b lc trc . Lc tng (trc l t trng) cng th
tp cha truyn con ni, cn gi l ph o, b tng. Di b l cc cn g x
(1) s c ca nc la chp khng ging nhau v da danh, ja vc ca 15 b thi Vn l-ang. Sch

yit s iuc c ngi cho ng tc gi ca n l S Hy Nhan ghi 15 b : G iao Ch,

V ii Thng 'li, V Ninh, Q j3 n Ninh, Gia Ninh, Ninh Hi,

Hi. Thanh TUyn. Tn Xong.

Bnh Vn, Vn Lang, cu Chn, Nht Nam, Hoi Nam, c ii Dc. Du a ch ca Nguyn T ri
chp Ihi 15 b i O ao Ch, Chu Din, V Ninh, Phc Lc, ViC* Thng. Ninh Hi, Dng Tuyn,
Lc Hi, VO Onh, Foi Moan, cu c:ha Bnh Vn. T3n Hng, cu c. v an Lang, L ck riu

hin chung ioi ch ca Phan Huy Ch li ghi khc (xem Phan Huy Ch, L ich KU h in chng
ioi chi, Nxb KM Xn. 1992, T l )

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y DN 1858)

45

nng thn (by gi rx5 tn gi l k, ch, ching). ng u k, ch, ching l

cc b chnh (c ngha l gi lng). Bn cnh b chnh c l cn c mt nhm
ngi hnh thnh mt t chc c chc nng nh mt hi ng cng x
tham gia iu hnh cng vic ca k ch, ching. Mi cng x nng thn c
mt ni hi hp, sinh hot cng ng, thng l mt ngi nh cng cng.
Cn c vo li tu ca M Vin ln vua nh Hn v tinh hlnh u Lc
trc khi nh H n xm lc v h nc ta, c th ngh rng, by gi
nh nc Vn L a n g c php lut iu hnh x hi. Sch Hu Hn

th vit : "Lu t Vit" khc lut K n hn 10 vic^'^. Cd l "Lut Vit" m

M Vin dng l mt th lut tc. S sch^^^ thng ghi c dn nc ta
by gi l ngi Lc Vit v quc hiu i Vn Lan g do vua H ng t.
Sch

V it s lu c g h i r n g ; n di T r a n g V n g n h C h u

(69 6 - 6 8 2 tr.C N ) b Gia Ninh c ngi l, dng o th u t phc c cc

b lc, t xn g l Hng Vung, ng Vn Lang, hiu nc l Vn Lang.
Vit Vng Cu T in (5 0 5 4 6 2 tr.CN ) cho ngi n d hng nhng Hng
V'ng khng theo^^\ Sch Lch trtu hin chng loi ch cng ghi : i
Hng Vng dng nc ?i nc Vn Lang, tng Phong Chu, chia
nc ra lm 15 b. Ch nh vua gi l nc Vn Lang^'*^
Da vo cc ti Uu v nhng thnh tu nghin cu v thi i Hng
Vng hin nay c th on nh c c s rng thi im ra i ca nh

nc Vn Lang vi t cch l mt nh nc s khai l vo khong th

k VII - VI tr. CN. S ra i sm ca n h nc Vn Lang, d cn s khai,
nh du mt bc pht trin ln lao c ngha thi i tron g lch s
Vit Nam - m u thi i dng nc v gi nc u tin ca dn tc ta.

IV. CUC KHNG CHIN CHNG XM L c TN

V S HNH THNH NH NC u LC
L Cuc khng chin chng xm ic Tn
Nm 221 tr.C N , nc T n tu dit 6 nc, kt thc cc in "tht hng"
thi Chi^n quc (T , S, Yn, Hn, Triu, Ngy, T n ), thng n h t T rung

^ l) u Hn ihu, sch ca 'Ihng Hi l'rung Hoa th cc a ghi : Ma Vin di qua s no ( ai

u Lc), lin t thnh qun huyn, xy thnh quch. C iu irn V lui ca ngi Vit so
Sinh vi tut IIAn hon 10 iu. ri ban b ra php c cho ngui Vit bit b buc dn V it,
uch hco C tit Vit Nam iuc' kho. Nxb Si Gn, 1969, Q l. ir.61,62 ca V Vn Mu.
(2 ) Xcm

yit i/i'

uc, .inh Nam chch qui, Di Vit s k tn thu.

(3 ) Vt s lc, Nxb Vn s Da, H Ni. 1% 0. tr.l4

(4 ) .ich th iu iun chu n g h i ch ca Phan Huy Ch, Nxb KHXH, 1992, T l, ir.24.

46

DI CNG LCH s V IT NAM

Quc. Vua nc Tn l Doanh Chnh t xng l T n Thy Hong, th i t tp

mt nh nc qun ch tru n g ng tp quyn chuyn c h hng mnh.
th c h i n th a m v n g m r n g hn na l n h th c a c h ,
T n Thy H ong mt m t em qun nh ngi Hung n, xm chim t
ai vng H So, lp thnh 4 4 huyn t di quyn cai tr ca ch Tn,
cng c vng chc thm Vn l trng thnh ngn chn ngi Hung n
tn cng ; m t khc, huy ng mt o qun khng l 5 0 vn tin xung
pha nam xm lc c c nc ca cc dn tc Bch Vit.
Nm 2 1 8 tr.C.N T n Thy Hong sa hiu y D Th chi huy 50 vn
qun chia lm 5 o tin xung pha nam.
D cuc hnh qun c nhanh chng, nh T n cn c tng S Lc
ph tr ch vic xy dng, s a cha ng s, vn chuyn lng thc. Sau
ba nm hnh qun, qun T n mi tin n t Lnh Nam ca ngi Vit.
D t Lnh Nam by gi tng ng vi c c tinh Qung ng, Q ung Ty,
Qu C hu v l a bn sin h s n g ca ngi M n V it, T y u

V V. . .

Nm 2 1 4 tr.CN , vi mt lc lig mnh, qun xm lc T n chim c

c vng Lnh Nam, git cht t trng T y u l Dch Hu Tng, chia t
Lnh Nam thnh 3 qun sp nhp vo lnh th ch T n (3 qun l Nam
Hi, Q u Lii, Qun Tng). Nhng by gi ngi Vit Ty u khng chu
khut phc, ko nhau chy vo rng, di s ch huy ca cc t trng
chin u chng li qun T n . T T y Giang, qun T n tin vo xm
lc nc Vn Lang. Ngi T y u v ngi L c Vit chin u rt
ngoan cng. H rt vo rng Kh6ng ai chu cho qun T n bt", ngy
n, m nh ph qun xm lc, da vo cc ching, ch, tn ng a
hinh a vt him tr l ni rng chin du lu di, tiu hao binh lc
ch. Cuc khng chin lu di ca nhn dn Ty u v L c Vit lm
cho qun T n tin thoi lng nan "lng thc b tuyt v thiu, dng binh
t v dng, tin khng c m thoi cng khng xong. Khi qun Tn
lm vo tinh th khn qun, ngi V it t chc tn cng tiu dit gic,
git cht ch tng Th. "Qun T n thy phi, mu chy, hng my
chc vn^^\
Cuc k h n g chin ca nhn dn Vit chng qun xm lc T n tr n a
bn nc Vn L a n g by gi ko di lin tc nm, su nm (t khong nm
21 4 n 2 0 8 tr.C.N ) v cng anh dng lm th t bi m mu xm lc
v h ca c h T n.

(1) Theo Lu An vit trong H oi Nam T (Trich Iheo ch s Vi \ar, T l, Sdd, ir.l2 9 )

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y DN 1858)

47

Nm 20 8 , tnh hlnh ch T n gp nhiu kh khn : T n Thy H ong

:i cht, nng dn T ru n g Quc ni dy khp ni, bn tng t T n tha c
mu b vng, ct c chng li nh T n . buc Tn Nh T h phi ra lnh
bni binh, rt qun khi t nc ta.

2. S ra di ca nc u Lc
Ngi Lc Vit v ngi Ty u vn t lu cd mi quan h kinh t vn hda gn gi. Th lnh ca nhdm ngi T y u sng trn t Vn L a n g
l Thc Phn. Lin minh b lc Ty u ngy c n g mnh ln.
T trc cuc xm lng ca qun Tn, gi a vua H ng v h Thc
Xiy ra xnt cuc xung t ko di cha phn th n g

T rong bi cnh

, cuc xm lng ca qun T n xy r a t. ng trc tnh hlnh mi, hai

ben chm dt xung t, cng chin u chng ngoi xm . K hn g chin th n g
li, T h c Phn v t cch ngi ch huy ch u n g thay th Hng Vng
lm vua, t tn nc mi l u Lc. Quc gia u

ra i khong cui

th ki III tr.C.N.
Nc u Lc l bc k tc v pht tr i n cao hn ca nc Vn Lang
v trn mt phm vi rng ln hn ca ngi L c Vit v ngi Ty u. T
chc b my nh nc v cc n v hnh chnh di thi u Lc vn cha
c g thay i khc vi thi Vn L a n g ca c c vua Hng. ng u nh
nc l T h c An Dng Vng. Di , tro n g triu vn c cc c hu
gip vua cai qun t nc, o cc a phng (b) vn o cc lc tng
ng u qun l. Dn v hnh chnh cp c s vn l cc cng x nng
thn (k, ching, ch).
Mc d, nc u Lc tn ti khng lu, ch trong khong t nm 2 0 8
n nm 179 tr.C.N, nhng v cc m t vn tp tc c pht tri n trn
ca s k tha nhng thnh tu t c thi Vn Lang, nht l trn
nh vc qun s.
Theo ti liu kho c th An Dng Vng xy dng c mt o qun
kh mnh s dng thnh tho cung tn. C c loi v kh phong ph,
v hn vn mi tn o c chn th nh C Loa chng t iu
(1 ) C mt s Iruyn Ihuyi v du tch lch s phn nh v cuc xung t ny.
(2 ) C nhng kin gii khc nhau v s ra i ca nc Lc. Xem Ihm L ch s Vit Nam, Q1
trc 1427 ca TniOng [u Qunh, Lch s Vit Nam, T I Sdd. Hin nay vn thiu li iu, nn
chng ti nftj ln vn cng lip lc lim hu them,
(3 ) Trong mi s i tich c nin di Dng Sn ni ling, l ! v khi irong lng s hin vt nh
sau : Vinh Quang 94 v kh irong lng s 148 hin vi. Lng C 20 trong 187 hin vt, Dng
Son $\9 Irong s 1026 hin vi, Thiu Ong 2S7 trong 444 hi^n vt, Lng Vc 120 trong 475
hin vt. Nhn chung li l v kh ln ti irn 5%. Thi Phng NguyCn t l l 0,B%. V kh
c nhiu oi nh cung tn, riu, gio, dao gm, kim ngn, qua ng, lao, riu chin, dao chin,
lm che ngc v.v...

48

[)I CNC LCH S VIT NAM

% iir

/>(^/1 //) / DiUU Vn^

c Loa

. u Lc cn c thy qun v c luyn tp kh thng xuyn Sa u khi

nc u Lac ra i, Thc An Dng Vng d chn C Loa (ng Anh, l
Ni) lm kinh v cho xy dng Ihnh C Loa kin c, tr thnh t rung
tni ca nc u Lc v l mt cn c qur\n s vng chc, li hi.
Thnh C Loa nArii v tr trung t m t nc v l u mi ca cc
h thng giao thng ng thy. Av c sng Hong chy qua, thun li
cho vic i li quanh vng, ri ta i cc ni, theo sng Hng, sng Wy
xui v ng bng ri ra bin c, hoc ln sng Cu qua sng 'rhng, sng
Lc X a m li vng rng ni Dng Bc v.v
Thnh C Loa gm c 3 vng thnh chinh khp kn (thnh ni, thnh
trung, thnh ngoi). Thnh ni (vng trong cng) hnh ch nht, cd chu vi
IG50 mt, cao khong 5 mt, mt thnh rng t 6 n 12 mt, chn rng
t 20 n 3 0 mt. Thnh ni chi c mt ca thnh T rn nt thnh c 18
t nh ra ngoi lm vng gc. Nhng vng gc ny c p cao hn
mt thnh L l mt n 2 mt. Th n h trung cd 5 ca y cng c mt
s t p cao hn lm vng gc. 'rhnh ngoi (vng ngo\i cng^ di

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y N 1858)

Mt iion thn ngoi

49

c L oa

8 kni, cao t 4 n 9 mt. Chn thnh rng t 12 - 20 mt. Thnh cd 3

ca ra vo. C 3 vng thnh u c ho pha ngoAi. C ba ho c ni

Vn v nhau v ni vi sng Hong bo m quanh nm u c nc,

v lm t ng thm s him y u ca Kinh thnh C Loa. Gia cc vng thnh
v pha ngoi thnh ngoi c nhiu t v ly chc chn^*v
Vi v tr kin c v li hi , thnh C Loa a gp phn vo chin
th ng v vang ca nhn dn u Lc chng cc cuc xm lc ca qun
Triu (trc nni 179 tr.C.N).

V.

T N H H N ll K IN T - X

V NN V N MINH V N LA N G - L C

Quc gia Vn Lang - u Lc tn ti trn di 5 0 0 nAm t r . c N B n g sc

lao ng sng to v u tranh kin cng, bn bi, ngi Vit c xy
dng c cho minh mt t nc pht trin vi nhiu thnh tu kinh t

( ! ) 'Ihnh C l.oa c hi dp, lu s.'i Ijua nhiu thi ki hch s

s;iu. nhng quy

v cu Irc

ca Ihnh n;W v cO hn khng c g thay J>I. Dfly l mi cng irinh lao ng sO ca nhn
clSn u I^ c
4-CLSVN T.tp

HI

DI CirN G LCH s VIT NAM

50

v van ha lm nn t ng cho mt nn v;\n minh bn a m bn sc

dn tc
Trn c s nn kinh t nng nghip t r n g la nc v kt cu xm lng
bn cht, c dn Vn Lang - u Lc tin hnh khai hoang, lm thy li,
chng ngoi xm v cc hot, ng khc. Cn g t , ngi Vit c by gi
nh hinh cho minh mt li sng, cch n g x , tm i, tn gio tn ngng,
ngh thut, tot ln nhng c im ca i sng vn ha vt c h t v tinh
thn c sc.
1. V i s n g v t c h t
Thc go l ngun lng thc ch yu ca c dn Vn Lang - u Lc,
ch yu l go np. Ngi by gi dng go np thi cm, lm bnh
chng, bnh giy. Nhiu ti liu ghi li s vic trn. Sch L n h N am

c h c h q u i ghi rng thi Hng Vng s n xut c nhiu go np. y

ng tre m thi

CI.

Rt nhiu ch gm dng thi xi tm t hy

cc a im thuc vn ha Dng Sn.

Ngoi thdc go l ngun lng thc chnh, c dn Vn La ng - Lc
cn s dng cc loi cy cung cp cht bt nh c t, khoai lang, sn , c

Dnh C Loa - nh chup nm 1908

VIT NAM (T THI N G UYN T H Y N 1858)

51

mi, khoai s, rau qu L c thiu thn ngi ta cn dng cc loi cy cd

bt khc nh cy qu ang lang, bng, bng.
Thc n c n g kh phong ph gm cc loi cj tra, cua, c, hn, ba ba,
cc loi rau c (bu, b, c, u.. ). T h c An c c h bin bng nhiu c c h
khc nhau theo s thch tng vng, tng gia nh (un nu, nng, mui, n
sng .. ). Ngh chn nui v sn b t pht trin cung cp thm ngun thc
n cd nhiu c h t m cho mi gia nh. C dn by gi bit chn nui
nhiu loi gia sc, gia cm mi nh (tru, b, ln, g, chd... ). Trong s 6
n quen thuc ca c dn Vn L a n g - u Lc cn cd nhiu loi hoa qu vng
nhit i nh vi, nhn, m, mn, chui, da hu, cam, qut... Ngun lng
thc v thc phm ca ngi Vit c thc phong ph, a dng, rt giu c h t
bt, cht m v nhiu ch t b khc, trong la go l chnh. y l mt
biu hin ca cuc sng vt ch t c nng cao, cng l mt biu hin ca s
pht trin k th u t canh tc nng nghip ca c dn by gi.
Thi H ng Vng, ngi ta cng bit s dng nhiu th ga v c
ngun gc th c vt nh gng, he, ring, ti.
T ro n g tp qu n n ung ca ngi V it c by gi phi k n tc ung
ru v n t r u . Ru c n h c nhiu trong c c th tch c, truyn dn
gian. Ngi V n Lang c thi quen n tru , nhum rng en. Du tch h t
cau, qu cau c tm thy ng Sn.
T r a n g phc ca c dn V n Lan g " u L c d phn nh mt phn trih
pht tr i n , u c th m m v bn s c vn hda ca ngi Vit c. Do
ngh dt r t p h t trin , ngi Vit c sn xut c nhiu loi vi k h c
nhau t si ay, gai, t tm , bng, nn p ng c nhu cu may m c

ca nhn dn. Trong sinh hot i thng, nam thng ng kh, n mc

vy. Kh c a nam gii c ioi qun n v loi qun kp. Vy c a n gii

c loi vy q u n v loi vy chui c lm t mt mnh vi di, rng. Nhiu

tng ngi n ng ngi thi khn trn cn n Vit K h hay cc tng
ngi mc vy di trn th p ng o Thnh phn nh kiu mc .
Ph n ngoi m c vy cn c ym che kn ngc, o x gia, th t lng qu n
ngan g bng v khn qun u.
Vo c c ngy l hi, t r a n g phc ca nam n p hn : c m lng
ch im , vy xe kt b n g lng chim hoc l cy v m ang nhiu tran g s c
p (khuyn tai, h t chui, nhn, vng tay, vng ng chn bng , ng).
S pht t r i n kinh t, n h t l s pht tr i n mnh m ca ngh th cng
v k th u t luyn kim to iu kin m phong ph, a dng c c tr a n g
sc. M t kh c, s phong ph v dng ph bin nhiu loi tra n g sc p
c n g chng t i sng vt c h t ca c dn Vn Lang - u Lc c n n g

52

DI CONG LCH

s V IT

NAM

cao r rt. V u tdc ca ngi by gi c 4 kiu : c t ngn, bi t, tt

bm v quti tc ngc ln nh u. T rn thp ng Do Thnh (Y n B )
c tng nam ttc ct ngn ngang vai xa. trng ng C Loa cng
c hin tng tng t. Li ct tc ngn n ngang lng xa kh ph
bin nam gii thi by gi. Bi tdc cng rt ph bin c n am gii v
n gii. Nhiu ngi cn c kiu ch t mL di khn nh gia trn v chn
ttc, hoc cd ui khn th di pha sau.
C th nghi rng, kiu tc ct ngn bung xa sau lng v bi tc cao
l hai kiu tc ph bin nht ca ngi thi Vn Lang.
N h cd nhiu kiu cch nh nh sn , nh mi cong li b ng g, tre,
na. T r n trng ng ng Sn ta thy cd 2 kiu nh : nh sn m i cong
hinh thuyn v mi trn hnh mui thuyi, sn thp, mi r xung n h m
tran h n t n 3n, c cu thang ln xung. Mi cng x nng thn bao gni
mt s n h sn qun t bn nhau tron g mt a vc, hlnh th n h nhng
xm lng nh c lu di m thi thng gi i k, ch, ching.
T ro n g sinh hot gia nh cc vt ng rt phong ph gm rt nhiu loi
khc nhau nh bnh, v, thp, mm, chu, bt bng gm hay b n g ng.
Ngoi ra, c nhng ng lm bng tre, na, my, v bu v.v...
Phng tin giao thng ch yu l thuyn b trn cc con sng rch.
Thuyn c thuyn c mc, thuyn vn v cc kiu loi khc nhau : thuyn
chin, thuyn ti, thuyn bi chi. T rn b cn s dng sc vt nh voij
tru, b, nga.

2. i sng tinh thn

C dn Vn L an g - u Lc t n m t trn h thm m, t duy
khoa hc kh cao *- mt biu hin ca vn m inh Vn Lang u LcC dn Vn Lang * u L c rt gii ngh luyn km. Nhng sn phm p,
tiu biu nh trng ng, thp ng, tra n g sc bng ng ndi ln ki
th u t luyn ng t n nh cao (t cch xy dng c c l c, khun
c, nguyn liu, pha c h hp kim, lm hoa vn... ). Ty theo chc n n g s
dng ca t ng ioi cng c m to nn mt hp kim v t l gia c c hp
kim ph hp trong c h to ng ca ngu Dng Sn. Du t h hin
kh r nt trinh t duy kh cao ca h. Con ngi by gi c n g bt
luyn st bng phng php hon nguyn trc tip thnh loi s t xp,
T ro n g qu trnh quy t cc b lc sn g trn cng mt phm vi t ai
hnh thn h lnh th chung, quc gia thng nht u tin c m rng

dn t Vn Lng ng u Lc, l s biu hin thng th ca xu hng t

tng thng nht, on kt, ha hp so vi t tng phn hda, cc b trong

VIT N.^M (T THI NGYN TH Y DN 1858)

53

c c c n g n g c
dn by gi tr c
yu c u

ca

nc (lm thy i
pht t r i n nng
nghip

chng

n g o i x m ) . i u
c n g

ni

l n

bc tin b, pht
trin

nit

t ng, t duy c a
c dn Vn L a n g u Lc,
T t h c c n g
ng c n g n y
sinh tn ngtng th
c n g t t in , s n g
bi cc anh hng, cc
th inh. C dn Vn
Lang - u Lc u
c thc cng chung
mt ci ngun, mt
t tin, mt tp qun
chung

nhum

rng, n tru.
Bn

cnh

tn

ngng th cng t
t i n , ngi n g

T h a p dng D o Th

t h i c n b o lu
nhng tn d c a cc hnh thc tn gio nguyn thy nh tn ngng vt
t, ma th ut, phn thc vi nhng nghi l cu mong c ma, ging ni
pht trin. Nhiu phong tc tp qun c nh hinh ni ln s phong
ph v pht trin ca i sng tinh thn tro ng x hi Hng Vng nh tc
n t, ung nc bng mi, tc gi ci ( lm hiu nh, truyn tin), tc
ci xin, n hi, m a chay, chn ct ngi cht (rt phong ph nh m t,
m c quan ti hinh thuyn, chn chng ln nhau, chn trong ni v p
nhau, chn theo ty tng bng hin vt).
L hi by gi rt ph bin v thnh hnh, l mt b phn q u a n . t r n g
t r on g i sng tinh thn ca ngi Vn L a n g - u Lc. L hi c tin

)I CNG LCH s V IT NAM

54

hnh ri rc quanh nm, trong c sc nht l ngy hi ma vi nhiu

nghi nh m tru, b vi\ cc hinh thc din xng dn gian (on ngi
ha trang, va i va ma, tay cm gio, lao, nhc c. . ). Fin cnh , cn
c nhng hi thi ti, thi sc khe, hi cu nc, hi mng nm mi ^
Trong cuc sng, c dn Hng Vng rt Ihich ci p v hng p,
lun lun c gng lm tig thm v p cho i ) tr ang sc, cng c
lao ng v dng trong sinh hot cng nh v kh khng nhng ht sc
phong ph, nhiu hnh, nhiu v, m cn t n nil trnh k th u t v
m thut r t cao, c nhng ci nh l nhng tc phm ngh th u t

Ngh

thut Dng Sn tr thnh inh cao ca ngh thut to hnh thi Hng
Vng. Ngh thut va phn nh cuc sng thng nht ca c dn Vit
c va t h hin mi quan h gia ngi vi th gii chung quanh. Nhng
ng nt cd tnh c l, cch iu v mt b cc cn xng, hi ha trong
ngh thut ng Sn th hin iu .
Ngh thut m nhc rt pht trin. Nhc c gm cd nhiu loi (b g
c trng ng, trng da, chung nhc, phch, b hi (khu). Tr ong cc nhc
c, tiu biu l trng ng. Kt cu trng ng gm cd phn tang phinh ra,
phn thn v chn trng loe ra gip cho hinh dng trng p m cd sc
cng hng lm cho
m t h a n h v a n g xa.
C dn by gi bit
s d ng n h i u nhc

c phi hp tr on g cc
l hi. T r n

trng

n g D n g S n c

c n h s d n g dn
trng ng t 2 n
4 chic, dn cng t
6 n 8 chic v mt
tp ngi va ma,
va s d n g nhng
nhc kh khc nhau
nh c h u n g , kh n ,
snh.

Trn

tr n g

n g cd h n h

nh

ngi nhy m a ha
trang

Trn ng N (K L

ma

trang. C tng ng
D ng S n t h hin

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y DN 1858)

55

hai ngi cn g nhau, va thi khn, va nhy ma. T rn g ng Dng

(loi I theo s phn loi ca F.Hg) l loi trng ng sm nht, p nht,
c s dng ph bin vi t cch l mt nhc khi quan trng tro n g cc
bui t, l, h h, ca ma.
T rn g ng ng Sn cn c s dng lm hiu lnh trong chin u,
trong gi gn an ninh hoc lm ty tng. Ngoi ra trn g ng cn c
dng trao i vi nc ngoi nh Malaixia, Innxia. Trng ng ng
Stn c cu to ht sc hi ho, cn xng. Mt trng trn, gia cd ngi sao
nhiu cn h , phn tang phlnh, phn thn v chn ioe ra lm cho trng c
m thanh vang x a v sc cng hng, t nhng m ban u c Tihn ln
v cng . M t trng v thn trng u c tr a n g tr p, th hin ti

ndng hi ha, c thm tn ca ngi Vit c, v k thut c ng ti nh xo.

Xung quanh ngi sao nhiu cnh gia m t trn g l nhng vnh trn u
n, cch nhau bng nhng ng nt vin hoa vn khc nhau, cn i,
p mt. T r n m t trng ng c nhiu hnh ngi ha tr an g lng chim
ang ma, nhy, ht, thi khn v cc cnh sinh hot khc nh gi go,
ua thuyn hoc tr a n g tr hnh cc con vt nh hu^ nai... N hng hnh
trn m t trn g ng th hin mt khng kh si ng, h hi tro n g sinh
hot ca ngi V it c- Dt l s phn nh kh tru n g thc cuc s n g vn
ha hn g ngy ca c dn by gi.
T rng ng^^^ (ng Sn, Ngc L) vi nhng nt c sc nd trn, l

mt sn phm ca lao ng, mt t c phm ngh th u t tiu biu cho trnh

tr tu, ti nng sng to tuyt vi ca c dn Vn L a n g - u Lc, l
mt m t biu hin r nt, tp trung ca nn vn mnh V it c.
Cng vi trn g ng, cng trnh kin trc

c Loa cng l mt biu hii

trinh pht tr i n cao ca c dn thi Vn Lang " u Lc.

Tc5n li, sau mt thi kl di sng nh c v m rng lnh th, pht
tr i n nn kinh t, vi nn nng nghip trn g la nc ch o, vt qua
I) X cm "Nhn (rn^ ng Dn^ Sn phi hin Vi Nam" ca vin Bo lng lch s Vit Nam
{4, 1925) v Thnh tu kho c hc y Nam (945 -1950) ca vin Thng lin khoa hoc xS hi
Ihi 52 irng ng d dc kho t irong tng s 134 chic phAn b nh sau : Thanh Ha : 15
chic, H Tly : 8. Nam l : 6. Ngh An : 5. l a inh : -. H Ni : 3, \ Hng : 3, Lo Cai :
2 v 6 lnh khc mi lnh c 1 chic. S irng dng ngy cng c Ihu thp nhiu. Nm J980
Ihu c 91 chic.
(2 )

C'u6 nam 998, cc nh kho c hc pht hn cic kiun c trng ng DCng Sn. Oy
1^ "ln u lin tim U?c khun c trng ng >ng Son Vi^i Nam" (li Ihnh c I.xiy Lau,
rhun Thnh). Khun dc c kch Ihuc di *> cm, rng cm. dy 6 cm m bng i nung
Mnh khuAn c b m c trang ri hoa vSn mt iring ng Dng S(5n liin hnh. Vnh hoa
vn vng trn ng lm c tip tuyn, haa vn gch ngn song song, hinh bng la. Dng knh
ca mt irng rng khong 50 - O cm ('Ih co *C'rS, TS Trnh Sinh, o L a o ng ngy
2 1 - 2 - 1999, ir.5).

56

DI CONG l c h s v i t n a m

nng nghip dng cuc tin ln nng nghip dng cy, (bng li cy tg
tin ln li cy s t) c sc ko tru b c trin khai rng khp li^
min ca t nc Vn Lang - u Lc, cng vi nhng tin b khc tro rg
i sng x hi, ngi Vit c a x hi vt qua th tin s, vt qi;a
hlnh thi kinh t - x hi nguyn thy s a n g hnh thi kinh t * x hi u

tin thuc phm tr ca thi i vn minh, ca x hi phn ha giai cp

v c nh nc. Dng thi, ngi Vit c cng xy dng nn mt nn
vn minh u tin, l nn vn minh V n Lang - u Lc (cn gi l vn
minh sng Hng). Nn vn minh ny c ci ngun lu i ca nit c dn
nng nghip trn g la nc vng B c b v B c T ru n g b tnang tnh bn
a m nt, k t tinh trong bn lnh, truy) thng, ct cch, li sng v
l sng ca ngi Vit c : Chung lng u ct, on kt gn b vi n h a j
trong cng cuc lao ng v u tranh, tnh lng, ngha nc m n nng,
tn trng ngi gi v ph n, bit n v tn th t tin, cc anh hng,
ngha sl v.v...
Nn vn minh Vn Lang *" u Lc tri qua mt qu trn h hinh thnh v

pht trin lu di, bt ngun t thi i ng thau n s k thi i st

c n g v qu t r n h hnh t h n h quc gia v n h nc H n g V n g An Ddng Vng vo nhng th ki VII - III tr.C.N, tr thnh ci ngu
ca cc nn vn minh tip theo ca dn tc. Bn sc dn tc, l ci ngu-
sc mnh tinh th n nhn dn Vit Nam vt qua c mi th th ci
to ln trong hn mt nghn nm B c thuc.

VI. c u c XM L o c CA NH TRIi;
1. Triu c t c, thnh lp nc Nam Vit
Nm 2 1 0 tr.C .N , T n Thy H ong cht, con l T n Nh T h ln thaj.
ch T n suy yu dn. Nhng qun mi lp c pha nam T r u n g Quc,
trn thc t, th o t dn khi s qun l v kim sot ca chnh quyn nhi
T n. Li dng c hi t, Nhm Ngao v Triu D chim Nam H i, xy dn
mt Vong quc ring, chng ti nh T n .
Nhm Ngao ch t, Triu thay t h thc hin mu c t c.
Triu D ngi Hn, qu H B c - T rung Quc, Sau khi N hm Ngac
cht, Triu lm ch N am Hi, dit cc quan li ca nh T n th a
bng nhng ngi thn cn.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y N 1858)

57

Nm 2 0 6 tr.C .N , nh T n , T riu ln tin qun n nh chim

cc qun Q u Lm , Tng Qun th n h lp nc Nam Vit, t xng l
Vit V Vng, ng Phin Ngung. T , nc N am Vit ca nh
Triu chnh thc ra i,
T r o n g c u c x m l c i q u y m c a n h T n vo n h n g n m
2 1 8 - 2 0 8 tr.C.N, Triu a tng ct thc hin chnh sch Hn ha
t r i t ngi V it n h ng vng ch n g chim . Y t ng xin vua
T n Thy H ong cho a 3 vn n b con gi khng chng xung "may
v o q u n cho qun s xy dng c s lu di. Y cn khuyn khlch cc
tung lnh, quan li, qun lnh ngi H n ly v ngi Vit, thc y qu
trnh Hn ha y.
Nc Nam Vit ca Triu thc ch t l nh nc c t c ca mt tp
on tng lnh, quan li Hn tc khng ph ! nh nc ca ng Vit.
Nc Nam V it c a nh Triu gm cd 3 qun ; Nam H i, Q u Lm , Tng
Qun^'\ nm pha bc gip vi nc u Lc.
Nam Vit l mt nc mnh, c t ai rng ln (bao gm vng Qung
Dng, Q ung Ty - mt phn Qu Chu pha nam T r u n g Quc), kinh t
tr ph, giao thng thun li, lt nm s t v nc u L c v pha bc nn
c iu kin xra lc u Lc.
V vy, sau khi ch T n b tiu dit, nh H n ln thay, thng tr
T r u n g Quc, bui u phi chp nhn nc Nam V it ca nh Triu, phong
T riu lm N am Vit Vng.
n th Cao Hu (1 8 7 - 180 tr.C .N ), nh Hn thc hin nhiu bin
phrtp uy hip v lm suy yu nn kinh t ca Nam Vit {cm bn s t v
s c vt cho Nam Vit). Triu ct t quan h thn phc nh Hn, t
xn g l Nam V it v . m rng phm vi lnh th v th lc nc
N am Vit, T riu D y mnh cc hot ng v tran g xro lc v pha
nam m hng ch yu l nc u Lc.

2. Cuc x&m lc ca nh Triu

-

T ro n g thi Cao Hu, qun nh H n t n cng nc N am Vit ca

T ri u D vo n m 181 tr.C.N , nhng th t bi. Nm 180 tr.C.N. Cao Hu

c h t , nh H n phi bi binh. T , m t B c c yn n, T riu c iu

kin tin hnh xm lc u Lc.

{ 1 ) Tung Qun khng phi l qun Nhi Nam phia nam nu<'Jc u 1 ^ -, m phia nam Trung Ourtc.

58

DI CNG LCH S V IT NAM

Qun T riu a nhiu ln tin qun x m lc u Lc, c ln tin xung

xm phm vng T in Du (B c Ninh), V Ninh (Qu V, B c Ninh), sng
Bnh G iang (sng ung). Nhiu tr n chin u ln, c lit din ra
vng Tin Du v vng ph cn C Loa Nhng by gi, u Lc l mt quc
gia hng m nh, cd cung tn li hi, c thnh C Loa kin c6, di s inh
o ca An Dong Vng v cc tng, ni b on kt, nhn dn ng h
v quyt t m chin u nh bi qun Triu, bo v c quc gia c
lp, t ch.

Sau nhiu ln xm lc v trang tht bi, Triu thay i th on

xm lc, th c hin mu k xo quyt, xin ging ha vi u Lc, xin cu
hn con gi vua Thc l cng cha M Chu cho con trai minh l T r n g
Thy v xin vua Thc cho T rn g Thy c r, cd c hi iu tra tnh
hnh b phng cng cc b m t qun s ca kinh th n h C Loa v nc u
Lc. Sng tr n t C Loa, T rng Thy dng tin ca mua chuc cc
lc hu, lc tng, li gin ni b chnh quyn u Lc nhm lm suy yu
k h i o n k t , g i m c h c h i n u v t i n h t h n c n h g i c c a
An Dng Vng.
Sau khi hon thnh nhim v, T rn g Thy xin vua T h c cho v thm
nh, thc c h t nhm bo co nhng iu do thm c. Nm chc tnh
hnh, Triu liq t chc cuc t n cng xm lc u Lc, bt ng nh
th n g vo knh Cd Loa. An Dng Vtng m t cnh gic, b ng i ph
tron g lc ni b b li gin. Cuc khng chin th t bi nhanh chng. Nm
179 tr.C.N u L c ri vo ch h ca nh Triu ; m u mt thi k
en t, y au thng v u t hn tron g lch 8 nc ta, thng c gi
thi B c thuc v chng B c thuc, ko di t nm 179 tr.C .N n nm
90 5 , vi cuc khi ngha thng li ca Khc Tha D, l t nn h ca
c h ng, ginh li quyn c lp, t ch ca nhn dn ta, thi B c
thuc mi ch m dt hon ton.

PHN BA

THI K BC THUC
V CHNG BC THUC
Chng III

TNH HNH CHNH TR| V NHNG BIN CHUYN

V KINH T VN HA
I. CHNH SCH H
CA CC TR IU I PHONG BC
Thi B c thc ko di hn m t nghn nm tr i qua c c triu i Triu,
H n (T y Hn v ng H n), Ng, Ngy, T n , Tng, T , Lng, Ty, ng
k tip nhau xm chim v h, bin u Lc th n h qun huyn, ng hda
dn tc, bdc lt tn t v tri t nhn dn.
Chnh sch h ca chinh quyn ngoi bang biu hin t n g thi ki c
khc nhau, c rn, c mm, nhng m c ch n tr n thi khng thay i.

1. T ch c cai tr
Sau khi chim c u Lc, T riu chia u L c thnh hai qun :
Giao Ch (bao gm vng B c b ngy nay) v Cu C hn (gm vng t
T h an h Hda v Ngh An, H T n h) sp nhp vo nc N am Vit.
mi qun, T riu t mt chc in s cai qun, thu cng ph
v mt chc t tng chl huy qun i chim ng.
Di qun, cc lin minh b lc c vn c gi nguyn. Dng u lin
minh b ic vn i lc tng. Nh Triu thi hnh chnh sch dung dng "ly
ngi Di tr ngi Di" nhm bin cc lc tng, qu tc bn a (ngi Vit)
thnh ch da cho chnh quyn h, gi nguyn cc t chc chnh tr c ca
u Lc cc a phng s dng nt vo mc ch btc lt.
Nm 111 tr.C .N , nh H n c hng chc vn qun t n cng 6 t vo Nam
Vit. Sau m t thi gian chng c, vua ti nh T riu k b b t, k b git.

60

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

Qun Hn do L B c c, Dng Bc chl huy bt c L Gia - t tng

Nam Vit a v Hn. Bn gim qun ca Nam Vit hai qun Q u Lm
l C ng cng c c in s qun Giao Chi, Cu C hn u hng nh Hn.
By gi, nhn tin h hlnh ri lon ca N am Vit, qun trng Ty Vu l Ty
Vu vng ni dy vi khi phc c lp cho u Lc. Nhng v lc lng
yu, Ty Vu vng b t tng Giao Chi l Hong ng git cht. Cuc khi
ngha th t bi, t u L c t b nh Hn h^*^
Chim xong N am V it (bao gm c u Lc), nh Hn chia li khu vc
hnh chnh v t chc b my cai tr tr n vng t mi chim c theo
ch qun huyn ca chnh quc, bin u Lc thnh t ai ca n h Hn.
Nc u Lc b chia lm 3 qun nm tron g b Giao Ch cng vi 6 qun
thuc t T ru n g Quc, thnh 9 qun. l :
Giao Chi (B c b) gm 12 huyn c 9 2 .4 4 0 h v 7 4 6 .2 3 7 nhn khu ;
Cu Chn (T h a n h Ha,- Ngh An, H T in h ) gm 7 huyn cd 3 5 7 4 3 h v
1 6 6 .0 1 3 nhn khu ; N ht Nam (t o N gang tr vo nam cho n khong
Qung N am - Nng, gi 5 huyn cd 1 5 .4 6 0 h v 6 9 .4 8 5 nhn khu^^^
m Nh ; Chu N hai (o Hi Nam) ; N am H i ; Hp Ph (Q ung ng) ;
t Lm ; Thng Ng (Q ung Ty).
ng u b Giao

c mt vin th s, ng u c c qu n c mt

vin thi th, chuyn trn g coi vic hnh chnh v thu ph cng tro n g qun.
B n cnh thi th c vin y ph trch qun s, ch huy qun lnh, n
p c c cuc u tran h ca nhn dn a phng.
cc huyn, n h T y Hn vn duy trl phng thc cai tr ca n h Triu,
dng ngi Vit tr ngi Vit, cc lc tng vn c ca qun a phng
ca mnh vi danh hiu huyn lnh. Theo c h ca nh H n, huyn lnh
c pht n ng, ct dy tua xanh. Cch cai tr ca nh T riu v nh Ty
Hn r t thm c, va bo m c ngun bc lt, va t ng chm n
quyn li ca t n g lp qu tc bn a.
T nm 2 5 aau CN, nh H n (ng H n) ti lp T ru n g Quc sau mt
thi gian b Vng M ng cp ngi (n m 8 - 24). Vua Quang V nh Hn
tng cng ch h c c nc b chng xm lc, trong cd nc ta
Chinh quyn ca nh ng H n nc u Lc c c t chc c h t ch
hn vi mt b my quan li ng o ngi T ru n g Quc. T h s phi

(1 ) Nh Hn h nuc la l nam 111 ir.C.N n nm 220 sau C.N gAm hai thi ki : TAy Hn
(111 ir.C.N - 8 ir.C .N ), Dng Hn (23 -2 2 0 ).

so

cn gi l Tin Hn v Hu Hn.

(2 ) Dy l s liu cui thi Ty Hn.

(3) Nm 106 ir.C.N, nh Tay Hn l chu Giao Ch Ihng sut 7
G iao Chi l qun ln nht v quan trng nht.

qun lc da, tr s di

<1 qun

V IT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y DN 1858)

61

thng xuyn c m t ti ni trn tr, d ct tan g cha m cng khng c

b chc. Lnh ny nhm tn g cng trch nhim cho bn quan l h
i vi a phng minh cai tr. Di th s c cc tng 9 gip vic nh
Cng to tn g s coi vic tuyi b quan li| Binh to tng s coi vic binh.
Dng u c c qun vn l chc thi th. u Lc vn b chia lm ba qun
nh thi T y Hn. Gip vic thi th cd qun tha, hiu lim, y
y ph tr ch qun s, coi vic canh phng, chi huy qun i. Trc nm
3 0 , y quyn hnh ngang thi th. Di y c y tha, quyn
ngan g qun tha (qun tha l ngi thay m t thi th cai qun qun lc
v ng thi th) gip vic cho y. T nm 3 0 nh Hn bi b chc
v v y tha m giao cho thi th kim nhim. Quyn lc ca thi th
c t n g cng, l ngi ng u c c quan li trong qun. T ron g trng
hp qun no c nhiu bin lon mi t li chc y v y tha.
Di quyn thi th c c c to do duyn s ph trch. Cc qun cn c
c c chc quan ph trch tng m t nh dim quan (vin quan trng coi vic
v mui), th it quan (trng coi vic rn st), cng quan (trng coi v th
cng nghip), thy quan (trng coi vic nh c). Di mi qun cd cc chc
huyn lnh^^^ ph trch cc huyn. S huyn cc qun Giao Ch, Cu
C hn, N ht Nam vn gi nh thi T y Hn. Cc chc huyn lnh, huyn
tru n g u do cc lc tng nm gi. Gip vic cho huyn lnh, huyn
tru n g c 2 vin y v mt vin tha. Hng nam huyn lnh phi lo vic
thu th u v np ln qun.
Nh H n, mc d p t c m t b my h cht ch cp chu,
qu n , son g chnh quyn h vn khng th nm c c c huyn, v cp
huyn vn theo c h lc tng cha truyn con ni ca ngi Vit. ng
cp qu tc ngi Vit vn nm c quyn uy ca tng tc m cai qun
dn Vit.
T nm 4 3 , sau khi l t chnh quyn t ch ca Hai B Trng, nh
H n thit lp li chnh quyn h d nc ta, ch t ch hn, loi b nhng
t chc c c a chnh quyn bn x do ngi bn x cai qun cp huyn,
tin thm m t bc trong vic t ch c cai tr tr c tip bng quan li ngi
T r u n g Quc. Cc chc th 3, thi th vn c duy tr nh trc khi
nghla Hai B Trng. mi huyn c huyn lnh ng u l ngi Hn.
C h lc tng ca ngi V it b bi b, V sau mt s t ngi V it trung
th n h vi chnh quyn h c c gi chc huyn lnh, nhng khng c

( ) Di vi cc huyn nh Ih vin quan ng u cai qun gi l huyCn inng.

62

DI CONG LCH s VIT NAM

quyn th tp. Cc vin chc cao cp trong b my chnh quyn h hu

ht l ngi T r u n g Quc.
Cui th k II u th ki III, min t u Lc nm di quyn thng tr
ca cha con, an h em S Nhip (ngi H n bn a ha). Li dng tnh hnh
ri lon chnh quc, s suy yu v ta n r ca chnh quyn tru ng ng
(Trung Quc), S i Nhip nm ton b quyn hnh Giao Chu^*^ nhu lit
chnh quyn c t c.
Nh H n , cc din T am quc, chin tranh lon lc dn n ch nc
ta b nh Ng h. Nm 2 2 6 , n h Ng tch cc qun Hp Ph (thuc a
phn tnh Q ung ng - T ru n g Quc), Giao Ch, Cu Chn, N ht Nam
thnh lp Chu Giao. Chng c bao lu tn Giao Chu li loi b, nhng
n nm 264, n h Ng l t tn nh c l Chu Giao, ly thnh Long
Bin (thuc T Sn, B c Ninh) lm chu l. Nm 2 7 1 , nh Ng t thm
qun Cu Dc (c tch t mt b phn nam qun Cu Chn tng ng
vi huyn H m Hoan c). Qun Cu c gm 6 huyn thuc hu ht t
ai hai tin h N g h An v H T in h n g y nay

: huyn H m H oan mi

(Din Chau, Y n Thnh , Qunh Lu, N gha n, Qu Chu ngy nay) ;

huyn Cu c (H ng Nguyn, Nam D n, T han h Chng v m t phn
huyn c Th ngy nay) ; huyn DTig T hnh (Nghi Lc, Nghi Xun,
Vit Thng) ; huyn Ph Lnh (Can Lc ngy nay) ; huyn Khc T (phn
t pha nam H T n h ngy nay).
N m 2 8 0 n h T n dit c nh Ng, thng nht T ru n g Quc, Nh T n
m rng thm a gii qun Cu Dc cho n Honh Sn, t thm huyn
Nam L n g v huyn Giao tng ng vi cc huyn Nghi X u n , Hng
Sn, Hng K he, T h ch H (thuc H T n h ngy nay). Ch trng thnh
lp thm qun mi (qun Cu c) c a nh T n nhm t n g cng ch
thng tr ca ch n h quyn o h i vi Au Lc ni chung, vng bin cong

pha nam ca u Lc ni ring.

Sau khi nh T n suy sp, T ru n g Quc din ra cc din N am - Bc
triu. t nc t a b t di ch h ca Nam triu (gm cc triu Tng,

T, Lng, Trn) - t nm 420 - 589.

(1 ) Nm 203, theo nghi ca S Nhip, by gi l (hi Ih Giao Chi, iriu inh nh Mn i Giao
Ch Ihnh Giao Chu. Dn rin 213 nh Hn li b iCn Giao Chu v nhp 3 qun ca u \ji:
c vo Kinh Chi. Nm 264 nh Ng tch khu vc Lung Qung ra khi G iao ChAu lp thnh
Qung Chu. G iao Chflu t Ihu hcp irong phm v lanh Ih nuc u l ^ c c.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y N 1858)

63

Nm 4 7 0 , nh Tng tch Hp P h sp nhp vo ni a T ru n g Quc.

Bn G iao Chu cn li trong phm vi vng B c b v B c T ru n g b ngy
nay. V ng Ngh An, H T n h vn gi l Cu c. N m 5 2 3 , nh Lng t
i Chu T hanh H, i qun Cu Dc thnh c Chu, t thm 2 chu
mi l L i C hu v Minh Chu. N m 5 3 5 t thm m t ch u mi l
Hong C hu (vng ven bin Giao Ch Q ung Ninh). Ch trng thnh
lp th m nhng chu, qun mi ca chnh quyn h vng t chng
xAm lc l nhm tn g cng vic qun l v khng ch cht ch hn nhn
dn bn a, m rng phm vi l thuc vo chnh quc (T ru n g Quc).
Cng vi vic thay i c c n v hnh chnh l vic t chc c h t ch
hn b my thng tr ca chnh quyn h. ng u chu vn l chc
th s (h ay cn gi l chu mc). T h s c quyn gii quyt c c cng vic
i s chu nh ct c quan i, iu binh khin tng nh dp c c cuc
u t r a n h ca nhn dn, c c qun vn c chc thi th v b my quan
li gm tr n g li, lc s, cng to v.v... cai qun. Dng u huyn l cc
chic huyn lnh do ngi T ru n g Quc m nhn.
Chinh quyn h cn cho xy p cc thnh ly ln, chc ch n cc
tr s chu, qun. T hn h ly l ni tp trung nhiu tng t, quan ii, qun
!nh (c qu n Hn v qun ngy) ca chnh quyn h n p c c cuc
ni dy c a nhn dn
Nm 5 8 9 nh T r n T ru n g Quc b tiu dit, nh Ty ln thay th . Lc
ny, m c d cha xm lc c nc ta v cha nh bi c n h nc
c lp V n Xufln, nhng nh Ty tim mi cch khng nh quyn
h nc ta. Nm 5 98, nh Ty i Hng Chau lm Phong Ch&u, i
H ong C hu lm Ngc Chu, Dc Chu lm H oan Chu, Li Chu lm
T r Chu

Nm 607, sau khi nh bi nh nc Vn Xun, n nh c

nn h trn t nc ta, vua Ty l Ty Dng b cc tn chu m

gi l q u n nh tha trc. Giao Chu c chia m 7 qun ;
Giao Chl gm 9 huyn 3 0 .0 5 6 h
Cu C h n gm 7 huyn 1 6 .1 3 5 h
N ht Nam gm 8 huyn 9 .9 1 5 h
T C n h gm 4 huyn 1.81 5 h
Hi m gtn 4 huyn 1.1 0 0 h
C hm pa gm 4 huyn 1.22 0 h <ba qun T Cnh, Hi m, Chmpa
tng ng vi Binh - Tr - Thin ngy nay).

64

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

"

'">

"

Ninh Vit (gii Ngc Chu v Khm Chu). Nh Ty chuyn tr s chu

t Long Bin v Tng B inh (H Ni).
Nxn 6 1 8 nh Ty , nh Dng th n h lp T rung Quc, thi th K hu
Ha (ca nh Ty) gi Giao Chu xin th n phc nh Dng. T cho n
nm 904, Giao Chu b nh Dng h. Nh ng i cc qun

th n h

chu nh c. N m 6 2 2 nh ng i Giao Chu lm An Nam tng qun

ph. Nm 6 7 9 , nh ng t An Nam h ph cai tr nc
B y gi An N am h ph cai qun 12 chu :
Giao Chu, P h on g Chu, T r n g Chu (B c b ngy nay)
T h an g Chu, Chi Chu, V Nga Chu, V An Chu (Qung ng, Q u ng
Ty) i Chu, Ph c Lc Chu, Din Chau, Hoan Chu (B c T ru n g b) Lc
Chu (thuc t T ru n g Quc v vng Q ung Ninh). Ngoi 12 chu cn c
41 chu c mi (vng dn tc t ngi, ho lnh, chnh quyn khng tr c
tip cai qun c) cng l thuc

vo An Nam

h R in g

ph

h c 4 .0 0 0 qun thng trc bo v.

Di ph c huyn. Dui huyn c hng, x. Cc hng, x c chia
theo s h. X nh c t 10 n 30 h. X ln ct t 4 0 - 60 h. Hng nh
c t 7 0 - 15 0 h. Hng ln c t 1 6 0 ~ 5 4 0 h. Di thi thuc ng,
c nc ta th n h mt n v hnh chnh c t chc cai tr thng nht.
ng u ph ct chc quan h, lc u c gi l i tng qun,
sau gi l c, t nm 6 7 9 gi l h. Lc c chin tranh nhm khng
nh vai tr qun s ca ngi ng u, nh ng li i gi l kinh
lc s. V sau, nh ng i gi l t i t s nhm tn g thm quyn lc
cho chc v .

Di quyn quan h (hay tit 8), ph cn c c mt b my

quan li cai qu n cc cng vic hnh chinh, chnh tr, qun s, thu thu.
Cc chu u t cc chc th s ng u, trong t cd mt s th s
l ngi bn a. C c huyn, hang u c t chc chnh quyn h ca
nh ng, gip vic cho ph h.
N h ng ch trng duy tr mt lc lng qun i thng trc ng
v mnh cng vi vic xy dng mt h thng thnh ly vng ch c khng
(1 ) Cng thi gian rvy nh Dung dt An Ty h ph cai qun vng Tn Cong, Ty Tng. An
ng h ph cai iri TriAi T i a
(2 ) Nm 757 do linh hinh ri lon Trung Quc, nhiu cuc ni dy ca nhn n dnh ph cc
chu huyn, nh ung i i An Nam d h ph lm Trn nam h ph, n nm 768 li
i Ihnh An Nam d h ph nh c. Nm 863 nh Dng bi b ph d h, rl qun v dng
H Mn (Trung Quc) gi l hnh G iao Chu. Dn nm 66, sau khi nh bi uc quan
Nain Chiu, chim l(i ph ihnh Tng Binh, ph h mi iic t I<11 <jay.

M T NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y N 1858)

65

ch nhn dn, bo v nn h ca chng. Ph h ct 4 .2 0 0 qun thng

trc, nhiu chin thuyn, v kh^'^
cc vng, bin gii v cc chu cn c qun i ring, nhn dn ta
cc a phong b b t i lnh bo v chnh quyn h. Nhiu thnh
quch kin c6 cng c xy dng ti c c tr s c a chu, c bit l ph
tr. T h n h Di La c sa, bi p nhiu ln ct chu vi di 1.982 trng
5 thc {ch n g 6.61 Om), thn thnh cao 2 ,6 trng (8,6 m), chn thnh
rng 2 ,5 trng (8 ,3 m). T rn thnh li p m t con ch ch di ; cao 5 ,5
thc ( l , 7 m ) c 5 5 lu quan s t chung quanh thnh, c 6 ca ng, 3 con
c. Chung quanh th n h cn c mt con di 2 .1 2 5 trng 8 thc (chng
7 0 7 9 m) cao 15 thc (4 ,9 m), chn r n g 6 ,6 m.
Chnh quyn h nh ng mun tin thm mt bc trong vic
h nc ta , tr c tip vi tay n tn hng, x, nhm trc tip khng ch
cc xm lng ngi Vit. Nhng, kt qu trong th c t, chng ch m i nm
c ti cp chu, huyn v cha bao gi can thip c vo c c u xm
lng c a x hi nc ta. Mc d cc chnh quyn h ng cng nh
Triu, H n ... trc thc hin th on chia r thm c "dl Di cng i"
(ly ngi Di nh ngi Di), c s ng mt b phn quan li v qun
lnh ngi Vit trong chnh quyn h, nhng s quan i, binh lnh ngi
Vit yu nc cng nhiu ln c m t trong phong tro u tr a n h chng
li nn h ngoi bang.
Nh vy l, hon mt nghn nm h nc ta, tri qua cc tru i t
Triu n ng, mc d phong kin phng B c ngy cng ra sc cng
c t chc cai tr ca chng trn t nc ta bng nhiu bin php v th
on th m c, chnh quyn h c t n g cng ch t ch hn, nhng
kt cc, khng c m t triu no thit lp c nn h ca chng ln
cc lng x ngi Vit, khng h t c m t h thng x quan tr n t
nc t a ; khng th tr c tip kim so t v khng c h ton b lnh th ca
ngi V it, nhiu vng rng ln vn nm ngoi s cai qun ca phong kin
phng B c . t l m t m t biu hin s th t bi ca cc triu i phong
kin phng B c tro n g chnh sch h nc ta thi B c thuc.

2. V v t , bc lt tn bo nhn dn bn x
Da vo mt t chc quan li, qun i tng i c h t ch v kh mnh,
chinh quyn b ra s c bc lt v n p nhn dn cc chUi qun. Chng

(1 ) Nm 808, d h ph Trung Chu a bi nhan dan ta ng 400 chic thuyn, mi chic ch uc

25 qun lnh, 23 ngui cho, rn Ihm 40 vn chic v khi dv tr irong 40 gian nh kho.

5-CLSVN T.tp

66

DI CONG LCH

s V I T

NAM

ra sc chim t, xy dng c s kinh t ring c th duy tr lu di

nn thng tr ca mnh trn t nc ta.
Ngay t thi Hn thng tr thc hin chnh sch n in nhm gi
t ai mi chim c ca nhn dn ta. Chng a ti nhn, dn ngho
ngi H n n ln vi ngi Vit, xm ln, khai ph rung t lp
n in M Vin Ip p tri" mt s qun lnh lm rung gi l "M
u dn". Thi Ng, chnh quyn h trc tip qun l loi n in do
ngi Vt, ngi Hoa cy cy, bin h thnh nng n ca nh nc h.
i b phn nhn dn Vit i nng dn, cy cy rung t cng phi np
t thu chu lao dch cho chnh quyn h. Chnh sch t thu ca chnh
quyn thng tr ngoi tc rt nng, lm cho "trm h xc x" n n hu
qu l nhiu ni nng dn b ph sn. T cui th k II xut hin nhiu
"dn lu tn", n th k V, t n g ip nng dn b ph sn, dn lu vong
ngy cng ng o m s c gi l "dn vong mnh", nhiu ngi phi bn
mnh, bn v, con cho tn g lp giu c, thng tr bin thnh n t. Mt
trong nhng hnh thc bc lt rt nng n nhn dn ta ca chnh quyn
v quan li h l cng np. Hng nm "ty nhiu it m thu ti vt" v
"ty t sn xut vt gi thl tm thu ly thu kha vt , khng c php
tc, lu t l C nh"^*^'
Cc loi sn phm lao ng ca nhn dn ta, nhng ca ci ca thin
nhin thuc phm vi lnh th nc ta u l i tng cng np ca chnh
quyn v bn quan li h. Vi ch cng np, bn phong kin phng
B c a v vt, btc lt nhn dn ta v hn . Chng li dng c h
cng np im giu cho c nhn. T thi ng Hn, s sch ca Trung
Quc a ghi r n g " t Giao Chi th s truc sau phn ln khng thanh
lim, trn b k quyn qu, di th thu vt ca ci c a dn, n khi
y ti lin xin di i, Chu T h n g th s Giao Chu a tu vi vua nh
Hn Giao Chu ni x a cch, quan li tp tc tham , lm iu gian
tr, trng s th a h bo ngc, bdc lt mun dn... " Thi th Giao Chi
l T n T (thi Ng) tham lam, bo ngc, bt hng ngn th kho nc
ta sa n g xy dng kinh Kin Nghip (N am Kinh - T ru n g Qutc), Th s
ng T u n va n qun Giao Chi lm vic t tin bt dn np 3.000
chim Cng dng v nh Ng. S Nhip lm thi th Giao Ch thng
nm dng cho nh Ng no hng liu, minh chu, lu li, lng tr , i mi,

(1) Ngy Trung, Ty Th, Thc ha ch. Trch theo L ch s yi Nam, Sdd. Ir2 4 1 .

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y DN 1858)

67

sng t, ng voi, cc loi qu l, hng ngn tm vi ct b loi mn, hng

trm nga.
Ngoi thu cng phm, t thu v lao dch, chnh quyn h cn nm
c quyn sn xu t v mua bn mui v st. y l hai sn phm thit yu
trong i sng ca nhn dn ta cng b l thuc c h t ch vo chnh quyn
h. H n g nm, theo s c ghi li, nguyn tin mui Lnh Nam (tro n g
c nc ta) nh ng thu c 4 0 vn quan tin.
Nh ng cn thc hin chnh s c h t, dung, iu (thu TUng, thu
ngi, np sn phm th cng). Khi chnh sch ny v hiu qu th nh
Dng li th hnh php lng thu.
Vi chnh sch bc lt, vo vt tri t ca bn phong kin phng Bc,
tro n g hn mt nghn nm b h, nhn dn t a phi tri qua cuc sng
di khd, y au thng, ti nhc.

3.

ng ha dn tc, khng b v dn p tn bo c c cuc du

tran h c a nhftn dn
T ro n g hn mt nghn nm h nc ta, cc triu i phong kin phng
B c tch cc thc hin moi bin php nhra t n g cng n p nhn dn
ta v qun s, ng ha v x hi, bin t nc t a thnh qun huyn ca
T r u n g Quc.
n dch nhn dn ta v t tng v tinh th n , ngay t thi Ty Hn,
tro n g m t chng mc nht nh, Nho gio c chnh quyn h truyn
b vo nc ta. n bui u Cng nguyn, c c thi th Tch Q uang,
N hm Din c n g tch cc "dng hc hiu dy l ngha" cho dn Giao
C h , Cu C hn. V sau, nhiu nho sl ngi H n c t i n n g c ch in h
qu y n phng B c c sa n g Giao Ch truyn b Nho gio v dn dn
c c t n h c ln nh ng ch c v cao. Vo thi S Nhip lm th i th
G iao Ch c ti h n g tr m s phu T r u n g Quc sa n g V it N am c n g vi
S Nhip y m nh vic tru y n b Nho gio v H n hc Giao Chu, h
m tr n g dy hc Luy Lu , L o n g B in . Tuy nhin, di thi B c
th u c, Nho gio c ng nh ton b h t tng v vn hc T ru n g Quc
ndi ch u n g ch c p h t tr i n v c n h hng m t s vng tr u n g tm
ch u tr v q u n tr m thi, do , nh hng c a n tron g vic H n
h a dn tc V it r t hn ch.
T i n g Hn v ch H n cng c chnh quyn h ph bin Giao
Chu nhm lm cng c thc hin chnh sch ng ha ngi Vit thnh

68

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

ngi H n. Song, kt cc sau hn nghn nm, n vn khng th tiu dit

c ting ni ca dn tc Vit - tin g Vit, bi l chi c mt b phn thuc
tn g lp trn hc n, cn nhn dn lao ng trong c c lng x Vit c vn
duy tr tin g ni ca t tin mnh.
Chnh quyn h cn ro rit y mnh vic di dn H n n ln vi
ngi V i t , b t n h n dn t a p h i th a y i p h on g t c t p q u n t h e o
ngi Hn^^
T ron g hn m t nghin nm h nc ta, duy tri nn thng tr v
ch p bc bc tt, cc triu i phUng Bc p dng lu t php h khc,
tn bo i vi ngi Vit. Tnh c h t h khc ca php lut thi Triu c
th hin qua nhng hnh pht "xo mi", "thch ch vo mt" nhng ngi
chng i. Chnh quyn h t H n v sau u th n g tay n p nhn
dn ta. T ro n g cuc n p khi nghia Hai B Trng, tiu dit chnh
quyn t ch ca Hai B vo nm 43, M Vin git hi hng vn nhn
dn Lc Vit, nhiu ng h qu tc Lc Vit b trn p trit , hn 3 0 0
th lnh Vit tc b bt y san g T r u n g Quc. Nhiu trng ng b ph hy.
Di ch thng tr ca nh Ng "chnh hlnh bo ngc", nh Ng bt
hng nghin, hng vn trai tr n g ngi Vit xch tri b t em v T ru n g
Quc. Chnh quyn h cai tr b ng bin php "ly binh uy m c hip"^^^
Nh ng tng cng bo lc qun s trong vic n p cuc khi nghl
Mai T h c Loan (nm 7 22 ), qun x m lc nh Dng tin hnh tn s t
nhn dn t a r t d man, c b t x c ngha qun p thnh g cao ghi cng
chinh phc, cao uy th chnh quyn h. Nhiu thnh ly kin c c
dng ln khp t nc u L c c vi mt i qun n tr ng o, v
kh y . 0 cc vng bin cng v c c chu u cd qun i. i k binh
c trn 3 0 0 iigi kim sot vng bin i.
Chinh sch h ca c c triu i phng Bc hn mt thin nin k
a km hm nghim trng s pht trin v mi m t ca t nc v dn
tc ta. Song x a hi V it Nam vn ct nhng chuyn bin r rt.

(1) Tch Quang v Nhm Dien bi ngi V ii phi Ihco "l ngha Tmng Ourtc l cch fin mc, ly
v. Iy chng, ch to m, giy v.v...
Bin php di dn hng ioi cc loai ngi phong Bc vo nc ta l mt bin php kh nht
qun ca chinh quyn d h Trung Ouc dng ha dan tc la.
(2) Ng ch, 98, dn li L ch s Vit Nam , Sd lr,222.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y N 1858)

69

II. N H N G C H U Y N B I N V
K IN H T , X H I, V N H A
1. V kinh t
-

Nng nghip : Cng c bng s t ngy c n g ph bin thay t h c n g c

sn xut b n g ng, T thi u Lc, ngi V it c nm c k thu t

luyn st c h to cng c sn xut, song s t thu y cn t, cha c
s dng rng ri trong sn xu t v i sng x hi.
T rong thi ki B c thuc, mc d chnh quyn h nm c quyn v
st, kim sot cht ch vic khai thc, ch to v mua bn st, nhng
nhn dn ta vn rn c, c h to c nhiu cng c bng s t phc v cho
nhu cu sn xut v cuc sng. s t c s dng ngy cn g nhiu vo
sn xut, n dn c c nng c bng ng, mc d cng ngh c ng vn
tip tc tn t i v gi mt a v nht nh trong vic c h to dng tron g
sinh hot. T rong cc m c thuc thi k B c thuc c r t t v kh, cng
c bng ng. Nhiu vt dng trong gia nh cng c c h to b ng s t
(king nu bp, n, nh). Vic nh H n t chc th i t quan trng coi vic
thu thu s t a chng t t u Cng nguyn tr v sau, c dn V i t c
bc vo thi i s t pht trin.
Qu trin h giao lu v nh hng kinh t, vn ha, x hi ngy c n g c
m rng trong thi B c thuc vi c c nc, c bit i vi T ru n g Quc,
n a gp phn thc y kl th u t luyn s t v c h to s t ngy c n g
tin trin .
Cng vi vic s dng rng ri cng c sn xu t bng st, k th u t dng
tr&u b lm sc ko trong ting nghip cng ngy cn g ph bin, nh th
m in tch t trng tr t c m rng dn, cc cng trn h thy li c
iu kin pht trin . Dc nhng con sng ln nh sng Hng, sng Ma
cd phng lt. Nhiu knh, ngi, mng, m ng c o thm hay no
vt hng nm. G iao Chu k c ghi chp s vic huyn Phong Kh (trung
tm C Loa) c phng dt. Sch N am Vit ch phn nh vic M Vin
c h t lm thnh ngn sdng bin"^*^ vng T c Khu (T a m ip,
Ninh B in h ). Hu Hn th ghi li s vic M Vin "sa sa n g knh ngi"^^^
Bin php ng cc oi phn bn rung (c t h c phn bc) cng c
thc hin trong nng nghip.

(1) S hc k, q.8 dn li L ch s Vi Nam, T l, Sd, tr.232.

(2) Hu Hn thu, q.7.dn ]i L(ch Vit Nam , T l.S d , lr.232.

70

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

T t c nhng bin php k thut ni trn c a vo sn xut nng

nghip gp phn rt quan trng vo vic t n g n n g su t la. T h e o mt

s ti liu cu th "la mi nm trng hai ln v ma h v ma ng, sn
xu t t Giao Chl, [a Giao Chi chn hai na"^^\
Du thi B c thuCj triu Ty Hn phi ch thdc go vo Giao Ch
cung cp cho bn quan l h v qun lnh chim ng, th n thi ng
Hn> s thc th u m chnh quyn h v vt c ca nhn d n Giao
Ch ln ti 13 6 0 0 .0 0 0 hc, tang ng 2 7 2 .0 0 0 tn thdc.
Ngoi la, nhn dn ta cn trng nhiu loi hoa mu v cc loi c y cd
c khc nh khoai, u, sn, ng. S c c gh m t ioi c khoai gi l *'cam
ch* c tr n g nh trng vt, trng g, v ta, th t tr n g thng c dng
lm qu tip khch. Ngi Vit gp khch qu th by tic ru, c khoai
tip i. Nhiu loi rau ci, c cng c trng ph bin tro n g n h n dn.
Ngi ta cn bit trng rau mung trn cc b th trn m t cc ao, h.
mi vng t, ty theo kh hUj th nhng, nhn dn ta trng
nhiu loi cy n qu nh nhn, vi, chui, cam , qut, m, m n, to, tru*
cau, k h v.v... Trng tru, cau rt ph bn trong c c vng. N hn dn ta
vn ct tc ci xin, tip khch, gp g nhau th dng tru , cau m i n g tru
l u cu chuyn".
Cy cng nghip thi c bng, ma, u. Vic tr n g du nui tm g n lin
vi ngh nng truyn thng lu i v ngh m t dt la. N hn dn ta
by gi cn bit trng trt v khai thc mt a loi cy lm thuc (u
khu, y d, qu, gng gi), cy ly g, lm cc vt dng tron g i sng, chn
nui tru, b, chd, ln, g, vt, voi, nga. Bn cnh n gh lm rung l ngh
lm vn c n g kh ph bin trong nhn dn
Mc d nn kinh t nng nghp c bc chuyn bin r n t nhng do
chnh sch bc lt nng n, phn nhiu, v vt tr i t ca chnh quyn
h v b my quan li ngoi tc ng o lm cho i sng ca nhn
dn ta di thi B c thuc h t sc khn n.
-

Th cng nghip, KI thut rn s t pht t r n hn tr c Cng nguyn.

Cng c s t c<5 nhiu loi a dng nh ru, mai, cuc, dao, v kh, n, inh
v m t s dng trong sinh hot gia nh. N gh c ng vn c tip
tc, nhng ch yu c h to cc dng phc v nhu cu sinh hot hng
ngy ca nhn dn nh ni, niu, l hng, tr a n g sc. Ngh im gm
pht trin , nhiu loi dng trong nh nh ni t, v, binh, b t, la,
( I ) Dt vt ch ca Dti Ph (th kl ), dn lai LcH s Vit Nam, T l . S<Jd (r 232.

VIT NAM (T TH I N G U YN T H Y DN 1858)

71

n... uc sn x u t ngy c n g nhiu, B n cnh loi gm trn (thng) cn

c loi gm t r n g men. G ch , ngi cng c nhiu loi khc nhau (gch
thng, gch hnh mi bi xy vm cun, ngi bn, ngi ng v.v...).
Ngh dt vi, la l nhng ngh th cng trong gia nh ph bin nhiu
a phng, c c n gh mc, an, lt, xy dng nh ca cng c bc pht
trin ng k.
Vic khai th c vng, bc, chu, ngc trong nhn dn cng c y mnh,
nhiu kiu, loi tr a n g sc bng vng, bc, ngc c gia cng tinh t
nh {vng tay, n h n , tr m , lc, hoa tai v.v... ) ch yu nhm phc v cho
nhu cu ca t n g lp th n g tr v qu tc.
T ro n g qu trin h giao lu vn hta, kinh t vi nc ngoi, nhn dn ta
bit tip thu m t s k th u t cng ngh ca cc nc, lm ny sinh
thm m t s n g h th cn g mi nh ngh lm giy t cc nguyn liu nh
ru b in , v cy, l cy, n h t l sn xut c giy tr m hng c<5 vn rt
p v cd gi tr. Li bun T ru n g Quc mua giy trm hng nc ta
em v T ru n g Quc, Vua n h Tn (cui t h kl III) sai cc quan li T ru n g
Quc dng giy ny chp li cc sch Xun thu Li Kinh truyn dng
vua. T th k IV , tr n c s tip thu k th u t c h to thy tinh ca n
v mt

nc, ngi V it a thi c nhng binh, bt bng thy tinh

nhiu mu s c x a n h , ta. C c ngh th cng khc nh mc, son the, thuc

da, nu ru, lm ci, k h nh cng kh pht trin trong nhn dn.
N gh mc, dng th u y n , ngh xy dng cha chin, n i, lng m
cng kh ph t t r i n , Ngi th th cng nc ta by gi th hin l
nhng ngi th c trinh m thut cao v rt kho tay. D thi nh
Ng h nc ta , hn g nghn th th cng b bt a san g T ru n g Quc
xy dng kin h K in Nghip, nhiu th th cng b trng tp v lao
ng tron g c c x n g th cng ca chnh quyn h. y l nguyn nhn
lm chni bc chuyn mn hda hnh th nh cc lng v phng th cng
chuyn nghip, m c d ct s tch ri t nhiu ca mt b phn lao ng
th cng khi nn g nghip.
- V thng n ghip. S chuyn bin tro n g nn kinh t (nng nghip v
th c n g nghip) gp ph n quan trng thc y thng nghip ph t tri n
hn trc. M t k h c , 8 phong ph v ti nguyn v nhiu c sn ca vng
nh it i thu h t nhiu li bun nc ngoi n nc ta lm cho vic
bun b n V it N am thi B c thuc thm phn pht trin. Nhu cu ca

72

DI CNG LCH s V I T NAM

vic vn chuyn vt cng, thu kha thu dc nc ta v T ru n g Q uc cng

a thc y chnh quyn h chm lo n vic sa cha, xy p ng
s, dn n s th n g thng gia cc qun trong nc v gia n u c ta vi
T ru n g Quc. Cui th kl I, con ng dc sng Thng sang T r u n g Quc
c xy p. T trung tm Luy Lu, Long Bin c ng thy ngc xui
cc ng ni lin cc vng ni T y Bc, ng B c vi ng b n g chu th
sng Hng. Nhiu con dng b lin vng theo cc hng ty - t y nam ng bc v n am - ty nam - bc - ng bc gp nhau tru n g tm Luy
Lu v nhiu ng thy b khc trong 3 qun, cng vi dng b in c
m m ang cng lm cho vic bun bn trong nc v vi nc ngoi^^\ nht
l vi T ru n g Quc kh pht trin , Hng hta bn ra cc nc ngoi ch yu
l hng liu, lm sn qu, vi, gm, giy bn, ng. H n g ha nhp vo
gm nhiu chig oi nhng i b phn l cc hng xa x phm , phc v
cho bn quan li h v t n g lp qu tc giu c.
Tuy nhin, chnh quyn h v bn li bun ngi nc ngoi a lng
on nn thng mi nc ta thi by gi, S pht trin ngoi thng
cng m giu thm cho bn h, nhn dn bn a phi chu th m ch
lao dch, bc lt nng n.
D l vy, vic y mnh quan h giao lu kinh t gia c c khu vc
trong nc ( Chu Giao) v gia Chu G iao vi cc nc quanh v ng cng
c tc dng n h t nh trong vic kch thch nn kinh t C h u Giao
pht trin .

2. Nhng bin chuyn

x hi

Trc khi b cc triu i phng B c xm lc v h, x& hi u Lc

c s phn ho ng cp gia tn g lp qu tc v nhn dn c n g xft,
ct s phn b i t gia ngi giu k ngho, l m t trong nhng c s kinh
t - x hi a n s ra i ca nh nc, nh nc Vn L ang - u L c vo
khong th k V I - th k III tr.C.N. T khi b Triu v tip th e o l cc
triu i khc phng B c xm lc v h, t nc Vn L a n g - u Lc
a b n dch, bin thnh qun huyn ca phong kin T rung Quc, n h nc

Vit c vi th it ch xa hi l ch lc tng a b xa b.
Nhng chnh sch h tn bo ca c c c h phng B c a klm hftm
nghim trng n s pht tri n ca kinh t - x hi, vn hda nc ta. Nhn

( l ) Dn theo L(ch s Vti Nam, T .l : Sd. Ir.361.

S c cho bii dui ihi Bc Ihuc a c thng nhn cc nuc Mn Din, Thi Lan, Lo,
Gia Va, n D. Trung Quc v.v... dn G iao Chau bun bn.

V IT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y DN 1858)

73

dn u Lc t a v lm ch t nc ca minh tr thnh k n l ca
ngoi bang. Quan h x hi bao trra tro n g sut thi B c thuc nc u
Lc c l quan h gia k thng tr Xgo tc (chnh quyn h) v ton
th nhn dn lao ng nc ta (nng dn, th th cng v cc t n g lp lao
dng khc). V danh ngha, t t c rung t ca nc u L c u thuc
quyn s hu ti cao ca nh nc h. Ngi nng dn u Lc, phi np
t thu, i lao dch cho chnh quyn ngoi bang. Chnh sch btc lt nng
n ca chn h quyn v bn quan li h ltn cho nhn n ta nhiu
ni b ph sn, ngho i, Chnh quyn h cn y m nh chnh ach n
in, xm chim rung t ca c c ln g x, bt nhn dn ta cy cy, np
t. Mt th c tr n g x hi di thi B c thuc r t ng ch l s d dn
t phng B c vo t nc ta ngy c n g nhiu.

Ngoi b my quan li phong kin phdng B c t cp b, qun xung

n huyn ngy cng c b sung, t n g cng ht sc ng o, cn c c
gia nh, h hng, b con ca bn quan li h san g lp nghip lu
di u L c c. T cui i ng H n, u i T a m quc, ri cui i
T y T n , o lon lc T ru n g Quc, nhiu ngi H n vt bin gii san g
nc ta l m n sinh sng. Da vo th lc ca chnh quyn h, m t s
ngi ln chim rung t c c c ng, x, ga nhp hng ng giai cp
btc lt v thn g tr. Nhiu nng dn cng x t do b ph sn tr thnh
nng dn t in thuc c c a ch H n tc. Tuy nhia, do sinh sng u
dai, tri qua nhiu t h h, nhiu qu tc, quan li, dn Hn lp nghip
nc ta b Vit hta. Ngi H n V it ho ngy cn g ng

; tr

thnh m t b phn ca t n g lp phong kin bn a sau ny.

Tng lp ho trng a phng ngi V it hnh thnh t s phn hda

x hi thi Vn Lang - u L c tip t c tn ti v ngy cn g m rng t h
c kinh t d b chinh quyn h chn p, khng ch. Do s b t c ca
chnh quyn h trong vic kim so t c c lng x ngi Vit, h vn gi
vai tr quan trng a phng v cc uy tn trong nb n dn ngi Vit.
Dy cng t n g p qu tc bn a c nhiu mu thun vi bn quan i
v chnh quyn h phng Bc, c tinh thn dn tc v chu nh hng

(1 ) Din hnh dng h L Bi. T tin ca L B i l qu lc i Tfly Hn, sang nc ta n i

Ih 8 thl V ii ha v tr Ihnh mi ho ph ni ting G iao Ch9u. Cui i Dng Hn, Ng,
Ngy, Tn, v.v.., c hng rm s phu nh Hn chy lon sang G ia Ch, cu Chn^ a vo
th lc ca chnh quyn h m lp nghip, v su, nhu ngi Vit ha. Chng hn nh
con chu h Li ca Li Tin, con chu h Nguyn ca Nguyn Phu {ih s Giao Chu Ihi Lc
iriu), con chu h L ca L Ngc thi th c u Chn i Ty, con chu h ca D Vin
hi th G iao Ch di Tng v.v...

74

DI CONG LCH s VIT NAM

mnh m ca pKong tro u tranh lin t c ca nhn dn chng chinh quyn

h. Bi vy, y chnh l tng lp m nhn v hon thnh s mnh
lnh do phong tro u tranh ginh c lp ca nhn dn ta, nh nn
h hn mt nghn nm, m ra k nguyn c lp, t ch ca dn tc
th k X.
S chuyn bin x hi v kt cu giai cp ca u Lc c sau hon mt
nghn nm h cn do tc ng bi chnh sch ca cc tru di phng
Bc, chi phi ngy cng su hn vo t chc ca x hi c tryn ngi
Vit

G n 3 t h ki h Giao Chu, nh ng thc hin nhu bin

php nh t chc li cc n v hnh chnh theo phng Bc, ch ia huyn

lm tiu hng, i hng, x ln, x nh, sau li b tiu hng, i
hng m gi chung l hng, t t c c 159 hng Nh Dng li cho k
khai s h, nh th u cc loi t, dung, iu v sau i li l php lng

thxx, cho php cc chnh quyn h cp ot rung t ca nhn dn ta

lm rung cng do chnh quyn h qun l, ban cp rung t, chc phn
cho bn quan li cao cp. Nhng chnh sch v bin php ni trn thc hin
trong nhiu th k r rng c nh hng trc tip n s phn hda x
hi ngi Vit.
Nh vy l, di thi B c thuc, x hi Vit Nam a c m t s chuyn
bin, hlnh thnh mt tn g lp a ch t nhiu c th lc n phng
thuc nhu ngun gc v xu hng chnh tr khc nhau.
Tuy nhin, i b phn c dn l nng dn sng trong cc lng x c
truyn m ang tnh t

Mt b phn khc ri xung a v l thuc, hoc

l nng dn l thuc cy rung ip t th u cho bn quan li, ho trng

a phong hoc bin thnh nng n.

3. Nhng chuyn bin v van ha

Trn c s m t nn vn h<5a bn a vng chc kt tinh bn lnh, c tnh,
li sng v truyn thng ca ngi Vit c vi thc h ct li l thc
c lp, t ch v tnh thn yu qu, gn b vi qu hng, t nc, t
tng m cc thi ki Vn L ang - u L c xy dng nn, bi vy, d cho
cc triu i phng Bc ra sc ng ha dn tc ta, nhm th tiu nn
vn hda c truyn ca dn tc, nhng kt cc, trc cuc u tranh mnh

(1) Thi thuc Dung, chnh quyn h ch qun l v nh ihu dc cha y 57.000 h Cn
hng chc vn h cu dn ngi Vit. Mc d cho d cAc on v hng, x nhUng vn khng nm
c c cu lng x irCn t nc la.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y DN 1858)

75

lit c a nhn dn ta, nn vn ha m bn sc dn tc vn gi c

v tr ch th v c tc dng Vit ho nhng yu t vn hda ngoi nhp,
N hng nt vn ha ngoi lai u thn g qua ch th vn ha V it Nam
m pht huy t c dng v lm phong ph thm nn vn ha truyn thng,
M c khc, trn c s ca s chuyn bin v pht tr i n (mc d chm
chp) n n kinh t v s giao lu vn ha ngy cng m rng hn vi cc
nc qu anh vng, m vn hda nc t a trong thi B c thuc cng c bc
chuyn bin.
-

N gay t thi T y Hn, Nho gio c du nhp vo x hi u Lc

c lm cng c n dch v ng ha nhn dn ta v t tng v tinh

thn. Nho gio l s tng hp nhng t tung, trit l, lun H, o c v
th c h cai tr T ru n g Quc cd t nhng th k VI - V tr.C .N do Khng
T v c c hc tr ca ng xy dng v v sau c pht trin , n nh
trong t th (Lun ng, Di hc, Trung dung, Mnh T), ng K inh (Tki,

Th. Dch, L, Xun thu).

T thi nh Hn 'thng tr d T r u n g Quc, Nho gio tr thnh thc
t tng- chnh thng ca giai cp thng tr.
Vi ta m cng (o vua - ti, o cha con, o v chng) v ng thng
(nhn, ngha, , tr, tn), Nho gio ch trng tn trng v bo v c h

ng cp, tr t t x hi bc lt, trung thnh tuyt i vi nh Vua - Hong

' T r u n g Hoa.
Nh H n vo bui u Cng nguyn thng qua chnh quyn h
thc hin mt s bin php truyn b Nho gio v ch Hn vo nc ta
nhu m tr ng dy ch Hn, o to mt s nho s ngi bn a. B n cnh
, h n g [ot ngi phang B c t nhiu ngun (trong t c nhiu gia nh
qu tc H n chy lon sang Giao Ch ngy c n g nhiu, nht t thi Tam
Quc, L c triu v sau hoc nhiu ngi t ti b y san g v.v... ). S ngi
ny m a n g theo phng thc sinh hot, vn hda, ch Hn v m t s
phong t c tp qun H n du nhp vo nc ta.
Do nhu cu ca cng cuc h v ng ha dn tc ta ngy c n g thi
thc, bn h y mnh vic ph bin ch H n v o Nho trn t nc
ta. Tuy vy, o Nho v ch Hn ch c truyn b v pht tri n trong
b phn quan li h v t n g tp trn ca x hi. T ron g m t chng mc
no , Nho gio t nhiu cng thm nhp vo x hi nc ta. Nhng
i b phn nhn dn sng trong cc lng x c truyn, t c iu kin
tip thu ch Hn v o Nho. Bi vy, nhln chung, v c bn nhng phong

76

DI CONG LCH

s VIT

NAM

tc, tp qun c truyn ca dn tc vn c hnh thnh t bui u dng

nc v gi nc vn c gi gn lu i sut thi k b h.
- S truy n b o gio v P h t gio.
o gio l mt tn gio tn ngng T ru n g Quc l m t hn hp nhiu
th m tn d oan v phng thut (dn gian v cung nh nh on mng,
Kem sao, ng ct, cha bnh bng ph php, bdi ton v.v...) c h thng
hda bi mt h thng th n in, o tn g (kinh in), n miu. Do gio
pht tri n trong x hi T rung Quc vo thi Lc triu v thi ng. Nhng
khi mi du nhp vo nc ta, o gio khng c ph bin rng ri trong
nhn dn m ch yu ch dng li tn g Idp trn , cn i vi qung i
qun chng, nt c quyn ho vi tn ngung dn gian Vit c.
P h t gio c truyn b vo nc t a t rt 8m. o P h t ra i t
t h ki V tr.C.N n , do Thch C a Mu Ni sn g lp. Lc mi ra ,
o Pht c ni dung tch cc trong cuc u tra n h chng c h ng cp
khc nghit n , c ng o nhn dan b tr hng ng. V sau o
P h t b giai cp thng tr li dng v bin n thnh mt tn gio chinh
thng ca nh nc. Nhng m t tch cc ca P h t gio nh ch trng
binh ng, bc i, v tha, lm iu lnh , chng iu c v.v... b giai cp
th ng t r c t xn, xuyn tc, pht t r i n m t tiu cc lm cng c n
p thng tr nhn dn lao ng. T n ngng dn gian ca ngi Vit c
nhng n t ph hp vi hc thuyt c a o P h t nh ku gi mi ngi lm
iu ngha, c lng nh&n i v tha, thuyt nhn qu nghip bo, nn c
ng o nh&n d&n hng ng.
T thi Hn, trn t nc ta a c trung tftm P h t gio l Luy Lau,

bn cnh cn cd nhiu cha thp th Pht, nhiu n th khc ca tn

ngOng dn gian. Tuy nhin, khi truyn b vo nc ta, nhng yu t tiu
cc ca P h t gio trong vic ru ng nhn dn, t b u tranh ginh
li c lp dn tc khng th pht huy c. N hn dn d theo P h t
gio, Nho gio, o gio vn tch cc tham gia vo cng cuc du tranh lt
nn h ca phong kin T ru n g Quc.

Chng IV

Ct4G CUC U TRANH GINH LI C L P

V BO V C C DI SN VN HA c TRUYN

K t

CUC

khng chin chng T riu xm lqc b th t bi n cuc

khi ngha thnh cng ca K hc T h a D (1 7 9 tr.C .N - 9 05 ) t nc ta

b c c triu i phong B c k tip nhau xm lc v

Hn mt

nghn nm B c thuc ft cd bit bao au thng, t nhc m nh&n dn ta

phi chu ng. K h u ch ng li vo vt, cp bc, m cn rp
tm xa b c lp, ch quyn ca nhn d&n ta, ro rit thc hin chnh
sch ng hda nhm H n hda Vit 'tc. Nhng g l c s tn t i, sc
m nh tin h th n phc hi quc gia, quc th t lnh th, ting ni, phong
tc tp qu n, li sng, thc t tng ca dn tc ta u b chig dng
tr m phng nghn k hy dit.
Nhng, u ch c B c thuc, hn m t thin niCn k, nhAn dftn ta lin
tc vng ln u tra n h v tra n g ginh i c p. Cuc u tra n h chng
B c thuc cn din ra lin tc trn m t tr n vn hda t tng b o tn
v pht tr i n nhng tinh hoa, gi tr c a ni vn ha c truyn. Cuc u
tr a n h quyt lit, l&u di gia xtn lc, h, ng ha vi chng x m lc,
ch n g h v chng ng hda a chi phi ton b cuc sng ca nh n dn
t a tron g tin trnh lch s B c thuc.

(1 ) l j y t t>( Vit s k ton th, ca Ng S Lin. Nxb KHXH, 1967 ; Nitn

bitu lch s C tnmg

i Viit Nam, Nxb KHXH, 1967 ; Lch Vit Nam, Nxb H v ODCN, 1980.

78

I CNG LCH

s V IT

NAM

I. P H O N G T R O U T R A N H v T R A N G
G I N H C L P C A N H N D N
4

T rong thi B c thuc, nhn dn ba qun khng cam tm chu lm n

l cho nc ngoi. H khng ngng vng dy u tranh v tran g
ginh li c lp t ch.

1. Tnh lin tc v qun chng c a phong tro

Nm 40, Hai B Trng ni dy khi nghia M Linh, nhn dn 3
qun hng ng nhit lit, cuc khi ngha thng li, ginh c
quyn c lp t ch trong 3 nm (40 - 43).
Nm 100, hn 3 .0 0 0 nhn dn qun N h t Nam ni dy t ph dinh th
ca bti quan li trong chnh quyn h.
Nm 137, nhn dn Tng Lm (qun N ht Nam) di s ch huy ca
Khu Lin ni dy git bn quan li, p ph thnh tr cng s. Th s Giao
Chu phi huy ng hn 1 vn qun hai qun Giao Ch, Cu C hn i n
p, nhng qun lnh ngi Vit quay li nh bn tng t chi huy igi
Hn, bao vy ph l to iu kin cho nhn dn Tng Lm y m nh cuc
khi ngha, nh thng bn quan li h. Hn mt nm sau, c s vin
tr ca chnh quyn nh Hn Trung Quc, cuc khi ngha mi b n p
Nm 144, hn 1.000 nhn dn qun N ht Nam ni dy t ph dinh ly
ca bn quan l h. Ngha qun iin kt vi nhn dn qun Cu Chn
nh ph cc qun, huyn Cu Chn v N h t Nam. Th s Giao Chi by
gi l H Phng phi tim m th on n p, song phong tro vn
khng b dp t t. Nm 157, nhn c hi bn quan i h tham lam , tn
bo, bdc lt nhn dn tn t, mi ngi rt cm phn, Chu t h ho
nhn dn qun Cu Chn ni dy khi ngha. Lc lng ngha qun c ti
4 -5

nghin ngi. Thi th Cu Chn l Ngh Thc em qun i n p.

b ngha qun git ti trn. Cuc khi ngha ko di, nh Hn phi c Ngy
Lng lm y Cu Chn dng k d d v n p mi tiu dit c
ngha qun, cuc khi ngha th t bi. Nm 170, nhn dn vng bin gii
Vit - Trung ni dy chng li bn quan li h, th s Chu N gung khng
n p ni.
Nm 178, Lng Long ku gi nhn dn c c qun Hp Ph Giao Ch,
Cu Chn, N h t Nam ni dy, lc lng ngha qun ng n h ng vn

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y DN 1858)

79

ngi. N gha qun li lin kt c vi thi th qun Nam Hi l Khng

Chi chn g li nh Hn, nn thanh th cng manh. Th s Chu Ngung phi
ng ca thnh c th, cho ngi cu cu nh Hn.
Nm 181, nh Hn sai huyn lnh Lan L n g l Chu T u n em qun sang
cu vin. T ron g mt cuc giao chin, thO lnh ngha qun l Lng Long
t trn . Cuc khi ngha th t bi.
Sau khi n p c cuc khi ngha, th s Chu Ngung vn tip tc
chnh sch bc lt tn bo nh trc. Bi vy qun lnh ngi Vit a ng
v pha nhn dn. lm binh bin, bt git Chu Ngung. Nh Hn phi c
Gia T n g san g lin th s Giao Chi.
Cui t h k II, th s Giao Chi l Chu Ph nhng nhiu, c hip nhn
dn, do , h ni dy nh ph chu thnh. Nm 190, Chu Ph chng
khng ni phAi chy trn. By gi nh Dng Hn suy yu, tinh hnh
T ru n g Quc mt n nh, li dng thi c, nhn dn huyn Tng L m
ni dy khi ngha di s nh o ca Khu Lin a n th n g li v
thnh lp nit quc gia tn ti c lp lu di m thi gian u thng gi
i nc Ltn p.
Sau khi nh ng Hn sp , nc ta ri vo ch h ca nh Ng.
Nh Ng ra sc bc lt, v vt nhn dn 3 qun, th n g tay git hi nhng
ngi ch n g i v n p tn bo cc cuc ni dy u tranh. phc v
cho nhu cu xy dng kinh mi Kin Nghip (N am Kinh), nh Ng
bt h ng ngn th th cng gii ca Giao Chi a v T ru n g Quc, cn g lm
tn g thm mu thun gia nhn dn ba qun vi chinh quyn h. T ron g
bi cnh , Triu Th Trinh h ho nhn dn ni dy khi ngha qun
Cu C h n vo nm 248. Nh Ng phi cho 8 0 0 0 qun san g cu vin mi
n p c cuc khi ngha.
Nm 2 6 3 , trc tinh cnh nhn dn b chnh quyn h nh Ng o
Dng T u n lm th s bdc lt tn t, nhng nhiu dn chng, L Hng

c nhn dn Cu Chn v Nht Nam ng h git thi th Tn T v

th s D n g Tun.
Nm 2 7 1 , Ph Nghim D qun Cu Chn ni dy chng chinh quyn
h n h Ng.
Nm 4 6 8 , th s Giao Chu l Trng Mc cht, li dng thi c, mt
ngi V i t l L Tng Nhn em qun chim chu l, git cht cc quan
li, th u c h ca Trng Mc v t xng l th s, N h Tng 3 ln c th
s san g thay th Trng Mc u b L Tng N hn nh lui. Cui cng,
nh T n g buc phi cng nhn chnh quyn ca L T ng Nhn v tip sau

80

I CONG LCH s VIT NAM

L T ung Nhn l L Thc Hin (ei) h Tbng Nhn) lm th s. Thc

Hin cho ngi sang nh T n g xin cu phong th s Nh Tng khc t,
ch phong cho Tha Hin chc Ninh vin t m v c T hm Hon sang lm
th s Giao Chu. Trc tnh hnh , T h c Hin em qun lnh cht
gi nhng ni him yu, buc T h m Hon khng san g c Giao Chu, phi
li U t L m ri cht . Nm 4 7 9 nh T n g , nh T thay th tr v
T ru n g Quc, vua T cho ngi sang phong T h c Hin lm th s Giao
Ch. D vy, Thc Hin vn khng chu cng phm. Nm 4 8 5 , sau khi
cng C c quyn, nh T iu ng mt lc lng mnh bao gm binh
lnh ca ba qun Nam Khang, L Lng, Thy Hng sang Giao Chu Trc
tnh t h bt li, L Thc H in a xin u hng nh T.
N m 5 4 2 , m t cu c k h i n g h a c quy m k h ln c a n h n dn
qun Giao Chi bng n do L B c m u. Cuc khdi ngha c cc
tn g p nhn dn ng h, nn th n g li nhanh chtng, lp nn c nh
nc c lp, t ch Vn X u n tn ti n nm 602. Trong nhng nm
5 4 5 - 5 5 0 , cuc khng chin ca nhn n Giao Chu chng li qun xm
lc nh Lng do Triu Q uang P h c lnh o th ng li. Nm 6 0 2 - 6 0 3 ,
cuc khng chin chng nh Lng xm lc ca L P h t T (hu L Nam
) b th t bi.
Nm 6 8 7 , inh Kin, L T T in lnh o nhn dn chng nh Ty
h. nh chim ph thnh T n g Bnh (H Ni), git cht vin quan h
ph Lu Din Hu.
Nfim 722, Mai Thc Loan lnh o nhn dn chu Hoan (Ngh An) ni
y c h n g c h n h q u y n h n h n g, c n h n d n c c qu n
hng ng.
Nm 7 66, P hng Hng, P h ng H lnh o nhn dn ng Lm iH
Ty) ni dy khi ngha th n g li, ginh c quyn dc lp t ch trong
7 nm.
Nm 8 1 9 - 20, nhn dn chu Hoan di s chi huy ca Dng Thanh
ni dy nh ui quan li h, chim gi ph thnh.
Nm 9 0 5 , Khc Tha D h ho nhn dn ni dy, ginh c thng
li, k t th c t h n g li v c b n c n g cu c u t r a n h v t r a n g thi
B c thuc.

2. Mt s cuc khi ngha tiu biu

- Cuc khi ngha c a Hai B Trng
Di ch h ca nh ng Hn, nhn dn u Lc cng b p bc, bdc
lt nng n hn thi T riu v Ty H n. Nm 34, T nh thay Tch Quang

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

81

lm th i th Giao Chi cn g tn bo, th am lam hn. y cng bn tay chn

ra sc c thc nhn dn np cng, thu, th n g tay tr n g tr nhng ngi
c t tng v hnh vi chng li chnh quyn h, chn p v r n g buc
cc quan li bn a. Do (5, mu thun gia cc t n g lp nhn dn Giao
Ch vi T nh v chnh quyn h c n g ngy thm su sc. Khng nhng
Giao C h m cc qun Cu Chn v N h t N am u c mu thun su

B c

vi chnh quyn h ca nh ng H n. Nhiu cuc u tranh l t

din ra Kinh Mn (Hi Dng), ng T riu (Q ung Ninh), Duyn H
(Thi B n h ), B c Giang v.v... do cc qu tc bn a lnh o. T t c sh n g
cuc ni dy u b T nh v chnh quyn h n p tn bo. Mu
thun gia nhn dn ta vi chnh quyn h ln ti cc im . l
thi c Hai B Trng (T r n g T r c v T r n g Nh) h ho nhn dn vng
ln khi ngha v trang.

Trng T rc v Trng Nh l hai ch em, con lc tng huyn M Linh

(Vnh P h c), thuc dng di "h Hng". M hai b l b Man T h in (tc
T rn Th oan) thuc dng di qu t c bn a c thc b t khut v t
ch. T h e o 8 ghi chp ca s sch n h H n th T r ng T r c l ngi "rt
hng dng" "ct can m, dng lc". B va c sc khe va c ch ln.
Chng b l T hi Sch con trai ca l c t n g Chu Din (H Ty). Mi quan
h thng gia gn bd gia hai gia inh qu tc cn g lm ta n g thm uy th
ca H ai B T r n g v cng khin TC nh theo di, ch hn.

Mc d vy, vi 8 gip v c v ca b Man Thin, li dc s ng

h ca nhiu quan lang, ph o v nhn dn quanh vng, T r n g Tr&c cng
em gi a h ho nhn dn vng ln khi ngha^*^
u n m 4 0 , cuc khi ngha bng n H t Mn (ca Bng H t, huyn
Phc T h , H Ty). Khi c ngha pht ln, li n c ng o n h n dn
khp ni nh it lit hng ng. "Tr n g T r c, T r n g Nh h mt ting m
c c qun Cu Chn, N ht Nam, Hp P h v 6 5 thnh tr Lnh Ngoi u
hng ng"^^\

Ngn Ty ni ng phong trn,

m m binh m xung gn Long Bin.
(Di N am quc s din ca)
(1) C6 nhiu k i6 i khc nhau chung quanh vn Thi Sch chng b Trng Trc c tham gia cuc khi
ngha ca Hai B hay khng. kin ph bin cho rng Thj Sch d b T nh git cht tnic khi Hai
B khi ngha, v coi Ay mi Irong nhng nguyn nhn ca cuc khi ngha ny (Ng S Lin,
VSKTT- Tp 1, tr.91). Cpg c kin li cho rng chng b Tnlng Trc l Thi ch khng phi Th
Sch v Th cng Trng Trc khi ngha v chin u cho n thng i (Thy kinh ch).
(2) Ng s Ltn, i yi^i s ki ton hu, Nxb KHXH, T l . r.92 (li nhn XX ca nh s hc L Vn Hu
thi Trn). C nhiu di ch. n Ih Hai B v cc tung lnh ca Hai B; ch ring
ng bng Bc b c ti trn 200.
6- C L SV N Ttp

tiri vng

82

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

R t nhiu ph n tham gia vo cuc khi nghia v tr thnh n h n g

tng soi ca Hai B nh n tng L Chn, V T h c Nng, Thiu H o a ,
Diu Tin, Man Thin, o K v.v. Hai B cn lin lc v phi hp v c c
cuc u tranh v tra n g c c a phng khc ang hot ng c l p ,
Nh vy, lc lng ngha qun ln mnh nhanh chng. C nc ng
ln theo Hai B T r ng khi ngha. H ai B chi huy ngha qun t tin v
vy hm qun tr Giao Chl. T nh hong ht b thnh trl tho chy v
nc. Cuc khi ngha ton thng, c bn qun c gii phng. C hnh
quyn h b lt . Nn c p, t ch ca t nc, dn tc c khi
phc sau hon 150 nm b n l.
c cc lc tng, tng lp qu tc v nhn dn c nc ng h v su y
tn, T r n g T r c cng em l T r n g Nh xng Vng (Trng n Vng)
bt tay ngay vo vic xy dng chnh quyn t ch, ly M Linh lm K in h
ca c nc, phong chc tc cho nhng ngi c cng lao ln tro n g s
nghip ginh li c lp. B T r n Th oan c phong lm Man H on g
hu, n tng L Chn c phong lm Thnh chn cng cha, n tng
Thiu Hoa lm Ph vung cng cha ng qun tng qun, n tng N gc
L m lm Thnh thin cng cha, n tng V Thc Nng lm B t n n
cng cha v.v.
T chc chnh quyn t ch ca Hai B T r ng cn r t s si. C h ng ta
cha tm thy ti liu m t v t chc v hot ng ca nh nc t ch

thi Hai B Trng. Nhng iu c th khng nh c, l mt nh nc

c lp, t ch ca nhn dn ta.

k ng ci M Linh
Linh Nam ring nit triu dinh nc ta.
{i Nam quc s din ca)
Chnh quyn mi o T r n g Vng ng u x th u 2 nam lin cho
nhn dn hai qun Giao Ch, Cu Chn. Nhn dn u L c c sng tro n g
mt t nc c lp, t ch trong gn 2 nm.
Ma h nm 42 , Vua nh H n phong M Vin lm Phc B a tng qun
ch huy o qun ko san g x m lc nc ta. By gi M Vin 5 8 tui,
l mt lo tng c nhiu chin c n g v kinh nghim n p phong tro
u tra n h v tra n g ca cc dn tc T n g - Min v nng dn An Huy
(T ru n g Quc). Cng vi Ma Vin cn c Phiu k tng qun on Ch c
phong lm Lu thuyn tng qun chl huy o binh thuyn sang Giao Ch,
Lu Long vn lm thi th N am qun (H Bc) c phong lm T ru n g lang
tng qun tc hu lm ph tng cho M Vin, Bnh lc hu H n V.
Qun xm lc nh Hn ko vo x m lc nc ta ln ny vo khong hai
vn bao gm 8 0 0 0 lnh tuyn t cc qun T r ng Sa, Qu Dng, Linh
Lng. 12.000 lnh ly cc qun thuc b Giao Chi, 2 0 0 0 thuyn b vi mt

VIT NAM (T THI NCAYtN TH Y DN H5S)

83

ao thy qun. Dao qun xm lc ny ton ngi Hoa Nam (Trung Quc)
nn rt d thich nghi vi thy th nc la vi nhng vin tng tn c,
giu kinh nghim chin u.
Qun M Vin chia thnh hai o; int o qun b do M Vin tr c tip
chi huv vt qua Qu:\ng Tfty, Qung ng n Hp Ph tin vo u Lc.
Dno thy

do Don Ch chi huy Iheo ung bin n Hp Ph hi

CUn

qur^n vi ao qun b ca M Vin cng tin vo u Lc. Dn Hp Ph,

Don Chi cht. Vin ihng st c 2 o thy, b. Qun Ma Vin theo hai
ng thy, b ko vo u Lc. T vng von bin nitc ta, hai o qun
thy b ngc sng Bach D?ing ti Lc )u G iang tin su vo Giao Ch,
en th n g Ln g

(Tin Du, B c

N inh ..

Ma h nm 43, qun gic ro

rit chun b tn cng vo qun i c a Hai B Trng.

Dn i Hai B Trn (huyn M Linh, (inh V M Phtk')

Sau m t thi gian ch i, cha thy M Vin tin qun, Hai Bk T r ng
ch ng ko qun tn cng gic. Cuc chin u c: lit. din ra vng
Lng B c . Quftn ca Hai B T r ng chin ;\u kin cng nhng do qun
gio m nh v ng, c lc lng thy b phi hop vi nhau, c nhiu knh
nghim chi) u, qun Hai B Trng thiu trang b v thiu kinh nghim
( 1 ) C sch ii

Lili U^L' l; vun l. c O u Ciang ca Sv.'>ng D u u n g 'I hco yi l''it s k on

hx ca Ng S .iCn (h I.ing liac

pha ty 'Ay Nhai ci I.a rinh D V S K IT . Sd. T J lr 92.

84

I CONG LCH s VIT NAM

chin u nn b tht bi nng n, nhiu ngbi b hi sinh hoc b bt, Hai

B phi lui qun v M Lnh ri v Cm Kh (vng chn ni Ba VI). M
Vin tn cng vo Cm Kh; qun c a Hai B Trng b nh bi, Hai B
chy n sng Ht (sng y) th nhy xung sng t

mt s tng

linh noi theo gng Hai B Trng cng t t.

Cm kh dn lc him ngho
Ch em tht th cng liu vi sng.
Sau khi nh bi c qun ch lc ca Hai B T rng, M Vin cn phi
vt v v kht khn tron g vic tiu dit nhiu i qun khng chin ri
rc cc qun, huyn, mi ti cui nm 43 mi c bn hon thnh sau khi
tiu dit c mt b phn ngha qun T r n g Vng do lo tng Dng
chi huy hot ng qun Cu Chn. Cuc xm c ca M Vin tn
s t hng vn nhn dn Lc Vit. Nhiu qu tc bn a b git, b bt y
sang T ru n g Quc (Linh L n g - H N am ). C h L c tng b bi b, nh
Hn thc hin ch trc tr ti cp huyn.
Cuc khng chin ca nhn dn u Lc di s lnh o ca Hai B
T r n g b th t bi, t nc ta li roi vo ch h ca phong kin Hn
tc, nhng n a c mt ngha thi i to ln, nh hng, m ng cho
cng cuc ginh li c p ca nhn dn t a sau , trong sut hn mt
nghn nm b h - l ch kin quyt u tranh bng mi gi
ginh li nn c lp, t do cho t nc v dn tc.
Chnh vi l t, sau th t bi ca T n n g n Vng, c nhiu cuc ni dy
chng li nn h ca phong kin phng Bc tip theo n ra khp ni.

- Cuc du tranh ginh dc lp ca nhn dftn Chmpa^^^

Nhn dn Chm pa sng ch yu huyn Tng Lm . Nm 111 tr.CN,
nh H n thay th nh Triu thng tr u Lc. Ngoi hai qun Giao Chi,
Cu Chn, nh H n lp thm mt qun mi qun N ht Nam. Qun N ht
Nam thuc phtn vi a gii t H onh Sn n Q ung Nam, Q ung Ngi.
Qun ny ct 5 huyn: T y Quyn, Chu Ng, T Cnh, L Dung, Tng Lm.
Huyn Tng Lm bao gm Qung N am , Q ung Ng&i ngy nay.
D ch h tn bo ca cc triu i phng B c, nhftn d&n Chmpa
cng nh ihAn dn u Lc u b p bc, bdc t c a phong kin phng

(1 ) S vic ny din ra vo nm Kin V 19 (thng 5 nSm 43 Iheo s nh Hn). Cn theo Iruyn

thuyt dn gian thi vo ngy 8 thng 3 hay ngy 5 thng 2 n m 43. Cng c sch

ghi rng

Hai B Trng ILI trn ch khng phi nhy xung sOng Ht t vn.
(2 ) Vng quc Chmpa ra i trn cO s hp nht hai b lc Cau v oa. B lac Cau c tr vng
Ph Yn, Khnh Ha - Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun, b lc Da cU ir vng Qung Nam - Qung
Ngi, Bnh Dinh ngy nay. Vo u cng nguyn, liu vUdng quc Nam Chm ra i, sau l tiu
Vung quc Bc Chm. Nam 193, sau cuc . tranh thng li o K tu Li6n lnh o, nuc Chmpa
oc Ihnh ip. Quc gia Chmpa ban u c ln gi l Lm p n ih k VI mi gi l Champa,

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

85

Bc, nn u c mu thun su sc vi chnh quyn h. Nhn dn hai

nc li ct mi quan h gn gi, gn b vi nhau trong lao ng, u tranh.
Nhn dn Chm pa nhiu ln ni dy u tra n h chng chnb quyn
h phng B c v cng a nhiu ln phi hp cng nhn dn u L c u
tranh. u cng nguyn, nhn dn N h t Nam hdng ng mnh m cuc
khi ngha c a Hai B Trng.
Khi chnh quyn t ch ca Hai B T r n g b nh H n tiu dit, nhn
dn T ng L m xa, t b rng buc hn nn c iu kin tip t c cuc
u tranh. Nm 100, hn 3 0 0 0 nh n dAn Tng Lm ni dy t ph dinh
th ca bn quan li h. N m 137, hng ngn ngi ni dy Tng
Lm t ph cng s, git bn trng li. Th s Giao Chl phi huy ng
hn mt vn qun i n p, nhng binh lnh ngi V it quay li chng
chnh quyn h, bao vy ph l. Th s Giao Ch phi huy ng lc lng
qun H n n p cuc ni dy c a binh lnh ngi Vit. Cuc ni dy
ca binh lnh ngi Vit to iu kin thun i cho nhn dn Tng
Lm ph t tri n lc lng, nh th n g bn h. P h n Din, th s Giao
Ch khng c iu kin huy ng ic lng n p cuc u tra n h ca
nhn dn Tng Lm. Qun H n T n g L m khng chng ni ngha
qun, buc nh H n phi c Chc Lng sang lm th i th qun Cu Chn,
Trng Kiu lm th s qun Giao Ch. Chc Lng dng th on chiu
d, mua chuc nn cuc khi ngha b th t bi. y l cuc ni dy ln nht
ca nhn dn Tng Lm, to u kin thun li v chun b cho s ra
i quc gia Chm pa c lp vo cui thi ng H n.

- Cuc khi ngha B Triu (nfim 248)

Nm 2 4 8 , m t cuc khi ngha ln ca n hn dn Cu Chn bng n,
Lnh t ca ngha qun l B T riu t c T riu Th Trinh^*^
B T riu qu huyn Nng Cng (tn h T h an h Ha), l ngi c ch kh
hn ngi, c hoi bao nh ^ c ngoi xm ginh l c lp cho t nc.
Truyn r n g cd ngi kbuyn b ly chng, b t r li r n g : "Ti chi
mun ci cn git m nh, p ung sng d, chm c trng kinh bin
ng, ly li giang sn, dng nn c p, ci ch n l, ch u chu khom
lng

lm t thip cho ngi". B thng m cng anh l T riu Quc t

vo rng tp iuyn qun s, chun b khi ngha.

N m va trn 1 9 tui, T riu T h T rin h c n g a n h h ho n h n dan
tr o n g v ng ni dy. Cuc khi ngha c dn ch n g Cu C hn hng
(1 ) Cng c sch chp l Triu Trinh Nong hay Triu u. Sch Di Vit s k ton th ca
Ng S Lin vit ... ngi con gi qun c u Chn Triu u hp qun nh c\p qun,
huyn-' ( i Vit s k ton th .N x b KHXH, 1967, T i , tr.l.

I CONG LCH s VIT KA^

S6

Lng B 7'r i m (Tha/h Ha)

ng nhit

v nhanh chng lan ta ra q a n Giao Ch.

Ngha qun chin u lin tip nhiu trn, th lc ngy c n g mnh, qun
s' c t hng vn ngi. Nh Ng o s, phi iu ng hn 8 0 0 0 qun do
An Nam hiu y, th s Giao Chu l Lc Dn ch huy san g n p. Triu
Quc t b hi sinh trong trn chin u vi qun Ng, T riu Th Trinh
thay anh chi huy ngha qun chin u rt anh dng trong nhu trn ,
nhng lc lng b tiu dit dn, Uu th khng chng ni, b chy ln
ni Tng Sn t vn.
Cuc khi ngha tuy b th t bi, nhng khng nh tinh thn yu
nc, bt khut sng ngi ca nhn dn t thi T n n g nCc vng vn cha
phai. N nh du bc trng thn h ca phong tro u tranh v tra n g
ginh c lp ca nhn dn ta by g.

Tiig Sn nng quyn my tri

Du chn B Triu rng ngi s xanh.
(Th ca dn gian)
Sau cuc khi ngha B Triu, nhn dn ba qun l lin tip ni dy
(1 )

qvj^ huong l Tnu cn iruyn lng

nhAn dan by gi nh :

b i

ca dao ni ICn s hng ng cuc khi n^h.i c a

R con con ni cho nh,

y m ^nh nc ra hnh n 'oi,
Mun coi in ni rn coi,
Coi b 'riu trt cu voi (nh cdri,
Ti gtn ch o f hng,
Tcm tru cnh kin ch o chn; ra qun.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y DN 1858)

87

khi ngha chng chnh quyn h, m c d l triu Ng, T n , Tng,

hay T , Lng, Dng.

- Cuc khi ngha L Bi v n h nc Vn Xun

Nm 502, nh T , nh Lng thnh lp T rung Quc. Nm 5 0 5 , nh
Lung c ngi sang phong L Tc (vn l quan Trng s trong chinh quyn
h ca nh T git th s Giao Chu ca T l L Nguyn Khi, chim
quyn th s) lm th s Giao Chu. T , nc ta li b nh Lng h.
Di ch thng tr ca nh Lng, nhn dn 3 qun phi chu h n g trm
th thu, lng on hn ngy, cng tng. Nh Lng cn thc hin chnh
sch phn bit ng cp kht khe, ch s tc thnh hnh^*\ lm cho mu
thun tro n g ni b quan li h c v mi Giao Chu su sc, nht l
gia chnh quyn h nh Lng vi tn g lp qu tc ngi Vit. Lng
bt m n ra tn g lp qu tc ngi Vit vi chnh quyn h ngy cng
ln cao gia lc mu thun gia nhn dn lao ng vi bn h su
sc cc im. Dd chnh l thi c chn mui cho 8 bng n cuc khi ngha
L B vo nm 542
L B qu huyn Thi Binh qun Giao Chl (thuc Sn Ty), vn xut thn
t mt ho trng a phng, tng nhn mt chc v nh trong chnh
quyn h, nhng ng sm t quan v qu, nhn lc lng dn on hn chnh
qviyn h, sn c lng cm ght ch s tc ca nh Lng, nn b mt
chiu tp nhn dn, luyn tp qun sl ch ngy ni ln khi ngha.
Cng qu vi L B cd T in h Thiu, l ngi ct hc thc, nhng khng
c trn g dng. Nh Lng chi cho n g gi chc gc cng thnh Qung
Dng. T in h Thiu cm gin, b v qu theo L B chun b khi ngha. L
B lin kt vi cha con t trng Chu Din^^^ l T riu Tc v c c tng
Phm Tu, Triu Quang Phc^^^
Nm 5 4 2 , cuc khi ngha bng n. Nhn dn v ho kit nhiu ni ni
dy hng ng, thanh th ngha qun ln nhanh chng. Sau khi nh chim
c cc a phng, ngha qun tin v bao vy chu thnh Long Bin
(B c N inh), Qun Lng i bi, th s Tiu T hong s b chy v nc,
thnh Long

c gii phng.

( t) Theo ch O ny: nhng ngi khng Ihuc dng di qu tc thi khng c gi cc chc quan
irng. C c gia nh Ih phit nm giO ht m quyn hnh. Ch d phn bil di x ri trng
trn. C c qu tc Hn Irc u b coi l loi hn mn. Cc quan li trc y v c qu
lc ng Vii u b phn bi i x, u loi hn mn khng c trng ai, cl ric. Ch
c bn ln tht nh Lng, cc h hng, b con than thch vi cc quan li cao cp ca nh
Long mi Ihuc loi s (d
(2 ) Chu Din thuc ngoi Ihnh H Ni.
(3 ) TriCu Ouang Phc l con T r i ^ Tc.
(4 ) Long BiCn (nay Ihuc Bc Ninh).

88

DI CNG LCH

s VIT

NAM

Cuc khi ngha din ra chi trong 3 thng hon ton thng li. N gh a
qun lm ch t nc. Ngha qun cn nh bi cc o qun ca c c
th s Vit Chu l T r n Hu, th s La Chu l Ninh C, th s An Chu
l L Tr, th s i Chu l Nguyn Hn do nh Lng phi sang n p.
Sau chin th n g ny (thng 4 nm 5 42 ) ngha qun L B l kim sot c m t
vng rng ln gm vng B c b n Ngh An, H Tnh, c vng i Chu,
An Chu (Qung Ninh).
Ma xun nm 543, vua Lng i sai th s Giao Chu l Tn Qunh,
th s T n Chu l L T Hng em qun sang nh mt ln na. D
ginh th ch ng tiu dit qun gic, L B t chc mt trn tn cng
ln ti Hp Ph. Cuc chin u din ra r t c lit, qun Lng 10 phn
b tiu dit n 7, 8 phn, bn sng sdt tho chy v Q ung Chu^^^
Ngha qun ton thng, bo v c thnh qu ca cuc khi ngha.
L BI bt tay xy dng chnh quyn t ch.
u nm 5 4 4 , L B t x n g hong , t nin hiu l Th in c
(c<5 sch ghi l i c), dng triu nh, c t c quan li, t tn nc l
V n Xun. Triu T c c phong lm thi phd, Tinh T h iu lm tng vn,
Phm Tu lm tng v. in Vn Th c xfty dng lm ni vn v b
quan triu hi. nh min ca sng T Lch. S c gi y l nh
Tin L. Nh T in L cn cho c ti n ng tiu ng tron g nc. y l
tin ng u tin ca nc ta.
L Nam cn phong cho L Phc Man lm tng qun canh phng,
bo v vng bin i t ng (T hanh Oai, H Ty) n ng Lm
(B a VI) v tin hnh trn p cc lc lng cha thn phc mt s a
phng. L Nam lm vua n nm 5 4 8 th qua i, nhng t nm 5 4 5
phi ng u vi cuc xm lc ca nh Lng.
T chc b my nh nc ca nc Vn Xun tuy cn s si, nhng thc

c ngha ln lao, y l mt chnh quyn t ch ca mt quc gia c lp

sau 5 0 0 nm u tran h bn b ca nhn dn ta. N khng nh s trng
thnh ca thc dn tc, lng t tin vo n ng lc qun l, lm ch t
nc ca tn g lp qu tc bn a, khng nh nn c lp, t ch ca nhn
dn t a v ph nhn quyn h, thng tr ca ch phng B c i vi
t nc v dn tc ta. Nd nh du mt bc pht tri n c a phong tro
u tranh ginh li c lp ca nh&n dn ta trong thi B c thuc.
Ma h nm 54 5 , nh Long sai Dung Phiu lm th s Giao Chu,
T r n B T i n lm t ma em q u n sa n g xam lc nc ta. Dc tin,
L Nam D lin em 3 vn qun r a tr n gi Chu Din. Ti y din ra
tr n chin u c lit, L B phi rt qun v gi ca sng T Lch v trong
( l ) Bn th s Tn Qunh, L T Hng chy vd Qung Chu bi vua Lung khp vo li lm phn
v git chl.

VIT NAM (T THI NG UYN T H Y N 1858)

89

mt trn nh vi qun Lung, L B li phi lui qun v thnh G ia Ninh

(B ch H c). Dc s phi hp ca qun Dng Phiu, T rn B T in a
nh chim c thnh. u nm 5 4 6 L N am chy vo vng t ca
ngi L o T n Xng (Ph Th) c n g c lc lng Sau mt thi gian b
sung qun s, thng 10 nm 54 6 , L N am ko 2 vn qun ra ng h
in T r i t (thuc x Y n Lp, Lp T hch, vin h Phc). T i y qun tih
Tin L li bi trn trc mt cuc t n cng ln vi mt lc lng mnh
ca qun T r n B Tin, L N am phi vt sng Thao, chy vo ng
K h u t Lo (Tam Nng, Ph Th)^'^ v giao binh quyn li cho Triu Quang
Phc l mt tng tr, c ti nng,
Triu Quang Phc lui qun v dng m D Trch^^^ c th. y l
mt vng ly li y lau sy, cy c um tm, gia m c mt khonh t
cao, c th dng qun an ton. a th y rt him tr, khng quen a hlnh,
a vt khng th tin vo dc. Dc nhn dn ng h, qun i li quen thy
th, nn Triu Quang Phc tng qun ti y ch thi c tiu dit gic.
Qun T r n B Tin ko n bao vy c h t D T rch, nhng b t lc khng
th no tin vo c, buc phi ng qun chung quanh. Cng ngy lc
lng qun gic cng b tiu hao bi qu n ca T riu Quang Ph c m m
b m t tin ra, lng thc ngy cn g c n dn, Trc tnh tr n g b t c d,
nm 5 5 0 , T r n B T in quyt nh x i t ch t vng vy, chn mi ng tip
t c a nhn dn cho ngha qun. Gia lc t, T r n B Tin c lnh vua
Lng phi tr v T ru n g Quc dp lon Hu Cnh^^\ giao binh quyn ii
cho t tng l Ddng Sn. Chp ly thi c , Triu Quang Phc t p trung
ton b qun lc phn kch mnh lit vo qun Long. Dng S n l mt
vin tu n g b t ti, qun Lng li mi m t nn nhanh chdng tan v, b
chy tn lon. Nhn thng li , T riu Quang Phc chi huy qun i
ko v gii phng Long Bin, xy dng i nh nc Vn Xun. n nftnt
571 b L P h t T nh p, chim ot ton b quyn hnh v t ai thuc
q u y n q u n l c a T r i u Q u an g P h c L P h t
c n g t x n g l
( ) Cng c ch ghi ng Khu Lo thuc Tyn Quang. Ti Khut LAo, L Nam D bi bnh v Ti.

(2) Dm D Trch Ihuc Khoi Chu, Hng Yn ngy nay. Nhan dfln by gi gi TriCu Quang Phgc
l D Trch Vng. T khi L Nam D qua i, Triu Quang Phc l xng t Tnu Vii Vng.
( 3 ) Lon Hu Cnh (548 - 5 5 2 ) . Vin ing ny cp Kinh s, git nhiu qu lc quan ] nh Lng.
Nm 557 cp ngi nh Luong.
(4 ) Khi L B i chy vo ng Khut Lo th ngi anh rul l L Thn Bo cng vi m vifin ing
ir l L Pht T chy vo cu Chn. B qun ca Trn B Tin dui nh, Thin Bo phi
chy sang ving gip b6n gii Ai Lao u ngun sng o thi dng li p thnh, xng vdng
nhn dn ihUng gi l Do Lang Vung- Nm 555 Thin Bo cht, L Pht T k tc s nghicp
Thin Bo, cng c lc tng, khi T h ^ Quang Phc nh bi qun Lng, khi phc nh nuc
Vn XuSn. L Phi T t cho minh Ihuc h L, c ayn k vi L Nam D, nCn dem qun
nh cKim cc qun huy^n, gy chin vi Tru Quang Phc t nm 557. Sau nhiu ln nh
nhau bi phn thng bi, hai bn tm (hi ging ha v chia nhau da gii cai qun v k.t
mi ihng gia, con trai h L ly con gi h Triu.

90

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

L Nam nn s c gi l hu L Nam D.
N m 5 8 1 , nh Ty thnh lp T r u n g Quc Dn nm 5 8 9 sau khi dit
c nh T r n G ian g N am , nh T y mi rn h tay nhm ngt n t
Giao Chu. u nm 6 0 2 , vua Ty buc L P h t T phi vo ch u v
th n phc nh Ty. L P h t T ch ng li, tm k hon binh ch u n
b lc lng chng li s xm lc c a nh Ty. Vua Ty lin phong Lu
Phng th s Qua Chu lm Giao Chu o hnh qun tng qun, Knh
c Lng lm tru n g s ch huy 2 7 qun doanh (chng 10 vn qu n )
tin vo xm lc nc ta.
L P h t T ch huy hn 2 0 0 0 qun sl chin u dng cm , nhng v
qun t, lc yu nn b th t bi. L P h t T u hng v b gii v Triig
An, Nhiu tng s tip tc cuc chin u nhng b th t bi, b git
hoc b bt em v T ru n g Quc x t.
T , nhn dn ta li b nh Ty h cho mi ti nm 6 1 8 tih Ty
, nh ng ln thay th, thng tr t nc ta.

- Cuc khi ngha ca Mi Thc Loan (Mai

Hc )

T na cui th kl VII, di s cai tr h khc v tham lam ca vin An

Nam h Lu Din Hu, nhn dn nhiu ni ni dy khi nghia, in
hnh l cuc khi ngha ca L T T in v inh Kin vo Dm 6 8 7 . u
th kl V III, bn quan li h ca nh ng r a sc honh hnh, cp
rung t, hch sch nhn dn. ch lao dch nng n, cng np phin nhiu.

Nhn dan hng nm cn phi vn chuyn nhiu thc ngon vt l nht l

nhn, vi toi np cho nh ng. N hn dn ta r t cii phn, l H o
dn n cuc khi ngha Mai Thc Loan. Mai Thc Loan ngui Thin Lc
(H Tnh), sau theo m n tr ng huyn Nam n (Ngh An) lm ngh
n ci kim sng, ri cho n h giu, n g i mt thanh nin c sc
khe, nhanh nhn, da en nn sau ny nh&n dn gi l Mai H c .
Vo cui nhng nm 10 ca th ki V III, Mai Thc Loan ku gi dn
phu ni dy khi ngha. Cuc khi ngha c n hn dn hng ng nhit
iit. Nhiu ngha s, nhn ti khp vng T h an h , Ngh, Tnh ko v t
ngha di c ca Mai T h c Loan. Nhiu qun Hnh thuc cc quc gia
Chmpa, Chn Lp, Kim Ln cng v 32 chu quanh vng a lin kt vi
ngha qun. Mai T h c Loan t xng l hong , xy thnh tr n ni v
ly vng S a Nam him yu lm cn c chng gic.
N h ng c tin c D n g T H c c n g An N am h l
Quang S Khch em 10 vn qun tin sang n p. Ngha qun sau nhiu
trn chin u a tht bi, tan r, chy vo rng, Mai Thc Loan cht
vo nm 722, kt thc mt cuc khi ngha kh tiu biu ca nhn dn ta
chng li nh ng na u th k V III.
Nhn dan quanh vng thng nh v bit n Mai H c , lp n
th ng ni V.

\q T NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y N 1858)

91

- Cuc khi ngha Phng Hng

Cui t h ki V III, tnh hnh T ru n g Quc ri lon, nh ng bc vo
giai on suy yu, cc tng t nhiu ni ndi dy ct c. Nhn co hi ,
bn h nc la nh Cao Chnh B n h ra sc lng hnh, bn rt ca ci
ca nhn dn, nh th u rt nng, khin trm h on hn. Trc tn h hinh
, P h n g Hng cng vi ngi em l Phng Hi h ho nhn dn ndi
dy khi ngha, Phng Hng l mt ho trng Dng Lm (B a V) c
lng thng dn. Nhng nm gp m t ma i km thng em thc la
chn cu bn dn nn c lng dn. n g ii c sc khe hn ngi. Ban
u, ngha qun nh chim cc vng xung quanh ng Lm. Nh.n dn
tn P h n g H ng lm D qun v P h n g Hi lm bo. D n dn, ngha
qun P h n g H ng chim gi c m t vng rng ln quanh P h o n g Chu
v xy dng ni ny thnh cn c chng gic. Qun nh ng khng n
p c. N gha qun tin v bao vy ph thnh, lin kt vi ti trng
Anh H n . Cao Chnh Bnh em qun r a ngo thnh nh ngha qun
b i bi, quay vo thnh s qu pht bnh m cht. N gha qu n chim
c ph thnh. Phng Hng t chc i vic cai tr. c my nm , ng
qua i. N hn dn tn Phng H ng m B ci i vng v lp n
th ng nhiu noi ghi nh cng on. Tng ca Ph ng H ng l B
Ph L c tn con ng l Phng An ln thay.
Ma thu n am 7 9 , nh ung c T riu Xng lm h An N am , em
qun sa n g n p. T riu Xng va dng p lc qun s, t chc m t i
qun m nh gi l Nhu vin qun, va dng th on d d thuyt phc
Phng An. Cui nm 791, P hng An u hng. Cuc khi ngha ca
P h ng Hng th ng Id, ngha qun v nhn dn ta lm ch t nc c
my nm , cui c n g b th t bi, n h ng c tc dng c v ln lao i vi
phong tro u tran h ginh i nn c lp ca nhn dn ta.
- C u c k h i n g h a c a K h c T h a D n m 9 0 6
T t h k IX, c h ng suy sp nhanh chng. T ru n g Quc khi
ngha nng dn n ra khp ni v cui cng kt li trong cuc khi ngha
rng ln do H ong So lnh o^^ Vi ch trng hp vi lng dn : ly
ca nh giu cp ph t cho dn ngho, nn s ngi i theo ngha qun ngy
c n g ng ln ti 6 0 vn. Nm 8 8 0 , ngha oun bao vy thnh L c Dng.
Kinh c a n h ng b ri vo tay ngha qun. Vua ti n h ng phi
chy trn. Chim c kinh , Hong So t lnh t cuc khi ngha nng
dn t x n g hong , phong chc cho cc tng t v chun b vic
phng th. T r c tnh hnh sp ca ch ng, cc lnh cha phin
t r n v ngi H th eo li cu cu ca vua ng hp lc ko v
( 1 ) c:uc khi ngha Hong So ko di t 874 n 884.

92

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

Lc Dng t n cng vo ngha qun. Cuc ni chin din r a quyt lit. C c

lnh cha phong kin cu kt vi binh lnh nc ngoi th n g tay tn s t
ngha qun v nhn dn. Ngha qun Hong So m c d chin u an h
dng nhng vl thiu t chc nn khng ch ni c lc lng c<5 t chc
ca cc lnh cha v qun i nc ngoi. Hong So th t th phi t t.
Cuc khi ngha b n p m m u, nhng nh hng ca n rt to ln,
gp phn dn n s sp ca nh ng vo nm 907.
Tnh hnh T ru n g Quc vo cui th ki IX u th k X thc s l iu
kin khch quan thun li cho cuc u tran h ginh c lp ca nhn dn ta.
T rong khi , tn g lp ho trng dn tc trun g thnh. Phong tro
u tran h yu nc lu di v quyt lit ca nhn dn ta chng h
cng c thc dn tc ca h. N hn thc c vai tr v lc lng ca
minh, h quyt tm lnh o nhn dn nh chnh quyn h ca
nh ng.
Cuc khi ngha ca Khc Tha D bng n v th n g i nhanh chng
tron g bi cnh .
Khc T ha D tnh khoan ha, ct lng thng ngui, c ch ln. n g
x u t thn t mt vng tc Hng Chu (Ninh Giang, Hi Dng), bn thn
mt ho trng. u th kl X, chnh quyn h nc ta suy yu,
nhn dan ni dy nhiu ni. T it s An N am l Chu Ton Dc bt
lc, khng n p ni. u nm 905, nh ng c Dc C T n san g thay.
c C T n vn l t tng thi ng Chiu Tng, v phm ti b bi chc
phi sang thay Chu Ton Dc. Tn ni ting l mt vin quan tn c m
b t lc, nn cha y hai thng sau a b cch chc rt v v b y ra
Hi Nam. Chp ly thi c, Khc T h a D a lnh o nhn dn ni dy
gnh ly chnh quyn, tin qun ra ph thnh T n g Binh (H Ni). Nm
9 0 6 , nh ng buc phi cng nhn chnh quyn ca K h c T h a D v
phong ng lm T n h hi tit s ng binh chang s.
Tuy vn nhn danh hiu mt ch c quan ca nh ng, nhng trong
thc t v v thc cht, chnh quyn c a K hc Tha D i m t chnh quyn
t ch, t c 8 cho nn c lp bn lu ca dan tc.
Nftm 9 0 5 , nh du 8 th n g li oanh lit v v vang ca phong tro
u tranh v tr a n g ginh c lp c a nhn dn ta lin tc trong hn mt
nghn nm B c thuc v xy dng n h nc c lp, t ch th ot hn ch
h lu di ca cc triu i T r u n g Quc. T h n h qu ht sc to ln
khng phi i sn phm chi ca ring cuc u tranh ca th h ng thi,
m l sn phm c a hng chc t h ki u tra n h kin cng, Hn tc v
ton din ca nhn dn ta, trong c thnh qu ca cuc u tranh trn
linh vc vn hda, t tng.

V IT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y DN 1858)

93

II. CUC U TRANH TRN LNH v c

VN H A T T N G NHM B O V

CC DI SN VN HA c TRUYN
T ro n g s nghip u tran h lu di chng B c thuc, vn t ra i
vi dn tc V it Nam u ch l c lp cho t nc m cn l bo v cc
di s n vn ha c truyn.
T thi Vn L an g - u Lc, ngi V it c to lp cho mnh m t nn
vn ha ring. Nhiu phong tc, tp qun tt p c nh hnh. T ron g
thi B c thuc, m c d k h dng nhiu chnh sch v th on thm
c ng ha dn tc nhm H n ha V it tc v nn vn ha V it. Song,
t tro n g cc xm lng V it c, nhn dn ta vn bo tn v khng ngng
pht tr i n n n vn ha bn a, ni sinh tch y c qua hng ngn

nm trc . Bi vy, mc d ch H n v ting Hn c du nhp t

vo V it Nam, nhng khng th tiu dit c tin g ndi ca dn tc, ting
Vit - ti n g m vn c bo tn, nh n dn ta vn sng theo c ch sng
rin g ca minh - cuc sng v tm hn Vit Nam.
Nhiu phong tc, tp qun t t p ca thi k Vn L a n g - u L c vn
c gi gln nh tc nhum rng, n tr u , bi chi, u vt, chi tr u ,
cu, nh u, nh pht, nm cn, cao c c an h hng dn tc, ngi gi,
ph n. T ro n g c c l hi h n g nm nh hi lng, hi m a xun, m c d c
bin i t nhiu trong cc nghi l, nhng tnh c h t c bn ca n vn c

t thi V n Lang, u L c vn c bo lu nh t p qun m hi thng

kl, mi th n h vin tron g ln g u th am gia.
T r o n g c c gia nh V it N am t x a xa nh hlnh m t quan h ng
x p nh th c n g t tin , k n h tr n g ng b, ch a m, a n h em

nhng nhn nhau v thun ha. Nho gio v vn hda Hn truyn b vo

V i t N am vi ch nh c a k th n g tr nh ng vn khng t h n o lm
th a y i tru y n th ng vn hda t c a dn tc. Ngi V i t vn t chi t
t n g gia tr ng n n g n, xem khinh ph n c a ngi H n. N hn chung,
di thi B c thuc, ch Hn v Nho gio cng vi ton b h t tng
c a p h on g kin T r u n g Hoa k h 6 n g x&i nhp v khig c n h hDg nhiu
n c c l n g xdm ngi V it c.
T ron g cuc u tran h lu di, phc tp bo v i sn vn hda truyn
th n g thi B c thuc, nhn dn ta bit tip thu c chn lc nh ng tinh
hoa ca vn h a ngoi nhp ph hp vi c tnh, tm hn V it N am
lm phong ph nn vn ha truyn thng.
Hn m t nghn nm b h, ti n g ndi ca dn tc V it N am tri
qua m t qu trnh n m ti t ha v thanh iu ha, Bi vy, bn cnh
nh n g m ti t th un V it cn ct nhiu m tit H n - Vit. D vy, ting
V it tu y t nhin khng b bin ch t th n h ting H n c.

94

I CNG LCH S V IT NAM

Trn c s thc dn tc v tinh thn t cng nhng khng bo th ,

ng kn, nhn dn ta bit kt hp gia truyn thng v cch tn c h o
ph hp vi hon cnh lch s, tip thu mt s ci hay, ci p ca vn
ha ngoi nhp. Mt s tip nhn c chn lc, c thc, ct s dung hp.
iu c th hin nhiu lnh vc nh t tp qun gi go bng ch y
tay chuyn san g li gi go bng ci p t u cng nguyn.
T tp tc nh sn, dn dn ngi Vit chuyn sang n h nn t
nn. T rong tr a n g phc, y phc, ngh th u t cng phong ph, a dng v
pht tr i n cao hn trn ci cn bn ca nu vn ha c truyn.
Cng trong thi B c thuc, nhn dn ta tip thu m t tch cc c a
P h t gio u tran h chng Hn ha, gp phn bo v di sn vn hta c
truyn khc vi vn ha H n, ngn cn Hn ha.
Cuc u tra n h trn lnh vc vn ha t tng bo v di s n vn ha
c truyn va l mt b phn ca s nghip u tranh chng Bc thuc va
l mt nhn t quan trng thc y tin trinh u tranh v t r a n g ginh
c lp ca nhn dfin ta n th n g li hon ton vo u th k X.

T ron g hn m t nghn nm xm lc v h nc ta, cc triu i phong

kin phng BAc thc hin nhiu chnh sch v bin php n h m ng
hda nhn dn ta, bin nc ta thnh mt b phn t ai c a T r u n g Quc,
nh mt s b tc khc vng Hoa N am . Cuc u tran h khng khoan
nhng bao trm nhiu t h h, th h trc ng xung th t h h sau
ng ln tip t c ging cao ngn c c lp, t ch, bt chp s n p
d man ca k th. T ron g cuc u tra n h trng k v v cng gian kh,
quyt lit , nhiu ln, nh&n dn ta ginh c thng li, ui k th
ra khi b ci, xy dng c chnh quyn t ch, t nh ot cng vic
ca mnh nh c c cuc khi ngha do Hai B Trng, L B, P hng H ng v.v.
lanh o. Nhng nm thng c lp qu gi d, tip thm sc m nh cho
cuc u tran h ginh li c lp v sau cng quyt lit, rng ln hn.
Cng cuc u tranh o' cng l c s cho nhn dn ta u t r a n h gi gln
v pht tri n s n xut, pht tr i n nn kinh t. Mc d, t Triu n ng,
chnh quyn h ra sc t n g cng ch cai tr, t chc ngy c n g cht
ch hn b my qun l t qun, chu, huyn, n hng, x; nhng, trong
thc t, khng c mt triu di phng B c no khut phc c cc lng
x ca ngi Vit.
Nhng yu t trn y l nhng thnh phn v iu kin ht s c c bn
v quan trng cho s th n g li trong cuc dng li nn t ch c a nhn
dn ta u th ki X.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y DN 1858)

95

III. L M P - C H M P A T T H K III N T H K X
Sau khi l t chnh quyn h, th n h lp quc gia c lp, c s
che ch n c a Cu Chn, Giao Chi, L m p c iu kin xy dng v pht
trin tro n g yn binh. Vn l vng t sinh sng ch yu ca hai b lc Da
v Cau, tr i qua nhiu uc tran h chp, xung tt Lm p dn dn tr
thnh m t quc gia chung ca ngi Chm^*\ Theo cc ngun s liu t i
cn li, vo khong th k V - VI, L m p chnh thc i tn l C hm pa
(theo tn gi bng hoa Michelia Cham pacca, vn c ngi n dng im
tn gi m t tiu quc ca mnh).
Lnh th C hm pa ko di t nam Honh Sn cho n Binh T h u n , c
chia th n h 4 chu (bang) :
Am aravati (Qung Nam - bc)
Vigiaya {B n h nh - Ph Yn)
K a u th ara (Khnh Ha)
Pauuranga {Ninh T hu n - B n h Thun)
Di ch u l cc huyn (ht), di huyn l thn.
1. V k in h t : Tn ti trn mt vng t ven bin, hp v b ngang,
C hm pa va c ng bng, va c cao nguyn, i ni. H ot ng kinh t
kh phong ph. Nng nghip ng vai tr ch yu. Ngi dn Chm bit
lm ru ng t sm, mi nm hai v la "Bch in" v "Xch in". H cng
bit o m ng m ng dn nc vo rung. Tuy nhin, rung t t, ngi
Chm phi tr n g thm cc cy lng thc khc nh u, k v c c loi
vng, hoa qu, c bit l da, cau.
C hm pa hu nh khng c rung t. t ai thuc quyn chi phi hon
ton ca vua. Vua Chm thng cp t cho cc cha, n. Ngi dn Chm
cy ru ng c n g np t th u cho nh nc. Mt s khc cy thu cho cha
n sng.
Cc n gh th cng nh dt (la, vi bng), gm, xy ng, lm tra n g
sc kh p h t trin . Ngh khai th c lm sn gi m t v tr quan tr n g trong
nn kinh t. H n g th cng ml ngh, lm sn qu nh g, trm hng, ng
voi, sng t, chim cng, vt v.v... l nhng m t h ng c thng nhn
nc ngoi a chung. Thng nhn ngi Hoa, Innxia...thng dong
thuyn cp bn vng b bin Chm pa trao i hn g ha.
2. V c h n h tr : Sau mt thi gian xy ng, t chc chnh tr,C h m p a
dn dn n nh. Chu nh hng su sc ca vn ha n , t sm
C hm pa h u nh l mt quc gia n hda. T khi thn h lp cho n th
(1) C ngi cho rng, bui du hinh Ihnh 2 liu qurtc : Lm p bc ca b lc Da, v Panduranga c
nam ca b lc Cau. s hp rht cng khng vng bn.

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

96

kl

X, C hm pa (theo s sch T ru n g Quc, C hm pa tri qu a cc t n L m

p - H on Vng - Chim T hnh) tr i qua cc triu i ln :

- G an garag ia ; T h k VI - V II, kinh l Sinhapura (T r K iu - Duy
X u y n - Qung
- P an d u ra n g a : T h ki V III - gia IX , kinh l Virapipura (P h a n R a n g N inh T h u n )
- Ind rap ura : Gia th k IX - X , kinh l Indrapura (ng Dng Q u n g Nam)
T h c h nh nc l qun ch chuyn ch, vua c ton quyn i vi
t n c v c dn ; thng dng vong hiu n : Varm an.
Gip vua tr nc c hai tn quan (i thn) ; Senapati (Tay n a b )
ph tr c h dn s v T a p a tica (T t b a ca)

ph trch qun

s.

B n di l m t s thuc quan, ch ia thnh 3 cp :

Lun a tnh, Ca lun tr , t th a gi l a m .
a phng, cc chu u c h a i chc chnh, ph cai qun vi s gip
sc c a m t lot quan i.
Quan li ni chung khng c lng, cng khng c cp rung t. H
sng ch yu bng 8 cung cp ca dn vng minh cai qun.
Nh nh n x t ca mt s nh s hc, vua Chm r t hiu chin. Qun
i t sm c<5 4 - 5 vn ngi, gm b binh, tng binh v thy binh.
Th y binh gm hng tr m chic thuyn ln, nh. V kh c gio m c, cung
n, o gip bng may an, mc g.
C h m p a cha cd lu t thnh vn. Nhng ngi c<5 ti, chu hlnh pht
n n g n nh voi giy, gy nhn am vo u, b bt lm n l.

- V xa hi : Nhln chung, ngi Chftm c chia thnh 4 ng cp kiu

n : B rah m a n (T n g I ),K 8 a try a (qu tc) l hai ng cp c ao nht,
nm quyn hnh tr nc,
V aish y a v Su d ra l &n b) tr.
N l - Hulun - l t n g lp thp nht, by gi kh ng.
T r o n g quan h x hi, m c du c h ph h a thng tr, vua, quan
u l nam , song c h mu h vn ph bin tron g nhn dn. Ngi Hoa
n Ch&mpa ft c nhn x t ; "i vi ngi Chim Thnh, ph n l t t
c, n am gii khng l g c".
- V vn ha : Ngay t nhng t h k IV - V, vn hda Chm pa a kh
p h t tr i n .
Theo c c bia k cn li, t cc th k I l l - r v , ngi Chm theo n gio,
th n n ra (ti cao) c th khp ni. Bn cn h , cc v thn chnh ca
( l ) T n l c th k VI, s sch chi bit c 3 Iriu i I, II. III, chng r ln

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y DN 1858)

97

n gio : Brahm a, Vishnou v Siva c th phng ph bin. Tuy nhin, trong

khi du nhp n gio, ngi Chm li tn thn Siva (thn sc mnh t n ph
ca t nhin) ln cao nht v nhiu n ha vi tn ngng c truyn, dng
thnh cc ngu tng Siva - Uma (v Siva) va c ru va cd v.
Vo t h ki V, o P h t cng c du nhp v n th kl IX .t h n h tn
gio c cao.
Cc tn ngng n gian a phng tip tc tn ti v pht trin nh th
t tn, th Lnga (Dng vt), Yoni (ni vt) v ngu tng Linga-Yoni.
Mt thnh tu vn hda quan trng ca Chmpa l vic sng to ra ch vit
ring ca minh. Ban u, ngi Chm dng ch Phn ca n khc cc
vn bn tr n bia, nhng n th ki IV, h sng to ra ch vit ring theo
mu t P h n , gm 16 nguyn tn, 31 ph m v 32 m sc. C l h l nhng
ngi u tin Dng Nam sng to ra ch vit ring ca mnh
Tuy nhin , ngi Chm hu nh khng bit lm giy v t quan t m n
gio dc hay ghi li cc sn g tc vn hc ca minh. Do , ngo c c bip- k
ca vua hay cha n, khng c ntt vn bn no khc, Hn na, do tc
ng ca cc tn g l, n h t l c c t n g l ngi n c lm vic tro n g
tru, vua Chm pa ch qu chung ch Phn
Ngi Chm cng bit dng v lm lch t sm. Lch ca h l lch S a k a
ca n , ch ia thi gian theo chu k 12 nm, mi nm 12 thng, mi th n g
cd 2 tu n s n g v 2 tun ti (theo tun trng), mi tun 7 ngy. Ngy u
tin c a lch S a k a tng ng vi ngy 3 th n g 3 nm 78 cng lch.
Ngh th u t xy dng v to hnh thi ny cng kh pht trin vi hng
lot i tch cn li Trh Kiu, c bit l khu Thnh a M Sn (Q u n g
N am ). B n cnh cc thp Chm c o va m ang phong cch n va c
nt rin g ca minh l hng lot tng, ph iu c

Bc

Ngh th u t ca ma, m nhc cng pht tri n vi hng lot nhc c nh

trng cc loi, n cm. n tl b 5 dy, ch. Hlnh cc v n c ghi li
trn c c bc ph iu b ct hay ch n tng.
T r o n g tin trnh lch s, cc vua Chm pa khng ch lo cng c quyn
thng tr trn lnh th ca mnh m cn tin hnh nhiu cuc chn tran h
vi c c nc xung quanh.
Vo t h kl IV, c c vua P hm Vn P h m Pht, Phm H t nhiu ln
em q u n nh ln pha bc Honh Sn, sau ly vng ny lm bin gii
pha b c. Gia th k VI, nhn L B khi ngha lt d ch h c a nh
Lng, vua Chmpa ct qun nh ra Cu Chn, buc Ly B phi c L
Ph c M a n v P h m Tu em qun vo y ui.
u t h k IX, vua Chmpa li em qun vt Honh Sn nh ln vng
Hoan i, ph tan thnh tr ca nh ng, nh chim dng lu di, nhng
7-CLSVN T.tp

98

DI CONG LCH s V T NAM

ri b nh lui. Cd &y l thi ki hng thnh n h t ca Chm pa vi cng

lc ny, Chm pa cn nh san g c Chn Lp. Cui t h ki X, theo li xi
gic ca Ng N ht Khnh, vua Chm pa em qun nh ra i C Vit
rthng khng c. Tip d, sau cuc t n cng ca L i Hnh, mt triu
i Cham mi thnh lp. di vo Vigiaya (T r B n - Bnh Dnh).

IV , V O N G Q U C P H N A M C C T H K - V I
Cng nh cc vng t khc c a Vit Nam, t Nam b t sm c
ngi sinh sng. S tn ti ca hng lot nn vn hta ng v T y Nam
b c pht hin trong thbi gian qu a chng t iu t. P h n ln c
dn y cd ngun gc Anhndi quen thuc ca vng Nam . T ro n g s
nhng nn vn ha ny, ni ln n n vn hta c Eo c c vng thuc Ao
Giang, Kin Giang, Dng Thp v.v... ngy nay. T rn c s mt trnh vn
hda pht tri n v s tip xc vi mt s6 c dan t n sang, vo th
k I, y hnh thnh mt quc gia ca ngi bn a vi t n gi Ph
Nam (t gc l B a Phnom = ngi i 3n).
Sau my th ki tn ti, Ph N am tr th n h m t quc gia hng mnh,
khng ch nhiu tiu quc xung quanh. Nh nc theo th c h qun ch
chuyn ch. Vua c quyn hnh tuyt i v cng dng vng hiu n :
V a n n a n , kinh dng Sresthapu ra.
C s kinh t l nng nghip. N hn d&n bit o knh, khai ngi tui
tiu cho ng rung. La t l cfty lng thc chnh, ngoi ra h cn trng
ma, hoa qu, tru cau. Nhiu ni trn g du nui tm , dt vi la.
K h ai thc lm sn qu m t ngun thu nhp quan trng. Ng voi, sng
t, gfi qu, tr m hng thnh nbng mn hn g trao i vi thng nhn
ndc ngoi. tran g sc bng vng bc, qu cng r t pht tr i n .
c Eo l mt hi cng ni ting t xa xa. Thng nhn T ru n g Quc,
cc nc pha nam, thm chi c thUdQg nh&n Rma c i cng th ng lui
ti. y, kho c hc pht hin c nhn khc ch Hn, huy hiu v
tin R m a, gng ng Hn. c o cng cn li di tch c c cng trnh
kin tr c bng gch ngti, ng it , tng th n v.v...
T n gio chnh l n gio. Ngi t a tim thy nhiu t n g B rah m a,
Vishnou, Siva, H arihara. Ngoi ra y cng ct nhiu tng P h t chng
t s du nhp ca o P h t. T n ngng th Linga, Yoni cng phd bin.
Ch vit chnh ch Phn.
P h Nam cd quan h giao lu vi c c nc xung quanh nh Chmpa,
mt s tiu quc Chn Lp. u t h ki VI, do mau thun ni b gia nh
nh vua, Ph Nam b mt 8 lc lung ca cc tiu quc C hn Lp tn
cng ri lt . Ph Nam tr thnh mt vng t ph thuc Chn Lp.

PHAN BN

THI DAI PHONG KIN DN Tc

Tri qua hn 1 0 00 nm di ch h ca cc triu i phng BC
t nc u L c ca ngi Vit c c nhu i thay. Mc du lun lun
b kim hm , p bc, bc lt nng n, ngi dn Vit vn c gng vn ln,
vt qua mi kh khn, th thch lao ng xy dng lng xdm, va sng
to va hc tp kinh nghim, ngh nghip ca ngi nc ngoi nng
cao v a dng ho dn nn sn xut. Rung ng ngy cng c m rng.
Nng nghip la nc vi vic s dng l cy s t v ac ko ca tru b
ngy c n g ph bin. Thu hoch ma m ng cng tng bc gia tng. Cng
vi cc cy lng thc, vic lm vn, trng cy n qu, trn g rau, trng
c cng pht trin . 0 cc vng vpn sng, ven bin , ngh nh c, bt tm,
lm mui thu ht ng o c di. phc v tt hn nhu cu sn xut
nng nghip v cuc sng hng ngy, cc ngnh ngh th cng nh rn st,
c ng, ko t dt la, lm gm, dng thuyn v.v... u pht trin . S
pht tri n ca nn kinh t, mt m t p ng nhng i hi ngy cng phc
tp ca chnh quyn h, mt kho nng Cao dn cuc sng chung c
ngi Vit cng nh phc v tt cng cuc u tranh chng li ch h,
ginh c lp cho T quc. X hi ngi Vit cng bt u phn ha. cc
vng gn cc trung tftm chnh tr, xut hin mt s tri ch, da ch hoc
l ngi Hn^ ngi Hn Vit ha hoc l t trng ngi a phng. ng
thi cng xu t hin mt tng lp nng dn ph thuc nhiu m c khc
nhau, m c du, phn ln cc lng vn gi c tr n g thi x hi c tm yn
ca minh vi tuyt i a s c dn l ng t do.
bn trn , ch d h ca cc triu phng B c vi nhng thit
ch, quan chc ca n ngy cn g y ^ dn dn tr nn quen thuc.
Ngay t th k VI, nh nc Vn X u n ca h L - h Triu c ng
ln theo m hnh t. Ch Hn, Nho gio thm dn vo mt 9 ngi thuc
t n g lp trn, nht l khi xut hin lp a ch igi Vit v.v ..
T t c hp i lm nn c s kinh t - x hi c n thit cho nh hng
pht tr i n nc ta khi gnh i c c lp hon ton th k X. Phong
kin ho tr thnh mt xu th t t yu.
Vo cui th ki IX, chinh quyn h ng phng B c lm vo th
suy sp, bng ln mt phong tro u tra n h ca cc th lc phong kin a

100

I CONG LCH s VIT NAM

phng nhm tch khi s khdng c h ca chinh quyn tru n g ng, thnh
lp quc gia c lp. l thi c cc ki thun li cho cng cuc u tranh
ginh li c lp ca ngi Vit An Nam. Tnh th cng khn thit hn
khi qun Nam chiu li nh xung, v hiu hda uy th ca lc lng
h. u th ki X, v th ho t H ng Chu l K hc T h a D nhanh
chng khi binh, nh tai qun h, buc triu inh n h Dng trong
t h sp phi cch chc ti t s c C T n, chm dt nn h
ca m inh trn t T n h Hi (An N am ). H Khc a tr thnh ngi ch
ca An Nam v u nm 906, vua ng buc phi phong thm "cho Tnh
Hi qun tit s Khc Th a D chc ng bnh chng s"
Nh vy, t nm 905, d nhng ngi ng u t nc ch a thnh
lp vong triu v theo xu hng chung ca thi im , nhn chc tit
s, 'k ni thuc Ty - Dng" nh cch nti ca ngi

hay y

hn l "th B c thuc* n ch un g chm dt vnh vin. thc c

lp dn tc c n g th hin r hn nhng vic lm ca K hc Ho - ngi
k tc s nghip ca Khc Tha D. Nti m t cch khc, t nm 9 0 5 , t
nc t a chuyn san g mt thi i mi, thi i c lp, t ch di ch
phong kin.
Hn 2 0 nm ca bui du c p, thi gian qu l qu t tro n g bi cnh
ca x hi d th k X, nhng nhn dn ta t to cho m nh c mt ci
nn kh vng chc ri hai ln nh bi qun x m lc Nam Hn, c
bit l ln th hai, vi chin th n g B ch ng oanh lit nm 9 3 8 , khng
chl khng nh quyn lm ch ca ngi dn V it tr n dt nc minh m
cn t t to nn ci uy th cn thit cho Ng Quyn - ngi chi o cuc
khng chin - xng vng, xc lp c h qun ch.
T h i i phong kin dn tc din ra tron g gn 10 th ki, c th chia
thnh 4 giai on :
1. T h k X : Giai on qu .
2. T h k X I - X V ; Giai on hnh thnh v x c lp c h phong kin
ca m t quc gia thng nht.
3. T h k X V I - gia t h k X V III : Giai on pht tr i n c a c h phong
kin tron g bi cnh t nc b ch ia ct.
4. Na sa u t h k X V III - gia t h k X I X : G iai on khng hong suy
tn ca ch phong kin.

( l ) Xem Di

x / lon thu, T . ca Ng S Lin... v Di y ift j k i -T tn bin ca Ng Thi S

Chng V

TH K X : B c U XY DNG V BO v
QUC GIA C LP, THNG NHT
THI KHC - NG - INH - TIN L
I. X Y D N G V B O V N N T C H

1. Nhng nam du dc p di thi h Khc

Nm 9 0 5 , cuc khi Qgha c a Khc Tha D hon ton th n g li, chnh
quyn thng t r ca n h ng b lt . Nh ng buc phi phong Khc
T h a D lra T in h hi qun ti t 8 ri tip b an thm chc ng bnh
chng s vi mong mun xem h K h c cng l mt quan ch c ca minh.
Nhung Khc T h a D khng chp n h n tng t, quyt nh cng c
nhng thnh qu m cuc khi ngha ginh c.
N m 9 0 7 , K h c Tha D m t, con ng l Khc Ho ln k v, tip tc
s nghip v tinh th n t ch ca cha minh. Da vo s ng h ca nhn
dn, K hc H o thc hin mt cuc c i cch v Oihiu m t nhm xy dng
mt quc gia c lp, t ch, th ot n nb hng v s khng c h ca cc
t h lc thng tr phng Bc. S liu t i cn i ch cho bit m t vi n t
khi q u t v cuc ci cch :
V chnh tr , Khc Ho bi b b my hnh chnh b c ca nh
ng th n h lp mt b my qun l t nc rin g ca m nh. C c hng
bn di c t chc li v i gi l Gip. Theo An Nam c h ca Cao
Hng T r n g (T ru n g Quc - th k X V II), K b c Ho t thm hn 150 gip,
cng v s gip c trc, thnh 3 1 4 gip^^^, L n h th thuc quyn cai
qun c a ch n h quyn mi c m rDg hn trc. cc gip, K hc Ho
cho t cc ch c chnh lnh trng, t lnh trng v gip tr n g trng
coi nhm t n g cng 8 qun l tr c tip ca chnh quyn tr u n g ng i
vi c c on v hnh chnh c s, ng thi xc lp quyn t ch c a t nc.
Tip t, nm c s dn tro n g nc, K hc H o cho lp s h
khu, bt dn inh phi "k r h tn , qu qun" v giao cho gip trdng

(1 ) Khm nh Vit s ihng

cung mc ghi "Khc Ho... cha t cc l, ph, chau v xa

cc x" (T .ll, ir.41) c l khOng ng.

102

DI CNG LCH s V IT NAM

coi gi. Nh s c ghi, by gi "chnh s ct chung khoan dung, gin

d khin cho "nhn dn u c yn vui". Sau nhiu th k sng di ch

km kp, bc lt nng n ca ch h, 9 "khoan dung, gin d" ca

chnh quyn h Khc khng chl gdp phn to nn s
vui" ca nhn
dn m cn th hin r tinh th n c a m t t nc va th o t khi ch
h ngn nm.
V ti chnh, Khc Ho ch tr ang sa li c h thu. T ron g
nhng t h k thuc ung, ngoi cg np, nhn dn ta cn phi chu hng
lot b t cng v ch t thu v chu mt ch lao ch nng n. Nh
s c a ghi, Khc Ho xo b s bt cng v p bc nng n bng
chinh s ch "qun bnh th u rung" v "tha b lc dch". Ni kh ca ch n
dch khng cn na, d rng ngi dn vn gi ngha v ng gp sc minh
cho n h nc.
Nhng ci cch ca Khc Ho to iu kin cho chnh quyn tru ng
ng cd kh nng kim sot c m t cch trc tip cc a phng trong
nc, gp phn quan trng cng c s thng nht lnh th, bc u xa
b c h btc lt. p bc nng n ca chnh quyn h, to iu kin cho
nhn dn ta sng v sn xut "yn vui", i nh, trnh c mi s hch
sch, cng bc ca bn quan li h trc y, ng thi cng t o c s
thun li cho nhn dn ta gia tng sc lao ng sn g to, nng cao dn
cuc sng ca mnh. Nhng ci cch ca Khc Ho tuy da trn nhng thit
ch a cd ca thi thuc ng, nhng vt qua nhng hn c h ca n,
th hin r tnh thn ca mt quc gia c lp, c quyn t ch ca minh.
Nhng ci cch cng nhn c s ng h ca nhn dn v thc s p
ng c nhng mong mun ca nhn dn khi a ginh li c c lp.
N am 9 1 7 , khi c tin nh N am H n th n h lp H oa Nam (vng
Qung ng, Qung T y ngy nay), K hc Ho c con l Khc Th<a M
sang lm "hoan ho s" v nh s c nhn xt : "mn tin g l kt mi ha
ho d xt tnh hlnh h thc th no"
Cng nm d, Khc Ho cht. Khc Tha M tr v nc, thay cba nm
chnh quyn, Bit c ca nh Nam Hn, Khc Thla M sai s sang
nh Lng (thay nh ng vi t cch mt triu i trung ng Trung
Quc) xin lnh "tit vit" vi ngha thn phc^'\ t nc tip tc yn binh.

2. C c cu c khng chin chng ngoi xftm

Vo cui th ki IX, s suy sp ciia nh ng a dn n tnh trng
phin tr n c t c, t nc b chia x. Chnh trong hon c n h , nh
( ) Nhn s kin ny, . c nhn nh chung l Lhi h Khc bi u mt ki mi in)ng lch s nuiv
la l "Ki Nam - B c phSn Iranh" hay nh Cung mc VI : "Luu n gi Ihnh PhiCn Ngung.
Khc Ho gi G iao Chau... hai bCn chc Ihn tinh ln nhau (T .Il. tr.4 l)

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y DN 1858)

103

ncSi trn, K h c Tha D a n binh chim thnh i La, lm ch t An

Nam. N m 9 0 7 , nh ng , nh H u Lng thnh lp. Vua Lng phong
ngay ti t s Qung Chu l Lu n lm Nam bnh vng, kim Tnh
hi qun ti t s vi buc Lu n vo vng qun c a mnh v
kim sot h t An Nara, t t nhin tro n g thc t Lu n khng chp nhn
cng khng lm c iu . Sau khi Lu n cht (nm 9 1 1 ), Lu Nham
n thay. T h c hin ca anh mnh, nm 91 7 , Lu Nham khng nh
s tn ti c a tiu quc mnh bng vic t quc hiu Nam Hn.

a Cuc kh n g chin chng Nam H n ln th nht

N m 9 3 0 , vin c h K hc xin t i t vit ca nh Lng, Lu N ham
(sau i l C u ng ri li i l Y m ) sai L Th Dung v Lng K hc Trinh
em qun x m lc nc

V thiu chun b, K hc T h a M khng

chng ni gic v b bt a v Q ung Chu, Qun Nam H n chim thnh

Di L a ri tin qun xung pha nam cp ph. L Tin c c sang thay
K hc T rin h , cng ng gi ph thnh. Mc du vy, qun Nam H n khng
cai qun dc cc chu, gip. Nhiu tng lnh ca h K hc m qun
ni

dy, tr o n g s t, lc lng quan trng nht l o qun ca Dng

nh Ngh.
D n g D in h N g h l m t h o t r n g , q u l n g R n g
(Dng X - Dng Sn - Thanh Hta), tng ca h Khc, lm ch
mt vng t ln, ct nhiu gia nhn, ng t chc qun di, luyn
v ngh, quyt chin u chng qun xm lc.
N m 9 3 1 , c s n g h c a n h n d n v h o k i t c c n o i,
Dng inh Ngh ko qun t T h a n h Hta ra Bc, bao vy v cng ph
thnh i La - dinh ly ch yu c a qu&n Nam Hn. c tin c o cp, vua
Nam H n vi v c tha ch T rnh B o (T r n Bo) em qun sa n g cu vin."
Qun T rinh B o cha n ni th Dng inh Ngh h c thnh,
tng gic l Liig K hc T rinh b git, th s L Tin chy th o t v nc.
S a u khi tm n nh tnh hnh trong th nh , Dng Dinh Ngh ko qun ra
n nh T r n h Bo. Qu&n Nam H n th u a to, tng T rin h Bo t trn. Vua
N am Hn nghe tin , chi cn bit nti vi triu th n ca y : "Dn Giao
Chu thch ni lon, ta ch c th c m i (r n g buc lng lo) c thi".
Cuc kh n g chin ca nhn dn ta di s ch huy ca Dng inh Ngh
nh bi mu xm chim nc ta ca nh Nam Hn. N n c lp

( l ) Theo Ng i

s i ca ta chi ghi L Khc Chnh em qun sang

104

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

ca t nc cng nhng thnh tu t c trong nhng nm di thi

h Khc, c gi vng. T ron g khng kh phn khi, t ho ca nhn d n
c nc, Dng nh Ngh c suy tn lm T i t s, tip t c s nghip
ca h Khc.

b) Cuc khng chin ca Ng Quyn u chin thng B ch ng nm 938

D t nc tr li yn bnh. Mt 8 ngi cd cng c phong lm th s
c:c chu nh inh Cng T r lm th s chu Hoan, Ng Mn lm th s
chu ng Lm v.v...
Nm 937, mt nha tng ca ng inh Ngh l K iu Cng T in
git ch ginh ly quyn tit s. Nhan dn v nhiu tng lnh h t
s c b t binh. Ngi tiu biu trong s d l Ng Quyn.
Ng Quyn qu ng L m (Cam Lm, th x Sn Ty - H T y )

con ca th s Ng Mn v i con r ca Dng Dnh Ngh, n g

c cha giao vic cai qun chu i ; vn m t ngi c sc khe
hn ngi, c<5 ti nig qun s li gii vic tr nc nn ng r t c
nh&n dn qu mn v tin phc.
c tin t n phn bi K i u C ng T i n g i t ch, cp chnh qu yn,
Ng Quyn lp tc tp hp lc lng, tin ra Giao Chu tr n g tr. T r c
k h t h r m r c a q u n Ng Q u y n v s b t b in h c a n h n n ,
Kiu Cng Tin qu khip s, a sai Dgi sang Nam H n cu cu. Chp
ly c hi thun li d, vua Nam H n a phong ngay cho con trai ca mnh
l thi t Hong Tho im Tinh h ti t s, Giao vng, chl huy m t
o binh thuyn ln ko san g xm lc nc ta. B n th n vua Nam Hn
cDg trc tip ch huy mt o binh xung ng H i Mn (vng s t bin
gii T run g - Vit Dng B c Qung Ninh) ym tr cho Hong Tho. o
binh ca Hong T ho theo ng ven bn tin V pha c a sng Bch ng.
B y gi, c 8 ng h c a m i ngi, Ng Q u y n g i t c
K iu Cng Tin, n g gp r t cng qu n s v nhn dn chun b cuc khng
chin. c bit i qun ca H ong Tho s tin vo ca sng Bch ng,
tron g cuc hi bn vi c c tng, Ng Quyn vi ng t tin , nti vi c c
tng : "Hong T ho l mt a t r di, em qu&n t x a n, qun lnh
m t mi, li uc tin K iu Cng T i n a b git cht, khng c ngi lm
ni ng, m t va trc ri. Qun ta sc cn m nh, ch vi qun mi
mt, t t ph c. Song, h c ii thuyn, nu khng phng b trc th
chuyn c thua cha th bit c. Nu ta sai ngi em cc ln ng
ngm ca b in trc, vt nhn u v bt st, thuyn c a h nhn khi
nc triu ln, tin vo bn trong hng cc, by gi t a s d b c h ng,
khng k gi hn k y c". Mi ngi u nht tr t n thnh. Ri , theo

VIT NAM <T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

105

Thy Nguyn

NAM TRIU GIANG

CH DN
^
1: %
XXX

Srtg v ca bin Bch

ng x(gi nh)

Oun b mai phc

8i c c (9i nh)

Qurt thy

Qun ch
QuSn ch tho chy

S chin thng trn sng Bch ng ca Ng Qyn

106

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

S ch huy chung, qun lnh v nhn dn ngy m hng hi vo rng cht

cy o cc, rn s t T mi nhn b t u. Chng bao u sau bi cc

a hnh thnh theo ng d nh cc vng him yu trn sng B ch ng
Quyt tm tiu dit gic y, Ng Quyn huy ng mt lc lng chn
u ln vi nhiu v tng gii nh Cnh Thc, Dng T a m K ha, Ng
Xng Ngp... v c n tng Dng Phng Lan - ngi bn i thn
thit ca ng.
Ma ng nam 938, o binh thuyn ca V n vng H ong T h o ni ui
nhau tin vo ca Bch ng. Theo ng k hoch nh, mt i thuyn
binh nh do tng Ng T t T ch huy tin ra chn ch r v r t u, nh
thuyn gic vo su bn trong. Thy triu bt u xung ; Ng Quyn trc
tip ch huy i qun ca t a t ba pha nh p vo hm thuyn c a gic.
Qun N am H n b tn cng bt ng v t da khng kp chng , phi
quay thuyn ua nhau chy tho ra bin. T ron g cnh no lon, thuyn gic
b nh dt v pha c c bi cc. Nc sng r t nhanh, chy xit, nhng
hng cc nhn nh ln. Qun Nam H n nhin thy, ht hong nhng khng
iin t h no trn h cho cc thuyn lao vo bi cc, tan v5. Qun ta li nhn
d tn cng d d. Hu nh ton b o binh thuyn ca gic u thng
v, tan tnh. H ng ngn qun gc ri xung sng chm nghm hay b sng
cun tri. Vn vng Hong T ho ch t trong m lon qun.
T h t bi nng n v bt ng ca o thy qun Hong Tho lm cho
vua Nam H n kinh hong, ch bit thng khdc, h lnh rt qn, hon
ton b mng xAm lc nc ta.
Chin th n g Bch ng nm 9 3 8 c ghi vo lch s dn tc nh mt
chin cng hin hch "mt v cng cao c vang di n nghln thu h phi
chl lng y mt thi by gi ni thi u !" (Ng Thi SI). Chin thng
Bch n g a th hin c ti nn g qun s v ch quyt th n g ca
ngi anh hng dn tc Ng Quyn ; ng thi cng l thnh qu ca cuc
khng chin anh dng v y sng t o ca nhn dn t a sau hn 3 0 nm
lin ch t nc. N a khng nh quyn lm ch ca nhn dn ta trn
min t ca t tn thi Vn Lang - u L c v to thm m t nim tin,
mt nim t ho su 8c trn bc ng xy dng t ndc c p, t
ch sau uy.

3. Tnh hnh t nc di thi Ng (939 - 967)

Sau khi nh bi cuc xm Ic ln th hai ca qun Nam H n , vi uy
danh c a chin thng B ch Dng, nm 9 3 9 , Ng Quyn xng vng, b b
c h ti t s, xy dng triu nh mi, ly C Loa (ng Anh - H Ni)
lm kinh , dng cung in.

M T NAM (T 'rHI NGUYN T H Y N 1858)

107

________

**

Lng N Quyn Dng Ln, B a V (H Ty)

S c khng cho bit gi thm v t chc nh nc trung ng ng
thi, a phng, cc chu huyn c gi nguyn. Cc th s nh inh
Cng Tr tip tc cai qun chAu ca mnh Gip, lng vn l nhng n v
hnh chnh c s. Bn cnh cc xdm lng c truyn c mt s ln g mi hnh
thAnh v mt vi trang tri Nhng ch tra n g tri c th l quan chc c
ca chnh quy^n h, li lp nghip lu di trn t nc ta nh h H
tra n g Bu Dt (yunh Lu - Ngh An), h L Tin i)u (l c Ninh)...
hoc cc th ho a phng nh h Dng Dng X (Dng Sn - Thanh
Ha), h L Dng Sn (T hanh Hda) v.v .
Tuy tr i qua hn 30 nm c lp vi hai cuc khng chin chng
ngoi xm, nhng nhng tn d ca c h h c vn cn nhiu, tinh
hnh x hi cn phc tp. S thnh lp ca nh Ng vi ngi ng u l
Ng Quyn cha iu kin gi vng s n nh lu di.
Nm 9 4 4 , Ng Quyn cht. Ngi em v l Dng Tam Kha cp ngi
v xng l Bnh Vung Con trng ca Ng Quyn l Ng Xng Ngp s
lin ly phi b trn khi kinh thnh ln t T r Hng (K im Thnh Hi Dng) nng nh ho trng Phm Lnh Cng Mau tbun trong dng
h thng tr ny sinh. Nm 950, Ng Xng Vn vem ca X ung Ngp)
c s ng h ca cc chi huy s D Cnh T h c v Dng Ct Li

108

I CNG LCH s V IT NAM

Thn vic cm qun i n p cuc ni dy ca cc thn ng, NguyTt

T h i Binh (Quc Oai - H Ty), quay v kinh bt Dng T a m Kha, ginh
li chnh quyn. Xng Vn t xng l Nam tn vng v cho ngi ln
T r Hng mi anh mnh v cng coi vic nc. Xng Ngp v, t xng
l Thin sch vng, nm ht quyn hnh. Mu thun ni b nh Ng
to iu kin cho c c th ho, th s a phng ni dy, m qun, lm
ch ving minh trn tr, tch khi chnh quyn trung ng.

4. Lon 12 s qun - inh B Lnh thng nht dt nc

T nhng nm 60, t nc cn g ri lon. Ng X ng V n (Xng Ngp
c h t vo nm 95 4) nhiu ln em quD i n p c c cuc ni lon nhiing
khDg c kt qu. N m 965, Xng V n cht. t nc ri vo tnh tr n g
chia c t, hn lon. Ni ln 12 vng t bit lp do 12 th lnh ng u

m S C gi l 12 s qun :
1. Kiu Cng Hn t xng l K iu T am Ch chim gi P hong Chu
(Ph Th)
2. Nguyn K h oan t xng ! Nguyn T h i Bnh chim gi T a m Di
(Ph Th), Y n Lc (Vnh Phc)
3. Ng N ht Khnh t xng l Ng Lm Cng chim gi Dng Lm
(H Ty)
4. D Cnh T h c chim gi vng Bo (Thanh Oai - H Ty)
5. Ng X ng X - con ca Ng Xng Ngp - chim gi B in h Kiu
(T h anh Hta)
6. L Khu t xng l L L an g C ng gi t Siu Loi (B c Ninh)
7. Nguyn Th T ip t xng Nguyn Lnh Cng chim gi T in Du
(B c Ninh)
8. L ng t xng l L T Cng chim gi T G ian g (Vn G ian g Hng Yn)
9. Nguyn Siu t xng Nguyn Hu Cng chim gi T y Ph L it
(T h anh T ri - H Ni)
10. Kiu Thun t xng l Kiu Lnh Cng chim gi vng Cm Kh
<H Ty)
11. Phm Bch H t xng l P h m Phng t chim gi ng Chu
(H ng Yn)
12. T r n L m t xn g l T r n Minh Cng ch im gi B H i K hu
(T hi Binh)

Ngoi ra cn mt s th lc khc nh Ng X Bnh, Dng Huy v c

bit l Dinh B Linh m s c khng xp vo hng ng cc s qun. C

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y DN 1858)

109

th thy, tro n g s s qun ny c m t s vn l tng lnh ca h Ng,

mt S l con chu ca cc quan chc nh ng c.

Cng thi gian ny, t nm 9 6 0 , T ru n g Quc nh T n g thnh lp,
ch.lm t thi k ng i thp quc v b t u m rng t h lc xung
pha nam. Nguy co ngoi xm li xut hin v e da.
Dt nc ng trc mt th thch ln. T t Hoa L (N inh Bnh) ni
ln ngi an h hng inh B Lnh.
nh B Lnh ngi lng i Hu (huyn Gia Vin - tnh Ninh
Bnh) l con trai ca th s inh Cng T r . T h a nh sng vi m
m Gia, thng cng l tr ch an tru trong vng chi tr nh nhau,
ly bng lau lm c. Nh c ti chi huy, li c ch ln nn c bn
b knh phc. Ln ln vo lc n h Ng suy, ng cng c c bn thn
th it nh inh in, Nguyn B c t chc lc lng, rn v kh v
chim gi vng t Hoa L. N hn dn a phng c n g suy tn v
ng h ng nhit lit.
T u nh ng nm 50, thanh th c a qun ng ni, khin Nam tn
vng lo s, em qun n nh. Nh sc chin u quyt lit v s ng
h ca nhn dn, inh B Lnh buc Nam T n vng phi r t qun.
Nh Ng . T n h hinh t nc ri lon. inh B Lnh quyt nh tin
qun nh c c s qun. tng thm ic lng, ng lin kt vi s
qun T r n Lm , sau chiu d c s qun Phm P hng t, ri tin ra
Giao Chu. C c s qun n lt b nh bi hoc xin hng. n cui nn
9 67, t nc tr li yn binh tro n g thng nht.

II. C VIT THI INH -TIN L

(968-1009)

1. Tnh hnh chnh tr

t nc tr li thng nht, yn binh. Nm 9G8, Vn T h n g vng inh
B Lnh n ngi hong (tc inh T in Hong) t quc hiu l Di C
Vit, ng H oa L. Ma xun nm 9 70, tin thm m t bc, inh B
Linh b khng dng nin hiu c a nh Tng, t t nin hiu l T h i Bnh
v sai s s a n g giao ho vi nh Tng. Mt quc gia c lp c quc hiu,
c nh nc rin g do hong ng u c xc lp.
Nm 9 7 8 , D in h T in H ong lp con nh l H ng L an g iii thi t, phong
con th l T o n lm V vng. inh Lin l con tra i u, t n g cd nhiu

cng lao trong s nghip nh dp 12 s qun, ng nn triu i mi, ch

c phong N am V it vng. Khng chp nhn iu t, inh Lin cho ngi

110

D CNG LCH s V IT NAM

ngm git H ng Lang. S vic cha c gl i mi th cui nm 9 7 9 , nh;\n

mt ba tic ru trong cung ca hai cha con inh T in Hong v Onh
Lin, mt vin quan hu tn l D Thch m hi c hai.
Thch b bt git. Triu thn a V vng Ton mi 5 tui n ni
ngi. Thp o tng qun L K on c c lm ph chnh. VI nghi ng
L H on cd nh cp ngi, cc tng c ca inh T in Hong l Dinh
Din, Nguyn Bc, Phm Hp a qun v kinh nh git ng. Cuc
chin xy ra. inh in, Phm Hp, Nguyn B c u b git.
Gia lc th nh Tng, nhn s kin inh Tiri H ong v inh l^in
b m hi, quyt nh em qun sa n g xm lc Di C Vit. Trc nguy c
ngoi x m ang n gn, b thi hu h Dng - m ca Dinh Ton
c L Hon lm tng ch huy qun i, chun b cuc khng chin. Trong
bui hi triu bn k hoch chng gic, da vo ngh ca cc tng linh,
b thi hu h Dng cho ngi khoc o long cn ln mnh L Hon
v mi ng ln ngi vua.
L Hon l ngi X un Lp (Th Xun - T h an h Ha), qu gc
Thanh Lim (H Nam), cha, ni cht sm, c mt vin quan st h
L nui. Ln ln, ng theo gip inh Lin, lp nhiu cng trng, khi
nh inh thnh lp, ng c phong chc Thp o tng qun
Nh L thnh p (sau gi l T in L). L Hon (tc L i H nh) gi
nguyn t chc b my nh nc ca thi inh vi kinh Hoa L.
T ru inh trung ng do vua ng u nm mi quyn hnh v n
s cng nh qun 8.
D vua l cc chc quan vn, v, trong cao nht l nh quc cng
(Nguyn Bc), Ngoi gip (inh in), Thp o tng qun (L Hon). V
sau, L Hon t thm cc chc thi s, i tng quAn, thi y, h ph s
s, t v hu in tin ch huy s, chi hu v.v... c bit thi inh - Tin L
cn c mt b phn tng quan vi c c chc tn g thng, t n g lc, s n g chn
uy nghi v.v... L Hon dng mt v i s lm quc s (Ng C hn Lu)
va ph trch vic qun l o P h t va lm c6 vn cho nh vua.
H thng cc n v hnh chnh v chnh quyn a phng cng c
t chc y . Ban u c nc c chia thnh 10 o. Nm 1002, L
Hon i 10 o thnh l, di c ph, chu. Cc l, chu u c qun gip,
th s, trn tng... trng coi. Thi T in L, nhm bo v quyn lc ca
dng h, nh vua c cc hoig t trng coi cc chu v t t c cc mt
T r c c nh s, quan li trong ngoi triu hu ht l v tng.
Nh Dinh - T n L r t ch trn g xy dng qun i. kinh thnh c
mt o cm qun gin khong 3 0 0 0 ngi. Do qun ny ch yu lm
nhira v bo v hong thnh v cc va quati. B n canh cn c mt
o qun T sng, canh gi cc cng thnh.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TPY DN 1858)

11

Ch ng binh nng c thc hin nh nc c c mt lc

lng qun s ln khi cn. Lc lng ny gm 10 o, mi o gm 10
qun, mi qun gm 10 l, mi l gm 10 tt, mi tt 10 ng, mi ng 10
Tgi. Nu ng nh vy, nh inh - T in L tng

c n 10 0 vn qun.

Qun s u c tran g b qun o, m da bn b khu gp nhau li, trn

hp, di rng, chp phng v c v kh y : cung, n, gio mc, lao,
gy, mc bi. Thy qun gm nhiu chin thuyn, tra n g b y . Vi
nhng tng linh ct nhiu kinh nghim, qun i ca nh inh - T in L
A hon th n h tt nhim v gi vng an ninh t nc v chin u chng
ngoi xm , bo v T quc.
T ron g bui u xy dng v cng c nit t nc va thng nht l
sau nhiu nm ri lon v mt nh nc qun ch tp quyn mi thnh
lp, nh inh - Tin L rt coi trn g lut php. Nhng hnh ng chng
li nh nc tru n g ng, ph hoi tr t t an ninh x hi v.v... u b trng
tr nng. L u t php thnh vn cha c iu kin son tho v ban hnh,
nhng nh s c ghi li : "Vua (ch nh Tin Hong) mun ly uy th
ng tr thin h mi t vc u ln sn triu, nui h d trong ci,
h lxih rn g : ngi no tr i php s phi chu ti b vo vc du nu hay
cho h n. Mi ngi s phc khng dm
Th T in L, nh vua
thng ty tin xt x. Theo s nh T n g l Tng Co, by gi "t hu c
li nh cng git i hoc nh t 100 n 2 0 0 ro, bn gip vic ai hi c
icu g tri cng nh 30 hay 5 0 roi, tru t lm tn gc cng khi ht gin
li gi v lm chc c. Nam 1002, vua L "nh lut lnh", tic rng sch
xa khng cn, nn khng cd thng tin c th. Theo nh s hc th k X IX
l P h a n Huy Ch :"Thi c lm vic ch c quy ch, khng dng hinh lut
vl i th un , php gim, c th chm chc ty nghi c"^^^ Cd t h ngh
rng, by gi hnh php ndi chung h khc, vic xt x tru n g ng ch
yu do vua nh ot, cn a phdag thl o cc quan trng coi quyt
nh. L u t t p qun cn thnh hnh.
Vic tuyn chn quan li ng thi cha cd ch c th. Nhng ngi
nm quyn ch yu l v tng t ng tham gia cuc nh dp cc 3
qun hoc l c c hong t. V sau, mt s vn th n cng c c t nhc ln
gi cc v tr th n cn vi vua, thay dn cc v s gii. Nh nc cng bc
u phong cp "h nng dn" cho cc tng lm bng !c sut i.
Nhn chung, nh nc Dinh - T in L tuy tin mt bc quan trng
trn con ng khng nh nn c lp dn tc, nhng vn cn rt n
gin, t h hin s qu sa n g mt th i kl pht trin n nh theo hng
phong kin h a ngy cng vng chc v m ang m thc dn tc.

( ) Oi Vii a k i (On thu, T.2. M Ni 1972. r.l5 4

(2 ) l.ch tri^u hin chur; loi ch, T .lll, Nxb

s hc HA N 1961. tr.94

112

DI CNG LCH S VIT NAM

2. Tnh hnh kinh t

Di C V it l m t nc nng nghip thun ty. Nhng nm di thi
h K hc, h Ng, do tc ng ca cc cuc chin tra n h hay tra n h chp ni
b, nh nc khng c iu kin xy dng mt nn kinh t ring.
t nc n nh. thc v quyn lc tp trung ca nh nc qun ch
dn d n dn n s hlnh thnh ca quan nini v quyn s hu ti cao ca
n h vua i vi ton b rung t tron g nc. Thc hin quan nim ny,
D inh B Lnh sau khi ln ngi hong phong p hay phong h nng
d n cho cc tng lnh c cng nh T r n Lm, Nguyn T n , Phm H n,
P h m P h v.v... T ip sau , nh T in L thc hin vic phong p cho
c c hon g t v giao cho h cai qun a phong c p ca mnh. Mt s
q u a n chc cao cp nh T thn v Din tin ch huy s L Cng Un cng
uc phong p ng Chu,
H n na, L Hon cn s dng m t s vng tch thu c ca cc s
q u n d lm rung tch in, phc v nghi l khuyn khch sn xut nng
nghip v ly thc la a vo kho nh nc. B H i Khu - vng t lp
nghip c ca s qun T r n Lm , ng ca s qun Cnh T hc v
mt s vng khc nh B n Hi. i Sn (H N am ) v.v... u l tch in
c a n h nc. C c vng t ny u do nhng ngi b t t hay nng n
lm ngha v lao dch cy cy, ton b thu hoch thuc v nh nc.
B n cnh , mt hin tung c bia c ghi li ni thm v iu
ti y . T h e o t m b ia " C n Ni s n H n g N g h i m t bi

Vua

inh T in Hong phong L Lng - ngi ng Sn - T hanh Hta - lm

quc dch s ca qun Cu Chn, thuc i Chu, cai qun c mt vng
t rn g ln "ng n P h n ch, nam n V Long, ty n nh ni Ma

L a, bc n ln Kim Cc" Y cho con chu ng c i i lm quan coi

t y. Thc ra th vng t rng ln ny vn thuc quyn cai qun ca
dng h L Lng t trc v bn th&n ng cng l m t inh cha ln ca
a phng ny. Vic phong cp m ang ngha khng nh quyn s hu ti
cao v rung t ca nh nc mi.
R u n g t tron g nc nti chung thuc s hu ln g x. N hn dn trong
ln g, theo tp tc chia rung u cho nhau cy cy v hng nm np
th u cho nh nc. Mt s lng mi dc thnh lp bng phng thc khai
h oang , cQng theo phng thc phn chia m n g t . Tuy nhin, mt

s ni vn tn ti cc trang tri ca con chu cc vin quan h c thi

D n g hoc c c th ho a phng. Ri rc ni ny hay lng n, xut
hin rung t t hu. Qu trlnh phong kin ha c tip tc.

( 1 ) B ia c dng vo nm 1124 v uc khc li vo nm 726.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

113

Nhng iu kin ha bnh, n nh x hi gip cho ngi nng dn

phi tr i n sn xut va c thu nhp uy tr cuc sng va c th c ia
np th u cho nh nc hay cho cc quan chc, ch p. Nh nc mi cng
quan tm nhiu hn n nng nghip. Vua L, hng nm vo u x u n , vn
v a phng lm l cy tch in khuyn khch sn xut. Nh L cng
ch o vt sng knh va phc v vic lu thng va phc v s n x u t
nng nghip. Nm 1003, L Hon sai qun n no vt knh a Ci (H oa
Ci - Ngh An>, nm 1 00 9 L Long ih cho php qun dn i Chu (T h a n h
Ha) p ng, o knh vng mnh v.v .
S khuyn khch ca nh nc v s n lc ca nhn dn l m cho
nng nghip ngy cn g n nh v bc u pht trin. Ma la c c nm
987, 9 8 9 u tt
Tip ni qu trinh pht trin th cng nghip thi B c thuc, c c ngnh
ngh th cng thi inh - T n L cng ngy cng m rng hot ng.
Theo phng thc thi Dng nh nc inh - Tin L xy dng mt
s quan xng chuyn sn xut cc sn phrn th cng cn thit cho mnh.
Hinh th n h nhng xng c tin, rn v kh, may m, o, xy dng cung
in, nh ca, cha chin. Kinh Hoa L nh s c ghi : c in B ch
bo thin tu ni Di Vn, ct in d t vng bc lm ni coi chu ; pha
ng l in Phong Lu, pha ty l in T Hoa, bn t l in B n g Lai,
bn hu l in Cc Lc", ngoi ra cn c "lu i Vn, in T rng X un,
in Lng Lc lp bng ngdi bc", in Cn Nguyn v.v... Gn ng T h in
Tn, nh Dinh - Tin L cng cho xy l Knh Thin lm ni t c o tri
t .. X u n g quanh kinh thnh c tng th n h hoc xy bng gch, hoc p
bng t, . T ron g thnh cn c mt s ngi cha nh cha N ht T r , cc
kho v kh hoc kho dng hng ngy, kho thc th u v.v ..
T ron g nhn dn, cc ngh th cng c truyn nh ko t, dt la, lm
gm, rn st, c ng, lm giy u pht trin. Nh nc t n g dng
cc sn phm ca th cng nghip nhn dn lm cng phm. N gh ng
thuyn, lm vng bac xut hin nhiu ni. Trnh k thut ngy c n g
c n n g cao,
T ra o i bun bn gia cc min kh thng xuyn. Ch ba m c ln
nhiu ni gp vo vic pht trin thng nghip v cng l k h n g
nh th c lm ch t nc ca minh, t u thi inh, nh nc cho
c tin "Thi binh". Nn 984, vua L l cho c tin "Thin phc"... H oa
L, Long Bin, i La, Luy Lu v.v... tr thnh nhng trung txn bun bn.
ng s c sa p, ni lin kinh vi vng nam cng nh v ng bc.
Nm 9 8 3 , L Hon cho o con sng ni t ni ng C (Yn nh - T h a n h
Ha) n sng B Ha (Tnh Gia T h an h Ha) thuyn b cng t i li
u tin. N m 1003, L H on li cho vt knh a Ci (Ngh An). Nm 100 9,
S-CLSVN T.tp

114

I CNG LCH S VIT NAM

L Long nh cho ng thuyn ch ngi qua li trn sng V Lng v cho

o sng, p dng t ca sng Chi Long (Nga Sn - Thanh Hda) n sng
V Lng. T nm 992, L Hon sai ph quc Ng T An em 3 vn
ngi p ng t ca N am Gii (Thch H - H T n h) n chu a L
(bc Qung Bnh). Nm 1009, L Long nh li sai Phng t s H6 Th ch
em 5 0 0 0 qu n vo sa p li con ng ny.
T nm 9 76, thuyn bun nc ngoi n xin bun bn vi nc ta.
Nm 1009, L Long Dnh xin t quan h bun bn vi nh Tng, c nh
Tng cho thng thng vi chu Lim v trn Nh Hng {thuc nam Q ung
Ty, Qung ng)
Nhln chung, s pht tri n kinh t, t nng nghip cho n cng thng
nghip, di thi inh - T in L, kh u n v ngy cn g a dng N
to iu kin nng cao di sng ca nhn dn, cng c nh nc trung
ng tp quyn va n ng cao sc chin u ca nh nc inh - T i n L,

3. Cuc khng chin chng qun xm lc Tng (981)

Nm 9 7 0 , sau khi n nh vic xy ng triu nh mi, inh B Lnh
c s b san g nh Tng giao ho. C c nm 9 72, 9 7 3 , vua Dinh li c inh
Lin lm chnh s aang Tng cu phong. Vua Tng sai s sang phong
inh B Lnh lm Giao Chi qun vng v phong inh Lin lm Tnh hi
qun tit s, An Nam h. Quan h Vit - T n g din ra tt p.
Cui nm 979, hai ch a con inh B Lnh - inh Lin b m hi. Ni b
triu inh lc c, vua mi cn nh, Dc tin , nh Tng vi sai cc tng
Hu Nhn Bo, Tn Ton Hng... em qun sang xm lc nc ta.
Ma thu nm 9 8 0 , vin quan coi L n g Chu (L ng Sn) cho ngi v kinh
cp bo tin qun Tng chun bj nh xung nc ta. Dng thi hu giao
cho ph chnh L Hon t chc cuc khng chin v tip , a L Hon
ln lm vua. L Hon cng cc tng huy ng qun s cng nhn dn
khn trng chun b chng gic. Theo k ca Ng Quyn trc y, ng
sai qun tng cc nhn vng ca sng Bch ng ngn thy qun ca
gic, t m t s n qun vng bin gii ng bc v cho ngi san g nh
Tng dng s xin c lp inh T on lm vua, nhm gy th m s ch quan,
kiu ngo ca qun T n g v tng thi gian chun b ca qu n ta.
T h ng 4 nm 981, bt chp s cu phong ca L Hon, qun T n g t
ko vo nc ta th eo hai ng : o qu n ca bn H u N hn Bo,
Tn Ton Hng, T rn Khm T tin theo ng L n g Son, o qun ca
Lu Trng, Gi Thc tin v pha ca sng Bch ng. T heo k hoch
nh, khi thy qun ca gic n vng ven bin gn ca sng Bch ng
thi L Hon c qun tin ra chng c kch lit Khng nh ni qun ta,
thy qun gic buc phi r t ui

T rong lc , Hu Nhn Bo ch mi

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

115

khng thy tin tc g ca thy qun, phi c thc Tn Ton Hng - by

gi cn ng ii Hoa B (nam Qung ng - T ru n g Quc) ch tin. tin
xung, nhng Ton Hung khng chu. Hu Nhn B o nh t mnh c
qun nh xung theo ng sng Chi L n g (sng Thng). L Hon
phc binh nh tan gic, git cht H u Nhn Bo, ri nhn thng li
nh thng ln pha bc. Trn Khtn T c tin Nhn Bo cht, hong s,
ra lnh rt qun chy v nc nhng khng kp. Qun ta nh cho gic
ti bi, qu na s qun ca T r n Khm T t trn cng vi tn ch tng.
T ron g cuc quyt chin ny, hai tn tng Quch Qun Bin v Triu Phng
Hun b ta bt. Nhng tn khc nh Tn Ton Hng, Lu Trng, Gi
Thc, Vng Son chy thot v nc (sau u b x t hoc giam cho n
cht), Cuc khng chin chng qun xm lc Tng hon ton thng li. Mt
ln na, nhn dn ta bng sc chin u anh dng ca mnh, khng nh
quyn lm ch t nc, bo v vng chc nhng thnh qu u tranh v xy
dng ca t tin minh. Thng li ca cuc khng chin ging mt n nng
n vo t tng bnh trng ca vua ti nh Tng. Tn tui ca L Hon v
qun tung nh Tin L cng nh ca Dng thi hu mi mai khc su vo
lch s khng chin chng ngoi xm bo v T quc ca nhn dn ta.

4. Tnh hnh ni tr v ngoi giao thi Tin L

- Sau khi nh bi cuc xm tc c a nh Tng, L Hon b t tay vo
vic n nh tnh hlnh trong nc. Ngoi vic t chc li chnh quyn, m
m an g ng s, khuyn khch nhn dn sn xut, nh L phi lo chng li
cc cuc ni dy ca nhn dn cc vng xa, c bit cc chu pha nam.
Nm 989, qun gip Dng T in Lc c c i thu thu hai chu
i, Hoan, nhn lin kt vi m t s th linh a phng gi chu,

chng li triu inh. L Hon phi cm qun i nh dp,

Cc nm 9 9 9 , 1001, L Hon li phi em qun nh dp c c cuc ni
y ca ngi H ng, C Long (u thuc min ty Thanh Hta). Tnh
hnh tm yn tron g mt thi gian.
Nm 1008, dn hai chu Lng, V Long (thuc Tuyn Quang) ni
dy. L Long Dnh cm qun nh. Tip , nm 1009, L Long inh
li phi em qun i nh ngi chu T h ch H... (thuc H T n h).
Tinh hnh ny vn cn din ra tron g nhu nm di thi L.
- T rong cn g cuc n nh tinh hnh pha nam , nh T in L cn phi
i ph vi nhng hot ng xm ln c a Chmpa.
Nm 979, Khi inh Tin Hong v inh Lin b m hi, vua Chmpa
nghe li xi gic ca Ng Nht Khnh (ph m ca nh inh) cho thy
qun tin ra, nh xm ln vng nam i C Vit. C hng may, hm thuyn
C hm pa b bo t nh m, vua Chmpa buc phi chy v nc.

1 16

DJ CNG LCH s VIT NAM

N m 980, sau khi ln ngi, L Hon c T Mc v Ng T Canh san g

C hm p a t quan h ha hiu, nhm yn m t nam chng gic Tng. Vua
C hm p a cy th hng mnh, bt gi cc s thn.
N m 9 82, sau khi nh bi qu n Tng, L Hon quyt nh om qun
nh Chmpa, tin thng n kinh , ph hy thnh tr ri rt qun vQuan h Vit - Chm tm yn,
-

Q uan h vi nh T ng sau chin tra n h bt u ha hon, tt p. Nm

9 8 2 , 9 8 3 L Hon sai s sang T n g cu phong, t li quan h ha hiu.

N m 9 8 6 , nh Tng c s b sang phong L Hon lm Tnh hi qun lit
s, An Nam h, kinh triu qun hu. L Hon nhn tra o Lr
nh T n g hai tn tng Quch Qun Bin v Triu Phng lu n .
N m 987, nh Tng c Quc t gim bc s l L Gic san g s nc ta.
Vi thc dn tc, khng chu th u a km nc ngi, L H on c mt
nh s gii l Thun ng gi lm Giang inh, cho san g n a. R a
gia sng, L Gic nhin thy i ngng ang bi, bn ng khu ngni hai
cu th ;

Nga nga lng nga nga

Ngng din hng thin nha
N gha i

Ngng kia, ngng mt di

Nga mt nhn chn tri
Thun bnh tinh va cho va c tip :

Bch m ao ph lc thy
Hng tro bi thanh ba
N gha l

Lng trng ph nc bic

R sng, cho hng bi
L G ic va ngc nhin va khm phc v t d lun lun t ra kinh
n triu inh nh Tin L.
N am 9 9 0 , s nh Tng l Tng Co sang nc ta phong thm cho L
Hon hai ch "c tin". L Hon dn chin thuyn trn sng dn
s, sau ln b cng s thn i nga v cung. n in Minh c, L Hon
nhn s c phong nhng khng ly, ly c l va qua i nh gic b ng
nga, chn au. Trong tic th t i, L Hon li ni vi T n g Co v
vi vua Tng l

tu

t sau, khi c quc th th cho giao nhn ngay u a

gii, khng phin phi n tn kinh na. ngh ny c vua T ng

chp nhn.
N m 9 91, L

Hon sai s sang T n g p l.

Nm 9 9 3 , nh Tng sai s sang phong L Hon lm Giao Ch qun vng,

tip , nm 9 9 7 , vua Tng li phong L Hon lm Nam bnh vng

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

117

Quan h Vit - Tng tt p. Nh T in L tuy chu thn phc nh Tng,

hng nm np cng y , nhng lun lun gi vng tinh thn t ch, c lp,
Nni 1005, L Hon cht. Cc con ca L Hon tranh ch p ngi vua,
eii) qun nh ln nhau. N m 1006, vin tri Qung Chu c a nh T n g
dng s xin em qun xm lc i C Vit. Vua Tng khc t, ndi ;H
L thng vn sai con vo chu, khng thiu tru n g thun, nay nghe tin mi
cht, cha ct l th m ving vi em qun sa n g nh trong lc cd tan g,
o phi i vic lm ca ng vng g i u
t lu sau, a n ph s Thiu Vip li xin vua Tng nh chim nc ta mt
ln na nhng vua Tng vn bo : "Giao Chu c a, nu em qun sang
nh, cht hi rt nhiu, nn gi cn thn ci t ca td tng m thi.
Nm sau , vua Tng phong L L on g Dinh l Giao Ch qun vng v
c n ban cho. Long nh nhn , xin c thng thng vi vng
Hoa Nam.

5. Nh Tin L suy vong. Nh L dc thnh ip

L* Hon ch t, con l Long V it ln ni ngi mi c 3 ngy th b em l
Long Dinh g i t v cp ngi. X y ra cuc chin gia c c h o n g t v
Long nh, tra n h chp ngi vua, ko di tro n g 8 thng. Cc hong t l n
l t b g i t h o c c h u h n g p h c L o n g D in h ( t c L N g a T r i u ) .
L Long Dnh chn chnh li triu nh, t quan h vi nh T n g v em
qun i trn p cc cuc ni dy c a nhng vng xa. Tnh hinh tr li n
nh. L Long nh xoay sang n chi try lc nn m c bnh t r phi n m
' hi chu vi cc quan, Long nh li thch nhng tr hnh hnh d m an
nh t ngi, xo tht, th ngi tri sng, bt tro cy cao ri c h t
cho ngi ri xung cht. T rong cung i nui mt s ngi chuyn pha tr
nhng lc vua ni vi cc quan. Chnh s n t, lng ngi ch n n n.
Trc tinh hnh , mt s nh su chu C P hp (B c Ninh) truyn
n h a u n h n g c u s m " nti v s s p t t yu c a n h T i n L .
T h n g 11 nam 100 9, L Nga T riu cht. Dc s ng h ca c c n h s
v thpo li "sm kf", ch hu o Cam Mc cm u mt s triu th n a
t thn v in tin ch huy s L Cng U n ln lm vua.
L Cng U n l ngi chu C Php, thu nh m con nui ca nh
s L Khnh Vn, sau d n hc cha Lc T ca s Vn Hnh, Ln
ln, ng c c chi huy qun in tin, thng dn ln chc T thn v
in tin chi huy s L Cng Un l ngi va c hc, c c li bit
x s ng nn rt c triu thn nh Tin L qu trng.
L Cng U n ln ngi, xung lnh i x cho thin h, quyt nh ly
nm 1 01 0 lm nm Thun Thin th n ht. Nh L thnh lp, m t giai on
mi trong lch s b t u.

Chng V

I VIT TH K XI - XII; THl L

I.

D I N B I N C H N H T R V

T N H H N H K IN H T - X H I

1. nh d Thang Long
Ngy 2 th n g 11 nm Ki Du tc l ngy 21 th n g 11 nm 1 0 0 9 , c
th lc P h t gio ng u l s Vn Hnh cng c c triu th n ng h, L
Cng U n n ngi hong . n g thy Hoa L cht hp, kinh t nn g cng
thng cn thp km, giao thng vn ti gp rt nhiu kh khn, v tr giao

thng ca sng y gm st "khng lm ch ca vng, mun

di i ni khc", Bi vy cng vic ln u tin l di ra i La. u
nm 1 01 0 nh vua vit Chiu di . Bi chiu cd on vit: "Ch v mun
ng trung t m mu toan nghip ln, tnh k mun i cho con chu,

trn vng mnh tri, di theo dn, nu thy thun tin Ihl thay i. Cho
nn vn nc lu di, phong tc phn thnh... c ci th rng cun h
ngi. ng ngi Nam Bc, ng, Ty. l tin hng nhn sng, ta ni.
a t h rng m bng, t ai cao m thong. Dn c khi chu c n h khn
kh, ngp lt, mun vt rt mc phong ph, tt ti. X em khp t Vit
ta chi ni ny l th n g a. T h t l chn hi t trng yu ca bn phng
t nc. Cng l ni kinh bc n h t ca vng mun
T h n g 8 nm 1010, L Cng U n t Hoa L ra i La. T hu yn
di th nh thy "c rng vng hin ln thuyn ng, nhn i tn thnh
l thnh T h n g Long"^^^
L Cng Un t chc cng tru ng ln xy th n h T h n g Long. Thng

(1) (2) Oi l^t s Av on ih, ban k, q. I u l 20. bn dch ca Nxb Khoa hc x hi. p l, Ir. 241, 242.

VIT NAM {T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

119

Long thi L c chia thnh hai khu vc ring bit, c hai vng thnh bao
bc Vng thnh ngoi l La T hn h ca Cao B in c gi nguyn.
Du vt La Thnh cn li ngy nay c th phc ha nh sau: pha
ng l on sng Hng in ti H Ty, tip l on ng Hong
Hoa T h m ri chy theo b t ngn sn g T Lch t Bi n Cu
Gy li tip qua Ging V n Ch Da, K im Lin ri th n g ng
i C Vit v ng T r n Kht ChTi cho n Dng M c li gp
sng Hng, vi di khong 3 0 km. Nh vy La T h n h thi L
l vng thnh khp kn v ch yu da theo a hnh t nhin. Thnh
bng t, ngoi thnh l sng Hng, sn g T Lch v nhiu m h,

Vng thnh trong c xy p bt u t khi L Cng U n nh v

ko di trong my chc nm sau. Vng thnh trong cng ch yu c p
bng t, ngoi c ho bao quanh. T h n h m bn ca ln l ca Tng Ph
pha ng, ca Q ung Ph c pha ty, ca i Hng pha nam, ca
Di c pha bc^^ {khu vc ny u thuc qun B a nh ngy nay).
Vng thnh trong c hai khu: khu lm vic ca triu nh v khu ca
hong tht. Chim v tr trung tm v quan trng nht l in Cn Nguyn,
ni Vua v triu thn hi hp lun bn chnh s. "Bn t l in Tp Hin,
bn hu l in Ging V. Li m ca Long Phi thng vi cung Nghinh Xun,
ca an Phng thng vi ca Uy Vin. Hng chinh nam dng in Cao

Minh u ct thm rng. Trong thm rng ct hnh lang dn ra xung quanh
bn pha. Sau in Cn Ngxiyn^^^ li dng hai in Long An, Long Thy lm
ni vua nghi, bn t xy in Nht Quang, bn hu xy in Nguyt Minh,
phia sau li xy dng hai cung Thy

Long Thy lm ch cho cung n.

Nh vy thnh T h n g Long thi L trn bnh din kin trc cc cung

in c b tr theo kiu trc i xng ly in Cn Nguyn (sau gi l
in T h in An) lm trung tm nhm tng thm tnh ch t tn nghim ca
quyn lc nh vua. Vic phn chia thnh hai khu

cng c ngha

phn b it r rn g thn phn cc t n g lp c dn.

( 1 ) f)i V s ki Un ltu, sd, .l, tr. 242.

(2 ) ni> sth Vy i> ch Ih din Cn Nguyyi thi L. v sau dn Dc 'rhinh. phng I Khu H Ni.
(3) Cung Thy Hoa. cng hco T^ H ch c xy irn bsi D Quy bn h, thuc phng An Hoa, nh
l, Ihung ly ni y JAm rx)i u lm. Dn thi Trn i l Oin -m Nguyn. Nn c nay l cha
Trn a t (thuc Ba Oinh, [ Ni).
(4) C ngi cho rang ihi l. hnh ny c 3 VI^ l

Thni. Cung Thnh, Long rhnh. Xem D Vn

Ninh Thnk c yi Nam, Nxb, Kh(>a hc x hi, 1983, ir. 75 - 7 6 v M ih c Vit Nam. Nxb Khoa
hi, Ui Ni. 1985, tr. 123.

120

i)I CONG LCH s VIT NAM

Ngoi khu vc kin trc cung in ca cc vua quan, cung tn, T h n g

Long thi L cn c khu vc rng ln l cc ph phng, lng nng nghip,
th cng nghip v thng nghip.
C ng vi sng Hng rng ln vi nhiu bi ph sa vng qua phia bc v
pha ng, Thng Long cn c nhiu h m, sng nh bao quanh. H Dni
Dm (H Ty) pha bc, sng T Lch ven theo phia ty v vng xung l y
nam. S n g Kim Ngu v mt s m nh chv xui v pha nam v pha
ng thnh i La. G n sng Hng cng c h thng h m (ko di
t pha nam ch n g X u n , h Hon Kim ra khu vc By mu ngy nay).
Nm 1054, L Thnh Tng i tn nc l i Vit.

2, T c h c c h i n h q u y n , t r i u n h v c c c p d a p h n g
aj Triu dinh
N m 1010, L T h i T chuyn c c quan chc t Hoa L ra T hng L on g
th it lp m i triu nh tp trung quyn hnh vo tay hong . Cc c
quan v chc v ch yu bui u vn gi theo th thc triu inh - L.
L T hi T v cc vua tip theo u dng nhiu bin php tng cng
qu tc hda v quan liu ha dng h L, to ra mt hong tc ln nm
cc chc v ch cht ca chnh quvxi. L Thi T va ln ngi vua l ban
chc phong tc cho con chu, nhng ngi thn trong h hng cng cc
quan li c cng tn ph. Cc con c a ng u c phong l ng Chinh
Vng, Dc Thnh Vng, V Dc Vng, Khai Quc Vng... Cc Vng
u cd ph ring. Thi T cn phong cho anh lm V Uy Vng, ch
lm V o Vng, con ca V Uy Vng l T r n g Hin lm T h i y. Ngi
c cng tr gip tch cc nh Do Cam Mr c phong i Tn Ngha hAu,
ly tr ng n ca L Thi T. Cc ngi khc nh T r n Co c phong
l tng cng, Ng inh lm khu m t s, Do T h c Ph lm thi bo, Dng
Vn Hiu lm thi ph.

Lon ba vng. Ngy 1 thng 3 nm Mu Thin (1 0 2 8 ) L T hi T m t.

T riu th n n cung Long c a Thi t P h t M ln ngi hong .
B it tin ny, Dng Chinh vng Lc cng vi Dc T hnh Vng v Vo Dc
Vng ko qun ca ph minh vo Cm Thnh. ng Chinh Vong mai
phc pha trong Cm Thnh, Dc Thnh Vng v v a c Vng phc
qun ca Qung Phc, i Thi t P h t M n th nh p. P h t M t
ca T ng Ph vo n in Cn Nguyn, thy ng, lin cho qun ng
cc ca in ii v sai qun lnh b tr phng b. P h t M nhn nhng ngi
hu cn xung quanh hi: "Ta i vi anh em khng ph bc cht no. Nay

VIT N.\M (T THI NGUYN T H Y N 1858)

121

ba vng lm vic bt ngha, qun i mnh ca tin , mun mu chim

ngi bu, cc khanh ngh th no ?" - Ni th L Nhn Ngha th n g thn
tr li : Nay b a vng lm phn th l anh em hay l k th? X in cho thn
nh mt ir n quyt c thua".
Qun ba ph vn vy bc gp rt. P h t Ma liu th khng th km c,
bn giao vic nh dp cho L Nhn Ngha, L Phng Hiu. Nghla v Hiu
m ca thnh thc qun tin nh. L Phng Hiu tut gm xng th n g
n ca Q ung Phc h to: "Bn V c Vng trong bng ngm ngm
lm iu phn trc, trn qun n tin , di tri ngha ti con, P h n g
Hiu xin dng li gm ny". Ri th n g n bn nga VQ c Vng, bt
sng V c v git ti trn, Qun ba vong ph tan chy, bi git gn ht.
ng Chinh v Dc Thnh thot thn.
Ngy 4 th n g 3 nm Mu Thn (1 0 2 8 ) ng Chinh v Dc T h n h n
xin chu t. Vua tha ti cht.
B a vng n g Chinh, Dc T h n h v V c lm no lon triu
inh, ngi h on g ca P h t M nghing nga, n g ngh r n g c n phi
c kf c h t ch c c qu tc h L v tr i u th n hn na thi mi gi vng
ngi vua, tri u inh mi n nh, r t ra i th n ng C (n ay l
qun B a nh , H Ni). Ngy 2 5 th n g 3 (m lch) hng nm t t c con
chu h L, c c i th n tro n g triu chnh n i ng, treo gra gio
trc th n v ng C cng nhau uig mu n th; "lm con b t hiu,
lm ti b t tr u n g xin thn m inh git cht". Ngi no trn t r n h khng
n b pht 5 0 trng.
Sau ni lon ba vng, L Thi T n g tn g cng thm v quan. Nhng
by tAi thn tn nh L Phng Hiu, L Nhn Nghla c gi c c ch c v
ch cht tr o n g triu. Ngi thn ca c c hong hu vo nm chnh quyn
nh mt lc lung ca ni tc h L. Cha ca hong hu h Mai l Hu
lm An quc thng tng, cha ca hong hu h Vng l D lm Ph
quc Ihung tng, cha ca hong hu h inh l Ng Thng lm K hung
quc thng tng,
T hi L, ngoi thch l b phn nm ch c v ln tro n g tri u nh,
i n hnh l vic L Anh T n g dng Anh V, em ca D T h i hu.
Uy th ca V r t ln, "V li t th n g vi L T h i hu, nhn t h l
c n g kiu c n g , triu nh th th ot tay ln ting, sai bo qu an li th
h t hm ra hiu , mi ngi u lic nhau khng dm
( , t>J l'i'i nr k un i, Sdd, t., (r 318

Vo u t h

122

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

kl X I I I , chnh h T r n Hi p (T h i B n h ) li dng th ngoi th ic h

a ngxri vo nm chnh quyn ri lt nh L.
T ron g triu nh, i thn ng u hai ban vn vO l t t ng v c c
tng. T tng gi chc Ph quc thi ph vi danh hiu bnh chng
qun qiic trng s". C ngi li m an g thm danh chc trong tam thi
(thi s, thi phd, thi bo), trong tam thiu (thiu a, thiu ph, thiu
bo). C th k mt s t tng nhiu danh vng thi L nh L T h n g
K it lm T h i phd ph quc thng tng qun L o T h n h lm T h i
ph B n h chng qun quc trng s thi L Thnh Tng; T H in T h n h
gi chc Nhp ni kim hiu Thi phd bnh chng qun quc tr n g s,
(thi L Anh Tng) cng ni ting l ngi chnh trc.
Cc tng th gi chc t, hu tham tri chnh s. Di t t n g v
tng l cc hnh khin c gi th m danh hiu '^nhp ni hn h k h i n
ng tru n g th mn h binh chng s". Cc hnh khin phn nhiu iy
trong h ng ng hon quan.
T tng, tng v hnh khin l cc quan chc nm tron g cd quan
gi l "m t vin" (bao gm trung th snh v mn h snh).
Di b phn tru ng khu l 6 b, c c snh, cc vin. S ch Lch triu hin

chng loi ch cd gh: "Bn vn thl c b thng th, t hu th a m tri, t

hu gin ngh v tru n g th th lang. Thuc quan thi cd tru n g th tha,
trung th x nhn. (Li ct) b th lang, t hu ty lang trung, th n g th
snh vin ngo lang, ng ty cp mn s, t hu phc tm , n thng
th, ph sl s, in hc sl, hn lm hc>c sl, v i phu, th gia cc ha, thc
trc lang, tha tn lang". "V ban thi c thng, nguyn soi, t n g qun,
khu m t s, khu mt t hu s, t hu kim g, thng tng, i tng,
tng tng qun c c v, ch huy s, v v ha
Ri rc s sch c cn gh Dit s quan chc nh i lu ban, th n vng
ban, mnh t v trl
Hin nay kht m xc nh c th hm chc, phm t r t v nhim v ca
tng quan chc thi L. Nhln chun g thl m hnh t chc trn ngy c n g
c cng c, c bit thi L Nhn Tng (1 0 7 2 - 1127).

b) C hinh quyn a phng cc cp

Va mi ln ngi, L Thi T chia li c c khu vc hnh chTih

trong

(1) Phan Huy Ch, UcH tru hin chng o i ch, bsn dch ca Nxb s hgc, H Ni. 1961, quyn II, ir. 7
(2) D^

s k ton thu, Sd, l.I, tr. 2^5. J Qu Dn Ton tp, tp

i\ ir. 110.

u {Kiin vn tiu

/wc), bn dch d

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

123

nic, i 10 o thi inh - L thnh cc l v pk. n u i L Nhn

Tng, trn a bn c nc c 24 ph - I'V Di ph l huyn, v di
huyn l h.ang^^^. y l cng cuc ci t hnh chnh ct quy m ln, gdp
phn quan trn g trong cng cuc qun i ton din t nc, to nn sc
mnh cho Nh nc h L, cho quc gia i Vit tp tru ng hn.
Chu C Php - qu hng h L - i thnh ph Thin c, vng c
Hoa L th n h ph T rng Yn, i trn Triu Dng thnh chu Vlnb
An. Nm 1 0 3 6 i Hoan Chu thnh chu Ngh An v i Chu thnh ph
T hanh Ha.
Cn c vo D d a ch (ca Nguyn T ri, th kl XV) v i Nam nht

thng chi (t h ki X IX ) c th bit c v tr mt s l, ph, chu sau:

+ L Hi T h an h nay thuc Nam nh, Thi Binh ; l T r n g Yn nay l
Ninh B nh ; ph L Nhn nay thuc vng t H Nam.
+ Ph P h Lng sau i l chu Thi Nguyn nay l T h i Nguyn;
chu V L c nay l B c Cn.
+

Chu Ngh An (sau i l ph) gi l t tri tng ng vi vng

Ngh - Tnh.
+ Ph T h a n h Ha cng gi t tri, nay l tnh Thanh Ha.
+

Chu

C hn Dng l

vng Ph Th.

Chu

n g v chu

Khoi l tinh Hng Yn,

+ Chu Hng nay l tinh Hi Dong v Hi Phng.

+

Chu

Vnh An nay l tnh Qung Ninh.

Chu

(sau gi l l)

Quc Oai l vng H Ty.

+ Do L m Ty l vng Ty Bc.
+ L n g Thin bao gm kinh T h n g Long l vng H Ni v mt
phn t pha nam H Ni thuc tinh H Ty.
+ L B c G ian g l cc tnh B c N inh v B c Giang.
+

L L n g Giang l vng Lng S n v phn huyn Lng Giang, Lc

Nam, Lc N gn ca B c Giang.
+ Chu L m Bnh l tinh Qung Bnh.
+

...

C ch gi l, ph, chu khng th n g n h t l o kiu th c qun l v

c h n h sch c a triu inh i vi t n g vng dn c v a l c khc
(1 ) Mi s hc gi Vii Nam hc ngUi Nhi Bn cho rng Ihi L cha c l. Xin ghi l<;u Jy tham kho.
(2 ) C li lij ghi chp hng icmg ong huyn C h nhu vy, v ng (lilu hong l iui x quan (hm
ng - lc phm).

124

I CONG LCH s V I T NAM

nhau. ng b ng sng H ng th c gi l ] hay ph. m in ni ihi

gi l chu hay o Chnh sch ca n h L i vi m in ni ni chung,
l nng nh, "rn g buc (ki m) l ch vu. V ng t x a kinh nh
T h a n h H a v Ngh An th lc u gi chu, sau gi l ph, cn gi l
t r n , tr i. N hng cch gi kh c nhau (ph, , trn, dOj ch u } th hin

t i n h c h t tp t r u n g c N h nc c h a t h t trit d.
ng u ph, l l tri ph, phn ph (c ti liu ghi l th n g phn^^'*.
Mi ph H, chu) bao gm nhiu huyn. Ngi ng u n v hnh chnh
cp huyn - nhiu t! liu ghi l qun^^^ thng c gi l huyn lnh.
Huyn bao gm nhiu hng, kinh th gi l giai (hay nhai) min
n th gi l sch hay dng. T h n g L on g thi L c 61 giai, phn b ch
yu quanh vng h Dm m. Tng truyn cc giai H Khu, Nghi T m ,
Ngha , Nhc Cng xut hin vo thi d. C c hng p nng thn
thng bao gm mt s lng xm. Mt s lng qu do mt s dng ho c
tr v qun li. Chng hn nh Lu Gia Thn, cn goi l Lu X , (x Canh
T n , H ng H, Thi Bnh) l lng ca h Lu.

c) H thng tng quan

Lc lng P h t gio rt ln, cng v sau cng pht t r i n

P h t gio

ng ngi li c rung t ring, khng th khng ct t c h c tham gia

chnh quyn trung ng v cc a phng Cc vua L k tha t chc
t n g quan thi Dinh - L. Dy l t chc c tnh cht tn gio, lin quan
c h t ch vi h thng nh nc. Mt s t n g s c o cao, c hc vn uyn
bc c nh vua tn trng, coi nh l thy thl c phong Quc s.
Quc s y khng phi c c vn chnh tr, m ch l ngi gip nh
vua hiu bit v o ngha P h t gio. Sau Vn Hnh l cc v V in Chiu,
T h n g Bin, Vin Thng, Khng L c ban hiu qu6c s. H th n g tng
quan l t chc c o ca triu L. Nd khng phi t chc hnh o
vi cc chc v nh ha thng, i c, yt ma

V. V. .

T a n g q u an tru L

( ) Xcm Th vn ~Trn, Sd. lp I. Ir 374.

(2) Vin bia N ^ n ^ Son l.'mh Xtt^ t ht minh v

N^him Oin Thih hi minh

Ihiic Thanh

Uii ghi O') mi cp hnh chini l quAn nh .|Un cifu ChAn irlin I hilh Ma Sich Thiti iyn

(p ath c6 ghi lOn 4 qun i qun 'rhurig lisc (ngay sch n c

I;,I ghi l huyn 'iht.ng Uk*)

qun M liing (C'h(Jng M, Ui Tay), qun Nh NguyCl (Yn Phong, lt.' Ninh) v qun Mn l);u.
'IC^ cc li liu t r ^ hi qun cng l huyn. 'luy nhiOn. vAn bin Siuit; Nihim Dicn Th/ih l.i ghi
irung hp "ftng thng phn Chu A'ing . rm I Mi. niCn luCu Hi lung [a Khri ih 6 ( l i 5 )
ti gi tiun ph tuyn hrtng !Tnh cc vic quan cu ca 5 uyCn 1 ngun trn TKnnh Ha'* {T h Vn

L -Tr, lp I. tr. 374 -3 7 5 ). Nhu v)', dy

dAy hn dc thm kho.

c kh ni^ng ln hn huyn. ('hng Ci xin ghi l

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y DN 1858)

125

l nhng ngi gip cho nh vua qun l cc tn g v m t hnh chnh,

ng thi trn th c t cng l ngi bo v quyn li ca P h t gio.
3. Q u n d i t h i L
Qun i thi Lv c qun triu inh, thng gi l Cm qun (qu n ng
kinh thnh ) v quftn cc a phng gi l l qun hay sng qun (qun
ph, chu) ngoi ra cn c lc lng dn binh l hng binh n g bng
v th binh min ni. Dy l ]c lng dn chng v tran g c ng
vin tro n g thi chin chin u trong a phng hng p.
Nh L c bin php qun l h tch v kim k nhn khu kh c h t ch
d tuyn binh lnh. y chnh l co s xc nh qun hng. T h e o nh
hng nm , vo ma xun, cc x quan phi lp h tch ca x m inh k
khai n hn s xp thnh tng hng l tn th t (ngi trong h vua), quan
vAn, quan v, quan theo hu, qun nhn, tp lu, hong nam (inh nam
n tui tr ng thnh), long lo (gi yu), ngi tn tt, ngi xiu tn.
Nh nc da vo qun s do cc hng k khai lm chun nh. Theo
quy nh th t t c inh nam t 18 tui tr ln u c bin vo cun s
mu vng thi c gi l hong nam, 2 0 tui tr ln gi l i hong
Nh nc tim cch qun l ch t ch s nh trn g trong nc - cd s
nhn lc tu y n b qun ng v sai dch. Nh nc cn ra lut c m nui
t n v nh ng ngi n tui hong nam , ai mua bn hong nam, c h e giu
i hong nam thi b nghim tr.
Theo lu t ny, nh nc t tt c cc dn inh n tui tr n g th n h
vo loi ngi chu binh dch v tin hnh tuyn bnh

Tuy nhin, tro n g

thi bnh, nh nc ch tuyn dng mt s lng nh inh tr n g n h t inh

sung vo qun ng canh phng v luvn tp. Ngoi ra s cn li thi ghi
tn vo s qu n , lc thng nh luyn tp, khi cn s c chiu s gi
vo qun ngQ, P h a n Huy Ch ghi: "i c, ngi trng tuyn thl su n g vo
qun ng, ngi hng km th bin vo s, cd vic mi gi ra, nin h n lu
chng c le khng nht nh'*^^\
Nhng ghi ch p ca s c nh tr n cho bit vo bui u, n h L c
khong vi ch c (mi 100 ngi) v v qun (mi qun 2 0 0 ng).
Dy t nhng *'Thin t binh" trong c c n v bo v cm thnh. Cn qun
c a c c a phng cha k n. " i Vit s k ton th c ghi s kin
phn nh gin tip s qun ca nh L vo gia th k X II nh sau : N m
11 61 , khi t nc trong ha binh, "L Aih Tng sai tng T Hin

( I ) (2) t^han luy Ch, ^ch iriu hrt chng h( cht bn dch ca Nxb s hc. 1961. q.IV. ir. 16.

126

I CONG LCH s VIT NAM

T h n h v ph tng An Di em 2 vn qun i tun tiu c c ni ven

bin m i n Ty Nam gi yn ci xa". Qun s nh trn khng phi l it,
gi s nu c ch bng 1/4 s qun tron g c nc t.h tng s q u n thng
tr c phi ti 7 - 8 vn ngi.
thi L, qun i Di V it c hai b phn l qun b v qun thy.
T r o n g qun b, ngoi b binh l ch yu cn c c c binh ch n g k binh,
tng binh, lnh cung n v.v... qun thy c nhng hm th u y n ln
th n h tho thy chin, kinh thnh c khu ging tp binh php c ni
hun luyn v th u t, cung n.
P h in ch v t chc qun i thi L kh c o. Tng S c ghi "Thi
Duyn K hnh l tri chu t Hot, thng hc c php t ch c qun
i ca An Nam, bt chc quy c h chia ra tng b phn, chia chnh binh,
cung tin ph nhn m on lm 9 ph. Hp trm i chia ra l m t, hu,
tin , hu 4 b. M i c tr chin (ng qun nh), th c chin (i
nh) khc nhau. Tng no cng c lch b, qun k, kh gii, Vua T h n
T n g (N h T6ng) khen phi". L Qu n bnh lun thm "y binh php
ca n h L (nc ta) c triu Tng (T ru n g Quc) b t chc nh
Thi L l thi u tin thc hin chnh sch "Ng binh nng". S gia
thi trc chp v chnh sch ny l Ng Thi Si v sau t l P h a n Huy
Ch, C c t c gi b i Vit s k ton th v Vit s thng g i m cng

mc cp qu 3 lc. T rong b Di Vit s k, Ng Thl S vit: "Di xa

gi qun lnh vic lm rung phc vic nguy him vo ni th u n tin...
(B in h c h bui u nh L... em (qun lnh), chia phin v lm ngh nng
m t nhc v nhn h c chia u, vic cp lng c gim bt. V
sau thay i b t thng. n nay li b t u theo c h c, l chnh
sch t t ca (L) T hn T n g khi mi cm quyn'.
T ron g phn "Binh ch chl" ca sch Lch triu hin chong loi ch, Phan
Huy Ch cn vit trong mc: "L nui binh v cp tut". "Di L ngoi binh
khng ct lng, c lun phin n canh, ht phin canh cho v nh cy cy
trng tr t t cp. Nh T rn theo php nh L ... binh cc o u chia
phin v nh lm rung cho tn lng... Php nui binh thi L s i
theo php ng binh nng ca cc thi L - T rn khng phi cp lng
bng"^^^. Chnh sch ng binh nng vi ni dung kt hp c h t ch" "binh
v nng" l mt c ch qun s c th nghim tron g thc ti n x hi
n t h ki XV,
(1) u Qu Dn

i loi ng. bn dich Nxb Vn ha, H Ni 1962, T.:, Ir. 231 -2 3 2 , i j 114.

(2) Phan Huy Ch: L ich

trang 20.

triu h in chng loi c h r , sch d dch ca Nxb s hc. Fl

NOi, 1961, T IV

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

127

4. P h p l u t
Thi Ng, inh, L, Nh nc cha cd mt h thng php lut. n nm
1042 L T h i T n g sai tru n g th san nh lut lnh, chn chinh cho thch
dng vi thi th, chia ra mn loi, bin thnh iu khon lm th n h sch

Hinh th ca mt triu i, cho ngi xem d hiu - s ch lm xong

xung chiu ban hnh, dn ly lm
Theo L Qu n trong Di Vit thng s (Ngh vn ch) thi H nh th
i L Thi Tng gm c ba quyn, by gi tht truyn. Tuy khng c
bit Hnh th thi L, nhng qua nhng php lnh c chp li tr o n g s
c, ch n g t a cng c th thy r tnh ch t ca php lut thi L.
Ngay sau kh ban b Hnh th, vua L quy nh th l chuc ti.
Nhng ngi gi trn 70 tui, tr con di 15 tui, ngi c nhc tt,
nhng ngi h nh vua v c cng ln nu phm ti c th chuc bng
tin, tr phm ti thp

Nm 1 07 1, li quy nh thm l ngi c

np tin chuc ti, phi ty theo ti nn g hay nh m bt np tin nhiu

hay t khc nhau.
bo m tuyt i tnh mnh ca nh vua, nm 1150 L Anh Tng
h lnh cxn hon quan khng c t tin vo cung cm, ngi no
phm ti th b ti cht, k no canh gi khng cn thn cho ngi khc
vo cung, cng b ti cht. Cc triu quan khng c i li vi cc vng
hu trong cm inh, khng hi hp 5 - 3

ngi bn bc, ch bai, khng

c qua li hnh lang kh gii ca qun Phng Quc v t c l qun

cm binh th n tn bo v nh vua, ai phm ti b nh 8 0 tr n g v
chu ti . Ngi no vo trong hnh lang y th b x t. Ngay c qun
phng v, c chiu ch mi c cm kh gii, nu khng c chiu ch m
cm v kh i qua pha ngoi hnh lan g cng b x t. Vua L dng
nhng cc hnh tn khc git nhng ngi chng i vi n h vua. Nm
1035, Dnh T h n g i tng l Nguyn Khnh, cng vi thng Dm Toi
T rn g , nh s h H6 v cc em vua l bn T h n g Cn, Thi Phc, toan
ot ngi vua Nguyn Khnh v nh s h H u b c t tht rc xng
ch Ty.
(1) Oi i^i s k ton ihu, bn dch d dn, T.l. Jr. 271.
(2) Cc ti thp c: 1) Mu phn lm nguy x tc, 2) Mu di nghch lA phA hy tftn midt oing khuyi, 3)
Mu bn nghch l ni loyn theo gic, 4) c nghch l otnh git Ong b cha m. 5) Ri to t gt ngui
v li... 6) Di hi kinh l dng cc dng dnh rieng cho vua, irm v giA mo n vua... 7) Bt hiu l
mng chi hay khsng tang ng b cha me... 8) B tnc l nh git nhng ngi Ihn ihuOc gn, 9)
Bi<l ngha l an gidl quAn, Ir gi ihy. linh git ling... 10) Ni lon l Ihtng dAm vi h hng Ihn
Ihuc, thip ca Ong cha.

128

DI CONG LCH s VI^r NAM

P h p lut nh L cn bo v ngun thu nhp ca nh nc, d c l

bo m dn dinh l sc lao dng ch yu m nh nc s dng. Nm

1 14 6, vua ra inh cho bch quan, qun gip, ch , kh tuyn lnh
b s u n g cho cm qun phi chn nhng h ln tc l nhng h nhiu ngi,
khng c v nhng ngi c c, ai lm tri s b tr ti
T h l v vic thu thu cng c quv nh r. Cc quan li thu thu
ca n h n di, ngoi mi phn ng vo kho nh nc, c thu r i n g ml
phn gi l "honh

K no thu qu s y th b khp vfio ti n

trm . T r o n g nhn n, nu c ai t co vic lm thu y, th c min lao

dch b a nm, ngi kinh thnh co gic th c thng. Nu qu n gip,
ch v ngi trng th u thng ng vi nhau thu qu l, tuy lu ngy
m cd ngi co pht th tt c cng b ti nh nhau. Kh ti thu th u la,
nu n l ly la ca nhn dn th c mi thc la pht 100 trng; mt
tm l a n trn 10 tm th theo s tm, thm phi dch 10 nm.
P h p lut thi L phn nh r s phn bit ng cp x hi. Dng cp
qu t c quan liu c hng nhiu c quyn, ngay c tra n g phc, nh
c a c n g phn bit vi nhn dn. Th trong cc bch t c cc khng c
c h t o nhng dng kiu nh quan bn ra cho dn gian. Con ci dn
gian khng c bt chc cch tr a n g sc trong cung.
T n g lp n t c<5 a v thp km nht. Php lut quy nh r n g n t
khng c ly con gi ca dn gian. T n khng c xem minh nh cSm
qun xftm hnh rng, ngi no phm th b sung cng. N t n h vng
hu v bch quan khng c cy t h nh p qun dn, nu pham cm
thl ch phi ti , cn n bc thi b sung cng.
P h p lut nha li phn nh v chp nhn 3 xut hin ch (l \ hiu
rung t. Anh Tng quy nh php chuc rung v nhn rung, rung
cm trong 2 0 nm c chuc, tranh nhau rung t tron g vng 5 nm
hay 10 nm th c quyn kin. C rung vn hoang ngi khc ft cy
cy, tr a n h nhn li khng c qu mt nm, ai lm tri b 8 0 trung.
R u ng bn on c kh c th khng c chuc, ai tr i cng b 8 0
trng. T ranh nhn rung ao m dng binh kh nh ngi t thng cng
b 8 0 trng, x ti v em rung ao tr cho ngi t thng.
bo m sn x u t nng nghip, vic git tru b c quy nh cht
ch ai git tru b khng ng quy nh b x nng. Linh ngoi i p
(1) Theo K iin vn tiu c ca LC Qu )n. qun gip, ch v ngu (hu iHs ngui mi phn Iin
Ihu doc ly m phn mui lm bng lc gi l "hoinh du, Ng Thi S chp rng 'M(wnh tl.lu
cng nh Ih l thu thu riu [jC, ngCi lin ihu, c lin giy h**

V IT NAM (T THI NGYN TH Y N 1858)

129

chp r n g ngi n trm b cht ht ngdn chn, ngn tay. Nm 1043, nh

vua nh rn g ngi no trm la m ca ci ca bch tinh ly c ca
th nh 100 trng. Khng ly c c a m lm b thng ngi th b ti
lu. Qun lnh cp ca ci ca dn b nh 100 trng v thch 3 0 ch.
thi L cd c quan chuyn trch x n, gim st hnh ngc. D l c
quan b Hlnh v thm hnh vin, thng l cc tng kim nhim. Vn bia

Sung Thin din linh cho bit vo thi L Nhn Tng c Ngiyi Cng B t
lm hinh b thng th v L Bo cng lm ng tri thm hnh vin s.
Mt i ln vua cng trc tip x t x. Chng hn vo thng 7 nm 1065,
vua L ra in Thin Khnh x t kin. Mi khi c dp l hi, cu o,
thi tit thay i, khi mi ln ngi

V. V. .

nh vua ra lnh chn t, gim nin

hn hay th a bt t Am hu hnh lu t cng l iu kin lm quan. Nm

1077, nh L t chc thi i vin tuyn chn quan i; vi ba mn thi:
th (vit ch) ton v hnh lut.
Vo thi L Anh Tng, triu inh c t hm bng ng thu nhn
th oan. Nhng sau Anh V chng l[ bin php nky^^\

Hnh th v cc lut lnh khc ra i cng vi s tn ti c quan hnh

b v thm hinh vin ring bit l bc tin trong t chc qun \i c a nh
nc thi L. C th cho rng hiu lc ca n hy cn hn ch.

5. Chnh sch di vi cc dn tc thiu s min ni

Nh L tuy c gng xy dng chnh quyn tp trung, t chc c
mt b m y hnh chnh t tru ng ng n cc a phng vng ng
bng sn g Hng, nhng cc vng xa, nht l min ni, nh hng ca
triu inh vn cn cha su m, riu inh vn cha chi phi b my hnh
chnh a phng. Chnh quyn cc chu huyn mn ni thc t vn nm
trong tay t n g lp thrtng tr ng a phng nh cc t trng cc sch,
c c ng ch a truyn con ni. Cc vua L dng chnh sch rng buc"
t n g lp th n g tr min ni v khi cn thit cng phi dng bin php tr n
p bng lc lng qun s bo v s thng nht ca t nc.
Mt tro n g nhng chnh sch rng buc t n g lp thng tr m in ni
vua L ng quan h hn nhn li ko cc chu mc, t trng c th
lc. L C ng U n g con gi cho t trng ng Gip Lng Chu (mt
phn B c G ian g v Lng Sn ngy nay) l Gip Tha Qu. Th a Qu

(I)

uc 0 .3 , l 6b. hn dch T, ir. 147

9-CLSVN T.tp

130

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

i ra h T h n v c lm chu m c L n g Chu. Con T h a Qu i T h n

Thiu T hi ni cha tip tc lm chu mc L n g Chu v nm 1 0 2 9 ly cng
cha B n h Dng, con L T h i Tng. Con trai ca Thiu T h i v cng cha
B nh Dng l T h n o Nguyn^^^ li ly cng cha Thin Thnh. Nm
1036, T hi T ng g cng cha K im T hnh {Vit S lc chp l K hnh
T h n h ) cho chu mc Phong Chu (vng Ph T h v Sn T y c) l L
T h u n Tng; g cng cha Trng Ninh cho chu mc chu Thng Oai l
H T h in Ltn.
T h i T n g li ly con gi ca o i Di D ng Chu lm phi. T h n h
T n g g con nui l cng cha Ngc Kiu (vn l con gi P h n g Cn Vng
L N h t Trung) cho chu mc chu Chn ng h L. N m 1082, N hn
Tng li g cng cha Khm T h n h cho chu mc chu V Long (Chim
Ha, Tuyn Quang) l H Hng Tng.
Mi r n g buc t trn c s hn nhn gia nh c t c dng tch
cc li ko c nhiu t trng gn b<5 vi t nc vi triu inh. Thc
t, chnh quyn cc chu min ni vn l t tr, cc t trng, cha truyn
con ni lm tri chu. Cc chu mc ch phi cng np lm sn hay khong
sn t lng thn phc. Chnh chu m c h H V Long cng gdp
nhiu cng sc cho cng cuc khng chin chng Tng. Vn ba Sng Phc

t bi m inh cn ghi "Nm t mo nin hiu T h i Ninh (1 0 7 5 ), thn ph thi

ph (H H ung Tng) chnh n vng s, nh sang i B c, vy thnh Ung
cho b gii; b t v tng, dng t binh... c nh vua ban hu Hu
ban on luyn
V o gia t h k X II, ng T Minh t trng ngi.' T y ph Ph
Lng <ly cng cha Thiu Dung) cng l trung thn ca nh L. T ron g
nhng nm 4 0 ca th k ny Dng T Minh c L Anh Tng tin cy
giao cho nhim v cai qun cc kh ng vng T Lang, Qung Nguyn
(Cao B n g ). T h n g 9 nm 1145, m Hu Lng vin tng Tng em
qun t Q ung T&y xm nhp vo lnh th nc ta b Dng T Minh cng
nhn dn bin gii nh tan. Sau trn ny, qun T n g thi quy ph "nh
y nhn dn m t di bii gii c yn
vng bin gii pha bc cn cd Hong Lc. n g qu x Lng Dnh,
huyn Thng L a n g (Cao Bng) l t trng mt vng t tng i giu
(1) y theo Vit s lc, q. 2, tr.l3. Mng Kh bi dm ca Thm Hot chp l Cnh n g (Q.2). Tc

tu tri thng gim un$ bin (q. 279, tr. lla ) ca L Do chp l Cnh Phc.
(2) Th vn L -7>art, Sd. tp I. tr. 324 -3 30.
(3) Quc s qun Iriu Nguyn. i ^am nh thng ch (bn dch) Nxb khoa hc xfihi.H Ni. 1971,
ir.IV , ir.l66.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y DN 1858)

131

s t bin gii. Huyn Thng Lang thng b qun Tng Q ung Ty

xm nhp quy ri lin min, n g tuyn chn inh trn g tro n g vng
n h t a n q u n T n g . H o n g L c c v u a L p h o n g l An B n
tng qun^^\

6. Cuc ni dy ca Nng Tr Cao

T ro n g cc cuc ni dy ca cc dn tc m in ni, thl cuc ni dy ca
Nng T r Cao chu Qung Nguyn ! ln h&i.
Chu Qung Nguyn thuc a phn tnh Cao B n g ngy nay (n i
L i ra chu Qung yn, nhng cd l Q ung Nguyn thi L in hn
Q ung Uyn by gi). y l mt vng rt nhiu khong sn, ni tin g nht
i vng. Chnh v th t th k X I nh L Vit Nam v nh Tng T ru n g
Quc u lun lun n vng ny.
Du i L, Nng Tn Phc qu ng Tng c .n , chu T h ch An
(Thch An, Cao Bng), lm th lnh chu T h n g Do (vng T ru n g Thng,
Cao Bng ). E m Tn Phc l th lnh chu Vn Nhai (V Nhai, L n g Sn),
em v l ng o th lnh chu V Lc (B c Cn). H ng nm, h Nng
np cng cc sn vt a phng cho vua L. Nm 1038, Tn Phc ni dy,
khng chu cng cho vua L, t xng l Chiu Thnh hong , phong cho
v l A Nng lm Minh c hong hu, phong cho coi M T r T hng lm
Nam N ha Vng, sm sa v kh, xy dng thnh trl, i chu Q ung Do
thnh nc 'T r n g S in h .
N m 1039, th lnh T y Nng (vng Thi Nguyn) l H Vn T rin h bo
tin Nng Tn Phc ni dy chng tru nh L. L T h i Tng giao cho
Khai H ong Vng coi mi vic, t mnh em qun i trn p T r o n g bi
chiu "Bnh Nng"', L Thi T ng vit: ... h Nng i ny qua i khc
cng gi yn b c c phong, hng nn np u cng phm. Nay, Tn
Phc cn r, t tn t i, tim xng v hiu, ban hnh chnh lnh t tp
qun ong kin, lm hi dn bin thy.

v th, tr m cung knh thi hnh

mnh tri trch pht

Tn Phc vo rng ni, vua L cho qun ui theo bt c T n Phc,
v con trai l T r Thng. V l A Nng v con l T r Cao chy th ot n
vng Li Ha. Vua L san phng thnh tr c a Tn Phc, gii Tn Ph c v
T r T hng v T h n g Long chm ch Kinh .
(1) Quc s qun iriu Nguyn. iVamnhtthngch, bn dch ci Nxb Kh<ia htxxa hi.
l.IV. ir. 403 ...
(2 ) lirt v\nl.- VrtTU Sd, lp l. ir.245.

Ni. 1971.

132

DI CONG LCH s V IT NAM

N m 1041, A Nng v T r Cao t Li Ha tr v chu T h n g Do chiu

tp qun chng cc ni, xy dng nc "Di Lch" chng li nh L. T h i
T n g sai tng em qun i nh T h n g Do, bt c N ng Tr Cao
em v T hn g Long. Dng chnh sch mua chuc i ko, vua L tha cho
T r Cao v phong lm chu mc Q ung Nguyn, li thm vo bn ng Li
Ha, Bnh, An, B v ch T Lang (H Lang, Cao Bng). Nm 1 0 4 3 , T hi
T n g gia phong cho T r Cao chc thi bo.
Nhng danh tc khng dp t t c ca T r Cao. Nm 104 4, "thi
bo" Nng T r Cao v T hn g Long, c l l xem xt tinh hnh. Sau 4
nm t tp lc lng, Tr Cao li ni dy ng Vt c, vua L sai thi
y Quch Thnh Dt tn cng, nhng khng c. T r Cao li chim c chu
An D c thuc tnh Qung Ty (T ru n g Quc) lm cn c a, xy dng nc
Nam Thin" nin hiu l Cnh Thy, pht ng cuc chin tr a n h chng
vng triu Tng. Nm 1050, ch huy s U ng Chu l KI Bn em qun i
nh T r Cao, b T r Cao bt sng. V khng th cng mt lc chng li
c hai vng triu L v Tng, nn T r Cao quyt nh trong n h t thi xng
th n vi vua Tng th K Bn v, a biu xin np cng, nhng vua Tng
c tuyt, ly c l T r Cao thuc Giao Chi, vic m T r Cao cn g
cng quyt chng Tng.
N ng Tr Cao em qun nh ph Qung ng, Qung Ty. Q u n Tng
ch n g c khng ni. Vng An T h ch ni r tinh trn g ny tro n g bi Qu

Chu Tn thnh ki: ''Nng T r Cao lm phn phng Nam, r a vo 12

chu (ch vng Lng Qung) quan li ng u 12 chu d c k cht, k
sng, nhng khng mt ai g c thnh"^^^N m 1053, vua Tng c ch T h an h lm tuyn ph s i nh T r Cao
T h a n h hp qun vi T n Min, D Tinh tin nh T r Cao

Q u n Dch

T h a n h vt qua i Cn Ln, T r Cao em qun chn nh, ha bn gip

chin ph Quy Nhn. T r Cao th t b, ko qun v thnh U ng Chu, t
doanh tri, rt qun ra khi thnh, chy v Di L {Vn Nam) ri b bt.
Khi bt u th t b, T r Cao c sai Lng Chu sang nh L cu vin.
T h i T ng lc ny li mun kim c h th lc ca qun Tng, nn sai
ch huy s l V Nh em qun cu vin T r Cao, nhng vn t h t bi. A
N ng chy v o c Ma (nay l Vn Sn Vn Nam) cng vi Nng H
K h a n h t tp tn qun hn 3 ngn ngi ni dy. D Tnh em qun tp
( J ) Vong An Thch.

.m

Xuyn tn sinh

vn ip,

lc Kinh, 'lmng

hu cc, 1959.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y DN 1858)

133

kch vo c Ma, bt c A Nng, em T r Cao l T r Q uang v hai

con

ca T r Cao l K Tng v K Phong em v kinh Tng.

V ich s u tranh v bo v T quc, trong c cng cuc xy dng
v gi vng bin gii, mt trong nhng cng lao ln ca nh. L l ra

sc cng c u bo v vng ch&c min bin gii p h a bc (Vit B c v ng

Bc). Nh L a vn dng chnh sch va mm do va kin quyt nn
thnh cng tro n g cng vic li ko, r n g buc cc th lnh Ty. H cng
vi triu nh bo v v gi vng ton vn cng th pha bc ca T quc.

7. Chin tran h vi Ch&mpa

Sau cuc t n cng ca L Hon, triu nh Chmpa quyt nh di
vo Vigiaya (T r B n , Bnh nh). Mt triu i mi ra i.
Khi triu L bt u thnh p, C hm pa c sai s sang cng (1 0 1 1 ).
Nhng n n m 1020, L T hi T sai con l Khai Thin Vng v t ng
o T h c P h vo nh B Chnh.
Nm 10 4 4, L Thi Tng em qun tin vo kinh ca C hm pa l
Vigiaya (.Tr B n , Bnh nh) git vua Chm l X u, bt 3 0 voi, 5 .0 0 0
ngi, ch m git n 3 vn ngi, bt nhiu cung nhn v v n, B th t
bi nng n, C hm pa b ngoi phi th n phc, cng np nh L, nh ng bn
trong li c n g mun nh L bo th. Vo nhng nm 50 vua C hara l
Rudravartnan III (s ta chp l C h C), thng khiu khch i V it, ra
sc chun b V qun s ch thi c nh i Vit.
T nm 1 0 6 5 , Ruravarm an III c t t hn quan h vi Di Vit. c
nh T ng ng h, Rudravarm an II I c n g kbiu khch i Vit. Nm 1 0 6 8 ,
qun C hm x m ln bin gii, vt b in tin vo Ngh An. D ng thi vi
vic quy ph bin gii, vua Chm cn c s on sang nh Tng cu phong.
Chnh t t n g nh Tng l Vng An Thch ra k hoch li ko C him
Thnh v C h n Lp phng Nam vo cuc xm lc Vit N am . Vng
An T h ch vit: "Chra Thnh v Chn Lp c huyt th vi Giao Chi (va
Tng) cn sai s Ha Ngn Tiu v Lu S m bn bun bin dm ba ngi
i d vua c c nc ny cng tham d vo vic (nh Giao Ch), c n g hip
lc vi Vng s (chi qun Tng) cng tho. Sau khi bnh nh s phong
thng tc"^*^
Vo cui nhng nm 60, tnh hnh tr nn nghim trng, dp nguy
phng N a m , phng ha phng BCj L T h n h T n g quyt nh nh
Chmpa. Ngy 24 thng 2 nm 1069, Thnh Tng h chiu thn chinh.
(1) Li Do, Tc U tr ing ^m STUn^ bin, q. 271, ir. 16b: Vutng An Tich Lm Xuyn tin st vn

ip, sch d dn, ir. 504.

134

I CONG LCH s V IT NAM

Qun s ln ti 5 vn, ton i ng thy, s thuyn n vi t r m . T r o n g

cuc x u t chinh ny, L Thng K it lm i tng qun i tin phong v
kim ch c nguyn soi.
Kt thc chin tranh, vua Chm Rudravarm an III phi c t 3 chu B
Chnh, D a L, Ma Linh (Qung B n h v B c Q ung Tr) cho n h L
c t h a v.

II. KINH T I VIT THI L

1. Nng nghip

a) Cc hnh thvtc s hu rung t

-R u n g t thuc nh nc.
Rung quc k h u dn din. S c ca ta hu nh khng gh th u t ng
quc kh, nhng trong sch An N am ch nguyn (phn cng ph) c vit
thi L - Trn c hai th cng in, "ct quc kh in v thc ao in".
Theo ngha en quc kh in l rung ca nh nc m hoa li thu hoch
c d tr trong kho ca triu inh dng ring cho nh vua v hong
cung. Mc d chnh s ca ta khng nhc n, nhng theo chng ti thi c
mt loi rung t nhu th vo thi L - T r n nh sch trn chp. S ta

c ghi nam 1150 "thng 9 (m lch ny () Anh V lm Co in

Co

in nhi hay co in honh chnh l nhng ti nhn cy rung n h nc

Co X a (Nht To thuc ngoi thnh H Ni ngy nay). Dn thi T r n , oi
rung Quc kh Co X vn cn tn t. Nh L cn iu ng c c co nhi,
co honh n vng ven bin khai thc rung t. Chnh nhng ngi ny
lp ra cc lng Co ven sng Luc nh An Co (nay l An To, x Ph Sn,
Hng H, Thi Bnh), Nht Co (nay l Nht To, x Hng Minh huyn Hng
H , T h i B n h ) v c c l n g A Co, P h n Co (huyn Q unh P h tn h
Thi Bnh)<2).
n in l t chc khai hoang c c vng ven sng, ven b in thuc ng
bng sng Hng, sng Ma, sng Lam . T binh trong chin tran h l lc lng
(1) i Vt s kl on iu, bn dch d dn, t.I, tr. 3 8 . V 5 n ny sch Cng mc li ghi "D Anh
V b dy lm in nhi", lc l ngii c ti bt buc lm rung cho nh vua. - Nhl T o huyn T
Lim, nay thuc ngoi ihnh H Ni.
(2) 'heo i ca Nguyn Thanh Vn, Dng Oung Chu, N ^ n Mnh Ouang UTng sch Thi Bnh vi

s nghip 0\ Trn, tan nghin CLiu lch s Dng ri Thi Bnh xu bn, 1980, ir34, 77,184.

VIT NAM (T THI NGYN T H Y N 1858)

135

ch yu im vic trong c c n in khai hoang. Nm 1044 sau khi nh

thng C h m p a "by ti dng t binh hn 5 . 0 0 0 ngi; xung chu cho cc
t binh u c nhn ngi cng b thuc, cho t tr n Vnh Khang
(Tng Dng, Ngh An) n ng Chu nay l Quy Hda (Ph Th v Yn
Bi) t hng p phng theo tn gi c c a Chim Thnh"^^^.
T h n phn c a ngi cy rung quc kh v n in nh th no? khng
c s liu no tr c tip ghi li. T ron g m t vi trng hp nh Co in
honh hay Co in nhi vn l ngi b t ti thl thn phn gn nh l n
]. Cn tro n g vng t khai hoang ca ngi Chm th thn phn ca h
chc c h n c n g thp km. H thnh t n g cm, thn h lp gia nh v
truyn i cy rung np t th u cho nh nc.

Rung tch din, Theo s c th vo thi L Hon cd tch in. San g

thi L, tch in vn c duy tr k tha. Hnh thc cy rung tch in
l nghi l chu nh hng ca c c triu i c xa T ru n g Quc, nhng ph
hp vi m t nc nng nghip v phn nh t tng trng nng. Nghi thc
cy rung tch in l hot ng khuyn khch sn xu t nng nghip.
N m 1038, "Ma xun, vua (Thi Tng) ng ra B Hi Khu cy rung
tch in, sai hu t dn c p n. Vua thn t thn nng, t xong t cm
cy. C c quan t hu c ngi can rng D l cng vic ca nng phu, b
h vic ^

lm th". Vua ni "Trm khng t minh cy cy th ly gi lm

xi cng, ly gi cho thin h noi theo". Ni xong, cy 3 ln ri th''^^^ Rung

tch in ca triu L khng ch cd vng xung quanh T h n g Long m cn
t ni dn ng, ngh nng pht trin . Rung tch in ca nh L t
B H i khu, n g Phong v L Nhn.

lin nay cha c t liu no cho bit s lng tch in c th. Nhng
chc l s rung ny khng nhu. Tch in l loi rung do triu nh trc
tip q u n iy hoa li dng cho nh vua v hong cung.

R ung Sn lng l loi rung dng vo vic th phng t tin dng h

nh vua. Nm 1010 "xa gi vua n chu C Php (qu hng nh L) sai
cc quan o t vi mi dm, t lm cm a sn lng^^^.
Qua nhiu bin thin lch s, b phn rung th b hoang ph. n cui
th ki X V I, ton b khu sn lng tr thih rng rm, li b ho cng
a phng xm chim bin cng thnh t. u th k XV II, Trnh Tng

(1) Ou yit y k ton th. Sd. Ll, ir. 267.

(2) Piii
(3)

f k ton ihu, s, 1 1, tr.

267,

s (hnggim cn rric. bn dch ca Nxb Vn - s Da, H Ni, 1957, I.III, ir.41

136

DI CONG LCH

s V I T

NAM

ln l m cha ra lnh ch khc trong bia a t n th L B t C

Php in to bi k (1 6 0 4 ) v "nh B n g in b r (1 6 0 5 ) cho php trch ra
"2 8 4 m u lm rung th n nh c".

Rung cng lng x. Khng c m t s liu no trc tip ni v s tn

ti ca rung cng lng x trong thi L. Nhng t liu v kim k dn
inh v chnh sch "ng binh nng" phn nh gin tip s hin in ca
b p hn rung t ny.
S c cho bit vo cc nm sau, 1137, 1143 nh L li tip t c khng
nh bin php c "3 nh lm 1 bo lin kt vi nhau, kim tra m a m n g
v kh n g c t tin git tru b. Vic kim tra c h t ch s lng dn
inh, s lng h gia inh thng xuyn gn lin vi vic bo v sc ko
tru b c l l phi da vo rung cng lng x. Chnh sch ng binh
nng c a nh L v nh T r n v ni ung l cc ngoi binh khng pht
lng m thay phn v lm rung c a n g phn nh s tn ti ph b in rung
t c n g lng x c chia cho nng dn. Nm 1092, nh L li "inh s
rung, thu t mi mu 3 th n g cp lng cho qun" (cd l l c m qun).
H n y l ln u tin lm in b rung cng chng.

R ung thc ao u p thang mc. Thi L c mt loi rung ban thng

cho i thn gi l rung thc ao. T i liu ghi v thc ao in s m nht

t Vit in u Linh (u th k XIV) c i Vit s k ton th chp li:

T ro n g khong nin hiu Thin Cm Thnh V (1 0 1 4 - 1046), theo Thnh
T n g i nh min Nam, lm tin phong, ph tan qun gic, nh ting
rung ng nc Phin. Khi th n g tr n tr v nh cng, Phng Hiu ni
T h n khng mun thng tc, xin cho ng trn ni B n g Sn nm ao
la i xa, ao ri xung ch no tron g t cng (nguyn vn l quan a)
thl xin ban cho !m sn nghip. V ua nghe theo. P h ng Hiu ln ni, nmi
ao xa n hon mi m, ao ri xung hng Da Mi. Vua bn ly rung

y ban cho, tha thc thu cho rung nm ao y. V vy ngi chu i gi

(rung) thng cng l (rung) nm ao"^*\ Ghi chp c tnh c h t huyn
thoi v mc nm ao xa n hn 10 dm l kh tin, nhng tn gi "thc
ao" th vn cn tn ti t qu hng L Phng
R u n g th c ao vn l rung cng (quan a), nh L ban cp thng

(1) Di Vit s ki ton thu. Sd. p I. ir. 249

(2) Chng li da n \a philrtng tang Son (K Bng, Ha^ng } la, Thanh Ha) Ihi dU>c nhAn dAn Jy
k l l nhn ntc lt Irn r^p, j Phng Hiu rAi trki rn ml ndc. n g xn vi VU. t r ^ tri J n
u l rung ng tin

Vua y cho.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y DN 1858)

Cng,

cd

137

c n g ch tm thi trong m t i ngi. Ngi nhn rung thc

ao c hng phn "Th u rung th c

m thi.

Vn bia i Vit quc Binh Hp hng Thiu Long t bi (Vn bia cha

Thu Long hong Bnh Hp nc Di Vit) cho bit m t trng hp ban

<;p ''thang m c p" vo cui thi L,
Khi T rn T K hnh gy t h lc chun b l t nh L, c m t ho
trng hng Binh Hp (x T am Hip, huyn Phc Th, H T y) tch cc
gip sc. T K hnh ly t Binh Hp ban cho N ng T lm "th an g
mc p . Vn bia ghi r (dch): "By gi Kin Quc i vng (ch T r n T
Khnh) thy cng lao to in ca ng (chi Nng T) khen rng: "tri snh
ra tr dng v nc vy". Dem con gi lnh tc h ng g cho ng lm oi
la, li trao cho ng coi hng trn B in h Hp lm th an g mc

Vn d ban cp h nng dn.

Hnh thc v ch phong h cho cc quan ii cao cp c thc hin
thi L. Chnh s khng ghi c th, nhng mt s vn bia ng thi cn li
cho bit vo thi y cd hnh thc ban cp thc p v tht phong. Chng hn
tri chu H Tng Hng c thc p 3 9 0 0 h v th t phong 9 0 0

hoc nh

L B t Nhim tc hu, c thc p 7 5 0 0 h v tht phong 1500

Hnh thc ban cp thc p v th t phong l c trng ca th L. S a n g
thi T r n thi kiu ban cp ny khng cn na.
Thc cht ca nd l g ? Trc ht l hinh thc dnh gi cng lao v

dng gdp ca ngiii c ban cp i vi nh L. Chc, hm, tc cng cao

th s lng ban cp cng nhiu. L Thng Kit v sau ng l Anh V c
chc hm gn ging nhau v u c ban tc l Vit Quc cng thi s lng
thc p v tht phong tinh theo h nh nhau: thc p 1 vn h, tht phong
4 nghin h.
P hn thc p (s lng h c n) theo nhiu nh s

l ch ct

danh m khng c tht. Ngi c ban cp trn danh ngha l c nhn

mt s lng h thc p (nh trn) mi ph hp v xng n g vi quan

(1)

Din u tjn h y Art Nam ch ngun u ghi; "quyn min ic ao Ihu" ngha u Iha min thu
ih;'ic dao.

(2) Van bia O

y quc Binh ii p hg Thiu Loni c bi tim Ihy xm Miu xa Tam I iip, huyn

Phc i'h linh M Ty

(3) 'llo> Vsn bia BiSo Ninh SC J^hc t ht ChiCm Ha. IXiyn Quang.
(4) f)t Vit s k ton th, SJU. lp l. lr.337
<S) I long Xun HAn, imng sch L. Thung ^i (1950) T.I. tr.l28, tp II. ir 30.
I'riKng Hu Qunh, tmng lAc phm C h rung

Nam, 1982, l.I, .l00l03.

138

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

chc v ng gp ca ngi . Nhng o thc p ca triu inh khng

th c hin vic ban cp ng theo s lng c ghi. V vy, nh L
m t m t nh gi cng lao ca ngi c cp thc p, m t khc li quy
nh c th s h m h c tht s phong thng - s h th t phong.

S lng tht phong cd kh nng l mt thc t. Tht phong cng tnh

theo h. Mi mt n v h trong th t phong vn phi ng mt s t thu
n h t nh cho triu nh theo thc tr n g ti sn th nay chuyn cho ngi
c cp phong. Chnh vn bia C Vit thn Din Phc t bi m inh ghi r
D A nh V c phong T h i y thng ph c ban quc tnh, c min
phu dch cho ba h. Ngi c phong c th c ngi i thu t thu hay
do m t c quan nh nc thu v giao.
Nh vy kiu thc phong thng ny chi da trn h gia nh ch khng
ly rung t lm c 3, ni cch k h c l ngi c phong khng c quyn
chi phi rung t. Khi ngi c phong cht hay b cch chc t c l ht
quyn li th triu inh khng cn r a lnh tch thu rung t. C h ban
cp th c p - th t phong ny khng to iu kin cho s cng c s hu
rung t phong kin t nhn sinh r a kinh t in tra n g - thi p.
C h ban cp theo h cng c nh L s ng rng ri, C hng hn
tr ng hp e Gic Hi khi cht c vua L Nhn T ng min th u cho 30
h hng n th phng^'^
i s Mn Gic (1 0 5 2 - 1056) khi c phong l Hoi Tn i s, giao
chc nhp ni o tr n g T y i s a mn th c triu nh cp 5 0 h
"min t th u chi dng vic o". Hoc nh Thin s Gii Khng nm
1 1 3 5 c cng cu sng hng ngn ngi b bnh dch c vua L T hn

Tng cp '1 0 h c min t thu phng dng"^^^ Nm 1 13G, s Minh

K h ng cha khi bnh cho vua "c ban hiu l quc s, li min t dch
cho vi trm h Minh Khng c quyn s dng''^^^ Hn nhng ngi
c "n th t phong" cng theo phng thc
N hin tng th, vic ban cp h nng dn thi L th hin hnh thc n

dch thn phn ngi lao ng l chnh. Hn v vy m vo nm 1198, quan

t tng Dm D Mng tu ln vua L: tng d v phu dch ngang nhau.
- Rung dt nh cha. Vo thi L rung cha chim mt b phn kh
(1) Tin l n lp anh, bn djch ca Nxb Vn hc, HNi, 1990, Ir.93,140, 220.
(2) Thin uyn tp anh : sch d dn, lr.220, 140
(3) C ungm c ; Bn dch dn,

t.iv,

Ir.26

(4) 'niam kho : Trong Hu Qunh, C h d rungd l Vit Nmn, Sild,

l.I, tr.ioo

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

139

ln. S gia L Vn Hu nhn x t v P h t gio thi L L Thi T n ngi

mi c 2 nm, miu cha ng, n x t c cha lp m trc d dng
cha ph Thin c, li trng tu cha qun cc b v lm tn g cho
hng nghi ngi kinh s... dn chng qu na lm s si, trong nc
ch no cng cha chin, ngun gc h chng phi t

Nm 1086

nh L phn bit cha lm 3 loi l: i danh lam, trung danh lam v tiu
danh lam. Cch phn bit trn cng phn nh s khc nhau v kinh t ca
cha chin thi y.
Vn bia Pht Tch Sn T o Hnh php s din d a k ch (K ch
ghi rung t ca php s T o Hnh ni P h t Tch) t cha T hy
(tc cha P h t Tch, Quc Oai, H Ty) ghi r s rung t ca T c hai
b phn l:
3 0 din 64 so lu truyn cng P h t v 6 3 din 8 3 so ng a

Miy hng B a Lp l ca ring ca T o Hnh. Sau khi T cht, th s

rung trn b bn chu c t chim ly "khng cho lu thng"^^^
Vn bn B o n thin t bi k (bi k b ia cha Bo n) ( Yn Lng,
Vnh P hc) do Vin ngoi lang Ngy T H in son, dng vo th n g 12 nm
Tr Bnh Long n g th 5 (1 2 0 9 ) c ghi c t h "Li cn rung x Dng Bi,
ghi chp gii phn cng r. Trong ng ngoi bi rnh rnh cng P h t cho
dn m inh bch. T ron g ng th x Phan Thng 30 mu, P han H 3 0 mu,
x Tu B 2 0 mu, x ng Hp 3 0 mu. Ngoi bi th x ng Chi 8
mu, x ng Sn 5 mu, x ng Nho 3 mu. Cc x cng 126 mu
cng im rung on s, 3 mu cho ngi g cha, cn bao nhiu li cho
dn, phng khi tu sa..

S tr tr cha B o n h Nguyn cn b ra hn

1000 quan mua hn 100 mu rung x B Dm lm bn

T liu v rung cha thi L cn li igy nay qu t, song nhng thng
tin n trn cng ct th cho chng ta h bit cht t v b phn rung
t ny. Chng ti cho rng rung t cha khng phi thuc s hu nh
nc, m l m t loi s hu tng i c bit gn vi s hu t nhn.
- Rung d t thuc s hu t nhn.
Vo thi L ch s hu rung t t nhn ph bin, v pht tr i n .
Hin tng mua bn, kin tng v cng tn g rung t xut hin nhiu
(1) Oi yit s k ioii IU, Sii, l., tr.242.
(2) Vsn bia c khc vo th k XIV , c mi s i iCu rung i Ihi L Trn. Vn bia b mn,
r i u

on khrtng c

oc.

(3J Th v^n l. -TrX, SJcl, lp I, Ir. 54-543.

140

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

ni v n h n c b a n h n h n h i u iu lu t c n g n h n q u y n t
hu n y.
Vn B ia Cn Ni sn Hang N ghim t bi m inh (Vn b ia cha Hing
Nghim ni Cn Ni) - (Thiu Trung, Thiu Ha, T hanh Ha) c ghi s kin
tranh chp rung t "Nm T n mi (1 0 9 1 ) c hai chng ph k la n g h
Thiu v h T tu xin li khonh rung t ca t tin l qu an bc x (L
Lng). Vua x t li tu bn tr li gip Bi L cho thuc v h hng L
cng. Do t ma thu nm y, thi y L Cng n tn nai, cho chuc rung
t, lp bia v chia rung t cho hai gip, ri ng li ti m A Li,
chia mt n a m cho gip Bi L, m t na m cho gip Vin m". Hin
tng con chu i li rung t x a xa ca quan bc x L Lng thi
Dinh Tin Hong, cch t hn 100 nm, l khng nh quyn k tha rung
t. u nm 1128, L T h n Tng "xung chiu rng: phn dn c rung
t b sung cng cng l b ti phi lm in nhi th u c tha c " ^
Sau hn ch s kin tng v tranh chp rung t, n m 11 35 , L
T h n Tng li quy nh "Nhng ngi bn rung ao khng c tng
tin ln m chuc li, lm tri phi
Nh vy mua bn rung t l hin tng tng i ph bin v s
quy nh c a php lut kh c th. N h nc cng khai kh n g nh quyn
mua bn rung t ca cc t n g lp x hi. Nm 1143, L Anh T n g li
"xung chiu rng cc nh quyn t h ngoi m ao ca m inh khng c
ngn cm x n g by, lm tri th c ti". Bn quyn th vn khng chp
hnh y php lut, nhiu khi cn khinh thng lnh vua, nn n u
nm 1145, triu inh li tip tc ra chiu lnh: "Nhng ngi tranh nhau
rung ao, c a c i khng c nh cy nh quyn th Lm tr i th nh 80
trng, x ".
Hinh thc kinh doanh v n v ca n h t c rung t t hu ny nh th
no, cng kh xc nh c th.

c<5 t h

cho rng hnh thc bdc lt ch yu

i kiu t in np t kt hp vi kiu btc lt lao ch. Cd l nhng rung

t hng ha th P hng T hnh phu nhn h L l nh vy Vic o c
rung t thi L xut hin, nhng n v o lng tnh theo mu cng
cha ph bin lm, nhiu ni li tn h theo thc, theo x khng c s o
chun chung. iu ny th hin n v rung t canh tc t on g i ln,
trng hp b T hi hu Linh N hn cng vo cha S n g T h in mt khu
rung 72 mu lin nhau vng H ng Chu l tiu biu. y cng dng
thc s hu ln thi by gi. Chnh loi s hu ln l c s c a s tn ti
( l) (2) 0(2/

ki lon Ih. S<Jd, q.l, Ir. 298, 308

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y D N 1858)

141

mt t n g lp th gia - ho trng^^^ cc hng, huyn. Vn bia Cn Ni

son Hng N ghim t bi m inh c ghi dng h Thiu, h T con chu ca

bc x L Lng n u thi L vn cn th lc.

b) Kinh t nng nghip

Ngay tron g cc triu vua u ca nh L, s chp cc thin tai: 1027,
hn; 1037, t to; 1043, di ln: 1050, th n g su it ln; 1053, t th n g 7
n th n g 8, lt ln; 1070, hn; 1071, t m a xun n ma h khng ma;
1079, ma ; 1095, i hn; 1108, ma h khng ma; 1117, khng ma;
1120, !t n tn ca Di Hng; 1121, hong trng; 1124, hn, cu ma;
1126, hn t thng 6, san g thng 7 cn g hn nng, sau li ma m phi
cu tnh... ( y chi ghi c c thin tai trong cc triu T h i T, Thi Tng,
Thnh Tng, Nhn Tng).
Trc n h ng thin tai , nh vua thng hay t thn cu o. Tuy
nhin, bn cn h vn c nhng bin php tch cc hn. Nh nc ch
trng n vic bo v sc sn xut. Khi L Cng Un mi ln ngi nm
1010, xung chiu bt t t c nhng ngi o vong phi tr v bn qun,
nh vy ct l s lng lao ng nng nghip c bo m. Nm 10G5,
L T h n h T n g h chiu khuyn nng. Cc vua nh L cn thc hin cng
vic cy rung tch in v nh vua t i xem gt hnh cung n g Phong
(Ngha Hng, Nam nh). L Nhn Tng ( 1 0 7 2 - 1128) r t lu n cng
vic ny. Theo ghi chp ca Di Vit $ k ton th, cng c ln ch thn
nh vua n hnh cung ny xem gt. y l hot dng khuyn khch sn
xut nng nghip.
Chnh sch "ng binh nng" cng c t c dng pht trin sn xut nng
nghip, sc lao ng khng b thu. Nm 1128, su qun c thay phin
nhau v lm rung. S ch Lnh ngoi i p cng chp binh s thay nhau
nghi mt th n g mt ln cy rung t
Nh L c lut lnh bo v tru b. Trm tru hay git tru b ti
nng. N m 111 7, thi hu Linh Nhn ni rng: "Gn y kinh thnh,
hng p c nhiu ngi trn, ly vic trm tru lm ngh nghip, trm h
c n g qun, m y nh cy chung mt tru. Trc y, ta tng ndi n
vic y, nh nc c lnh cm. Nay git tru cng nhiu hn trc". By
gi vua mi ra lnh l k no n trm tru , git tru, pht 80 trng,
(1) Vi s ic, ch Hn q. III* t 16b cng dng chii hiC trung
(2) C'hu Kh Phi (T 6ng)^Lnh n ^ i i p, q.2, tr.3a

142

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

lm khao gip, v b pht 8 0 trng, lm tang th t ph v phi bi

thng tru. Nh lng ging khng co gic cng b pht 80 trng^*^
Nh nc cng ch trng n iu tr thy, c bit vng chu th
sng Hng. Ma thu nm 1077, triu nh ra lnh p sng Nh Nguyt
di 6 7 .3 8 0

Nni 1103 "Vua xung chiu cho trong ngoi kinh thnh

u p "^).
Nm 1 1 0 8 triu nh t chc p C X ( sng Hng) t Y n Ph
n Lng Yn. Ngoi T hng Long, iu cc vng khc cng c tu
to, Cui thi L, trong cuc hn chin gia cc m ho trng, s c chp
nhiu vic ph . Nm 1211, T r n T Khnh sai tng t Khoi (Hng
Yn) i nh Hng Chu (Hi Dng), vin tng b bt, T K h nh ph
cho nc sng chy trn vo cc p ri v. Nm 1218, T r n Tha lnh
cc o binh i nh Nguyn Nn B c G iang ( sng ung) sai ph ,
cho nc trn vo cc hng p, ri theo th nc m tin nh^*^
Nh L cng o p mt s cng trnh thy li. Nm 1 0 2 9 L Thi
Tng cho o sng n Ni. S c ghi "Gip n Ni (c l l vng an
N, huyn Y n Dnh, T hanh Ha) d chu i lm phn. Ma h, th n g t
(m lch), vua thn i nh gip n Ni, cho ng Cung thi t gim
quc. Khi nh c gip n Ni ri, sai trung s c sut ngui n Ni
o knh n

n thng 12 nm 1051, L Thi T n g li o knh

Lxn. Du vt ca dng knh ny thuc a phn cc x T h n Ph, Ph Sa,

v Ngc L m huyn Y n M (Ninh Bnh). Nhn dn a phng gi l m
Lm. khu vc gn T h n g Long, nh L cng cho khi su rng thm cc
sng Lnh K inh vo nm 1089 v sn g T Lch vo nm 1192.
Tuy nhin, cng t c p phng lt v ngn mn cn m an g tnh "vng"
-

a phng. Tc dng ca cc con cn hn ch. Phi n thi Trn,

cng vic p tr thy mi c t chc trn phm vi ton qu6c.

Nhng thnh tu trong cc chnh sch nng nghip nh L v tr thy
v thy li, v bo v con ngi - sc lao ng, v bo v s lng tru
b - sc ko nng nghip th hin tnh tch cc ca Nh nc thi L
trong th kl X I - X I I . Nh m trong hai th k ny x hi i Vit c th
ng kh vng chc, i sng ca c dn tng i n nh, l c s vt
(1) Di Vit s ki ton th. Sd, T. I, ir. 302,
(2) (3) y iis tc-, q.2, l 16b, 19b, bn dch tr .ll2 , 121 q.3, tr 30b
(4) Ul s iuc q.3, tr.30.
(5) Oi yii s k ton th, Sd, (.[, ir. 253.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

143

cht cho nhng th n g li ca cuc khng chin chng Tng, bo v T quc.

Theo S bin nin ca ta cn ghi li thl nhiu nni ma m ng bi thu nh
nm 1016 triu L Thi T; nm 1030, 0 4 4 triu L Thi Tng; cc nm
i0 7 9 , 1092, 11 11 , 1120, 1123 tru L T h n Tng; nm 1131 triu L Nhn
Tng; nm 1139, 1140 triu L Anh Tng... cd nm c ma ln, nh vua
li tip xuig chiu tha thu cho thin h.
2, T h c n g n g h i p
Th cng nghip thi L c 2 b phn, ca t nhn v ca nh nc.
Lc lng lao ng trong th cng nghip nh nc l th bch tc. Sn
phm lm ra l ca nh vua v hong cung. H lm cc vic nh c tin,
ch to binh kh, chin thuyn v cc dng nh t la v phm phc ca
triu nh, v.v... Th bch tc c ngun gc t cc chin t, nhiu nht l
ngi Chtn Thnh, cc ti nhn, nhng th th cng b trng tp lm
trong cc quan xng. Nh nc ct kho ring chng hn nh quyn kh ti
l ti coi kho t la ca triu nh. Sn phm ca h kh tinh xo c thc
hin vi k th u t cao, nhng ch yu khng phi trao i trn th trng.
C th cho rng nhiu cng trinh kin tr c v iu khc thi L do triu
nh t chc xy ng ct kiu dng gn ging nhau v quy m v phong
cch l do c c ngh nhn - th bch tc lin ra. Nm 1145, nh vua "cm
cc th bch t c khng c lm dng theo kiu ca nh nc t tin
bn cho dn
Cn th cng nghp t nhn thl rt ph bin. S n phm ca h lm ra
l t tc hay trao i trn th trng. Thi by gi xut hin hin
tng thu mn nhn cng. T ron g nhng nm nh nc thc hin nhiu
cng trnh xy dng (nh 1010, 1031) u cd thu th lm. Nhng nhn
chung, sn x u t th cng nghip thi L (cng nh cc thi i sau) l b
phn kt hp vi nng nghip, c tin hnh trong h gia nh va t tc
t cp hoc tra o i p ng nhu cu ca sn xut tiu nng.

Dt: Nm 1013, va ln ngi c 3 nm , L Thi T t thu khda

trong c nc, trong c thu bi u, m t ngun thu nhp quan trng
ca triu inh. Nh vy ngh dt t la ph bin, trng du nui t m
chim mt din tch rung t kh ln. Nghi T m chnh l tn ca lng
m ang ngha s phn thnh ca ngh nui tm dt la. Theo thn tch
a phng thi cng cha T Hoa (c ti liu chp l Qunh Hoa) l t s
(1) Da i'i s k ton tu, Sd. lp I, ir.3l6

144

I CNG LCH S V I T NAM

ngh dt. T Hoa l con vua L T hi Tng. B dy cho dn l n g trn g

du dt laj vi.

i Vit s k ton th ghi n m 1040 Vua dy cu n g n dt c

gm vc. T h n g y, xung chiu pht ht gm vc ca nc Tng tron g
kho may o ban cho c c quan, t ng phm tr in th c o bo bng
gm , t cu phm tr ln th o bo bng vc, t ra vua khng dng
gm vdc ca nc T n g

Ch tr ng ny c th h nh hn v hng

t l a ph bin v c h t lung tt. T la thnh sn phm cng ph

sa n g Tng. T rong ln cng ph nm 1156 c n 8 5 0 tm ton m u vng
th m , cd hoa hng cun.

t nung: Gch, ngi lm vt H xy dng c s lng ln. T ro n g nhng

nm T h n g Long ang c xy ng c c cng trinh cha chin, bo thp,
cu n g in i hi ngun vt liu ny kh nhiu. Gch thi L cd kch thc
ln, c nhiu hlnh dng phong ph. C loi vung (35cm X 35cm X 6), c
loi gch hlnh trn hay hnh ch n h t ng knh 25cm . P h n ln b m t
cc loi gch c ghi nhn vo thi L cd hoa vn phong ph nh rng
un khc, dy cc, hoa sen, tng P h t v.v...

n: C loi ng nh thp, th, chu, bt, la... c b it gm

n c xng gm rn chc, nng, dng khe, cn lp men dy m u xanh
m t tron g btng nh thy tinh gi l gra men ngc. Lo ny c ng nt
hoa vn p, t m, ni hoc chm phng theo hoa vn trn c c , g.

Gm dn hoa nu (hoa vn mu nu, hoc nn nu hoa trn g ). C nc

m en tron g sut hoc ng san g ng. T t c loi gm ny cd hnh d n g mp.
gm c s dng ph bin trottg xy dng tiu biu l hai c n g trinh
ch a thp Din Hu v thp Sng T h in Din Linh. B ia Sng Thin in

Lin h ghi: "S cha Din Hu ti vn Ty... sn trc cu xy thp

bu lu li"; X t t cc hin vt gm cn li, gm c ca ta c thi L l
dng na snh na s. Vo thi ny, gm xnen ngc n tin g nht, ng
n t h oa vn tran g tr khe, p.
T hi L cng cd m t s tru n g tm s n xu t gm tiu biu nh B t
T r n g (G ia Lm, H Ni) ni tin g xu t hin vo thi ny^^^. Ngh gm
B t T r n g l do dn lng B B t {Y n M, Ninh Bnh) di c ra lp nghip.

(1) i yit s k ton thu, Sdd, r.261.

(2) Theo Phm Vn Kinh, rong sch Tm hiu x hi Vit Nam thi L - Trt, Nxb K X H . 1980, tr.l.
Nm 1957 k.hi o kCnh Bc [ng Hi, ngi ta
, ng ll gch. l nung v gm.

vt tng

('i sAu d(li lng t 12m c nhh

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y DN 1858)

145

Khai thc vng: Qua cc ghi chp ca s c c h n g t lc by gi vic

khai ni vng khng t, Phng thc khai th c ch yu l i vng l thin.
Di Vit s ki ton th chp "Nm Qu h, D Dnh th 4 (1 1 4 3 ), ma
ng th n g 10, sai thi ph H ong Ngha Hin v vin ngoi lang K hng
Trng em qun cc kh ng dc bin gii v ng b i i vng cc
x Nh C". Chu Kh Phi ngi i T n g cng vit "Vng khe ng U ng
Chu bin gii An Nam cd m vng, sn xut nhiu hn c c qun.
Chu V An ca Ung Chu (?) chi cch Giao Ch c ml con sng. Vt ngng
bi sa n g An Giao Chi, kh V tm thy vng trong phn..

Giao Ch c

c li m vng mi mua dn ta im

Ngh dc dng cng c nhng thnh tu. Nm 1198, nh nc t chc

khai thc m ng L ng Chu^^^. ng c s dng kh rng ri: c
tng, chung, tin, v kh v cc ng siih hot. S ng chi ph vo
cng vic ny kh ln. Nm 1035, L Thi T n g cho pht 6 0 0 0 cn ng
c chung treo cha T r n g Quang ni T in Du (B c Ninh). Sau l
pht 7 5 6 0 cn c tng Di Lc v 2 v B T t. L T hn h Tng c ln pht
1 2 0 0 0 cn ng c chung cha Sng K hnh Bo Thin. Nm 1101, vua
Lv cho c chung cha Din Hu qu ln, nh khng ku nh phi b
ngoi rung (nn gi l chung quy in).
Vo thi L, nc ta c nhiu ngh th cng khc ph bin nh ngh
xy dng, ngh in khc g v.v... Vic xy dng kinh thnh T h n g Long quy
m to ln, nh ca dinh th lng ly th hin s pht trin ca cc ngh
ny N am 1031 triu nh cn pht tin cho lm cha qun trong c c hng
p, s lng n 150

Cng vi s pht trin ca ngh xy dng th

c c ngh khc nh ngh lm bia , ngh mc, ngh c kim loi, ngh lm
m ngh, iu khc v.v... cng pht trin tng ng.

Ngh in bn g cng xut hin, nht l T h n g Long v trong m t s6

cha qun. Thin s Tn hc {? - 1190) tr tr cha ni Khng L (tc
l cha T h y Si Sn, Quc Oai, H Ty) Gia nh my lm ngh
khc bi in

( ) Chu CI Phi, Lnh n ^ a t i <ip, xn 1n hl tc crai lng (h, CJ.7, tr.Vb.

(2) Vr s c q.3. [n dch tr. 136.
(3) f}ai y s k ton thu. SUJ, I)p 1. r 2oU Cc bnn Toi th khc liii kh:'ic \i. "cu hch ng thp s
(V50 ch) l:'i

chnh xAc. dfly chng ti ihco ToM th (hn crhinh Mi)

hii in thi Ty S4)n.

(4) Vtn tn p iin. Ivin dich ca Nxh Vfln hc, Il NOi 1990, i r J I 4
lO - C LSV N .tp

Dai Wi'r s k in

I CONG LCH s VIT NAM

146

3. Thng nghip
ng tin c thng dng troig ni thng v ngoi thng K in h
t ti n t c vai tr quan trng. Thi L thu th u cp bng lc b n g
tin . N m 1013, nh nc thu th u bi du bng tin v thdc. Cui n m
1 040, nhn lm xong nhiu cng trnh P h t gio, nh L "x na tin th u
cho c nc"*^*\ Sau vo cui nm 1044, sau cuc chin tr a n h vi C h im
T h n h nh L li tip tc "x na tin th u cho
N m 1067, nh nc cp bng lc cho cc qu an h ph mi ngi,
mi n m 50 quan tin, 100 bd la v c mui mi th c; cho ngc li mi
nm 2 0 quan tin, 100 b la nui c
N h L cn cho php dng tin chuc ti. Sau y l ghi chp c a

Vit s thng gim cng mc "T n Hi, T h n V nm th 3 (1 0 7 1 ) tr c

, L T hi T ng t ra php lnh: phm k phm ti, nu l dn m l
ngi gi hay tr con, nu l ngi h thn ca n h vua m cn phi
ta n g nhau t 9 thng tr in u c np tin chuc ti c. n y, nh
l li, phtn ngui c np tin chuc ti phi ty th eo ti nng hay nh
m b t np tin nhiu hay t khc nhau"^''^ X em t h thl ng tin ng
vai tr quan trng trong thu khda, trong bun bn, tro n g c php lu t
tri u nh. Kinh t tin t len li trong nhiu q u a n h x hi.
Tuy nhin, thi ny s tin do c c i vua n h L c khng p ng
nhu cu giao lu hng hta. T in ng ng T n g c a T ru n g Quc vo
Di V it chim mt t l ln. iu ny th hin qu an h bun bn i V i t T r u n g Hoa kh pht trin v cn mt phn t l do s6 tin c thi B c
thuc trc kia cn li vn tip t c lu hnh trn th trng^^^.
Mt a im ngoi thng quan trng thi L na l c n g b in Vn Dn.
S ch Di Vit s ki ton th ghi "K T (Di nh nm th 10 - 1 1 4 9 ) , m a
xun th n g 2 thuyn bun nc T r o Oa, L L c, X im L a vo Hi ng
xin c tr bun bn, bn cho tp tru n g n hi o, gi l Vn
m u a bn hn g ha qu, dng tin , sn vt a p h ng. "Gip T h n
(1) Cng mc, chinh bin, q. 3. bn dch tp II, Sd<j, tr. 67, 74, 88
(2) Sch trn
(3) (4) Cun mc, chinh bin q. 3. bn dch tp 111, S(Jd, r 67, 74, 88.
(5) Thet Trn Quc Vung - H Vfln T a U ch y ch phong n Vit Nam, [i Ni, 1960, tp l. ir.
297 thi Ii6 Dng Tng lu hnh Di Vit Ihct by gi c; ltcii Dng Khai Nguyn Ihng bo
(7 4 3 -7 4 1 ).
(6) Xem th c \At Notn, H Ni. 1989. (rl6 1 -1 6 2 , Nh s hc Nhl Bn Yaramoio Taisum irong
Cng irnh A m am no bockiko Undon (Mu d(Ch cng Vn Drtn Vii Nam). Thft gakuh, IX.
1-1139, Tokyo, lr.297-299, cho bii 125 drtng tin l Ih Dng uyn Tng (7 J2 -7 5 6 ) n Tng
L cng (1224-1264).

V IT NAM (T THI N G U YN T H Y DN 1858)

147

(T rin h Ph) nm 1184, ngi bun cc nc Xim La v T a m P ht T vo

trn Vn Dn dng vt bu xin bun bn".
^ T ro O a tc l Do G iava (Innxia).
^ L Lc c l l m t Vng quc Lav ( Lpburi, Thi Lan).
- Xim La, quc gia lu vc sng MNam (Thi Lan)
- T am P h t T l vng quc Sriv ijay a o Xum atra.
Vn n l vng qun o pha ng bc t nc cd v tr tnhin rt
thun li cho thuyn b qua li v tr , ii nm

trn trc hng hi T ru n g

Quc xung cc nc vng Dng Nam . y c o Vn Hi l ln nht.

Trn o Vn Hi c ni Vn cao, c lng Vn rng v ng ngi, trung tm
ca Vn n xa. Vng bin Din Chu cng l ni ngoi thng pht trin.
V mc ch bo v an ninh quc gia^ an ton ca t nc nn vua L
ch cho php thng nhn nc ngoi bun bn mt s a im n h t
nh, chu s kim so t ca Nh nc. Thng nhn T rung Quc n i
Vit bun b n v thng nhn Vt cng sang bun bn T ru n g Quc.
u thi L, 1012, L Cng Un xin vua Tng cho thuyn ti Ung Chu
(Q ung T y ) bun bn. V ua Tng C hn Tng ch bng lng cho ti bun
bn Q ung Chu v tr i Nh Hng (K hm Chu) theo nh l c thi
L m

Cc a im bun bn bin gii T ru n g - Vit gi l "bc

dch trng'". C hai bc dch trng liij mt tri Honh Sn v mt

tri Vnh B n h . T r i H onh Sn l ni mua nga v cc lm sn, thuc
cha bnh ca cc dn tc thiu s. T r i Vnh Bnh l bc dch trng quan
trng, mua b n hng hta vi Vit Nam.
H ng x u t c a t a thng lm th sn v hng nhp l cc sn phm
nh giy bt, t, vi, gm vc (c gm Thc). Theo Lnh ngoi d i p th
t r m h n g n c t a b n s a n g T r u n g Quc u l t r m h n g c a
Chmpa^^\ Cc5 th l thng nhn nc ta bun trm hng ca Chm pa
ri em bn sa n g T r u n g Quc. iu t chng t Vit Nam by gi c bun
bn vi C hm pa.
Gia c c dn tc t ngi ving bin gii cng c bun bn vi nhau. S
c chp r n g nm 10 1 2, ngi Man qua ct ng n bn Kim Hoa v chu
V Long (Chim Ha, Tuyn Quang) bun bn, Vua sai ngi bt c ngi
Man v hn m t vn con nga^^\ Ngi Man c l l ngi Thi Vi Nam
(T ru n g Quc).
(1) L Do, Tc tu tr thn ^ m trng bin. q.72, Ir.l9b
(2) Lnh / i p q.7, .lOa.
(3) Dai Vit s ki an ihu^ Sd, lp 1, lr.243

148

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

II I. K H N G C H I N C H N G T N G ( 1075 - 1 0 7 7 )

1. Triu Tng tip tc mu d bnh trng

Cui th k X, n a m 9 8 1 , L Hon nh tan hai o qun xm lc
T ng, bo v vng ch c nn c lp ca Di C Vit v buc nh Tng phi
gi "ha hiu" tron g m t thi gian di, nhng trong thm tm cc vua T ng
vn cha t b nh chim nc ta.
Khi mi th i t lp vng triu, nm 960, nh Tng cha ihng nht c
hon ton t nc. P h a bc v pha ty bc hai tc Khit Dan v D n g
H n g vn kim sot m t phn t ai T rung Quc. K hit an lp ra nc
i Liu (vng N hit H ), ng H ng lp ra nc H (vng Cam Tc),
Nh T n g r t vt v vl hai nc ny. T cui th k X v na u th(? ki
X I, lun lun c chin tra n h Tng - Liu, Tng - H.
T r o n g hon c n h , T n g T h n Tng v t tng Vng An Thch ch
trng gy chin vi Di Vit. H cn hi vng dng chin cng ngoi bin
thy tr n p phe i lp trong triu. Hn na h li cn mong da nt
Liu H. H bn rn g: "Nu thng, th Tng s tng, cc nc Liu Hii s
phi king
Cng phu n h t l vic nh T ng t chc khu vc bin gii Vit - T ru n g
th n h m t h th n g cn c xm ic li hi, tc vng Qung Dng, Qung
T y ngy nay. Nh vy con ng hnh qun t nc T 6 n g vo Di Vit
ch c mt hng qua vng ny m thoi. Vng ny ct thnh n g Chu

(Nam Ninh, Qung Ty) v ca bin Khm Chu, Lini Chu (Qung ng)
r t th u n li cho x u t qun t T n g vo Di Vit, n g Chu nm trn im
hp lu ca sng T G ia n g v Hu Giang, l mt v tr quan trng ca
Q u n g Ty. B a o quanh pha N am U ng Chu an c nm tri Honh Sn,
T h i B n h , Vnh B inh , C Vn, T h in Long.
T U n g Chu n c a bin K hm Chu, Lim Chu khong trn lOOkm,
t K h m Chu ch m t ngy thuyn l n chu Vnh An (M ng Ci) ca
Di Vit, K h m Chu c ch da l hai tri.
R ing U ng Chu, cn c hu cn ln nht chun b cho cut xm lc
i Vit nm 107 1, triu T n g c T Gim, mt lo tng c nhiu kinh
nghim, t n g nh th n g N ng T r Cao v rt am hiu tnh hnh Di
(1) l Oi, Tc tu tr thnggim irttg biin, on lyi Ihco 'Tmi-. han^^an tp t:. bn rhcp l:\ tk> I lcxirii;
Xun n ;ao. Sch thu viCn ViCn Ihng lin khia k;c x , ki hiu V l I3I7/D S3

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

149

Vit n phu trch T Gim cho xy th n h Ung Chu

r t kin c6. T h n h

c rng 5 0 0 0 qun (3 .0 0 0 ng 5 tr i xung quanh) chuyn lo vic bin

th u y

T t c nhng diu trn y bc l r mu toan bnh tr ng c a triu

Tng di vi i Vit. Vng triu L nhn th c c s s c d.
Cc vua u tin ca nh L cd k hoch bo v T quc rt ch ng.
Bn ngoi, cc vua L mt mt ht sc nim do cd quan h ngoi giao
binh thng^^\ nhng mt khc, li tip chnh sch ca c c vua thi T in
L, cc vua L tn g cng phng th bin gii pha bc, kin quyt chng
tr nhng cuc xm ln ca nh Tng.
2. P h t a n c d i m x m l c n g C h u b g y

t d u th c h dn g

ca Tng.
Nm 107 2, vua L Thnh Tng cht. Vua Nhn T n g mi 6 tui ln ni
ngi N h Tng cho rng l mt c hi tt nn c n g y m nh vic chun
b xm lc i Vit, vng n g Chu, Lu Di hoat ng qu l liu n
ni T Gim phi khuyn can: ... Gim l a th cho Di, bo ng lm
nhng s khiu khch gic"^^^
Trc tnh hlnh , triu nh nh L i pht r t ch ng, khn
trng. Vua Nhn Tng lc ny cn nh tu nn t t c quyn bnh u
nm tron g tay quan ph quc thi y L Thng K it. Chnh L T h n g
Kit d m ng cng vic t chcj lnh o cuc kh n g chin chng
Tng xm lc th k XI.
Nm 10 74 , L Thng Kit mi L o T h n h vn l q u an th i s
i T h n h Tng, t Ngh An tr ti triu nh gi chc T h i phd bnh
chng qun quc trng s. Hai ng hp lc c n g lo toan vic nc tro n g
c nguy nan.
Sau khi cng c li lc lng, ngn nga bt t r c pha nam , L T h ng
Kit khng b ng ch i gic m quyt nh tin cng ch tr c
y gic vo th b ng, ginh ly th ch ng cho cuc khng chin, n g
ndi: "Ngi yn i gic khng bng em qun ra tr c ch n mi nhn
ca
T ru inh tn thnh ch trng t. L T h n g K i t lin t chc mt
cuc tp kch vo t Tng nhm ph ta n cc c im x m lc Ung> K hm ,
t^l) T im 1010

nflm 1073 c 23 <n s gi sang T<^ng a ing phm, xin kinli Ph.l. v.v

(2) ttri S, l.ii iruyCn. q. 226. T Gim.

(3) T XuyOn, yi ien ti iiih tp.

150

I CONG LCH s VIT NAM

Lim m ch yu l th n h n g Chu ri quay v phng th t nc, ch

ng n nh ch.
T r o n g cuc tp kch ny, L Thng Kit huy ng hn 10 vn qun
thy

V m t b, lc lng ch yu l qun Hnh cc tc thiu s do

cc t tr n g ca h Tn Dn, Lu K, Hong Kim Mn, T h n C nh

Phc, Vi Th An chi huy. Ph tr ch chung l Tng n B binh tp tru n g
ngay c c chu Q u n g Nguyn, Mn (Dng Kh), Quang Lang, T Mu.
Ch lc ca t tp kch theo ng thy, do ch thn L Thng K it
ch huy, ng chu V nh An (M ng Ci, Qung Ninh).
Ngy 2 7 - 1 0 - 1 0 7 5 chin dch tp kch qun ch ca L Thng Kit bt
u.
Ngy 3 0 - 1 2 - 1 0 7 5 qun ta tin nh Khm Chu Ngy 2 - 1 - 1 0 7 6 , qun
t a nh chim L im Chu d dng. Qun T n g khhg cn ni ng tin
ca qun. ta. N hng lm sng t mc ch ca cuc tp kch vo t
Tng, t o iu kin th u n li hon na, L Thng K it cho nim yt
khp ni t "Pht Tng l b vn"^^\
Ngy 1 8 - 1 - 1 0 7 6 , T n n ko qun n ngoi thnh U ng Chu, Ngay
sau , i qun L Th ng Kit cng n ni.
Cuc vy th n h U n g Chu ko di hn mt th n g Qun ch khn
qun v c n lng, thiu nc... Vin binh li b tiu dit khng n c.
Dn ngy 1 - 3 - 1 0 7 6 , qun ta mi h c U ng Chu.
Cuc ch in u quyt lit kt thc sau 42 ngy,
Mc ch ca cuc tin cng U n g Ch l t v mt c ch tch cc.

l m t b phn k h n g kht, l giai on u ca cuc khng chin chng

qun xm lc Tng. B n g cuc tin cng to bo , L Th ng K it
y k th vo t h b ng v to ra nhiu iu kin ct li nh bi
k th khi ch n g ko s a n g xm lc. Nhng cn c qun s v hu cn
m n h T n g dc bao c n g phu, bao thi gian xy dng, pht chc b ph
hy tan tn h . Cuc hnh binh xm ic ca chng sp ti s phi chm
tr vl gp nhiu kh khn.
3. D n g p h n g tu y n p h g i c
B i t c h c qun T n g t h no cng sang xm lc thc hin mc ch
(1) Ti ij ca la nhu D( Vii s k ton h, Vi s tiu /1 chp hn 10 vn, y 3 lc chp
v a S nh '<Sng nhu Tng S, njyn T G m chp 8 vn.
(2 ) X cm Th vn L -7>3/i lp I, Nxb Khoa hc X hi. I i Ni 1977.

V IT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y N 1858)

151

eo ui t lu v phc th, nn L Thng K it ch ng r t v

rt sm xc tin vic chun b khn g chin^*^
N h T n g khng nghi n vic qun ta tin sa n g nh ph c c c n c
xm c U ng, K hm , Lim. V mt th n g sau khi m t chu K h m , chu
Lim, triu nh T n g mi bit tin. B b t ng, vua ti T n g r t hong s.
Ti binh lc Qung Ty xin thm vin binh, lng th c, kh gii. Vua T ng
ra lnh phi c th Qung Ty. T riu nh cch chc T r i Q u Chu ca
Lu Di, cho Q ung T y 5 0 .0 0 0 quan ti n m th m qu n , m u a th m thdc.
ng thi triu nh T n g quyt nh em ngay i binh nh th n g vo
nc ta va thc hin xm lc, va gii vy cho U n g Chu^^^
Ngy 2 - 2 - 1 0 7 6 Triu Tit, ngi c nhiu chin cng nh nc H,
c c lm An nam o hnh doanh m b tng qun. Nhiu tng gii
khc bin thy pha bc nh L Hin, Y n t, n Co v.v... lm ty tng
cho Triu Tit. Vua Tng li vit "Tho Giao Ch chiu" d d ta: "Chiu cho
qun Giao Chi hay: khi thy quan qun n th dng chy. Dn chng chu
kh s lu ngy, nu d c cha cc ngii vo ni ph, trm s thng tc
lc cho. Cn c (vua L Nhn Tng - T G ) cn tr, vic lm lon khng phi
t ngi gy ra. Ngy no ngoi ti chu, trm s th a th cho"^^^.
Do qun ca T riu T i t cha ln ng thi qun ta a h c th n h
U ng Chu v rt v nc. Mt ln na nh T n g li phi b ng th a y i
k hoch, dng cuc tin qun, chun b k c n g hn. T r c ht l sp xp
li tng t. Triu T i t v L Hin mu thun vi nhau, nn vua T n g phi
c thm tng Quch Qu.
By gi Quch Qu nhn chc chnh tng. T riu T i t lm ph lo vic
binh lng. Quch Qu cng l tng m in B c, t n g gip P h m T r n g
Ym chng H. Cc ty tng cng u ly t c c doanh tr i T y B c. B in h
s c huy ng l 10 vn qun k b, 1 vn nga. T r o n g s ny 4 ,5 vn

l qun rt t min bin gii Liu. H, do 9 tng ch huy. S cn i l

tr n g tp cc l, c bit l cc l dc ng t kinh n U n g Chu.

(1) Tu'

tr hngm ung bin chp : L Thung K h thnh Ung Chu ngy 31/1 nftm Bnh Thin
t l / 3 / 1 0 7 6 ) . y i s iu c chp: nh l. lm lu ir in h Ihng r n nh Ui m i j vo Ih n g ging nm
U

lnh T h ia Nh vy l sau khi Ihc hin nhari chng chin (hu( hanh da vi vng cn c Ung
ChA ca ch. qu5n la da ri

ntc ngay cui thng ging (m lch) lc u thng 3H076.

(2) I l tnh rng i qufln L 'ling Kit ang Ung Chu, c ing phng th di nclc s yu, h s
ihAng nhanh chng. K Thng Kii phi b Ung Chu v lo khng chin.
(3) 'l'u MS Ouang. Tc ihy k vn (dn irong L thng Kii, ban a ii5n).

152

DI CNG LCH S VIT NAM

Ngoi 10 vn qui chin u cn c 2 0 vn phu i phc

Nh vy l

b phn ch yu ca o qun xm lc ny l nhng v quan v binh s

thin chin. T ra n g b ca b binh Tng ngoi v kh thng thng cn c
my bn v ha tin (pho th n g thin). Vua T n g cn sai hn lm y
qun vin chn 5 7 b thuc tr lam chung lm thnh thuc hon cho m an g
theo cha bnh cho binh s.
L Th ng K it thy rng Tng l int vng quc ln v iu ng
mt o qun xm lc khng l {binh phu hn 3 0 vn) ; vi th nu ta em
ton b lc lng ra quyt chin vi ch lc ch ngay khi chng mi vo
bin gii th r t bt li. Nhng m t khc ng li thy nh T n g tin hnh
cuc chin tra n h ny trong th b ng, trong lc gp nhiu kh khn, c
bit l s uy hip ca Liu, H. Nh Tng khng th ko di chin tranh,
khng th dc nhiu lc lng cho chin tranh. Vua T ng n Quch Qu
"phi lo vic An Nam cho chdng xong'. Cn v pha ta th tim lc vt c h t
tuy t hn ch, nhng vua ti, qu n dn u ng lng quyt tm bo v
c lp dn tc vi t th ch ng ca ngi va ginh th n g li tron g
giai on u ca cuc khng chin v ta li c chin u trn t nc
minh, qu hng minh.
L Thng K it quyt nh s c k n dng bc tin ca qun xm lc
trc min t ch yu ca T quc. D l kinh T h n g Long, u no
ca lc lng khng chin, l ph Thin Dc T Sn, B c Ninh) qu hng
ca nh L. l vng ng bng ph nhiu giu cj ng dn. D cng chnh
l mc tiu ch yu m qun ch cn nh chim.
Thy binh ch tp trung K h m Chu. T Khm Chu, theo Chu Kh
Ph, tc gi sch Lnh ngoi ri p (i Trtng) thuyn i mt. ngy n
chu Vnh An. Vnh An thuyn theo sng ng Knh vo c a Bch Dng,
ln Vn X u n (P h Li trn sng Lc Du) vo T h n g Long hoc tip
ng c c ng cho cc cnh qun b. Thy binh ch khng phi l lc lng
ln, li khng tinh nhu nhng c nhim v phi hp vi b binh "gh vo
b Bc sng ch i qun qua sng" .
V m t bin , pha ta tng L K Nguyn ph trch mt i thy binh
dng dc s n g ng Knh, S n g Dng Knh l i nc ven bin gia t
lin v cc hi cng t Mng Ci vo n ca Bch Dng. L K Nguyn
s phi chn bng c thy binh ch, lm th t bi k hoch phi hp qun
thy b ca Tng.

() Tc ( thn irr rungbin, Sd.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y N 1858)

153

Lc lng ch yu ca ch trong cuc xm lc ny l b binh v k

bnh. Qun k, quan b tp kt Ung Chu v cc tri xung quanh. T
qun ch s theo nhiu ng qua vng ng Bc nc ta tin vo
Thng Long.
Cc mi tin cng ca b binh ch u phi i qua vng ni rng ng
Bc him tr. D l ni c tr ca cc dn tc thiu s, ch yu l ngi
Ty Lv T hng Kit giao cho cc t trng ch huy cc i qun thiu s
- lc gi l qun thng du - li ng a hnh, dn nh ch.
Ph m T h n Cnh Phc, th lnh chu Quang L an g ng qun ng
Gip (vng Kp, Bc Giang), khng c h con ng chnh Lng Sn - T h n g
Long. Li hi nht l nhng i phc binh ca ng t o Quyt L v
i Gip khu.
Ym tr cho Thn Cnh Phc v pha ty l qun ca S m Khnh Tn,
Nng Thun Linh, Hong Kim Mn vng Chu Mn, ngn chn dng
t Bnh Gia (L ng Sn) n Thi Nguyn. Pha ng T hn Cnh Phc l
qun ca Vi Th An ng chu T Mu ngn chn ng t T L n g
(thuc Ung Chu) n Lng Chu. Nhng o qun thiu s trn y r t
thng tho a hnh, l ni e ngi ln cho k ch. T riu T i t ni rng: "Lu
K Qung Nguyn, T hn Cnh Phc ng Gip u cm cng binh"^'^;
Nhng lc lng v trang ca cc dn tc mn ni ny r rng l khng
th chn ng c gic. Vi sc mnh to ln ban u, cc mi tin cng ca
b binh Tng c th vt qua nhng chin tuyn ph ca qun ta. Tuy nhin
mun n c Thang Long, d b ng no, cng phi qua sng Cu Sng
Cu bt ngu6n t Cao Bng, ra sng Lc u Ph Li, lc i Vn
Xun Dng sng chn ngang tt c cc con ng b t Qung Ty vo Thin
c, Thng Long. Dng thy t Bch ng mun vo Thin c - T hng
Long cng phi qua sng Cu khu vc Vn Xun. Thng lu sng Cu r t
him tr, Khc sng t Thi Ngyn n a Phc cd th qua ti c nhng
sang sng ri li gp phi dy ni Tam o kho' vt qua. Ch c khc sng
t a Phc n Ph Li di khong gn 100 kilmt, nht l on t Ng Ba
X (ng ba sng C L6 v sng Cu) tr xung, tc sng Nh Nguyt l c
th qua li d dng, c bn , cd ng b v Thng Long.
Ti b Nam sng Nh Nguyt, L Thng Kit cho p t lm chin
ly dc sng. P ha ngoi ly, m t gip sng, ng sai p cc tre lm nhiu
lp giu. Di bai sng cn cd nhng h chng ngm. Sng rng, chng
( I ) .y )tx tC i trt ihim^ tn trun hiru Sdd.

154

I CONG LCH s VIT NAM

ngm , giu dy, ly cao kt hp vi nhau cht ch to thnh mt chin

tuyn li hi.
Ni ch u n g chin tuyn Nh Nguyt chy i t Ng Ba X n V n X u n
(P h L i). Nhng trn on sng ny, hai bn b co' nhiu ch ni n s t
b s n g (ni Nham Bin huyn Vit Yn, Bc Giang), hoc rng cy um
tm. nhng ch t khng cn th i t phi p chin ly. L Th n g K it
ch cho tp trung p ly lm ro nhng ni ch cd kh nng vt sng
v q u a n trn g nht l khu vc bn Nh Nguyt, Th Cu, Vn X u n .
QuAn ch lc c iu n chin u bn chin ly. L Thng K it
tr c tip chi huy y Mt b phn qun ng ngay bn phng tuyn
n h n g v tr xung yu, nhng ni ch c th vt qua, Theo sch Vit in

u linh, L Thng Kit cho ng thnh nhng tri qun; Nh Nguyt, T h

Cu, P h n Dng (x T am a, Y n Phong, B c Ninh) v Vn X u n , Dy l
nhng c im quan trng c th lin hon thy b, ng cu c h o nhau
n h a n h chng kp thi.
T h e o tru y n th u y t dn gian c a mt s lng th i bn doan h L
T h n g K it x Yn Ph (Yn Phong, B c Ninh). X ny nm tr n con
ng c t bn Nh Nguyt v T h n g Long, cch Nh Nguyt k h o n g 6
km, khdng xa c c ng khc v T h n g Long. Ni y li cd ni T h t Diu
gm by ngn ni thp ni ln gia cnh ng. V tr v a hnh ny cd
t h ph hp vi yu cu chi huy s c a i qun nu trn.
T o n b ch lc qun, thy b ca ta trn chin tuyn Nhu Nguyt cd th
l tr n 6 vn^*\ L Thng Kit kt hp a hlnh t nhin, bi chng ngi
vt vi qun i m b tr lc lng c trng im va cd th kim sot,
bo v c ton chin tuyn va c th nhanh chdng tp trung nh li c
hiu q u nhng mi t ph ca ch v t chc phn cng khi c thi c.

4. p tan 30 vn qun xfttn lc Tng

Q u n Tng bt u cuc xm lc nc ta vo ma thu nm 1076. T hn g
7 m lch (nm Bnh Thn) ton b qun i ca Quch Qu c m t
m Chu (H Nam) chun b xung U ng Chu, Quch Qu cho n h n g i
qun ti n phong nh chim m t vi ni a u nuc ta thm d tnh
hnh. G i a th n g 8 nm 10 76 , tng ch Nhm Khi nh ch im c
(1) Hin nay cha lim Ihy ti U no ghi rfip s qufln ca ta <J chin luyn ny. RiCng Ihy qun Vn
Xun ] hdn hai va T c on rng s qun irong cc iri vcn chin luyn v bn doanh L
Thng KiCt phi nhiu hi% c l h l gp di. lng cng l Irtn 6 van. 0 6 sfi quAn cn Ihit ng
chin vi gn 10 vn qun chin ca ch b Rc sng Nh NguyC.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y N 1858)

155

tri Ngc Sn bin gii chu Vnh An (Mdng Ci). Quch Qu lin ra lnh
cho Ha Mu v Dng T n g Tin em thy qun ln ng. T K h m
Chu, thy qun ch sang hi phn chu Vnh An nh theo sng ng
Knh vo B c h Dng,
L K Nguyn lp tc cho qun ra chn ng thy qun Tng, L K
Nguyn hon thnh xu t sc nhim v. D l mt th ng li ct ngha
chin lc tron g ton b k hoch khng chin ca L Thng Kit, chi
ng thy qun do Ha Mu v Dng T n g T in chi huy.
T rn ng b, Quch Qu cho mt s tng gii nh Yn t, T u K
tin nh Q ung Nguyn vo thng 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 .
Lu Ki v qun s chin u r t hng hi, git v bt c kh nhiu
gic. T h e o sch Di Nam nht thng ch, nhn dn pha bc chu Q ung
Nguyn c n g tham gia nh gic chng cp ph. Cho n u nm 107 7,
khi kim sot c Qung Nguyn th ch b th it hi kh nhiu.
Di q u n Quch Qu t chu T Minh (B n g Tng, Qung T y) theo
nhiu ng tin vo nc ta. Ngy 8 - 1 - 1 0 7 7 Quch Qu ch huy b phn ch
yu, vt i Nam Quan vo L n g Sn. Dch theo ng thin l xung T h n g
Long. Q u n ta rt khi Quyt L. Theo lnh trn, T h n Cnh Phc cho qun
trong r n g ni ven ng thin i, tip tc chin u nh tiu hao ch.
T h n C n h Phc vn vng ng Gip ro rit n c qun chun b nh
gic i Gip Khu (Chi Lng).
Quch Qu b nh tin th ng qua i Gip Khu theo ng th i n l
m em qu n san g pha t&y. Qun T ng vt dy ni B c Sn n Y n T h
ri ti ven sng Cu vng T h i Nguyn. Sch Tuc t tr thng gim trng

bin vit: G ic t phc binh ca i Gip Khu n qun ta. Qu bit

nn i ng t t qua dy ni u inh m tin ri ti sng Ph Lng".
Ngy 1 8 - 1 - 1 0 7 7 , i qun Quch Qu n b B c ca on u sng Nh

Nguyt i din vi btt Nh Nguyt, vi ng ci ln v Thang Long.

ch mun hnh qun tip, nhng trc m t l dng Nh Nguyt v
chin tuyn ca qun ta b Nam. Quch Qu nh t chc vt sng, tn
cng qun ta, tin thn g v T h n g Long nh k hoch d nh. Nhng thy
binh ch b t hn tm tch. Quch Qu phi quyt nh tm ng qun li
b B c sng Nh Nguyt. Vi chun b vt sng, tip tc cuc tin
cng nh chim kinh thnh Thng Long, nn ch khng dn u lc lng
trn tr n tuyn di m chng ng thnh tng khi nhng v tr xun g
yu n h t l nhng bn , nhng con ng thun li tin v T h n g Long.

156

I CONG LCH s V IT N.^Ul

Mt b phn quan trng qun T ng o ph tng T ri u T i t ch huy dng

b B c bn Nh Nguyt vng thn Mai Thng, x Mai nh, huyn
Hip Ha, H Bc^'^.
Pha ch, i bn doanh ca Q uch Qu ng pha ng, c c h khu
dng qun ca T riu T it, Miu L vng x Mai inh 6 0 dm kh on g
hn 3 0 kitrat^^^. c th l a im i din vi Th Cu (khu vc th
x Bc Ninh) thuc huyn Vit Yn ngy nay, y l v tr trng yu nm trn
ng thin l. o qun do Quch Qu trc tip ch huy ny ! m t trong
nhng o qun chnh.
Nh vy l ch chia qun lm hai khi ln do ch n h t n g v ph tng
trc tip chi huy, ng cch nhau hi 3 0 kilmt bc s n g N h Nguyt
tr c m t hai bn ln nm trn hai trc ng q u a n tr n g tin v
T h n g Long.
Khong gia hai khi qun ln, ch cn ng gi m t s v tr c n thit
c t h lin h, tip ng cho nhau khi t chc vt s n g hoc khi b tin
cng. T ron g s cc v tr c a im ni Tin L t thn H L t x
Tin Sn (huyn Vit Yn). Khu ni Tin L t gii cd ni Voi, ni Chc,
ni Lu, ni Phng Hong .. cao di 8 0 mt. ng tr n ni P h ng H ong
cd th n hn r mt vt di b N am sng Nh Nguyt t x D n g Lit
n x H a Long (u thuc huyn Y n Phong) v n c vng T h Cu.
Tin xung b B c sng Nh Nguyt, qun T n g chl cn cch T h n g
Long khong 2 0 kilmt (tnh theo on Nh Nguyt T h n g Long). Quch
Qu ntng lng mun chim T hn g Long thc hin k hoch nh nhanh
thng nhanh nh vua Tng cn n. Vic Quch Qu phi t m dng li
i thy qun vo hp ng tc chin l r t bt c dl.
Tng gic Vng T in c lnh bc cu phao qu a bn Nh N guyt
cho i qun xung kch ca Miu L sa n g sng^^^ i qu n ny khong hai
nghln

nh cu phao qua sng d ng v sau y chc th n g c

(1) Thet> Phm Th Tm irt>ng sch Mi s tri quyi chin chin luc trong ch s dn tc, I l NOi. Nxb

Qun i nhn tta I97"

(2) Miu L dng n v pha liy cch n Ouch Qii 60 dm, ti bn Nh Nguyi (Tc m r thri pm

mng bin trong Tng -L bang ^iao ip ic).

(3) T n g -. bang gia tp c, ! liCu A n. tr.l78.
(4) t)i yi s k totx th c dn chp "... Vua sai L '1'hung Kii cm qun n tnh Dn Nng Nh
Nguyi, nh lan ch. Qun 'IVSng chi htn nghn ngUi..." 'I rn dnh lan ch v quan ch chi h(in
1.000 ngi^ phi t irn dnh Oi qun Miu L. s6 quiln bi chdl hin 1000 hi s qun dcm di c \h
c don ch l 2.000 vi la <J3 nh tan dch "ngha l li&i dit phin ln. s c. ci Trung Ourc cOng
ghi "quAn it khng ch ni nhiu* c r thng gin trung hin).

VIT NAM (T THI NG UYN T H Y DN 1858)

157

mi chin tu y n c a qun
Li dng a hnh vng Yn Ph (Y n Phong B c Ninh), L Thng Kit
b tr mt t r n a m ai phc ch gic. Qun ta c nhn dn ht sc gip
nh g i c r t d di. Gic th u a tan tc s sng sdt cftg Miu L
hong ht c h y v bn Nh Nguyt^^\ nhng n i th cu phao b
cl v qun t a li tin cng mnh m. Bn kia sng, Triu T i t cho b sag
cu khng c. S c h Tc t tr thng gim trng bin chp; "Binh th
t on, qu n t khng ch ni nhiu, b gic (ch qun ta TG ) ngn
chn ri n g x u n g b sng". P h n ln i qun xung kch ca ch b tiu
dii. Miu L v m t s t tn binh liu cht chy v b Bc. Cuc tin cng
m m n c a ch bn b Nh nguyt b qun dn ta p tan nhanh
chng.
Sau Q u ch Qu li huy ng m t lc lng mnh hn v ng b ln
ch qun qu a s n g ln hai. Mi ln b a c 5 0 0 tn. B khng c nhiu,
ch qun s a n g li phi quay v n s mi. H t ip ny n lp khc, qun
Tng s a n g b N am Nh Nguyt ri xng ln ph bi chng ngi ven
sng*-^^ C h n g c h t t nhng hng ro bng tre. N hng ro dy my tn g
rt kh ph. Q u n t a t tr n chin ty li nh xung d i. Lp trc b
tiu dit, lp s a n g cu vn cng b nh tan. Hc gi h T rn h nh Tng
ni t t r n nh nh sau: "Dng b ch 5 0 0 qun vt sng va cht
va t my l n tr i ro bng tre khng c. m b khng v ch cu
binh sang, n h n g li b gic {ch qun L Thng K it - T G ) b t git. T h
l qun ta khn g c cu, k trn, k cht, khng thnh cng
a i ln vt %ng, ha ln th t bi thm hi, v th nn tuy cn trong
tay gn nguyn vn s qun 10 vn, s phu 2 0 vn m Quch Qu khng

(1) Imyn huyt vng Mai Dinh ni l. 'ing KiCt a ni ng ml m n chin tuyn, nn MiCu L
tng "giAc M a n irn iii. l 'li cng Kit nxsn c h o d ch vt qua m t on ch in uyn di VKJ rn

cta phc kich c lt.

(2) llco myn Ihuyii ca niin dn Yn Hh Cn ng xa kia l YCn Khang. Sau v dn liing c cftng gip
nhij l. tinh thring Tng, nCn

i i:i YCn Phu. iiCn a*iy ^ dn Yn Ph cr cn mt i cAu di

nt')i dn s lch hri Ihn ti lng l Khang Dn ho mng gip . Thng Kit nh lui gic v ihn

Cio s<m t(p d*in ir yOu qUii ni T h D&. Cu rti phCn Am l "Thoi l m k cng, l. tng
kinli ht thu d mng.''r yu dung chnh khi, yi Sn on hin irng ihi quang". Ti.m dch i:
(p cng a lui gc, tn tng MiCu i kinh hi sau gic mng Cm. T n yu nn chnh kh, ni Diu
hin ra xi

s n g ch a n ha.

(3) t liCn nay tha c\> c Itu xc thc v da dim v thi giin c th ca CC in cng h hii ca qun
l ng. Chng \ thcxi kin ca Phm 'rh

'rm rong sch: Mi s trn quyt chin chin c ron;

Hd .ui dn ic, (Sd),

(4 ) Irinh Oi. rtinh l o . S h i Trnh di i (xcm L Thng Kit cft long Xun }n. Sdd).

158

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

dtn nghi n tin cn g na. Quch Qu quyt nh dt khot phi ch thy

binh v bun ru ra lnh "Ai bn ih s chm"^'^
Ch lc ca ch l b binh v k binh khng th lin h c vi
thy binh v b chn ng li trc chin tuyn sng Nh Nguyt. Qun
ch tuy ch im c khu ng B c v Bc ngn sng Cu nhng ra t
t h ch ng tin cOng v b hm tron g mt a bn r t bt li. D l vng
th n g du v tru n g du, dn cu tha tht, qun T n g khng th v vt cup
bc c. Lng a n c a o qun xm lc hon ton trng ch vo vic
vn chuyn tip t b n g dng b ca dn phu
Qu&n dn t a vng sau lng ch ii pht trin cc hot ng du kch
quy ri lin tc. N hng on phu vn chuyn lng thc lun b ch n
nh. Nhng i qun thng du ca ta cng vi dn chng cc tc ngi

th iu 3 len li trong rng su, ni cao thung bt ng tin ra nh tia.

H o t ng m nh n h t l o qun ca ph m T h n Cnh Phc vng
ng Gip. S c h i Vit s k dn mt on trong sch Qu Hi ch nhu

sau : "ViD tri chu quan ang l ph m b thua, bn trn vo trong bi c,

th y qun T n g i l loi thl git c h t hoc bt v... Ngi ta cho l mt v
th i n thn"^^^ Qun T n g r t hoang mang lo s,
H ai th n g a tri qua qun T n g ngy cn g b tiu hao v s ing v
c b i t nghim trn g l qun Tng khng th v vt cp bc ca ci c.
L n g an ca o qun x m lc hon ton trng ch vo vic vn chuyn
tp t b ng ng b ca dn phu. Vin quan chuyn vn s L B in h N ht
tn h phi cd 4 0 v n phu, nhng nh Tng ch iu c 20 vn. Do d
m t s v kh v tn s t ca qun lnh d phi b li, Isng thc khng
m a n g c nhu.
Qu&n T n g tuy t h suy lc gim nhng vn cn mt s lng kh ng.
C h n g vn ng trn mt tr n tuyn di khong 3 0 kimt b B c sng
N h Nguyt. T lc ch uy n sang t h tm thi c th, chng khng dm
ti n cng ta d bi khu khlch, nhng li ct m mu nh qun t a sang b
B c tiu dit. C hng bn tnh: "Nh ngi ti t mnh li hn mnh
ti t ngi. Vy nn "gi cch khng phng b, chng n (ch qun ta T G ) t ti nh"^>.
(1 ) Sch Tng s, q.318 truyn T Tch c on: "OuAch Qu c r^ quSn li, khOng chiu tin cng, tich
ho ph s Triu Ti lng: *Binh s ym lu, ch lung khng c nh gic thi ihnh cng th no
c^. Truyn M iiu Th Trung, q.331 cng vi: "Oun ta khCng c lin cng".
(2 ) X em L Thng Ki ca Hong Xun Hn. Sd.
(3 ) Vng Xng, >ng s uc (xcm L Thng Kii) Tc tu tT thng gim trng bin chp: "Ou ni
rng phi i6 ra suy yu d dch" {Tng -L bon giao tp c, ir ]70).

V IT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H Y N 18 5 8 )

159

T ro n g iu kin qun ch cn ng v lo phng th nh vy nn ta

khng t h m mt cuc tng tin cng bao vy tiu dit to n b q u n ch.
L T h ng Kit ch trng m nhiu cuc cng kch va c t h chia s
lc lng va tiu dit c nhiu ch. Hai i tng chnh m L T h n g
Kit d nh tp trung lc lng nh vo l khi qu&n c a Q uch Qu v
Triu T it.
L Th ng K it c hai hong t H ong C hn v Chiu V n em 4 0 0
chin thuyn ch hai vn qun t V n X un ngc sng Nh N guyt m
mt cuc tin cng vo doanh tri Quch Qu. S nh T n g m t : "Vi
vn qun q u t tho, chi m ng n nh"^'^
Cuc tin cng ca thy qun ta gy cho ch nhiu th i t hi. N hng
qun ta c n g b tn tht. Hai hong t H ong Chn, Chiu V n v my
nghn qun hi sinh. Cuc tin cng chnh din ny khng ch n h m tiu
dit sinh lc ch m cn nhm thu ht lc lng v tp tr u n g s ch
ca cc khi qun ch vo y Vic to nn thi c cho mi ti n cng
khc, mi tin cng ch yu ca L T h ng K it, b t ng t p kch vo ch
s h c a ch ginh th n g i quyt nh.
T ro n g lc chnh tng Quch Qu mi lo i ph vi s tin c n g m nh
ca thy binh ta, Triu T i t v c c tng ph tr c h c c doanh t r i khc
cng ch m ch theo di din bin chin s d , th gn nh ng thi, L
Thng K i t trc tip chl huy i qun ban m vt bn N h Nguyt,
nh p doanh tri ph tng Triu T i t x a Mai Dinh i din vi bn
Nh Nguyt
Vo thi gian khi i bn doanh c a Quch Qu b tin cng t, ton
b qun T n g cc ni v bn th n T riu T i t a n g dn s ch vo m t
trn pha Quch Qu th bt ng L Thng K i t m tr n cOng k k h vo
khi qu n T riu T it. Tng, qun tr tay khng kp, b i bi, qu Sn s b

tiu dit n nam su phn mi. Sch i V i t s l c i T r n chp; "L

Th n g K i t bit qun T ng sc lc khn, ang m vt sng t p kch,
i ph c qun Tng, mi phn ch t n nm , su"^^^
S s ch ghi chp qu 8 si v din bin ca tr n tp kch ny. i Vit

s ki ton th ghi "Mt m qun s (ca ta), cht nghe tro n g n T r ng

tng qun cd ting c to rng:

(1 ) iu c tit tri ihngim Bvng bitn (xcm Tng -L bang

(2) Oi Vii s lc, Sd.

0 o tp tc. tr.171).

160

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

"Nam quc sn h Nam d c.

Tit nhin dinh phn ti thin th.
Nh h nghch l lai xm phm
Nh dng hnh khan th bi h".
Dy chnh l bi tho th n kch ng tinh thn yu nc thnh sc mnh
chin u trc tip it th. Nhn dn a phng vn truyn tng nhiu
chi ti t v ch r nhng di tch ghi li chin cng oanh lit ny, khu vc
doanh tri ch bin thnh bi chin trng, H ng vn xc gic nm ngn
n g a n g khp cnh ng, g t. N hn dn ia phng gi l cnh ng xc.
g xc^'^.
T h t bi ny ca qrun T n g th t qu nng n. Chi mt m, ton b
doanh tri gm 3,4 vn qun b nh ta n tnh, binh s thng vong gn
ht.
T h n g li ca trn tp kch xut pht t bn Nh Nguyt ny cng vi
nhng th i t hi m ta gy cho ch khi qun Quch Qy lm cho th
phng ng ca qun T n g b B c b ru n g chuyn hon ton.
Chin th n g Nh Nguyt ln th hai ny vo cui ma xun nm 1077.
Dd l chin thng ca tr n quyt chin chin lc c ngha kt thc chin
tra n h . Qua li than vn ca tng ch trn cho thy qun T ng vo
cnh th cng lc kit. Nu cn ng qun thi r rn g s b tiu dit hon
ton. Nhng rt lui th m t th din ca "thin tri u . B it r ch xm
lc ca gic b bp, L Thng K it lin ch ng a ngh "ging
ha", thc cht l m m t ii th ot cho qun Tng. ! ch trng kt
thc chin tranh mm do ca L Thng K it: "dng bin s bn ha, khng
nhc tng t, khi tn xng mu m bo ton c tn
Ngay lp tc, vo th n g 3 nm 1077, qun Tng rt iui trong cnh hn
lon. Quch Qy s qun ta tp kch nn b m t cho binh s rt lui vo ban
m. Tng s ghi li cnh tng nh sau: "Qy mun rt qun v,
s gic tp kch, bn bt qun lnh khi hnh ban m, hng ng khng
c chinh t, tnh hnh hn lon gim xo ln nhau"^^^
Qun T n g r t n u, L T h n g K i t cho qun theo s t ly ji t
ai n y. Qun ta nhanh ch n g thu hi c c Chu Mn, Q uang Lang,
(1) Theo

liu iu tra ca Khm Th Tam, Di hc Tng hp H Ni.

(2) Vn bia cha Linh Xn (Thanh la) ca s Php l i l. (xcm . Thun Kt, Sd)
(3) Tng s. q. 334 - Tmyn o t

VIT NAM (T THI NGYN THY DN 1858)

L61

I
c
:
1
5

' 1-CLSVN T tp

162

DI CNG LCH s V IT N/\M

T M u, T Lang. Ring chu Qung Nguyn (Cao BAng l min t c

nhiu t i nguyn, nht l m vng, nn nh T ng c ani mu chim ng
lu di. Nhng ri bng nhng bin php u tranh kin quyt, nh L cng
ly li c vo nm 1079.
T tr n t kch Ung Chu n trn tp kch Nh Nguyt (Mai Thng)
3 0 vn lnh v phu ca nh Tng b tiu dit. T ro n g ln xut chinh 1 07 6 1077 th mi vn qun ra i, khi v cn li hn hai vn (23 4 0 0 ), tm
tro n g s hai mi vn phu b mng. Ton b chi phi chin tra n h c
ngi nh Tng tnh ra l 5 .1 0 0 .0 0 0 lang vng^*^

Cha Mt Ct

( l ) Tng s, q. 334 -TruyCn P o Bi.

VIT NAM (T THI NGm ^N THY N 1858)

iiO i

163

Vyt^'?6C?S^^'

Dn th L Thng Kit

IV . N H L S U Y V O N G
1 Nh L n i vua Nhn Tng (1 0 7 2 " 1127) t n inh cao
ca s thnh tr

S c khen Nhn T n g "l ngi sn g sut khn ngoan,

nhn hin, hiu ngha. Vua nghe li car ng\n, cu k hin ti, t tp dch,
thu kha nh. B y gi nc ln, phi

S;

nc nh phi mn, th n gip

ngi theo, dn th ng giu, mnh thi thi bnh. Thc l ng vua gii
triu L!^*\
Nhng t i Anh Tng (1 1 3 8 - 1175) v sau th chnh s dn dn st
km Cc vua ln ngi u nh tui (T h n Tng 11 tui, Anh T ng 5 tui,
Cao T n g 2 tu i...) v u cht yu (T h n Tng ch t nm 21 tui, Cao T n g
cht nm 3 7 tu i...) quyn hnh nm tron g tay ngoi thch m khng t l
bon mt nc hi dn, lng hnh tham bo Anh V l eni b Thi
hu (m T h n T n g Dng Hon) lm ph chnh di triu Anh T n g cho
(1) l*hi 1uy (.'h, lch triu hin ch(7ng OQ ch, l\n ch ca NXB S hc, H Ni, 1960 tp I, r. lO .

164

DI CONG LCH s V IT NAM

v l T Th vo hu h Thi hu ly c i li t thng vi L T h i
hu (m Anh Tng).
Cc i thn in tin ch huy s V i, ph m Dng T Minh cng
T M inh Vng, Bo Ninh hu... em qun xin vua bt Anh V. Nhng L
T h i hu li em vng bc t Idt cho bn i Anh V khi b git. Anh
V b y lm co in honh. Thi hu lo lt xin x ti cho Anh V. D n d
Anh V c lm ph chnh v cng Jng hnh hn trc. Anh V t ly 100
ngi, lp phng quc v chuyn i bt ngi, tm cch bo th V Di,
Dng T Minh...
N m 11 5 8 vua theo li Nguyn Quc, sai lm hm g ln tr c triu
inh, h lnh ai mun ndi vic g th vit giy b vo. Ch tron g vng mt
th n g th s y.
Cd th k ti Anh V. Anh V bn y Quc ln tr i Quy H a v bt
ung thuc c cht. Ph chnh cho vua Cao T n g l Y n D i (em trai
th i hu, m Cao Tng) cng l ngi bo tn. Yn Di cm dn Tiin xui
trao i mui, st vi ng bo cc dan tc ngi th iu s tr n p
c c cuc khi ngha ca h.
Q u tc nh cha cng x a x khng km. Nm 1 1 9 8 , t t n g m D
M ng phi tu vua rn g; "Dng nay s t n g v phu dch n g a n g nhau.
C h n g t kt b l, lp cn ngi ch, t hp t n g bn lm nhiu iu
u. H o c chn t n g phng, tn h vin m rin g t g ia n d m . Ngy n
ti r a nh n co chut. Chng bi tc thng gio, d n dn th n h thi
q u en . Nu khng cm i, lu ngy t t c n g thm

Vua y li m

D M n g b t n h i u t n g p h i h o n t c . y l n k ch v o
o P h t .
- Cui nm , H Din Chu ni dy b m D M ng n p.
- N am 1198, ngi hng Cao X Din Chu l Ng C ng L chiu
tp nhng ngi vong mnh ni ln.
- N m 1 20 3 p Lm (?) p M (?) ni y.
N goi nhng cuc khi ngha trn , binh lnh cng gy phn bin. Nm
1 1 6 3 "Lnh b tr6n, t hp nhau cp bc c dn tr n ng

Ph

Cng T n phi em qun i n p

T 1161 n 1172 vua hoc i t h n lun i tun tiu tro n g nc, dng
uy lc tr n p nhn dn. Nm 1 2 0 7 , Cao Tng phi xung chiu t ii
(1) yit lc, Sild, q.m , ir. 13b; bn lch ir I63^64.
(2) Di yi I k lon thu. Sdd, l.I, Ir, 323

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY i:)N 1858)

165

S c chp "N m vua thy gio cp ni in nh ong, bn hi li li xa,

tihan t tr c h m nh hn km tn noi cu tr n g khng bit cn h kh
khn ca dn chng, nghe l bn tiu nhn m gy nn on vi k di"^^^
Cao T n g c h t, con l Sm ln thay, hiu l L Hu Tng. L Hu T n g
cng l mt n g vua hn km. Sut H nin tr vi ca ng, t nc lun
lon lc, gic cp t tung.
2. C u c n i d y T h a n Li ( 1 1 4 0 )
Nm 1140, mt ngi dng di h T h n ng Gip l T h n Li, t
xng l con vua Nhn Tng, gii thut s, ni ln chAu Thng Nguyn
(min ng H i, T h i Nguyn). T hn Li xng hiu l Binh Vng, phong
th thip lm h ong hu, con chu lm vng hu. B a n u T h n Li ch

c hn 1000 ngi, i u cng ndi phao rng Li gii binh thu t. Dn bin
gii theo rt ng
-

T h n g 4, T h n Li en qun ra ng chu Ty Nng <Ph B n h ,

Thi Nguyn) c ng dn Thng Nguyn, Tuyn Ha Cm Ha, Vnh T h n g

nh ph Ph Lng (Ph Lng, Thi Nguyn) ly uc ph tr T h n Li
bn mu vi q u n ch ng nh kinh thnh T h n g Long.
Triu nh sai thi y D Anh V em binh tn nh. Thng 5, qun Li
ko v T h ng Long, n trm Qung Dch (?) gp qun ca Anh Va, T h n Li
chy thot v chu Lc Lnh (Thi Nguyn)* Anh V ng k ph d, chiu
hp ng chng Thn Li, pht mui cho bn Dng Mc, Chu i.
T h n g 10, Anh V tin nh Lc Lnh bt c 2 .0 0 0 ngi. T h n Li
trn ln L n g Chu (L n g Sn) b T H in T h nh b t c T h n Li v
20 ngi ch huy b chm u, mt s b i y.

3. Cuc ni dy Di Hong
Nm 11 5 2 ngxi min i Hong N inh Binh) cng ni dy do Nng
Kh Lai chi huy.
Nm 1202^ ngi i Hong b bt lm phu dch xy ca Di T h n h
(kinh thnh T h n g Long) kh lon r nhau v ni dy chng triu nh.
Ngi ch huy l Ph Lang. Nh L phi sai chi hu phng ng T rn Hnh
i n p dn Di Hong, li sai li b thng th T Anh Nh em qun
ph T h an h H da ra phi hp n p. Dn sng L B (thuc huyn Y n,
Nam nh) P h L a n g dn qun nh v git ch t Anh Nh.
T h n g 5 n m 1 2 0 5 quan ni hu t Anh D on i nh D i H o n g
c n g b th u a. n t h n g 10 Dni D Mng em bin h lnh c c o p
m t di ly phng ng. T h anh t h ca P h L a n g r t ln. N m 1 2 0 5 ,
( l ) V itsc. q III. S J J . ir. |7^

166

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

sa u khi n h ta n qu n triu inh, P h L a n g th a t h n g t h n h cu n g n g

P h o n g (N g h a H ng - N am n h) p h c c kho th c, t n h c a . T h n g
8, C ao T n g phi dng k ho hon, sai ngi i d ha. "P h L a n g v
1 7 0 h o tr n g ra hng"^*^ S o n g th c t tr i u nh a k b n g k i m so t
c m in T y nam T h n g L on g na. P h L a n g vn gi mi n v Dm
1 2 0 7 l i n i dy.

4. Lon on Thng v Quch Bc

T h n g 9 nm 1207, ho trng ln l Don Thng, Don Ch ni dy
H ng Chu (Hi Dng v Hi Phng) xy p thnh ly, xng vng
hiu. Cao T n g phi rt nhiu qun i nh Hng Chu. m D Mng em
q u n o Di Thng (mln H ng c dc sng y), P h m B n h Di em
qun o K h Liu, T r n Hinh em qun o Ph i (V nh Bo, Hi
Phng), Bo Trinh hu em qun o Nam Sch (Nam S ch , H i Dng),
c n g hp nhau nh on Thng. T h y t h lc qun triu nh qu mnh,
Don T h ng lin ngm sai ngi em ca ci t lt cho Th ng phm
phng ng Phm Du, nguyn xin em qun chng theo Du. Cuc lin minh
gia T h ng v Du bt u t <5. P h m Du c vi Thng m xin vi Cao
T n g th a cho.
u nm 1209, Cao T ng sai P h m Du coi vic qun chu Ngh An.
B y gi mi6n ny ang ti ln, s ngi b ch t di r t nhiu. N hng ngi
cn sng st cng b ph sn, lu vong. N hn c hi y, P h m Du ni vi
vua rng: "Nay thin h ri lon, bn gian t c ni ln khp ni... xin cho
php ti c tuyn bn trai trn g t phng, mi son g khi lo tai
ha". P hm Du chiu tp nhng ngi vong mnh ngang nhin i khp cc
ni. T ng t b ct t, thuyn b khng i li c"^^v Cao Tng

thy tnh hlnh nguy khn lin sai Thng phm phng ng Phm Bnh Di
ly qu n ng Chu (th x Hng Y n) chng li bn P h m Du. Phm
Du tr v C Mit cng vi on Thng, on Ch H ng Chu hp binh
nh D ng Chu. Binh Di b thua.
T h n g 2 nm 1209, Binh Di li em binh ng Chu, Khoi Chu i nh
Du. P h m Du b trn. Bnh Di tch bin gia sn ca Du ri t ht. Thng 4
nm ny, Phm Binh Di nh tan qun Don Thng. on Ch b git cht.
P h m Dti ngm sai ngi v kinh t lt cho bn quan li tro n g triu,
ndi rn g B n h Di tn c, git hi ngi v ti v k l tinh oan, xin v kinh
i ti. Cao T ng sai T r n Hinh triu P h m Du v kinh li triu c Bnh
Di v triu . Phm Du v kinh trc hu Cao Tng, c tin c n ; Bnh Di
n kinh sau, vo triu phng m nh, Cao T n g sai bt B n h Di v con l
(1) yi s /uc q. 3, c I6b; bn dch, ir 170.
(2) y s /uc, q. 3,

I8b; bn ch. tr. 175.

VIT NAM {T THI NGUYN TH Y DN 1858)

167

Ph giam Thy Vin, toan lm ti. Tng c a B in h Di l Quch Bc nghe

tin , em binh lnh h reo ph ca Di T h a n h ko vo ni in. Du cng
em ) bn Phra Kinh git Binh Di v con l Ph ri cng vua chy trn .
Q uch B c nghe tin Bnh i chl, sai qun s t nhp n b m t,
ly xe c a vua ch thy Bnh Di, ly chiu ng bc thy ca Ph ri theo
ca V i t T h n h m ra bn ng B u. S a u Quch Bc li vo cung
rc hong t T h m v hong t Sm V Hi p. T r n L thng su t thy
qun n rc hong t Sm cng m l nguyn phi m Th v hai em
gi a v Hi p (Lu X, x Canh Tn, H ng H, Thi Binh ). T r n L
vn lm ngh nh c, sau tr nn giu c. Da vo t h ic h Luu (cd l
l tng qun Lu Khnh m) v h T tro n g vng, T r n L c lm
chc quan nh, trng coi hnh cung Ng T h in (lng Quch B, H ng H,
Thi B n h ) s t cnh lng Lu X. Nhn lon lc, T r n L chim c m in
Hi p. H T r n c binh lc lin ni dy, t m v phe Quch Bc.

5. H Trn hng khi

T r n L cng P h m Ngu ruc hong t Sm v M ang N hn, a S m
ln ngi, xng l T h n g Vng, ging T h m xung tc vng. t lu sau,
Sm li v Hi p, ti nh cng qun Lu Gia. Sm ly con th ca T r n
L lm nguyn phi, dng m D Mng iin T h i y, Nguyn Chnh li lm
Thiim tri chnh s, T r n L im Minh t, P h m B l Thng phm phng
ngi, T T ru n g T lm in tin chi huy. N h vy l min ven bin Ng
Thin hnh thnh mt triu nh nh, tuy ngi h L lm vua, nhng
quyn hnh thc t vo tay anh em h T r n . H T r n dn dn t chc
thnh mt dng qu tc mi.
T r o n g kh , Cao Tng chy ln min Quy Hda G iang nng nh nh
H V n, m t th lnh min thiu s cd th lc. Cao T n g sai Phm Du i
Hng L Hn kt vi on Thng, hun luyn qun lnh nh h T r n .
Du b git cht.
N m sau 1210, T T rung T nh li Q uch B c Khoi Chu, ri n
Hi p bt hong t Sm nh a v kinh s. T h n g 4, Cao T n g sai
thng phm phng ng 6 Qung n n h T ru n g T n hong t Sm
v kinh. Con th T r n L l T r n T Khnh thay cha thng linh binh chng,
c phong l Thun Lu B , ng qun T h u n Lu (m in Hi p, H ng
H, T h i Bnh ) nhng khng u hng Cao Tng.
T h n g 4 -1 2 1 0 , Cao Tng mt, hong t S m ln ngi vua (tc l Hu Tng).
Nghe tin vua Cao Tng mt, T rn T K h n h em thy qun n bn T
G ian g (M Vn, Hng Yn) xin vi cu l T T r u n g T cho cng d ta n g
i Cao Tng, nhng T run g T khig cho. T K hnh phi em qun v

168

DI CONG LCH s VIT N--\M

T h u n Lu. C ng th n g , Hu Tng lp T rn th lm nguyn phi, P h a n

Ln, N guyn N gnh thuyn bn i Thng, em qu n gip T r u n g T
dp D Q u n g ri a T r n th vo triu

T h n g 7 nm 1211, T r u n g T

ang m s a n g G ia L m t thng vi cng cha Th in Cc, b quan ni h u

Vng T h n g l chng cng cha git. T quyn hnh chuyn gpn s a n g
tay h T r n . N h n c hi , anh em h T r n cng t Thin Trng, K in
X n g tin ln nh chim min Khoi Chu, Vy l t nm 1211 hnh
th n h ba t h lc phn c t ln l:
- H on (H i D ung v Hi Phng).
- H T r n (T h i B in h , Nam Dnh v nam Hng Y n).
- H N guyn (Quc Oai, H Ty)
T ri u inh nh L chi kim sot vng xung quanh T h n g Long,
Chnh quyn tru n g ng ca nh L tuy c phc hi, n h ng t h lc
q u yu. P h m vi k i m sot ca triu nh dn dn b thu hp li n g
k. T r c tin h hnh d, triu nh phi da vo lc lng a phng, th c
t l cc ho trng. B y gi, thy lc lng ca h T r n a kh m nh,
nh L i tm c ch da vo mt lc lng ho tr n g h on tr d it
h T r n . H on em qun nh anh em h T r n i H ong im (?).
T r n T K h n h sai L i Linh cng tng Khoi C hu Nguyn ng ra
ch n g c. Nguyn ng b bt, T Khnh b thua, gin d ph cho nc
sng chy t r n vo cc p ri v. Min Khoi Chu m t tin tng h
T r n , theo v vi h on.
T r o n g khi , T K h nh vn tip tc nh chim c c m in hai b sng
H ng p h t t r i n t h lc. Hai ln T K hnh nh bi c tng ca
on Ma Li l inh Cm , ng i Sn (Duy T in , H N am ). Ho T r n

kim sot c c min Li Nhn (ll Nin). By gi h T r n ang tm cch

lin kt vi ho tr n g Nguyn T tiu dit t h lc i ch m nh nht
ca mnh l h on. u nm 1212, T r n T K h n h v Nguyn T hp
nhau bn T ri u ng, th lm bn sng ch t c nhau, "tn tru n g bo
quc, cn g b in h ha lon", H ai ngi chia nhau phm vi chim c, ly sng
L, sng T h i n c (sng ung) lm gii hn, mi ngi thng su t mt
bn. T T h n g Khi (B c Ninh) n Na N gn (L c N gn, B c G iang), cc
hng p dc th eo s n g Dung v ng b l thuc v T K h n h . T Kinh
N gn (b s n g Hng, thuc Kinh s) n Din {H oi c, H T y) l
thuc v N guyn T , hn n thng 3 nm N hm T h in thi hp binh tn
cng t H n g Chu c a h on.
B y gi H u T n g truyn cho vn v b quan u phi nghe mnh lnh
T r n T K h n h . M t kh c, Hu Tng cng vi T h i hu v m t s cn thn

vn ngm mu dit h T rn . u nm 1213, Thi hu sai ngi i vi bn

t n g s o P h L c (?), o Bc Giang, hn ngy c n g pht binh nh

VIT NAM (T THI N G U Y N T H Y DN 1858)

169

T Khnh. ng n g y nh, bn P han T h P h Lc, Ng M i B c

Giang tin n c a Di H ng (ca nam thnh T h n g Long). T K h n h ang
bn Di T hng, nghe tin t lin ko qun ln kinh s, vo c m thnh ,
t cu Ngon T h i m ri li tr v i Thng. Lc ny t h lc ca T
Khnh r t m n h . Sau khi chim c ng b n g h lu s n g H ng v
sng Dy (tr m in i H ong), T K hnh pht t r i n t h lc ln Q uc Oai.
Min ny trc y l thuc phm vi kim sot ca N guyn T. T ch t,
ph tng l Nguyn Cuc th ay th. T Khnh tin qun ln Quc O ai, d
hng c N guyn Cuc.
Hu T n g li t lm tng i nh T Khnh, n M S gp q u n ca
Vng L, Nguyn Ci Hai bn cha giao chin, qun ca L, Ci mi h reo
tin ln, qun triu nh t tan v, Vng L, Nguyn Ci bt c thuyn
rng. Cnh qun o B c G iang do Dm D Mng thng xu t ti bn An Din
(Thng Tin, H Ty) th b qun ca T rn Tha tin nh. T r n Th ,
Trn Hin S m t ngn cng tin nh thng qun nh vua. Bn P h a n Ln,
Nguyn Nn t Quc Oai tin n ch Da nh thng bn tng Hng L
l Don Cm, V Ht. L Hu T n g phi chy ln L n g Chu
Tuy chim c K inh , T K hnh vn cha chim ngi n h L H
T r n vn ly dan h ngha ph nh L thu phc lng dn, v d b tin
nh bn on T h ng. Cho nn vi ngy sau, T K h n h sa i ngi dem
th ln L n g C hu gp H u T n g v ni r mnh rn g: "D n tin h ut c,
khng thu c ln trn Cho nn, nhn lng gin d c a ngi tr o n g nc,
thn khi binh dp l , c t tr gc ha, yn lng dn m thi, n
nh than phn vua ti, th n khng dm phm n m t c h t no. Ng u,
phi gnh ly ti chuyn quyn nh dp, khin cho x a gi phi long
ong, t xt ti c a th n th t ng vn ln cht. X in b h ngui con gin
d, quay xa gi v kinh s tha lng ngi mong m u n ^'^
Khng n c Hu T n g v kinh, T Khnh (by gi ly ch c tc l
Chng T h n h h u ) triu tp c c vng hu, b quan bn vic c i lp, sai
ngi n con vua Anh T n g l Hu Vn vng n H c K iu, lp lm vua.
T hng 3 nm G i p T u t ( 4 - 1 2 1 4 ) , Hu V n vng ln ngi in i An,
ci nguyn l C n Ninh, hiu l Nguyn Vong.
Anh em h on t n cng t B c Giang, do tu n g c a T K h n h l
Nguyn Nn n g gi. nh nhau ni ng Cu (G ia Lng, B c Ninh),
Nguyn Nn git c h t c on Nguyn. By gi ni b phe T K hn h
xy ra phn lon ln. T n g C am Gi {th x S n T y ) l B li ni
ln chng c. M in C am G i li t ch khi phm vi t h lc c a a n h em h
T r n , hlnh th n h m t t h lc m. Cng lc , Nguyn Nn B c G iang
(1) yi' i lc, q.U, l 26b. bn dch irang 196

170

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

cng phn li T Khnh, xy dng mt th lc rt ln. Do vic ct c ca

bn B, Nguyn Nn, kinh thnh T h a n g Long b uy hip nng T K hnh
ly ht vng bc, ca ci cc kho v phtng ha t kinh ri n vua mi
xung hnh cung L Nhn (H Nam).
Nguyn Nn em binh n T h n g Long chng nhau vi T Khnh. Hu
T n g v thi hu ang Nam Sch tr v T hng Long, phong cho Nguyn
Nn tc hu. T h l sau khi nng ta t h lc ct c a phong h T r n ,
h on khng c, chnh quyn trung ng ca h L li lin minh vi
mt t h c c t c a phng th ba l Nguyn Nn Bc Giang. Cc din
tron g nc ic ny i th hnh thnh ba th lc: P ha bc l Nguyn Nn,
pha ng l on Thng, pha nam l T r n T Khnh.
Ngoi my lc lng phn ct trn, nhng th lc nh cc a phng
cng kh nhiu. Mt th lc ct c kh quan trng l Nguyn Bt, tc
Kim hu t kim, (min Hoi c, H Ty) tuy chng li triu nh,
nhng khng theo T Khnh, Quy Ha (min Y n Bi, Tuyn Quang dc
sng Hng) c h H, ch a truyn con ni cai tr t tri ny (cho n i
T r n vn cn). Ngoi ra cn th lc ct c min i Hong (Ninh Bnh),
ca h Phm Nam Sch. Khp ni tro n g nc vo tr n g thi hn on.
u nm 1214, Hu T ng chy n hng Binh Hp (x T am Hip huyn
Ph c Th, H Ty)^'^. T r n T Khnh c ho trng a phng Nng
T gip ly li Binh Hp, ri em quan bao vy T h n g Long, t cung
in, ph nh ca. Hu T n g phi dng lu tranh ,
T h n g 4 - 1 2 1 6 , T riu inh nh L li gp mt nguy nan mi; cc tng
Co X (N ht To, T Lim, H Ni) l t, N hu (tc L it hu)
chng li vua. Vua da vo Nguyn B t, sai B t nh li, nhng khng

thng, Trc tnh th t, Hu Tng nh li quay v nng nh aih t?m

h T r n . Nm y Hu Tng li lp T rn th (trc b ging xung lm ng
n) lm T hun T rin h phu nhn.
T r n T K hnh sai Vng L em thy qun n n rc Hu Tng
san g Cu Lin. Vit S lc chp rng: T K hnh trng thy vua rt mng,
t n g s u vui v h reo. T , vua cng T K hnh quyt nh bn
B c G iang vng Nn, Hin T n vng B t, Hng hu on Vn Li, H
Cao Quy Ha". Lc ny Nguyn vng b ph xung lm Hu Vn vng
(n 1221 thl Hu Vn vung cht).
Anh em, thn thuc h T r n chim ht cc chc vn v quan trng: T
Khnh lm thi y, khi xng l khng phi gi tn, T r n Tha c phong
tc Lit hu lm ni th phn th, T r n Liu (con c T rn Tha), Phng T
(1) Tn h f chp l huyn Binh Hp. Vn bia /)( yir quc inh p hng Thiu .oni bi ghi r tinh
Mp huong v D N ^ T ngi y c cng UVi gip Kin Ouc i vung ( I r^n T Kliinh)

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

171

Chu, I ^ i Linh c tc Quan ni hu, con c T Khnh l Hi c phong

tc vng. Tp on qu tc mi ny ln t c qu tc nh L c v 3
thu ht dn dn nhng qu tc khc m ginh quyn thng tr. Chinh s c ghi;
"Hu Tng dn dn mc chng in. Chnh s khng quyt on, giao ph c
cho Trn T Khnh. Quyn ln trong nc dn v tay k khc"^'^.
T h ng 6 n m 1217, on Thng em binh chng ra hng, c phong
tc vng. T h n g 6 nm 1218, T r n T h a v T r n T K hnh g em gi
l T rn T a m Nng cho on Vn Li (Hng hu) thu phc t H ng Chu.
T h l h T r n "tr" c mt th lc chng i quan trng.
T K h n h tin nh th lc c t c ca Nguyn T, Nguyn Cuc Quc
Oai, ca D B Cam Gi... "Cc thuc p Phong Chu u ra hng"^^^
T Khnh li nh Nguyn B t chim ti t T Lim. Nguyn B t phi
chy ln m i n thiu s sch An Lc (Vnh Phc).
T h ng 5 - 1 2 2 0 , anh em h T r n tin nh H Cao Quy Ha, chia qun
lm hai o: T Khnh, T r n Tha theo sng Quy H a (sng Hng), LL
Linh, Phan C theo ng sng Tuyn Quang (sng L), hai o cng tin.
Cao cng v con tht c cht. T c min Thng Nguyn L (Thi
Nguyn), T a m i Giang (Vnh Phc) u binh yn.
Mi ba nm ( 1 2 0 7 - 1 2 2 0 ) lon lc, t nc b chia x bi cc th lc
ho trng, chnh quyn nh L cng suy yu, nay c thRg nht li.
Quyn lc chnh quyn trung ng li dn dn tp trung, cng c di s
lnh o ca h Trn.
Cui nm 1223, T r n T Khnh - ngi ct cng nhiu nht trong vic
dn ng ch o h T r n nm chnh quyn, ch t Ph L it (c truy pbong
l Kin Quc i vng). u nm 1224, T r n Tha c c lm ph quc
th i y, P h n g T Chu lm ni th phn th, T r n Th D lm in tin
chi huy s, thng lnh cc qun h v cm inh. Hu T ng t u a pht
cung, khng c con trai, chi c hai con gi (con c l cng cha T hu n
T h in , g cho T r n Liu (con c T r n Tha), con th l cng cha Chu
T h n h , mi ln 7 tui. T h n g 7 -1 2 2 5 , H u tng nhng ngi cho Chiu
T h n h - tc l L Chiu Hong - t m nh lm T h i thng hong. Quyn
bnh trong triu hon ton nm trong tay quan in tin T r n Th .
X

Ngy 12 thng chp nm t Du tc ngy 1 1 -1 - 1 2 2 6 , di s iu khin

ca T rn T h D, L Chiu Hong chnh thc nhng ngi hong cho chng

l Trn Cnh. Vng triu L n y chm dt sau 2 1 6 nm cm quyn.
(1) /J(ii Vit k lon iu, Sd, tp I, tr. 337.
(2) Vii sii luc q.3.30b: biin ilch, lr.205.

Chng y il

I V T TH K XIII - AU
t

th ' k 1

XV: THI TRAN- H

I. NH TRN X Y DNG
V CNG C CHNH QUYN
1. Nhng nam du
Cuc thay i triu i, chuyn chnh quyn t dng h L sa n g h T r n
din r a tro n g hong cung v triu nh m hu oh khng c t c ng g
xo tr n x hi, khng mt nh hng g lan xa. T p on qu tc h T r n
r t khn kho, dn dn t n g bc vng chc v cui cng n m gi chnh
quyn nhanh gn. C h L b suy yu, t lit, khng m t phn ng ^
ng k.
T r n T h , ngi tr c tip ch o, iu hnh cng vic truyn ngi
c a L Chiu H ong cn tip tc th c hin nhiu bin php kin quyt, dit
tr t h lc cn li ca nh L. Ma xun nam Bnh T u t (1 2 2 6 ) , T r n Th
gi ch c thi s thng quc n m t t c cc quyn chnh tr, qun s.
V ic u tin l tr u t b ngi thng hong ca L Hu Tng, ging lm
th i n s Hu Quang ri a r a tu ch a Chn Gio. Hu Hu b ging lm
cn g cha Thin Cc ly T r n Th D, ly chu Lng lm th a n g mc p.
C c cu n g n h n ca Hu T n g v con gi h L u g cho c c t trng
min ni. Sau , nhng ngi h L cn li phi i sang h Nguyn, y
c l king tn hy T r n L. Mt s hong th&n tm cch di c ra nc
ngo nh L Long Tng chy san g Cao Ly (sau l anh hng chng Nguyn
M ng c a t nc ny).
T r o n g nhng th n g n m T r n Cnh cn nh tui, T r n Th qun
xuyn mi cng vic,

c ghi: "Th tuy khng c hc vn nhng ti

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

173

luc hn ngi, lm quan triu L c mi ngi suy tn. T h i T n g ly

c thin h u l mu sc ca Th c, cho nn nc nh phi nh
cy, quyn hn c vua"^'^. C ln, b Linh T quc mu, v ng, c ngang
nhin ngi kiu qu a ch cm, ngi qun hiu ngn c n khng cho i. V
n nh, b khc vi chng: "M ny l v ca ng m l qun hiu khinh
nhn n h u th". Th khng nhng khng pht ngi qun hiu m cn
khen ngi: Ngi chc thp m bit gi php nh th, ta cn tr ch g".
Ri cn thng cho vng, bc. T r n T h thng i v c c a phng
kim t r a tnh hinh, chn ngi lm cu ng trong hng x. Mt l n , b
Linh T mun xin ring cho mt ngi thn quen gi chc v ny. Th
gt u, ghi tn h v qu qun ngi y. K h i i x t duyt n hng ny,
ng tm v ni: "Ngi vi c cng cha {chi v ng) xin cho c lm cu
ng, khng v nh ngi cu ng khc c, phi c h t mt ngn ch n
phn bit vi k khc". Ngi quen thuc ca b Linh T phi van xin
mi mi c tha. "T y, khng ai dm n th m nh ring na"^^^
Th D ngi c cng trong cuc kh n g chin chng Mng C ln th
n h t ( 1 2 5 8 ) . B y gi, th i y T r n N h t Hiu ch huy o qun T in h
Cng^"^ khip s trc s xm lc ca qun Mng C thl thi s T r n
Th D li khng khi tr li vi vua T r n l ; "u ti cha ri xung t,
xin b h ng lo". Li ni ny xc lp quyt t m khng chin, tiu biu
cho ho kh ng A.
2. M t c h n h q u y n c a q u t c
Nh T r n thay nh L m ra mt thi k tip t c pht trin cao hn ca
x hi Di Vit. Chnh quyn nh T r n tro n g t h k X I I I vng vng, m
nng ng, to ra m t nn thng nht v n nh t nc cho n gia
th ki X IV .
T riu nh T h n g Long trong thi gian ny trc ht l t chc chnh
quyn ca dng h T r n . Vua T rn t m nh cao v tr bn thn, ng
nht ngi vua vi t nc. Nm 1 2 5 0 T h i T n g "xung chu cho thin
h gi vua l quc

nng cao hn tn h chuyn c h v tp tr u n g ca

triu nh.

(1) Di yit k f lon th. H Ni. I W . tp II. tr. 34.

(2) Dai Vit s k lOn thu, Sd, lp II. tr. 34
(3) 1'inh Cu<in(: l vng Ihi p ca 'i^rn Nh! Hiu, nay thuc x Tin Dc, Hng ( l, Thi Bnh.
(4) O! v t ,v k ton th. Sdd. lp |[ ir. 22. D|Ch gi sa l '"quan gia".

174

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

Ngi k nghip T h i T ng T r n Cnh l T h n h T n g T r n H o n g

(1 2 5 8 - 1 27 8 ) tng ni vi h hng: "Thin h l thin h ca t tng, ngui
ni nghip ca td tng nn cng vi anh em trong h cng hng ph qu.
Tuy bn ngoi l c thin h phng s m t ngi, nhng bn tro n g ta c n g
cc khanh l ng bo rut tht, lo th cng lo, vui th cng vui. Cc khanh
nn ly cu ni y m truyn cho con chu nh lu ng qun, T h l
phc mun nm ca tng miu x t c vy".
m bo vng chc v tr v kh nng nm chnh quyn trong tay
vua, trn h nhng v tranh ngi trong ni b hong tc v c n g cho vua
tr iu khin chinh quyn vng vng, nh T r n p dng c h d thi thang

hong. Vua cha chi lm vic mt s nm ri truyn ngi cho con, cn bn

thn lui v T c Mc (thuc thnh ph Nam nh) gi t cch c vn. C h
ny c'th c hin trong sut triu T r n . H T r n xy dng Tc M c
nh kinh th hai, cng c mt s c quan vn phng, gio c v kinh
t. Quyn hnh ca thi thng hong r t ln, khng ch ct quyn ch nh
ngi con k v m khi cn cd th tr u t b ngi vua. S c ghi; mt hm
vo thng 6 nm 1299, thng hong Nhn Tng t Thin T r n g ln kinh
sU. Hm , vua Anh Tng ung ru xng b say qu kh n g hay bit,
cung nhn vo ni in nh thc cng khng tnh. Th ng h on g rt gin,
lin cd m t Tc M c ngay ngy hm sau m triu hi, a i tr i lnh s
b x ti. V ua Anh T n g lo s phi nh mt nho th n tr tui l Don Nh
Hi thay m inh lm bi tr n tnh t ti. Nhn bi biu ca Anh T ng, thng
hong N hn T ng cn ni:
"Trm cn c con khc, cng c t h ni ngi c. T r m cn sng m
ngi cn dm nh th, hung chi sau ny". Ch thi thng hong gp
phn hn c h s c on ca vua ng quyn, gp phn c n g c chnh
quyn qu t c T r n .
S Hn kt dng h nm chnh quyn nh mt nguyn t c m cc vua
T r n c gng thc hin, Hu ht c c chc v quan trng tr o n g triu inh
v cc a phng l, ph u do tn th t nm gi. N h T r n t ph
tng nhn qun l h hng. T h n h Tng c Nhn T c V ng gi chc
nhp ni phn i tng chnh trng coi cc cng vic bin son gia ph v
theo di, gip ngi trong h. T h eo quy ch qu tc ha, hong t c
c phong tc vng. H hng x a c phong l thng v hu. Con cc
thn vng, cng cha c gi l "Kim chi, ngc ip" (Cnh v n g l ngc).
Chu ba i ca nhng ngi ny c phong qun vng. Chu bn i
c phong l minh t v nm i c phong tc thng phm . Nh T r n

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

175

cn thc hin nhng bin php c n th it bo m uy tn dng h. T ro n g

chin tranh qu tc no u hng gic, trn chy sang T ru n g Quc u b
kt n vng m t , x ti lu hay t, in s n b tch thUj xda b "quc tnh"^^^

Bn Vit gian T r n Kin, T rn Lng u h n g gic Nguyn Mng u phi

i i h Mai. T r n ch T c l eii rut vua ch gi l T r n .
Quan chc ln triu nh nh thi s, thi y, bnh chng s, thi
ph, thi bo, thiu s, thiu ph, thiu bo, t hu bc x, tham tri chnh
s v cc ch c v quan cao cp nh nguyn soi, ph nguyn soi,
tit s, ph ti t s, i tng qun th ch cc tn th t mi c nm
g^^. Chc phiu k tng qun ch dnh Tng cho hong t.
Cc vng hu nh T r n ngoi vic nm gi chc v quan trng trong
triu nh cn c phi i tr n tr cc l ph quan trng. T nh Quc i
vdng T r n Q uc Khang coi gi Din Chu v Ngh An. Chiu Vn vng
T r n N ht D u t v con chu ng coi gi T h a n h Hda. N hn Hu vng T r n
Khnh D co gi trn Vn n. Mi n cui nhng nm 6 0 ca t h k
X IV v sau mi c nhiu ngi thuc t n g lp khc c m chc v quan
trng trong tru .
) quyn li dng h thm vng vng, lu bn, ngoi ch k tha
quyn li v qu an chc theo h, nh T r n cn p dng li kt hn ng
tc. Quan h hn nhn trong mt dng h thi by gi c l vn cn c
duy tr trong x hi, song ca cc vua T r n l mun khp kn, khng
mun to dng m t tp on qu tc khc ngoi dng h ca Hlnh. Nhng
s khp kn ny khng tng ng cng khng p ng c nhu cu qun
l xA hi, bo v t nc ang t ra trc tip, khn trng trong t h k
X III

Mt khc c ch lng tc (theo kiu ph h gia trng) trong x hi

mi chi c duy tri trong tng lp qu tc v quan li, cn trong dn gian

th c c h t n g tc cha su m.

3. B my hnh chnh theo xu hng quan liu

H T r n tuy nm g cc chc v ch cht tro n g triu nh v mt
s ph l qu an trng, nhng s ng ngi v nng lc c hn, vn phi
xy dng m t b my hnh chnh t tr u n g ng n c c cp a phng,
thu nhn ngi thuc cc t n g lp (l th ho, s phu v.v...). Nh nc ny
l khi tin k t ca dng h T r n v b phn quan liu cc cp chnh
quyn khc nhau v ngy cng m rng. V phng thc t chc v c c h

(1 ) "quc tnh" y l ch h nh T r a

(2) I. Tr-c An Nam ch iuc, sch ch I n, q. XIV.

176

DI CONG LCH s VIT NAM

vn hnh ca Nh nc ny c m t phng theo m hinh nh Tng^*^ Nhng

nm u, nh T r n duy tr b my chnh quyn c. Nhiu quan chc nh
L vn c gi lm trng thn nh P hng T Chu, Phm Knh n. Nm
1 2 3 0 , nh T r n ra b Quc triu thng c h "xt c c l ca triu trc, nh
lm thng ch ca quc triu"^^) quy nh b my nh nc cd ki cng
hn hon chnh hn, ph hp vi tnh hnh mi.

a. Triu dinh
+

B phn irung khu: Ti triu nh c b phn trung khu gm cc t

tng, tng, tri m t vin s v hnh khin mn h snh^'^^ c nhim

v ch o cc quan vn v (gn ging nh hai ngch quan hnh chnh v
qun s). ng u trung khu l quan chc m ang danh hiu tam thi (thi
s, th i ph, thi bo); tam thiu (thiu s, thu phd, thiu bo) v tam t
(t , t m, t khng). Cc danh hiu tam thi, tam thiu nh l mt
hm bc thng kt hp vi chc danh km theo (ct chc nng c th ) nh
th n g qu6c, t thnh ph quc. Th D l thng quc thi s, Quang Khi
sau chng Nguyn - Mng ln th ha lm Thng tng thi s, Vn Bch
lm ph quc thi bo, Nguyn T r c lm t tng quc, Nguyn n lm
bnh chng s quc thng hu t , K him Ng lm nhp n kim hiu
t m . Chc v t tng thi T r n phi l th n vong vi chc danh l t,
hu tng quc hay nhp ni kim hiu, c tin khai ph nghi ng tam
ti bnh chng s. Chc v tung thng l tham tr chnh s hay l tri
m t vin s v nhiu khi m ang chc danh l t, hu bc x km thm hai
ch "nhp ni".
Chc v hnh khin gn ngang VI tng chia lm hai ban t vA hu
kinh T hng Long v hong cung T c Mc, nhng chung mt vin, v
sau i l mn h snh. Danh hiu cao n h t ca quan chc hnh khin i
nhp ni hnh khin ng tru ng th mn h snh bnh chng s. C quan

ny lc u chl dng hon quan. Sang t h k XIV dng cc nho thn nh

Nguyn T rung Ngn, L C Nhn.
V ic phn chia b phn trung khu gm t tng, tng, cc quan chc
khu m t vin, hnh khin mn h sn h tch khi v ng tr n cc c
(1) L Qu Dn c nhn xt ny irong sch Ki^n vn iu lc.
(2) Di Vit s k ton (hu, Sd, tp II, r. 12
(3) Phan Huy Ch Irong b Lch oi^u hin chng h i ch phn Quan Chcch khng phn bit r phn
irung khu m ch phn bit Quan trong (ch thu nh) v Quan ngoi

(chiquan da phUdng). Hon

na ngay c Phan Huy Ch cng ch ghi li mt cch "di khi", "chc no gi vic gi. khng th kho
CVU r c^.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

177

quan chc nng, l bc pht tri n trong kt cu v c c h ca b my nh

nc thi T r n ,
+ Cc c guan chc nng
triu nh c Thng th snh gm su b ; li, l, h, binh, hinh,
cng qun H c c cng vic: t chc b my hnh chnh, ngoi giao, tn
ngng, kinh t, qun s, php lut v xy dng c bn.
Dng u snh l thng th hnh khin v thng th hu bt. C c
c quan su b cng v sau cng c tn g cng v phn ln s dng c c
nho th n nh Don B a n g Hin lm th n g th b li thi i K h n h
(13 14 - 1 32 4), Nhn Gim lm thng th b binh, T r n Chiu N gn
lm thng th b hnh. Di thng th l c c chc th lang, lang tru n g .
C quan vn phng ca triu nh (ch yu son tho cc vn bn, chi,
d v.v ..) gi l Hn lm vin vi cc chc hc s khc nhau. Quan chc c a o
cp ca c quan ny thng do ngi trong Ni m t vin kim nhim nh
inh Cng Vin thi T rn Nhn Tng lm Hn lm phng ch.
Nh T r n cng rt ch tng cng cc c quan th an h tra, gim s t v
ta n. Th&ng Long c Ng s i gm c c chc: th ng s, gim 3t ng
s, ng s tru n g tn, ng s trung tha, ng s i phu vi chc n n g "gi
gin phong ha, php "^'^ Cnh c quan Ng s i cn c<5 ng vn k i m
s t vin v c c quan gin ngh i phu, t, hu np ngn. S a u chin tr a n h
chng Mng Nguyn, nh T r n li tng cng thm b phn thanh tr a k i m
sot cc a phng ph, l, t thm c c ti lim phdng.
Ngoi cc c quan trn, nh T rn cn t cc c quan ph trch ring m t
s cng vic nh Quc s vin bin son quc s (ngi ph trch u tin l
bng nhn L Vn Hu), Quc t vin (cn gi l Quc t gim) ging dy cc
hong t, vng hu Thang Long v Tc Mc, Thi y vin trng coi thuc
men, cha bnh trong hong cung v tng nh&n ph theo di cc hong tc.

b. C c da phng
c c a phng, nh T r n t chc chnh quyn ba cp: ph l,' huyn
chu, hng x. N h T r n i 24 l thi L thnh 12 l sau y:
- Thin T r n g

(Nam H)

- Long Hng (Thi Binh)

- Quc Oai

(H Tfty)

' B c G iang

(B c Ninh, Bc Giang)

(1) Phan Huy Ch. U ch iu hin chung oi chi. Bn djch Nxb s hc, H Ni, 1%K tp II, ir.22.
12-ClSVN T tp

178

I CONG LCH s VIT NAM

- Hi ng

(Qung Ninh v mt phn Hi Dng)

- T r ng Yn

(Ninh Binh)

- Kin Xng

(ng Thi Binh)

- Hng

(phn Hi Dng)

- Khoi

(phn Hng Y n)

- Thanh Ha

(Thanh Ha)

- Hong Giang

(phn t H Nam)

- Din Chu

(B c Ngh An)

Vo th kl XIV, nh T r n cn t cc ph :
- Lm B n h

(Qung Bnh v Qung Tr)

- Thi Nguyn

(B c Cn, T h i Nguyn, Cao Bn g )

- Lng G iang

(B c Giang, L n g Son)

Chnh quyn cp l (hay ph, tr n ) c chc an ph ch n h s v ph s,

thng phn, tr n ph (cn gi l tri ph). Ngoi ra, l cn c cc c quan
ph trch m t s cOng vic nh;
- H ; trng coi iu, cd h chnh s v ph s.
- Thy l hnh: trng coi cng vic giao thng thy v b, N m 1344,
nh T r n t n g cng thm c quan chnh quyn a phng, t n n
s v ph s t khuyn nng.
Nh T r n rt coi trng chnh quyn cp l ph. T hi T n g ( 1 2 2 6 - 1 2 5 8 )
tng c thi s T r n Th trn g coi chnh s ph T h a n h Hta, T h i
ph Phng T Chu trng coi chnh s ph Ngh An, c quyn t tin

phoig tc cho ngi khc. Cc ii Thnh Tng (1 2 5 8 -1 2 7 8 ) , Nhn Tng

(1 2 7 9 - 1 2 9 3 ) , Anh Tng ( 1 2 9 3 - 1 3 1 4 } cng u dng cc th n vng (v con
chu ca h) tr n tr cc ph quan trng nh T h an h H a, Din Chu,
Ngh An.
Di ph l l cc chu, huyn v vo cui th k X IV c thm cp x.
Chu vng m in ni, c<5 cc chc chuyn vn s, thng phn. Huyn c
cc chc tr i huyn (cn gi l lnh y) v ch b

M t vi ti liu cn

(1) Danh sch trn chng i da Ihco D yi s k ton hu v yi s thng gim cuang mc.
(2) Ddn v hnh chnh chu, huyCn thi by gi hot dng nhu iU no khng c li liCu ghi c th. Vn
bia Hng phc t bi, nm 1324 (Qung Hng, Oung Xng, Thanh Ha) chi ghi ph ri n hong.
nh ph Thanh Ha, hng YGn Dyn; vn bia ng Khnh bi mi nh c, nm 1367 (Do Dc.
V Xuyn, TUyn Quang) li chp ining, giang n hng nh Ph Linh inng. ITing Giang. Hong
Nng hong; van bia Pht tch son T a Hnh php s din a k chi li chp giang, sch nh
Giang, Di Mang sch. Nh vy huyn, chu, Ining, giang l nhng n v cn tip lc nghin
iu th^m.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y D N 1858)

179

cho bit dui ph l l hng ri n x^'^

Nm 1 2 9 7 , Nhn Tng di gip lm hng trung du v min ni th
gi l sch, ng. Chnh quyn hng, sch l cp cui cng trong h thng
on v hnh chnh a.phng, trong c x quan X quan gm i t
x (hoc ti u t x), x trng, x gim cd nhim v qun l hng x, lm
h tch v.v... Chc i t x hay gi l i tot c hni t ng phm tr
ln; tiu t x hay gi l tiu tot c hm t lc phm tr xung.
Nh T r n c h ia kinh T hng Long thnh 61 phng, ph l c hng.
Hng c i tot hoc tiu tot cai qun; sch th do ph o hay quan
lang qun l. S c khng cho bit phm vi rng hp ca c c n v hnh
chnh ny nh ng theo t liu a phng th hng sch vo thi ny bao
gm nhiu thn. Hng Tc Mc c cc thn Nht, Nh, T a m ,
T, P h n g BOng, Liu Nha, Hu Bi. Hng V n Trinh (Qung Xng,
Thanh H a) c cc thn Hi Triu, Linh L, Bch Kh, Cm Giang, Phng
Tr, T rin h X , Vn oi, Vn ng Sch K h L am (qu hng ca L Li,
ngi ng u khi ngha Lam Sn u t h k XV) gm cc thn Nh Ang,
Th M nh, H ng Dng, Giao X, B Ngu, c T rai, Nguyn X , Lng
Nhai (vng t nm trong cc huyn Th X un
Ha>. Vy di hng c nhiu lng (c ni

v Ngc Lc,

gi l tran g

tnh T h an h

hay thn) nhng

lng khng ph l cp chnh quyn,

Xem th th sch hay hng thi T rn kh ln (tang ong vi tng

thi N guyn sau ny). By gi chnh quyn T r n cha th t s qun l
c h t ch n t t c thn tra n g . im dn c thn l n g vn nm di
quyn c a c c x quan: i tot hay tiu to t. T r i u inh nhiu l n
kim s o t n h n inh h khu, nhng hnh nh ch a ln no c bin php
lp in b h ay iu tr a rung t. C th cho rng: th n; tr a n g vi c c
mi qu an h dn c, h hng, ngh nghip v.v... c n g cha c h t ch nh
nhng thi k sau khi chnh quyn x chuy n xung l thn, ing.

Dn inh cc hng c ghi vo s h tch, phn lm ba hng theo tui;

- 17 tui l tiu hong nam.
- 2 0 tui tr ln l i hong nam.
- 6 0 tui tr ln l lo hng.
H ng nm , vo ma xun, chnh quyn hng, x kim tr a nhn khu
bo !n tr n .
( ! ) Trcng li liu Chiu Qt4ng chung minh do nng nguyCn M '1ng 'Ilc son ntn Xng Ph th
9 (1385) cho bit oS l. c hong v c x. 'li |<u ny ni r cp ri dn cp hung (c Ih ttng
ng nh iuyCn) v cu6i cng li'i cpx. Vy l vo cui Trn da c cp ).

180

DI CNG LCH

s VIT

NAM

4. T chc qun i
Nh T r n th ay nh L, mt sc b t mi nhanh chdng n nh t r t t x
hi, sp xp ch n h quyn, ng thi tng cng lc lng qun s sc
a t nc vt q u a cc tr ngi bo v nn c p dn tc. Qun i
nh T r n c pht t r i n v hon thin theo my hng sau:
a) V t chc, phin ch. Qun ch lc gm cm qun u qun cc l.
Qun c c l ng b n g gi l chin h binh, m in ni gi l phin binh.
Nm 1 2 3 9 , T r n T h i Tng h chiu tuyn tra i trn g lm binh lnh, chia
lm ba bc thng, tru n g , h. Nh T rn c bit ch cm qun, gi l
qun tc v,
Nm 1 2 4 6 , thi im quan trn g nh du mt bc tin ln tron g cng

cuc xy dng qun i, c bit l cm quan, u nm nay, Thi Tng

t cc v t thin , t thnh, t thn ;
- Qun c c l T h in Trng, Long Hng nhp vo qun T h in Thuc,
Thin Cng, Chong T h n h , Cng Thn.
- Qun cc l Hng Chu, Khoi Chu nhp vo cc qun t hu Thnh Dc.
- Qun c c l T r n g Y n, K in Xng nhp vo cc qun T h n h Dc,
T h n Sch.
N m 126 7, T h n h T n g lp thm Ton Kim Cng , Chn T h n g ,
Cm V Thy d x o a , Chn K im
S a n g t h k X IV , cm qun c

.
tng cng v phin c h c h t

ch:

- Nm 1 3 1 1 , Anh T n g lp thm qun Va Tip,

- Du Tng ( 1 3 7 3 -1 3 7 7 ) lp thm cc qun Uy Tip, Bo Tip, Long

Tip, Long Dc, T B a n , Hu Ban.
- N m 1 3 7 8 , P h lp th m c c qun T h n Dc, T h in Uy, Hoa
N gch, T h V , T h n V , T h i n Thng, T h i t Gip, T h i t L i m , T h i t
H, .
Nh vy, b phn c m qun ca nh T r n ngy cn g c t n g thm,
phin c h c n g phc tp v c h t ch hn. B phn ny c tm qun, ng
u mi qun l m t i tng qun. Mi qun cd ba mi , ch i huy mi
c ch n h ph i i. Mi i c n&m ng, ch huy mi ng l u
Nu theo cch tn h ny th 3 cm quftn ngy thng c khong gn
2 0 .0 0 0 (ng T h n g Long, T c M c v mt s a phng q u a n trng).
ay l qun chuyn nghip.
( I ) C (i liu ghi chpn , ^ n g chp n ng

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

181

Cm qun kinh thnh c thch ch "thin t qun" vo tr n , l do tn

th t hoc l ngi c c bit tin tng nh P h m Ng Lo chl huy gi
! in tin chi huy s (gi t t l in sy). Chc phiu k tng qun phi
do chnh hong t nm gi. Trong chin tran h chng Mng Nguyn thi ton
qun t di quyn ca mt v tit ch do qu tc T r n Quc T u n ph
trch. Cm qun l nng ct cho cc binh ln h khc.
P h L ct l qun. L qun c khong 2 0 phong on. Gia th ki
XIV, D T ng ( 1 3 4 1 - 1 3 6 9 ) t thm bnh hi qun Hi ng. S a n g i
Du T n g ( 1 3 7 3 - 1 3 7 7 ) li tan g thm s6 qun cc l T h in Trng, Bc
Giang, T h a n h Ha, Ngh An, Lm Binh, T hu n Ha.

b} Lc ung v trang ca cc qu tc. cm qun l ch lc bo v T h n g

Long, T c Mc, nng ct trong chin tranh ch n g ngoi x m . C m qun c
th c iu ng i cc a phng hoc phi hp vi c c l qun t chc
t c chin. L qun c nhim v phng gi a phng tro n g l.
Ngoi cm qun v l qun l b phn o nh nc t chc, v ch huy,
c c vng hu c php chiu m qun ring khi c lnh vua. T ro n g chin
tranh chng Mng Nguyn in th hai (1 2 8 5 ) , H oi V n hu T r n Quc
Ton mi 15 tui cng c th t chc mt i qun n g h n g ngn ngui.
Lc ing v tra n g ca cc qu tc ny thng c gi l "vong hu gia
ng", ch yu l gia nhn, gia n. B phn ny c n g phin c h thnh
nh T o n Hu , Sn Lo , Dc ng
Khi gic Mng Nguyn ko sang, qun vng hu gia ng c n g l lc
lng n g k. Cuc hi qun ln nm 1284 V n Kip c n hn 2 0 vn

ngi trong d c qun ca nhiu vng hu nh Hng Hin vng y,

Hng Nhng vng Tng, Hng T r vng Nghin v.v... N h s hc Ng
Thl SI ghi; "Lc nh T rn dng thnh, nh gic Nguyn nh sc c c gia
n ca vng hu nhiu
T ro n g chin tranh, nh T rn c th tp hp c lc lng qun i ln
m nh, ng o ch yu cn do thc hin c h ngh a v q u n s theo
chnh s c h ng binh nng. Th tch by gi cd vit :vic ly qu n by gi
khng c s nht nh, ch chn dn binh no khe m nh th ly. C nm
ngi m t ng, mi ngi mt . Khi c vic iu ng th gi ra; khng
ct vic th tr v nh lm rung"
(

(1)

Trc, An >iam ch luc, q. XIV.

(2 ) Ng Thi S. Vit s iu n, Sd, Ir. 244.

(3)

Trc. An ATam ch uc, q. XIV.

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

182

Qun s thi bnh, theo Phan Huy Ch thl c "cm v v cc l khong

mui vn ngi

So vi dn s ong thi th s qun tr n khng phi

i t nhng qun thng trc ti ng theo chinh sch ng binh nn g li

t hn. Cng theo Phan Huy Ch th chnh sch ny ch thc hin cho c c
chnh binh (qun cc l): "Nh T r n theo php nh L, binh t c v u cp
bng hng nm, s bng bao nhiu khng r. Cn binh cc o u chia
phin v lm rung cho a tn lng"^ ^ C th xem d l s kt hp gia

xy dng kin h t v quc phng, kt hp gia sn xut nng nghip v t

chc v trang ca thi i .
Nng cao cht lng binh lnh bng cc bin php tuyn qun; tuyn
tng, hun luyn binh php u rn luyn t tng. Coi tr n g v th u t l
c)

li sng ca trai trn g cc tn g lp x hi t qu tc n n t. S c ghi

"by gi cc vng hu nh nhau bng tay khng v mt m nh i "n cp"
th cho l dng

Thng hong Nhn Tng thng ni vi c c tng

lnh "nh ta vn l ngi h bn, i i a chung hng ng, th ng tr

hnh rng vo i, np nh theo ngh v nn tr rng vo i l t ra khng
qun
Nh T r n rt coi trng binh php v k th u t qun s. N m 1 2 5 3 , T r n
Thi Tng lp G ing v ng cho cc v quan tp tr u n g hc hi binh
php rn luyn v ngh. Ging V ng l trng cao cp q u n s o to
v quan
Lch s gi nc ca nhn dn ta n thi Trn c nhng cng trnh
tng kt chin tranh do v danh tng thin ti Hng o vng T r n Quc
Tun tin hnh, T rn Quc Tun l con An Sinh vng T rn Liu, tham gia
lnh o cuc khng chin chng Mng C ln th nht (1 2 5 8 ), l t lnh ti
cao trong hai cuc khng chin n th hai v th ba (1 2 85 , 1 28 8) c nhn
dn ta i i tn sng, bit n. T rn Quc Tun, son hai b Vn Kip tng

b truyn th v Binh th diu l yu lc. Tuy vn bn gc khng cn nhng

da vo bi hch vit nam 1284 ca ng v li ta ca T r n K hnh D thl r
rng Trn Quc Tun tlm hiu v tng kt kinh nghim chin tranh ca
Trung Quc c i t Xun Thu n tn thi Tng, Nguyn. H ai tp sch trn
ra i l b gio khoa qun s vi m c ch m nh ng ndi vi tng sl:
"Cc ngi, ai bit chuyn tp sch ny, theo li ta dy th l thy tr i i.
Ai m tri li ta dy th l nghch th i i".

(1) (2) l.ic/ iriu hit citung loi chl, Sdd. tp IV. tr.s.
(3) (4) Di Mt s kt lon th, Sdd, lp u . Ir. 25, 77.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

183

L lun qun s ca T rn Quc T u n c tng kt t bn thn ca ch

s nc nh t thi chng Bc thuc n inh, L, L c tham kho li lun
ca T ru n g Quc c i c th hin trong t tng ni bt: "Gic cy
trng trn , ta c on binh, ly ngn nh di l vic thng trong binh
php. N u thy qun gic ko n t nh la chy gid thi th d b c h
ng. Nu nd i chm nh tm n l, khng cn c chng th phi chn
ng tng gii, xem xt quyn bin nh nh c vy, ty thi m lm, cd
thu c qu n lnh mt lng nh cha con th mi dng c. V li, khoan
th sc dn lm k su gc bn r, l thng sch gi nc".
Thc tin cuc khng chin chng Mng Nguyn th hin t chc
qun i v chnh sch xy dng lc lng v tran g ca nh T r n trong
th k X I I I l ng n, sng to. d l qun i c s lng ng khi cn
thit, c c h t lng tinh vo loi mnh trn th gii ng thi. H n g lot
cc chin th n g ng B u (1 2 5 8 ), Hm T, T y K t (1 2 8 5 ) v c bit
l Bch D n g (1 2 8 8 ) l hnh nh tiu biu ca qun i Di Vit thi T r n
trong thi k hng thnh.
5* P h n g t h c t u y n c h n q u a n li
Khc vi thi L, quan li thi T r n c lng bng. Nm 1236, T hi
Tng quy nh lng cho cc quan vn v triu nh n cc a phng,
k c quan gi lng miu. y l bc ngot trong t chc chnh quyn^^^.
Nm 1 2 4 4 , N h nc li iu chnh dng bng m t ln na.

Vic k h o cng, Xt thnh teh quan li thng thng cng c quy

nh c th . C 15 nm x t duyt mt ln, 10 nm th n g tc

cp v

15 nm th n g chc mt bc. Chc quan no khuyt th ngi chnh kim

chc ngi pht. Nu chnh pht u khuyt th vin chc trn qun li lun
ch khi nin hn s b sung.
Cc quan chc qun, snh, cc th 15 nxn c th c thng chc hay
thuyn chuyn. An ph s mt s l nin hn c xt duyt lm i an
ph s Thin Trng. i an ph s Thin Trng nin hn qua kho cng
c th lm thm hinh vin hay i an ph s kinh Thng LongNh nc T r n c xy dng ch yu trn hai c s x hi l qu tc
h T r n v s phu. Phng thc tuyn chn quan trng l nhim t. Ngi
nm chnh quyn c b nhim theo h h ng (m trc ht l ni tc).
Dy l nguyn tc ch phi trong triu i ny. Dng thi nh T r n cn la

(1) kt lic ) hiOn n;iy (.hng i cng chUa c; dc nhng ti l i ^ v lang bng ca thi ny. Ring
phn ruOng i cii;i cc qu lc xl s.iu

184

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

chn quan li qua K hoa c, qua cng lao, th 8 v m ua bn bng tin. T r

trng hp hon quan v thy thuc th khc. T ron g mt s c quan c
bit nh thi y vin dng thy thuc gii. Lm vic tron g h ong cung l
cc hon quan. i khi ct hon quan dt, khng bit ch nh L T n g Gio,
lm hnh khin, nhng khng ph bin.
Phng th c tuyn la bng nhim t, khoa c v th s nh trn a
gdp phn quy nh bn cht thnh phn ca chnh quyn nh T r n , mt
chnh quyn, m ch yu v ch cht l ca qu tc h T r n v s phu Nho
hc tham gia. cc cp chnh quyn a phng li ct th ho v cc t n g
lp khc. Chnh quyn a thnh phn x hi trn vn ng tro n g s u
tranh v dung ha trong 3 chuyn bin a dng, phc tp.
thi T r n , t n g lp qu tc ng vai tr c bit quan trng, to nn
ci th nh T r n Thnh T n g thng ni: "Thn h ! ca t tng, ngi
ni nghip t tng cng anh em tron g h hng ph qu" lm im ta
vng chc, ng tin cy xy dng chnh quyn. Nh nc h T r n ng
trc m&u thun c hai khuynh hng ch yu: m t m t l ra sc tng
cng, bo v quyn i dng h v m t khc gp s u tra n h c a cc t n g
ip x hi; ng thi cng cuc qu n l t nc ngy c n g rn g n phi
m rng thn h phn. gii quyt vn ny, t u nh T r n a p
dng c h khoa c v b sung bng phng thc la chn ngi ct ti
nng trong gii nho 9. Sau li thm hnh thc np tin tu y n quan. Nh
vy p ng c yu cu qun l v iu hnh cng vic. Thi L c
khoa c* nhng n thi T r n mi cd quy c v m rng hn nhiu. Nm
1236 m Vin Quc t. Nam 1253, T h i T n g xung chiu cho c c nho s
trong nc n Vin Quc t ging hc ng kinh. Nm 1281 lp thm nh
hc ph T h in Trng. S c ghi r nh T r n 'nh r 7 nm m t khoa,
t ra Tam khi, iu l mi ngy m t nghim ngt, n in mi ngy mt

long trDg, cng danh do m ra, nhn ti y ry, 80 vdi nh L trc

thnh hn nhiu"^*^
Lc u nh T r n c duy tr khuynh hng th nht b n g cch s ng
thm hon quan bc tng m khng dng s phu. N hng qu trn h vn
ng ca n h nc ny l kt hp hai phng thc ch yu tu y n la quan
li to ra m t dng chnh quyn cd hnh thc t chc qu tc quan Hiu.
S a n g th kl X IV th b phn nho s th a m gia chnh quyn ngy c n g nhiu,
tiu biu nh Nguyn T ru n g Ngn, Phm S Mnh, L Q u t, Mc inh

(1) Lch oiu h in chuang h i ch, Sdd, lp II], tr.7 -l p 1, i r 191.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

185

Chi, Thiu ph T rong Hn Siu uc th tron g Vn miu. P han Huy Ch

ct nhn xt: "Cc bc t ph thi Anh T n g thng thng l nhiu anh
th n , v dng tn th t c ngi do cng lao danh vng vo lm tng; v
phi nho hc, cd ngi do vn chng hc vn lm chc t; ch c ti l
uc c t t khng cu n v t cch [xut thn]"^*^

6. Php lut
N m 1230, T r n Thi T ng ban hnh b Quc triu thng ch (2 0 quyn)
quy nh v t chc chnh quyn. Sau c), qu a vi ln sa cha v b sung,
nh T r n li ban hnh b Quc tru hnh lut.
C quan lu t php thi T r n cng c t n g cng v hon thin hn.
triu inh cd thm hinh vin chuyn xt x ngc tng. N am 1332, Nguyn
T ru n g Ngn ph tr ch thm hinh vin ii lp thm nh binh on x n.
Cui th kl X I I I , nh T rn li ban hnh b Quc triu hnh lut v lp vin
ng vn k i m php (gi t t l vin kim php) ly c c i th n ph trch .
Vic tu y n chn quan chc ph tr ch hnh n ly .tiu chun thanh lim,
th n g thn, T r n Thl Kin gi chc qan kim php c khen ngi :
"cdng trc, th a n h lim, khng n hi l". Vua Anh T n g cho ci ht cd
khc bi m inh "Ni Thi r t cao, ht ng r t cng, sng con d thn lm
ht khd gy"^^^. Phm Mi lm quan Vin thm hnh cng ni tin g l
"th n g thn , bo ndi, c v l gin thn, c tr ch nhim can vua"^^^
Php lu t v t chc t php thi T r n cd my c im sau;
+

T r c h t php lut di Trn khng nh v cng c s phn chia

dng cp. i qu tc trc ht l vua v hong gia c php lut bo v

c c c quyn, c li. Ring vi h hng n h T r n nu phm ti th b x
nh hn. V nh u nm 1283, thng v hu T r n L o vit th nc danh
phl b n g triu inh b pht hin c chuc bng 1 .0 0 0 quan tin. Gia n
tn l K h o n g ng mu th b ti ln g tr.
Lut bt buc cc n t ph thch ch vo trn. Nh T r n li xung
chiu bt gia n ca cc vng hu, cng cha phi thch ch m ang hm
hiu c a ch, nu khng b coi l gic cp, nh th sung lm quan n m
n ng th t. N ti khOng c quyn kt hn vi qu tc. Nm 1315, Minh
T n g cn r a lnh cm cha con v chng gia n trong nh khng c t
co nhau, T r n Phu, 3 gi nh Nguyn n nc ta vo u n m 1293, ct
(1) l*han Huy Ch U ch triu hin chng oi ch, Sd tp 1, i r 19V
(2 ) (3) Sch Irtn, ir.l90.

186

I CONG LCH s VIT NAM

vit trong Art Nam tc s: "Trong nc c mt ci lu, trong t qu chung

ln, dn chng c ai ku ca, t co vic gi th n nh vo chung" Bin
php ny chc l ch p dng cho mt s ngi, mt tn g lp n h t nh.
ng lu l trong x hi, P h t gio r t su m, l g io ng cp Nho

hc - Nho g io trong nng thn chua su sc lm, thc v tng tc tng

p h p trong dn gian hy cn nng nht, phong tc tp qun (ma chay, tang
t) vn gi tinh bn da.
+ Php lu t thi Trn xc nhn v bo v quyn t hu ti sn, dc bit
l rung dt. Nm 1237, triu nh quy nh c th "chc th vn kh, nu
l giy t v rung t, vay mn thi ngi lm chng in tay ba dng
trc, ngi bn in tay bn dng sau".
C c ti trm cp b x rt nng. Ln u b ti nh 8 0 trng, thch
chm vo m t hai ch "Phm o" v phi n cho ch, c 1 phi n 9.
Nu khng n , phi em gn v con m n t. T i phm th b cht
chn tay. T i phm ln th ba th b git
thi T r n , quan h tin t cng khai thm nhp vo php lut. L
chuc ti bng tin c quy nh c th : quan xt x c quyn ly tin
"cc lc" (sc chn) ty i x a hay gn v tin "bnh b c (n ph khi xt
x). Sch c c chp "Git ngi thl phi n mng. Ai bt c k gian
dm thl c quyn git cht. G n y gian phu li c quyn np 3 0 0 quan
tin, dm ph v nh chng lm n
Vic mua bn, chuyn nhng v gn v con lm n tl l cng khai v
hp php. T n g lp n, n tl ng o l t n g lp thp hn trong x hi,
b coi nh mt "vt" 8 hu.
+ Php lut thi T r n ch trng bo v sn xut nng nghip. Tip tc
xu hng php lut thi L, php iut thi Trn cQng c nhng iu lut
bo v trau b v cc cng trinh thy li. Lut nh nc coi vic xy dng
v sa cha iu l cng vic ca ton dn k c triu nh. Vo thng
6 th n g 7 hng nm cc quan h s phi trng coi ci th n "nu bing
n h c khng lm trn nhim v n ni dn c tri dt, la m b ngp
8 ty ti n ng nh m khiu pht"^^\
R t tic b hnh lut v cc van bn php lut khc ca nh T r n khng
cn na. Chng ta cng khng r hiu ic php lut ca nh nc pht huy
n u. Chc chn vn ct nhng hn ch nht nh, chnh Minh Tng cng
ni: "T ci lut nan thi (php lut kh thi hnh n lp ngi c ing tia).
(1) IjC Trc An Nam ch lc, q.XIV
(2) Cao I ing Trng. An Nam ch nguyn, Ihco bn dch ci Tp chi Van s Dia. -s 20.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

187

II. TNH HNH KINH T

1. C c h n h t h c s h u r u n g t

a. Rung dt thuc s hu nh nc
S thng tr ca chnh quyn nh T r n trong phm vi c nc v uy
quyn chuyn c h ca hong to th n h mt quan nim "t ca vua,
cha ca bt", mt quan nim xc nhn s tn ti t nhin: c h s
hu nh nc v rung t r t ph bin:
C hai b phn cu thnh rung t thuc s hu nh nc:
- Rung t do nh nc trc tip qun l.
- Rung t cng ca thn lng.
+ B phn do nh nc trc tip qun li'. Rung t ny tn ti
nh ti sn ca bn thn nh vua v hong cung, mt loi "t hu"
c bit m nhng hoa li bc lt l ca ring ca chnh hong .
B phn rung t do nh nc trc tip qun l c san lng, tch din

v quc kh.
- Sn lng, c di thi L, tp tru ng hng C Php (nh Bng,
Tin Sn, B c Ninh), vn tn ti qua thi T r n . Nm H ong nh th 5
(1 6 0 4 ), Bnh An vong T rn h T n g cn ra lnh ch gi 2 8 4 mu 1 so rung
sn lng phng th tm vua nh L.
thi T r n , cc vua uc chn c t nhiu ni, nn rung sn lng cng
ri rc. Cc lng Thi Dng, Tham ng (u thuc Thi Bnh), Tc Mc
(Nam nh) Y n Sinh (Qung Ninh) u c rung sdn lng. Ring Thm
ng c lng vua T r n Minh Tng, rung sn lng n th k X V III cng
c n vi chc tnu^^^.
Mt s qu tc nh T rn cng ct rung sn lng. T r n Th sau khi
cht chn a phn x Ph Ng (lng Ng, H ng H, T hi Bnh), c rung
sn lng duy tri n cui th kl X V III vn cn 2 0 mu. "u nin hiu
Chnh Ha {1 6 8 0 - 1705) dn a phng ly c l phi vng cng, cung
n kh s, cng nhau lm t khai b t in, chl ly hoa li 9 mu in
nguyn trc cp

(1) L uDn, 'on tp, Sdd, lp H. tr. 439.

(2) I. Qu [)n. Tvn tp. S, lp II, tr 439,

188

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

Hoi Dc vng T r n B Lit, con T r n Tha, khi cht chn ti qu m

T r a n g Lit (Tin Sn, B c Ninh) cng ct mt khu rung m u th ki
X X n h n dn a phng cn gi l "T r n Triu sn lng". Cho n trc
Cch m n g th n g T m nm 1945, rung sn lng ca Hoi c vng vn
cn 41 mu lin mt khonh c ghi trong a b lng ny. Lng nh ring
ch tr n g c&y. Mt vn bn ti a phng ngy 2 th ng 1 nm T h nh
T h i 13 (1 9 0 1 ) ghi r "khu sn lng ca x, nht thit nghim cm c h t
cy n g. G ch ng vo vic xy dng hay sa cha inh, miu, cc
cng trn h cng cng"^*^.
K hng r hoa li thu c trn loi rung sn lng cc vng hu l
thuc triu inh hay ca gia inh ring. V sau, trong c c thi L - Nguyn
u chuyn thnh rung cng do ng x qun l, c l bi n vn l rung
cng ca triu inh.
T uy nhin, tng din tlch ca rung sn lng r t nh hp, khng c t c
dng gi ng k trong c h s hu rung t ni chung.

Tch din a c t cc triu i trc. Cc vua T in Le, L u c cy

rung tch in.
T ch in l loi rung ring c a cu n g nh. S c khng cho bit cc
vua T r n t vng no, m ch ghi n gin "ma ng th n g 11 nm
B{nh T h in (1 3 1 6 ) sai t thn, tOn th t cng cc quan gt rung tch
Nh vy l phn ln c c hoa li trn rung ny u vo kho ring ca vua.
R t tic, s c khng cho bit thn phn ngi cy cy rung tch in l
n t, nng n hay nng dn lng x. T n g din tch rung tch in cng
rt nh hp, khng c nh hng gi quan trng trong s pht tr i n ca sn
xut nng nghip.

Rung quc kh. Th tch c nh An Nam ch nguyn cho bit thi T r n

cOng in l quc kh in, Cc ngun s liu xa ca nc ta hu nh
khng ghi chp n quc kh in. Chng ti vn dng thut ng ny d
ch m t loi rung do nh nc trc tip qun l khc vi 80 n ln g v tch
in.
Thi T r n , rung quc kh t Co X a (N ht To, T Lim , H Ni).
N hng ngi cy rung quc kh Co X a gi l Co in honh. S c
ghi "nin 1230 nhng ngi b ti lm Co in honh b th ch vo mt
su ch, cho Co X cy m n g cng, mi ngi 3 mu, mi n m thu 3 0 0
(1) Cho n gia th k X X , khu l ny vn cn rm rp gvi l rng St,
(2) Di yift s k ton ut, Sd, tp II, ir. 101. tr. 12

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

1S9

thn g thc^ '^ Nh vy, phn ng k rung lng Co l quc kh do nhng

ngi bi t ti cy cy, thn phn ca h r t thp hn.
Rung t do nh nc qun l khng chim mt s lng ln, nhng
cng l ngun thu nhp ng k ca triu nh, y n h vua l ch s
hu thc s. Vi ba ch m s c ghi l honh nhi ch ngi cy rung
tch in, c ngun gc t ti cho ta mt nim v s ph thuc th n phn
vo ch rung. ng thi chi tit: mi ngi cy 3 mu, mi nm np 3 0 0
th n g thc t h hin mc bc lt kh nng n di hnh thc nh l t hin
vt. C th cho rng y l hnh thc bc lt theo kiu loi na nng n

na t in . S k t hp ph c t p n y c n g l h i n t n g ph b i n
ng thi.
+ Rung t cng lng x. H uang l n v hnh chnh cp c s c a
chnh quyn nh T r n cho n gia th y

XIV. Do yu cu thu t thu,

iu ng n h n lc phc dch v tuyn lnh nn nh nc thng kim k

dn s. Nm 1228, triu nh phi i th n i duyt s inh ph T h an h
Ha, quy nh "hng nm, u ma xun, x quan khai bo s nhn khu
gi l n s, ri sau cn c theo s m nh, k r c c h n g tn tht, quan
vn giai, qu an v giai, quan theo hu, qun nhn tp lu, hong nam , gi
yu. b t c, ph tch, xiu tn

P h a n Huy Ch cng ghi "bui u

nh T r n lm s h tch, c hng nm li lm k tip, php im rt r r n g

v k v l noi theo php c ca nh
Vic iu t r a dn s c h t ch c a tri u nh (ch yu ng b n g
sng H ng v T h a n h Ngh) ngoi yu cu tuyn lnh b t phu cn do vic
phan c h ia ru n g t cng c c ln g x t r n c s t tri u nh thu t
v thu.
R ung c n g cc lng x thi by gi c gi l guan in hay "quan

din bn x ^*K Nm 1254, triu nh "bn rung cng, mi m t din l 5

qu an^^^ x c nhn quyn s hu rung t cng lng x thuc v nh
nc nh qu an nim dn gian: "t ca vua".
Loi rung cng trn, t thi L, triu nh a thu mi mu l 3 thng,
n thi T r n th khng c ghi chp no c th, Mt th tch ng thi

(1) i yii s k ton Ihu, Sd, lp H, tr. 12

(2) (5 ) Di Vtt s k l ton thu. Sd, tp II, Ir. 11, tr. 2S
(3) I jc h hu hin chng loi ch, sch da dn, lp

in. ir.

49.

(4) I ! van Tn, Phm Th Tm 'Vi nhn )t v aing t t hu Ihi L -Trn", tp ch t>gin cu lch

ii s 52. 7/iy3

190

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

ghi n gin "cy rung cng in h ng nm phi np

Tuy nhin

da vo m t s t liu t i v i chiu vi tinh hnh ca c c th k sau

cng c th nu ln my suy nghi sau y:
- Hng x thi by gi c<5 nhiu rung cng, song thc bo v b phn
rung t ny cng nh s chi phi ca nh nc i vi n cn cha c h t
ch. Nm 12 54 , triu nh ra lnh cng khai bn rung cng lm rung t
v hinh nh trong mt thi gian sut th ki X III khng lp in b. C
th cho rng rung cng lng x cng l mt c s kinh t c a nh nc.
- Tp tc phn chia rung t lng x v iu kin c nhn c nhn
p h i n r u n g nh t h n o , k h n g c t i liu ndi r. C l vo t h ki
X III - X IV , n h nc cha c bin php bo v cng nh dn inh lng x,
cha c n ra bin php phn chia theo nh
- Mt iu r rng l di thi T r n khng phi s lng rung t cng
lng no cng bng nhau v khng phi nhn inh no cng c chia u
rung t nh nhau, c ng khng c rung t cng cy cy. Nm 1242,
nh T r n quy nh nhn inh c rung th np tin thc, ngi khng cd
rung t thi min t t

Vy l trong nng thn thi by gi c mt

b phn dn c khng c nhn rung t cng.

- Nh T r n cng c ch t thu cho loi rung cng ca lng x.
Theo s c thl php nh t th u u tin c ban b l nm 12 4 2 : "nhn
nh c rung t th np tin thc. Ct 1 - 2 mu th np tin 1 quan, c
3 * 4

mu th l np 2 quan tin, t 5 mu tr ln th np 3 quan tin. T

rung nii m u np 100 thng

Ghi chp trn tuy ct phn c th , nhng vn cha y , chnh xc.
Chng ta cng cha th thng qua dy m cho rng nhng con s trn l
t th u rung cng hay th u rung t. Ngun s liu t h k X I X l K hm

dnh Vit s thng gim cng mc (chnh s ca nh Nguyn) th cho rng

y l th u rung cng, cn rung t thl mi mu th u l 3 th n g thc.
ch An N am chi nguyn, ghi "Thi L - T r n cng in cd hai loi v chia
lm 3 hng nh thu... Rung T h c ao np th u mi mu 1 thch thCj
trung ng mi in np th u 3 m u 1 thch thdc, h n g mi nm np
(1) L T r c .^ n No ch ic, q,l4. phn Hnh php v ch\r ih
(2) T liu a phuong li lng Tr Bt yyn Triu Hi. (nh Qung Tri cho bit rung cCng ca lng ny
cho n cuAi Ih k X IX vn khng thc hin ch qun in LC Thnh Tng v ch qun in
Gia Long, m ch chia cho con

trong gia

cung c ^ )
(3), (4 ) Di Vii s k( ton h, Sd, tp II. t r 19

n h

v c hng

SUI

i. (ti liu do TS 0 6 Bang

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

191

th u 4 mu 1 th ch thc. Cn i vi rung ca dn th mi mu thu 3

thng thtc"^^
Nhn xt ca t c gi sch Cang mc ty da trn cc t liu him hoi
trn l c th chp nhn c, V nhu vy, t th u rung t vo thi ny
ch yu l nh vo rung cng, Nhn inh cy rung cng lng x phi
np b n g thc theo din tch chia v phi thm mt s tin nht nh. Cng
r rng l s tin v thc m nng dn ln g x ng cho nh nc mang
mt ngha tng hp: va l thu va l a t.
Mc t th u quy nh nm 1242 nh trn xem ra rt nng. T h eo thi
gi rung t th mt mu gi t 5 n 10 quan. Nh vy l h n g nm
ngi nng dn phi np s tin bng t 1/10 n 1/5 mu rung (i vi
loi ch c 1 mu) hoc t 1/10 n 1/20 mu rung (i vi loi c 2 nu)^^^

. Rung dt tu nhn
Thi p - dt phong ca qu tc Trn
Thi L "cc quan trong, quan ngoi u khng c cp bng, n thi
T r n mi nh l cp bng cho cc quan vn v trong ngoi. y l nt
khc bit r t c bn v t chc nh nc ca hai triu i. Ct t h thy
thm chnh sch ban cp rung t v bng lc ca nh T r n di m t hnh
thc tiu biu n h t l thi p.
lan cp thi p l chnh sch knh t quan trng nhm to ra c s x
hi cho chnh quyn Trn. T "thi p" tron g s c khng nhiu, C c nh
s hoc Ng S Lin, Phan Huy Ch khng dng t ny. Ng SI Lin ghi
"ch nh T r n cc vng hu u ph hng ca mnh, khi chu
hu thi mi n kinh s, xong li v. Nh T r n Quc Tun Vn Kip,
Th Quc Hng, Quc Chn Ch Linh du th

P h a n Huy

Ch vit" x t: nhng vng hu triu T r n c m ph u ct tri

ring hng. Khi c l vo chu th mi ti kinh, xong vic l v ph
(nh T h Q uc Hng, Quc T un V n Kip, Quc Chn C h Linh,
Chiu Vn T h an h Ha, Quc K hang Din Chu). Ngi no c triu
m t tng mi kinh s, kh y t khng nh hn"^^^

(1) Cao Hng Trung, M Xam c/i ngu}^/, Sdd, ir. 82

(2) Xem Ihm Trng Mu Ounh, Ch' rung t y Nam tp 1, Nxb Khoa hc x3 hi, H Ni,
19X2. tr. 1 6 3 -1 6 4
(3) Dt y s ki lot ku, S, tp I, I r 32.
(4) .ch t r iu hin c h t o ch, sch dn, lp II. ir. 76

192

DI CONG LCH s VIT NAM

M c du vy, mt van bn chnh thc dng thi c chp kh nguyn

vn trong cc s c l bi Hch tng si ca H ng Do vng T r n Quc
T un cng hai ln nhc n t thi p: "chng nhng thi p ca ta b tc"
(bt duy d chi thi p b tc), "chng nhng l th i p ca t a m i m i
lu truyn" (bt duy d chi thi p vnh vi thanh c h in ) th r r n g th i p
l 8 thc khch quan, v l ca qu tc h T rn.
Sau y l mt s thi p tiu biu tron g th k X I I I cd chp tro n g s
c m cc ti liu a phong ghi nhn.
- Trn Th Quc Hng (Bnh Lc, H N am ).
- T r n Quc K h ang my thn ph Din Chu (N gh An).
+

Quc Huang cn gi l Quc Th^*\ thi p c a th i g t n g quc

T r n Th nay l lng Thnh Th, tn nm l lng Vc, thuc huyn

Bnh Lc tnh H Nam. Vo thi L - Nguyn, T h n h T h thuc tn g Ngc
L ph L Nhn. T hn h Th cch th nh ph Nam N inh (T c M c xa) 7k m
v pha ng n a m ; cch th x Ph L 15 km v pha bc.
Khi nh T r n thay t h nh L, T rn Tha vn T in h Cng (H ng H,
T h i Binh ) th T r n Th v Quc H ng lp thi p, va khng c h
v tiu dit t h lc quan li nh L tron g vng, va bo v m t bc hnh
cung Tc Mc (sau l ph Thin Trng). Thi p Quc H ang rng bao

nhiu, niQg t v c dftn phan b nh th no khng r, nhng nhng

a danh v i tch ca Quc H ong thi T r n cn l r i tr n mt vng
t khong 3 km^, hi hp v ng - ty m di v n a m - bc.
P h a ng Quc Hng l sng Ninh G iang chy ra sn g Hng, pha ty

nay l lng V B. Phn bc Quc Hng c sng C t, m t sng nhn to

o t gia lng chch theo hng bc ra Bng N inh G ian g, i khong
150m . Sng Ct nay b lp gn ht, vt tch cn li l m t s ao h ri
rc v mt on sng phla nam xdm ng Thnh vo N inh Giang. Qua

on sng ny c mt cu nh mang tn l C u N h Vua. s d g l Cu

Nh Vua bi l, theo dn gian k, bui khi thy cu ny o "vua" T r n
Th cho xy dng qua !i t bn dinh th s a n g xtm n g T h n h .
Sng Ct hp vo sng Ninh G iang l ng giao th n g thy chuyn ch
nguyn vt liu xy dng ph , thc go v th i p v ngc li.
G n cu nh Vua, v pha nam l khu rung c<5 tn l Nn n h Vua hay

Dinh Vua. N n nh Vua l ni ca ch th i p T r n T h v con chu.

(1) Phn kho t Quc Th, chng lAi s dng l liu ca Phan Vieng, tc gi ludn n c nhn s hc nm
1987, khoa S Di hc Tng hp, H Ni.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

193

Nn nh Vua nay ch cn l a danh, c nn nh b san bng lm khu

rung thp cy la mang a danh mi l R ung Vua.
Pha n am Nn nh Vua, khong gia lng c mt di tch kin trc l

Dlnli C. T h e o cch ni ca dn gian thl y l ni lm vic c a quan

"Thng ph" hay ca "Trn hong thc". Dinh c x&y dng trn mt
khong t cao hn m t t xung quanh n 5m . Sau khi T r n Th m t
th n thi L ni ny thnh ni th ng*-'^.
S t cnh nh C l nh Ging V. N h a b trit h t r t lu, nay
ch cn l rung la. Pha nam, cch Dinh C lOOm l khu Ct C. Khu
Ct C l khong t rng 3 so B c b, cao hn m t rung xung quanh
0,5 0m . Chnh gia ni cao mt g t rng gn so, c tn gi t Chn

Ct C. T i khu C t C ny, kho c hc tm thy m t s con ging bng

nh ch , ngh , ra . Cch ct c hn 5 0 m v pha ty nam l
mt m t vung 40m^ ct tn l L c.
Gn khu C t C v pha ng l nn n h Cng, cd ngi gi l Khu ct

nga. N h Cng b ph t rt lu, nhng nn nh cn li vi din tch

2 so B c b, cao hn mt rung 0,40m . ly l dy nh nui nga, kho
binh kh c a h ong thc T r n Th .
K hong gia khu Ct C v nn nh Cong l G Con Qu. G c ao Im ,
rng gn 1 mu B c b. Trn g hin CI mt ra ct u. T c truyn
y l "ra thn" ca T r n hong thc. R a b gic phng B c khot
m t c h t u. P h a bc khu Ct C l khu G r qui. G r qut c 5 g
nh ta ra nh cnh qut. Cc g ny hin cn du tch. Theo nhn dn
a phng th y l khu luyn tp binh lnh v v thut.

K h u Vn H o a phla nam lng. Cng c ngi gi l Vn dc bi vl

vn ny ct nhiu cy thuc.
P ha ty nam khu Vn Hoa l khu Gc Chung, rng khong 3 so, cao
hn m t t nm st chn thnh Ngoi. Nhiu ngi cho rng y l trm
canh gc ngy xa.
nh C, khu Ct C, nn nh Cng v vn H oa ... u nm trong
m t din tch khong 2 0 mu.
(1) Dinh hin nay ang cn, nhong chc chn l cng 1rnh kin tnic ny c xy vo cc Ihki sau. Trong
nh hin nay cn i cu i.

"c nin hung/ta rhung tdn Trn

Ahl trn phong li nng Sii Tht.

(Vn nm hil<mg la nh Trn vn c a
Mt Irn gi chp c th dil dc git; Thi)

13-CLSVN T tp

194

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

V pha ty, lng cd m tn g nm s t ch n thnh Ni. M t n g xp hnh

ci ln, gia l tro than.
Quc Hng cn cd di tch 2 thnh t m ang a danh l thnh N i v

thnh Ngoi. T pha bc khu Nn nh Vua, thnh Ni chay dc theo pha

ty lng m vt tch l con ng nh di khong 800m. Chn thnh Ni
pha bc cn li l mt g t cao hn m t rung Im c chiu di 20 m , m t
trn rng 5 n 6m (nay nm trong khu ngha a lng). C hn th n h Ni
pha nam nm bn ty nh C l mt g t di lm , cao hn m t rung
Im , cch sng Ninh Giang v pha ng hn 350m .
T h n h Ngoi cch thnh Ni lOOm v pha ty. Theo cc c gi a
phng th thnh Ngoi l ng ngn gii 2 lng V B v T h n h T h
pha bc, n cnh ng tr n g pha ty lng Hin nay du vt cn li ca
th n h Ngoi l mt g t cao hn m t rung l,5 m , rng 2 0 m , ch n g c
nhiu si v cui m nhn dn a phng vn gi l Chn thnh Ngoi

khong gia pha tay ing.

Ngoi ra trn ng lng T hn h Th cn c a danh Vn Quan hay ng

Thng Phu. Cc nh kho c hc cn tm thy m hinh nh 4 mi bng

t nung.
Nh vy Quc Hong c nhiu nt nh mt a im qun s, m ch

thi p c uy quyn nh mt ng vua nh, Rt tic cc t liu v hot ng

kinh t
+

y li qu t.

Mt s thi p khc cng c kiu dng gn ging nh trn. Thi p

ca Tnh Quc d i vng Trn Quc K hang, con vua T h i T n g T r n Cnh

chu Din. S c ghi c th "Quc Khang tng trng coi chu Din, chn
con gi trong chu ngi no c sc p ly lm nng hu v l, cho nn
cc con th nh Hu Ngha, Quc T rinh u do ng chu Din sinh ra.
V sau, chc tri chu Din Chu u l con chu ca Quc K h a n g lm c;
n khi ng ging khng c con trai mi dng ngi bn chu lm tri
chu"^\ Theo t liu a phng th khu thi p ca T r n Quc K h a n g
lng Cng Trung (Vn Thnh, Y n Thnh, Ngh An)
T h i p ca thng tng T rn Q uang Khi nay thuc vng t ca hai
lng Cao Di v Lng M s t nhau (u thuc xa M T h n h , B in h Lc,
H N am ). T rn vng t ny cn c vt tch ca thnh ho v tm bia

Phng Dong Cng cha thn d o bi m inh tnh t (do L Cng Vin son).
( l ) Di Vit s k ton fh, Sd, lp II, Ir 78

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

195

Ngun t ban u ca thi p thuc quyn s hu Nh nc, nhng

khi ban cp thnh thi p th thi p thuc chim hu t nhn cc qu tc.
Thi p l vng t ring ca cc qu tc T r n . Theo nhng ti liu cn
li nh Quc Hng, Tinh Cng {Hng H, Thi Bnh), Linh G iang, Cng
T ru n g th quy m thi p khong bng mt hai lng m thi.
Thi p thi T r n cng l ni thng xuyn ca qu tc v m i mi
c lu tru y n! (li T rn Hng Do). Tuy nhin, thi p rt phn tn.
S phn b thi p thi T r n hon ton khng ging nh b phn lnh a
cc nc phng Ty trung c "khng c t no l khng cd cha t". 0
Di Vit, thi p ch ct phm vi hp, t l nh so vi rung t v dn c
trong c nc. T r n bn t nc by gi, thi p ch l nhng itn
nh b v tha tht vng ng bng* khng kh n ng to ra mt mi
lin kt kinh t - x hi ring bit lp vi tru lnh m ngc li s
tn ti ca n phi gn cht vi triu nh, vi dng h T rn.

in trang
Nm 1266, do nhu cu khn trng Tn rng thii din tlch c a n h tc v
thc hii ch trng xy dng cng c thm th lc ca qu tc T r n , 'cho
cc vng hu cng cha, ph m cung t n chiu tp nhng ngi xiu tn
khng c sn nghp lm n t khai khn rung hoang lp in trang.
Vng hu c in tran g thc bt u t y'^*^
S thc th in tran g cd t trc, song cn l t, ri rc, cha thnh
mt lr ling kinh t to ln ciia r t n g lp qu tc. C(5 th nti r n g trang

An Lc l in tra n g c hinh thnh vo o sm nht. Mt t iu a

phng ghi 'x An Lc trc l do t bi. Vng ph ca Quc T u n l
An Sinh vng m dn khai khn lp p. H ng o vng Quc T u n c
cng ln binh Nguyn nn cho lp sinh t

An Lc l ni chn ct

tro xng ha tn g ca T r n Quc Tun^^^.

Din tra n g An Lc nay l lng Bo Lc (Binh Lc, H Nam) c c h Tc
Mac hn 3 km v pha bc. Hin nay n Bo Lc ni th T r n Liu v

(1) Oi Vit s k ton ih, Sdd. tp l, ir. 48. 36.

(2) Ng Oip DAu, Nam OiTh tnh du a ch mc t:, s ^ ch Hn. Ng Gip Du lng lm quan lu
nm tai dy, son sch ny VO u th ki X X .
(3 ) Di Vit s k i U\ //iw, SdU. tp II, r. 81

196

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

T r n Quc Tun cn mt qu chung khc dng ch "An Lc t chung" (chung

n An L c). T heo nhn dn a phng th tr a n g An L c xa c g n
5 0 0 m u , sau b l xung sOng Chu n ay chl cn my so. T h n tc h
c c n th An S in h vng T r n Liu c c l n g T h L o, T in T h n h
(M L in h , Vnh P h c) c n g cho b it ng chiu dn lp tr a n g t r i
t r n v n g t ny.
N hiu t liu a phng cng cho bit bn thn vua T r n cng lp vng
t t n g t nh in trang. Vo khong sau cuc khng chin chng Mng
C ln th nht, T r n T hi T n g v l T rng Yn lp hnh cung V Lm .
Dy l vng t rng ln (ngy nay bao gm cc x Ninh Hi, Ninh Thng,
N inh Xun, Ninh Vn huyn Hoa L, Ninh Binh). Nhng di tich v a
danh cn li nh Hnh Cung (ni vua ) lng T un Co (kim sot ngi
qua li) bn H Tro (h mi cho) vn kho ni ln hot ng ca vng
t ny vo thi t. Trong khu vc hnh cung cd thn Vn Lm l do Thi
T n g ip ra rung t khai hoang c 155 inu^'^
D i tch cn li ca xtm nh Vin Thn, x C N hu (ngoi th n h H
N i) c n g gip ta c th hlnh dung mt tran g vin i T r n . Vin Thn
x a i m t phn in tran g c a cng cha T r n K h c Hn, c tn nm l
b c h a Mc. y ct ngi miu nh m ang tn l Vin Thn linh t v
c n h ng 81 mu gi l ng
Ghi nh trn cho bit b cng cha T r n K hc Hn theo lnh khn
h o a n g nm 1266 lp in tra n g vng C Nhu, in tran g ny ct khong
2 5 0 m u rung cd cha T h n h Quang^^^.
V n g T Xuyn (Qunh Ph, T h i Binh) cng l in tra n g thi T rn.
S au n m 1266, ph m Hng MI hu h V chiu tp dn ngho v vng
lu vc sng Ha khai khn rung

y vng t ph sa, trng

la th u n li. Vo lc nhn dn ta tin hnh chng qun Nguyn (1285,

1 2 8 8 ) th in tra n g ny pht tri n "l n tr qun, xy dng kho
lng". Dn cui thi T r n thi "con chu Hng MI hu chiu m binh s

(1 ) T h eo van bn a ^ n g Thi vi quc

li ngc k.

ti liu ch Hn, khng r dc vit vo lc no, c

15 a c vo th k x v i l i , van bn cn luu tr li s Vn ha H Nam Ninh (c). Gia ph h L

lng Kh Lng huy^n Hoa L...... cng ghi r ng l ca h ny l L Xudn Nhn theo vua Thi Tng
dp trang p Vn Lftm.

(2) (3) Thoo Trng H Ounh, Ch rung V Nam , sch a dn, lp l n 15H, 171,
(4) Theo Thi Bnh phong vt ch, ch Hn, chp tay.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

197

lp n khi phc quc tc chng li h H6, ch khng thnh binh s

tr v im dn thng"^*),
T liu a phng thn P ht Lc (x T hi Giang, T hi Thy, T h i B n h )
cho bit b cng cha Bo Hoa con vua Du Tng chnh l ngi lp ra in
tr a n g P h t Lc. Ni b Bo Hoa nay chnh l mnh t c tn l "Min
hon i n" v sau co' ngi n thn P h t Lc th B cng vo khong thi
gian ny. in tr a n g V Hon ph T hin T r ng (nay thuc Naftn Ninh,
Nam Dnh) do qu tc T r n Chiu c thnh lp. Nh vy n na sa u th
k X IV in tran g vn tip tc c thnh lp vng ven bin thuc chu
th sng Hng.
in tra n g c thnh lp l im dn c tiu biu cho hnh thi kinh
t - x hi thi T r n . Trong nhng im dn c trn, rung t c chia
thnh tng phn nh ly h gia dinh lm n v sn xut. Bi vTi Trn

triu cng cha nghi ca Vin Thn linh t c chp:

"Th in qun cp mi nh
i cng c cha bit l n u".
N hng n y c nhiu thn phn khc nhau, cd ngi l n ti, cd
ngi l nng dn l thuc hoc l "n ti hai ba nm sau khi khn th n h
rung cho h ly nhau m ngay y'^^^ Mi lin kt c dn y vn ly
h hng, xm "gip lm c s, hinh th c bc lt ngi lao ng y ch
yu vn l a ch - t d iin c xen ln li bc lt nng n - n t a dng
phc tp,
iu l lp in tran g nm 1266 y mnh s pht trin s hu ln
ca cc qu tc T r n , to thm mt bc chuyn bin mnh m m rng
cho hinh thi kinh t phong kin.
Tuy thuc vo loi hnh s hu ln, nhng din tch in tr a n g cng
khng nhu lm. An Lc, Vn Lm, Vin Thn, T Xuyn v.v. n ngy
nay c n g ch l thn lng. Rung t An L c khong 5 0 0 mu l nhiu nht.
Vn Lm v Vin Thn th t 150 mu n 2 5 0 mu. in tra n g t h k
X III X IV ca c c qu tc T r n khng hon ton nh inh a theo kiu
phng Ty; ct khu t ring ca cha t (domaine) tch bit vi phn
(1) 'Hieo 'ii 8lnh phong vi ch, ch Mn, chp lay.
(2) D<i

s k tot ih, Sd. tp II. ir. 202,

198
rung ca nng

I CONG LCH s VIT NAM

Din tran g thi T r n khu vc kinh t hn hp

ca nhng hlnh thc bdc lt nng n, n t v nng dn thuc. Tuy nhin,

v mt no d cng nh thi p, kinh t in tra n g khng hon ton phn
tn, bdc lt t lao dch (cd mt gn ging tran g vin chu u ng thi).
T nm 1 2 6 6 tr i, bn thn t n g lp qu tc da vo hai t chc
knh t c bn; thi p v in tra n g m pht trin vng vng n gia
th k XIV. Din trang v thi p l h ai b phn quan trng c nghQ

quyt dnh tinh cht loi hnh s hu rung t phong kin qu tc tki
by gi.
Ring dt t hu ca d a ch
Nm 1254, mt thi im quan trng nh du s pht t r i n ca rung
t t hu, triu nh ra iu lnh "bn rung cng, mi din l 5 quan
tin cho nhn dn lm ca

Hn y l i hi ca t hu rung t,

nhng vic lm ca triu inh m rng ca cho rung t t hu v s

thay i ca cc ch s hu.
Tin t, thm nhp mnh m vo rung t. Rung t tr thnh
hng hda mua bn trao i, to ra cho x hi mt t n g lp c bit d a c h

thng hay a ch th dn v m t t n g lp tiu nng t hu nh ph bin

trong x hi,
Vo u thi T rn , ch s hu rung t t nhn m rng. Vc
mua bn v tranh chp rung t c nhiu ni, nn nm 1227, triu
inh phi quy nh vic im chl ln c c giy t, vn k h mua bn rung

t. t lu sau, triu nh li ra lnh: ''phm lm giy t v chc th, vn

kh rung t v vay mn tin bc th ngi lm chng in tay ba dng
trc, ngi bn in tay bn dng
Nam 1248 nh T r n tin hnh p tron g c nc. bo v quyn
t hu rung t ca dn, chnh quyn b lnh cho c c quan a phng
nu p vo rung dAn th ph o c m n b bng tin .
Vo u nhng nm 8 0 ca th k X I I I , thi in ch n hiu rung t c

khp ni. Nhiu ln triu nh ku gi b thc la gp qu n lng. T ron g

chin tranh chng Mng Nguyn lXi th hai v ba, n h vua ban chc
"gi lang tng" cho nh giu np nhiu thc cho triu nh.
(1) Theo Tnng Hu Qunh, C h rung t yir S am , Sdd, lp I, ir. 159.
(2) (3) Di Vit s k i ton thu, Sd, lp II, tr. 25, ir. 15

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

199

Tuv nhin, s giu c cng nh s bc lt ca tn g lp a ch ny khng

to nn a v thng tr cao sang c u i. H cng ch c Nh nc
coi l dn thng nh mt s Lng lp lao ng thp km khc. Lut nh
T r n nm 1 22 8 quy nh r: "Ngi cd quan tc, con chu c tp m
mi c ra lm quan, ngi giu c khe mnh m khng c quan tc
th sung qun i i lm

Chnh vi vy m chng ti dng thut

ng a ch thng hay da ch th dn.

Vic mua bn rung t cng khai, hp php l c N h nc ng h
bng php lnh nm 1254 lm cho s hu a ch pht tri n m nh thm.
Nhng chinh s mua bn rung t cng lm cho tnh cht s hu trong
thnh phn kinh t ny lun lun dao ng, khng tp trung, khng n nh
nh thi p, in trang. S hu ca a ch tuy ln, nhng li phn tn.
ng thi, gia s hu a ch v s hu ti u nng khng c hng To cch
bit: tin t v cc iu kin khc nh gp khd khn sa st ct th to ra
s chuyn ha hai hnh thi s hu v hai thnh phn x hi ny.

Tiu nng t hu
Kinh t hng ha - tin t cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn to
ra s hu rung t tiu nng. Lnh bn rung cng lm rung t nm
1254 cng l iu kin cho gia inh tiu nng mua thm rung t, quyn
lc tin t lm chuyn i quyn s hu rung t. Vn bia S n g Hng
t, khc nm 1 2 9 3 (x T iu Lin, M Lc, Nam nh) ghi hng lot cc c
s cng vo ch a vi ba so n ln nht l 5 so.
Vy l n t h k X III, vic mua bn rung t a tng i ph bin.
Nhng nm m t ma di km l lc m rng t chuyn t dn ngho
vo a ch, T h n g 4 nm 1290 cd i ln "ba thng go gi 1 quan, nhn
dn nhu ni phi bn rung t v bn con trai con gi lm n tl cho
ngi khc, mt ngi gi 1 quan tn ^^\ Cui ma xun nm 1292, tinh
tr n g mua bn rung t li dn dp hn. T riu inh ii phi ra lnh quy
nh th thc lm vn t bn on hay rung t, li xung chiu rng
nhng ngi m u a dn lng thin lm n ti th cho chuc li, rung t v
nh th khng theo lut
S c ghi chp rt t v s hu nh ca tiu nng, t liu cn li v tng
lp ny cng khng nhiu lm. Tuy nhin cng c t h thy rng bn cnh
{])D i y s ki ton ih, Std. tp II. i r 11
(2) (3) Oi Vit s k to h. Sil, lp l. ir. 67, 68

200

DI CNG LCH S VIT NAM

nhng n t, nng n, nng dn cy rung lng x cng c nhiu tiu

nng t hu ct t rung

Rung t t hu ca h khn g n nh.

Gp nm m t ma i km h li phi bn con ci, bn rung t c h o a

ch, khng t ngi lm vo cnh lm n tl, c bit trong hai nm C anh
Dn, T n Mao (1 2 9 0 , 1291) "ngoi ng nhiu ngi cht
Sn x u t nng nghip trn mnh t nh thuc bt c hnh thi s hu
no tin ch ngha t bn cng u Iy tiu nng lm n v sn x u t c
s D l nng dn cy rung lng, cy rung t hu ca qu tc, a ch,
c n nhng nng n th cng vic lm n vn tln hnh tro n g gia nh
c th l ch yu. Rung ca N h nc, thi p v in tra n g ca qu tc,
quan li th ngi lao ng u s ng hnh thc kinh doanh nh di
dng tiu nng.

Sn xut tiu nng a cng sinh vi cc loi hnh quan h sn xut khc
nhau. Cc thnh phn kinh t in tra n g thi p, a ch v.v... u da
trn sn x u t tiu nng di nhng hnh thc v mc bc lt khc nhau.
V trn mt hm ngha rng ln hn: nng dn "t do*, nng dn t in,
nng n (m trog khng loi tr mt b phn gi l n) d ha vo
nhau lp th nh mt thnh phn kinh t - x hi rng ln. N s gtp phn
r t ln cng vi 8 hu rung t Nh nc, hn c h s pht tr i n ca in
tra n g thi p, hn c h con dng phong kin theo kiu lnh a bc tt
nng n tron g th ki X III v cc th kl sau.

2. Cng cuc tr thy

nh nh v dng knh tiu ng
thi L cng vic tr thy vn do crtc a phng t lo liu, t gp
tin ca, nh nc chi ng vai tr chi o v qun II mt s , ch yu
l xung q u snh T hng Long. My chc nm u th k X III th hu nh vic
tr thy b b b tr, khng c lu tm thch ng.
Nh T r n va nm chnh quyn c bin php nhanh chng phc hi
sn x u t nng nghip, Dt rng thm din tch canh tc. T ri u inh d p
dng nhu bin php khuyn khch nng nghip, trong c t chc lm
thy li trong phm vi c nc.
Nhng " vng" thi L trong cd C X bo v kinh th nh vn
c nhiu hn c h t trc. n nhng nii 2 0 ca th k X I, nhu khi nc
(1) Ph$m tr kinh l tiu nng tu hu cn tip tc nghin cu {hm. 'I rn thc , nhOng nng rW). nng
dn l Ihuc cy rung a ch v nOng dn cc lng tl cng c mt i rung t.
(2) Di Viti

k iio n th, Sd, tp n , ir. 67, 68

VT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

201

sng Hng ngp trn n thnh i La, nh L phi cho p chn thnh
b ng gch chng nc lt xi l. Nhng vng c nhc im l khng
chng lt c ton din, ngc li c khi cn sinh ra mu thun gy bt
li cho vng khc. Ngay trong thi T r n Thi Tng, ct ln nc lt vo
cung in nh th n g tm nm 1238, nc to trn vo v cung Thng Xun;
t h n g 9 nm 1 2 4 3 nc to ph vd th n h i La, tr n vo thn xm,
cung in.
Nh T r n thc c rng mun bo v ma mng, nh ca, tnh mng
mt cch n nh lu di phi c quy hoch p quy m theo c ng
sng Nm 1248, Thi Tng t c quan h , c chnh s, phd s ph
tr ch vic iu cc l ph li xung chiu p . S c ghi: p
gi nc sng gi l quai vc, p sut t u ngun cho ti b bin
ngn nc l tr n ngp. Dp quai vc b t u t y"^*^.
y l mt cng vic quan trng, mt bc ngot to ln trong lch s
thy li nc ta. N h nc trc tip t chc p d trn cc trin sng v

c c quan chuyn trch ch o v qun l iu. T riu nh b ra

mt s tin khng t chi tiu cho cng trnh v i ny. on no ln
vo rung t t nhn u c n b "o xem p vo bao nhiu rung
c a dn th theo gi tr

Cho n ngy nay, nhiu a phng

vng sng Hng vn cn quai vc, hay inh nh. T i lng Quang, x Th
Vinh (K im Thi, Hng Yn) hin c mt cng gch xy cun, di khong
5 m ti u inh lng xuyn qua sng Hng c, nhn dn a phng
vn gi cng ny l cng nh nh.
Vic p nh nh khng chi dnh ring cho vng ng bng sng
H ng m cn thc hin c Thanh Ha v Ngh An.
Nm 1255, triu nh c Lu Min t chc bi p Thanh Hta.
nh nhl khng phi l cng trin h mi hon ton v c n g khng
phi chl p m t ln l xong, mt s ni, tr n c 8 nhng on
"vng" c nh T r n a cho p ni li, hp n h t th n h tuyn t u
ngun n b in . Cng vic y ch yu l p thm c c on ni, tn
c a o hn cho to vng
Th tch c m t sng Hng " bn kia sOng Ph Lng u c
ngn nc. Mt con chy t sng y n vng Hi T riu (Hng Yn),
m t con chy t sng Bch Hc n cc sng L, sng i Lng, n
(1) (2) Di Vti s k ton th, Sdd, lp n , ir 21, nguyn vn l nh nh.

202

DJ CONG LCH s VIT NAM

ca Mch, ca Ninh (Ninh Co) th t. Mi bn cao ba thc, rng nm

trng"^
inh nh ra i th hin mt bc tin ton din v sc mnh nh
nc, v t chc x hi. N cd t c dng quan trng trong vic thc y sn
xut nng nghip. R rng cc a phng cc b khng t h t lin kt
cng tin hnh xy p iu. Ngc i, c khi vl quyn li c c b li
lm cho h xa ri hay mu thun vi nhau, Hon thnh vic p inh
nh chnh l s thnh cng trong vic t o ra mi lin kt c h t ch huy
ng nhn lc v ca ci nhm gii quyt kh khn trong c nuc. K t
nm 1 24 8 tr i "nm no cng vy, c u nm cc quan coi phi lo
c thc nhn dn ph cn, khng k sang hn, gi tr u phi i p,
Ch no thp th tn cao ln, ch l th bi p li. Dn m a h th tt
cng. y l cng vic lm hng
p ngn nc mn cng cng cuc mi m thi T r n . Cc nh
qu tc thng cho n t p bi bin lp in trang.
H trc iu vo ma lt hng nm cng l cng vic rt khn trng.
T riu nh quy nh khi c lt cn h th phi lo chung, k c hc sinh
Quc t gim, con em c c qu tc i thn. S c cd ghi s kin h nm
1313 kh sinh ng. Nm y nc sng ln to, T rn Minh T n g th n i h
Mt quan ng 3 can ngn "B h nn chm lo sa sa n g c chnh, p
l vic nh, i xem lm g". Hnh khin T r n Khc Chung p li: "Phm
dn gp nn lt, ngi lm vua phi lo cp cu cho, sa sa n g c chnh
cng khng g to bng vic y, cn g phi ngi yn lng mi gi l sa
sang c chnh".
Cng cuc xy dng thy nng cng c nh T r n ch . nhng vng
Thanh Hta v Ngh An l ni c nhiu cng trnh thy nng

Nm 1231

nhiu dng sng b tc, vua Thi T n g sai hon quan N guyn B a n g Cc
em qun bn ph o knh T rm , knh Ho t Thanh Ha n Din Chu.
Cng vic n n g nhc, kh lm; xong vic, Nguyn B a n g Cc c phong l
Ph Quc thi y.
Nm 1248, Nhn T ng li cho o sng M, sng L v c ni Chiu
4 T h a n h Hta. y cng l cng vic tn sc, tn ca. R ing c
ni Chiu B ch to thnh mt con knh chy theo hng bc n am , di hn
(I) (2) Cao Hng Trung, An Nam chi nguyn, Iheo bn dch ca tp chi Vn s Da, s 20, Ihng 8/1956.
(3) CH Vi(t

k ton thu, Sd, tp II, . 22. Chp l C hi6j Bc. Trtn ihvK a thi a danh l Chi& Bch.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THy DN 1858)

203

8 km t sn g H o t (ch st Cu C) n sng Ln (ti lng Binh Lm ) m

dn a phng gi l sng Bch nhm tiu nc vng Tng G iang (H
T rung, T h an h Hda) l cng trnh ln.
Nm 1 2 5 6 , triu nh li cho khi i sng T Lch nhm bo m giao
thng ng thi ti tiu cho cc vng xung quanh kinh thnh. Sang
th ki X IV nhiu cng trnh thy nng vn c tip tc xy dng. Nm
1 3 55 v 1 3 5 7 D T n g cho o sng T hanh Ha v Ngh An. N m 1374,
triu nh cn cho no vt nhng sig o t Thanh H a n ca bin H
H oa (K La, K Anh, H Tinh). Dn nm 1582, triu nh cho o tip sng
T n Binh v T h u n Ha.
Trn y l nhng cng trinh tr thy v thy nng do nh nc t chc
xy dng. C h c chn cn nhiu p, knh ngi m nhn dn t lm ly
bo v th n h qu sn xut ca mmh.
3. M y n t v k in h t t h c n g n g h i p v t h n g n g h i p
a. Tk cng nghip.
- Th cng nghip N h nc.
Nh T r n vn tip tc xy ng quan xng th cng nghip nh nc.
Th cng nghip nh nc gm c nhu ngnh ngh khc nhau^ l thnh

phn knh t quan trng. C th k n nhng ngnh ngh sau:

-^Ngh sn xut cc gm l b phn trong quan xng. Kho c hc

khng tm th y nhiu i tch sn xu t gm T hn g Long, nhng d Thin
T r ng thi r t phong ph. T i y, ph tch gch ng m ang ch "Vnh Ninh

trng" hay "Thin Trng ph ch"' r l nhiu. Trn a phn thn Bi x

M T hnh (ngoi th n h Nam nh) xa thuc hng Tc Mc, kho c hc
tim thy nhiu chng bt a ph phm, nhiu bao nung v vt tch l gm.
L gm tron g c c quan xng ny sn xut cc dng gia nh: chn bt,
th cng v c c vt liu xy ng nh gch, ngdi...
+ N g h dt c n g c nh nc ch , t ngay tron g cung nh. dt
c a nh Vua ch yu vn l t tm. T in g ng ca khung ci thng vang
n cung vua. T r n Nhn Tng c vit:

'*Thy khi chm thanh v mch x

Mc t hoa thng nguyt lai 3\
(Thc dy, ting ckhy p vi to vng ng&t.
Bng trng va k gi trn chm hoa mc'*.

204

DI CNG LCH s V IT NAM

+ Xng ch Xo v khi.
Mt ti liu a phng Nho Lm (D in Chu, Ngh An) cd ghi chc
nghip c a ng t h Cao l "Trn triu v kh t n g cc Cao tng cng"^^^
th r r n g ng th rn h Cao ny lm vic tr o n g xng rn v kh c a
nh nc. Nho Lm t xa l lng chuyn rn s t, c nhiu th th cng
im vic trong cc quan xng ca c c triu i.
Q uan xng nh nc c t thi L - T r n v tn ti n thi L Nguyn. Th lm vic trong quan xng u c th n phn thp km, c
gi ch u n g l quan n. Vi phng th c lao ng cng bc, ngi th b
trdi buc vo chnh quyn. Sn phm l m ra nh m th a mn nhu cu s
dng ch o cung nh v quan ii khng ph th ng phm . S t n t c a
n kh n g c t c dng tch cc thc y s pht t r i n kinh t h n g hda.
T r u inh cn tp tru ng th gii tr o n g nc t o ra m t s cng trn h
ln. S m rng ca phng thc ny c n g t n g thm tnh c h t t cp t
tc tr o n g nn kinh t ndi chung. H ong cung gin g nh m t h gia nh

ln c rung t ring li c quan xng ring.

Th cng nghip nhn dn
y l b phn quan trng v ph bin ca tiu th cng, ca tiu nng.
Ch, ph, l s, cc ph l v kinh Thng Long a im trao i sn phm.
T n h n g t iiu a phng r t t , ct th nu my n t p hc ha v
th c n g nghip nhn dn trong vi ngh th i t yu nh:
- G m : sn phm gm bao gm c c dng sinh h ot tr o n g gia nh,
cc vt liu xy dng khng th thiu c tro n g i sng, ph k n B

Trng (G ia Lm, H Ni) trung t m lm gm ni ti n g n h t c nc.

C th khng nh rng vo thi T r n , gm B t T r n g lu thng rng
ln t r n th trng. Ngh gm B t T r n g chnh do n B B t (T a m ip,

Ninh Bnh) di cu ra lp nghip. Phng gm ny u tin gi l Bch Th,

sau mi i l B t T rng. Dn B t T r n g vo thi y phn ln lm gm.
Gm B t T r n g i snh men tr n g ng, m en nu, n h n g n v gch
ngi* H n g B t T rn g tinh vi, p, c lm c n g phm b a n g giao v
bun b n vi nc ngoi.
Th H v Ph Lng (B c Ninh) c n g l nh ng l n g gm.
- N gh rn st. Vo thi T rn , ngh r n s t p h t t r i n m n h , hnh
thnh nhiu lng chuyn nghip, c c ph Din Chu, Ngh An ct hai lng
( l ) G ia p h h Cao ti Nho Lm (Ngh An), ch Hn, chp tay.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

205

Tng L m v H oa C hng T ng Lm nay l Nho Lm (Din Chu, Ngh

ni c n g h rn s t t thi xa xa. Ngi th rn y va lm
rung, va r n s t. L rn c t ni c tr v qung s t ly ni
thuc khu vc T r n g S t cch Nho Lm v pha nam hn 10 km.
Vo cui t h ki X IV ngh luyn s t t H oa Chng (nay l Trng Lng,
H T n h ) tru y n ra pha bc lp lng rn Hoa Chng mj (nay l Vn Chng,
Nam nh).
- N gh c n g c n g c mt v tri to ln. T ru n g tm c ng c truyn
thi by gi ln g Bi (lng i Bi, Gia Lng, B c Ninh). T lng Bi,
nhng ngi th c ng i khp ni, n cc cha chin, cc thn xm
c t ng P h t v lm dng gia nh

V.V..

- N g h i lm giy v khc bn in. S p h t tr i n kinh t, vn ha, gio

dc v yu c u c a v&n th hnh chnh i hi ngh lm giy v khc bn
in phi ngy c n g m rng. Vua Anh T n g khi lm thi thng hong
tng c h a S i u Loi 5 0 0 hm kinh i T n g.
- N gh m c u x dng thi T r n cng rt pht trin.
Ngh mc v x y dng a to ra c n h , dng c gia nh v th
cng N l m nn th n h T hng Long, hong cung Tc Mc, c c ph
Vn Kip, Q uc Hng, An Sinh. . cc lng m vua cha. Nhng cTig
trnh kin t r c tiu biu ny t im cho t nc thm ti p.
T ic r n g k h n g c ti liu no ghi chp v nh dn gian thi by gi,
c l l a s n h c a dn thng vn l tra n h ,

tre na l v tng t

on s.
- N gh k h a i khong-. Khai thc ti nguyn trong lng t c cc
triu i L - T r n c bit lu . Hu h t cc m c khai th c trong
thi ny u m in ni pha ty v pha bc. Th tch c cho bit cc ph
chu T h i N guyn, L n g Sn, Tuyn Ha, Qung Oai ct cc m vng, bc,
ng, thic, ch, dim tiu.
T i liu v khai kh on g thi k ny him hoi, khng th hnh ung c
th hn. Qua vi chi ti t ct t h cho rng phng thc khai m dng thi
l bng th c n g v ch yu l do dn a phng khai thc. Sn phm lm
ra m t phn np cho nh nc l "cng np" hay di dng th u v phn
cn li bn tr n th trng.
(1) Tng U m l

Ibi Trn. D n Ih ki XV II vi k hy Tnnh Tng nn i l Hoa Lm. n th k

X IX k hy tn Thiu T n nn l)i i l NhC) Um.

DI CONG LCH s VIT NAM

206

6. Mng li thng nghip v thnh th

Kin to mt h thng giao thng thy b trong c nc l iu quan
tm ngay t u ca nh T r n . Nm 124 4, Thi Tng lp ti thy l hnh
vi mc ch l m rng cc ng Bng v ng b t T hng Long v cc
ph l, ch yu l vng ng bng B c b v Thanh - Ngh
H thng giao thng sng, bin v trn b thi T r n phc v cho yu
cu qun s nhng cng c nhiu tc dng tt cho thng nghip. ng
b, ng thy khng cn do cc a phng v nhn dn t pht xy dng
m l cng tc ca chnh quyn a phng, ca triu inh trc tip t chc,
xy dng. y l bc tin ln so vi thi L. ung b hn l cd ng
thin , ph l v ng hng huyn, hng hng.

Sng ngi vn l mch giao thng quan trng. Truyn thng giao thng
vn ti ca ngi Vit l vn chuy bng thuyn. Bin , sng, knh o
u ng thuyn i ii v chuyn ch. T r n Phu, mt s gi nh Nguyn
n nc ta vo u nm 1293 c chp "thuyn thi nh v di, vn (thuyn)
rt mng, ui (thuyn) ging nh cnh uyn ng, hai bn m n (thuyn)
thi cao hn ln. (Mi chic) ct n ba mi ngi cho, nhiu thl c ti
hng trm ngi, thuyn i nh bay vy"^'^
Tuyn ng bin thi T r n cng gp phn tch cc thc y thong
nghip. Thuyn c c nc Dip Diu (Gia Va), Thin (Min in), T hin Trc
(n ) tng cp bn trn c c hi cn g nc ta
T in l phang tin lu thng hng ha. Cc vua i Vit thi L T rn u c c tin. Ngoi ra, trn th trng cn s dng nhiu tin

Trung Quc. Nh Trn ft m rng vic mua bn t bng tin, np tin

ly quan chc. Vic c tin do quan xng m nhim. Mi quan tin
bng 10 tin, mi tin l 70 ng Nh vy mi quan tin c 7 0 0 ng.
Nm 1226, nh T r n quy nh cc khon tin nhn dn np cho nh nc
gi l tin thng cung v c 70 ng l 1 tin, nhng trong s chi dng
hng ngy thl mi tin l 6 9 ng
Quan h tin t a thm nhp vo i sng chnh tr v tn ngng, i
T rn , hng nm cd t chc hi th vo ngy 4 thng 4 m lch ti n Dng
C theo nghi thc c truyn cd t i L. Ngy hm y "t tng v trm
quan n chc ngoi ca thnh hi g gy, m m sng tin vo triu. n

(1) Theo bn dch ca Tr4n Ngha

bc "t "

xa hi mtc ta iHi Trtn, bi io n Sam tc /

c TrSit Phu tp chi yn hc, $6 1, nm 1972, tr. 122.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

207

n th ni ng C hp nhau th v ung mu "Lm ti ht sc trung,

lm quan trong sch, ai tri th ny th n minh git cht". Ai vng mt
trong hi th n ny phi np 5 quan
Hin tng nh nc thu t thu bng tin nm 1242: " 1 - 2 mu thu mt
quan; 3 4 mu thu hai quan

V.V..

th hin chc nng thanh ton ca tin

t thi T r n pht trin rng ln. Di vt kho c hc cho bit ng tin

l vt ty tn g ph bin trong t n g lp qu tc. Ngi m Thnh Th (Quc
Hiong xa) cd lin Thin Thnh nguyn bo (10 34 1038). M Tam ng
(T nh Cng xa) c tin Khai Nguyn thng bo (7 1 3 741). M Dng
Ph iKini Thi, Hng Yn c tin i Quan thng bo (1 1 0 7 - 1110) v tin
T h u n Ili thng bo (1174 - 1185).
Tiu biu nht cho mng li ni thng l h thng ch d ng bng
sng Hng. S lng ch tng i nhiu, c l mi huyn cng c vi ch,
phin ch ny hp lch phin ch kia. S gi nh Nguyn l T r n Phu c
vit: 'T r o n g cc XII lng thng c ch, c hai ngy hp mt phin, hng
ha irm th by la lit. H c nn dm th dng mt ngi nh ba gian,
bn pha t chng lm ni hp

Ghi chp ny khng phi l ph

bin, ch l ni m s gi i qua, song cng phn nh cnh tng bun bn

vng ng bng xung quanh T hn g Long
Ngoi ch ra cn c ph. Cc trung tTn ph bn sng ln, u niti
giao thng thy b u c ph c. Ph Luy Lu (Thun Thnh^ Bc Ninh)
bn b sng Du l ni bun bn c nh. T liu a phng cn cho bit
bn b sng Ngha Tr (Xun Cu, Vn Giang, H ng Y n) cn c ph L
cng c hlnh thnh vo thi ny.

Ch v ph kt hp l th trng a phng ca hng, ph nhm gii

quyt nhu cu ca cc tn g lp nhn dn trong vng. Khng c t liu no
ni v cu trc ch, ph v cc mt hng bun bn, nhng chc chn mng
li ch v ph s l ni gii quyt cc nhu cu ca tiu nng v cc tng
lp khc l chnh.

Cng Vn Dn. Vn n nay l cc vng o V n Hi, Ngc Vng, Cng

ng thuc Vnh H Long (Qung Ninh) l qun cng v thng cn g cd
ng v quc t ca nc i Vit thi L T rn .
B in c vn l con ng giao thng quc t quan trng nht ca nc
ta, l mch ni gia i Vit v cc nc xung quanh. Cc ca bin Hi
Thng, Cn Hi (u thuc Ngh - T n h ) Hi T riu (Thanh Ha) v c
( ) Di \^ s k ton ihu. Sd. lp , (r. 11.
(2 ) Trn Phu. An Nam tc

Ihco bn dch ca Trn Ngha, lp ch Vn hc dn, ir. 120

208

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

bit l Vn n nhng trung tm bun bn n vi ngi nc ngoi,

nhng im quy t dng bin thi L - T r n .
By gi phn ln cc thuyn bun nc ngoi khng c vo su ni
a^ chl c php cp bn ti mt s c n g quy nh sau khi np mt
S phng vt qu cho nh nc. S c cho bit: thuyn bun nc Tng
(T ru n g Quc) np tm vi cho vua T h i Tng gi l vi ha cn gi 3 0 0
quan tin m t thc.
Ti cc cng trn, hng ha kh nhiu, th ng nhn tp np. S gi
T rn Phu ct vit "Ph Tinh Hoa (Thanh Ha) cch th n h G iao C hu (chi
T h n g Long) 2 0 0 dm. Thuyn b nc ngoi n t hi y (ch c a Hi
T riu) m ch ngay trn thuyn. Cnh bun b n th t l thnh vng'^*).
Rng c n g Vn Dn, do v tr thun li, l th ng c n g ln n h t. Vo
thi kl khng chin chng Mng - Nguyn, bun bn y c h n ch. Sau
vl nhu cu quc phng, nh T r n chuyn tra n g Vn n th n h tr n Vn
n, a c c tng tin cn lm trn th. Tuy nhin, cc thuy n bun nc
ngoi vn thng xuyn r a vo.

Nhng hin vt kho c o c trT t Vn n xa cd nhiu tin

i Tng. S n h s l hng xut khu quan trng.

thnh Thng Long. T h n g Long l tru n g t m chnh tr, vn hda ng

thi cng l m t tru n g tm kinh t ln nht ca D i V it by gi.
T h n g Long n i T r n cn bn vn g cu tr c nh i L c L

thnh, H ong thnh, Cm thnh v nhu cun g in vn gi nguyn S

chuyn triu i t L sang T r n mt cch ha bnh khng lm cho T h n g
Long thay i nhlu. Nh T r n tn dng nhng c s d dc xy dng t
trc c tu b v m rng thm.
Nm 12 30 , nh T r n tu sa thnh i La, T h n h ct 4 c a: c a Ty
Dng (Cu G)^ ca Ch Da^ ca Cu D n v c a V n X u n (ng
Mc). on thnh pha ng ng thi cng l sn g H ng c 2 c a m
thng ra 2 cng sng: G iang Khu (ca sng T) v ng B u.
N m 1 2 4 3 , n h T r n cho p li th n h tr o n g v g l t h n h Long

Phng hay Phng Thnh. Cc ca ca H ong T h n h v P h n g Thnh

xy dng kin c, gm mt cng chnh v 2 c n g ph theo li c a Tam
Quan. T r n cng chnh c lu gc. Ca nam ca H on g T h n h gi l ca
i Hng (khong ch Ca Nam by gi). Cn c a nam c a P h n g Thnh
(1) Trn Phu, An nam tc s Ihco bn ch ca Trn Ngha, lp chi Vn hc d dn, i r 117

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

209

gi l ca i D ng Minh. S gi nh Nguyn, T r n Phu khi n T h ng

Long m t mt khu th nh nhu sau ni t trng (ch vua T r n ) c
ca gi l "Dng Minh mn"; trn ca c gc gi l "Triu thin cc": ca
nh bn t r i gi l "N ht T n mn, ca nh bn phi gi l "Vn Hi mn.
Bn trong ca c m t khong "thin tinh" ngang c vi mi trng.
T bc thm bc ln th y di gc c mt tm bin l: "Tp Hin in",
bn trn c gc ln gi l "Minh Linh cc". T chi bn phi i Li, gp mt
in ln gi l " c Huy Din", ca bn tr i gi l "ng Lc mn", ca
bn phi gi l "Ku n g mn". Cc bin u bng vng
Cc lu i c u n g in trong Hong T h n h v Phung T hnh cng c
sa cha v xy dng thm . Ni vua gi l cung Quan Triu, ni thng
hong gi l c u n g T h n h T. T rong qun th kin trc hong cung c
in T h in An, in B t Gic, in Din Hin nhng ni vua lm vic
v yn di c c qu an. C c in T p Hin, Th Quang l ni tip s thn
nc ngoi. in Din H ng l ni in ra hi ngh cc b lo trong
khng chin c h n g Nguyn. Cc cung L T hin, Thng X un dnh cho cc
cung n.
Pha ngoi H ong Thnh, nh T rn khng xy dng nhiu lm, m ch yu
l trng tu nhng cng trnh c sn. Din Linh Quang c i v ng B
Du gi l in P hong Thy (gi nc). Dn gi i in T r vi y l ni ng
ch, tru cau mi khi vua t Hong Thnh i ra dng chn ti y.
Ngoi tr m H oi Vin Gia Lm , bn kia sng Hng, T h n g Long cn
c khu "s qun" (cn h ch a Qun S ngy nay) tip s phng Bc.
NAm 1 2 5 3 Q uc T G im c tu sa li v gi l Vin Quc hc. y
l trng quc hc cao cp dnh cho con em cc qu tc v cc nho s trong
nc. Cng vi vic lp Vin Quc hc, nh T r n lp thm G ing V ng
o to v quan.
V kinh t x hi, thnh T h n g Long c nhu bc pht tri n cao,
Nm 1230, n h T r n hoch nh cc phng lng. C T hng Long vn chia
lm 61 phng. P h a bc v pha ty c nhiu phng th cng n ting
nh Yn Ha, Y n T h i lm giy, Ngha D, Nghi T m trng du dt la.
Pha ng c c c n g G ian g Khu, ng B u v cc phng C X , Phc
C, Nhai T u n .

(1) rrn [hu,//f V/W c v, th a i hn tch ca 't'rn Niha. p ch K/ /K. dA dn, tr 17

14-CLSVNT.tp

210

DI CNG LCH s VT NAM

S pht trin kinh t ca Thng Long cng gy n h hng n vng

ven. Khu gni B t T r n g hot ng nhn nhp hn. T liu a phng cho
bit th lng Nh Kh (Thng Tn, H Ty) pht tr i n ngh tin mc,
Ngi bun bn v sn xut ch yu cng l ngi tro n g cc phng
T h ng Long. H l th th cig kim bun bn, l thng nhn chuyn
nghip v khng t l nng dn mua v bn nhng sn phm. Ngoi r a cn
cd thng nhn nc ngoi, ch yu k ngi T ng. N hng ngi ny c
t h c tr lu di. Nm 1274, ba m thuyn bun bn T n g n xin c
tr, c vua T r n cho phng Nhai T un lp ph hp ch. T hng Long
cn c ngi Hi Ht (ugur Trung theo o Hi). H m an g hn g hda,
lp ca hiu by hng bun bn ring^*^. S tn rng bun bn vi ngi
nc ngoi cng khin cho T h n g Long thi T r n c n g c v quc t ca

mt d thnh,
S ngi tiu th hng ha ng k thuc cc t n g lp th cng,
thng nhn, nng dn, s phu, tn g l v quan li. S n phm ca c c quan
xng cung cp mt s dng thit yu nh: vi, la giy, go, v kh.
Nhng sn phm ny ly t cc bch t c , t cc a phng cng tng.
K t cu c dn v ngh nghip ca T h n g Long l cng, thng nng,
sl v quan chc. Cc phng T h n g Long khng hon ton n thun l
ca th th cng v thng nhn m

nhiu nng dn (hoc nng dn

kim th cng hay thng nhn). K t cu ny l s pht tr i n ca T h n g

Long t m t trung tm chnh tr m rng thnh m t tru n g tm kinh t vn hda
Thng Long trc ht mt thnh phong kin, do n h nc xv dng
v qun l. Ngi ng u b my cai tr Thng Long l i an ph s hay
g l Kinh s An ph s do triu nh trc tip b nhim, di c cc chc
thng phn, phn th. Vo u th k X IV i An ph s T h n g Long l Trn
Th Kin - l mt ngi c c v ti nng. Ngoi ra, T h a n g Long cn cd
c quan ta n xt x ring l ti bnh bc. Nh T r n cn tn g cng chi phi
n cc n v hnh chnh c s; i giai ra phng v i tn mt s phng
nh Hng Tm thnh Yn Thi, Y n Hoa thnh n Ph.
Phng Kinh T h n g Long khng phi l "cng x t do ca th
th cng v thng nhn. 61 phng cd l l 61 n v hn h chnh ca nh
nc. Nh vy t quy hoch th, kt cu kinh t v c dn n t chc
chnh quyTt cho thy T h a n g Long l m t thnh th tru n g c.

(1) i y s ki (On th, Sd. lp II, Cr.39

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

211

S hot ng c n g nh cng cuc xy ng kinh T h n g Long li gp

nhiu hn c h v ch in tran h xm lc ca Mng - Nguyn. B a ln chng
tin qun sang nc ta l c ba ln chng tn ph kinh thnh, c dn phi
xiu tn, nh ca, cung in b hy hoi nghim trng, sch v b t chy.
Mt khc nh T r n cng khng tp tru n g xy dng nhiu. Cc vua Trn
u rt ch xy dng khu Tc Mc v lp thm nhiu hnh cung ni
khc, cc vng hu tn th t li lp ph ti cc phng cng lm
cho T h n g Lon g b hn ch.

Khu Tc Mc - Thin Trng

Khi u cho vic xy dng Tc Mc, nng v tri ca qu hng h Trn
thnh mt trung tm chnh tr - kinh t l t nm 1239. Triu nh sai nhp
ni thi ph Ph ng T Chu t chc xy dng cung in Ri n nm 1262,
hng T c Mc thnh trung tm ca c ph Tbin Trng. Vo thi T rn, an
ph s Thin T r ng cng gn ngang vi i an ph s Thng Long
Khu T c Mc, theo 'di tch cn li, tr i rng 4 xa Lc Vng, Lc H
(thuc Lhnh ph N am nh) M Phc, M T ru n g (thuc huyn Bnh Lc,
H Naii), cch T h n g Long v pha ng nam hn 7 5 km. Tc Mc c t
tt, dn ng, m t vng nng nghip tr ph v giao thng thy b thun
li. Pha ng T c Mc l sng Hng rng ln, trc chnh ca ng thy;
bc v nam l s n g Chu G iang v sng o chy vo sng Hng; xuyn
qua Tc Mc t t y sa n g Cng v sng Vnh. H thng sng ngi ch ng cht
gip c dn c ng thy thun li, a nc ti tiu cho ng rung,
ng thi cng lm cho cn h tr y thm p : "Mi hai ci tin (c
l l chi 12 l) th chn ny l th nht" nh ngi ng thi [ vua T r n
Thnh Tng c a ngi tro n g bi "Hnh T h in T rng hnh cung".
Tc Mc l vng nng nghip, th cng nghip nhng quan trn g hn
l mt. trung tm chnh tr. Cung in cha miu u phc v cho nhu cu
ca qu tc y. Cc vua T rn sau khi nhng ngi cho thi t u
v Tc Mc lm th i thng hong.
V cc i tch xa, ch ng ta c th hnh dung c khu kin tr c ca
nh T r n trn t T c Mc nh sau;
Cc khu c tr:
- Cung T r n g Q u an g (n T rn, ngoi thnh Nam nh) ni ca cc
thi thng hong.
- Cung T r n g Hoa (khng cn vt tch).
- Cung D N h t (thn D Nht, M T rung, B in h Lc, H Nam) cn vn
inh, vun Quan, cng thot nc v gch c hoa vn.

21 2

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

- Cung Nh (x M Trung, Bnh Lc, H Nam).

- Cung D T a m (thn Tam , x M Phc, Binh Lc, H Nam).
Cc khu vc kinh t:
- Kho Nhi: khu chn nui, ch^'

thc phni.

- Cn ci: khu vc chn nui b ln.

- Khu lm gm (thn Bi, x M Thnh, ngoi th nh Nam nhK
gm sn xut y c ch 'T h i n T rng ph ch'" hay 'Vnh Ninh Trng".
Ngy nay cc cng trnh kin trc trn khng cn na* nhng u tch
v a danh cng th hin cnh nhn nhp hi by gi. Nhng tn
Nht, D Nh, T am , T, Phig ng Liu Nha, Ca Triu, vn
Vn Ch, ng Chc Ng cng vi h thng giao thng sng nc cng
gip cho chng ta hiu thm b mt v tnh cht ca T c Mc.
Trc ht y l mt vng nng thn nng nghijy chnh vua Nhn T ng
cng ndi r tron g bi Thin Trng vn vng:

*'Thn hu, thn tin dm t yi

Bn v bn hu, tch doig bin
Mc ng ch li quy ngu tn.
Bch l song Bong phi i in..."
(Thn trc, thn sau m nh khi ph,
Na c na khng, trong bng chiu hm.
Mc dng thi ?(io (ii^t tru t? hf't
Tng di c trng ln xung dng rung...J.
Tc Mc cn bn l mt khu tiu th m khng phi l khu vc sn
xut hng hda. y l ni tp tru n g t thu, cng phm ca cc a phng.
Nh vy, T c Mc l khu vc kinh t x hi c bit. T n g lp thng
tr y phi sng da vo nng thn c nc. Cc th n h phn vi nhiu
ngh nghip khc nhau: s tng, hc tr, th th cng, thng nhn u
sng nh vo s n xut nng nghip v nng dn, T h c h chnh tr phng,
hng y l nhng n v hnh chnh ca chinh quyn phong kin. Nhng
hot ng qun s, chnh tr, vn ha gio dc, kinh t ca T h n g Long v
c T c Mc gp phn thc y x hi Di Vit pht tri n l tiu biu
cho c nn vn ha chung thi ny.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

213

III. K H N G C H I N C H N G M N G - N G U Y N
L D c h M n g C h in h t h n h v p h t t r i n
Du th ki X III, ch Mng C hnh thnh. Bn chnh tr vng Dng
B c A thav i. Nm 1206 i hi qu tc: Khurintai trn b sng dn
tn Tmujin lm Thnh Ct T Hn (Tringit Khan ngha l "vua v i"). Quc
gia Mng C thng nht, mt nh nc qun s tp quyn chuyn ch ra
Cuc xm lc u tin ca Thnh Ct T Hn nhm vo nc Tangt
(T y H) Nni 1209, T h n h Ct T Hn li tin nh nc Kim (quc gia
do tc N Chn lp nn Bc Trung Quc t u th k X II)

Rt nhanh

chng, qun Mng C li rng ra c vng Mn Chu, ri chim ly Trng

D ( B c Kinh) vo nm 1215 Sau khi cp c nhiu ca ci v tii binh,
T h n h C t T H n rt qun.
N m 1 2 1 9 , T h n h C t T H n ni cuc tin cng vo vng quc
K hretxin v U cghentr th t th. Khretxtt, mt quc gia ang k thnh
t, t tr th n h hoang vng. Dn nm 1222, qun Mng C xm nhp
Adcbaigian tin n Grudia, vt qua h ni Cpcad trn vo bn o
Crni ri tip tc Ir n vo trung b sng Vnga. 0 y h gp s khng
c quyt lit ca ngi Bunga, nn quay tr li Mng C.
V Mng C, T h n h Ct T Hn khng nghi ngi, li tip tc tin cng
T an g t. Nm 122 7, T an g t b dit, nhng T hnh Ct T Hn b cht trn
con ng vin chinh Cam Tc (T ru ng Quc)
T hnh Ct T H n cht, ch Mng C c phn ra cho 4 ngi con.

Con trng l J o t r i chim vng l l ty sng ts n tn tho nguyn

T u ck etx ta n v t h lu sng Amu aria n sng Xa aria. Con th
hai T rag atai chim vng tho nguyn Casga v lu vc sng Ili. Con
th ba l gy chim vng ty Mng C t gia ni Antai n h Bancas.
Con t l Tlui k tha vng t Mng C ca cha.
Nm 1228 gy ln ngi Hn, chun b khn trng cho cuc tin
cn g nh Kim. N m 1234, thnh Thi Chu b h, vua Kim l Ai Tng t
s t. Nam T ng theo ciu c tin qun ly t c, nhng qun Mng C
tho nc sng H ong H ngp chim qun Tng. Dit xong Kim, Nam
T n g tr thnh m ing mi xm lc ca vua Mng C.
( l ) N in; li ti<?u s d n ^ Im n g chiing nv. ctmng d i th VJ vo lp Si^ich Cuc

rm

ififC

N. IViH.

khn^ chicn chn^

\^yt Mrt^ tht k XUI ca Vin rrin v;i I*h;ini Thi Vmi, Nxb Kh<>;i ht.x: X hi, M

214

DI CNG LCH s V IT NAM

Nm 1236 m u cho cuc tin cng N am Tng, tip tc m rng

ch Mng C. gy c 3 o qun tin cng m u cuc xm lc Nam
Tng 4 0 nam. Batu chu ni ca Thnh C t T H n ch huy 15 vn qun
nh sang chu u. T h n g 3 - 1238 cn g quc Vlaim ia b chim . Nam
1 2 40 qun Mng C chim ly Kip v to n b U cra in a, T h n g 3 - 1241
Caracp (B a Lan) b chim. T h ng 4 nm ny qun M ng C nh ta n lin
qun B a Lan - Tip, ri tin vo t H unggari. Du nm 1 2 4 2 qun Mng
C truy kch vua Hung n tn bd bin N am T gn th n h Vnid c a .
Cuc vin chinh B a T khin cng quc ca J o t r i m rng to ln. J o t r i
lp hn lu vng. C chu u kinh hong, khip s B in nin s

ca tu

vin thnh Pantalon Cln vit: "Ni s hi gh gm trc qun d

man lan tn cc nc xa xi, khng nhng Php m Bu cgng v T y
B an Nha, l nhng ni t trc ti nay ch a h bit n ci tn T cta ". V
c xut hin bi kinh cu nguyn "Cha cu vt chng con khi s cung
bo ca T cta". Gio hong La M Grg IX ku gi t chc qu n T h p T
chng li Mng C.
N m 1241, gy cht. Ngi Hn b trn g 5 nm . Mi n nm 1246
em Hn gy l Guyc c c lm i H n. Nhng con J o t r i l B a Tu
khng tha nhn. Nm 1 2 4 8 Guyc em q u n nh li B a Tu, c h t gia
ng. Guyc cht, Mng Ke (Mng K ha) ln thay lm i hn.
Mng Ke gi ngi i hn tip tc cc cuc vin chinh xm lc, Nm
1253, Mng Ke c qun i xm tc B a T. Sau khi chim B t a, qun
Mng K e tin vo Lng H chim Xyri, nhng li b ngi Ai C p nh
li, Chl huy cuc vin chinh ny l tng Hulgu tr v B a T lp mt nc
hn mi. Nc hn B a T trn thc t th o t li khi i h n Mng C
ca Mng Ke.
ng thi vi cuc vin chinh sang chu u v T rung , i hn Mng Ke
cng em l Khubilai (Ht T t Lit) t chc cuc chin tranh vo min Nam
T rung Quc. Nxn 1271 Khubilai dit c Nam Tng lp nn nh Nguyn.
Nm 1279, ton b Trung Quc nm trong tay lnh cha Mng C.
Vy l hn na th ki, qu tc phong kin Mng C li ko phn ln
th gii vo nhng cuc chin tranh khng khip. Gm gio, niu la, tinh
d m an v u c bnh trng ca qu tc Mng C t o nn mt ch
rng ln t b T h i Bnh Dng n bn kia H c H i ch a t n g c trong
lch s th gii.

VIT NAM (T THI NGYN THY N 1858)

215

2. K h n g c h i n c h n g x m lc M ng C l n th n h t (1 25 8)
Guyc (Qu Do) cht nm 1248, nhng mi n 1251 Mng Ke mi ln
ngi i hn. Mng K e ro rit chxn b cho cuc chin tranh xm lc Trung
Quc Nm 1252 Mng K e sai Khubilai (Ht T t Lit) nh chim i L (ri
i tn l Vn Nam) ly im bn p m cuc tin cng vo Di Vit.
Theo k hoch nh trc th qun Mng C s nh chim N am Tng
theo 4 hng tin cng. K hubilai ch huy mt cnh qun nh chim Ngc
Chu (II B c). M t c n h qun do T gatrai chi huy nh xung Kinh Chu,
Mng Kha chi huy 4 vn qu n nh xung T Xuyn, v r ia n g Khaai
(Ngt Lng Hp T h a i) ch huy cnh qun t Di L nh th n g xung Di
Vit. T nh vo n g Chu (Qung T y), Q u Chu (Qung Ty) ri
tin ln hp qu n vi K hubilai Ngc Chu.
Vy l cnh qu n ca U r ia n g Khaiai phi thc hin hai nhim v; dnh
chim i V it v t Di V it nh ln N am Tng. Chim c Di Vit
cn c ngha ln sau ny cho quc Mng C l p c bn p cho
cc cuc vin chin h xung ng Nam . Nguyn s cho bit; "Ngt Lng
Hp T h ai vo G iao Chi nh k lu d i"( ).
Chim uc i V it l nic tiu chin lc ca k hoch Mng K ha v
cng l c g n g r t ln ca chng. Sau khi chim c i L, qun s
Mng C ch cn hn 2 vn ngi. Chng cn dng thm hn 2 vn hng
binh ca tn vua u hng on Hng T r sp nhp lm "qun tin phong".
T n g s qun x n i lc do rian gk h a ai ch huy c th ti 4 vn.
X ung gn b in gii nc ta, chng dng qun v cho s gi a th
vo Di Vit e da v d hng. Nhng 3 ln lin tc c s gi vo i
V it, c 3 ln khng thy s gi tr v.
Thng xuyn th eo di tnh hnh v bit r m mu xm lc ca qun
Mng C, nh T r n chun b khng chin. T h n g 9 - 1257 ch tr i Quy
Hda (dc hu n gn sng H ng) cho ngi cp bo v triu nh tin s gi
Mng C n. T h n g 10, vua T r n Thi T ng xung chiu cho c c tng
iu qun thy b ln min bin gii Ty B c v ra nh cho c nc khn
tr ng chun b n h gic. C c s gi Mng C lo xc u b tng giam
knh T h n g Long.
K hng thy s gi v, U riangkhaai quyt nh tn cng. Y sai Trch
T rc h u (T r i t T r i t ) v mt tng khc chia qun lm 2 o tin theo
(1) ,\'guyn s, a. 121. Ngt Lng Hop lia i iruyn.

216

DI CNG LCH s V I T NAM

t ngn v hu ngn sng Thao. Dng t ngn qua vng t c c tinh H

Giang, Tuyn Quang ngy nay xung Bch Hc iVit Tri, Ph Th). Dng
hu ngn qua vng t Quy Hda (Lo Cai, Yn Bi) cng xung Bch Hc
Hai o qun Xh ny chi l qun i trc thAin d, dn ng. Theo sau
l ao qun khc do con trai ca riangkhaai l Aju (.A-thut) chi huv
V cui cng l o qun do chnh Uriangkhaai tin sau.
T h ng 1 - 1258, hai o qun Mng C i trc cng n hi qun
Bch Hc. Sau chng theo ng b, hng v T h n g Long n Bnh L
Nguyn, o B n h L Ng^uyn (c<5 l l vng Bnh Xuyn tnh Vinh Phc ngy
nay) ni c sng C L chn ngang, vua T r n Thi Tng lp phng tuyn
chn gic.
Thy qun t a dn trn bn sng, Aju vi cho ngi quay li bo tin vi
Uriangkhaai thc qun tin xung. Ngy 1 7 - 1 - 1 2 5 8 chng ko n linh
L Nguyn.
Uriangkhaai lin st bn kia sng ang tm cch vt qua. Y chia qun
lm 3 t. Di tn phong o Trch T rch Du ch huy vt qua sng sang
trc. Uriangkhaai dn i trung qun sang sau. Cn Khaiu v Aju dn
hu i vt sn g cui cng.
Qun Trch Trch Du vt sng ln n b b qun ta chn nh quyt
lit. Vua Trn Thi Tng t mnh c thc tng s, xng vo trn mc
cng binh s tr c tip chin u. Tng L T n (c gi L Ph T rn)
dng cm ci nga xng vo trn gic
a hnh B n h L Nguyn kh thun li cho k binh Mng C pht huy
s trng ca chQng. T r n a cu ta b ln dn. Nhng tn lnh Mng C
thin x bn vo voi ca ta. Voi hong s lng quay l trc sc tin cng
ca chng. Q un ta ri trn a n sch C Bn ihl c qun tip vn ca
tng Phm C Chch tip n. Phm C Chch em qun ngn chn gic,
v ng hi sinh, nhng qun T r n r t lui an ton. Nh vua xuDg thuyn
bn Lng Ml. Qun Mng C ng trn b bn theo. L T n 1% vn
thuyn che cho nh Vua. Thuyn qun ta theo sng C L xui v Ph L.
m mu cp thuyn, chn ng rt lu v bt sng vua T r n ca ch
hon ton tht bi. Urangkhaai ni gin, mi ti li ln u tng tin
phong. Trch T rch Du hong s, ung thuc c t t.
Hm sau ( 1 8 - 1 - 1 2 5 8 ) vua T rn cho ph cu Ph L v b tr qun lp
th trn bn hu ngn sng ngn ch

n Ph L, Uriangkhaai thc

qun vt sng; nh vo trn a qun ta. Qun ta rt lui v T h n g Long.

vqT NAM (T THI NGYN THY N 1858)

217

C th khng c, triu inh quyt, nh rt lui khi kinh bo

ton lc lng. B Linh T quc mu, v thi s T r n Th D, ch o vic
s tn cc cung phi v gia nh cc tng, cc quan li v vng sng Hong
Giang (L Nhn, H Nanil. Qun i v nh vua th lui v vng sng Thin
Mc (Duy Tin, H Nam).
T h n g Long yn tinh trng khng. Qun Mng C tin vo mt kinh
vng lng. Chng sc so khp noi, ch thy trong nh ngc nhng s gi
m Uriangkhaai phi vo Di Vit trc y ang gc u trn mt
t. Sch Nguyn s loi bin chp: "Ngt Lng Hp Thai ko qun vo
thnh thy 3 ngi s sai sang trc ang b giam trong ngc, ngi
no cng b nhng thanh tre b cht vo mnh, s t hn n da, kh ci tri
ra thi mt ngi b cht"^*^. Bn gic in cung tn ph kinh thnh git
hi nhng ngi li.

V pha gic, vo T hng Long hoang vng, gp kh khn v hu cn,

chng nh ra vng xung quanh kinh hng cp bc lng thc.
Nhng y cng b nhn dn cc hng p chng c quyt lit. Tiu biu
nht l cuc chin u bo v lng xm ca nhn dn C S (Yn

s, Hoi

Dc, i Ty). Nghe tin gic ko n, nhn dn C S t t chc lc

lng v tr ang o ho bao quanh lng, dng ly chin u. Khi gic ko
n lng, k binh khng vt qua c ho, li b cung n bn ra, Chng
phi rt lui, chu tht bi. Th n g li ca nhn dAn C S l thng li ca
chin tran h nhn dn a phng ang m rng xung quanh kinh Th ng
Long. Lc lng qun xm lc Mng C th t bi u tin trc nhng
cuc chin u l xm lng, hng p. Chi sau mv ngy vo T h ng Long,
qun Mng C hon ton m t ht nhu khi chin u. D khng c lng
n, li b cc lng xm xung quanh chng li, Uriangkhaai v bn tng
Hnh (lii hong ht n cc im. Nm vng thi c, triu nh nh T r n
quyt nh phn cng gii phng T h n g Long.
Ngy 2 9 - 1 - 1 2 5 8 T r n Th Tng cng nhiu tng lnh em bnh thuyn
t sng T hin

ra sng Hng tin ti T hng Long. Qun ta b ln

Dng B Du (bn sng Hng khong t dc Hng Than n dc He Nhai,

qun B a nh H Ni) tp kch doanh tri ch.

(1) 'lico

Cng mCt hn ch Vin s

htpc. Nxb VAn S Dia, H Ni, 1958,

I.v. ir. 36

{2 ) rhcri ahng nghiOn cu gn dy cho hii Ihi sng rhiCn Mac Ici srtng nh VCI j;ng \[ng chy qua

lng Tnk Hi v huyn l| L)uy TiOn lnh i Nam. Dn nay dSu lich Kng Thi6n Mc ch mt s
tAm

m iiiv.

218

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

Dch b nh bt khi kinh thnh. U rlangkhaai cho qun rt theo ng

c theo hu ngn sng Hng tr v Vn Nam. n tri Quy Ha, qun gic
li b nhn dn min ni di s ch huy ca tri ch H Eng ra n
nh. Qun Mng C b thit hi nng, hong s, cm u chy thot thn
khng dm ngh n chuyn cp bc t ph nh khi mi tin vo Di
Vit. Nhn dn ta by gi ma mai gi chng l "gic Pht".
U ria n g k h a ai thc t n qun chy r a khi bin gii san g Vn Nam,
dng ch n ti th n h p x c h (Cn M inh). Dt vin chinh c a Mng C
sang Di V it n y hon ton th t b, U rian gk h a ai tng thn tn
ca i hn M ng Ke, t n g nh Liu, tng theo hn B a T u nh B a
Lan, Hunggari m ct thi, bn qu tc Mng C ti xUng y l vin
tng bch ch n bch th n g nhng nay thua tr n trn t i Vit.
Theo nh s hc R a sit in thi cnh qun ca r ia n g k h a a i tuy khng
ln, nhng cd n 50 thn vng, tro n g d c Absca con T h n h C t T
Do qu n hng m nh nhiu tng ti nh vy chi c T h n g
Long c 9 ngy.
Kinh thnh sch bng qun th, ngy 5 - 1 - 1 2 5 8 l ngy tt nguyn n
nm Mu Ng. Trong bui th it triu, Trn T hi Tng phong thng cho
cc tng lnh ct qun cng. L T n v H Bng l ngi ng u> H
Bng c phong tc hu,
Cuc khng chin chng Mng - Nguyn ln th nht i nhng
n tng su sc trong nhiu th h sau. Mi n cui th k X I I I vua Trn
Nhn Tng ngi anh hng chng Nguyn cn vit:

''Bch du quan s ti
Vng vng thuyi Nguyn Phong"
(Ngi linh gi du bc
K ri chuyn Nguyn Phong).
3. C u c k h n g c h i n c a n h n d n Chmpa
u nm 12 80 , sau khi chim xong Nam Tng, Khublai mi ra lnh cho
quan li khu m t hn lm vin bn vi Toa chiu d cc nc "ngoi
bin" c bit l Chim Thnh. Khubilai phong cho vua C hm pa l Chim
Thnh qun vng, hm Vinh Lc i phu ban h ph. T h n g 1 0 nm Tn
Ty (11 - 1281) thi cha Nguyn chm dt kiu chiu d m y mnh chin
tranh xm lc^^^. Khubilai lp hnh tru n g th tnh Chim T h n h , do Toa
(1) ong Nam v Hng Lirth ch bn. Shng iSng

Quc. Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H Ni, 1984.

2) Sguyn s. q.l 1 bn k.

ca n ti Vit \'m chn^ phon kin Tnift

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

219

lm hu tha, Lu Thm lm t tha, v binh b th lang ngi Uigur

l Ygmic lm tham tri chnh
Vy l b my chi huy cuc vin chinh xm lc Chim Thnh c
thnh lp.
Cha Nguyn cn ra lnh iu ng mt vn qun thy v hn 100 chin
thuyn; ng thi cn bt vua Chmpa cung cp lng thc cho on qun
ny-^^ Sau d y cn ly nhng s gi trc y n Chmpa nh bn
Mnh Khnh Nguyn, Tn T h ng Phu lm tuyn y s Qung Chu kim
trng coi vic xut chinh.
T t h k X I, Chmpa tri qua mt thi gian ri on, c lc t nc
b chia nm x by. Nhng ri t nc li thng nht, n nh v tip tc
pht t r i n v cc mt. Kinh Vigiaya c xy dng ng hong hn,
nhiu cha thp mi c dng ln, khu thnh a M Sn c hon chinh
trn c s lc lng qun s c cng c, vua H arivarm an IV nhiu ln
nh sa n g Chn Lp.
Vo na sau th k X II, Chmpa li suy yu v b Chn Lp xm chim.
Qun Chn Lp

- Chnipa nhiu ln nh ln Di Vit nhng b nh

u. K hon g nm 1220 Chmpa khi phc c dc lp v bt u t quan

h vi nhiu nc xung quanh. H cng bit xy thnh phng th
(thnh Khu Tc).
Khi qun Nguyn nh vo Chmpa th vua Indravarm an V g, thi
t Harijit nm gi cc trng trch tron g nxsc^^\ Harijit khng chu li bc
trc k th, tch cc chun b khng chin. Nm 1282, ng thi vi vic
sai Toa ch huy qun thy nh Chmpa, nh Nguyn c 2 s on, 1
3 on i Xim c Vn h H T Ch, thin h Hong Ph Kit; v 1 s
on i M B t nhi (M abar) c tuyn y s Lu Vnh Hin v A L an . C
hai s b i qua Chmpa u b bt gi li.
T hng 12 -1 2 8 2 on bnh thuyn ca Toa D xut pht t Qung Chu.
Ngy 3 0 - 1 2 - 1 2 8 2 chng n cng Chmpa tc l cng Quy Nhn (Bnh nh).
on vin chinh xm lc ca Toa va t chn ln vng b bin
Quy Nhn thi qun Chmpa ra sc cng c thnh g chn ng tin qun
ca gic. Hng trm c pho 'Hi hi'* ^ tc loi my bn loi ln
c a ra bo v thnh. Nh vua Inravarm an cng lp hnh cung
cch th n h g 10 dm kp ng vin cho qun i.
D d chiu hng khng khut phc c vua Chmpa. B i t Chmpa
( i ) (2) Npiyri s. q. 11 b;in k
(3 ) TCn n^ng v Iiu s ca lnJnvarman W ]

xin xcm Ihm (^uc kh chtn chn^xm lc Ngin

Mtmi th ki X!i c:* I Van rn, Phm

Tlm. NXIi Khoa hgc x hi. H Ni. 1968, Ir 132 -133.

220

DI CONG LCH s VIT NAM

quy't chin, Toa hi chn ch. n ngy 1 3 - 2 - 1 2 8 3 T o a ra lnh cho

binh thuyn xut pht. Na m, qun Nguvn chia lm 3 mi tn cng
thnh g.
- Mi th nht hn 1600 qun thy nh vo pha bc, do an ph s
Qunh Chu T rn T rng t ch huy.
Mi th hai hn 3 0 0 qun nh vo doi c t pha ng, do T n g b
T rng Bn ch huy.
- Mi th ba hn 3 0 0 0 qun nh vo m t nam do chnh T oa D chi huy.
Cuc chin u gi thnh quyt lit, qun Nguyn ph c ca nam
thnh, trn vo, thng th. Qun Chnipa bit gi khng ni, r t lui.
T h n h g lt vo tay gic. Thnh g gi cn g th t th l m t tn hi ln
cho ngL Chmpa. Vua Inravarm an thy ch a th ng chin tip c,
nn cho qun rt vo ni, cc kho tng qun lng khng ch uy n kp u
cho t sch. ng thi trong gi pht ny, vua C hm p a cho x t 2 tn
s gi ca Toa D6 l Lu Vnh Hin v A Lan, hiu th lng cm th
v chi khng chin ca nhn dn Chmpa
Ngy 1 2 -2 - 1 2 8 3 , Toa tin nh i Chu (hay cn gi l Vigiaya hay s
ta gi l Bn, T r Bn) l thnh ln kin c (nay thuc a phn x Nhn
Hu v Dp D, huyn An Nhn, Bnh nh^ Ngy 1 7 -2 , vua Chmpa sai s
n "xin hng". Ngy 1 8 -2 qun Nguyn tin st n pha nam thnh \'igiava,
Toa th s Chnipa tr v. Ngy 19-2 qun Nguyn tin vo kinh Vigiaya.
Kinh b trng, qun Chnipa ch ng rt qun vo rng ni, Thy ta
thnh trng rng, Toa D lo s cnh gic, cho qun ng bn ngoi thnh.
T ron g thi gian ha hon , vua In rav arn ian v thi t Harijii xy
dng mt Cn c ni Nha Hu nm tro n g rng ni siu him , c thAnh
g vng chc, v qun s kh ln. ng thi vua C h m p a cn sai s gi
n Di Vit, Chn Lp v B (Giava) xin qun cu vin. Cd l Di Vit
ko qun sang Chmpa (m sau nh Nguyn cd tr ch l vua i Vit
gip Chmpa 2 vn qun 5 0 0 chin thuyn^*^).
Sau 1 thng, Toa D bit l mnh b la, lin t ch c mt cuc tin
cng vo cn c a. Ngy 1 6 - 3 - 1 2 8 3 , T o a D sai vn h T r n g Ngung
dn qun vo ch vua Chmpa . T ri qua nhiu ngy hnh qun vt v,
qun Nguyn n c di chn thnh g, nhng ch n g b hm vo th
tin thoi lng nan. Cui cng chng phi liu c h t th o t khi vng
vy "mi tr v c doanh
Tr c th t bi ca Trng Ngung, ch tng T o a D kh n g dm t chc
(1) Ngny s, q. 209 - An Niim iruyCa
(2) Kinh i di din tc, bn A d a q 210. Chm 'Chnh iruyn

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858^

221

cur tin cng mi na. Toa D li rt qun t ngoi thnh Vigiaya v cng
Quy Nhn. T i y chng dng li thnh g, chn chnh i ng, c ng
qun lu di ch i vin binh.
Bv gi K h ub ilai c n g ang cd lng vin cho Toa D. Gia nm 1283,
y iu ng th m 3 vn qun b sung cho T oa D v cung cp thm v khi,
lng Ihc T n g gic Arickhaya i Di Vit phi cung cp lng thc v
cho mn ng xung Chmpa. i Vit t chi. Chng phi dng ng
thy lm ng tip vin.
u n m 1 2 8 5 , T oa D rt mt b phn qun vo chin tranh xm
lc Di Vit. Vin tham chnh Ygnits (Yigmis) vn dng qun c th
ti vng h6 i L n g

Cho n khi cuc chin tranh xm lc i Vit b

tht bi hon to n th Y gm ts mi rt khi Chmpa. t nc Chmpa

hon ton yn b inh

Cuc kh n g chin c a nhn dn Chrapa gdp phn

tr hon cuc c h in tr a n h xm lc i Vit, v n it minh, cuc khng

chin ca nhn dn i Vit li gp phn vo vic gii phng t nc
Chmpa

4. K h n g c h i n l n th h a i (1285)
Vic lp An N am tuyn y ti v sai 1000 qun h tng T r n Di i v
Di V'it nm 1 2 8 2 b th t bi. Ht T t L i t lun lun tm cch sch nhiu
nh T r n , gy s tin cng xm lc. Khi T oa D th t bi C hm pa v 2
vn qun M N hi ta n t c v bo bin th Ht T t Lit c n g mun nhanh
chng nh ch im Dai Vit.
T bi hc th t bi nng n i Vit nm I2 v Chmpa nm 1283,
nn ln ny Ht T t Lit li huy dng mt lc lng rt ln. Dai Vit s ki

ton th chp n 5 0 vn qun (trong c c tn qun tht trn Chmpa;.

Ch huy o q u n vin chinh khng 16 ny l T hot Hoan v Arickhaya
(Al hi nha). T h o t Hoan l con ca Mt T t Lit, c phong l "Trn Nam
Vng vo gia nm 1284. Cn Al hi nha l vin tng ngi Uigur, gian
hng tn bo, l m t trong nhng vin tng ch cht chinh phc Nam Tng
c xp loi cng th n ca triu Nguyn.
Ngi la ch in tra n h sp n. Nhng ngy th ng gia nm 1282, vua ti
nh T r n gp rt chun b khng chin. T h n g 11 nm ny, vua T r n
ra B n h T h a n n T r n X loan m hi ngh cc vng hu quan li. Bnh
Than bn s n g ln trn ca sng ung vo sng Lc u (nay thuc
x i T h an , G ia Lng, B c Ninh) gn thi p Vn Kip ca T r n Hng
Do, l a im q u n s h im yu.

222

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

y l hi ngh qun s v cng quan Irng. Cc vng hu v t n g

u c m t bn k nh gic. Nhn Hu vng T r n K hnh D, vi trc
y c phm ti, b cch chc, ra Ch Linh (H Dng) im ngh bn than,
nay vua T r n tha ti cho ng gi v hi ngh. Khnh D m c o ngn, i
nn l n Bnh T han nhng xut nhiu kin ph hp vi vua. Hai
thiu nin qu tc Hoi Nhn vong Kin, Hoi Vn hu Quc T o n khng
c vo hi ngh v cn t tui. Quc T on n bn Bnh T h a n vi mong
mun th' hin ch dit gic. Khng c vo Hi ngh, cu v c n g ut
c " bp nt qu cam trong tay lc no khng

T r v, Quc Ton

huy ng hn nghn gia n v thn thuc, sm sa v kh, n g chin

thuyn, ngy m luyn tp qun s ch khi dit gic lp cng. T r n l c
ca ngi ch huy tr tui c 6 ch "Ph cng ch, bo hong n".
Sau H ngh qun s Bnh Than, c c tng lnh c phn c h ia em
qun tr n gi nhng ni him yu, quan trng. Hng o vng T r n Quc
Tun c c lm Quc cng tit ch thng linh qun i c nc. Chiu
Minh vng T r n Quang Khi c c gi chc Thng t n g th i s.
T r o n g khi qun n c nc ang khn trng chun b cho cuc khng
chin, T r n Quc T un ra N ch tng si nu tghla ln cu nc, cu mnh.
Ton vn bi hch l li ku gi thit tha, trn y tinh th n yu nc v
ch cm th qun cp nc nh ngn la bc cao.
Qun dn ta thch vo cnh tay ca mnh 2 ch "St th t" (g it gic T h t
t - ch qun Mng C). Ri n thng 1 -1 2 8 5 , thng hong T h n h Tng
mi c c bc ph lo ct uy tn trong nc v Kinh T h n g Long hi k
nh gic. T ro n g ba tic Din Din Hng, cc v ng th a n h h ln
"nh!". Di Vit s k ton th g hi r; "Mun ngi cng ni nh mt
ming sinh ra". Khp nl nhn dn ta thc hin mnh lnh c a triu inh
"Tt c c c qun huyn trong nc, nu c gic ngoi n ph Hu cht
m nh. Nu sc khng ch ni th cho php ln trnh vo r n g ni,
khng c u hng^^\
Sau cuc duyt binh ng B u, theo lnh ca quc cng t i t ch
T rn H n g Do, c c n v ch lc chia nhau i ng gi c c khu vc trng
yu. P h m Ng Lo a qun ln bin gii Lng Sn, T r n N h t D u t ti
trn gi vng Tuyn Quang, Hoi Thng hu T r n Vn Lng gi vng
Tam i (Vnh Phc). Cn bn doanh ca tit ch Hng D o vng Trn
Quc T u n li ng Ni B n g (K hong Ch, B c Giang).
( t ) (2) Oi Vit

k ton iu, tp II, Sdd, ir. 2 v ir. 49

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

223

Vo gia nm 1284, Thot Hoan v Arickhaya khn trng iu qun

vo Dai Vit. Ht T t Lit cn ra lnh cho N axirut in (Np tc lt dinh)
l tng ng qun Vn Nam tin vo t l Tuyn Quang ca ta. ng
thi T h o t Hoan cn sai ngi xung Chmpa ra lnh cho T oa t C hm pa
tien ln m t nam ca i Vit Vy l qun Mng - Nguyn mun d it i
Vit hng 3 gng km nh vo bin gii p h a bc v p h a nam.
u nm 128, qun Thot Hoan n n g Chu (Nam Ninh, Q ung
Tv). Chng vo bin gii Lc Chu (tKuc Lng Sn) ca i Vit.
Ti c c ca i bin gi, o qun ca tng Phm Ng Lo ang sn
sng i gic. Va t chn ti bin gii, gic phi 2 i qun m ng,
tin theo 2 ng khc nhau. Mt i qua Khu n (Chi Lng, Lng Sn)
do tn Vn h Bkhaa (Bt la cp p nhi) chi huy v mt i th eo con
ng phia ng qua i Khu Cp (ct l l ni Khau Tc Ty nam huyn
Lc Binh) tc l con ng t Lc Bnh i Sn ng (B c Giang). i qun
ny do X a t c ta i (Tn p nhi tai) v vn h L Bang Hin chl huy, C n i
qun ca T hot Hoan v A l hi nha th theo pha ng,
Ngy 2 - 2 - 1 2 8 5 , qun gic chia lm 6 mi nh vo Ni Bng (Bc Giang).
Trn Quc Tun ch huy i qun chn gic. Nhng trc th gic cn mnh,
qun cn ng, qun ta b tn tht. i liu ban on Thai b bt. Cng lc
d, cnh qun Nguyn do Bnkhaa ch huy theo ng pha ty cng vt
qua i Khu n nh chim ca quan Lo Th (i Chi Lng, Lng Sn). Trc
tinh hnh , Trn Quc Tun thv khng th chn uc ch, quyt nh lui
qun v Vn Kip. By gi, tng Yt Kiu ang gi thuyn bn Bi (trn
sng Lc N am ) di Trn Quc Tun, Quc Tun d nh rt theo ng ni,
nhng Da Tng ni: "Yt Kiu cha thy i vng, l t cha chu di thuyn"
v 1rn Quc Tun dn bn Bi qu nhin thy Y t Kiu cn ch.
Trn Quc Tun xui v Vn Kip an ton. Chnh trong gi pht r t lui
nguy nan t, ti t ch T rn Quc Tun nhn ra vai tr to in ca ngi v
3 gia n Y t Kiu v ng ku ln: "i, chim hng hc cd th bay cao
c l nh c 6 chic tr cnh. Nu khng ct 6 tr cnh th c n g nh
chim thng m
Thuyn ch tng T rn Quc Tun xui sng Lc Nam v Vn Kip.
Nghe tin qun ta rt lui, vua Thnh T n g vi v i thuyn ra tm gp Quc
cng tit ch. Tri chiu, nh vua vn cha n sng, ngi lnh cn v nu
phn go xu ca minh dng ln. T h nh Tng v hi Thng soi " th gic
nh th, t a phi hng thi". T rn Quc Tun nghim chnh tr li " B h
chm u ti ri hy hng"^^\
(1) (2) Oi y i ls k ton ihu, Sdd, lp II, tr. 51, tr. 81

224

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

T r n Quc T u n tp trung binh lc ln Vn Kip. ng ly thn qun

l Hi ng (H i Dng, Qung Ninh) vA qun cc vng hu. Ba ngi
con trai ca ng [ H ng V vng Hiu, Hng Nhng vng T ng, Hng
T r vng N ghin c n g vi Minh H in vng t ko quAn v y vi
khong 20 vn ngi.
Ngy l - 2 - 1 2 8 5 , ch tin cng phng tuyn Binh Than. Qun b nh
vo c c c im hai bn b sng nh Vn Kip, ni Ph Li. Qun ta
chng tr m n h lit. T r o n g trn Vn Kip, tng gic l vn h Ngh Nhun
b m n g Lu T hn. Vua T rn dn qun v tng vin cho T rn Quc T u n .
Cuc ch in u ko di lin tc 4 ngy. Ngy cui cng, 1 4 - 2 - 1 2 8 5 , bn
tng Nguyn l m, Nakhai, Tn Lm Dc em chin thuyn giao
chin vi qu n ta do vua T r n chi huy trn vng sng nc B n h T h a n .
Qun ta r t lui khi Vn Kip Vua T r n v quc cng tit ch T r n Quc
Tun xui thuyn v T h n g Long,
Ngy 1 7 - 2 - 1 2 8 5 , qu n Nguyn ko ti b Bc sng Hng. Qun t a chn
nh. C h n g khng qua uc sng. n chiu, vua T r n mun phi mt
ngi sa n g tr i M Nhi, v cu ha ct thm d tinh hnh. D Khc
Chung xin i, T r n T h n h Tng mng ni "khng ng trong m nga ko
xe mui li c nga k, nga k". Trong tri gic, D Khc Chung binh tnh
i ph, ng i linh h ot, khin cho M Nhi phi khm phc. S n g hm
sau, 1 8 - 2 - 1 2 8 5 , D K h c Chung tr v doanh tri qun ta. M Nhi hi
tic v th K h c Chung, Y cho qun ui theo, nhng khng kp
T ron g khi vua N hn Tng v Hng o vng ang i ph vi o qun
ca T h o t Hoan th pha Tuyn Quang, v tng cha y 3 0 tui Chiu
Vn vng T r n N ht Dut cng ang chin iu chng gic t Vn Nam
trn xu n g Q un g i c do vin bnh chng chnh s Vn Nam l N axirut
in chi huy. T r n N h t Dut ng qun ti tri Thu Vt (vng Y n Bnh,
Yn Bi). G ic tin c n g t nhiu pha, qun ta giao chin vi tr n ri rt
lui. N ax ir t in cho qun chn ng. B it trc qu k ca chng, Trn
N ht D u t b thuyn ln b, thot khi vng vy.
Ngy 2 0 - 2 - 1 2 8 5 (r m thng ging nm t Du), cnh qun ca Trn
Nht D ut v n B c h Hc, qun ta dng Ji bn b sng (khong gn cu
Vit Trl ngy nay) c t t c tuyn th trc thn linh "dc ht lng tru n g
bo n qu n thng"

Sau , qun ta theo ng ni v m n h lu

sng Hng.
(] ) Bi minh chung Thng Thnh qun, xcm Cu<v khn^ chin chnxm c S^iyn Mtg i ki X.
H Ni. 1968. ir. 2 J0

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

225

Thng hong T hnh Tng v vua Nhn Tng theo sn g H ng v Thin

T rng (Nam nh) Thot Hoan va chim c T h n g L on g vi vng sai
qun ui theo.
Dn vng Thin Mc (khong x Chu G ian g v huyn l Duy T i n , H
Nam) Bo Ngha vng T rn Binh Trng chin u v c n g ng cm
bo v ng rt qun ca ta. Nhng v qun ta t, T r n Bnh T r n g b
gic bt. Chng va e da va d d, nhng Bnh T r n g khng h khut
phc. ng nhn n, khng thm tr li cu hi c a gic. C h ng l i mua
chuc ng bng tc vng, ng mng li: T a th lm m a nc N am ch
khng thm lm vUng t B c . Ngy 26 th n g 2 nm 1 2 8 5 , gic git ng.
Ri T h n g Long v Thin Trng, T r ng Y n, T r n Quc T u n v vua
T r n thy rng c n cng c mt trn pha nam, nhm ch n ng tin ra
c a T oa , Chiu Vn vng T r n Nht ut c lnh vo t r n giQ Ngh
An, Chng Hin hu T rn Kin vo T han h Ha. Ri n ngy 5 - 3 - '1 2 8 5 ,
vua T rn li c tip thng tng thi s Chiu Mi\h vng T r n Quang
Khi vo tng cng cho Ngh An.
AU hi nha v T h ot Hoan c gng kim sot vng chim ng. Chng
phn b nhiu qun s dng n tri nhiu ni, nh ng c c n t r i ca
chng phn tn l l mc tiu cho cc lc lng dn binh a phng, cc
Vng hu qu tc bao vy v tiu dit. N hn dn lng C S li ti p tc
o ho ng l y lp "l n g c h i n u" (n h t r o n g k h n g c h n ln
trc, 1258).
min bin gii pha bc, Nguyn T h Lc, mt ho tr n g dn t c Ty,
c triii nh c lm qun quAn Qun r a ng c nhiu ngi T y v c
c qun ch lc triu nh. Gia n ca T r n Quc T u n c n g c m t trong
cnh qun Nguyn T h Lc. Khi qun Nguyn qua bin gii, Nguyn T h
Lc cn gi T h t Nguyn (T rn g Dnh> L n g Sn) gi y ng ch o qun
hot ng h khp l Lng Sn n i Chi Lng.
Nm vng tnh hlnh ch, tit ch T rn Quc T u n v P h m Ng Lo
em hn 1 0 0 0 chin thuyn t Long Hng (Hng H, T h i B n h ) n Vn
Kip i qun ta ngc sng Thi Binh, qua l H Dng. Lc lng ch

y mng, yu, nn qun T r n chim Vn Kip khong kh khn lm .

Tin Hng o vong T rn Quc T un ng qu n ti V n K ip khin
cho T h o t Hoan hong s. Y vi vng gi th v nc cu cu vin binh.
Vy l qun T h o t Hoan v Ali hi nha ang b c lp. Bn m t chung
quanh u gp sc chin u ca ta.
15*CLSVN T-tp

226

DI CONG LCH s VIT NAM

m t N am , t Thanh - Ngh tr vo tnh hlnh c khc ngoi Bc. Qun

t a gp nhiu khd khn. T h n g 2 - 1285, Toa , Gio K t Chmpa nh
ra B Chnh (Qung Binh ). T r n N ht D u t v T rn h nh T on va mi
vo t Ngh An chng c khng ni, Toa chim Ngh An, T r n Q uang
Khi t n g vin nhng khng kp. Toa tin ra T hanh Ha, qu tc Chong
Hin h u T r n Kin cng bn L T r c u hng v dn ng cho gic tin
nh qu n ta.
Cuc chin u chng qu n T o a ca nhn dn T h a n h Ha rt kin
cng, Ngy 9 - 3 , tng Nguyn l Gio K thc qun n B V (Cu B,
T hanh H a). Nhn dn trong vng ni ln nh ch. Dn hng Y n Duyn
(x Q ung Hng, Qung Xng, T h an h Ha) di s chi huy ca i tot
L M nh chng c quyt Ht. Vn b ia cha Hng Phc (ti a phng)

ghi r: "Hu tng gic l Toa tin qun vo hng ny. n g em ngi
trong hng chn gic bn C Bt. Hai bn nh nhau, gic c h khng
rt chy c. Nhng vi ct k gian hng gic chi ng nn nh ca ca
ng b t ph
Ngy 1 3 - 3 , T r n Kin li dn ng cho bn G io K tin nh qun
Chiu Minh vng Quang K hi bn Ph T n. Cuc chin u c lit, c
s tham gia ca Vn T c vng o T i (con T r n Q u ang K hi) v T
Thin vng c Vit (con Thnh Tng). Mt s v quan nh Chiu Hin
vng (khng r tn) v i liu H hi sinh. Cha th ch n bc tin ca
gic, T r n Quang Khi cho li qun.
Gia th n g 3 - 1285, chin cuc vn gay go phc tp. Q u n T r n tin
v T h n g Long, nhng sau trn th gc li phi lui. T h o t Hoan li thc
qun nh xung Thin Trng, T r n Quc Tun li rt qun t Vn Kip
v T h in Trng. Cuc r t qun th t t i tinh; ng cho qun xung pha
ng c c l ven bin, ch cho qun Toa tin ra pha bc th vt bin
vo T h a n h Hta.
Vua T r n theo sng Hng ra ca Giao Hi (ca sn g H n g Giao Thy,
Nam D nh) ri ngc ln pha bc quay vo ngun T a m T r (Ng Ba Ch,
Q ung N inh) nh la gic. Ngy 7 - 4 - 1 2 8 5 , vua T r n hnh qun b t
T am T r l v Thy Ch (khong huyn l Yn Hng, Q ung Ninh) ri i
thuyn ra ca Nam Triu vo T han h Ha. Ngy 1 5 - 4 , gic Nguyn ui
n T a m T r th vua T r n i khi ni y.

(1) Th vn L-Trn, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H Ni, 19S8. tp u. q. Ihng, i r 648.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

227

Khi i qun r t lui khi Thin Trng, mt s qu tc a ng, hn nht

u hng gic nh Chiu Quc vng T r n ch Tc, Vn Ngha hu T r n T
Hon, Vn Chiu hu T rn Vn Lng. Mt s quan li nh Tng, sau khi mt
nc chy sang i Vit cng quay ra u hng qun Nguyn.

Trn ung vt bin, Trn Nhn Tng vit ln ui thuyn cu th:

"Ci K cu s qun tu ki

Hoan Din do tn thp vn binh".

(Chuyn c Ci K ngi nn nh
Hoan Chu, Din Chu vn cn 10 vn qun)
Vo lc y, T o a D ko qun t T hau h H a ra Tr ng Y n (Ninh Bnh).
Y sai cc tng T an g g u tai, Gio K ra T hin T run g gp T h ot H oan bo
co v tnh hnh m t mi, khn qun v nhiu th t bi t ngy chin trn

Chmpa. Thot Hoan li ra lnh cho Toa ng qun Trng Y n t

"kim lng n" (c nghla l cho php T oa th qun cp bc). V y l
c hai o qun T h o t Hoan v T oa u ht lng thc, c hai u
khng nui ni m nh, v vy nn, nh Nguyn s ghi "Toa vn phi ng
cch i doanh hn 2 0 0

Chng vn phn tn m hu c n m ang

theo li cn kit. T in h hnh ngy cng cng thng.

B it vua T r n vo Thanh Ha, T h o t Hoan li ra lnh cho T o a
t T r n g Y n vo T h an h Ha ui theo qun ta. M Nhi cn phi
a 6 0 chic th u y n vi 1300 qun phi hp vi T oa . T o a gng go
ln ng. B in h s m yu, i kht hnh qun chm chp, thm ch c b
phn l ti T r n g Y n, Toa khng thc hin c mnh nh ca
T h o t Hoan.
Vo cui th n g 4 - 1285, nng h xung, "qun Nguyn vn vng
kh, lnh gi y b au m lin min gp lc nng ma, bnh dch honh
hnh"^'^ Ri m a m a p n li lm cho chng thm khn kh "nc lt
d n g to, ngp t doanh
T h n g 5 - 12 8 5 , T h o t Hoan sai Manglai Siban (Minh l t Tch ban)
a bn phn bi T r n Kin, T rn T Hon sang T rung Quc. Khi chng
n Lng Sn th gp i dn binh Ty do Nguyn T h Lc v em l Nguyn
Lnh tp kch ti t r i Ma Lc vng Chi Lng. C bn Vit gian cng qun
h tng u b bao vy. Nguyn a L, gia n tru n g thnh ca T r n H ng
Do bn cht T r n Kin. Thuc h ca Kin l L T r c m xc K in chy
n K hu n mi chn.
(1) Nuyn s, q. 29, Sd, Ir. 8.
(2) Diu To i. Trun^ thu t tha L cng gia miu bi, irng b Mc am tp, q. 12 l 8b.

228

DI CONG LCH

VIT N.\M

T hng 5 - 1285, Hng o vng T r n Quc T u n v Chiu Minh vng

T rn Q uang Khi, Chiu Vn vng T r n N ht D ut, c n g nhiu t n g lnh
khc a binh thuyn ra Bc. Chin lc phn cng b t u,
Mc tiu trc ht ca qun ta i nh tan c c n tr i ca qun gic
vng Khoi Chu (Hng Yn). Dnh t a n c c n tr i ny l chia c t c
qun T h ot Hoan v qun Toa D, ng thi uy hip tr c tip T h o t Hoan,
tip tc y qun Thot Hoan vo th c lp b ng. B phn qun Nguyn
ng dc sng Hng c qun ca Toa D do Gio K cht huy. Chng
b thua Chm pa chy ra Thanh Ha ri n T r n g Y n, sau d ra Thin
T rng nn m t mi. Vua T rn nhn x t "qun gic i x a nhiu nm,
lng tho chuyn ch hng vn dm, t h tt m t mi. Ly nhn chng
mt, trc hy lm chng nht ch, th t nh bi c"^'^.
ng thi, trong k hoch phn cng, Quc cng ti t c h T r n Quc Tun
li t minh m nhim cng vic ko qun ln vng B c G ia n g dit ch
trn con ng tho chy. Bit chc k hoch phn c n g n h t nh thng
li, ng cc tng T r n Quang Khi, T r n N ht D u t nh vo n tri
ca gic dc sng Hng ri tin ln gii phng T h n g Long; cn t mnh
cm i qun hp vy dit ch.
Trn ng tin v Vn Kip, qun T r n Quc T u n nh chim n A
L mn sng Luc tip gip sng Hng, T n g gic l V n h Lu T h
Anh b chy v T hn g Long. y l n quan trn g ca gic ven bin
Thin Trng
Vo cui thng 5 - 1285, o qun ca T r n Q u an g K hi ngc sng
Hng nh vo 2 c im quan trng n h t ca ch T y Kt. v H m T
Ty K t v Hm T l 2 a im bn t ngn s n g H ng, cch nhau 2 km,
gn bi M n T r (Khoi Chu, Hng Yn). Chiu T h n h vdng (khng r
tn), tng qun Nguyn Khoi v Hoi Vn hu T r n Quc T on ch huy
qun nh Ty K t. n Ty Kt b dit; ng thi Chiu Vn vng T rn
Nht Dut cng cc tng khc nh vo H m T,
T ron g i qun ca T r n Nht Dut li cd nhiu binh s n h Tng. Khi
ng qun l Tuyn Quang, Nht Dut thu nhn h. H l nhng ngi
mong mun nh c qun Mng Nguyn, nn khi s a n g i Vit, h k
vai vi qun dn ta chin u chng k th chung, T r o n g s d cd Triu
T rung lm gia tng ca N ht Dut chin u dng cm tr n Hm
T, lp cng ln.
(1) f)i Vi s k ton th, Sd, l.ll, ir. 55

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

229

Cng thi gian d, T r n Quang Khi v cc tng khc nh vo cn

c Chng Dng (bn hu ngn song Hng, i din vi Hm T, nay
thuc a phn l n g Chng Dng, Thng Tn, H Ty). Phi hp vi
qun T r Q u an g K hi cn c o dn binh cc l ko v do T r n Thng,
Nguyn Kh Lp v Nguyn Truyn chi huy. C im Chng Dng ca
gic b tiu dit n han h chdng, tn qun ch rt v T hng Long.
Sau cc c h i n th n g Ty Kt, Hm T, Chng Dng, qun ta tin ln
bao vv T h n g Long, qun thy b t cc m t p st, tin cng d di. ch
ra sc c th. S liu T r u n g Quc ghi "qun thy v qun b tin nh i
doanh, vy quanh th n h my vng. Tuy t tr n nhiu, nhng qun tng
thm cn g ng. Q uan qun (ch qun Nguyn) c nh t sng n ti,
m t mi, thiu thn, kh gii u
Trc tnh cn h him ngho, chng liu cht ph vy vt qua sng
Hng chy san g G ia Lm . Kinh thnh T h n g Long sau my thn g b chim
ong nay c hon ton khi phc.
Ton qun Gio K v Tanggutai b nh dc sng Hng, n ngy
9 - G - I 2 8 5 ko n T h a n g Long tim gp Thot Hoan. Nhng T hot Hoan
b bij chy sa n g G ia Lm . GiAo K ng u vi qun ta T hng Long,
hong s b chy s a n g Gia Lm tm gp T h ot Hoan Thot Hoan ra lnh
r t qun.
Sc tn, th yu, T h o t Hoan

Tt

theo hng Vn Kip. Hng Do

vng Quc T u n v H ng Ninh vng T rn Tung chi huy 1 vn qun chn

nh. Cuc chin u quyt lit c l din ra vng Qu v (B c Ninh).

Vn h Lu Th Anh. t^n tng trc b thua trn A L, gi y

gi chc tin phong li b nh ti bi. C o qun ca T h o t Hoan phi
chy san g pha sng Nh Nguyt (B c Ninh) hng trn trnh ch lc ta.
Nhng ng di ca T h o t Hoan cng khng ngoi d kin ca Quc cng
t i t c h T r n Quc T u n .
Qun T h o t H oan ang c vt qua sng Nh Nguyt th gp ngay qun
c a Hoi Vn hu T r n Quc Ton ra nh. o qun ca ngi anh
hng tr tui ny l lp chin cng B nh vo !c ang vt sng, qun
Nguyn b tn th t nng.
T h u a au Nh Nguyt, qun T h ot Hoan chy sang Vn Kip. Dn y
ch n g sa vo cm by phc kch ca T i t ch T r n Quc Tun b tr trc.
S n g Thng ch n trc m t, gic li bc cu phao. i khi i qun gic
(1) A.V/(/ tc m icn tu ic, tn>ng bO Ngyi Vn

q. 4 li n g v n Ihu qun. 1958. ir 564.

230

DI CNG LCH S VIT NAM

ang qua cu, qun ta ra nh mnh ngang sn B b t ng, i ng

gic ri lon, chng x y nhau. Cu phao b t, s ln b xung sng
cht ui, qun i sau cng b tp kch cht r t nhiu, T an gg u tai thot cht.
Chin th n g Vn Kip lm cho i qun T hot Hoan h o n g lon, tin
qun tan tc, hu qun ru r. Thot Hoan phi sai L H n g c gng ch
huy m tn qun ny v m ng mu chy v bin gii L n g Sn.
T rn t bin gii, quc cng tit ch b tr qun chn gic cc ca
i him yu i chng. Ti v in h Bnh, qun ca Hng V vng Hin ang
phc sn. Gic va ti, tn thuc c bn xi x, tng gic h o n g s phi
giu T h ot Hoan vo ng ng khing chy. L Hng b tn thuc c bn
vo u gi tri, c mt v s cng ti bin gii. T tng c a H ng l
L Qun cng b qun ca Hng V vng bn cht.
Cng lc bin gii pha ty bc, tn qun ca N axirt in cng tm
ng v Vn Nam, khi qua huyn Ph Ninh (nay thuc Phon g Chu, Ph
Th), li gp i dn binh ca ph o H c. y l lc lng v trang
ca dn tc th iu s chin u r t ngoan cng. S ch Ton th chp "Gic
n huyn P h Ninh, m ph o huyn y l H c ln ni T r Sn c
th. Gic ng ng C D (c th l x T huyn Ph on g Chu, Ph
Th). H Dc ly tre an thnh nhng hlnh ngi to ln c n chiu ti
th dn ra dn vo, Li di th n g cy to cm tn ln vo gia l, gic
ng l c sc b n khe xuyn sut c. Gic s khng dm n h nhau vi
c, qun ta hng hi xng ln nh bi c gic D c ui n h n A
Lp bc cu phao qua sng, h ng hi qu b t trn. E m l Chng b gic
bt, ly trm uc c x, y phc ca gic trn v, em dng ln , xin dng
c x gi lm qun gic n tri gic. Gic khng ng l qun ta , do vy
c ph c chng".
Khi qun ch lc ca Quc cng ti t ch T r n Quc T u n an g t chc
nhng trn nh tiu dit o qun T o a , thl ngy 2 4 - 6 - 1 2 8 5 , i qun
ca nh vua tin cng quyt lit vo on thuyn Toa , tng g ic Trng
Hin u hng. Dng thi cng Ty Kt, qun ta li ph t a n c binh
thuyn gic. T o a b chm u. M Nhi v Lu K hu ly thuyn nh
chy ra bin,
n y, sau mt thng lin tc phn cng quyt lit b n g n h n g trn
quyt chin, qun ta lp nn nhng chin cng vang di c n g h a chin
lc. Cc trn T y Kt, Hm T, Chng Dng, T h n g Long, V n Kip,
tiu dit v qut sch 5 0 vn qun xm lc ra khi b ci T quc.

VIT NAM (T TH NGUYN THY DN 1858)

231

Cuc khng chin chng Mng - Nguyn nm 1 2 8 5 kt thc th n g li.

Ng\v 9 - 7 - 1 2 8 5 , thng hong Thnh Tng v vua Nhn Tng cng triu
nh v qun dn tin vo thnh T h n g Long. Nhn li nhng chin cng
chti li, t ho v tin tng vo t nc hng mnh, thng tng thi
s Chiu Minh vng Trn Quang Khi viTt bi th khi hon;

"Dot so Chang Dang d

c&m H Hm t quan
Thi Bnh tu tri lc
Vn c cu giang san".
5. K h n g c h i n ln th ba (1288)
Hai ln xm lc, hai n b tht bi thm hi, vua Nguyn Ht T t Lit
mt mt, tc ti mun t chc ngay cuc chin tranh xm lc ln th ba
hng tr th, ng thi cng gp rt nh thng con ng bnh trng
xung ng N am . Ht T t Lit bi b k hoch nh Nht Bn a c
ch u n b t trc tp trung lc lng cho cuc chin tranh xm lc
nc ta ]n ny.
Ton b qun vin chinh ln th ba li t di quyn thng lanh ca
thn vng T h o t Hoan vi tc hiu T r n Nam vng nh c. K hc vi
hai ln trc, ln ny ngoi b binh (bao gm c k binh), nh Nguyn cn
dng m t lc lng thy binh kh mnh v m ang theo lng thc y .
Vi tng s khong 3 0 vn qun^'^ chng chia thnh ba o:
- Do qun do Thot Hoan chi huy t Qung Ty theo ng Lng Sn
tin vAo
- Do qu n o i L chi huy t Vn Nam theo sng Hng tin xung.
- o qun thy do M Nhi, P h n Tip ch huy vi hn 6 0 0 chin
thuyn t Q u ng ng vo vnh H Long theo sng Bch ng tin vo hi
qun V n Kip (Ch Linh, Hi Dng).
Ngoi ra, c mt on thuyn vn ti o Trng Vn H gi chc Giao
Chi hi thuyn Vn h cm u, ch 7 0 vn thch lng theo
Cc t n g gic ch huy cuc vin chinh ln th ba u l nhng tn thin
chin, hu ht rt quen thuc vi chin trng Di Vit, T h o t Hoan gi
chc T i t c h tng ch huy l k cm u cuc xm lc ln trc.

( I ) (2) >at yi s ki iort thu, Sd. [p II, tr 60. Uuyn x, chp l 17 vn. y chng ti iheo chnh
s n(ic ta.

DI CNG LCH s VaT NAM

232

Khc vi ln trc, ln ny bn xm lc c bit ch trng thy qun.

Trong chin tranh ln th hai, chng dng thy qun kh nhiu, nhng tc
dng chng c bao nhiu. Ln ny em qun vo mt nc sng ngi
chng cht, chng li tn g cng thy qun rt mnh, thnh mt o qun
chin lc di quyn ch huy ca nhng tn tng dy kinh nghin.
Ln th hai Hng o vng T r n Quc Tun li c c lm Quc
cng T it ch lnh s mnh tng ch huy cc lc lng v trang. Qua kinh
nghim dy dn phong ph ca hai cuc khng chin trc, ng ra k
hoch nh gic rt ch ng. Bui u trc th mnh ca ch, qun ta
rt v vng ven bin bo ton lc lng. Nhng khp ni, nhn dn
trn ng tin qun ca gic v trong vng chim ng u c lnh ct
giu lng thc, kin quyt trit ngun tip lng ca chng, ng thi
cng vi dn bnh y mnh hot ng nh ch lm cho chng tiu hao
sinh lc, n khng ngon, ng khng yn, y qun ch lm vo th b ng,
c tin gic sp tr n vo bin gii, vua T r n Nhn T ng hi T r n Quc
Tun: "Gic ti, liu tinh hnh th no?''. V T i t ch khng nh: "Nm nay
nh gic nhn"^*^.
Ln ny T rn Quc Tun v triu nh rt ch trng n chin trng
ven bin Dng bc, Dd i ng tin qun ca thy qun v on thuyn
ti lng ca gic. Ph tng Nhn H u vng T r n Khnh D c Hng
Do vng giao cho mi cng vic v bin thy ven bin v P hn th thng
vi Nhn Dc hu T rn Ton c nhim v ngn chn thy qun gic.
Vng bin ng bc, thy binh

CTa

M Nhi b q u n 'ta nh Ngc

Sn (Mi Ngc, Qung Ninh). Thy qun ta do T r n T on chi huy t

phc binh trc, nhng v tng quan lc lng rt chnh lch, qun ch
kh th ang hng nn o qun ca T rn Ton, cd nhim v tiu it i
thuyn i sau ca chng. T rn Mi Ngc qun ta thu c th n g li ln
"gic cht ui r t nhiu, ta bt ang 40 tn v thu c thuyn, nga, kh
gii, em v ng"^^\ Tuy c b mt s thit hi nh vy, nhng lc lng
thy binh ca M Nhi vn rt mnh, chng vt qua vng bin H Long
v An Ban g {Qung Ninh) v gp qun phc kch ca T r n K hnh D. Ti
y din ra tr n giao chin

kh quyt lit, nhng khng ngn cn c

o qun ca M Nhi, P h n Tip. Chng ngc sng B c h ng ko vo

Vn Kip hi qun vi T h ot Hoan. Dn u th n g 2 nm 1 2 8 8 qun s
ch Vn Kip tng ln 30
(1) }i Ut x ki tox ih, s<ld, l.l, tr. 5*>.
(2) (3) Di V s k S1 t, Sd. tp il, i r 60. Sch ny ghi l vng Da M, lc l Mi Ngc.

VIT NAM (T THI NGYxN THY DN 1858)

233

Tin T r n K hnh D tht trn v ti triu nh, thng hong T rn

T h nh T n g sai quan n trch hi T r n Khnh D tha "Ly qun php
m x, ti cam chu ti, nhng xin kht hai, ba ngy mu lp cng r
v chu ti ba ru cng cha mun, n g bit chc rng theo sau o binh
thuyn ca M Nhi cn c on thuyn lng 7 0 vn thch do Trng
Vn H ch huy. Bi vy T r n Khnh D khn trng chun b cho trn
phc kch mi Vn 6n - Ca Lc.
Mt ngy thng tun thng 2, on thuyn lng ca Trng Vn H
theo gi m a ng bc nng n tin vo trn a mai phc ca ta Di s
ch huy ca T rn Khnh D, qun ta tiu dit sach on thuyn lng ca
chng. Ch tng hi thuyn Vn h h Trng vi v [y mt thuyn nh
chy tho m ng v Qunh Chu (o Hi Nam, T ru n g Quc).
Chin thng Vn n - Ca Lc nh vo ch yu c th cht chin
lc ca ch, lm ph sn t u k hoch tip t lng thc ca T h ot
Hoan, to iu kin thun li cho qun dn ta nhanh chdng chuyn ln
phn cng chin lc. Cc nh s hc thi L nhn xt: Cho nn, nm ny
vt thng ca dn khng thm nh nm trc. Khnh D c phn cng
lao t.rong
V pha ch, sau cuc hi qun thy, b Vn Kip, T h ot Hoan c xy
dng vng t ny thnh mt cn c qun s. Y mt s qun ng gi
Vn Kip ri a i b phn lc lng tip tc tin v T h n g Long. o
qun dn ta tm thi rt khi kinh thnh. T T h n g Long, ch tng T h o t
Hoan huy ng mt lc lng qun thy b c sng Hng ui theo ro
rit. Ma Nhl e da vua T r n "Ngi chy ln tri, ta theo ln tri; g i
chy xung t ta theo xung t; ngi trn ln ni ta theo ln ni; ngi
[n xung nc ta theo xung nc"^^^
Nhng M Nhi khng sao bt c nhng ngi lnh o ch cht
ca ta. Qun gic tc ti mc sc tn s t nhn dn Chng sc so vo ph
Long H u n g qut m Thi Tng T rn Cnh v vua anh hng ca cuc khng
chin ln th nht. Chng trit h nhiu in trang, thi p Ng Thin,
Hng Chu, Hi ng, gy trm ngn ti c. S nh Nguyn cng phi ghi
nhn "t ph cha chin, o bi lng m, cp git ngi gi tr em, tn
ph sn nghip ca trm h, khng c u gl khng
Mt di dng bng t Thng Long n cc l Hng, Khoi tiu iu x xc.
(1) i)i Vt s k lon ih. Sd, t.ll, tr.ou
(2) (3) r Minh 'ITi(Cn, Thicn Nam hih ki. h\n thuyi J)hu (li liu '1'rung Quc) tr. 12 v tr. 16.

DI CNG LCM s VT NAM

234

Hu cn bao gi cng l mt vn then cht ca bt c mt qun i

no. Qun Nguyn sang cp nc ta ln ny hu cn ti ch kh n g c,
bao nhiu hi vng v tham vng chi trn g ch vo on thuyn lng ca
Trng Vn H. gn hai th n g ng T hn g Long, my c h c vn qun
Nguyn m vo tnh tr n g thiu lng thc nghim trng. T h o t H oan ii
phi qun ra b bin ng bc tm thuyn lng T r ng Vn H n ca
i Bn g {Hi Phng) b qun ta chn nh, bt c hn 3 0 0 chin thuyn.
Tuy b tn th t nng n, nhng M Nhi vn buc phi c g n g i tim
kim on thuyn long. n Thp Sn (D Sn, Hi Phng), ch n g li b
qun ta n nh, nn M Nhi buc phi theo sng Bch n g tm ng
tr v li Vn Kip.
Sau chin th n g V n n - Ca Lc, T rn Khnh D sai ngi chy
nga tu bo vi vua T r n . Thng hong T r n T h n h T n g bn: "Ch
trng cy ca qun Nguyn l lng tho, kh gii, nay b t a b t c,
s n cha bit c th cn hung hng chng"^'^. Thnh T n g r a lnh cho
Nhn Hu vng T r n Khnh D a nhng tn gic va b b t n doanh
tri T h ot Hoan tr c tip bo tin ton b thuyn lng b n h chm,
T h n g li c a qun dn min ng bc khin cho T h o t H oan c n g b
c lp, suy yu. Mt sch lng thc, i b tiu dit mt b phn thy qun,
chng hoang m ang lo s. n u th n g 3, Thot Hoan buc phi quyt
nh b T h n g Long chuyn qun v Vn Kip t chc phng th, Qun
gic lm vo th b ng. Nguy c b tiu dit n, ch n g bn vi
nhau " Giao Chi khng c thnh trl gi, khng c lng th c n,
m thuyn lng ca Trng Vn H khng n. V li, kh. tri nng nc,
lng ht, qun mt khng ly gi chng gi lu c, ly lm h thn cho
triu nh, chi bng nn ton qun r t v th hn"^^\ ch n g n h t tr bo
nhau "nn v khng nn

Cui cng Thot Hoan quyt nh chia lm

hai o qun theo hai ng thy b r t v nc.

- Qun b do Thot Hoan ch huy di theo ng Ln g Sn, c Abtxch
(Abatri) dn k binh i trc m ng.
- Qun thy do M Nhi, Phn T p ch huy r t v theo ng sng
Bch ng. Cng chy theo o qun ny c thn vng T ich L C v vin
quan vn h thy qun T rng Ngc. m bo an ton hn, chng cho
mt i k bnh theo dc sng h tng.
(1) (3 ) L Trc, An Nam ch lc, q, 4
(2) Nguyn s. q. 29. An Nam myn.

VIT xMAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

235

Kinh nghim hai ln chin tranh trc, nh ch trn ng rt chy,

qun dn ta thu c kt qu to ln. T r n Vn Kip gia th n g 6 nam
1285, qun Nguyn b mai phc chen nhau x y t cu phao ng xung
sng cht ui r t nhiu T rn Ty K t ln th hai cui thng 6 n m
d nh t a n o qun thy ca ch, thng lnh Toa b git, M Nhi,
Lu Khu phi dng thuyn nh trn r a bin. L n ny, sau trn Vn Dn
-

Ca Lc, lng thc mt sch, ch t h no cng phi r t qun v nc

Chnh vi t h m T r n Quc Tun ch trng dn chng vo th khn qun,

buc chng phi rt chy ri m trn quyt chin chin lc.
Bit tr c dc v ng hnh qun ca ch, T r n Quc Tun
chun b mt cuc phn cng chu o. Sng Bch Dng c chn lm im
quyt chin tiu dit o qun M Nhi.
T ron g cuc phn cng ln ny, chin tr ng ven b in dng vai tr
quan tr n g . Nu nh tron g chin tr a n h ln trc, hai th n g cui c a t
phn cn g c h in lc, T r n Quc T u n ly ng bng ven sng H ng pha
nam T h n g L o n g lm a bn m cc tr n quyt chin, thl tro n g chin
tranh ln ny khi qun Nguyn mi tin cng vo V n Kip, T h n g Long,
qun ta li r t v vng ven bin ng bc chun b m tr n quyt chin
y.
o qun c a hai vua T r n Thnh Tng v T rn Nhn T ng ch huy
dng v ng Hip Sn (Kinh Mn, Hi Dng)^*\ ch lc ca T r n Quc
Tun v T r n K hnh D dng vng Vn n v Yn Hng, thuc t An
B ang <u thuc Qung Ninh) l lc lng chnh trong trn quyt chin
Bch ng tiu dit binh thuyn M Nhi.
Sng B ch n g him yu m hng vi chy gia hai huyn Yn Hng
(Qung Ninh) v Thy Nguyn (Hi Phng), cch vnh H Long, Ca Lc
khong 4 0 km, cch Vn Kip - ni dng qun ca T h ot Hoan hn 3 0 km
theo ngc ng sng Kinh Thy.
Nc B c h n g theo thy tru ln xung, khi triu ln cao, m t sng
vng T r n g Knh tri rng hn 1 .2 0 0 mt- Dng sng rng l i su.
Khi triu xung nc rc, ni su n h t n 16 mt, trung bnh gia dng
cng su t 8 n 11

Theo sng Bc chy xung n u bc

dy ni T r n g Knh^ sng Bch ng phnh to hn ra. i ni tp trung

(1) Di

n ht hn^ <;hi, lnh f [ii Ouong V3 bi h0 ni Dong Nham ca Phm S Mnh i Trn,

cng c nci vua Trn Nhn Tng iip Mn (Kih Mn, l Hi Dong).

[2)

ThtX)

i>n 6 ca CL' phng h bci bin, l l 1/69.400/1956

236

DI CONG LCH s VIT NAM

cc dng nc ca cc sng Khoai, sng Xinh bn t ngn v sng Gia Dc,

sng Thi, sng Gi bn hu ngn v.
Sng Chanh, sng Knh (ca sng ny ngy nay b lp) v sng R t
(cn gi l sng Nam) l chi lu bn t ngn Bch ng chia nc chy ra
vnh H Long^*^. Mt khc sng khng di qu 5 km m c nm dng ic
v v c ba nhnh sng ph a nc ra bin d l hnh th ca th ng
lu Bch ng.
lng sng B c h n g t bn hu ngan (thu c x Phc L, T h y
Nguyn) cd mt di cng ngm chy qua vo qung gia sng Chanh v
sng Rt, nhn dn a phng gi d l Ghnh Cc. Ghnh Cc c nm
cn chn ngang ba phn t sng Bch ng. Khi triu xuTig thp n ht,
ni cn l 0 ,4 0 mt, ni su l 3 ,7 0 lt, thuyn nh i trn sng c th
thy c c6n . Ghnh Cc l d gc ca chn ni T rn g Knh ko
di ra. Khi chun b chin trng, Ghnh Cc khin Trn Quc T un
phi ch . ng l ng a hnh thin nhin ny s dng n nh l chin
ly ngm lm ch a cho thuyn t a lao nhanh ra ngang sng chn ch.
c im a hinh ni bt ca vng thing lu Bch Dng l tng ni
tip lin nhau. T n g ngn ni nhp nh ca vng ni T rn g Knh pha
ng huyn Thy Nguyn ko nhau chy st t b sng. y c nhiu
thung lng nh nm gn gia tihng ngn ni vi ni lin vi lch nc
ra tn b sng m Thn dn a phng quen gi l ng ni nh ng H,
ng Lc, ng Chu, ng Tu...
Cc sng Khoai, sng Xinh bn t ngn v sng Thi, sng Gi, tng Gia
Dc bn hu ngn Bch ng chy theo cc ngj len qua cc dy ni,
ng giao thng thun ii cho qun thy. Nhng ngn ni chn tm m t
ch. ng ni v lch sng l ni c th tp trung qun thy b vi khi
lng ln, giu qun kn o, xu t kch bi mt v d dng, tng i thuyn
ra vo nh nhng, nhanh chng. Cd th ni y l trn a mai phc li
tng ca qun ta. Thy qun ch rt lui theo ng Bch ng buc phi
qua y. D c phng cn th n, chun b sn sng, binh thuyn ca
chng cng t nhin phi dn h n g qua khc sng him yu ny. i vi
ta, thy binh v b binh mai phc t c c nhih sng, cc n g ni, cc cnh
(1) Theo s nghiCn cu da mo Ihi sng Chanh, sng Knh, sng Rt xUa kia l ch

th .1 ca sng

Bch Dng, hiin nay vng ny ph sa ang b Ihm. V Ih nn sng Knh cty qua vn^ D6ng Cc
(Ihuc YCn Hung) ang bi lp cn. ca sng hin nay ch cn vt trng sii m lhAn dn da phting
gi l llng Ml Rng .sAi b c Ang ch Dng.

VIT NAM (T TH NGUYN TMY DN 1858)

237

rng Vf?n sng, nhanh chng ra hip ng chin u d dng, thun li

bo m cho th trn bao vy ch th l hon chnh, ngoi vic da
vo a t h Ihin nhin him yu v li dng Ghnh Cc nh mt chng
ngi t nhin, T r n Quc Tun cn xy dng cc ca sng nhng trn
a cc vng vng, quy m ln. y l m t trong nhng cng tc quan trng
trong vic chun b chin trng, th hin r tu tng ch ng tich cc
tiu dit ch ca qun v dn thi T r n .
Sch i Vit s ki ton th chp Trc y, Vng (ch T r n Quc
Tun) ng cc sng Bch ng ph c ln trn". C tr n a cc ch
c ghi chp n s c tng y ch. Tuy nhin n cng cho ta thy ngha
quan tr n g ca hng cc trong trn chin u ny.
Lng sng Bch ng rt rng v su, kh c th ng c nhng hng
cc chn ngang sng, o ghnh Cc cn hn nhiu nhng l gc ko di
t T r n g K nh nn cng khng th no cm cc c. M t khc nc triu
ln xung mnh, chnh lch kh ln. Lu tc nc l 0 ,2 6 m t - 0 ,8 6
mt,'giy, lch trung binh khi nc li xung l 2 ,3 0 mt. Nhng s liu
trn cng cho ta mt nim v sng nc Bch ng i T r n . T ro n g iu
kin ph c ln trn, nh Di Vit s k i ton th ni - liu cd gi c
khng.
B a ca sng Chanh, sng Knh, sng Rt cnh nhau dn thuyn t Bch
ng xui bin Nhng ti liu gn y xc nh trn a cc ca T rn
Quc Tun c cm ngang qua cc ca sng ny, l nhng bi ca
sng C hanh, ca sng Knh.

Bai cc: chnh nm ca sng Chanh s t lin vi sng Bch Dng, ngy
nay ta quen g ! bi cc Yn Giang. H n g cc dng ngang qua sng, theo
hng nam - bc, Hu ht cc cc u bng lim hoc g cng to v vng
chc c ng knh t 20 cm n 3 0 c m v di t 1,50 m t tr ln, ph
bin l hai mt, nhng cc ng gia lng sng di n gn ba mt.
K hong cch gia c c cc tru n g bnh t 0,9 m t n 1,2 mt. P h n cc phla
di c o vt nhn vi di 0 ,8 0 mt n mt mt. a s c cm
thng ng, ng su xung t y t mt mt n 1,50 mt, gia cc
h n g c c c nhiu khc g nm n g an g , c l l khc g c i chn
thuyn gic.
Chi tro n g mt thi gian rt ngn, sm nht l sau tr n cn qut c a
M Nhi tri Yn Hng ngy 2 5 - 3 , trn a cc mi bt u c b tr.
T h m khng qu 2 0 ngy, sc lc v ca ci ca nhn dn dn li

238

I CONG LCH s VIT NAM

khc phc mi kh kh n, gian kh h on t h n h tr n a cc; vi h n g

ngn chic.
T r n Quc Tun b trl mt lc lng qun i phi hp vi dn binh
a phang nh ch trn sut ng r t lui t V n Kip n Bch ng.

Nhim v trc ht ca lc lng ny l nh lui i k binh h tng ca

T h ot Hoan nhm c lp hon ton chin thuyn ca M Nhi, Phn Tip,
v cho chng khng pht hin c t r n a mai phc ca ta hai bn
b sng. Sau d qun ta nh kim ch' bo m a on thy qun
ch vo tr n a quyt chin sau khi ta chun b xong v ng lc nc
triu bt u xung. K hoch phi c thc hin th t chnh xc.
Nhng ngy thng 3 nrn y, trong khi cuc chun b cho trn nh quyt
nh trn sng Bch ng ang c khn trng tin hnh thl cc khu vc
khc, qun v dn nh T rn dn dp m nhiu trn phn cng nh vo mt
lot cn c quan trng ca ch. Nguyn s (A -b t-x ch truyn) chp: "By
gi cc tri man (ch qun ta - B.T) lm phn, nhng ch xung yu trc y
ly c nay u b tht th, Cc tng bn k r t v nc"
Trc , trong cuc hp bn vi c c tng Hnh, T r n Quc Tu n
tr li n h vua: "Chng khip s vi s t h t bi ca H ng, Q un, tinh
thn chin u khng cn na, C t h n xem th t t n h c"^^^. Li
nhn nh sn g sut d truyn cho qu n v dn t a n m tin v quyt t m
ginh th n g li.
V pha ch, thc hin k hoch nh, t cn c Vn Kip, Thot Hoan
cho o qun ca M Nhi, Phn Tip r t lui trc. T rn b cd i k binh
h tng o hu tha Trinh Bng Phi v T h im tnh t TruAt chi huy
Do b ta trit ph cu ng v lin t c nh gic, k binh ch hnh
qun r t khd khn chm chp. Ngy 4 t h n g 4 chng n ch ng Triu
nhng khng qua c sng. Ngay m hm , chng tlm ng quay tr
li. S r n g i theo ng c B b qun ta tiu dit nn Trinh B n g Phi
v t T r u t tlm ng t t quay tr v V n K ip kp theo Thot
Hoan rt chy v nc.
Do binh thuyn Ma Nhi ri Vn Kip t ngy 3 0 th n g 3 vn hnh qun
rt cht vt, T ngy bc chn vo i Vit o binh thuyn ny phi chin
u gn nh lin tc An Qung, i Bng, T hp Sn v nhiu ln b tht
bi thm hi. Qun lnh mt mi, bn chj huy hoang m ang lo lng.
(1) Di t^itsl ton ihu, S, quyn n, ir. 58. Hng v Oun l tng Ngyn, irong chin tninh inlh
hai, khi t o v Tho! Hoan v nuc b) quan ta hSn chl.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

239

Doc ng t V n Kip qua sng Kinh T h y, qun dn ta b tr nhiu

trn nh tiu h ao ch, Ch lc ca hai vua T r n phi hp vi dn binh
vng Hip Mn (K inh Mn, Hi Dng) m nhu trn nh kim hm
bc tin ca ch^*\ Chng i rt chm chp phi "giao chin ngy ny
qua ngy khc"^ ^
Ngy 8 th n g 4 , i tin v ca ch do tng Lu Khu chi huy n
u sng Gi. C h n g va thm d lc lng qun ta va Um ng gn
nht theo sng ny r a B ch ng.
n vng T r c ng, Lu K hu b qun t a n nh, T r c Dng nay l
mt thn thuc x Lu Kii, trc kia l m t tng ln (gm c Lin Kh
v Lu Kim ). T r c Dng c r n g ni him tr, hai dng D B c v sng
Gi bao quanh, li s t lin v y T r n g K n h . Chnh T r n Quc T u n
qua y quan s t a hnh. Khi r t lui khi V n Kip, ri kinh thnh T h n g
Long, m t b ph n qun T r n v T rc D ng v Th Kh ng gi. Hai
thng trc M Nhi v A btxich b nh y.
Qua mt ngy m chin u, mu tr v linh hot, qun dn Trc ng
nh cho i qun tin v Lu Khu tht bi hon ton, s ln b tiu dit,
s cn li phi quay ra dng B c xui xung cng on thuyn M Nhi.
M sn g ngy 9 th n g 4> on binh thuyn M Nh xui theo sng
B c tin xung. i tin qu n do tham chn h P hn Tip chl huy i u.
Nc triu cn m n h mng, thuyn ch i chm chp.
Chin s ta trn cc mm ni cd y cung tn, gm gio, ch lc
nc triu xung m n h v o binh thuyn M Nhi qua sng B c lt
vo sng B ch n g mi ra quyt chin. K hong 6 - 7 gi sng (gi mo)
nc triu t t xu ng v c c bi cc c th pht huy t c dng. T r n Quc
T u n cho "mt i thuyn khiu chin, ri gi cch thua chy^^^. G ic ui
theo, i thuyn i u c a P h n Tip tin ln pha trc.
Nc triu x u n g m nh c n g y thuyn ch lao nhanh Phn T ip vi
vng a thuyn p s t v pha T rn g K nh ri thc qun "chim ly ni
hng ch n q u n ta pha ni, h tr cho tru n g qun v hu qun ca
chng tin ln.
ch lt vo t r n a, gi quyt chin im. T r n g lnh ni hi, c
lnh tung bay php phi thi th c ton qun v dn binh chin u. Thy
binh t cc ng s n g nh nh , n h t t xng ti nh ch.
(1) D .\Mfn it hng tri (-| Duong linh) ghi r Trn Nhn 'l ng dng qun ay.
(2) Nguyn s, q. 166. TrOng Ngc trnyCn.
(3) Dai Vit s ki ton thu, Sd. l.[f, cr. 59.
(4) An Nam cht ic, Sd. q. 5.

240

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

B phn ch lc v dn binh ca la i quyn chi huy ca T r n Quc

T o n ong cc ng ni, lch sng, mai phc sn T rn g Knh lao ra
quyt chin. T trn cc mm ni cao, qun ta nh ht ch xung ht dt
ny n t khc, quyt gi vng v tr.
Thy qun Hi Dng Vn T r t cc pha in Cng, Gia c, sng
T h i, sng Gi nhanh chng tin ra sng Bch ng. Qun Thnh Dc ngha
dng l Hng Khoi (Hi Hng) do tit ch Nguyn Khoi chi huy vi hng
tr m chin thuyn cng qun cc l cang tay cho lao nhanh ra sng, da
vo Ghnh Cc lp thnh mt dy chin thuyn chn u ch "chn chin
hm ngang sng^*^.
on thuyn M Nhi a n g x u sng Bch ng. Khi on thuyn ch
tri vo trn a, qun ta t T r n g Knh lp tc h p vo v t ng
sau xng ti. Thuyn chin ca ta t xung hu t trn qung Ghnh Cc.
C c i thy qun ca ta bn tn nh

dn thuyn ch v bn t

ngn sng. M Nhi phi thc thuyn tin v hng cc ca sng Chanh,
sng Knh, sng Rt tm ng tho chy.
T r n a cc im ilm by gi n di !n nc triu mnh mng, g y
bng nhin xu t hin nh vng ln cng ngi nh gic. B nc y xui,
li b nh gp sau Ingj thuyi gic p trc p sau b dn vo bi cc.
N hu thuyn b nghn trc ca sng Chanh, mt s thuyn b cc m
thng, nhiu thuyn va vo Ghnh Cc, mt s dn li trc ca sng Knh,
sn g Rt. S thuyn ch b thng b m hoc "bj mc cn khng tin ln
c" nhiu v k.
T r n th n g li, qun dn ta c n g hng hi dit ch, pha ni T r n g
K n h , qun t a va dng cung tn, va nh gn, gt ton b qun Phn

Tip xung Bng ch cht, b thng khng k xit. Phn Tip b trng
tn , nhy xung nc, qun ta ly cu lim mc ln v bt sng^^^
T ro n g trn ny, chin th u t ha cng cng gp phn quan trng. Gia
lc thuyn ch b nh mnh, tc nghn trc hng cc dy c, c c b
na, thuyn nan cha y c h t d chy giu sn T rn g Knh v cc lng
Do L, Phc L, Ph L c cc i dn binh t chy th xui theo dng
nc, lao nhanh vo trn a.
"BcA ng nht trn ha cng.

Tc binh i ph, huyt hng mn giang".

(1) Nguyn s, q.53 chp rr Ihuyn gic (ch quAn a - T G ) n ngang sng Bch ng.
(2) Nguyn s, q. 66 Phn Tip truyn.
(3 ) Sguyn s, q. 166, Pht Tip imyn chp: "Tip bi hcng nhy xung ntic. g i ^ (ch quAn la) ly cu
lim mc lCn". Di Vit s k ton th ghi qun la bt sng dc Phn

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

241

ng lc thy chin ha cng quyt lit th on thuyn chin ca hai

vua T r n T h n h Tng v T r n Nhn T ng theo k hoch nh trc xng
td kp thi tin cng qun ch.
T rc d, o qun do hai vua ch huy dng vng Hip Mn bn b
sng Gi (sng K inh Thy, vng Kinh Mn, Hi Dng) lm nhim v nh
tiu hao v kim bc i ca ch. Khi bit gic trn vo sOng B c h ng,
hai vua T rn sn sng i ng, c hiu rp sng, theo nc xu n g c
sc cho mnh kp thi nh ch. Ton th chp: khi n trn a, hai
vua "tung qun nh ln". T rn chin u ca hai vua T r n nh sau lng
ch, khin cho chng cn g b ng lng tng v tn th t r t nng.
B nh mnh trn sng, mt b phn ch hong ht b thuyn chy
ln b bn t ngn Y n Hng hng tlm ng trn thot. Nhng va m
ln ti b thl chng li vp phi b binh ta phc sn y t trc. N h ng
tr n nh quyt it trn b tip tc din ra. Nu nh tr n thy ch in tr n
sng tiu dit phn ln sinh lc ch thl tr n nh trn b li bi thm
cho chng nhng n ch t.
Dn chiu trn nh kt thc^'^ i qun T h ot Hoan vn khng n
ng cu, b mc binh thuyn Ma Nhi chng b ng v u b tiu
dit hon ton.
C trn tuyn thy b c Trng H n Siu m t.

..."By gi
Mun dm thuyn b, tinh k php phi
Su qun oai hng, gm gio sng chi
Sng m i cha phn, Bc - Nam ly i.
Tri d t rung rinh (ch) sp tan
Nht nguyt u m (ch) m ti"...
(Ph Sng Bch Dng).
Ngoi hai ch tdng M Nhi v P hn T ip b bt, tn i qu tc M ng
C, tc vung T ch L C cng bn b h cng b b t sng, ta cn thu
c hn 4 chin tbuyn.
T ron g lc , ti Vn Kip, o qun b do Thot Hoan ch huy cng
vi v theo ng Lng Sn rt v nc. T h a th n g qun dn D i V it
tip tc ch n nh v truy kch ch.
(1) Nguytn , q. 166, Phn Tip truyn chp: "Kjch chin t gi mo n gi du", lc l t sng n chiu.
Ti l i ^ ny chng t trn Bach Dng xy ra vO cng c lil v ko di. Quan dn (hy b ca u phi
tn lc chin j hip dng cht ch mi (icu dii uc hi my vn tn ch.
16-OCLSVN T.tp

242

DI CONG LCH

VIT NAM

S d hnh hi bao vy v tin cng ch trn sng Bch ng (tri)

v s d b tri cc bi cc phi)

V\'V NAM T THI NGUYKN THY DN 1858)

243

T\n i th ng Bac h Dng nhanh chdng truyn lan khp nc, c n g l\m
nc lng Un dn Di Vit, l ngun ng vin mnh m i vi tt c cc
chin si m\6x\ bin gii hAng hi xng ln tiu dit o qun Thot lo an.
Nhng chi^*n t h n g to ln ca quan Hin Sa, cc i Ni Bng, N Nhi,
Khu CAp (u thvic lc Giang v Lng S n) lin tip ging cho o
qucTtn nv nhng n tht b tng n. My chc vn qun ch phi ri
xc trn ng r t chy. M A i n ngy 19 th n g 4 nm 1288, T h o t Hoan
nh phi gii tn qun bai trn chu T Minh (QuAng Ty, Trun g Quc).
Chin ngy sau i thng Bach ng, ngv 18 th ng 4, hai vua T r n
Thnh Tng v T r n Nhn Tng em bn t binh M Nhi, Tch L C
v cc ln thin h, vn h v ph Long Blng (Thi Bnh) lm l mng
thng tr:\n trc l ng vua Thi Tng, ngi lAnh o cuc khng chin
chng qun xAm lc Mng C ln th nht, nAm 1258.
T ron g bui l t r a n g nghim, Tr n Nhn T ng nh li nhng ngy gian
kh, cm khi c:
"X tc ng hi lao thch m,

Sn h Ihin c din k im u .
(X tc h o i p hen chn n g a d
G ian g sn m i m i urig u vng)

Dm th Trn Hng D o

I CNG

244

LC H

V IT NAM

IV. I V IT CUI TH K XIV V

CUC CI CCH CA H Q U LY
1. Tnh hnh X hi
a. S sa a ca tng lp qu tc cm quyn:
N h ng khd khn do cuc chin tranh x m lc c a c h M ng - Nguyn

d na sau th k X III dn dn c khc phc. X hi i V it tr li n

nh trong mt thi gian. Tng lp qu t c nhn chuyn san g hot ng
m rng in trang, thi p, tng thm s lng nng n, n t, cng c
a v thng tr a phng minh.
T rung ng, n thi vua T rn D T ng (1341 - 1369), nhng hin
tng suy thoi ngy cng tng thm. D Tng sai o h in vn ng,
ch t lm ni, bn m t o knh thng vi sng ln ly nc vo h,
lm ch vui chi. Sau d, D Tng cn sai ngi o thm m t h khc,
bt dn cc huyn Hi ng chd nc mn v cha nui cc loi hi
sn . B n quan li cng nhn th sc bt qun dn xy dng dinh th,
cha chin, nui con ht chi bi. X u t hin hng lot tn nnh thn v
vic triu chnh b chng lng on. T nghip Quc t gim l Chu n
nhi thy nguy c dng s xin chm 7 t n n n h th n (s th t trm)

nhng D Tng khng nghe; ng xin tr n, t quan. Vic tran h b ko

cnh tron g hng ng qu tc a dn n s vu khng, git hi ln nhau,
thm ch Tng quc T rn Quc Chn cng b v ly. Tnh hlnh ni b rj
lon khin cc nc nh pha nam khng cn th n phc nh tr c na.
ly li uy quyn, vua TrD a nhu ln em qun "chinh pht". Nhng nm
3 3 4 - 1335, thng hong T rn Minh Tng hai ln e m q u n i nh Ai

Lao d m n ty Ngh An, c lc b thua to, c tng on Nh Hi b git.

T sau th t bi trong trn to cng vo Ch&mpa nm 1318, n h T r n khng
cn sc khng ch nc ny. Thh hlnh cc vng t pha nam , c bit l
hai chu , L (Thun Hta) mi c sp nhp, lun lun m t n nh v
c c cuc quy ph ca qun Chmpa. Mi n n m 1 3 5 2 - 1 3 5 3 , vua T rn

tn g thm qun bin phng y, a Trng H n Siu vo iu gii, tnh

hnh tni tm n. Nhng cuc chin tran h vi Lao, Chm pa buc nh
T rn phi huy ng nhiu ca ci, lng thc, binh lnh, gAy thm hng
lot kh kh&n cho nhn dn.
Nm 1369, Trn D Tng cht khng c con tra i ni ngi, B Thi hu
(v T r n Minh Tng) ua Nht L, con th ca m t i vng nh Trn

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

245

ln lm vua. N h t L vn l con ca mt ngi phng cho, h Dong,

nn khi ln lm vua, "hng ngy ch vui chi", "hoang m, ru ch", rp
t m xa h T r n thay b n g h Dng ca m inh, nn tm cch git h i c c
qu tc cao c p c a n h T r n . Thi hu b git. Tng quc T r n Nguyn
T r c mu cng 18 qu tc l t Dng N h t L cng b b t git h t. C
triu T r n hoang m ang, m i m t n&m sau mi cng nhau h c N h t L,
a T r n Ph ln, t c T r n Ngh Tng. N h T r n suy, dng h T r n khng
cn c kh n n g khdi phc uy tn ngy xa ca minh na.

b. Cc cuc kh d i n gha ca nng dn, n t

T u t h k X IV , do m t ma i km, nng dn phi bn v, bn
con, bn m nh lm n t cho c c qu tc, a ch giu ct. Bn ny n h n t
xm chim hoc m u a r rung t, m rng in trang, tn g thm 8 ngi
lm. Nhiu n h c h a cng tr thnh ch t ln vi r t nhiu in n.
Cng vi tnh t r n g , c c cuc chin tra n h vi Ai Lao, C hm pa li buc
nng dn ngho phi b rung ng. Nh nc khng cn sc quan tm
n sn x u t nn g nghip, s a p v bo v iu, cc cng t iin h thy
li. T ron g na sau t h k X IV a c 9 ln v, lt ln. Ct nh ng nm
va hn va l t nh n m 1 3 4 8 , 1355, 1 3 9 3

V .V ..

Hu qu t t nhin ca

thin tai v c h in tr a n h l m t ma, di km . Chl tnh t u th ki X IV

cho n nm 1 3 7 9 d cd hn 10 nn i ln, d&n ngho phi bn c o b
ca, con ci, rung vn. N gn qu trng rng, nh nc nhiu ln cho nh
giu np tin, thc nh n quan tc nhng khng gii quyt ni n n i
v thiu thn. N m 1 3 7 8 , vua T r n phi chp thun ngh ca quan li,
buc mi dn inh phi ng 3 quan tin th u inh hng nm. T ng quc
triu T r n l T r n N guyn n mi ngy no cn vui mng th t ln
"Triu tinh u c a l c th n h th" (ngha l T r m h m ng ca cnh th nh giu)
th nay bun r u vit nn my cu thd:

Nin lai h hn hu thu lm

H a co miu thng h i chuyn thm
Tam vn quyn th v dng x
B ch u khng ph i dn tm
(ngha l "Nm nay h hn, thu nc to, M thi la kh hi bit bao
c sch triu trang m bt lc, Bc u xin ph ni thng dn")
Cn thi hc sinh Nguyn Phi Khanh, vn sng cDg nhn dn, thdng
cm vi cuc 3ng ca nhn dn, trong th gi cho cha, vt;

D o hu thin l xch nh thiu

in d hu ta bt liu

246

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

... Li t vng c hn d a kit

Dn mnh cao chi bn di tiu ...

(ngha l . Rung la ngn dm nh chy, Dng qu than vn trng

vo u
... Li chi quan li cn v vt, Mu tht nhn dn cn ncQ ri...)
Nm 1343, i hn, m t ma, n ngho ni dy khp ni. Nm 1344,
di l c ngha ca Ng B, nng dn ni dy vng ni Yn Ph (H i
Dng) nh ph nh ca bn a ch, quan li. Khi ngha b n p nhng
14 nm sau, nm 1357 - 1358 ngha qun Ng B i bng ln Y n Ph,
yt bng "chn cu dn ngho", chng li qun triu nh. Ngha qun lm
ch c mt vng rng ln thuc huyn Ch Linh, chin u cho n nm
1360 mi b n p. Cng thi gian ny, nb n nn i ln nm 1354, m t
ngi tn l T t xtig l chu ngoi ca T r n Hng Do, t tp cc gia
n b trn, khi ngha v nh ph c vng t L ng G iang (B c Giang) n
Nam Sch (Hi Dng). G ia n cc nh vng hu nhn , trn khi in
tra n g ngy cng nhiu.
Nm 1379, Thanh Ha, Nguyn Thanh t tp nng dn khi nghia, t
xng l Linh c vng, hot ng vng Lng Giang (sng Chu); Nguyn
K cng xng vng hot ng Nng Cng.
u nm 1390, nh s Phm S n pht c khi nghla Quc Oai (H
Ty). Ngha qun ngy cng ng, lc lng ngy cng hng hu, ko
v nh kinh thnh T h n g Long, T r n Ngh T n g v T r n T hun Tng
phi b chy sang B c G iang v cho gi tng Hong P hng T h ang chi
huy qun chng c qun Chrapa Hong Giang v nh. Ngha qun chim
kinh thnh trong 3 ngy ri rt ln Quc Oai, sau d b n p.
Nam 1399, cuc khi ngha ca Nguyn Nh Ci n ra vng Sn Ty,
Vnh Phc, nhn T r n Thun Tng b git. Mi n u nm 1400, cuc
khi ngha mi b p tt.
Khi ngha nng dn cui thi T r n ni ln cuc khng hng suy
thoi ca triu i thng tr, nhng mu thun su sc tron g c h rung
t v nng nghip ng thi. Cc cuc khi ngha khng ch li cun nng
dn ngho m cn c hng lot nng n, n t cc in tr a n g ca vng
hu, qu tc.

c. Chin tranh vi Chm pa

u th kl XIV, trong mt ln san g thm Chmpa th t cht thm
mi ha hiu, thng hong T rn Nhn Tng ha g cng cha cho vua
Giaia Sin havarm an III (thi t H arijit thi chng Nguyn). Nm 1306, hn
l din ra, vua Chmpa dng hai chu v R cho i Vit m vt snh

248

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

Cuc chin tranh vi Chm pa va ni ln 8 suy yu c a nh T r n va

gfty thm nhiu khd khn cho triu nh v nhn dftn ng thi. Cuc
khng hong x hi thm tr m trng.

d. Nguy ca xm lc t phuang Bc
Nm 1368, sau khi lt nh Nguyn, vua Minh T h i T n nh dn
tnh hlnh ni b T ru n g Quc ri b t u sai qun ln chim c c nc phng
Nam. S suy yu ca nh T rn l iu kin thun li cho chng thc hin
mu bnh trng ca minh.
Nam 1384, qun Minh nh Vn Nam, bt nh T r n phi cung cp lng
thc cho chng. Vua T rn buc phi cho ngi vn chuyn 5 0 0 0 thch lng
ln np.
Nm 388, nh Minh sai s sang ta np cc th qu ngon ngt v mn
ng i nh Chmpa bng cch bt nh Trn np 5 0 tht voi, t nh trm
cha s&n lng tho cho qun ca h. Nhng dy ch mt s thm d.
Nm 1 9 5 , nhn vic c qun xung Long Chu (Q ung T&y) n p mt
cuc i dy ca tc ngi thiu s, nh Minh v cho ngi san g t a xin
gip 50 con voi, 50 vn hc lng. Nh T rn bit c iu t nn chl cp
mt t lng tho.
Nhng

hi nhm tin ti thc hiTi m mu xm lc ca nh Minh

din ra lin tc cho n u th k XV.

Tdm li, x hi i Vit cui th kl x r v ang lm vo mt cuc khng
hong su sc: chinh quyn suy yu, bi nnh thn chuyn quyn, dng

thng tr phn tn, sa a, kinh t nng nghip Ba Bt nghim trng a dn

n ch nng dn ngho, gia n, n t ni dy chng i hay chy trn. Trong

lc d, nhng cuc tn cng nh ph ca Ch&mpa li lin tc din ra, d CU0

cng b y li hn, & m cho cuc sng ca nhn dn thm kh cc, triu
chinh thm ri ren, ti chinh kit qu. a th, i Vit li ng trc nguy
c mt cuc ngoi x&m ngy cng n gn. Bn trong khng hong, gic Dgoi
e da, l nhng tin dn n cuc ci cch ca H Qu Ly.

2. Ci cch ca H Qu L y v nh H
a. Cuc i hot ng chin h tr ca H Qu Ly:
Nra 1371, sau khi cng c6 c a v thng tr ca h T r n , Ngh'Tng
bt u phong tc cho nhng ngi c cng ng h minh v t chc ti b
my nh nc. Mt ngi chu bn ngoi l L Qu Ly c a n chc khu
mt di s - mt chc v quan trng trong triu, trng coi cm quftn

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y N 1858)

249

L Qu Ly l chu 4 i ca H Lim, dng di H Hng

Dt, ngui Chit Giang, lm th i th Din Chu vo u th
k X. H Lim di c ra i Li - T h anh H a ri xin lm con
nui c a Tuyn y L Hun, t t m ang h L, Qu Ly c hai
ngi c u l v T rn Minh T n g v l m ca ba vua T r n
H in T n g , T r n Ngh Tng v T r n Du Tng, nh d r t c
T r n Ngh Tng tin yu.
Nm 1375, Qu Ly c gi chc T h a m mu qun s, nm 1 3 7 9 thng
Tiu t khng k m khu m t i s v nm 1380, gi chc nguyn nhuQg
Hi ty th ng ch . Sau khi tham gia m t s cuc hnh qun chng nh
qun Chmpa, tu y cng kbng ln nhng n 1387 thl c Ngh Tng
nftng ln chc n g bnh chng s, quyn nh t tng cng vua b n vic
nc. Da vo ch c quyn v s tin yu c a thng hong Ngh Tng, L
Qu Ly tm cch a dn ngi trong h v b phi vo nm cc ch c quan
trng trong triu v trong qun i.
Nm 1388 vua T r n cng thi y T rn Ngc mu git L Qu Ly, chng
may vic bi l. Qu Ly tu vic d vi Ngh Tng v dng p lc ca Ngh
T n g ph vua l m Linh c vng, em giam cha T Ph c ri cho ngi
git cht. Nm 1 3 9 1 , T hi y T r n Ngc cng mt s qu tc T r n b Qu
Ly git nt. S chuyn quyn ca Qu Ly ln n cao khin T r n Ngh
Tng, by gi a g n k ci cht, r t lo lng, cho gi Qu Ly vo cung dn
d: "Nay th nc suy yu... sau khi ta cht ri, quan gia (ch vua T rn )
ng gip thl gip, nu l ngi hn km, ngu dt th ngi t ly ly nc.

Qu Ly rp u khtc, khc t.
Nm 1395, T h n g hong T r n Ngh Tng mt. Qu Ly c phong
N hp ni ph c h n h thi s binh chng qun quc trng s, tc Tuyn
tru n g v quc i vung. Quyn hnh hu nh nm ht trong tay Qu Ly.
Nm 1397, Q u Ly cho xy kinh mi An Tn (Vinh Lc - Thanh
Ha) ri sau t b t vua di vo y, lm l nbng ngi cho con (mi ba
tui) tc Thiu .
Nam 1399, Quy Ly cho ngi git Trn Thun Tng (cha ca Thiu ).
M t s qu tc, i thn ca nh T rn bao gm cc tng T r n K ht Chn,
T r n Nguyn Hn

Tr quc T r n Nht n, hnh khin H c Ln

V .V ..

t chc cuc mu st L Qu Ly, chng may vic tit l. T t c bn h cng

thn tbuc cng hn 3 7 0 ngi u b git, tch thu gia sn, con gi b bt lm

ti, con trai b dim cht hoc chn sng. Vic bt b din ra su6t my nm.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

247

l. Nh T r n sp nhp , R v i tn thnh chu Thun v chu Ha

(vng nam Q u n g T r - T h a Thin). Mt s dn ngho Vit c a vo
y c n g ngi C hm a phng tip tc khai ph t ai, th n h lp
ing xm.
T u nhng nm 60 th k XIV, Chmpa hng mnh ln, thng xuyn
nh ph chu H a, cp ngi, i t. Nh T r n nhiu ln em qun vo
chng c nhng cng nhiu ln tht bi. Nm 1371, qun Chmpa theo
ng bin vo ca Di An (Ngha Hng, Nam nh) ri tin th n g ln
kinh th n h T h n g Long, T r n Ngh T n g b chy. Qun Chmpa cp ph
nh ca, kho tn g, t cung in ri r t v.
Nm 1376, n h n qun Chmpa nh ra Ha Chu, T rn Ngh Tng cng
con l T r n T h u n Tng ko i qun nh vo Chmpa. Qun dn Ngh
An, T n B n h , T h u n Chu, H(5a Chu c lnh chuyn ch lng thc i
theo V ua C hm pa by g l Ch Bng Nga tr hng v d cho qun
T r n vo n th n h T r Bn (kinh ) phc kch nh tan, T rn Du Tng
t trn, Ng cu vng Hc u hng. T h n g 6 nm sau, nhn thng
li, Ch B n g N ga cho qun theo ca T hn Ph (amr^Hnh) nh th n g
vo T h n g Long, cp ph ri rt v.

''' '

Nm 1378, qu n Chmpa nh ra Ngh An ri vt bin nh vo T h n g

Long H ai nm 3au, chng li nh Ngh An, nhng ln ny b qun ca
H6 Qu Ly nh bi. Nam 1382, mt ln na, qun ca H6 Qu Ly, Nguyn
a Phng phi ko vo Thanh Hta nh lui qun Chtnpa. Nhng nm
sau , qun C hm pa do Ch Bng Nga v La Ngai chl huy li theo ng
ni ko r a Q u n g Oai, uy hip T hn g Long. Tng L M t n c lnh
em q u n chng c, nhng thua trn v b cht. T r n Ngh Tng phi ri
kinh th n h ln ng Ngn (B c Ninh), Nguyn Da Phng li trn
gi. u nm sau , qun Chmpa rt v Nam.
T h n g 10 n m 1389, qun Chmpa li nh ra T h anh Ha. Qun nh
T r n o H Qu Ly chl huy b thua tr n . Hn 7 0 tng b git. H Qu Ly
b v, xin qun cu vin khng c, bn t gii chc. Ngh T ng c tng
T r n K h t Chn em qun Long Tip vo chng c. K h t Chn khc, ly
t ra i, Qun C hm pa ko ra Thin T r ng T rn K ht Chn tm ng
qun li Hi T riu (bc Hng Nhn - Thi Binh). Cuc gip chiTi xy
ra. Nhn bit c thuyn chl huy ca Ch Bng Nga, tng T r n K ht
C hn h qun n sng n vo. Ch B n g Nga trng n cht. Qun K ht
C hn n h n t n cOng 6 t. Qun Chm pa bi trn, La Ngai rt lu theo
ng ni chy v nc, T Chmpa suy dn.

250

DI CONG LCH s VIT NAM

u nm 1400, khng chn ch c na, Qu Ly trut ngi vua T r n ,

t lp lm vua, t nin hiu l T hnh Nguyn^ i sang h H v i quc
hiu l i Ngu. Nh H thnh lp.

b. Cuc ci cch ca H Qu Ly:

Cng vi qu trinh i ln trn con ng chnh tr, H6 Qu Ly tng bc
thc hn nhng ci cch ca mnh.
- V chnh tr: T nm 1375, khi c giao chc thai mu qun sj
Qu Ly ngh "chn cc quan vin, ngi no c ti nng, luyn tp
v ngh, thng hiu thao ic th khng c l tn tht, u cho lm tng
coi qun"
Nm 1397, Qu Ly cho i trn Thanh Ha lm trn T h an h , t r n
Quc Oai lm trn Qung Oai, tr n G iang lm trn Thin Hng, tr n
Trng Yn lm tr n Thin Quan, tr n Lng G iang lm trn Lng Sn v.v...
v quy nh c c h lm vic: l coi ph, ph coi chu, chu coi huyn, P h m
nhng vic h tch, tin thc, kin tng u lm gp mt s ca l, n
cui nm bo ln snh lm bng m kim xt". Khu vc quanh kinh
thnh T h n g Long c i gi l ng l o ph h c a i qun. Sau
, Qu Ly cho di vo An Tn (T y ). Ch Thi thng hong t m
bi b. nhng n khi nh H thnh lp, nm 1401 H Qu Ly nhng ngi
cho con l Hn Thng v t xng l Thi thng hong.
Nm 1400, sau khi ln ngi, Qu Ly t l c quan Tam qun v Ni
nhn i v cc l thm hi cuc sng ca nhn dn v tnh hnh quan
thng, ging. Nm 1402, nh H xut qun nh Chmpa Vua Chm pa
9 phi dng np hai vng t Chim ng v C Ly. Nm 14 0 4, mt ln
na ih H6 nh vo Chupa nhng khng c kt qu g, phi r t qun v.
- V kinh t: Nm 1397, theo ngh ca Qu Ly, vua T r n "xung chiu
hn nh s6 rung t. "i vng, trng cng cha khng c hn nh,
di n th dn khng c cd qu 10 mu. Ngi no nhiu rung c
php ly rung chuc ti, s rung th a ra thl sung cng".
D kim t r a vic thc hin ch trng hn in, nm 1 3 9 8 , H Qu
Ly cho c c quan v a phng l m li s rung t. Ai c rung t phi
k khai r s rung v cm th ghi tn ca mnh trn m nh rung. Sau
5 nm s s ch phi lm xong, rung no khng c ai nh n th l nh nc
sung cng.
- V ti chnh: Ci cch ni bt nh t l vic ban hnh tin giy, thu hi

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

251

ht lin ng. Nm 1396, H Qu Ly cho lu hnh tin giy gi l "thng

bo hi sao", gm 7 loi: 10 ng, 30 ng, 1 tin, 2 tin, 3 tn , 5 tin v
1 quan, u ct hnh in khc nhau. Nh nc cng quy nh, ai lm tin gi
phi ti cht, 1 quan tin ng i c 1 quan hai tin giy; ai cn dng
tin dng, b b t cng phi ti nh lm gi, Nm 1403, trc phn ng ca
nhn dn, nh H ban iu lut v ti khng tiu tin giy, n n g gi hng
hay ng ca hng. Nh H cng t chc th gim, ban mu v cn thc,
thng u.
Nm 1402, nh H nh i biu th u inh v th u rung. T h u inh ch
nh vo ngi c rung c chia; ngi khng c rung, tr m ci, n
b gda khng phi np. T h u nh theo ly tin: ngi c 5 so rung np
5 tin. ... - c trn 2 mu 6 so np 3 quan.
Thu rung t: 5 thng/mu.
Dat bi thu: t 3 quan n 5 quan/mu.
- V x hi: Mt chnh sch c tm quan trng ln l hn ch n t. Nm
1401, nh H quy nh cc quan li, qu tc chiu theo phm cp ch c
nui mt s n t, nng n nht nh. S tha ra sung cng. Mi gia n
c nh nc n b 5 quan tin, tr loi mi nui hoc gia n ngi nc
ngoi, s gia n cn li phi ghi du hiu tr n theo tc phm ca ch.
Cng nm , nh H cho cc l lm li s h, bin ht tn nhng ngi
t 2 tui tr ln. Nhng dn phiu tn u b loi ra ngoi s; dn kinh
thnh tr ng cc phin trn phi tr v qu qun. Khi s lm xong, s
dn t 1 5 - 6 0 tui tng ln gp hai ln.
Nm 1403, sau khi nh chim c vng t t Ha Chu n C Ly
(bc Qung Ngi) nh H a "nhng ngi c ca m khng cd rung"
vo, bin ltn qun ng, li trn gi lu di. Sau d ku gi nh giu np

trau a vo y.
Nm 1405, nn i xy ra. Nh H lnh cho cc quan a phong i
khm x t n h giu c tha thdc, bt phi bn cho dn ti theo thi gi.
Nh H cng t Qung t th cha bnh cho dn.
- V vn ha - gio dc: Nm 1392, H Qu Ly son sch Minh d o ph
phn K hng t, ch trch cc nh T n g Nho, cao Chu Cng.
Nam 1396, H Qu Ly bt tt c cc nh s cha n 5 0 tui phi hon
tc v t chc thi v gio l nh Pht| ai thng hiu mi c li m s.
Nh H cng ngn cm v x pht nng nhng ngi lm ngh phng thut.

252

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

H Qu Ly l ngi c thc cao ch Nm; t mnh dch th in V dt

(khng li bing) trong sch Thng th dy cho vua T r n T h u n Tng,
ch sch Kinh Thi cho cc n quan dy cc phi tn, cung n. H Qu
Ly cng lm nhiu th Nm (hu h t b mt).
Nm 1396, H Qu Ly cho sa i ch thi c, t k thi Hng a
phng v thi Hi kinh thnh. Nhng ngi a thi Hi phi lm th m 1
bi vn sch do vua r a nh th bc. Trong 4 trng thi, H Qu Ly
b trng thi m t c vn thay bng thi kinh nghia. Nm 14 04 , ng t
thm trng th 5 thi vit ch v ton. Theo nh s hc Ng Thi S; "php
khoa c n y mi van t 4 trng, n nay cn theo, khng thay
i c".
N m 1397, H Qu Ly ngh nh nc t hc quan cc l S n Nam,
Kinh Bc, Hi ng v cp m n g cng cho cc ph, chu t 10 - 12 - 15
mu, tic rng ch trng ny khng c thc hin.
Cng nm ny, H Qu Ly cho nhn dn xy kinh mi An T n
(Vnh Lc - T h anh Ha), li cho thi sau mt cng trnh kin tr c ln,
tc gi l thnh nh H. Cng thnh xy rt cng phu, ghp hnh vm,
cao 8m . T ro n g thnh ct khu dinh th, nay cn li nhng con rng chy
dc bc thm...

Do nhu cu tng cng lc lng qun s, chun b chng ngoi xm,

nhng nm cui th ki X IV - u t h k X V cng xut hin nhng sng i
bc (thn c sang pho), nhng thuyn ln i bin cd u vi tn gi "Ti
lng c lu", s thc l nhng thuyn chin. Ngi sn g c h v ch o

ch tc, theo s sch ghi li, l H Nguyn Trng, con c ca H Qu Ly,

gi chc T tng quc.
Tm li, cuc khng hong x hi na sau th k X IV phn nh
tnh tr n g suy thoi ca nh T r n cng nh tnh ch t li thi c a cu trc
nh nc ng thi. N hn vt H Qu Ly ra i v ni b t ln trong
bi cnh . T ng bc tin ln nm mi quyn hnh, H Qu Ly a mong
mun cu vn tnh th c bit khrf khan v phc tp d v ng kin
quyt thc hin cuc ci cch. C th thy, l m t cuc c i c c h ton
din, t chnh tr n kinh t - ti chnh, vn ha gio dc, x hi. Thng
qua cc ci cch kinh t - x hi, chnh tr, H Qu Ly d nh xa b c
quyn v th lc ca tng lp qu tc T rn, xy dng mt nh nc quan Uu
kbdng ng cp, quyn lc tp trung, trc tip gii quyt nhng kh khn
trong nc v chng li cc th lc xm lc t bn ngoi. Tuy nhin, cuc

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

253

ci cch cd ch qu mnh so vi thi t (nh php hn in), c ch cha

tht trit (gia n, n t khng c gi phng). Chnh sch ti n t nhm
thu li v hn c h vic s dng ng tro n g chi dng hng ngy, tp trung
nguyn vt liu phc v quc phng - mt nhu cu bc thit. Nhng, lu
hnh tin giy l mt vn hon ton mi m i vi nc ta ng thi,
khng p n g ng th c ti n p h t t r i n CD h n ch c a kinh t h n g ha

cui th ki X IV . Ci cch vn hta, gio dc c ngha tin b, y hn.

Trong tnh th b thc bch v nhiu m t, m t s vic lm ca Hfi Qu
Ly gy thm mu thun trong ni b, nh hng su sc n thc
on kt thng nht ca nhn dn kh xy ra nn ngoi x&m. Chnh H
Nguyn T r n g ni ln iu khi p h t biu "Ti khng s nh [gic]
m chi s lng dn khng theo" v H6 Qu Ly a tha nhn khi thng
cho H Nguyn T r n g ci hp tru b ng vng.
Du sao thl H Qu Ly vn l nh ci cch ln u tin tro n g lch s
nc ta v cuc ci cch ca ng khin ngi i sau, c c n h nghin
cu suy ngh, dnh gi.
c. Cuc xm lc ca nh Minh v tht bi Cia nh H

Tin tr n h xm lc ca qun Minh; T lu, nh Minh c m mu

xm lc Di Vit, nhng khi nh H th n h lp th tnh hinh T r u n g Quc

cng rfi lon

Mi n nm 1403, khi Minh T h i Tng dit Hu , ln

ngi, m mu xam c i Vit mi c y mnh. Nhiu on s thn

c c san g th&m d, lin c vi nhng quan li c ca nh T r n c t
tng chng n h H, chun b ni ng.
N&m 1405, y c nc ta trc y cbm Lc Chu l dt c a chng,
vua Minh sai ngi san g i, H Qu Ly phi c H ong Hi K h anh lm ct
a s ln c t 5 9 thn d C Lu tr cho chng.
Nm 14 06 , ma h, nh Minh sai hai tng H n Quan v H o n g T ru n g
em hn 5 0 0 0 qun ko san g nc ta, ly c l h tng T r n Thim Bnh
v nc lm vua. Thim B n h nguyn l mt gia n nh q tc Trn, trn
san g T ru n g Quc, i tn v t xng l con c a T r n Ngh Tng. QuAn
Minh n L n g Sn thi b qun nh H do tng H V n chi huy nh tan.
Chng phi x in np T him B nh c bnh yn r t v.
Khng chu Tigng tay, thng 10 nm y, nh Minh c 2 o qun ln gm
hng chc vn lnh chin v dn cng, t n cng xm lc nc ta theo hai
dng vo L n g Sn v vo mn Ty bc, Nhng tn tng cm u l Chu

254

I CNG LCH s VIT :.\M

Nng, Trng Ph, Mc Thnh pht hch ru rao tm con chu h T r i

lp li lm vua. Chng cn cho ngi vt bin sang Chnipa, xi gic
Chm pa nh vo pha nam Di Ngu. Mt s quan chc c ca nh t'rn
phn li T quc, xin hng qun Minh im ri hng ng khng chn.
- Cuc khng chin v tht bi ca nh H.
T r c thi thch thc ca nh Minh, t nhng nm 1 40 3 ~ 1404 nh
H6 khn trong chun b phng v. Bin gii pha naiH c- c i g c
b n g nhiu cuc hnh qun v di dn khai hoang, bo v. N m 1405, nh
H th n h lp 4 kho qun kh (xng c h to v kh), th m d, nghir cu
cc vng bin him yu, cng c c lng qun s. N h H cho dn lng
cc c h n vng sng Bch H c (Ph Th) ngn gic t bc xung, ha lnh
cho n h n dn c c vng gn ng ln thng t bc xung kinh hnh T i n g
Lon g phi ph b la m, kh c gic n li lnh c h o dn T a m i B c
G ian g (bc sng Hng) chun b nh c a sn vng t h oan g pha nam
sng, tch tr lng thc khi gic n th d ch uy n, cho dn phu p
th n h a B a n g (Tin Phong - H Ty).
Cui nm 1406, qun Minh vt qua Lng Sn nh v T h n g Long.
u nm 1407 chng vt sng Hng nh vo th n h a Bang. Cuc chin
u din ra quyt lit. Qun ta cht r t nhiu nhng vn c th. :>gy
2 0 - 1 - 1 4 0 7 , thnh a B a n g th t th, tuyn phng ng b ph v. Gic trn
vo T h n g Long, cp bc ca ci, ph hoi cung in, nh ca. H Ngjyn
T r n g ng qun Hong Giang (H Nam), Gic Minh em qun tn cng,
buc qun ca Trng rt v Mun Hi (Giao Thy - N am nh). T ro ii lc
q u n ca H , H X "b thua m n bc, cng rt v Mun Hi hp
sc vi H Nguyn T r n g chin u. Hai bn i ly nh nhau B onh
t t nhu, qun Minh phi rt v Hm T (Hng Y n ). H6 Nguyn Trng
tp tr u n g qun tn cng gic nhng b thua to, phi cng H Qu l.y v
H H n Thng rt v Thanh Ha, ng li Ty D (V nh Lc). T i n g
5 - 1 4 0 7 , qun Minh do Trng Ph, Mc T hnh ch huy t n cng Tv .
H 6 Qu Ly cng' inh th n chy vo N gh An. Mt B q u n tng nh H
u h n g qun Minh, dn ng cho chng nh vo. N hiu tng ca nh
H 6 b b t, cui cng, my cha con H Qu Ly cng sa li k th /ng
K La, Cao V ng (K Anh - H Tnh). Qun Minh tip t c nh vo Taun
H a, chim nt phn t pha nam; tron g lc d, qun C hm p a cng tha
c n h ra, ly li vng T h ng Hoa (Q ung Nam, Q u n g N g). Nhu vy
l vo cui th n g 6 - 1 4 0 7 , cuc khng chin ca q u n n h H hon ton
t h t bi. t nc ri vo ch h c a nh Minh.

VIT

(T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

255

Mc du bit minh trong tnh th rt khd khn, ng nh cu ni ca

ll Nguyn T r n g *chi s lng dn khng theo", nh H vn kin quvt t
chc cuc khn g chin chng qun xm lc Minh

Thc t' cuc kh ng

chin cng chn g t rng, qun tng nh H6 v mt b phn nhn dn

chin u r t anh dng, quyt lit Th' nhng, cui cng, cuc khng
chin vn tht bi v, sau ny, khi nhn dn ni dy khi ngha th nhng
ngi lnh ao [i khng phi l quan, tng ca nh H, S thc chng
t ring, tht bi c a cuc khng chin c phn do cch nh nhng ch
yu do hu qu c a nhng nm trc d. Cuc khng hong cui T r n
lm suy yu lc lng t v ca c triu inh ln nhn dn, ng thi lm
lng thm mu thu.4n gia nhn dn v giai cp thng tr. Mong sm gii
quyt cuc khng hong trc nguy c ngoi xm ang n gn, H Qu
Ly mnh tay ti n hnh cuc ci cch v mi mt, thm ch ginh ly
ngi vua, lp tr i u i mi ci cch

Nh H lm c mt s vic

ph hp vi vu c u chung ca x hi ta hi y nhng li khng xo a du

c nhng mu t h u n su sc vn-cd. Mt s hnh ng n p, t n st
do vic chuyn i triu i gAv ra li to thm khd khn cho vic gii quyt
nhng mu thun ni trn. Cuc khng chin tht bi, cha con h H b
gic bt a v T r u n g Quc cng vi mt s tng lnh trung thnh.
Nhng, tht bi ca cuc khng chin thi H chi h tm thi. Vi truyn
thng yu nc lu i v vi nim t ho su sc v nit t nc vn
hin c hng ngn nAm lch s v 5 0 0 nm trng thnh trong c lp, t
ch, nhn dn Di Vit lin tc ni dy c m v kh chng qun x m
c d h, ginh li nn c lp qu bu ca T quc

Thnh tlx (yi L k -T h a n l Ha)

Chng VII

TNH HNH VN HA-X HI C C TH

X-XIV

I. S P H N H A X H I
T thi B c thuc, s phn hda x hi theo hng phong kin T ru n g
Quc din ra, nhng ch c y nhanh trong c c th k thdi L - T r n .
Dn d n hnh thnh nhng giai cp chnh ca x hi mi.
Giai cp thng tr bao gm cc vong hu, qu tc, quan li cao cp v
mt b phn a ch quan chc hda. Cbnb sch phong cp thi p, khuyn

khich khn hoang lp nghip, nhng chnh sch u i ca nh nc V.V..

to iu kin cho nhng ngi ny tr thnh nh cha, a ch, vi ch
tn d n g c a N h nc "ai quan tc coti chu c tp m mi c

ra lm quan, cn nu Dgi no ah giu, khe mnh m kbng c quan

tc th l i i tn d&n", giai cp thng tr hu nh trd thnh m t b phn
dng kn, m c du s pht tr i n ca gio dc, khoa c cng nhu cu n&ng

cao trin h hc vn ca quan chc cd lm gim dn s ng kn .

G iai cp b tr bao gm Qg o nh&n dn thuc n hiu t n g lp k h c
nhau nh a ch, ng dn, th t h cng, thng nh&n. L n g x vn

t bo kinh t - x hi C bn, tnang tron g mnh kh nhiu t n d ca

x bi nguyn thy. G iai cp n n g dn chim tu y t i a s tron g c
dn v l lc lng sQ x u t ch yu, l n h ng ngi gnh chu m i tr n g
tr c h c a x hi: lm rung, ng thu, i lnh, lao dch, c h in u bo
v T quc. N h ng t h k X I - X IV , n h t l tr o n g bui u cc tri u i,
cuc s n g ca ngi nng n cn tng i n nh. T th kl X IV , 8
phn h a gu ngho tr o n g h gia t&ng, lm nn tinh t r n g "&n gian
nhiu ngi du ng, n gi cng khn g c t n tr o n g s, khng chu
th u dch, sai phi t p dch kh n g n ni". N hiu cuc u tr a n h i
"chn cu cho dn ngho & bng n.

Vlyr NAM (T THI NGIIYN THY D X 1858)

257

S6 Krng th th cng khng nhiHi. Ngoi nhng ngi sng v lm n

cc phng ca T h n g Long,

C()

mt a sng ri rc cc lng, lm ngh

th cng phc v n lng miih l chinh

D xu t hin mt vi lng th

cng nhng ngi th y vn gn bd vi ng rung.

Thcmg nhn ngv cng nhfu nhng t gubi chuyn bun bn sng.
Nh bun hn vi thng nhAn nc ngoi hay bun bn ing thc, t
g a t h k X I V x u t h in n h i u

n h g i u

c . T r n D

Tng

(1341 - 1369) tng chiu tp cc nh bun giu inh B n g (B c Ninh),

Nga Dinh (H Ty) vo cung nh bc "c ting t gn 3 0 0 quan"
Lp a ch phi quan chc thuc loi "th nhn", b tr d i sng kinh

t kh hn, nhng cng nh nng dn th th cng v thng nhn.

Thp nht tron g x hi l tn g lp n t vi nhiu tn gi khc nhau:
gia n. gia ng, n ti, in nhi, l ng, honh. Nh nc ttn cch hn
c h vic nui n t, nhng s pht trin ca c h in tra n g li lm tng
s lng n ti, nht l vo nhng nm i km ca th ki XIV. C 3 loi
n t vi thn phn khc nhau:
N ti ca nh nc vi nhng tn gi nh toa thng n, quan trung
khich. in honh, in nhi...
N t ca nh cha nh tam bo n, in n...
N t t nhn bao gm c in n, gia ng v.v .
T ron g chin tranh gi nc, nh thi T rn , gia n, gia ng ca cc
qu tc tng l mt lc lng qun s c nhiu ng gdp.
S pht tri n ca ch n ti th k X IV lm tn g iu thn x
hi v dn n hng lot cuc u tranh. Tuy nhin, trong n t phn ng
l nng n. T h n phn ca s cn li khng b h thp nh thi i ca
ch n l

II. TNH HNH VN HA - G lA O DC

1. T n g i o , tn n g n g
-

cc th k X - XIV nhng tn ngng c truyn vn ph bin. Bn

cnh cc tc th tch cc ngy cng c m rng nh tc th t tin, th

17-CLSVNT tp

258

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

n h n g anh hng dn tc, nhng ngi cd cng vi ing, vi nc

V.V. .

cc

t c th nguyn thy "vn vt hu linh" vn cn nhiu. N h nc cng nh

c c v quan cd thc nhiu l n ra inh hy b bt c c t c th c m ang
tnh "m tn, d oan d nhng ch hn c h c m t ph n. n g ch l
n h nc, ch yu l thi L - T r n , gp phn tr c tip vo sinh hot
tn ngng v tn gio chung ca n h n dn. N h L d ng n " i
th n h hong", n "ng c" (T r n g ng), n th Hai B T ru n g , n th
P h n g Hng, n th Phm C L n g kinh th n h T h n g Long, n n g l
th th n P h ng (B c Ninh) ln tr n h "quc t" (qu c gia) v.v
T r o n g mt thi gian di. tn ngng dn gian c tru y n vn gi mt v
tr i q u a n tr n g trong sinh hot t m linh ca c dn i Vit.
-

C c tn gio ln nh P h t gio, L o gio, Nho gio c truyn vo

nc t a t thi B c thuc.
P h t gio Bm ph cp tron g n h n dn v t m c cc th n h cc th
k X I - X III. Cha chin mc ln nhiu ni. T thi in h - T in L, m t
s n h s nh Ng Chn Lu, P h p T h u n , V n H nh

V.V..

tham gia

tch c c vo vic xy dng chDh quy n. S m m a n g n n g t t ng sng

P h t, L Cng U n mi ln ngi, cho dng nhu ch a, cp ip cho
h n g ngn ngi lm s, pht h n g n g n ln g vng, bc th u th c chung
ln t cc cha... khin nh s hc L V n Hu t h k X I I I nhn
x t: "L T h i T ln ngi mi c h a i nm , tn miu ch a dng, x tc
ch a lp m dng 8 cha ph T h i n c, li s a c h a qu n c c l,
cp ip cho hn 1 00 0 ngi k in h s lm t n g ../* ^
C c vua nh L k nghip c n g khng ng ng cho xy d n g c h a chin,
c chung, t tng, cho ngi s a n g n h T n g xin k in h P h t, bin cc
ch a th P h t thnh ndi cu o, l m l t n khi cbin th n g qun xm
lc, l i x... Qu tc, quan li, n h n dan th eo , x y d ng ch a chin
khp ni, bia cha Lnh X n g c a ngi: "T khi o P h t truyn san g
nc t a n nay hn 2 0 0 0 n m m vic phng th n gy c n g thm mi.
H nhng ch no ni cao, cn h p u m m a n g lp ch a chin, nh
t h nu khng phi l nh bc v ng cng, i n hn gip x y dng th
lm sa o nn c". Th a nhn th c t , n h s hc L V n Hu vit ;
"... ch o nn i sau mi xy t n g c a o n g t tri, t c c t c h a b n g , lm
ch a th P h t lng ly hn c c u n g in c a vua. Ri ngi di b t chc,

(1 ) >( V ifl k Uin ut, Sdd, T.I, tr. 191

VI1' N/VM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

259

c k hy c th n th , li m)r, b sn nghip, trn thn thch, nhn

dn iiA na lm s, tro n g nc ch no c n g c cha'^*^
Pht gio tip tc pht, tri n thi T r n , nic du cd phn hn c h hn.
Cc vua u th i T r n tim n ca Pht, T r n Nhn Tng thc s vt
b o bo, co u, tr thnh m i v s danh ting. u th k XIV, nh
nho T r n g l n Siu ku ln; 'thin ha nm phn thl s* tng ch im
m t; n gia th k , nh nho L Qut than th: "nh P h t ly ha phc
c m ng ln g ngi, sao m c ngi tin theo lu bn nh th! T r n
t vng cng, di n dn thng, h b th vo vic nh P h t d n
ht tin ca c n g khng xn tic... ch no c ngi tt c cha Pht, b
i rti li dng ln. n t ri li sa li, lu di ching trng chim n na
phn O vi d n c" (bia cha Chiu Phuc)^^^

Cc cha u c t ring. Nhi cha ln nh Qunh Lm (Dng T riu ,

Qiing Ninh) c tr n 2 0 0 0 mu rung, hng trm tam bo n...
Do du n h p vo i V i t t nhiu con ng khc nhau cng nh do
s lip thu c a ngi dn V i t ng thi, P h t gio khng c mt dng
duy nht. C d n g ha n h p vi tn ngng dn gian V it c truyn ( c c
ch a Php V n , P h p V, c h a Din Hu (M t C t)...), c dng th in v
M t tng (vi n h n g nh s gii php th u t v ch a bn h ...), c dng tu
ch a , t h o t t c , c d n g tu ti g ia iy "ci tm " lm gc v.v... T r o n g
tro u c h u n g , giai cp th n g tr m ong mun tim ra mt tn gio
lm nn ch o s in h h o t tin h th n v tm linh ca ngi Vit, thot kh i
nhng nh h n g c a h t t n g Nho gio phng B c. Dng T h i n c a
P h t gio c la chn. Ni tip t n g ca cha, ng, L T h n h
T n g A cd nh s n g lp phi T h i n T h o ng vi nhiu n t c a
phng N am , n h n g kh n g th n h . D n dn hlnh thn h mt s ha hp
gia P h t g io v N ho gio. L N hn T n g khuyn thin s Mn G i c :
"bc chi n h n hin t h n gi a ci i phi t chng sn h... ch n g n h n g
c ic v t h i n nh v tr tu m c n g c cng gip nh nc*. V n
bia ch a L in h X n g c n g cd on: "^ sinh nui ta, khng ai ln hi
vua, c h a c h o n n phi tn knh

..

t ng c a c c vua L c c c vua u thi T r n tip nhn v th c

hin. T r n T h i T n g, m t ng vua tng xng pha ni chin trn, su t
i ghi nh c u ndi c a quc s Ph Vn; "Phm lm vua ca thin h

( n (2 }

s k to/t th. Sd. ir. 191, r. 61

260

I CNG LCH s V IT NAM

phi ly mun ca thin h lm mun ca mnh, phi ly tm lng ca

thin h lm tm lng ca minh", nhng khng qun sng P h t

T rong

Thin tng ch nam ng ni ln s kt hp o vi i, "ao P h t khng

chia r a m bc, c th tu

T n h ngi c hin ngu, u cm g c

gic ng, vl vy, i gio ca c P h t l phng tin m lng m mui,

l con ng soi r l t sinh. Cn trch nhim nng n ca tin thnh l
t mc thc cho tdng lai, nu khun php cho hu th", H a nhp
P h t gio v Nho gio vo cng mt ch chung ca cng cuc n nh x
hi. "Tam gio ng nguyn" l nh vy.
P h t trin t tng ca ng mnh v da vo ti thuyt ca T u Trung
thng s (T r n Tung), T r n Nhn T ng dng nn dng P h t Di Vit
vi tn gi T rc Lm. X u t pht t gio l Thin Tng, dng P h t T rc Lm
ly s gn lin gia "tm" v "Pht", "Pht trong lng" lm ht nhn.
B i "Pht tm ca" ca Tu T ru n g thng s ct on:

Pht, Pht, Pht bt kh bin

Tm, Tm, Tm bt kh thuyt
Nhc tm sinh thi th Pht sinh
Nhc Pht dit thi th tm dit
Dit tm tn Pht th x u
Dit Pht tn tm h thi yt
(Ngha l

Pht khng th bin c

Tm khng th ni c
Tm sinh th Pht cng sinh
Pht dit t tm cng mt
Khng u tm dit m cn Pht
Chng lc no Pht dit m cn tm)

T r n Nhn T n g cng ni:

'Chn Bt l lng, s m hi di c M t'

T tn ct quan nim, "ly t m truyn tm, khng dng vn t", "Pht
tron g lng, lng lng l v sng sut, t chnh l chn P h t", ngha l
"gic ng c bn tm" c th thnh P h t. Mt khi lng gic ng, thanh
tnh th cng

'Chng cn b th, tranh nhn chp ng

Trn duyn r kt, th phi ck&ng n ...

VT NAM (T THI NGUYKN THY DKN 1858.^

261

T hn ny chng qun ba d i ba no
Cng d a n h ch n g trong, ph qu ch n g m ng..,
(Trn Nhn Tng)
V lc 5y, ci l vua quan, i thn, tha tng hay quc s^ c sl u
c tho thnh Pht.
Tm lai, T hin T rc Lm ly s gic ng trong lng lm gc, mong mun
a Pht n mi nh, mi ngi ng thi cng gn P h t vi cuc sng
thc ti\ vi vn mnh dn tc.
Trn N hn T ng c xem l v t th nht ca P h t T rc Lm . Ngi
k tuc l s Php Loa v sau l s Huyn Quang...
Tuy nhin, cng cuc xy ng mt nh nc theo m hnh Hn ^ ng,
vic tip xc thng xuyn vi nn vn minh T rung Hoa v s nghip chng
ngoi xm ca dn tc khng cho php P h t gio d ) phi Trc Lm,
pht trin thnh quc gio. Cc vua quan nh T r n sau thi Nhn Tng
xa dn Pht gio.
2. G i o d c v N h o g i o
T u cng nguyn, chnh quyn h du nhp ch nho, m trng
dy hc trn t u Lc. Nhng vi quan nim l cng c ng ha ca
giai cp thng Ir Rgoi tc, nhn dn ta chng li. Cho n t h ki X, tuy
ch in tr thnh ch vit chnh thc nhng s ngi bit ch bit Nho
hc cn t i. Cc nh s thng l lp tr thc quan trng bn cnh cc
vin chi hu, vin ngoi lang. Vic xy dng nh nc theo m hnh phng
Bc tr thnh tlt yu th Nho hc rTg ngy cng c vai tr quan trng.
Ntn 1070, L Thih Tng cho xy dng .V n Miu kinh thnh, p
tng Khng T, Chu Cng, t phi v 7 2 ngi hin ca o Nho, cho thi
t ra hc. Gio c Nho hc chnh thc c thit lp. Nm 1075 nh
L m khoa thi Minh kinh u tin. Ngi u l L Vn Thnh {ngi
Gi Binh - B c Ninh) c a vo c:ung dy thi t ri sau t, c c
lm quan (th n g n n chc thi s) Nm 1076, nh L cn g m ki thi
vit, ton v lut chn ngi m li vin v nm 1195 m ki thi tam
gio u tin. Tuy nhin, gio c Nho hc di thi L chua pht trin.
Vi mong mun t ng nhanh trinh hc vn ca quan chc, ngay t nm
1232, nh T r n m khoa thi u tn ca triu i mnh.
Nm 1247, nh T r n t l ly Tam khi (3 ngi u: T r n g nguyn,
Bng nhn, T h m hoa) v quy nh c 7 nm m I khoa thi.

262

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

NAm 1255, vua T rn t l ly 2 trn g nguyn; 1 kinh Icho cc tinh pha

bc) 1 t r i (cho T h an h Ha, Ngh An) khuyn khich vic hc tp c a
cc l phng
Nm

nam. Nm 1 27 5 l

-ny b bai b v khng (.;n th i t na.

1304, nh nc quy nh

r ni dung thi 4 trng;

Trng 1; Thi m t c vn.

Trng 2; T h i kinh

nghi, kinh ngha, th,

ph.

Trng 3: T h ch, chiu, biu.

Trng 4: Thi i sch.
Sau m kl thi nh phn hn g cao thp c c thi hc sinh.
N m 1396, n dung th 4 trng c quy nh li
Trng 1: Thi kinh ngha
Trng 2: T h i th ph
Trng 3; Thi ch, chiu, biu.
T rng 4: Thi vn sch
K thi Hng a phng cng bt u c t chc.
C c s ch hc chnh cng c quy nh: Ng kinh, T th, Bc' s...
N hng ngi t c b vo cc chc vin H n lm, c c cu quan
hnh k h in , sung vo cc phi b s th n hay tip s T r u n g Quc. D n dn
h tr th n h mt b phn quan trng trong b my nh nc, c bit
thi T r n . Nhiu ngi trong s ng gp quan trn g vo c n g cuc

ngoi giao cng nh chnh tr, nh Nguyn Hin, M c Dnh Chi, Nguyn
T r u n g Ngn, Phm S u Mnh, L Qut V.V..
T r o n g nhn dn, Nho hc cng tng bc pht tr i n

B a n u cc nh

ch a l ni dy hc ch nho, cc sch kinh s. V sau, nhiu nh nho, nhiu

thi hc sinh khng lm quan, nh dy hc. Mt tro n g nhng ngi thy
gio x u t sc hi y l Chu An.
S p h t trin ca gio dc Nho hc gp phn ph cp Nho gio trong
n hn dn vi cc quan nim v tam cng, ng thng, tr u n g qun T ruyn
th n g tn s trng o cng hlnh thnh. Tuy nhin, Nho gio ph bin ch
yu tro n g tn g lp quan chic, cc nho s. Nhn dn chi tip n hn nhng
gl g n gi vi h, gp phn cng c nhng tc l c truyn ca h v vy
m s th n nh Nguyn sang i Vit vo cui t h k X I I I nhn x t

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

263

H tc. kiu p h ii thm

Trung Hoa l nic v

ngha l "Tuc d n rt nng ni, kh n g l n ic T run g Hoa'")
Gia th k XIV, nh nho L Qut nhn xt . T a tng do xem ni sng, du
chn hng na thin h m tm nh hc v vn miu th chng thy u'.
Vi vy, ny sinh cuc u tranh ph phn P h t gio trong gii nho s.
T cui th ki X III, L Vn Hu ph phn nh L qu tn sng P h t
gio 'liu ph ca v sc dn vo vic th mc". Sa n g th ki XIV, T r n g
H n Si^u vii bi k thp Linh T ni Dc Thy (Ninh Bnh) cho l "P h t
go m hoc chng sinh... ph hoi di lun, hao ph ca ci, nm np
m i, nhung nhc m theo, t k khng phi l yu ma gian t". B t bnh
v lm k "Trn vic quan i cha", ihiu v s sa a, ng vit bi vn
bia cha Khai Nghim: ''mt bn gio hot gian ngoan, m t ht c bn
kh hnh, khng h, ch ham chim ot c vn xinhj cnh p, nh
ca lng lay nh v hg ngc"...
Tinh hnh , buc H Quv Ly, nm 3 9 6 pbi ra lnh sa thi bt t n g
, ai ch a n 50 tui u phi hon tc. ng thi, Ui tng Nh hc
"gn ln hc vi hnh* ca Chu An cng ni ln lm c s cho nh H
chng li nhng quan im g b ca T ng nho.
ia v ca Nho gio dn n c nng cao.
-

o gio du nhp vo Di Vit, n y nhanh chdng ha vo c c tn

ngng c truyn c a nhn dn hoc chuyn ha sang P h t gio.

3. V n h c - n g h th u t
+

Tnh hinh x hi v s pht tr i n ca gio dc gp phn quan

trng to nn mt nn vn hc phong phu v m bn sc dn tc. iu

ng tic l hin n ay s th vn dng thi cn li rt t. T th ki X, nh
s Ng Chn Lu vit nn nhng bi th y cni xc:

Vn tr n g n thy thip thng tang

Cu thin quy l trng

T n h th m thit, d i thng

P kan luyi s Linh ang

(ngha l : Mun trng non nc mnh mang, ng xa bao dm trng

Tnh u luyn, chn da ng, N h u s ang)

C th phn thnh 2 giai on: Trc th k x n i v th k X III - x r v .
giai on u, th vn li ch yu l sng tc ca cc nh s, m mu
sc P ht gio. Chng hn nh nhng cu th ca nh s L nh Hng

264

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

B n la i v x s
X $ th chn tng
Chn tn g nh th huyn

UYn hu tc k hn g khng (chn d huycn>

(ngha l: Vn xa khng x s, X s l chn tng, Chn tng nh tii

huyn, G i, c cng k h n g khn g)

S Hi Thin cng vit trong bi Cm ioi:

Nhn tni tn thc u vi lc

N hc c v vi thy thi g ia
(ngha l: N gi ngi h iu r v vi l vui, Nu d c v V ni c h in k l

n h )
Tuy nhin, cuc sng si ng cng li ko cc nh s v vi nhng nt
p ca t tri. Nh s Mn Gic vit:

Mc v xu n tn hoQ lc tn

Dnh tin tc d nht chi mai

<Co tt th ch n g )
(ngha l : Ch tng xun tn hoa rung ht

D m q u a s n trc n c n h m a ij
hoc nh nh s Qung Nghim vit:

N am n h i t hu xung hin ch
Hu hng Ni L a i h n h x h n h
(ngha l: Lm iTQ t c ch xng cn, Sao cl bict lrn theo dng Nh Lai).
Chng ta cng cn c c li Chiu di m nim tin vo s t
cng ca dn tc hoc bi 'th thn" 'Wani quc sn h Nam d CI/ vnn c
xem l bn Tuyn ngn c lp u tin, giai on hai, tuy vn hcx: Pht
gio cn tip tc pht trin vi nhiu bi vn bia, tp K ha h uc ca 'IVn
Thi Tng, cc bi ng lc ca T r n Nhn Tng, Tu tru ng thng s ng

lc

V.V..

nhng cng vi s pht trin ca gio dc, mt dng vAn hc trn

tc, yu nc ni ln lm rng r cho th vn mt thi.

Bn thin c hng vn H ch tng s ca T r n Hng o cd th xem l
ng vn m u cho dng vn hc . Ngy nay chng ta khng khi xc
ng khi c li nhng cu; "Hung chi ta cng cc ngi sinh ra vo lc

ri ren, ln ln trong b u i h o n nn, ihy i g i c a g i c q u a li roc n g n g

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

2 65

ngoci dig, kh u a tc li c v m khinh r triu nh, dem ci thn ch

d m ngo mn t tng, Chc lnh ca H i Tt Lit m i ngc a
tha ltg tham v cng... ta tng n ba qun n^ na m dp gi, nc
rnt gin qiua, lng d nh dn, vn cm gin mun n tht nm da, nhai
gn ung mu ca gic. Du trLi thy ta phi ngoi bi dng, nghn xc
ta boc trong d a nga, cng iguyn xin lm..," D l o H lm ngi dn
Vit trc ha xm l n g ca nit k th hung bo.
V t thc dn tc kin cng m cd nhng cu th ca T r n
Q uang Khi

Dot so Chig Dortg d

Cm h Hm T quan
T hi bnh tu f.r{ c
Vn c cu giang san
(C hng Dng cp g io gic, H m T bt qun th, Thi bnh nn

gn g sc, Non nc y ngn thu)

hoe nim t ho ca T r n Nhn Tng:

X tc lng hi lao thch m

Sn h thin c din kim u
(X tc hai p h en chn nga d^ Sn h mun thu vng u vng)
h o c li t vnh y kh phch ca P hm Ng Lo:

H onh so giang sn cp k thu

Tam qun / h kh thn ngu
Nam nhi v liu cng danh tri
T thnh nhn gian thuyt V hu
(yuag g io non sng d my thu, B a qun nh h nut phn g tru, Cng
dan h Irai cha dn xong n, Nhng thn khi nghe chuyn V hu).
Nim t ho dn tc, lng yu nc chn chnh lan truyn trong cc nh
nho ca na u th k X IV lm nn hng ot th, ph '"khi kl, hng vI.

B ph sng B ch D ng ca Trng H n Siu vi nhng cu (bn dch) :

By g i mun dm thuyn b
C bay php phi
Su qun oai hm, gm ao sng long..,
Tng B Kin trong trn Hp Ph, ch nhy mt
hn bay thnh khi.,.

I CNG C S VIT NAM

26 6

n nay d n g sn g vn cha ra sch nhu<)c nh

Cng ti to ngn n m cn ch i li,..
v kt lun:

Bui H khng dm ng e/, ngn nm thanh biih

Tin rn g k h n g p h i o sn g hin i ch m v c ln m nh m n g ...

Tinh thn cng th hin r trong bi Bch Dng ca Phm S M nh
hoc trong hng lot bi th ca ng trong Hip Thch tpy trong Gii hin

thi tp ca Nguyn T ru n g Ngn nh bi Ung chii vi cu:

Chng qu n l o t tng kin i chi

Thuyt o nayi ciin cc t su

(L n h g i tng tri m i ch in h ch ii, N i n n am c h in h m t niy)
Bn cnh l hng ot bi tho ca ngi cnh thin nhin , giu p c a
t nc, hay y cm xc t nhin nh :

Dng n ii n o h ay ngy m un
K h p n g tt ta m y xanh
(dch th Bi T n g Qun)
hoc:

Rung xanh nh gm nay lai thy

My ph nh vua mt li di
(dch th Phm S Mnh)

hoc:

Sng dy m ca s
X un i n o c hay

Mt i bm bm trng
P h p p h i lt h o a bay
(dch th T r n N hn Tng.)
Vo na sau t h k X IV , cng vi s suy thoi ca nh Try xut hin
nhng nh th T r n Nguyn n, Chu An, Nguyn Phi Khanh... vi nhng
bi thm m tnh thng yu nhn n, thng cm v cuc sng kh
cc ca nhn dn.
Mt thnh tu ln ca thi k ny s sng to ra ch Nm trn c sd
ch Hn. Khng lu sau khi ra i, ch Nm c hon thin dn v c
dng sng t c th vn, x u t hin nhng nh th Nm ni ting nh
Nguyn Thuyn, Nguyn S C H Qu Ly v.v... S c c n g tng ghi, khi
vua T rn Nhn Tng g cng cha Huyn T r n cho vua Chmpa nhiu
ngi "m th Nm" ch ci...

VIT NAM (T THJ NGLTN THY KN 1858)

267

']'hi L - T r n cng lai nhiu vn bia di, nhiu bi ph "lu lot, ep

" nh Dng h bt, Trm x kim, Ngc tnh in, Thin Hng trn u,v...
Ngoi ra t h loi truyn cng ra i nh Bo cc truyn, Vit din u

lin h, L n h i n x chici qui, N am n g m n g l u c

V.V..

+ Vi thc dn tc su sc> nhn dn Di Vit khng ch xy dng cho

mnh mt nn vn hc phong ph m cn c mt nn ngh thut c sc.

C c cng trnh xy dng t cung in ca vua n dinh th ca cc quan

li, n i, ch a qun nhiu khng k xit, mc du di tch cn li khng
nbiu Nm 9 8 4 , L Di Hnh "lm in Bch bo thin t u ni i Vn,
ct in dt v n g bc lm ni coi chu, bn ng l in P hong lu, bn
ty l in T hoa, bn t l in B n g Lai, bn hu l in Cc lc...
Nm 10 10 , L T h i T di o v Thng Long, cung thnh "pha trc dng
in Cr Nguyn lm ch coi chu, bn t lm in T p Hin, bn hu lm
in G i n g V... u cd thm rng, bn trong thm rng c m cong, hng
hin bao quanh 4 mt. Sau in Cn Nguyn dng hai in Lon g An v
Long Thy lm ni ngh

Ly T h i Tng lm thm in Tuyn c,

in Din P h c c thm trc gi l th m rng (long tr), bn trong hai

pha ng ty c in Vn Minh v in Qung Vu li t lu chung, pha
trc lm in P h ng Thin, trn in dng lu Chnh Dng chl gi khc,
pha Siiu lm in T r ng Xun, ... pha ngoi cung in cho p Long
thnh.
Cha chin dng ln khp ni v tr thnh biu tng ca ngh thut
Pht gio. Ni ln cc ngi cha ln nh Du, P ht Tch, Dm ... N m 1049,
L Thi T n g c ho xAy rha Din Hvu "dng ct gia ao, ln ta sen
ca pht Quan ni trn ct"; nm 1 10 5 L Nhn Tng cho sa li, "vt
h Lin Hoa i, gi l h Linh Chiu, ngoi h cd hnh lang chm v chy
xung quanh, ngoi hnh lang li o h gi l Bch T rl c cu bc qua
i li...
Cc cha th ng ct thp n nh thp B o Thin (H N) 12 tng, cao
my chc mt, thp Ph Minh (Nam Dinh) 14 tng, cao 21m

V.V. .

Mt cng trn h kin trc ln nh du s pht tr i n ca ngh th u t xy

dng th n h ly ng thi l thnh nh H Vnh Lc (Thanh Ha). T hnh
hinh vung mi cnh di 500m . Cng thnh hnh vm xy bng nhng khi
ln c khi di 7m, cao Im 5, dy Im nng khong 15 tn. T h n h p
bng t c khi lng khong 8 0 .0 0 0
0 ) (2) ( A) >i yst/

ion ftu. T .l MN 1972.

i r . lf> 8 .

xung quanh c ho sUj c cng

191. 208

268

DI CNC LC] s VIT NAM

ngm thng trong ngoi. Pha trong thnh l cu n g in v dinh th c*c

quan.
Ngh thut c chung t tng rt pht trin. Ngi T n in g Quc tng
ni n "An nam t i kh l thp Bo Thin, chung Quv in i cha Din
Hu). vc Ph Minh (cha Ph Minh - Nam nh) v tng Pht cha Qunh
Lm (ng Triu - Qung Ninh) cao 6 trng (khong 20m l. B cn cnh cn
c tng P h t Adi (cha P ht Tch - Bc Ninhh nhu tng linh iu
(Garuda)* ngi c cnh nh trng (Kinrari) mang phong cch ngh ihut.
Chmpa, rng nm di theo bc th, tng ngi,

voi,

nga

V.V..

iu khc tinh t vi nhng bc ph iu tr a n g tr nhng m tp hoa

vn hoa cc nhiu cnh, hoa sen, l cy v c bit l con rng giun mnh
trn nni gn trong chic l . c im chung l ch n thc, khe m nh j
n gin. iu khc trn cc cnh ca g cc ch a thi T r n phong ph
v tinh t hn. Chn cc b ct thng hinh hoa sen. Ngoi r a c n g cn
mt s bc ph iu khc trn hinh c c nhc c n g ang biu din mang
phong c c h Chmpa. Cch t r a a g tr hoa l ni trn c n g c a vo ngh
th u t dn ng (bt, chn, bnh, vi)...
m nhc, sn khu u pht trii B a n u m n h c V it chu nh hng
t nhiu ca nhc Chm. Nm 1060, L Thnh T n g cho ch c c khc
nhc Chm pa v cho nhc cng ca hl. V sau nh hng ca nhc phng
B c t n g ln. S liu c cn ghi li cc khc "Nam thin nhc", "Ngc lu
xu n ", "Mng du tin, nhng b h t "Trang chu nm m ng ha r a con
bm", "Bch lc thin m li b it con"

V.V. .

Nh nc c kp h t, o nng.

S g o tp ca T r n Cng T r u n g CII thf ki X I mn t l yn in

T p hin "ting ht ting n ha ln nhau..." hoc mi l n rt ru l
h to ln rng: "Phng nhc tu khc nhc" thi di gii v li t\u nhc
theo lun vi nhng khc nh Ging Chu Long, N hp hong ... m iu
cng ging m iu c nhng ngn hn..."
N hc c c trng cm, tiu, no bt, so, n c m , n tr a n h , n t b,
n 7 dy. n hai y, n bu...
Nhy m a thng c t chc cung nh c n g nh tro n g nhn dn.
Ngoi ra, Tigh th u t cho, tung r t pht trin. Cho h t l sinh hot c
cc qu tc ham thch. Cng vi cho, h cng ph bin. Sau khng chin
c h n g Nguy, tu n g c n g x u t hii vi ngh nh n ngi T n g L
Nguyn Ct. Ma ri l mt ngnh ngh thut c sc.
Cng vi m nhc, sn khu, cc ngy l hi tron g nhn dn cng c

VIT N/\1V (T THI NGUYN TY DN 1858)

269

nhiu tr vui chi, ua li nh IcK) dy. vt, ua thuyn, tr chi t n g cu,

nm cn, nh c u ... T r "vt c" ci Phm Ng Lo rt c ham chung:

H ai bn tranh ly qu cu
Dn an quc /li sng u i*ng bn.
Tnin lai s pht tr i n ca vn hc ngh thut phong phy a dng,
to nn mt b phn quan trng ca nn vn minh i Vit ng thi.

4. K h o a h c - k t h u t
Cng cuc xy dng t nuc vt cng c nn c lp dn tc sm lm
ny tinh nhu cu ghi chp lch s. Cc nh nc L - T r n u c Vin
quc s chuyn ghi chp nhng hot ng ca nh nc - ch yu ca vua.
Ngun s liu c n h c n sch s ca T hin thi L, tuy nhin, b
s chnh thng u tin ch ra i thi T r n . Theo lnh ca vua, nm
1 27 2. nh s hc quc s vin gim tu L Vn Hu son xong b Di

Vit s k i 3 0 tp, vit lch s nc ta t Triu Vi n L Chiu Hong.

B s ny khng cn na* ch c nhc n trong cc b s thi L. T ip
theo, mt s ngi vit thxn cc b s khc (c tnh ch t t nhn) nh

Vit s c (v d a n h )j Vi s cng mc v Vit N am th chi ca H T n g

T h r Cui th ki X I I I , u th ki XIV, ec vua T r n cho bin son Trung
hng thc lc ndi v cuc khng chin chng xm lc Mng Nguyn, cc
b thc lc (ca Don N h Hi v ca Nguyn T ru n g Ngn...) nhng u
khng cn na. D ng thi nc ngoi, mt ngi Vit l L T r c vit

An Nam chi loc b sung thm t liu cho ich s.

Cc nh s c n g ct sch s ring, nay cn li Thin uyn tp anh ng

uc v Tam t thi/c ItC.

Cc b s ng thi c vit theo nhng dng khc nhau nh bin
nin* chuyn ...
Nhng t iiu v a t nc c bin son. Nm 1172, L Anh
T n g clxi i tu n c c a gii phin b ang Nam B c "v bn v ghi chp
phong vt r
T on hc c s dng v ban u l mt mn thi ca cc li vin> v
sau, H Qu Ly bin thnh mn thi th nni trong thi Hi. Tuy khng cn
li c c t c phm to n hc nhng vic xy dng kinh th n h , th n h An
tn( thnh nh H6), cc bo thp cao hn g chc trng chc chn i hi
mt trnh to n hc cao.
( l ) f)( D i ki on ih, 'IM. I IN 1972. tr.

270

DI CNG LCII s VIT NAM

Thin vn hc thnh mt b mn r t c quan tm. Cc sch lch s

ni n nhng ct ng h cung vua, nh thin vAn hc ng L va
lm ra lch mi (hip kl) dng cho nc ta va m ra mt dng c gi l
Linh lung nghi kho nghim thi tit. T T rn Nguyn n cng l
mt nh thin vn hc.
Cui th ki XIV, do nhu cu quc phng, nh ch huy qun s H Nguyn
T r n g (con c ca H Qu Ly) sng ch ra cc loi s ng ln nh gi ]
T h n c sang pho v cng cc th th cng tng loi thuyn chin c lu.
Ttm li, trong nhng th k u c lp, vi tinh thn dn tc v thc
t cng, nhn dn i Vit pht huy mi kh nng t o nn mt nn
vn ha dn tc a dng, phong ph, c sc, va cd n h n g n t tip ni
n n vn ha c tr uy n va c n h n g n t sig to, iPi m, x u t p h t t

s tip nhn nh hng ca cc nn vn hda cc nc xung quanh. Nn

vn hda i Vit thi L - T r n tr thnh c s vng bn cho nhng
thnh tu vn hda ca cc giai on lch s tip sau ca dn tc.

Chng IX

PHONG TRO KHNG CHIN CHNG MINH

V KHI NGHA LAM

A. PHONG TRO KHNG CHIN KHP T NC

I. CUC KHANG CHIN CA NHN DN

M RNG KHP NOI
Khi nii tin qun vo nc ta. Trng Ph la di v ha hn; "Ch
n ngy cha con gic L (tc nh H) b bt, s hp quan vin, tng li
v ki \o tro n g nc, tim con chu h T r n lp lm quc vng ra n
oan c cho u hn di sui vng, cu dn trong nc khi cn cc kh"^*^.
Nhng va chim c ng , Trng Ph a cho bn phn bi Mc
Thy mo x n g l quan li v kl lo nc ta, khai rng: "Con chu h T r n
b gic

git ht, nay khng cn mt ngi no" v "An Nam vn ! qun

Giao Ch' nn "xin cho ni thuc nh

Minh Thnh T ly c , i

nc ta lm q u n Giao Ch, mu sp nhp vo lnh th T ru n g Quc"

T h n g 6 n m 1407, Trng Ph tu v iriu inh nh Minh, chim
c nc ta gm 4 8 ph v 186 huyn. Ma h nm sau, T r n g Ph v
kinh, dng ln vua Minh "bn Giao Ch" ng - ty di 1.76 0 m , nam bc di 2 .8 0 0 dm, s dn gi 3 .1 2 0 .0 0 0 ngi v 2 .0 8 7 .0 0 0 "ngi Man"
(ch cc dn t c thiu s).
(1) Tng binh tin chinh An Nam bng vn. dn iheo Cao Mng

Nam chi nguyn, bn n irng

Vin Ortng bc c, fl Ni, 1932, ir. 222.

(2) Mtnh s, A n Nam im y ^ , q. 321.
() Khi vit chong ry chng li da vo sch Khi nghia Mm Sn ca Phan Huy
(1977) v ch s ch phong kin Vi Narn,lp II ca Phan Huy L (l% 2 )

v Phan Di Doan

I CNG LCH s VIT N.\M

27 2

T gia niii 1-107, tip ngay theo cuc kh n g chin th t bi ca nh H.

phong tro u tranh v tran g chng gic cu nc ca nhfm dfln ni
in nhiu ni. Nhn clAn huyn ng Lan v Trri T han h ph DiPti Chu
(Ngh An> ni dy ph nh ngc, git bn quan li

X ung quanh nhng

thnh ly trung tni ca ch nh ng Quan Uc ng D). Tfiy )6, qun

Minh phi tha nhn, c nhng " qun c nghch" t c nhng hoi ng
chng i ca ngha qun. C n^n rng ni rng ln, c c dn tc thiu s
vn lm ch qu hng ca minh v thn h lp nhng lc lng v tra n g
sn sn g nh gic. T h n g 9, mt o qun Minh do c Cao S Vn chi
huy, mi tin ln chu Qung Nguyn (Cao Bn g ) b chn nh kch lit.
Qun ch b tn th t nng, Cao S Vn b git ch t.
T h n g 11, ni quan Miu Thanh tu v triu nh nh Minh rng: "T i
cc ph Tn An (min Qung Ninh, H i Phng, Hi Dong)* Kin Bnh
(Nam nh), Lng Giang {B c Giang) cc chu ng H (Q ung Ninhi, T h i
Nguyn v sng Sinh Quyt, dn Man khng phc, hp nhau lm lon"*'^
T rn thc t, qun Minh lc by gi chi mi ch im c cc thnh ty. kim
sot c cc trc giao thng thy, b ch yu, P h n ln vng nng thn
v ni rng vn thuc phm v hot ng ca cc lc ing yu nc.

Khi ngha Trn Ngi v Trn Qu K hong

T r n Ngi (cn gi i T r n Qu) l con th vua T r n Ngh T n g
( 1 3 7 0 - 1372). T h n g 10 nm 1407, mt s ngi yu nc lp T r n Ngi
ln lm vua, tn xng l Gin nh D, cm u nit cuc khi nghia
Yn M (Ninh linb). Cuc khi ngha c ng o nhn dn hng ng
v tp hp c nhiu qu tc, quan li c c a triu T r n , triu H, tron g
c ng T t v Nguyn Cnh Chi. n gia nm 140 8, ngha qun
gii phng c mt khu vc rng ln t T h a n h Hta vo n Ha Chu
(T r Thin). T ngha qun tin ra vng ng b n g sng Hng, m nhiu
cuc tin cng vo nhng cn c qun s quan tr n g ca ch nh n
Bnh Than, ca Hm T ; chn ng qu a li ca ch T a m G iang (Vnh
Phc) v uy hip c vng ngoi vi th n h D ng Q uan.
Triu inh nh Minh phi c Mc T h n h l C hinh di t n g qun, iu
thm 4 vn qun sang tn g vin. Cui nm 1 4 0 8 , Mc T h n h tp trung mt
binh lc ln tin nh ngha qun bn B C (bn sng y Yn, i
( I ) l. VAn Phing, V it K iu th , q. 2

VIT NAM iT THI NGUYKN THY DN 1858)

273

di<^n vi th x Ninh Binh Nhnf v, qun ta git cht nhiu tng

soi, qun chc cao cp ca ch nh thng th b binh Lu T un , c
L Nghi, tham chnh Lu Dc, chi huy s Liu Tng v tiu dit khong
10 van qun ch. Ch c Mc Thnh v mt t tn qun thot ch t, chy
trn

thnh C L n g ( Yn, Nam nh, cch B C khong 18 km v

pha bc).

Chin Ihng B C c v mnh m tinh thn nh gc cu nc ca

qun dn ta v t o ra mt thi c thun li tin ln ginh nhng thng
l c ngha quyt nh. Nhng tic rng, sau chin thn g y, tron g b
chi huy cuc khi nghia T r n Ngi li ny sinh nhng mi mu thun , chia
r nghim trng. T r n Ngi, nghe li dm pha, m hi ng T t v
Nguyn Cnh Chn l hai tng ch cht ca ngh qun. Hnh vi t lm
cho ngha qun ch n nn, lng ngi li tn. ng Dung l con n g T t
v Nguvn Cnh D l con Nguyn Cnh Chn iin em mt b phn ngha
qun vo Ngh An, suy tn Trn Qu Khong l chu vua Trn Ngh Tng
ln lm vua, tc T r n g Quang D, tin hnh mt cuc khi ngha khc.
Cuc kh ngha T r n Qu Khong ra i do s phn lit, cha r trong
ni b cuc khi ngha T r n Ngi. T inh trng ko di s gy nguy hi
ln cho phong tr o do qu tc h T rn lnh o v s nghip cu nc ni
chung ca dn tc. N hng ngi cm u cuc khi ngha T r n Qu Khong
thy r iu y v tm cch hp nht hai !c lng yu nc ti di quyn
ca T rn Qu K h o n g ri suy tn T r n Ngi ln lm thi thng hong.
Tnh t r n g phn lit c hm dt, nhng cng lm cho uy tn ca qu tc
tn th t ho T r n b gim st v phonp tro u tranh mang danh ngha
ca h rhu nhng tn th t nng n.
Ngha qun Trn Qu Khong, sau mt thi gian cng c lc lng, vn
kim sot khu vc t T h an h Ha tr vo. Di s chi huy ca c c tng
D ang Dung, Nguyn Cnh IJ, Nguyn Su, ngha qun nhiu in tin ra
hot ng vng lu vc sng y, sng Nh, sng T h i Bnh, nh chim
ca H m T, n Binh T h a n , gy cho qun Minh nhiu thit hi.
Gia nm 1410, qun Minh va chim li c Thanh Hda th bng n
ngay cuc khi ngha ng Mc. Ngha qun nh bi qun ch, lm ch ph
Thanh Ha v phi hp hot ng vi cc khi ngha Trn Qu Khong.
Vng ng b n g cd cc cuc khi ngha L Nh Thanh Oai, L K hang

Th an h Dm - (T h a n h Tr, H Ni), Phm Tun ng K t (Khoi Chu,

l n g Y n), Ci v Nguyn Hin T r ng Yn (Ninh Bnh).
18-CLSVN T p

274

DI CNG LCH

s VIT

NAM

m in ni, phong tro chng Minh ca cc dn tc thiu s p h t Irin

rt m nh. l phong tro do cc ih lnh n g Lo, Chu S N hn, Bui

Qu Thng, Nguyn Khc Chn, Dng K hc Chung. Ngun Tr, Dng

T h Chn... cm u Thi Nguyn. l cuc khi nghia Nguyn Nh
i T (Thi Nguyn), Nng Vn Lch Lng Sn,N guyn Liu vng Lc
Na ( B c Oiang)... Dc bit, phong tro ngha binh "o d" (hng y) pht
t r i n rng ri v ko di nht.
P h o n g tro bt u dy ln T h i Nguyn cui nm 1410 ri lan khp
m in ni rng pha bc, pht trin sang vng T y Bc, vo n min ni
T h a n h Ha, Ngh An.
Nhn xt v tinh hnh qun Minh khong cui nra 1411 u nm 1412,
sch B nh nh Giao nam lc ( Minh) vit; "Lc by gi. t ng Quan v
pha ng, gic cp ni ln nh ong, gi l dp yn th chi c mt thnh Giao
Chu m

T cui nm 1408 n gia nm 1411, trong khong 3 nm,

triu inh nh Minh phi ba ln a thm vin bnh sang cu nguy cho
qun i ca chng nc ta. C ba ln tip vin u o Trng Ph, Mc
T h n h ch huy. D l hai vin tng hung hn ca ih Minh tng cm
qun xm lc nc ta v va c phong t tc hu n tc cng.
T r c sc n p lin tc v khc lit ca ch, nm 1412 cc cuc khi
ngha quanh ng Quan v cc ph vng ng bng b th t bi. N m 1 4 ) 3 ,
T r n g Ph tp trung qun thy v qun b, m cuc tin cng ln vo
pha nam, nh bi lc lng khng chin ca T rn Qu K h on g T n
B in h , T hu n l a (B nh T r Thin).
Sa u tht bi ca cuc khng chin ca nh H, cuc khi ngha T r n Ngi
{ 1 4 0 7 - 1409) v T rn Qu Khong (1409 - 1413) l ln nht. Hai cuc khi
ngha ny do mt s qu tc tn tht h T rn cm u nn ngoi mc tiu
ch n g Minh, ginh li c lp dn tc, cn nhm khi phc vng triu Trn.
Nhng hai cuc khi ngha y, do s bt lc v mt on kt ca nhng ngi
lnh o, nn cha tp hp c lc lng khng chin ca nhn dn c nc
v tr thnh phong tro yu nc c quy m ton quc. Nhng d tht bi,
phong tro u tranh v trang rng ln ca nhn dn th hin quyt tm
chng xm lc, ginh li c lp ch quyn t nc.

( I ) KliSu TuSn, Sinh inh Giao nam lc. ch Hn.

V/r K m

(T THI NGYN THY DKN 1858)

275

II. C H NH S C I 1 H C A N H M I NH
1. T ch c c h n h quyn d h c a n h M inh

Kiim 1407, sau khi chim c Dng D, nh Minh i nc ta lm

qun Giao Chi, coi nh a phng qun huyn ca T rung Quc. Chng lp
chnh quyn theo m hinh "chinh quc"
Dng u qun Giao Chi l ba ti: chi huy s ti, hay gi t t l ti ,
ph trch v qun chnh; tha tuyn b chnh s ti hay ti b chnh, trng
coi ve dn chnh v ti chnh; hnh n s t s ti hay ti n st. nni quyn
t php v giri st.
Di qun, nh Minh chia t li cc ph, chu, huyn. Nm 1407, nh
Minh t 15 ph gm 3 6 chu, 181 huyn. Ngoi ra, cn 5 chu tr c thuc
vo qun

Dd mi ch l s phn chia khu vc hnh chnh trn bn .

Trong thc t thi phi n nm 1414, nh Minh mi thit lp c h thng

chinh quyn c c cp ph, chu, huvn nc ta.
Nni 1419, nh Minh nh t chc li cc ing xi ca ta, lp thnh li
(1 10 h, do l trng ng u) v gtp i i o h, do gip th ng u) nh
c c;1iu hnh chnh ca nng thn T ru n g Quc. Ring vng kinh thnh th
lp thnh phng v song, tng dng nh ] nng thn. Chng mun
ph hy kt cu lng x c truyn ca ta, m rng chnh quyn h n
tn dn v c s trc tip khng ch nhn dn ta. Nhtig cc ln g x c
truvr*n da trn kt cu cng x nng thn, vn tn t ph bin v gi
c tnh t tr kh cao. Nhn dn ta da vo c s lng x ny on
kt, tp hp nhau li, kt hp cuc u tranh gi lng vi cu nc.
Cung vi b my hnh chnh, nh Minh cn xy dng mt h thng thnh
ly v thit lp mt h thng v, s dy c trn p phong tro u tr a n h

ca nh\n dn ta. Trong nm 1407, chng lp 14 v v 19 s vi tng s

qun ri ra ng gi l 9 9.28 0 qun mi v cd 5 .0 0 0 qun, mi s c. 1120
qun) Xung quanh thnh ng Quan c n 5 v: t, hu, trung, tin, hu,
vi s qun phng v l 28.000 qun. Cng vi qu trih m rTvg phm vi
chim ng, b my trn p li tng thm Ring trong nm 1418, qun Minh
lp thm 11 s. S qun Minh c mt thng xyn nc ta l trn 10 vn
qun, khng k s qun tng vin t T run g Quc sang mi khi cn thit.
Theo An Nam ch nguyn: "Phm nhng T)i cd ph, v, cng nhng ni
yu hai trong nc, u xy thnh ly kin c phng gi lu

( i) C ao tung I rng. An Nam h nguyt, SJ. Ir y)

Ch

276

DI CNG LCH s VIT SAM

tnh nhng thnh ly c n 39- Vt tch ca mt s thnh ly n

nav vn cn nh: thnh Ngh An (Hng Nguyn, Ngh An), thnh Din
Chu (Ngh An), thnh C Lng ( Yn, Nam Dnh) thnh Diu Ou (Gia
Lni, H Ni), thnh Xng Gaii^ (h x Bc Giang), thnh Ch Lng (Lng
Sn)...

2* C h n h s c h h t n b o
N h Minh ra lnh tc ot mi th v kh trong tav nhn d\n ta. Ai
c h to, c t giu chin thuyn, v kh, d l loi th s nhtt, u b khp
vo ti "phn nghch". Mi khi nhn dn ta phn khig hay vng ln
khi ngha th ip tc c hn g dng v lc n p khc lit vi nhiu th
on man r. Qun gic "i n u chm git th ca, hoc c h t thy
ngi lm ni, hoc r t rut ngi qun vo cy, hoc rn th t ngi ly
m, hoc lm nhc hnh bo lc mua vui, thm ch c ngi theo lnh
gic, m bng ngi ct thai, c t tay ca m v con dng cho
N hng ngi sng sdt th "b bt h t lm n ti v b em i bn m tan
t c bn phng^^^. Nhng ngi yu nc b qun Minh bt, nu khng
b git ch t m t cch tn bo, th cOng b y sa n g T ru n g Quc v khng
my ai c tr v
V phng din kinh t, nh Minh y mnh vic v vt ca ci v bdc
lt nhn dn ta mt cch tham tn.
Va chim c kinh thnh nc ta, Trng Ph cho qun lnh mc
sc cp ph v thu tin ng ch v nc, Ma ha nm 1408, sau hn mt
nm xm lc v cp bc, s 'chin l phm' m Trng Ph tu ln vua
Minh gm;
- 2 3 5 .0 0 0 con voi, nga, tru, b.
- 1 3 .6 0 0 .0 0 0 thch thc
- 8 .6 7 0 chic thuyn v
- 2 .5 3 9 .8 0 0 qun kh^^>.
T ro n g chnh quyn h, nh Minh thit lp mt mng li thu thu
mang tn l ti th u kha, ti tun kim, ti th bc, ti thu mui... v mt
s c quan khai thc ti nguyn gi l ngn trng cc (khai m bc), kim
trng cc (khai m vng), chu trng cc (m ngc trai)..(1) Vi s hn^^in cungmc, Sd, q. 12, tr. 31; hn dch, tp V[l, r. 113
(2) i Vit s k ton thu. Sd. t. I, ir. 227
(3) Mih 51. q.32l; iin run) c, q. 117.

VIT N M l (T THI NGYN THY DN 1858)

277

Tn c hn na, qun Minh cn lng bt hng ot dn ta em v nc

phc dch. Ring Trng Ph trc sau bt trn 90D0 ngi, phn nhiu
l th th cng. Qun Minh cn bt phng nhc, thy thuc, ph n, tr
em .. cem v T r u n g Quc hoc phc v eho triu nh v q.uan li nh Minh
hoc bn lm n t.
Niii 1417, nh Minh di ln B c Kinh v trong ba nm lin, huy
ng s c ig, sc ca c nc xy dng kinh thnh mi. Nh Minh
cng bt nhiu dn phu v th th cng nc ta lao dch trong cng trlnh
ny. V ngi thit k cng trinh xy dng i quy m l Nguyn An,
mt kin trc s ti gii nc ta b qun Mnh bt em v T ru n g Quc.
Nguyn An cng nh nhiu ngi c ti nng khc u b chng cng bc
bin thnh hon quan, sut i !m n cho chng.
3. m

T T i u

d n g ha

Mu ln nht ca nh Minh ! ng ha dn tc ta. m mu d c

quTi trit tron g ton b chinh sch d h ca nh Minh v c thc hin
ro rPt bng nhiu th oh him c, nht l nhng th on hy dit
dn tc, hv dit vn ha. Tt c nhng g tng quy nh s tn ti c
lp oa t nc ta, to nn sc sng ca dn tc ta, chng u tim
cch hy hoi.
TOn nc i Vit b xda b v t ai b chia lm qun huyn ca nh
Minh

Chng p dng phng sch ''d Di tr Di" gy chia r, lm yu

sc mnh on kt n tc ca ta.
T rong chnh quyn h, bn cnh bn tng s, quan li n h Minh c
snng gi nhng chc v ch chi, cliiig u to mt i ng quan li ngi
Vit kh ng gi l th qu an . Bn th quan ny c tuyn la trong s
nhng qu tc, quan li c ca triu nh T rn , H u hng gic v
trong s nhng phn t vong bn ca mi tn g lp x hi. Chng bt nhng
tr em manh khe, Tnt mi khi ng, tun t, gi l "giao ng* (tr con
t Giao Ch), a hng lot v Trung Quc, bin cc em thnh nhng k
ti i tru n g th n h , ngi th phc dch trong cung cm triu Minh, ngi
th tr v nc im th quan.
T ron g qun lnh, bn cnh s binh s nh Minh phi sang, chng cng
tuyn m kh nhiu th binh. Thpo quy nh nm 1416, t T hanh Hda tr
vo, c 2 sut inh chng bt 1 sut lnh; t T h a n h Hda tr ra, 3 sut inh
bt 1 sut lnh. S th binh ny c chia ve cc v, s, ng ln ln vi
qun Minh d b kim sot.

27 8

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

S lng th quan, th binh chini mt t l dng k Irong b my

h ca nh Minh. Nhng chnh k th cng phi th nhn rng: "u mc
Giao Chi cd k hng ri li phn, phn ri li quy phc" v th binh thi
"khi chin u thng hi lng, khng chu ht sc*'^ ^
Lc by gi, khp nc lu Lryn rng r\i mt. li nguvn:

"Mun sng di n rng n ni

Mun cht lm qu an triu Mini'\
Vn ha l mt c s tn ti quan trng ca dn tc l biu hin tp
tru n g sc sng bn lnh, tm hn ca dn tc. T ron g Am mUu ng hda,
nh Minh c bit ng nhiu th oan hy dit nn vn ha dn tc
ca ta.
Trc lc xut qun, Minh T h n h T Irc lip ra lnh cho bn tng
xm lng: "Khi tin qun vo An Nan th ch tr nhng bn kinh v sch
v Thch, o khng hy, cn t t c cc bn in sch, cc giy t cho n
sch hc ca tr con nh loi "thng, i, nhn, khu, L, k", ihi nht
thit mt Itnh giy, mt ch u phi thiu hy ht. T ron g nc y, chi
cd nhng bia do T rung Quc dng nn ngy trc th li, cn nhng bia
do An Nam lp ra thi phi ph cho ht, mt ch cng khng c
T rong cuc chin tranh xm lc nc ta t cui nm 1406 n gia nni
1407, vua Minh nhiu ln nhc T rong Ph phi thi hnh y mnh
lnh trn. T hng 8 nm 1418, triu inh nh Minh li c ngi sang nc
ta, v vt nhng sch v cn s<5t li em v T rung Quc.
Do thc hin ch trng hy dit vn hii ca nh Minh, phn ln cc
sch in chng, lut l cng nhng t c phm lch s, vn hoc, a li, qun
s... ca thi b qun gic cp ot v tiu hy, ThtO L Quv n
th "i nh H6 m t nc, tng nh Minh l Trng Ph ty ht sch v
c kim ca ta gi theo ng sng v Kim Lng v sau , nh L ra sc
thu thp, nhng mi phn cn c bn nm phn"^^^
Cui nm 1246, Vng T hng ph chung Quy in v vc Ph Minh
ly ng c v kh n p nhn dn ta.
Chung Quy n (cha Mt Ct, H Ni) vc Ph Mnh (Nam Dnh)
^I) Hong Mtnh ic lc, (ch HAn)
(2) L v an 1'hUng, yit kiu (hit, Sdd, q. 2
(3) L i Qu f)n. Tot p, I.l, ir. 101. 'lic ra. ihco lni c;i vua Minl. h.lu h sci vti ca IJ
gic ihiOu hy li ch. chi cm v Trung Ouc mi s ii.

b\ Lfi;ln

VIT NAM (T TIIl NGUYN THY DN 1858)

279

cng vi inh thp Bo ThiTi (H Ni) v tng Pht cha Qunh Lm

Q ung K inh) l bn ong trnh tiu biu ca ngh thut c ng thi L
T r n , c ndi ting l An Nam l i kh". Triu inh nh Minh v qun
xm lc Minh phm nhiu ti c ph hoi cc di sn vn ha dn tc
ca ta
Nh Minh cn coi nhng phong tc tp qun lu i ca nhn dn ta ]
"Man tuc". l Di tc" v bt phi thay i theo nhng quy nh cng bc
ca chinh quyn h. Chng bt dn ta khng c nhum rng en, bt
n ng khng c ct tc, ph n khng c mc vy m phi mc qun
di, o ngn theo kiu ngi Hoa. Chng cn quy nh cch n mc ca cc
ng c p tro n g x hi v ra sc truyn b c c l gio c a phong kin
T ru n g Quc.
T ro n g Bnh Ng di cOy Nguvn T r kch lit t co nhng ti c
d man ca qun gic.
... Tt cn nc Dng Hi, khng ra sch hi tanh,

Cht ht trc Nam Son, kh ghi dy ti c,

Tkn ngi u cm gin
Trbi dt chng diLig tha'\
NtM h ca nh Minh khng nhng km hm s pht trin t nhin
ca x hi m cn e ci nghim trng vn m ng ca dn tc v m
phm gi oa con ngi Vit Nam. t nc ng trc mt th thch him
ngho

Nhng nhn dn ta quyt tm vt qua th thch bng tt

c V chi v ngh lc ca mt n tc ang p h t tr i n m n h m.

B. KHI NGHA LAM SON (1418 - 1427)

I. L LI, NGUYN TRl, HI TH LNG NHAI

V CNG CUC CHUN B KHI NGHA
Lam Sn {Th Xun, Thanh Ha) lc by gi c gi theo tn Nm l
lng Cham, l hng thuc huyn Lng Giang, ph Thanh Ha. l mt
vng i ni thp xen k nhng di rng tha v cnh ng hp, Pha trn,
Lam Sn tip gip vi nhng ni rng trng ip ca thng du sng Chu,
sng M, pha di lin vi vng ng b n g rng ln ca Thanh Ha. V

280

DI CNG LCH S VIT NAM

mt giao thng, Lan Sn nm bn t ngn sng Chu, nil mch mu giao

thng quan trng gia min ni v mien bin.
Lam Sn l qu hng ca ngi anh hng L Li v l cn c bui u
ca cuc khi ngha do L Li lnh o.

L Li (13 8 5 - 1433 vn l ml ho trng r uy tin v n h

hng ln vng Lam Sn. Bi vn biQ Vinh Lng o Nguyn
Tri son, cho bit r ng t ba i ca h Li l Le Hi t
chc khn hoang, lp nn mt trang tri vng ny T "i
i im qun trng mt phong. NhAn dn a phng quen
gi L Li l o Cham.

B Vinh Lng ghi: Tuy gp thi lon ln m ch c n g bn, n nu tron g

ni rng, chm ngh cy cy. Vi gin qun gic tn bo ln hip ncn c n g
chuyn tm v sch thao lc, dc ht ca nh, hu i tn khch". T heo
di cuc khi ngha T rn Ngi, T r n Qu Khong, L Li "bit r thi th ,
cho l t t khng thnh cng, bi th khng d v ht sc LT kn hnh tch,
khng l ting

L Li b m t chun b mt cuc khi ngha mi v

dng tran g tri Lam Sn cng vi ton b ti sn ca minh lo toan

nghip ln.
Dn nm 1416, ti Lng Nhai, mt a im gn L am Sn, L Li c n g
18 ngi bn chin u thn cn nht lm l th kl ngha anh em* nguyn
mt lng nh gic cu nc. T ro n g l th cd ngha th ing ling , 19
ngi anh hng u tin ca khi ngha Lam Sn chch mu n th vi
li th c on nh sau:
"Nay nc chng ti, ph o chnh i L Li cng vi bn L Lai J n
Trng Chin, mi tm ngi, h hng qu qun tuy khc nhau, nhng
kt ngha thn nhau nh cng mt t lin cnh, phn giu sang d khc
nhau, nhng nguyn coi tnh nh chung ttt h khng khc.
Nay gic Ng xm chim, lng nh T r n , bt h H, qua ca quan m
lm hi, nn L Li cng vi bn L Lai n Trng Chin, mi tm ngi,
chung sc ng lng, gi gin t nc trong ci c sng yn lnh,
nguyn sng cht c nhau khng qun l th st son"^"^

Hi th Lng Nhai t c s ch o s hnh t h nh h t n h n u tin ca

( [ ) U Qu Dn. To\ ip {Di Vithm ss) Sdd. I l. tr. :3
(2) Bi vn th l.ng Nhai t.c chcp in>ng CrtC yii=i ph cr n i i Jng h kh;ii quc' cn Ihn iniu 1 .,
cc vn hn c dim d) drtng, nhng u chung n\(n

k' ngha ;irh cr)v ilHh gi:)c g nxii^c.

VIT NAM <T THI NGUYN T li Y N 1858)

281

b than mu khi nghia T ron^ s nhng ngi cl hi hi th ch s sng

lp ra cuc khi ngha l.ani Sn, (! bit c Nguyn Tri.
Nguyn Tn\i U 3 8 0 - 14*12> sinh li kinh ihnh T h n g Long
Cha l Nguyn ln g Long sau i tn l Nguvn Phi Khanh
tng i dy hc ri thi lin s i T rn v lm quan di
triu H6

ng ngoi l t T r n Nguyn Dn, mt qu tc

nha T r n . Nguyn Tri thi hc sinh nm 1400 v cng tham

d chnh quyn nh H, Khi nh H th t bi, Nguvn Phi Khanh
b qun Minh bt y sang T ru n g Quc, Nguyn T r i phi tm
n nu mt thi che mt. qun th.
Khi gp L Li, Ngiiyn Tri dng tp Bnh Ng sch . D l c mt k
sch ln nhm dit gic cu nc m Nguyn Tri nghin cu v m p
t nliu nm , nay mi tm thy ngi minh ch xng ng cng hin.
Rt icTc l tp B nh Ng sch b tht lc t lu. Theo L Qu n th trong
tc phm d, Nguyn Tri nu ln "ba k sch dp gic Ng^*^'.V theo
Nguy"n N ng T n h th Nguyn T ri khng ni n vic nh thnh m li
kho ni vic nh vo lng ngi"'^^ "Dnh vo lng ngi" (cng tm ) c
ngha l phi da vo dn, phi pht huy tinh thn yu nc, sc mnh
on kt, quyt tm nh gic ca ton dn. d l mt t tng ln vch
ra ng li chnh tr v ng ii qun s nhm t chc mt cuc chin
tranh nhn di yu nc chng ngoi xm.
Sau hi Ih Lng Nhai, cng vic chun b khi ngha c tin hnh
mt c ch khn trng. Lam Sn tr thnh ni t ngha ca anh hng ho

kit bn phng, ca nhng ngi yu nc t khp ni tlm v6 cng mUu

s nghip cu nc. D l nhng ngi dn ca cc bn lng xung quanh
Lam Sn v cc chu, huyn vng Thanh Ha, bao gm c min xui v
min ni, dn tc a s v dn tc ihiu s. l nhng ngi

COTI

u t

ca dn tc t nhiu ni xa xi, vt qu a mi tr ngi tim n t ngha.

T rong s nhng ngi ny c Pham Vn Xo, T r n T r i ca t kinh thnh,
Lu Nhn Ch cng vi cha l Lu T ru n g v em r l Phm Cung t min
ni Di T (Thi Nguyn), T rn Ngun Hn Sn Dng (Vinh Phc),
Nguyn X t vng ven bin Thng X (Ngh An), c c gia n ca L Li
nh Ng Kinh, Ng T... t t c nhng ngi yu nc y, khc nhau v

Qu t)n. Ton V hi ic, I.III. t|. VII.

(2) NiO l ic Viih lii t;i c* 'ni

(it tp,

q t

28 2

l CNG LCH s VIT NAM

t h n h phn x hi v dn tc, v qu qun V\ cuc sng. nhng iJou c n g

mt mi th khng i tri chung vi qun gic v cng ml. li tng quyt

tm ui gic cu nc.

II. NHNG THNG NM CHIN DU Di; TiN

Cng cuc chun b khi ngha ang c xc tin v mi m t th bn
tay sai ca ch nh hi thy. Tn tham chnh Lng Nh Ht vn qu
T hanh Hda, m t bo vi qun M inh: "Cha Lam Sn chiu vong np bn,
i ng qun lnh rt hu, ch n khng phi l nh. Nu giao long gp

c my ma th tt khng phi l con vt trong ao na tlu, Nn sm

tr i, ch lo v

Qun ch m mu bp cht cuc khi ngha t

trong trng nc. Trn c s cng vic chun b t kt qu v trc

tnh hnh , L Li v b tham mu quyt nh khi ngha.
Ngy 2 thng 1 nm Mu T u t (ngy 7 - 2 - 1 4 1 8 ) , vo dp T t c truyn
ca dn tc, ti Lam Sn, L Li cng ton th ngha qun lm l t c
khi ngha, m u cuc u tran h v trang chng qun Minh. L Li t
xng l Bnh nh vng, truyn hch ku gi nhn dn ni dy ou nc
Ngha qun Lam Sn bc vo cuc chin u vi quAn th trong mt
so snh lc lng ht sc chnh lch v mt s lng. Ton b ic lng
ngha qun khng qu 2 .0 0 0 ngi, trong lc lng nng ct chi c 20 0
qun thit t, 2 0 0 ngha s v 3 0 0 dung

Lc y, nh Nguyn Tri

ni: '"cm n chng n hai ba, o mc chng phAn ng h, qun lnh chi
vi nghln, kh gii thi th t tay khng"^^\
B n g li nh mai phc li hi, ngha qun A nh thng nhng trn

n Lc Thy, Mng Mt nm 1418 v Mng Chnh (Lang Chnh)

nm 1419.
T u y nhin, tron g hn nm u ca cuc khi ngha, nhng cuc vv
qut ln ca ch cng gy cho ngha qun nhiu tn th t. T r o n g mt
tr n cn qut vng Lam Sn nm 1418, qun Minh c bn Vt gian
a phng dn ng, nh p pha sau doanh tri ngha qun.
(1) ,arf Si hc IC ~Oi yt ngs ( )i)
(2) Nguyn

Ton tp, Sd. i r 70.

(3) Nguyn Trii. ro/t tp, Sdd, ir 138.

lp HI. tr 34.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

283

Chng <iut m m t tin ci L Li, lng bt nhng ngi th n thuc

r a ngha qu n trong c cA v v con gi ca L Li. Cng tr o n g khong
Ihi gian ny, tr c r.h ngcu c tin cng ln ca ch, ngha qun phi hai
ln riit ln ni Chi Linh (hay Linh Sn) l m t ngn ni cao, him yu bc
nht t-hung du sng Chu (nay thue x Giao An, gia Lan g Chnh v
T h n g X u n ).
Ln th nht rt ln ni Ch Linh, -ngha qun b tuyt lng n gn
hai thng lin. T rong thi gian u ca cuc khi ngha, ngha qun Lam
Sn a phi vt qua mun vn kh khn, gian kh. Nh li nhng ngy
chin u c lit , Nguyn Mng Tun ht li ngi ca kh t h anh hng
v tinh thn nh gic ngoan cng, mu tr ca ngha qun L am Sn;

"Chn phn t, mt. phn sinh, tuv chn lm ngho,

m ngt tri khi th.
~ B ao nhiu nghch, by nhiu thun, kho ty ca li dng, tht
tt bc anh hng".
(Ph ni Ch Linh)
Ln th hai rt ln ni Ch Linh, vo th ng 5 - 1 4 1 9 qun ch ui theo
b vy bn m t, quyt tiu dit cuc khi ngha. T ron g tnh th h im ngho
, L L a i t nguyn ci tran g lm L Li, dn 5 0 0 qun r a ph vng
vy nh la qun ch. L Lai v i qun cm t hi sinh anh ng
' cu L Li v cuc khi ngha khi mt tai ha nguy him.

L L a i m l ph o sch Dng T ^Ngc Lc, Thanh Hta), c mt

trong hi th Lng Nhai nftm H I 6

CA nh L Lai bao gm ngi anh c

l L Ln v ba con trai l L L, L L, L Lm u tham gia khi ngha

Lam Sn, v bn ngi (tr L Lm) hi sinh cho s nghip cu nc.
Cii cht ca L Lai l ci cht ca ngi anh hng x thn v nc.

III.
KHI NGHA LAM SON M RNG
HOT NG KHP MIN NI THANH HA
Khi ngha Lam Sn lc ii cha kh nng thng nht t chc v lih
o phong tro c ndc. Nhng so v cc cuc khi nghia khc, khi ngha
Lam Sn biu th r tnh ngoan cng, bn bj do dai ca n v ang c
xu hng m rng nh hng ra cc ni. Ti Thanh Hda, Nguyn Chch

284

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

hng ng em ton b lc lng gia nhp cuc khi ngha do L Li

Nguyn Tri lnh o. Mt s ngi yu nc tim n Lam Sn c
L Li giao nhim v tr v qu gy ng c s, chun b lc lng. Cuc
khi ngha Phm Lun Gip Sn nm 1419 c th coi l mt b phn ca
phong tro khi ngha Lam Sn. Trc , Phm Lun vo Thanh iAy
tham gia khi ngha Lam Sn v c L Li c v qu hot ng. Phm
Lun cng vi su em v dn lng Ng Uyn ni dy khi nghia

Nghia

qun nh thng qun Minh mt trn ln ni Hip Thch (Kinh Mn,

Hi Dng).
Gia nm 1419, qun Minh dng n K h Lam ngay Lam Sn chim
dng khu cn c ca cuc khi ngha v giam hm ngha qun min ni
rng ho lnh ca vng thng du sng Chu. T , ngha qun Lam Sn
chuyn hot ng ln vng thng du sn g M , xy dng cn c mi
Mng Thi (ty bc Thanh Hta gip Lo). Ti y, ngha qun c ngi
Lo gip d v lng thc, v kh v voi nga, tht cht mi quan h or\
kt chin u p gia hai dn tc Vit - Lo. T Mng Thi, ngha
qun theo lu vc sng M, nhiu ln tin xung hot ng vng Li
G iang (Cm Thy, B Thc).
T h n g 11 nm 1420, tng binh L Bn iu ng i qun - s ta chp
trn 10 vn qun - m mt cuc tin cng ln ln Mng Thi. Qun ich,
mt b phn t thnh Ty D tin ln, tnt b phn do th quan Cm Ln
dn ng t Qu Chu theo ng ni tin ln. Nghia qun b tn mai
phc sn trn ng tin qun ca ch, nh thng ba trn ln Bn
Bng, B Mng v Thi Lang, b gy cuc tin cng ln ca chng
Sau nhng th t bi trn, qun Minh phi rt bt mt s n tri min
ni v gi tri Quan Du ngn chn ngha qun v bo v thnh Ty D.
Cui nm 1420, ngha qun tp kch, nh chim tri Quan Du, tiu dit
trn 1 .0 0 0 ch. y l trn tp kch tng i ln, chng t s ln mnh
ca ngha qun Lam Sn. T , qun Minh phi rt v c th thnh Ty
D v cc n ly xung quanh ch tip vin.
Du nm 1423, qun ch li m cuc tin cng mi, t hai pha nh
ln Quan Du. Lc by gi s ch huy ca ngha qun chuyn ln y. L
Li v ngha qun phi tm rt ra huyn Khi (Nho Quan, Ninh Binh
trnh th vy hm ca ch. Qun Minh dc ton b lc ng ui theo
rt gp v t bn m t bao vy ngha qun. Nhn nh tnh hnh ngha qun

VT N;VM IT THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

lc y, L; Li ni: "Qun gic bn nit bao vy.

285

Dy chnh l ni m binh

php gi ! "t ch t (t a), nh nhanh thi cn, khng nh nhanh thi

cht.''' ^ Ngha qun ginh c th n g li oanh lit, git cht tng gic
l Phng Qu v hOn 1.000 qun ch, bt c hon 100 con nga. Nhng
trong trn nh, lc lng ngha qun cng b hi sinh nhiu. Mt khc,
huyn Khi gia hai thnh Dng Quan v Ty ca ch, khng phi
l cn c an ton. L Li quyt nh a ngha qun tr v ni Ch Linh
in th ba cng c lc lng.

IV . H O N M T N M T M H A H O N V I C H

Cng nh hai ln rt ln ni Ch Linh trc, ni rng che ch ngha

qun, nhng vng ho lnh, xa xi ny li im cho ngha qun khng pht
trin c lc lng v c khi lm vo cnh thiu lng thc nghim trng.
D hn hai thng, ngha qun phi sng bng rau rng, qu di, mng tre
v phi git c voi, nga n.
Tuy nhin v pha qun Minh, th n g 3 nni 1422 L B n cht, tham
tng T rn T r c c ln lm tng binh. T r n T r cng nh L Bn ,
tp trung nhng binh lc ln nht, m nhng cuc n p lin tip m
khng sao i u dit c khi ngha Lam Sdn. V vy, chng mun dng
nhng th on mua chuc, d d lm tan r hng ng ngha qun.
T rung Quc, nhng nm cui i Minh T h nh T, cuc chin tranh
vi Mng C li bt pht d di. T ron g ba nm t 1422 n 1424, nh Minh
ba ln nh nhau vi Mng C, mi ln huy ng n hng chc vn qun
cng vi hng chc vn phu v tiu ph khng bit bao nhiu tin ca.
T h n g 8 nm 1424, Minh Thnh T cht, Minh Nhn Tng (1 4 2 4 - 1425)
ln ni ngi mun tm thi ha hon tnh hnh Giao Chi. Vua Minh ra
lnh cho T r n T r phi tm cch '*chiu d" L L.
T rong tnh hlnh nh vy, cng cuc m phn tm thi nh chin
vi ch nhanh chng t kt qu. T h n g 5 nm 1423, L Li v ngha
qun tr v Lam Sn. T y, cuc khi ngha chuyn sang mt hnh thc

(1) ii ytvt s k io/i h (q. X. l 3b), Sdd. I.IU. tr 247

286

DI CONG LCH s V IT NAM

u tranh mi, va tran h th thi gian ha hon xy dng lc lng

chun b cho bc pht tr i n cao hn ca cuc ch in u ginh c lp, va
tin hnh u tranh v chnh tr v ngoi giao hxn t h t bi mi m mu,
th on ca ch. Nguyn T r i l ngi thay mt L Li, m nhin cuc
u tranh phc tp v khng km phn gay go ny.
T m ha hon ch l k nh Nguyn T r i ni tro n g ph Ni Ch Ln h
bn ngoi gi thc ha t h n "bn tr o n g lo rn chin c*, "quyn ti n
m lnh''... Ngha qun tra n h th thi gian ha hon ngn ngi t n g
cng lc ing v mi m t, ng thi t chc khn hoang sn x u t tch
tr lng thc. L Li, Nguyn T r i v b tham mu khng phi chi "iuyn
binh, chn tng", m cn phi n m p h n th n g , ra mu l" (Nguyn T r i,
ph Ni Chi Linh) ngha l nghin cu m t phng hng mi a cuc
khi ngha n thng li.

Sau hn mt nm, thy khng th k h u t phc c L Li v ph hoi

c cuc khi ngha, qun Minh bt g ia m s gi nghia qu n , chun b n
p. i vi ngha qun, mc ch ca s c h lc gi th c ha thn" cn g
t c. L Li quyt nh tu y t giao vi ch, ch ng tin cng, tip
tc cuc u tranh v tr a n g n th n g li cui cng. T th n g 10 nm
1424, khi ngha Lam Sn chuy n sa n g m t giai on pht tr i n mi.

V. P H O N G H N G C H I N

Lc C A

N G U Y N C H C H : T I N V O N G H AN

Tr c khi bc vo giai on u tr a n h mi, mt vn ln t ra cho

nhng ngi lnh o cuc khi ngha L a m Sn, nh L Li ni, l:
''Chng ta s i v u lo vic nc?". Diu ct ngha l phi tm ra
mt phng hng chin lc m i to n n nhng bc p h t tr i n vt bc
ca cuc khi ngha.
T r c yu cu mi c a cuc khi n gha, tng qu n Nguyn Chch lc
by gi gi chc nhp ni thiu y tr o n g b ch huy ngha qun, r a mt
k hoch c tm chin lc quan trng. T r o n g mt bui hp bn ca cc
tng, Nguyn Chch ni; "Ngh An i ni him yu, t rng ngi ng,
ti tng qua i nn rt th n g thuc t y. Nay hy tr c ht thu ly

VIT NAM (T THI NOYN THY DN 1858)

287

T r l.ong, chiT gi cho c Ngh An lm t ng chn ri da vo

sc ngi v ca ci t y m quav ra nh ng D th c th tnh xong

vic dep yn thin

Dng v m t a hnh, dn s, Ngh An ic by gi bao gm c H Tnh)
khng hn gi T h a n h Ha. iu quan tro n g Ngh An, nhn dn c truvn
thng q u t cng v lc lng ca ch li tng i yu. Chnh quyn
h ca nh Minh y mi c xy dng t nni 1414, cha c cng
c v lun lun b uy hip bi nh n g cuc khi ngha ca nhn dn, nhng
cuc binh bin ca mt s quan li v binh s yu nc, trong hng ng th
quan, th binh. T h n h Ngh An kh kin c, nhng lc lng ca ch cng
khng tp tru n g nhiu nh T hanh Ha. Hn na, trong s b tri lc lng
ca dch, Ngh An v m t bc, li xa c c so huyt nh ng Quan, Ty
, v v m t nam , lc lng ca ch Tn Bnh, Thun Ha rt mng.
T r o n g tinh hnh nh vy, ngha qun Lam S n c th bt ng v nhanh
ch n g gii phng ton ph Ngh An. Ngha qun trc ht theo ng
"thng o" chim lnh nin ni r ng "him yu", ri trn xung vng
ng b n g "t rng, ngi ng", xy dng "t ng c h n (lp cc chi
a) vng chi lm bn p chin lc tin ln thu phc c nc, hon
th n h nhim v gii phng in tc.

T Lani Sn, ngy 1 2 -1 0 -1 4 2 4 , ngha qun bt ng tp kch n a

C ng .Bt Cng, T h X u n ) m ng tin vo gii phtng Ngh An. n
ny c h ng nghin qun ch ng gi, do tn th quan tham chnh Lng
Nh Ht chi huy. T r n ra qun th n g li gin gi khng nhng c tc dng
m n g ti n q u n , in c lm n c l n g n g h a qun, nn g cao nim tin

tng vo phng hng chin lc mi ca cuc khi Iigha.

N gha qun theo con ng thng o" tin vo Ngh An m mc tiu
trc ht l h th n h T r Lp. Con ng ni ny theo lu vc sng Hiu,
sng Con v sng Lam .
Q u n Minh h t sc b t ng v vi vng i ph mt cch b ng. Tng
binh T r n T r c n g vi Phng Chnh, T h i Phc, L An iu qun t thnh
Tfty ui theo pha sau. Tng Minh Ngh An l S Hu cng vi bn
( l; Vii s hnsrn cn mc, q. XUI, l I7a.. bn dch tp V ll, tr. 19. yn bia "Quc aiu t mnh

cn thn** (lnjng Khi ngha Lam Sn} ghi cu ni ca Nguyn Chch nh sau 'TVi thng qua i
Nh An r>n bi r no him yu, noi bnh Uj. Nay nn vo chim ly trai Cm Bnh, nu Ihun heo
th v v, nJ chng i thi tnh ly. r n

Dng D th vic nc c th Ihnh dt*'. Kin vn

fii 4 ic v Oi yi hng s ca Le Qu Dn chcp tong l nh vy.

28 8

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

th quan l tri ph Cm Bnh T r Ln v tri ph Cm Ln Qu Chu,

c lnh em quln chn pha trc. Qun ch ni mu chn du v nh
pha sau tiu dit ngha qun trn ng vn ng.
Nhng ngha qun mu tr b tr mt trn mai phc B Dng hay
B Lp, thuc Qu Chu, Ngh An) nh bi cnh quAn ca T ran T ri T ron g
trn ny, ngha qun git cht tng gic l ti T rn Trung, dit trn
2 .0 0 0 qun ch v thu c hn 100 con nga. T r n T r b thua au khng
dm bm st theo sau ngha qun na. Cnh qun S Hu cng phi lui
v lp n tri T rnh Sn bo v thnh T r Ln.

H thnk Tr Ln,
Chu T r Ln (cn gi l T r Long) thi L, l mt chu quan trng ca
min ni Ngh An, tng ng vi huyn Con Cung, Tng Dng, tinh
Ngh An ngy nay. Thih Tr Ln, ni Cm Bnh lp **sn tri t'hng li
ngha qun Lam Sn, xy dng trn mt ngn ni b Bc sng Lam, gn
ng ba sng Con (nay thuc x Bng Kh, huyn Con Cung). Thnh p theo
th ni, chu vi chng 2 km, pha ngoi c ho v ro tre trc dy Cm Bnh
v hn 1.000 th binh rt ln "sn tri" c th, ch quAn cu vin.
Ch trng ca ngha qun l phi chim c thnh Tr Ln, v nh
Nguyn Chch ra, ''nu thun theo th v v, nu chg li th nh
Ngha qun va vy hm, va d Cm Bnh u hng.
Sau hn hai thng b vy hm> khng c cu vin, ngy quan Cn^ Bnh
kit sc v tuyt vng, phi u h ng ngha qun. Mt mc tiu quan trng
trong k hoch Nguyn Chch c thc hin thng li T rong "trn T r
Ln nh trc ch tro bay {Bnh Ng di co), ngha quti vn dng li
nh kt hp tin cng qun s vi d hng v thng lng T rn thng
th hin mt bc ln mnh v lc lng v mt bc pht trin v nghd
thu t qun s ca ngha qun.
Thnh T r Ln nm bn b sng Lam ni lin min ni rng vi vng
ng bng v trn con ng "thng o" chy ngang qua min T y Ngh
An. H c thnh T r Ln, ngha qun chim lnh c Tit v tri then
cht c th' khng c h c min ni rng pha ty Ngh An v t y c th
uy hip thnh Ngh An cng nh trn xung vig ng bng.
L Li dn i qun theo sng Lam, tin xung ng i Kh Lu
(Vinh Sn, Anh Sn). y l mt c a i him yu v t ngn sng Lam,

(I) yn hia "Quic tncu t mnh cCmg hn". Sdd.

VT NAM (T THI NCIIYKN T ll Y DN 1858)

289

cch thnh T r Ln khoAng ^Okm. Chim i Kh Lu, ngha qun khng

ch con ng tin qun ca ich v chn u qun ch.
Tai Kh Lu, ngha quan lm k nghi binh, "ban ngy th pht c gidng
trng, ban ni th t la"^ V Trong lc , ngha qun di b tr mt trn
a mai phc pha sau Kh [.u v mt cnh qun tinh nhu b mt vt
sng, giu qun Bi (Lang Sn> Anh Sn) pha di doanh tri ch
Ph Lii
Tng gic, T rn T r c thc i qun vt sng nh vo Kh Luu.
Qun ta rt lui nh ch vo trn a inai phc ri bt ng tung qun ra
nh Cng lc , cnh qun Bi S nh p vo doanh tri ch Ph
L. Qun Minh b tn tht rt nng, b chm v cht ui k n hng
vn ngii*^"^
Tuy nhin, qun ch ng nn Tri T r vn cng c doanh tri, p
thm chin v phng v, lm k ngn chn lu di. Nghla qun li dng
mu iu ch ra khi doanh tri nh bi bng li nh mai phc s
trng ca mnh. L Li ra lnh t ph doanh tri K h Lu, rt qun
v mn thng lu. Ngha qun b tr mt trn a mai phc B (c
Sn, Anh Sn?) ri khiu chin nh ch lt vo cm by. T ro n g trn ny,
qun la bt sng ti Chu Kit v hn 1.000 t binh, git cht tng tin
phong l ti Hong Thnh v rt nhiu qun ch. Chin th n g Kh
Lu ' Bo i, ngha qun p tan c mt cuc phn cng ln ca qun
Minh, tiu dit mt b phn quan trng qun ch lc ca ch v y chng
vo t h phng ng b ng

G ii p h n g c c chu huyi, vy hi th n h N gh An
Nhng chin thng lin tip ca ngha qun B ng, T r Ln, Kh
Lu - B i im cho b my chnh quyn ca ch cc chUj huyn b
rung chuyn d di. Qun ch ht sc hoang mang, khip s. Ngha qun
thi thng, ta v cc ni cng vi nhn dn nhanh chng lt ch thng
tr ca ch, gii phng cc chu, huyn.
Khi ngha qun Lam Sn tin vo Ngh An, vng ny ang cd nhng cuc
khi ngha, nhrig hot ng v trang chng Mnh ca nhn dn a phng.

Phan Liu v L Vn Lut vn chim gi chu Ngc Ma, tip tc cuc

chin u chng Minh.
(1} Mrn Sn ihc uc, Nj4vrt Tri. Toii p. Sdd. ir.5>.
(2) Dai i'U'( s ki mfi th. (t.x , l 14). ScJd, U I. ir. 252
IQ . C LSV N Tp

290

DI CNCx LCH s VIKT NAM

Ti thn T ra n g Ni (Yn Thnh, Ngh An), N gu yn

vinh L c c n g vi

s nng dn khai hoa ng tr o n g vng t v t r a n g , xy dng th nh m t

'lig chin u". Ngha qun va bo v xm lng qu hng chng li c c

cuc cn qut ca ch, cd c hi l tp kch tri gic, ot l lng thc,
ca ci v chia cho dn. Nguyn Vnh Lc c nii ngi suy tn lm 'T n
trng".
Pha nam ph Ngh An, N guyn B in cng c m u mt cuc khi ngha
chng Minh. Nguyn Bin vn l mt nng dn ngho Ph Lu (Can Lc)
cng vi mt s b con thn thuc vo khn hoang di chn ni Choc
(Cm Xuyn). Ngha qun chim gi ng Choc lm cn c khi ngha.
Mt n tri gic gn y b ngha qun tiu dit, vt tch cn li hin nay
l mt g t cao mang tn l ng Khch hay N n th n g Ng (x C m
Hng, Cm Xuyn), Nghia qun Nguyn Bin gii phng c hai huyn
Ki La (Cm Xuyn) v H Hoa (Ki Anh).
Sau khi ngha qun Lam Sn h thn h T r L n , P h a n Liu, L Vn Lut
v ton b lc lng xin theo L Li. Nguyn v in h Lc v 19 ngi bn
chin u hng hi tim n yt kin Bnh nh vng, nguyn ng trong
i ng chin u ca ngha qun Lam Sn. Chnh Nguyn Vnh Lc l
ng hin mu k nh thng tr n Kh Lu^*^
Nguyn Bin cng i ngha binh ng Choc c n g em hai huyn gii
phng pha nam Ngh An tham gia khi nghla L am Sn. T , Nguyn
Bin gi chc Bnh Ng thng tng qun chin u i l c Lam Sn
i ngha.
Khi ngha Lam Sn tr thnh ni quy t ca nhiu cuc kh ngha
v nhiu lc lng yu nc. Hin tung c T h a n h Ha vi s tham
gia ca Nguyn Chch, nay thnh hin tng ph bin v tiu biu cho mt
xu th pht trin quan trng ca cuc khi ngha khi chuyn hng vo

Ngh An.
Ti min ni, cc dn tc t ngi cng vi t tr n g c a h, u hng
hi tham gia khi ngha, L Li "v v yn i c c b lc, khen thng
cc t trng*'^^^ Hn 5 ,0 0 0 trai tr n g chu T r Ln c tuyn vo i
ng ngha qun. Mt t trng ngi Thi l C m Qu tr c y gi chc
tr ph chu Ngc Ma ca ch, cn g em 8 .0 0 0 qun v 10 voi chin xin
tham gia cuc khi ngha. Nhiu ti trng c cng dit gic c L Li
(1)

Nyn Vnt U k

i tngph k o Nguyn Vnh Lc scwn nm 'luin 'itin Ih 4 (14.'il).

(2) Oi Vit s k ion th, SUd. .ir. lr.252.

VIT NAM (T THI NGLTKN THY ):N 1858)

291

phon^ ltn Kh Lam quc cng n nay vn cn miu thc nit s bn

lng Miu K T r n g (Th Sn, Anh Sn) ih Trng Hn l mt tii trng
gip voi, nga, lng thc* v dn ng cho ngha qun tin v vy hm

thnh *rr Ln Miu bn Pht iL' D, Con Cung) cng th mt K h Lam

quc cng c cng gip ngha qun.
Tin xung c c chu, huyn vng ng bng ng n, ngha quAn cng
c nhan dn hng ng mnh m. Sx c ghi chp hin tng d mt cch
tng qut: "Ngi gi tr tranh nhau ?m tru ru n tn v khao qun,
du ni rng: khng ng ngy nay lai c trng thy uy nghi ca nc
c '; hoc "chia q u n i ly c c chu huyn, i n u ngi ta nghe ting

l quy ph, cng hp sc vy thnh Ngh An' v "nhn dn trong ci

dt di nhau n nh i ch^'^.
Dc b it c ni, nhn dn cn v tra n g ni y phi hp vi ngha qun
gii phng qu hng x s, tiu biu l cuc ni dy ca Nguyn Tun
Thin D Gia.

Ngiivi Tun Thin i m t nng dn ngho thn Phc u (Sn Phc,

Hng Sn), n g cha u sng bng nghe ]m rung, nh c v sn bn.
Nguyn T u n T h in v mt s thanh nin cng ch hng trong lng lp
ihnh mt i v tr a n g gi l "qun Cc Sn*' (Cc Sn l ngn ni trong
lng) bo v thn xm. Khi ngha qun Lam Sn tin vo vng ny,
Nguvn T un T h in v i qun Cc Sn huy ng nhn dn ni dy,
phi hp vi ngha qun nh tan cc n gic, gii phdng ton b huyn
Ga.

)fin th n g 2 nam 1 42 5, 2 0

huyn ra ph Ngh An c gii

phng. B my chnh quyn ca ch t cp ph n cc chu, huyn b sp

, cc n tri ca ch ln lt b tiu dit. Qun Minh ch cn gi c
thnh N gh An, "gic dng cht ca thnh, khng dm ra: th l t Ngh
u v ta
T sau trn K h Lu " B 6 i, ngha qun ui theo, p st chn
thnh, b t u uy hip v vy hm thnh Ngh An. Cc chu, huyn c
gii phng cng dn qun ch thnh Ngh An vo th c lp. Tuy vy,
qun Minh do tng binh T r n T r ciTi u vn da vo h thng phng v
kn c v cao im li hi ca thnh c th ch vin binh.
Sau my ln phn cn g b i bi qun Minh thnh Ngh An b tn
th t nng n v m t ht kh nng phn kch, chng p thm thnh ly,
(1) (2) )i

' l c t X'f

kl t/i

ih u ,

Sd. t II. tr 254.

292

DI CirNG LCH s VIT NAM

lo c th lu di Ngha qun nhiu in khiu chin, nhng quAn ch khng

dm r a khi thnh. Qun ta xit c h t vng vy, giam ch:\n chng (rong
thnh v xy dng t Ngh An thnh mt cn c a cho cuc chin tranh
gii phng dn tc.

VI. M RNG KHU v c GII PHNG

T h n g G nAm 1425, ing inh L c lnh tin ra gii phng ph Din
Chu [gm cc huyn Qunh Lu, Din Chu, Yn Thnh). S c ca ta chp:
inh L em quAn i tun Din Chu^ iu c ngha i, nhn cin cc
chu, huyn vng ny vng dy gii phng qu hng ca mnh, nh
tng m ng chnh quyn ca ch. Qun Minh phi co v gi thnh Din Chu
Lc by gi, ti Trng Hng ang em 3 0 0 thuyn lng vo tip t
cho th n h Din Chu, inh L b m t cho qun mai phc ngoi thnh, nh
tan s qun ch ra n thuyn lng v chim c nhiu lng thc,
thuyn b ca ch. T rn 3 0 0 qun ch b xc, Nhng tn t Cn Trn,
Cn Ng, cnh ng Xng... l di tch ca chin trn ny.
Ngay sau y mt lc lng li vy hm thnh Din Chu, Dinh L
ly thuyn ch vt bin ui theo Trng Png n tn T h a n h Ha, L
Li cng lp tc phi cc tng L Trin, L St, Lu Nhn Ch, Bi B
em 2 .0 0 0 qun tinh nhu v 3 voi chin, theo ng ni ra T h an h Hda
tip ng cho Dinh L
Qun Minh Thanh Ha phi iu mt b phn quan trn g vo c
vin cho Ngh An. Lc lng qun ch suy yu hn my nm trc nhiu.
Ha cn h qun ca Dinh L v L T rin cng phi hp, nh p thnh Ty
. N gha qun git cht 5 0 0 qun ch v bt sng c rt nhiu. Qun
Minh phi b cc doanh tri ngoi vi, rt ht vo trong thnh c th.
T h n h Ty l thnh ly ln n h t v kin c nht ca qu n Minh k
t T h an h Hta tr vo. Ngha qun vy hm thnh Ty , ri chia \ cc
chu, huyn cng vi nhn dn nhanh chng gii phng ton ph Thanh
Ha. Khp ni, nhn dn v cng phn khi, vng dy cng vi ngha qun
tiu dit cc n tri gic, nh sp chnh quyn h; "ngi Thanh Hda
tranh nhau n ca qun xin Hu cht nh
(1) Dai Vit s k on (luf.

s.ld, t II, ir.255.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

Vic

g ii

293

phng Ngh An, Din Chnu. T h an h Ha lm cho qun ch

Tn Bnh, Thun Hda hon ton b ohia CI v c lp. Vi ch trng; "b

ch mah nh ch yu, trnh ch vng nh ch nng, th dng sc mt
na m thnh cng gp

ngha qun gp rt tin vo gii phng hai

ph pha nam.
T h n g 8 nm 1425, L Li phi cc tng Trn Nguyn Hn, L N, L
Da B cm hn 1.000 qun b v 1 voi chin; cc tng L Ngn, L Vn
An, Phm Bi ch huy qun thy gm hn 7 0 chin thuyn, tin vo gii
phng T n Bnh, Thun Ha. Ngha qun nhanh chtng p tan sc khng
c yu t ca ch, vy hm hai thnh T n Bnh, Thun Ha. Nhn dn
ht lng gp ngha qun gii phng cc chu, huyn. H ng vn thanh

niu hng hi xin gia nhp ngha qun. T r n Nguyn Hn tuyn chn c
vi vn trai t r n g b sung i ng

Nh vy l ngha qun gii phng c mt khu vc rng ln ni lin

mt d t Thanh Hta vo n o Pli Vn. Trn khu vc , qun Minh
ch cn gi c my thnh ly b c lp v hon ton b vy hm, t
lit mi hot ng. T thng 10 nm 1424 n th n g 8 nm 1425, chi trong
10 thng, khi ngha Lam Sn ginh c nhng thng li c ngha
chin lc to tn, lm thay i v c bn c c din chin tranh v so snh
lc lng gia ta v ch. Bc tin nhy vt ang to ra th v lc a
cuc chin tranh cu nc tin ln giai on ton thng.

VII. PHT TR[N THNH CHlN TRANH

GII PHNG DN TC
T i n qu n ra B c
Nhn lc qun ch nc ta ang th suy, lc yu. m vin binh ca
nh M inh th cha kp sang, L Li, Nguyn T r i v b ch huy ngha qun
quyt nh m cuc tin qun chin lc ra B c. Nguyn Tri ni; thi
c, thi c, thc khng nn

Mc ch ca cuc tin qun ny l nhm

tranh th mt thi c cd li, a cuc chin tran h gii phdng dn tc pht

(I) Di I

s ki ton th. Sd. I.II* tr.255

{2) Niuym (ri. Qui it/t; t mnh ip, Nhxul bn s K.IC. I Ni, 1961. lr.46

294

DI CNG L(;H s VIT NAM

trin ln quy m c nc, ginh nhng thng li c ngha chin lc quan

trng v qun s v chnh tr ch ng i ph vi VM binh ca eh.
T h n g 9 nm 1426, ba o qun tin ra Bc theo ba hng nh sau;

Do qun th nht c 3 .0 0 0 qun v l voi chin, do Phm V\n Xo, L

T rin, T rn h Kh, B... ch huy. Do qun nv tin ra vng Thin Q uan.
Qung Oai, Gia Hng, Quy Ha D Giang, Tam i, tc
vi nhim v gii phng vng ny, uy hip

vng Ty Bc,

m l ty th nh Dng Quan v

ngn chn vin binh t Vn Nam sang.

o qun th hai c 5 .0 0 0 qun v 2 voi chin, do Lu Nhn Ch, Bi

B... ch huy. o qun ny chia lm hai cnh. Cnh th nh t tin ra vng
Thin Trng, T n Hng Kin Xng, gii phng vng h lu sng Nh v
chn ng rt qun ca ch t Ngh An v Dng Quan

Cnh th hai

tin ln vng Khoi Chu, Thng Hng, H Hng, B c G iang, Lng Giang,
tc vng ng Bc, ngn chn vin binh t Q ung Ty sang.

o qun th a c 2 .0 0 0 qun tinh nhu, o inh L, Nguycn X ch!

huy, tn thng ra pha nam thnh Dng Quan.
C ba o qun chi c 1 0.0 00 qun v 3 voi ch. T h m ngha qun
hot ng trn mt phm vi rng ln bao gm ton b vng ng bng,
vng tr u n g du v mt phn t h n g u cc ph huyn p h a b c (mi n B c

b ngy nay). Nhim v ca ngha qun khng phi l chin ii mt cch

n c, m lun s vo vng chiti cng ca ch, kt hp vi c c lc
lng yu nc a phng v s ni dv ca nhn dn nhm "cKiMi gi
t ai, chiu ph nhn dn, trit ng vin binh c a giC'^^K
Trc y, L Li c ngi r a B c lin

kt vi nhng ngi yu nc

v gy ng c s mt s ni cn thit.
Cui nm 4 2 5 , Phan Liu v L Vn L u t c phi ra hot ng
vng Gia Hng, Quc Oai. S nh Minh chp rng: "Li sai ng l bn
Phan Liu, L Vn Lut ra c c chu Gia Hng Quc Oai, chiu lp ng
nghch c n g ngy cng nhiu"^^\
T cui nm 1424, s nh Minh cng ghi nhn c qun ca L Li hot
ng Lng Sn, git cht tri ph Dch Tn.

(I) N ^ kv Tri Tot tp, Sdd, Ir. 60 V bn Latri S(7ft th' c, Ti VAn h 'lnh I ; xiit hn
ir. 249.

{2) An

k h b/t mt, q. l.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TY N 1858)

295

Thnh C Lng (V Yn, Nam Dnh i mt thnh ly quan trng ca

ch n ng hai con ng (hy b, ng thin l v ng sng Dy, t
T hanh l a ra ng Quan. Mt ngi ph n yu nc lng C hu Cu
gn y, l Lng Minh Nguyt, sm tm vo Lam Sn tham gia khi
nghia

L Li giao cho b nhim v tr VG qu hng hot ng. Chnh

Lng Minh N guyt cng vi dn lng dng mu git hi nhiu qun

Minh v chun b phi hp vi ngha qun vy hm thnh C Lng.
Trck' sc m nh tin cng ca mt cuc chin tranh nhn dn nh vy,
"ngi Minh chi lo ngi gi ' ch qun cu vin m
Khi ngha L a m Sn a pht trin thnh chin tranh gii phcTig dn tc
quy m c nc, Khu vc gii phng t Thanh Ha tr vo c m rng
ra pha bc bao gm hu ht cc ph, chu, huyn, tr mt s thnh ly v
vng kim so t ca qun ch. Qun Minh suy yu, li b dn vo th
phng ng b ng tr n c nc. Nhng thng li v cng quan trn g
ang to ra t h v lc mi qun v dn ta tin ln ng u vi vin
binh ch.
Sau khi gii phtng cc chu huyn, ngha qun bt u tin cng uy
hip Cc thnh ly ca ch, ch yu l thnh Dng Quan, v ch n nh
vin binh ich.

V IIL C H I N T H N G T T N G C H C N G (1 1 -1 4 2 6 ).

Sau trn N inh Kiu, Trn T r cho ngi m an g th ln vo thnh Ngh

An, yu cu L An v Phng Chnh "b thnh Ngh An, v cu cn
L An, Phng Chnh giao thnh Ngh An li cho Thi Phc c th, ri
em i b phn qun [inh v cu ng Quan. Ngy 17-10-1426, chng dng
thuyn, nhn lc ban m. vt bin ra Bc.
L Li nhn nh Unh hnh: "Th gic ngy mt yu, qun ta ngy mt
mnh, thi c n m khng hnh Bg ngay, s l m t c

Thnh

Ngh An khng cn l mc tiu quan trng na. Qun ch ang c gng

f 1) ( )

i> w

yi

Mi

k ton h

X. l 20a). Sdd. t II. tr. 257

(3) .rn Srrn thc htc, Di y s k tot tu, Sdd. t. II. ir 257. ir 24.

296

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

tp tru n g v ng Quan phi hp vi vin binh m nhng cuc phn

cng ln. M t trn chnh T rng chuyn ra Bc, vng quanh D ng Quan
v cc tr c ng tip vin ca qun Minh, L Li quyt nh m t b
phn ngha qun li vy hm thnh Ngh An, ri cng vi b ch huy
thng lnh i qun, theo hai ng thy, b ui theo L An, Phng Chnh
Nhng qun ch cd nhiu thuyn ln, phng ra bin khi, chy th o t
v ng Quan.
i qun L am Sn dng li T h a n h Hda mt thi gian. T i i bn
doanh t L G iang, L Li sai t n g cng thm lc lng vy h m
th n h T y , khng cho chng r t v ng Quan v c n g c v ng c h c
khu vc gii phdng t T hanh Ha t r vo, chun b a i qu n
ra Bc.
Ti D ng Quan, khong cui thng 10 nm 1426, qun ch tp tru n g
c mt lc lng kh n. Di binh Ihuyn ca L An, Phng C hnh
vt qua c lc lng ngn chn ca ngha qun vng ha lu sn g Nh,
ko v hi qun vi T rn Tr. Nm vn vin binh ca Vng Thrig cng
tin ti ng Quan. Ton b qun ch c khong trn 10 vn bao gni
b binh, k binh v thy binh, trong lc lng nng ct l vin binh ca
Vng Thng. Theo lnh vua Minh, Vng Thng gi chc tng bnh nm
quyn ch huy cao nht, bn cnh tham tng M Anh v tham tn qun
v T r n Hip, T r n T r v Phng Chnh b cch chc, nhng vn lu li
trong qun "lp cng chuc t r .

u thng 11 nam 1426, li mt b phn gi Ihnh Dng Quan, Vng

Thng huy ng ngt 10 vn qun vo cuc phn cng y tham vng ca
hn, T ng Quan, qun ch chia m ba o tin ra chim lnh nhng
v tr bi p ca cuc phn cng.
- o qun th nht do Vng T hng trc tip ch huy, ng bn C
S trn sng y v con ng b t pha ty n Dng Quan.
- o qun th hai do Phng Chnh, L An ch huy ng cu S a i
trn sng Nhu
o qun th ba do Sn Th, M K ch huy ng cu T h a n h Oai
trn sng Dng v con ng b t pha ty nam n ng Quan
Qun ch trin khai i hinh, chim inh ba v tr c ng u mi
cc ng giao thng thy b pha ty v ty nam Dng Quan. T nhng

VIT NAM T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

297

v ir , ba o qun Minh hinh thnh ba mi tin cng nhm vy qut

mi vng rng ln, m muc tiu ch ypu l cn c Ninh Kiu (Chng M
H T y ca do qun Pham Vn Xo. L Trin.
o qun Pham Vn XAo. Lv Trin ng Nnh Kiu l i tng vy
Uii ca ch v cng l o qun m ng hng trn nh u tin
chng li cuc phn cng ln ca Vng Thng.
T ro n g ba o qun ch, ngha qiiin chn o qun cu Thanh Oai lm
mc ti*u tn cng. Do qun ny nm hi tch ra v pha ty nam, binh
lc khng nhiu, l khu yu nht trong ba mi tin cng ca ch. Ngy
5 - 1 1 - 1 4 2 6 , igha quAn b tr mai phc sn cnh dng C Lm (Thanh
Oai, H Ty) ri khiu chin nh ch ra khi doanh tri tiu dit. Sn
Tho, M Ki tung qun ra ui nh, A b dn vo trn a mai phc v b
i bi. Hn 1.000 quAn ch b cht ti trn . Sn Th. M Kl tho chy v
ng Quin Ngha qun truy kch n tn cu Nhn Mc, git thm nhiu
qui ch v bt sng hn 500. Do qun Phng Chnh, Lv An ng cu
S a i thv b e da trc tip, cng vi vng r t qun v Dng Quan
trnh n tin cng ca quAn ta
S qun ch b tiu dit cha nhiu, nhng th trn ba mi vy dit ca
Vng T h n g b ph sn Cuc phn cng chin lc quy m in ca ch
va mi thc hin b nhng n ging t r quyt lit.
Ngay ti ngy 5 - 1 1 - 1 4 2 6 , Vng T hng ra lnh iu s bi binh mi
chv v Dng Quan ln C' S. Vng T hn g phi thay i k hoch hnh
qun

n tp trung tt c binh lc li th nh nit khi ln t C S

nh th n g xung Ninh Kiu, hiio vy cn qut khu cn c ca ngha qun,

Ngav hm sau, ngv G -1 1 -1 4 2 6 , mt b phn nghla qun do L T rin
chi huy t Ninh Kiu tin ln tp kch doanh tri ngoi vi ca ch C
S. T r n nh nhm quy ri, tiu hao v khiu khch qun ch.
Vng Thng lin huy ng i qun nh xung Ninh Kiu. Nhng n
ni ih i thy ngha qun hy b doanh tr i, rt v Cao B (Chng M,
H Ty). T i y, o qun Lam Sn th ba do inh L. Nguyn X chi
huy, t T hanh i (Thanh Tr, H Ni) cng b m t ko n hi qun.
Hai o qun phi hp ch t ch, chun b mt th trn li hi quyt
ginh thng li quyt nh, p tan ouc phn cng ca Vng Thng.
T Ninh Kiu n Cao B c hai con ng.

298

DI CONG LCH

VIT NAM

+ Con ng ci l ng "Thng o t Ninh Kiu qua Chc Dng,

Tt ng ln Cao B.
+

Con ng t t t Ninh Kiu qua Chc Dng ri vng v pha bc

Cao B.
Vng Thng t Ninh Kiu nh ln Cao B nht thit phi hnh qun
theo nhng con ng . Ngha qun khn trng b tri hai tr n a
mai phc ln T t ng v Chc Dng ch ch.
T Ninh Kiu, Vng Thng chia qun lm hai o tin nh Cao B.
Do chnh binh do Vng Thng chi huy, theo ng ci nh th n g vo
pha trc Cao B. o k binh theo ng tt, ln nh p vo pha sau
qun ta. Nhng cha kp thc hin th c hai o qun ch b ri
vo cm by v b nh cho tan tc T t ng v Chc Dng.
Qun ta git cht ti trn trn 5 vn qun ch v bt sn g trn
1 vn. D l cha k s tn qun ch tho chy qua Nnh G ian g b cht
ui rt nhieu, n ni "nc Niih Kiu vi th khng chy c^^^ v "lm
nghn c khc sng Ninh G iang^"^ T ron g s tng Minh b git ti trn
c thng th b binh T rn Hip, ni quan L Lng v chi huy L Dng.
T n g binh Vng Thng cng b thng. Qun ta thu c r t n hiu chin
li phm gm: nga, xe, vng bc, qun trang, v kh...
Chin thng Tt ng - Chc ng (hy Ninh Kiu) i vo th vAn
c a Nguyn Tri vi nhng hnh tng ho hng

Ninh Kiu mu chy thnh sng, hi tanh mun dm.

T t Dng thy phi y ni, thi nghin thu.
J5n/i Ng i co
M u b n g tr n C Lm v kt th c bng trn T t ng - Chc
ng, chi tron g my ngy, qun i L a m Sn kt hp vi lc l ng v

tra n g ca cc lng x v c nhn dn ht lng ng h, nh bi

hon ton cuc phn cng ngot 10 vn qu n ca Vng Thng. Q u n dn
ta tiu dit mt b phn r t quan tr n g sinh lc ch tron g c phn
ln o vin binh ca nh Minh mi sa n g , nh sp ca V ng T h n g
m un xoay chuyn cc din, ginh li t h ch ng chin lc tr n ch in
trng. Sau tr n i bi ny, Vng T h e n g tho chy v D ng Q u an , lo
c th. Qun ch cn g b ln su vo t h phng ng b ng tr o n g cc
th n h uy tr tri.
(1) Di Vi s k ton hu UyX, i 22b) S<Jd. t.lL tr.29.
(2) yii s ihntrrt cnmc. Sd. .XU. tr.799.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

IX .

299

V Y HM NG QUAN

V C C TH N H L Y KHC
S o n g son g vi cng vic xy dng hu phng, ngha qun tip tc y
mnh cu c u tranh vi ch. Bc pht, trin sng to ca cuc u tranh
trong giai on t sau chin thng TI Dng - Chc Dng l kt hp cht
ohc gi a ba mt.; qun s, ch vn v ngoi giao.
N hng cuc tin cng ca qun ta cin ch vo tinh th cc k nguy
ngp. C hinh tron g cnh "ch cng lc tn" iBnh Ng di c)y Vng Thng
phi "sai ngi a th xin ha, mong c ton qun tr v
M c tiu cao c ca khi ngha Lam S n l ui gic cu nc, ginh
li c lp d n tc. Mi khi qun ch chu t b d tm xm lc,
xin r t q u n v nc th ta sn sng m ng cho chng rt lui. V vy,
khi n h n c th Vng Thng, L Li ni: *'Li y c nhin hp ta.
V i binh php ni; khng nh m k h u t phc c ngi, k ng
binh nh t h mi l

T , bt u m ra cuc u tra n h ha

nghi vi ch. Nguyn T r i thay m t L Lii m ng cuc u tranh

phic l p ny.
Sau mt thi gian thng ing, hai bn i n mt s kt qu bc u.
Vng T h n g cam kt rt ht qun v nc. Qun ch cc thnh s c
gii vv. tp trung v Dng Quan v nc Qun ta bo m cc iii
kipti a n ton cho qun ch rt lui i vi triu nh nh Minh, ta p dng
mt H sch lc

mng khi mt th din ca 'thi^n triu" nh lp

con c h u nh T r n \hm vua, chu cu phong... L Li lp T rn COy mt

ngi t x n g chu ba i vua T r n Ngh Tng, ln lm vua trn danh
ngha, l vl m c ch ny.
QuAn ta cn ni rng vng vy co thnh, cho php quAn ch c ra
vo ma bn. T rong nhng bc th gi cho Vng Thng, Nguyn T ri ch
r, ha ngh thnh, chin tranh kt thc, iu c li cho nhn dn c
hai nc: "khng nhng sinh linh nc ti c khi lni than^ m binh s
T ru n g Quc cng khi ni kh gm ao",
u nm 1427, nh Minh quyt nh iu qun san g tip vin cho
Vng T h n g V vy, Vng Thng b ngoi thi ndi ging ha lm k
(1) Oat ^ s ki I(jn hu (q. X. UI 25a) Sd. ! II. ir 261
(2) i)i yit s ki ton ihu (q .x . l 26i) Sdd. t.i. r 26!.

300

DJ CNG LCH s VIT NAM

hon binh, bn troig thi vn tip tc o ho, p ly, cam chng, lo c

th lu di. Hn cn sai thm t ln lt vt bin gii, mang th bc sp
v nc tu bo tlnK hlnh v khn thit xn quAn cu vin.
Trc thi v hnh ng gian tr ca ch, L Li ra lnh khp cht
vng vy quanh thnh Dng Quan. Qun ta mai phc, bt sng hn 3 .0 0 0
qun ch v 5 0 0 con nga. u nm 1427, L Li di ai bn doanh ln
B D (Gia Lm , H Ni), i din vi th^nh Dg Quan qua sng Nh Ti
y, L Li, Nguyn T ri trc tip ch! o vic vy hm thnh Hng Quan
v cuc u tranh va nh va m vi ch. L Li sai dng mt lu cao
ngang thp Bo Thin quan s i tnh hnh ch trong thnh.
Bn o quxi Lam Sn p s t bn ca thnh ng Quan. Pha au l
ba tri qun ng ba m t; Co Dng ^T Lini, H Ni) pha t^y bc,
S a i (T Lin, H Ni) pha ty v Ty Ph Lit phia nani. Pha
ng, bn kia sng Nh, l mt h thng chin ly v doanh tri c a ngha
qun, va bo v i bn oanh B , va ngn chn khng cho qun ch
lin h vi cc thnh ly pha bc.
Tuy vy, L Li, Nguyn Tri tip tc cuc u tranh ha ngh vi ch.
Thc ch t d l mt cuc u tranh chnh tr v ngoi giao nhm vch trn
bn c h t phi ngha, ngoan c ca k th, vn ng, thuyt phc chng, ng
thi m sn li th ot cho triu Minh khi kt thc chin tranh

D l ch

trng m trong Bnh Ng i co, Nguyn Tri gi l: Ng Mu pht nhi

tm cng, bt chin t khut" (T a mu tn' nh dp bng cch nh vo
lng ngi, khin khng dnh m qun gic phi t khut phc). "nh vo
lng ngi y l dnh vo lng gic, l ch vn.
Tuy nhin, Vng Thng vn li dng Thng ch s h ca ngha qun,
m m t s cuc phn kch, c to ra vi thng li nh ri khuch i ln
mong gi tinh thn qun lnh.
Ngy 4 - 3 - 1 4 2 7 , Phng Chnh tp kch doanh tri Co ng.
Ngy 1 3 - 3 - 1 4 2 7 , mt ton qun Minh ln ra nh doanh tri S a Di.
Ngy 6 - 4 - 1 4 2 7 , Vng Thng t em mt i qun tinh nhu, bt ng
tp kch doanh tri Ty Ph Lit.
Ngoi ng Quan, qun Minh cn chim gi 12 thnh: Thun Ha, Tn
Bnh, Ngh An, Din Chu, Ty , C Lng, iu Diu, Tam Giang, Th Cu,
Xng Giang, Ch Linh, Khu n . i vi cc thnh ly ny, ch trng chung
ca ngha qun cng l va vy hm va d hng, ngha l kt hp tin cng
qun s vi ch vn, c nng ln thnh th trn chin lc.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TIY DN 1858)

301

Nm thnh t Thanh Ha tr vo d b vy hm t nm 1425. Cc thnh

pha bc bt u b vv ham vo khong cui nAm 1425 u nm 1426.
Di vi qun Minh, Nguyn Tri ch r t h t t thng ca ta, th tht bi
ca ch, vch trn ci ^bi c tht tn" ca Vng Thng, ci "c tng
loin" ca triu nh nh Minh v khuyn bo: "Cc ngi nu bit ko qun
ra thnh cng ta ha ho thn tinh^ th ta coi cc ngi ngha nh anh eni
rut tht, no ch nhng bo ton tnh mnh v con m thi u!. M t
khc, Nguyn T ri cng nghim khc cnh co trc: "Nu khng th, ty
co ngi. T ro n g khong sm ti s khc thy nhau

Dn lc by gi, hi

cng khng kp^ ^

Phng thc u tranh chung va vy hm, va d hng, nhng yu
cu i vi t n g loi thnh c khc nhau.
T ron g s 12 thnh, qun ch cn c th, c nhng thnh nm su trong
hu phng ca la , cch xa cc ng tip vin ca qun Minh, nh thnh
Ch Linh, C Lng v cc thnh t T hanh Hda tr vo. V m t qun s,
nhng thnh ny vo v tr hon ton b c lp v khng th tip ng,
phi hp vi vn binh ch. Ngha qun ch trng kt hp bao vy vi
ch vn. buc qun ch trong cc thnh y phi u hng.
Dn u nm 1427, cc thnh Thun Ha, Tn Binh, Ngh An, Din
Chu ln lt u hng. Chi cn thnh T y D, C Lng, Ch Linh, qun
ch d ngoan c gi thnh, nhng lc lng cng ngy cng suy yu, kit
qu v khi vin binh sang, khng dm hnh ng g,
Nhng th n h khc nm trn hai trc ng tip vin ca qun Minh n
Dng Quan. t l thnh Tam Giang (Vnh Phc v Ph Th) " trn trc
ng Vn Nani - Dng Quan v cc thnh Khu n (Lng Sn), Xng
G ian g (B c Giang), Th Cu (B c Ninh), iu Diu (Gia Lm, H Ni) trn
trc ng Q ung Ty - Dng (u an. Nhng thnh ny dng vai tr nh
nhng nhp cu <5n tip v dn dt qun ch tin vo ng Quan. Vi vy,
trit c lp ng Quan v chun b chin trng dit vin, ngha
qun ch trng va vy hm, va d hng, nhng nht thit phi xda sch
tr c khi vin binh sang. Trng hp nhng thnh ngoan c khng chu
u hng th kin quyt tin cng h th n h bng sc mnh qun s.
Kt qu thn g 2 nm 1427 thnh iu Diu u hng, th n g 3 thnh
Th Cu u hng, thng 4 thnh Tam G iang u hng, ch c hai thnh
( I ) Nuyin Tri, Tort ip, Sd, ir. 128.

302

DI CNG LCH s V I T NAM

K hu n v Xng Giang nht nh khng chu ra hng, qun ch liu

ch t c th ch vin binh.

K hu n l mt Ihnh gn bin gii Qung Ty. Thnh b qun ta

do T r n Lu v L Bi ch huy, vy hn t cui nm 1426. T h n g 2 nm
1 4 2 7 , qun ta m cuc tin cng h thnh. Qun ch mt s tho chy v
Q u n g Ty, mt s b tiu dit, ti ch.

Xng Giang l mt thnh ly vo loi kin c ca qun Minh, li vo

m t v tr trn g yu trn con ng Qung Ty - ng Quan.
Cui nm 1426, mt lc lng ngha qun kh mnh do cc tng L
S t, L T rin, Nguyn Dinh L, L Th, L Lnh ch huy, c lnh tin
ln vy hm thnh Xng Giang. Nguyn T r i hai ln vit th d hng
v cho T h i Phc n di chn thnh khuyn bo. Nhng qun ch da
vo kin tr c phng v chc chn, binh lc nhiu v lng thc d ir sn,
kin quyt c th ch vin binh.
T h n g 9 nm 1427, L Li iu thm qun v giao cho cc tng Trn
Nguyn Hn, l^ St, Nguyn Dinh L phi t chc cng ph, gp rt. h thnh
Xng Giang. Ngy 2 8 - 9 - 1 4 2 7 , qun ta dng thang t nhp vo thnh. Ton
b qun ch b dit v b bt sng. Bn tng Minh phi t t.
N h vy l cho n trc khi vin binh sang, qun Mnh nc ta
ch cn gi c bn th n h ; ng Quan, Ch Linh, C L n g*'\ T y D.
Q u n ch tuy liu cht c th, n h ng s vy hm lu n gy kt hp vi
n h n g n tin cng ch vn lm chn g r ri, suy nhc, m t ht
k h n n g hnh ng phi hp vi vin binh. C t nc c chun
b s n s n g bc vo cuc chin u c ngha quyt nh tiu d it vin
b in h c a nh Minh.

X. CHIN THNG CHI LNG -X O N G GIANG

( 8 -1 0

)N

3 -1 1 -1 4 2 7 )

1. Nh Minh tAng vin

T h n g 1 nm 1427, nh Minh quyt nh iu hai o vin binh sang
cu nguy cho Vng Thng.
(1) T heo chinh s thi Ihnh C Lng b vy hm IO tin khi viCn binh b dit Ihi phi u hng. Nhng
Iheo Ngc Chu phc ihi s ch ca LC TXingv truyn Ihuyt dn gian cng mt s Oi lch quanh
ihnh C l^ n g Ih hnh ny b qun a h inlc khi vin binh ca ich ko sang.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN 'rn Y )N 1858)

303

Dao vin binh th nhl do An Vin hu Liu Th1ng lm tng binh vi

chc Clhinh l ph tng qu\n, t Qung T y tin sang T ron g b chi huy
ca Liu T h an g , c Bo nh b. Lng Minh lm t phd tng binh, c
Thi T lm hu tham tng
Do vin binh th hai do Kim Quoo cng Mc Thnh lm tng binh vi
chc C hinh Nam tng qun, tin sang theo ng Vn Nam. Trong b ch
huy ca Mc Thnh, cd An Hng b T i n h lm t ph tng binh, T n
Ninh b m Trung lm hu ph tng binh.
Tng s qun ca hai o vin binh, theo s ta, l 15 vn qun v 3 vn
ngia. Do qun Liu T hng gm 10 vn qun v 2 vn nga. Do qun
Mc T h n h gm 5 vn qun v 1 vn nga^\
T ro n g b chi huy vin binh, vua Minh cn c bit c hai thng th i
theo lm t vn cho Liu Thng. l thng th b binh L Khnh gi
chc th a m ln qun v, ngi m vua Minh khen ng l "lo thnh v
lch luyn", v thng th b cng lo n g Phc, tn quan h co gi
tng s n g lu nni nc ta.
Mt lc iu 15 vn vin binh, ln tip vin ln nht trong 2 5 nm
h ca chng l mt c gng chin tranh rt ln ca nh Minh. Cuc chin
u tiu dit vin binh, p tan c gng chin tranh t s c nh ot
i vi s nghip cu nc ca dn tc ta.
Khi nghe tin vin binh ca ch sp sang, mt s tng yu cu L L
cho h nh gp thnh ng Quan tuyt ni ng", ri tp tru n g lc
lng tUix dit vin binh. Mt vn c tm quan trng n s chi o
chin lc c t ra l: h thnh trc hay dit vin trc.
B chi huy ngha qun khng chp nhn d ngh h thnh trc, m vn
khng dnh ch trng vy thnh dit vin. L Li phn tch tnh hnh
mt cch su sc v gii thch ch trng nh sau: Dnh thnh l h
sch T a nh vo thnh vng, hng nm hng th n g khng h c, qun
ta sc mi, kh nht. Nu vin binh gic li n trc mt, sau lng u
cd gc. l con ng nguy* Sao bng dng sc cha uy i vin
binh gic. Vin binh b ph thl thnh t t phi hng. T h l lm mt m
c hai. y l k vn ton vy'^^^
Nh vy l b ch huy ti cao kin quyt gi nhng ch trTig tip tc
( ) t>i yi s kl ton ih, Sd, I.ll, tr. 275, L Qu n. Toi tp, Sd, I, III, tr. (A -6 5 .

mh St/n thc lc Cb6p s vin hinh c nh Minh dn 20 vn.

(2) fji

s k on thu (q. X. t

Sd, I. Ii. ir A2 - 4X tr. 275

304

I CNG LCH S V I T NAM

vv hm thnh Dng Q aan; ng thi tp tru n g m t lc lng c n thit

chn nh liu it vin binh ca ch. Sau khi vin binh b dit th qun
ch trong c c thnh t t nhin phi u hng, v d cho c th n h no
chng ngoan c chng c thl qun t a cng tha s c h th n h .
2. K h o c h d i t v i n
D chun b dit vin trc ht qun ta khp c h t hn na vng vy
thnh ng Quan. Mt vi c im qun s c a ch pha ngoi thnh
u b nh chim. Qun ta p thm thnh C X pha ng, chin ly
Vn X u n pha nam khng ch lii hot ng c a ch. L Li h lnh
cho lc lng ngha qun lm nhim v vy hm Dng Quan "canh gi cho
nghim, ngy m tun
Vi ch trng "vy thnh dit vin" th ch in tr n g ch yu l min
ni rng trn hai tr c ng tip vin ca qtin M inh t Q u n g T y v
Vn N am sang, y, cng vic chun b dit vin c n g c xc tin
khn trng.
Nhng n nay, 15 vn vin binh ca ch ch ia lm hai o, theo hai
ng tin sang, th mt vn c th cd ngha chin lc quan trng
c t ra l chn hng chin lc, x c nh i t n g qiiyt ch in ch
yu nh th no?
V o qun Mc Thnh, L Li nh gi: "Mc T hn h tui gi, tri vic
nhiu, vn nghe ting ta, t t ngi xem Liu T h n g thnh bi ch khng
dm khinh ng^^\ Mc Thnh trc y cm qun cng vi T rng Ph
sang xm lc nc ta v sau o, hai ln em qun sang tip vin, mt ln
b i bi B C \m 1408. V chc v tc, Mc T h n h cao hn Lieii Thng,
nhng ch thng nh 5 vn qun sang phi hp vi Liu Thng. L mt. tng
gi tng tri, Mc Thnh t ra d dt v lun lun nghe ngng, ch xem
o qun Liu T hng tin qun th no ri mi hnh ng.
nh gi ng v tr ca o qun Mc T h n h v nm vng th i , t
tng ca vin tng chl huy, b ch huy ngha qun ch s dng nit lc
lng cn th t km gi chng i L Hoa. T i y, L L phi cc
tng P h m Vn Xo, Trnh Kh, Nguyn Chch, L K h u y n , L T r u n g em
qun ln t chc trn a phng ng, lm nhim v kim ch. Q un ta c
m t ch t phc bnh i, ch v giao c h i n n g h a l khng tin cng,
trnh giao tranh ln, kin tr mai phc v kim ch, ch dp nh ch.
( ) (i Vit s k ton th, Sd ( q .x , 3 9b ) ir. 2 7 5 .
(2 ) Lam Son thc ic iX'in Nuyn Tri, ton tp, id. ir. 07.
(3 ) Oi Vt s k ion thu, Sdd (q. X l 4 1 b ). t.Ii. ir. 277.

VIKT Nv\M (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

305

'rvn c s nhn nh trn, L Li i b tr lc ng v chun b sn

ml th tr n n h th n g hon ton v t i u dit gn qun Liu T h ng trn
oan ng tin qu n ca ch t Pha Liiv n Xng Giang.
T i P h a Ly, tng T r n Lu c lnh t chc nhng trn nh nh
ch nhm kch ng tnh ch quan ca Liu T h ng v dn d t chng vo
Ir n a nai phc Chi Lng.

C'c tng L S t, Lu Nhn Ch, L Lnh, inh Lit, L Th, Phm

Vn Liu em 1 vn qun tinh nhu v 5 voi chin n b tr mai phc sn
i Chi Lng.
(' c tng Nguyn nh L, L Vn An em 3 vn qun ln tip ng v
b tr nhng tr n nh pha di Chi Lng.
Ti Xig G ian g, tng T rn Nguyn Hn gp rt bin thnh ly thnh
mt chin lv kin c chn ng ng tin qun ca ch v ng Quan.
Mt khi lng long thc ln c tch tr sn y. S qun ch cn
li s b vy h m v tiu dit trc thnh Xng Giang. Dd l im cui
cng ca ch in tr ng dit vin.
Ngoi qun L a m Sn, lc lng v trang ca c c lng x cng c
huy ng vo c c tr n nh it vin.
T i dTh B , L Li, Nguyn T r i v b chi huy va ch o vic vy
hin th n h ng Q uan, va chi o ton b chin dch tiu dit vin binh.
Mt lc lng d b m nh c mt y sn s n g tip ng cho cc mt
trn khi cn th it.
Kh vin bh ca ch tin vo bii gii nc ta cng lc mt th
trn by sxii i chng v qun dn ta ng v tr chin u
trong t th qu yt chin quyi thng.

3, N h n g t r n n h ch
Ngy 8 ^ 1 0 - 1 4 2 7 ^ o qun Liu T h n g tin n ca i Pha Ly vng
bin gii.
T ng T r n Lu gi ca P h a Ly, theo k hoch nh, va nh
va gi thua, r t v Khu n (Lng Sn). Liu T h n g tung qun ui theo
chim ly K h u n . T i y, Liu T h n g nhn c bc th ca Nguyn
Trni. T r o n g th, Nguyn T r i nhn danh T r n Co, dng li l mm mng
xin Liu T h n g ng i qun bin gii

r s tnh thi th'" r

"lm s tu r cn g vic v triu nh" "c t h ngi yn m hng thnh

cng"^^^. Liu T h n g c n g kiu cng, khng thm c th, gi th n g v
triu, ri lp t c tin qun.
(1 ) ;S\'nyr Tr. Tof p. Sd. tr. l.sy.
20 -O C L S V N T tp

306

DI CNG LCH s V I T NAM

T r n Lu lui v gi i Lu (Chi Lng, Lng S o n ). Q un ch tin nh

i Lu, T rn Lu li rt v i Chi Lng.
Nhng trn nh nh ch ti gii ca T rn Lu kt hp vi nh ng bc
th "nh vo lng ngi" ht sc mu tr ca Nguyn T r i, lm cho
Liu T h n g v o qun 10 vn ca hn tng l "c th n g" nhng thc
ra "thua k" qun ta.

4. Trn Chi Lng

i Chi Lng l ca i xung yu nht trn con ng t P h a Ly n
ng Quan, cch P h a Ly khong 6 0 km.
Ton b i Chi Lng nh mt thung ing nh, hnh bu dc, di khong
4 km theo hng bc-nam , ch rng nht gia khon g hn Ik n i theo
hng ng-ty. Pha ty, vch ni vi dng ng bn dng s n g Thng.
Pha ng l dy ni Thi Ha v B o Di tr n g tr n g ip ip. Lng i
hp, li c 5 ngn ni nh: H m Qu, N Nng, N S n , K L n , M
Yn

Hai pha bc v nam, mch ni khp li, to thnh hai c a i him

tr. i Chi Lng, vi v tr v a t h ca n, bao ln l m chn qun

cp nc t phng Bc xung, T ro n g khng chin ch n g T n g i L v
chng Mng - Nguyn i T r n , qun dn ta a t n g li dng ni y
chn nh v tiu it qun xm lc
B ch huy qun i Lan) Sn chn i Chi L n g lm tr n a nh
n ph u ht sc bt ng vo o vin bnh Liu T h n g Mt vn qun
tinh nhu trong c 5 voi chin, 1 0 0 nga, ft ch im gi c c v t r li hi,
mai phc sn sng i ch l t h trn "phc binh gi h im , p gy
tin phong" (Bnh Ng di co).
Ti i Lu, Liu T h ng "tha thng" ui theo qu n ta ch im lun i
Chi Lng. Trong hng ng tng gic, nhiu ngi lo ngi, s tr n g k qun
ta, ht Idi khuyn Liu T hng nn thn trng. T h a m t n q u n v L Khnh
ang m, cng nng dy can gin Liu T hng khng nn kh inh ch. Nhng
vi tnh ch quan, kiu ngo a b kch ng cao , Liu T h n g g t b mi
li khuyn can, h lnh tip tc tin qun.
Ngy 1 0 - 1 0 - 1 4 2 7 (ngy 2 0 - 9 nm inh Mi) Liu T h n g ch th n dn
hn 100 qun k m xng ln tr c i qun tin phong, h u ng hng m
ng tin vo Chi Lng. Tng T r n Lu r t v Chi L n g , lai em
qun ra n nh, ri "gi cch tha chy". T r n on ng di t Pha

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYBN THY DN 1858)

307

Ly n Chi Lng, Liu T h a n g chi thy i qun T r n Lu va nh va

chy. H n c n g tc ti, thc qun ui st theo T rn Lu, lao th n g vo
trn a m ai phc ca la.
Hhia n am i Chi L l n g c ngn ni M Yn. Di chn ni l mt cnh
ng ly li, c \ bo qui, Liu T h n g v hn 100 k binh va qua cu
thi ru b sp

Di qun tin phong theo ch tng, cha kp qua cu. Di

hinh ca ch b chia ct.

DOtig lc , phc binh ca ta bn b ni dv, bt ng xng ln dit ch.

Hat) 100 k binh ca ch b dit gn Liu T hng b trng lao cht bn sn

ni M Y n . Tin ch soi b git lm cho qun ch cn g thm hong lon.
Qun ta th a th n g, chia c t i hinh ca ch ra tiu dit. Cc i dn
binh c a nhn dn a phng cng phi hp chin u c hiu qu. c
bit "i tun inh tun trng" ca L Hu ng M nh gic rt
dng c m v lp nhiu chin cng.
Kt qu, ti Chi Ln g qun v dn ta di quyn chi huy ca c c tng
I.( S Lu N hn Ch, inh Lit, T r n Lu... tiu dit hn 1 vn qun
tin phong ca ch.

5, T r n C n T r m
Sau khi Liu T h a n g b
ln thay, cm

git, ph tng binh l Bo nh B

Lng Minh

quyn ch soi. Nguyn T ri li vit th cho

Lng Minh

khuvn nn lui qun. N hng cn 9 vn qun trong tay, bn tng gc vn

cn ngoan c, tip tc thc hin Iiu xm
chn chinh lai

lc. Lng Minh c

gng

i ng v ra lnh tin qun.

Phia di Chi Lng, cc tng Nguyn Dinh L, L Vn An em 3 vn

qun ln by sn mt trn a niai phc th hai Cn Trm i gic.
Cn T r m (L n g G iang, B c Giang) vo cui dy ni Bo i, ni tip
gip gia vng thng du v trung du. y l mt dch trm trn con ng
Dng Q u an - P h a Ly. S a u khi chim nc ta qun Minh ip ln y
mt n t r i bo v dch trm v n ng con ng giao thng huyt
mch ni lin vi T r u n g Quc. Di tch th nh C n Trit hin nay vn cn.
Sau tr n Chi Lng, c c tng L S t, Lu Nhn Ch... rt qun ra khi
i, lm nh im v mi: bm s t ch, ch thi c cng kch vo pha sau i
hnh qu n ch.
Ngy 1 5 - 1 0 - 1 4 2 7 (ngy 2 5 - 9 nm inh Mi), qun ch lt vo trn a

mai phc C n T r m Ba vn phc bnh ca ta do tng Nguyn nh L,

308

DI CONG LCH s VIT MAM

L Vn An, chi huy, t nhiu ng xng ln nh t t ngan g vo i hnh

hnh qun ca ch. Cng lc , hn 1 vn q u n c a L S t , Lu N*hn
Ch v.v... nh mnh vo hu qun ch.
Chin dch xy ra trn mi, Lung ng di k h on g 5 km, du vt cn
bo tn n nay l nhng tn t nh Bi Chin, ng bc thnh C n
T rm , Ngh T rn gn Kp... Pho' tng binh Lng Minh m ln nni
quyn ch huy c 5 ngy, li b tr n g lao cht ngay ti tr n . K hong hn
1 vn qun ch b tiu dit. Qun ta thu uc r t nhiu lng thc, v kh...

6. T r n Ph C t
Sau trn Cn T rm , qun ta li nhanh chng, theo ng t t, vn ng
v pha sau t chc nhng trn nh mi.
Qun ch b bi thm mt n th t bi n n g n. Lc lng b dit cha
th t nhiu nhng th ca ch bt u suy sp, chuy n san g ch ng mt
cch b ng. D c Thi T gi chc hu th am tng, ln n m quyn ch
huy. Thi T cng vi thng th b binh L K h n h v th ng th b cng
Hong Phc, thu thp qun lnh, c gng tin v pha th n h X n g Giang
m chng tng ang trong tay qun Minh.
Pha nam Cn T rm l bc vo a hlnh tr u n g du, i ni thoai thoi

v tha dn, ng hnh qun ca ch xuyn qua cc thung lng hp v

di, hai bn l i thp v rng tha. Qun t a li dng a t h v i hlnh
hnh qun ko di ca 7 - 8 vn qun ch, t chc nhng tr n nh vo
cnh sun, nht l vo i qun lng i sau ca ch. Dd l li nh "ng

ki binh chn ng, ct ngang lng thc {Bnh Ng d i co).

Ngy 18 th n g 10 (ngy 2 8 - 9 nm inh Mi), qun ta nh mt trn
ln Ph C t (gn Ph Trng, L n g Giang, B c G iang). i M Ng cn
nh lu li du tch ca trn nh ny.
Nhng trn nh lin tip nh vy lm cho qu n ch b tiu dit thm
khong 1 vn qun v c bit nguy him l b m t nhiu qu n ng, v
kh. Qun ta "bt uc la, nga, tru , qun nhu, kh gii khng bit bao
nhiu m k "('^
Sau trn Ph Ct, thng th b binh gi ch c th a m t n q u n v l L
K hnh, phn v m nng, phn v lo s v tuyt vng "k c n g phi tht
c". Li thm mt ch tng na b cht.
(1 ) i Vit s kl lon thu ( q . x l 4 0 b ) Sd, t.ll, l r .l7 6

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858;

309

Chi sau 10 n gy (8 n 1 8 - 1 0 - 1 4 2 7 ) t ch n n t nc ta, o

vin binh ch yu c a nh Minh b nhng tn th t ht sc nng n.
Nguyn T ri m t t h t r n v nh ng th n g li c a ta tr o n g B n h Ng

d i co nh s a u :
"T

d chn phuc inh gi him , p gy tn phong,

Sau li dng k binh chn ng, ct ngang ng do,

N gy mi tnh U u Thng b nh, Chi Lng trng k.

Ngy hai mi. Liu Thng b b, M Yn p hi th.

N gy hi mi lm . b tc Lng Minh trn hm ph i
b minh.
N gy h a i m tm, Ihng th L K hn h k cng p h i
tht c\
Qun ch b tiu dit khong 3 vn qun, c c tng ch cht ln
lt b cht. S qun cn khong 7 va, nhng th v lc hon ton suy
sp T tng n qu n, u hoang mang, tuyt vng.
Nhng n gn Xng Giang qun ch mi bit rng thnh ny tr
thnh pho i sng sng ca qun ta, chn ngang ng tin qun ca chng.
Pha sau, qun ta tip tc ui nh. Tin, thoi ht ng. Qun ch ht
sc mt mi, hoang mang. Thi T, Hong Phc nh phi ng qun gia
mt cnh ng trng tri cch thnh Xng Giang khong 3 km v pha bc.
Dy l mt vng a hnh bng phng vi nhng qu i thp v phn ln l
ng rung, xm lng ca dn, nm gia sng Thng v sng Lc Nam. Qun
ch ph nh ca ca dn lm doanh tri v gp rt o ho, p lOy, t chc
phrtg ng lo i ph vi nhng cuc tin cng ca qun fca.

7. nh ta n q u n M c T h n h
Theo hng kim ch, Mc Thnh ang ng qun vng bin gii
ch tin tc c a LLu T h n g. Ti i L Hoa, qun ta do cc tng Phm Vn
Xo, Trnh K h , Nguyn Chch, L Trung, ch huy, chim lnh nhng ni
yu hi, b tr mai phc lm nhim v ngn chn ch v s n sng tin
cng khi thi c n. B i t r thi d dt ca Mc Thnh, Nguyn Tri
gi th vch r nhng th t bi, tn hi nng n ca qun Minh nc ta
v dng li l n tn khuyn Mc T hnh xin tru nh bi binh.
Sau khi giam c h t s qun ca Thi T, Hong Phc Xng Giang,
b ch huy ngha qun ch trng phi kp thi t chc tin cng nh tan
o qun Mc T h n h .

31 0

DI CONG LCH S V IT N.AM

L Li sai mt tn ch huy, ba ti thin h bt c trong o quan Liu

ThAng, m ang sc th, n tn ca Liu T h n g cng mt bc th ca Nguyn
Tri> chuyn cho Mc Thnh. Trong th, Nguyn Tri ch yu bo tin cho
Mc T h n h bit s th t bi thm hi ca Liu T hn g vi "mo h im tin
qun vo su, chuyn vic chm git, nh dit ht khng sdt ngi n.io"
nn "b ch t ti trn tin, khng bit ln ln vo u" v "Bo nh b, Tni
c, L thng th cng ni nhau cht
n tin cng nh vo lng ngi cd tc dng ln. c th, li tn
mt nhln thy nhng chng tch th t bi ca Liu Thng, tng Mc Thnh
v cng khip s. ang m, Mc T h n h vi vng em qun tho chy.
Qun ta chun b sn sng lp tc tung qun ra ui nh. Mc Thnh
d tho chy, nhng cng phi nh cho tan nt th mi bp c :h
xm ic ca qun th.
Qun t a thng ln Lnh Cu v an X, git cht hn 1 vn, b t sng
hn i.ooo qun ch v thu c hn 1 0 0 0 nga cng rt nhiu v khi,
lng thc, c a bu.
Nguyn Tri m t chin thng ny trong Binh Ng di co :

'"Bi qun ta chen L Hoa, qun Vn Nam kinh so ni

rc d v nit,
Nghe qun Thng thua Cn Trm, qun Mc Thnii
xo ln nhau cky d thot thn.
Lnh Cu niu chy thm dng, nc sng m c.
Dan X iky chng thnh nui, c ni th&ni hng'\
8, T r n Xng G ian g k t th c
Ti m t trn chnh Xng Giang, vng vy qun ta ngy c n g khp
cht. Nguyn T r i tip tuc vit th d hng, khuyn Thi T, H ong Phc
nn "lui qun ra ngoi b ci. Nh th "bn cc ng c th khng nit ting
tt, m Nam, B c t nay v s. khng nhng l s may cho nc An
Nam ti, c n g l s may ln cho c bn n thin
Qun ch tuy khn qun, nhng vi khi lng 7 vn qun, chng van
c ko di thi gian cm c, nui hi vng qun Dng Quan hay qun Vin
( ) Nuycn Tri, Toti p, Sdd. (r.7 0 . ('I'hc n\ lc . d o lic I'hi 'l' cha cht)
(2 ) Nguyvti

Ti,

Tox tp, Sd. I r l 6 5

VIKT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

S c din hin rn Chi Ln -Xong Gi(Ug

311

312

DI CNG LCH s V IT N^\M

Nam s n cu nguy. Nguyn Tri bit r iu : "Chc c c ng s d

chm li, c trng mong vo qun thnh Dng Quan san g tip ng
chng? Hay l qun Vn Nam sang tip cng chng?". Nguyn Tri chi cho
chng bit T Dng Quan n y ch c mt ngy ng, khng phli hn
CI c th t n cu c, h li n lng no dng dng igi nhn khng
au lng h ?". Cn qun Vn Nam thi Kini i nhn tui cao c c,
d sm bit l phi..., A lui qun v VAn Nam

Nguyn Tri han cho

chng trong ba ngy phi lui qun: Cc ng, hn trong ba ngy, nn thu
nht m i. Qu hn y m cn chm li, th l cc ng th t tn, khng
phi li ti vy"^^^ D l bc th cui cng, li l kin quvt vA c tnh
ch t nh int ti hu th.
Sau khi nh tan o qun Mc Thnh, b chi huy ngha qun tng cng
thn lc lng cho m t trn Xng G iang v h lnh gp rt chui b tiu
dit ton b s qun ch cn li, sm k t thc chin tranh, Cc tng L
Khi, Nguyn x , Phm Vn, Trng Li c lnh em thm qun tinh
nhu v voi chin in Xng Giang
Qun v dn ta sn sng dit gic trong m i th trn mnh hn lc:
no ht. Dng ngy 15 thng 10 nm Dinh Mi, tc ngy 3 - 1 1 - 1 4 2 7 , quAn
n ta m trn tng cng kch; t bn pha, hng vn qun b binh, k binh,
tng binh, n h t lot tin cng quyt Ht vo khu vc phng ng ca ch

'*Mt ting trng, sch sanh knh ngc,

Hai ting trng, tan c chirn mung,
T an t kin xoi, bu noi d v,

Ni gi mnh, trt sch l kh.

(Bnh Ng i coj
S phn ca qun ch c nh ot nhanh chng;
"D c Thi T, qu gi chu ti,

Thng thu Hong Phc tri tay np /7in/i".

Thi T, Hong Phc cng vi hn 3 0 0 tng ch v hn 1 vn qun
b b t sng. Hn 5 vn qun b git cht ti trn. Mt s trn thot, chy
tn lon vo rng, "trong khong khng n nm ngy, nhng ngi chn
tru, kim ci u b t c ht, khng s<5t tn
( ) ( 2 ) N ^ycn Tri, Ton p, Sd. tr.KO.
(3 ) Oi y S k on h, SO(J. I.I, ir.277.

S triu Minh cng

VIKT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

313

phi ghi nhn, ton b o vin binh Liu T h n g i b git v b bt ht,

uy ohi c vin ch s Phan Mu trn th ot v nc^*^ Qun ta thu c
rt nhidu v kh, xe, nga, vng bc, V\i la.
Xh vy l sau 2 7 ngy chin u (t 8 - 1 0 n 3 - 1 1 - 1 4 2 7 ) , qun dn
ta cld tiu dit 10 vn vin binh ca Liu T h n g v nh tan tc 5 vn vin
binh oa Mc Thnh. Chin thng ca chin ch dit vin, thng gi l

chin thng Chi Lng - Xng Giang, tht ho hng, oanh lit.
Chin th n g Chi Lng - Xng Giang l thng l oanh lit ca trn
quyt chin chin ic cc ngha nh ot ca cuc chin tranh gii phng
dn t.c B ng thng li d, qun dn ta p tan mt c gng chin tranh
ln nht ca nh Minh, buc Vng Thng ng Quan phi u hng v
triu nh n h Minh Bc Kinh phi t b mu xm lc nc ta.

XI. V O N G T H N G R T O U N V N C
'rrn L nc ta, qun ch ch cn gi c ba thnh: Dng Quan, C
Lng, T y D Chng dm liu cht c th v ch yu ch hi vng vo
qun cu vin ca triu inh nh Minh. Nay hai o vin binh b tiu t,
niin hi vng ca qun ch b sp .
L Li sai gU\ c Thi T, thng th Hong Phc cng mt s t
binh mang theo chic song h ph ca Liu Thng, hai n thng th bng
bc ca L Khnh, Hong Phc v v kh, c trng ca ch, em n thnh
[)nj; Quan cho Vng Thng Vi\ quin ch trong thnh nhin thy ih t bi
thm hi ca vin binh. ng thi, Nguyn T r i vit th ni r cho Vng
Thng bit th t bi ca Liu Thng. Bc th cng vi nhn chng, di vt
rnh rnh gy chn ng mnh lit v tnh thn v tm l i vi qun
ch

T tng binh Vng Thng cho n qun lnh trong thnh u ht

sc khip s.
Sau khi dit vin, qun ta cd iu kin v kh nng h thnh.
Nhng ch trng ca L Li, Nguyn T r i l mun tip tc vy hm v
kin tri thuyt phc, buc chng phi u hng. Nh th va bo m ginh
th n g li trong iu kin t tn hi xng mu nhtj va m ra li thot
thuAn li kt thc chin tranh vi nh Minh. Trong hng ng tng soi

1 1 ) o iix : A i*h i/irt c, Stl M m k su h ih i m ii ciip vin th s trrtn thot iCn l Phan Nguyn Doi-

314

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

ngha qun lc by gi cng c nhiu ngi cAm ght qun gic tn ngc,
tr tr, khuyn L Li ly binh m nh thng", "bt git ht khng th a.
Nhng L Li

V\

Nguyn Tri trc sau vn ch trng c gng n mc

cao nht, va uy hip va thuyt phc, buc qun ch u hng h Li

gii thch rth sau; "Vic ng binh ct ly bo ton c nc lin trn ht
Uon quc vi thng). Nay cho bn Vng Thng tr v ni vi vua
Minh tr li t ai cho ta, khng xm ln b ci ta l iu ta khng
cn gi hn th na. H tt ph git ht bn chng gy on vi nc
in lm
Vng Thng lm vo cnh k cng, lc kit", mt mt sai ngi
m ang th ra "xin ging ha, ni cho ng v". Nhng mt khc, Vng
Thng vn cn ngoan c, nghi ngi v hong s. Hn liu lnh dc ht q un
trong thnh, t minh cm qun, m m t cuc phn kch hng ph vy v
nc. Qun ta chun b sn sng, nh dch vo ni mai phc, ri nh
cho tan tc. Vng Thng ng nga, sut b bt sng. Qun ta ui nh
n tn ca Nani thnh ng Quan.
L Li ra lnh khp cht vng vy, t n g cng cc trn a bao vy
quanh thanh v cho qun i p st cc ca thnh. Qun ta p mt chin
ly n ng ca Nam, chn li ra vo ca ch. Bn thn L Li ng ra
c thc qun s p mt chin ly t phng An ?oa n th n g ca Bc,
chi tron g mt m l xong, L Li cn sai cc tng chun b sn mi th
v kh v phng tin nh thnh, trng hp ich ngoan c n cng
th qun ta s kin quyt h thnh.
Nguyn T r i vit 7 bc th gi cho Vng Thng. Nguvn Tri nhc
li 'ci ha Liu T h n g v ch r cho Vng Thng tnh th ca chng lc
ny: "Nh ln gn xiu, mt cy g khn hay chng , di sp v, mt
vc t kh th chi tr. Nu khag bit lng sc m c cng lm th t
khi khng tht

Nguyn Tri bc b mi li l tri hon vic u

hng ca qun Minh v phn tch mt cch ht sc n tn c tnh c l

xa b nhng mi ng vc, io lng ca Vng Thng.
Ngy 1 0 - 1 2 - 1 4 2 7 (ngy 2 2 - 1 1 nni inh Mi) ti mt a iii

pha

nam thnh ng Quan, bn b sng Nh, mt hi th lch s c t.

chc> thng gi l hi th Dng Quan. D hi th c phi on qun ta
do L Li cm u v phi on qun Minh do Vng Thng cm u.
(1 ) Ij Qu Ortn.

)i yt tn

d k, C.I.

(2 ) Siuyrn iri, Tit tp. Sd. tr.l4 4 .

VlF/r 4AM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

315

Trong hi th, Vng Thng cam kt rt ht qun v nc, khng dm

ngoan c ch i vin binh v trn ing rt quAn, khng c cp hc
nh.ui tiAn Ve pha ta, L Li b\o ni th a cho quAn ch c ton tnh
mng v nc v i vi triu Minh s c biu cu phong.
Sui hi th, L Li ra lnh giA vy cht) cc thnh. Ngy 2 9 ^ 1 2 - 1 4 2 7 ,
qu:in Minh bt u rt qun

Ngy 3 - 1 ^ 1 4 2 8 , i b binh cui cng ca

Vng T hn g ln ng v nc
Ta \ thi cho 10 vn qun ch c an ton tr v vi qu hng x
s Hn th na. L Li cn cp cho 500 chin thuyn, my nghin con nga
cng vi y lng thc v sa sa sang cu cng ng s cho chng
rt vo nc. Qun Minh ht sc c;\m ng, ko n dnh B ly t nhng
ngi lnh o y lng khoan dung, nhn o ca ngha qu n Lam Sn.

Cuc chin tranh kt thc bng chin thng ho hng ca dn tc ta v

cuc u hng rt lui nhc nh ca qun th:

"Qun gic cc thnh khn dn, ci gip ra hng,

Tng gic bi b , Xn thng hi vy dui cu sng.
Uy thn chng gi hi, ly khoan hng th bng hiu sinh,
Bn tham chnh Phng Chnh, ni quan M K dc cp
nm trm thuyn, d vt bin vn hn kinh phch lc.

L lng binh Vng Thn, Iham chnh M Anij dc cp

cho m y nghn nga, d u nc cn ngc dp chn run.

Chng s cht txm sng rn thc niiin cu ha,

Ta ly toi qun m ct cho dn dc yn ngfxi.
Chng nhng mu k' ki diu,
Ciig l cha thy XQ nnV\

(Bnh Ng di co)

Chng X

I VIT TH K X V : THI

l s

Cuc khi ngha Lam Sn ton thng. t nc tr li th a n h bnh. Ngy

15 thng 4 nm Mu T hn (29 thn g 4 nm 1 428) L Li chnh thc ln
ngi Hong ng Kinh (Thng Long), khi phc tn n c l Di Vit,
m u triu i L (thng c gi l nh L s hay H u L phn
bit vi thi Tin L ca L i Hnh)
Tri qua cc triu vua Thi T (1 4 2 8 - 1433), T h i T n g (1 4 3 4 - 1442),
Nhn Tng (1 4 4 3 - 1459), Thnh T n g (1 4 6 0 - 1 4 9 7 ), Hin T n g (149'- 1503) t nc i Vit dn dn c hi phc v pht t r i n ln mt nh
cao mi v t t c cc m t chnh tr, kinh t, vn ha gio dc.

I.TNH HNH CHNH TR

1, Xy dng v cng c chnh quyn
T c em qun ra Dng D, L Li ch ia nc lm 4 o

Nm

1428, Thi T chia li nc lm 5 o; ng, T y , N am , B c (tng ng

vi B c b ngy nay) v Hi Ty (t Thanh Ha vo n T h u n Ha). Dvi
o l trn , l, huyn, chu. n v hnh chnh c s l x, gm 3 loi: x
ln 100 ngi tr ln, x va 50 ngi tr ln v x nh 10 ngi tr ln.
Nm 1466, Thnh Tng chia li c nc thnh 12 o tha tuyn. Thanh Ha,
Ngh An, Thun Ha, Thin Trng, Nam Sch, Quc Oai, B c Giang, An
Bang, Hng Ha, Tuyn Quang, T h i Nguyn, L n g Sn v ph Trung D.
Nm 1469, i Thin Trng thnh Sn Nam, Nam Sch th n h Hi Dsg,
Quc Oai thnh Sn Ty, Bc Giang thnh Kinh Bc v ph T ru n g D th:ih
ph Phng Thin. Nm 1471, sau khi chim vng t pha n am Thun Ha

VIT NAiM (T THI NGYN TIY DN 1858)

317

cho dn o C Mng, Thnh Tng lp thm tha tuyn th 13 : Qung

Nam. Nm 1 4 9 0 , bn trong nc c xc nh gm : 13 o tha tuyn,
5 2 ph, 178 huyn, 5 0 chu, 20 hng. 3 6 phng, 6851 x, 3 2 2 thn, 637
trang, 40 sch , 4 0 ng, 3 0 nguyn, 3 0 t r n g ^ C c x cung c quy
nh i : x ln 5 0 0 h, x va t 3 0 0 h tr n, x nh t 10 0 h tr ln.
Kinh T h a n g Lon g (D ng kinh) gni 2 huyn ; Th Xng v Qung Dc.
Ngoi ra cn T y kinh (hay Lam kinh tc Lam Sn " Th XuAn - Thanh
Ha)

V m t chnh quyn, Thi T ch n chnh li b my nh nc theo

m hinh thi T r n . Di vua c hai chc T, hu tng quc, 3 chc T,

3 chc Thi, 3 ch c Thiu. Bc x

v \ v ..

gip vic bn bc, quyt nh nhng

cng vic qu an tr n g ca triu inh Tip n l hai ban Vn v V. Vn

ban do i h n h k h in ng u, ph trch chung mi vic. S a u l hai
b L v L do T h n g th ng u, cc c quan chuyn trch nh khu
mt vin, H n lm vin, Ng hnh vin, Ng s i, Quc t gim, Quc
s vin, Ni th sn h , c c qun, cc, ii. V ban thi c cc chc i Tng
qun, i c, T n g qun, T n g qun, Tng biih, T m v.v... ng
u 6 qun in Tin 5 qun Thit t

V .V ..

a phng, ng u cc

o l chc H n h kh in ph trch mi vic qui n, sau l cc an ph

s, tri ph, tuyn ph s, chuyn vn s ng u cc trn, i, huyn. X
c x quan
Dt nc d n dn hi phc v bc u pht trin . X ut pht t nhng
vu cu m c a chnh tr, trong nhng nm 1 46 0 - ! 4 7 1 , L T h n h Tng
tin hnh mt cuc ci cch hnh chnh ln. Cc chc v tru ng gian gia
vua v cc c qu an hnh chnh nh T ng quc, Bc x, T , i hnh
k h i n, T ru n g th sn h V V.. u b bi b. Vua trc tip ch o 6 b Li,

H, L, Bnh, H in h , Cng (do Thng th ng u) l nhng c quan chnh

ph trch mi m t cn g tc ca triu inh. Gip vic c th c 6 T, Vin
H n lm, Vin Quc s, Quc t gim, B th gim

V .V ..

B phn thanh tra

quan li c l n g c ng : ngoi Ng s i cd 6 khoa chu tr ch nhim

theo di c c b. V v, vua cng l ngi ch huy ti cao; bn di cd 5
qun c ph, c c v qun bo v kinh thnh v Th .
c c o th a tuyn. T h n h T n g t ba ti: tng binh s ti (gi tt
l ti) ph tr c h qun i, Tha tuyn s ti (gi t t l Tha ti) ph trch
cc vic dn s, H in s t s ti {Hin ti) ph tr ch vic thanh tra quan li
tron g o ca m nh.
( l ) ) t \'t i k i ton thu. S ik l. r.I. ir 3(X)

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

318

Cc ph c tri ph ng u, cc huyn, chu c tri huyn, tri ch.

x, chc x quan c i gi l x trcing, inii thng du, cc bn
mng vn c giao cho t trng, lang o cai qun nh c Ring m n
bin gii pha bc, nh L c thm mt s tng gii ngi min xui ln
trn tr v bin thnh "phin thn", i i n nhau cai qun a phng.
Ch trng ca L Thnh Tng l bo m s thng nht trong chinh quyn
t trn xung di, t trung ng n a phng, "cc chc ln nh cn g
rng buc nhau, nng nh cng gn gi nhau, l phi ca nc khng b
chuyn ring, vic ln ca nc khng n lung lay, khin c thi tt !m
hp o, ng php" (Hiu nh quan ch).
Theo thng ky nm 1471, tng s quan li i 5 3 7 0 ngi, gm 2 7 5 5
quan li T ru n g ng (3 9 9 quan vn, 8 5 7 quan v, 4 4 6 tng quan v m t
s tp lu), 2 6 1 5 quan li a phng ( 9 2 6 quan vn, 8 5 7 quan v, -11 tng
quan v mt s tp lu)^*^. S quan li ny u tri qua thi c v d t ,
cc qu tc h L mun lm quan cng phi nh vy.
to iu kin cho cc quan ii lm vic ng theo mong mun ca inlnh,
Thnh Tng t quy ch lng bng, rung lc, phm tc r rng v thng
nht. Theo quy ch nm 1477> ngoi rung lc, cc quan u c lng :
- Quan T ru n g ng : Chnh nht phm 82 quan/nm
Tng nht phm: 75 quan/nm
Chnh nh phm; 6 8 quan/nXm
Tng nh phm: 62 quan/nm

Chnh cu phm: 16 quan/nm

Tng cu phm: 14 quan/nin
- Quan a phng ;

Chnh t phm : 48 quan/nm

Tng t phm 44 quan/nm
... B t, cx phm... u nh T ru n g ng.

Nh L, t thi Thi T, khng phn phong con chu i trn tr cc ni,

khng giao cho h c c chc v quan trn g trong triu nu h khng c ti,
hc hnh km, khng cho h c php th n h lp in trang. Chnh quyn
L s, nh vy, va m ang tnh quan iu va m ang tnh chuyn ch cao .

2 . Q un di v q u c phng
n cui nm 1427, s qun ln n 3 5 vn ngi. Theo ng li ha,
nm 1428, sau khi ln ngi vua, Thi T cho 25 vn qun v qu lm rung,
chi gi li 10 vn. Nm sau , sau mt cuc tng duyt qun thy b, Thi
(1 ) Ih tn am du h ip.

VIT N.AM (T THI NGUYKN THY DN 1858)

319

T cho chia cc v qun thnh 5 phin, thav nhau lai canh gi v v lm

rung qu nh. Qun i c chia thnh 5 o: Dng, Ty Nam, Bc v
Hi Tfiy C c v qun u t cc chc T n g qun, Tng qun, ng
T n g qun ng u. NgoM ra cn c thm 6 qun ng tin kinh . Ch
tuyn chn qun s c t thnh quy ch.
Thi L T h n h Tng, cng vi cuc ci cch hnh chnh, nhA vua t chc
li qun i, chia thnh 2 b phn: - qun trong bo v tru nh nh vua
v kinh thnh gm 2 v Kim Ng, Cm Y, 4 v Hiu Lc, 4 v T h n V, 6
v Din Tin, 4 v T un Tng, 4 v M Nhn (v sau gp vo 2 v chinh
l Cm Y v Kim Ng)
Qun ngoi a phng gm 5 ph:
T ru n g qun lnh cc x Thanh Ha, Ngh An
Ong qun lnh cc x Hi Dng, An B an g
Nam qun lAnh cc x Sn Nam, T hun Hda, Qung Nam
'IXv qun [Anh cc x

Tam Giang, Hng Ha

Bc qun lnh cc x Kinh Bc, Lng Sn.

V sau, T hn h Tng cho t thm cc v qun cc ti xa: T han h
Ha, Ngh An, Thun Ha, Qung Nam, An Bang, Tuyn Quang, Hng
Ha, T h i Nguyn, Lng Sn v mt v Cao Bng. Dng u cc ph, v
c cc chc c, chi huy, tng biah, chi huy s, tri v.v...
Ve chng loi c b binh, thy binh, tng binh, k binh. Ngoi ra c cc
n v chuyn s dng mt loi sng gi l ha ng. V kh n gin cd
ao kim, gio mc, cung tn..,
Nh L r t ch n vic rn luyn qun i. H ng nm u c ngy
duyL tp kinh thnh hay c!a phng. C c phin tc trc phi thng
xuyn luyn tp. NAin 1465, Thnh Tng ban b 31 iu qun lnh v thy
trn , 32 iu v tng trn, 2 7 iu v m trn, 42 iu v b trn. Nni
1 4 6 7 , Thnh Tng quy nh c 3 nm t chc mt kl thi kho v ngh ca
qun s v nh l thng pht.
C h tuyn qun c quy nh ch t ch, thng thng c mt h c
3 inh th phi ly mt ngi lm lnh v mt ngi d b. V vy, tuy s
lng qun thng trc khng nhiu, nhng khi i nh Chmpa hay Bn
Man nh L huy ng n 26 hay 30 vn qun.
Qun lnh u c chia rung t cng lng mnh v thay phin nhau
v qu sn x u t t cp. l ch "ng binh nng" vn c p
dng t thi L Trn.
V n bo v bin gii, nht l bin gii pha bc, lun lun c nh
nc quan tm Cc trn bin gii u c qun hng, tng gii. Ngoi ra,

320

DI CNG LCH s VIT ^AM

cc vua Ly nht l Thnh Tng thng chi huy mt o qun thv b ln

i duyt vng ven bin Dng bc, L n g Sn hay Thun Hda. N hng ln
qun tng nh Minh e da ln cp vng bin, Thnh Tng u sai cc
c gii cm qun phi hp vi cc tn g binh a phng sn s n g chin
u. ng tng rn e: "k no dm ly mt thc, mt
tc
t ca T h i T
li lm mi cho gic thi s b trng tr nng'\

3. L u t p h p
Sau khi ln ngi vua, Thi T lo ngay n

vic

lut php T h i

Tng v Nhn Tng ban hnh thm mt s iu lut v xt x kin tng,

s hu ti sn. Nm 1483, Thnh Tng quyt nh triu tp cc ai thn
bin son mt b lut chinh thc ca triu i minh, thng c gi l
*Lut Hng c", cc th ki X V II - X V III, b lut c b sung, sa i
t nhiu v c ban hnh vi tn L triu hinh lu t. B ut gm 722
i, chia thnh 16 chng.
Chng u (Danh l) ca b lut quy nh r cc hnh pht c s
dng (xuy, trng, , lu, t) v nhng trng hp min gim (b t ngh),
nguy him khng c nhn nhng (thp c), c chuc, phi n b v.v
Chng hai ndi v nhng ti vi phm cung in nh vua, vua v thn
thch ca vua, cc cng trinh nh nc.
Cc chng tip theo nti v vic gi ki lut trong qu n i, nhng t
vi phm php nc, quan h trn di, quan h trong gia tc, tro n g gia
inh, ch rung t, ch tha k ti sn, quan h nam n, v tr ca
dn inh v.v... v cui cng cc hnh thc xt x, kin tng, tr ti.
Lut Hng Dc th hin r nt thc giai cp ca nh L trong cc mi
quan h nhng cng phn nh kh r nt tnh dn tc. o y ni ln
thc bo v quyn li ca ngi ph n, ca ngi dn t do cung nh
thc bo v c lp dn tc v ton vn lnh th.
B lut Hng c nh du mt trnh pht trin cao ca t tng
php l ca dn tc i Vit, kh hon chinh, do d c s dng sut trong
4 t h k thi L (th k X V - X V III).

4. Tnh hnh d ni v i ngoi

t nc dn dn n nh; xn thng nht c cng c. bo v cc
vng t xa, nh L ch trng on kt cc dn tc. T ron g qu trn h chin
u trc y, cc dn tc on kt di ngn c cu nc ca ngha
qun Lam Sn v gp phn vo th n g li chung ca dn tc. Ln ngi
vua, Thi T phong chc tc cho cc t trng c cng i vi t nc
Nhng t trng dn tc t ngi c niu li khai hoc theo triu Minh,
chng li nh L, cc vua L r t kin quyt dng bin php bo lc n
p, gi vng s thng nht t nc.

ViKT N.AA .T THI NGUYN TH''Y DN 1858)

321

)6 vi nh Minh, sau khi gii phng T quc, L Thi T lp tc c s

b Hang cu phong v t quan h ha ho T d, c ba nm, nh L theo
l

cng cho nh Minh v tip n cc s b nh Minh sang nc ta.

Mi. khc, nh L kin quyt bo lon linh th Di Vt v ch quyn ca

mt nc c lp. Nhng hnh ng xm ln, cp bcc ca bn quan li
nh Minh vng bin g u c nh L ch ng gii quyt. Mt s
chu, ng ng nam Qung ng xin quy ph nh L v c Thi
T phong chc ic, trng coi t a nh c.

T rong nhng nim 4 0 ca th k XV, m t s nc lng ging nh Lo,

Bn Man, mt s tiu quc nam Mianma, Xim cng ln lt sai s sang

cng v t quan h ngoi giao vi nc ta.

Di vi Chmpa, chnh sch ca nh L c t nhiu thay i. Nm 1407,
khi qun Minh nh xung Di Vit, nh H suy sp, vua Chmpa em
qun nh ra, chim li Chim Dng v C Ly. T nh hnh tm yn trong
nhng nm khi ngha Lam Sn v thi vua L Thi T. Nm 1434, c
tin T h i T m t, vua Clmpa lin cho qun ra cp Ha Chu. Mi bt
ha gia hai nc li din ra. mc du sau , vua Chmpa sai s sang
cng hin v cu ha.
Vo nhng nm 50, ni b triu nh C hm pa m t n nh. T rong mt
cuc Iranh chp, Bn La T r Duyt git c vua Na Ha Qu Do v ln
lni vua. My nm sau, y nhng ngi cho em J T r Ton. Ma thu nin
1470, T r T o n em my vn qun nh Ha Chu. Tng gi Hda Chu
chng khng ni, cho ngi v kinh T h n g Long cp bo. S kin ny
dn n cuc hnh qun n ca vua L T h n h Tng vo cui m 1470
u nm 1 4 7 1 . Cc o qun i Vit ln lt nh bi cuc khng c ca
quii Chain v dn thng 4 hm 1471 lli chim c kinh T r Bn
(Vigiaya). Vua Chmpa l T r Ton b bt.
Kt thc cuc giao tranh, L Thnh Tng quyt nh sp nhp vng t t
nam Ha chu n o C Mng (bao gm c i Chim v C Ly) vo lnh
th Di Vit v sau , p thnh o Tha tuyn th 13 ; Qung Nam.
Vng t cn l ca Chnipa c cha lni 3 : Chim Thnh, Hoa Anh
v Nam B n , giao cho ba v vng ngi Chm cai qun.
II. P H C H I V P H T T R I N K I N H T
Ch h ca nh Minh v cuc chin tranh gii phng T quc tn
ph nghim trng nn kinh t nc ta, vn suy yu trong nhng thp k
cui Trn. ng rung, lng XOIT iu tn. Nhn dn phiu tn. Th cng,
thng nghip suy sp. t nc tr i c lp, nh nc v nhn dn vi
thc t ho dn tc su sc ang vn cao. hp sc cng nhau nhanh chng
2 1 - C L S V N T .t p

322

I CNG LCH s VIT N . ^

khi phc sn xut, hn gn cc vt thng chin tranh v Si\u d a nn

kinh t pht trin ln mt giai on mi na sau th k XV,

1. Tnh hnh rung dt

t nc c hon ton gii phng. Nh L, mt m t cho 25 vn qun
v lm rung, chim li rung t c ca minh v khi phc sn x u l, mt
khc ku gi nhn dn phiu tn tr v qu c, cng nhau xy dng li
xm lng, n in, ngh nghip. m bo an ton cho sn xu t, Thi
T h lnh cho cc lng lm s rung t v trn c s , nh n c ch
ng phn phi. Rung t c phn lm 3 b phn chinh:
- Rung

thuc s hu nh nc: T t c nhng rung t tc h thu

c ca chnh quyn h v bn ngy quan, rung t khng ch u

thuc s hu nh nc. Vi s lng rt n, nh nc s ng n di cc
hnh thc sau :
Loi do nh nc trc tip qun ], c gi l rung quc kh hay rung
cng. Loi ny c cp cho cc c quan a phng hay tru n g ng, pht
canh cho nng dn hoc giao cho nhng ngi b ti cy cy.
Loi cp cho cc cng thn hay quan l. Ngay sau khi lp xong c c s
rung t lng x, vua L thc hin vic phong thng cho cc cng thn
ca s nghip gii phng t nc. 221 ngi c phong tc hu, tc
tr t v cp rung t 3 0 0 500

Cc triu vua tip sau, lc

cng phong thng rung t cho cc i th n

C(5

cng. y l loi rung

cng thi, Thi L Thnh Tng, ch lc in c ban hnh, theo

cc quan li t Tam , T phm tr ln cho n cc vng, hu, b c cp
mt s rung ty chc tc. Rung lc chia lm hai loi: loi cp vnh vin
gi l rung th nghip, ch yu dnh cho c c vng hu, cng ch a; loi
cp mt i gi l rung n t ( 1 5 - 1 3 0 mu cho quan t 1 -4 phm). Rung
lc chl cp cho quan chc t 4 phm t r ln. Cc chc thp hn ch c
hng phn rung cng lng theo c h qun in. Sau khi vin quan
c cp ch t 3 nm thl nh nc thu li.
Loi n in, do nh nc t chc khai hoang thnh lp. Nng dn cy
n in ch yu l ngi b t ti, nng dn lu tn ngho di c m.
Loi ny pht trin t sau nm 1481, khi T hn h Tng quyt nh thnh
lp 4 3 s n n a phng^^^
Rung t cng lng x; Loi rung t ny ct ngun gc t x a xa,
c duy tr cho n th kl X V cc ln g x nhng vi t l khc nhau. T
thi Thi T, nh nc t vn phn cha rung t cng lng x cho
(1 ) T rong th c t nhiu ngiii c cp hon 1000 mu
( 2 ) Ttx>ng s ny : 3 0 s B c b ngy nay, 9 s T h a n h , N gh. T n h v 4 s vng Q u ng lnh Q ung Nam.

VIKT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

Bn d Di Vit ili L s

3 23

324

DI CNG LCH s VIF/1 NAM

dn ngho t hoc khng rung t, qun lnh

thng nht vic phn

chia rung cng trong phm vi c nuc, Thnh Tng ban hnh php quAn
in Theo php qun in, c 6 nm rung cng lng x dc chia li mt

ln cho cc thnh vin tro ng x hao gm cc q uan chc cp thp tt ng

phm tr xungi, chc dch ca lng, qun lnh, ciin inh, v cc quan, ph
n gda chng, tr m ci Bc cao nht : 11; 10 phn dnh cho quan T a m ,
T phm cha c cp rung lc. Ng phm c 9,5 phn. Lc phm
c 9 phn, binh sl c cp t 5 n 8 ,5 phn...
H ng lo c 3 ,5 phn
M ci, tn ph c 3 phn^^*
Cc quan ph huyn c nhim v phi hp vi cc x trng, gi lng o
c rung t, tnh s ngi c chia v thc hin vic qun in Php qun
in va gip cho moi ngi dn nng thn c mnh t cy cy, sinh sng
va gip cho nh nc thu thu, ly iao dch, ly linh v nui lnh.
-

Rung t t hu: pht trin t nhng th ki trc, n th ki XV, c

iu kin ngy cng m rng. Trong b phn ny cd 3 loi: rung ca nng

dn t hu, rung ca a ch v mt s t i4n trang. S gia tng ca hng
ng quan li gp phn lm cho b phn rung t hu ca a ch ngv cng
pht trin, trong lc cc in trang ngy cng thu hp i. Theo pht
trin chung, rung t t hu ca giai cp a ch ngy cng ln t rung t
cng. Giai cp a ch cng nhn d lng on quyn hnh lng x.

2, S phc hi v pht trin nng nghip

T sau ngy gii phng, nhn dn ln lt tr v qu hng xy dng
li lng xm, phc hi sn xut nng nghip. Nh nc cng r t quan tm
n vic bo v v khuyn khch nng nghip. Cc quan ph huyn c nhim
v c thc v khuyn khch nhn dn khai ph ht rung t b ha, gip
nhn n dit su cn la nu c. Thnh Tng tng d cc quan
Th a ti, Hin ti, ph huyn: "v cc vic dn s tm thng nh l i hn
m khng o, nc lt, m khng khi, vic li khng lm, vic hi khng
tr, cd ta d m khng cu o th phi x ti lu". Mt ch trng quan
trng ca nh nc c nhn dn hng ng l khai hoang, m rng din
tch canh

Nhiu lng xdm vng ven bin Sn Nam, Thanh Ha,

Ngh An ra i. D gip cho cng cuc khai hoang ny, T h n h Tng

cho p mt h thng bin m ang tn Hng c,
(1 ) 'J'h co hin Nam du h.

(2) By gi nh IjC ban hnii hai chinh ch cho dAn khn hciang ; mi dnh cho dn cng

Iha

m tn ,

cng huyCa m l tirh clK) dn khc hu y a khc tha tuyn. C c nhm khai hoang (J 6 j phi xin phtp
chnh quyn d\i jhU(5ng

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TIY DN 1858)

325

X a m 1481, theo ngh ca cc* quan. T h n h Tng quyt inh cho thnh
p 1 3 s n in vi mc i('h "khai thc ht sc nng nghip, m rTig
ngucSn sc. tich cho nc". Cc cn

ii nv c t cc vg Bc (3 0

s*. T hanh U (5 s) Ngh An (4 s) Thun Hda (2 s) Qung Nam (2 s).

Cc vin chnh, ph n in s c nhim v m dn ngho khng rung,
lu (n on y khai hoang v phi chia rung t cho h cy cy.
N'h;'i L rt chrtm lo n thy li, u. Cc tha tuyn u c chc quan
h cJ chuyn phi hp vi Cii(! q u an ph, h u yn tr n g nom , s a p iu

Nm 1498* mi x phi c ml x trng chuyn trch vic iu v khuyn

nng. Trng hp v, triu inh lp tc c quan i khm xt, huy ng
nhn dn, qun lnh, cng tng hc sinh Quc t gim i sa p, cu h.
Vic o knh, khi ngi c t chc nhiu ni va c li cho chuyn
vn, va tao ngun nc "ti rung cho dn". Nm 1438, nh nc ch
da khai li c c knh Trng Yn, T h an h Hda, Ngh An; nm 1449, khai
sng Binh L (Kim Anh - \^nh Phc), nm 1467 khai thm mt s knh
Thanh Ha, Ngh An, Thun Ha v.v... Nh nc cn lun lun khuyn

khch nhn dn p b gi nc, khi thng nhng ch ng thy, phng

hn hn . xe t t nc c ph bin.
Ngoi ra, nh nc cn quy nh mi cng trinh xy dng cn u ng
di phu u phi tin hnh ngoi Lhi v cy cy, gt ma, "h cng vic
g c hai cho ngh nng th khng c khinh ng sc dn". Php lut nh
L bo v c h t ch sc ko trong nng nghip. T n trm tru b b trng
pht nng. Nm 1489, Thnh Tng ra lnh cn git tru b ban ni.
T ro n g nhng ndm kh khn, hn hn. lt li, nh vua thng lp n
cu

t ir ch mnh hoc ra chiu khuyn nng, ng vin nhn dn

khr phc kh khn Am bo sn xut.

Chinh sch trng nng ca nh L s thc s t kt qu tt. Theo ghi
chp ca s c, trong 3 8 nin thng tr ca L Thnh Tng, ch c 4 la
hn hn, 1 ln v , mt im i km... T t nhin y cng l cng sc
ca nhn dn

Nhiu nm saUj nh li thi T)y, nhn dn ca ngi :

Di uua Thi T, Thi Tng

Thc la dng, tru cing bun n.
3. T n h h n h c n g th ng nghip
Ha bnh ip li, nhu cu phc hi v pht trin nng nghip, xdm ing,
xy dng li kinh thnh, trn l thc y s phc hi v pht trin nhanh
chdng ca c c ngh th cng. Cc ngnh, ngh truyn thng nh ko t,
t ua, an lt, rn st, dt chiu, lni nn, c ng ngy cng pht trin

326

DI CONG LCH s VIT NAM

cc lng. Nhng lng th cng chuyn nghip li ni ln nh B t T rng,

Ngha , u Cu, Hng Canh, Mao in, B t B

V .V ..

T h n g Long l

ni tp trung nhiu ngnh ngh th cng ca c nc, by gb c chia

thnh 36 phng. D a ch ca Nguyn Tri vit:
Phng T n g kini lm kiu, o gip, i mm. vng, gm
tru, d ng, phng Y n T h i lm giy; phng T h y Chng
v phng Nghi Tm dt vi nh v la; phng H T n nung
vi; phng Hng o nhum iu; phng Tk Nht lm
qut... phng ng Nhn bn o dip y...
Gp phn vo s pht trin ca th cng nghip c cc cng xng c
nh nc vi tn gi chung l cc Bch tc. Cc ny chuyn c tin, c h
to v kh, ng thuyn, lm cc dng cho vua quan nh m, o, giy,
ht. Nh vua cng c mt khu t vi, la do cc cung n ph trch. Th
th cng nh nc (cng tng) ban u l nhng ngi c tay ngh gii
c tuyn chn, v sau l th "am hiu" c tuyn theo c h lao dch
Trn c s ca s pht trin nng nghip v th cng nghip, vic lu thng
bun bn cng h phc v ngy cng m rng. Cc ch a phng mc ln
cc lng, lin lng va c tnh cht ring va c tnh cht chung cho nhn
dn ton vng. Ch hp theo phin v ln lt t ch ny sang ch khc, ri
u trong tun. Hng hda ch yu l nng phm hoc cc sn phm th cng
a phng. Nm 1477, nh nc nh l lp ch mi : "Cc huyn, chu, x
cc x trong nc, nhn dn ngy mt nhiu, noi no mun chia m ch
mi tin mua bn thl quan ph, huyn, chu khm xt q thc tin li
cho dn th lm bn tu ln, cho theo tin li m hp ch.
D tin cho vic bun bn, trao i, nh L b tin giy thi H, c
tin dng mi v quy nh r: 1 quan bng 10 tin, 1 tin b n g 60 ng.
Cc n v o lng cng c thng nht.
Thng Long vn l ni tp trung bun bn ln nht ca c nc. Dn cc
ni V y t tp lm n ngy cng ng n ni chc quan cai qun ph
Phng Thin s, lnh ui ht h v nguyn qun. Nm 1481, t trung don
Quch Dinh Bo phi dng s tu xin vua b lnh "chi nhng k tp c v
loi th nn ui v> cn ngi nguyn c hng ch ph x... hy cho c tr
ng bun bn, sinh nhai" vi '^kinh s l ni cn bn ca bn phng, tin
ca trao i tt phi cho lu thng dng'. Thnh Tng ng-^^^

(1) (2 ) Di y s it n t. Sd. T .ll, irang 259, 277. H ng O c /in M /i/ t ghi IC ip ch v

nam 1471.

VIT N M (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

327

V ngoi thng, thuvn b cc nc lng ging vn thng xuyn qua

l trao i, Vn n, Vn Ninh (thuc Q ung Ninh), Cn Hi, Hi Thng
uhuc Ngh An) mt s a im Lng Sn, Tuyn Quang... vn l nhng
khu ch tra o i hng. Cc sn phm snh, s, vi la, lm sn qu vn l
nhng th h ng m thng nhn nc ngoi ham thch. Tuy nhin, gi
vng an ninh, nh nc t cc trm kim st cng khu. Cc chc
giang hi tun kim tra xt nghii ngt: nhng ngi nc ngoi n bun
bn v tr n g pht nng nhng ai t , khng c giy php ni vt qua
bin i vo ni a nc ta bun bn trao i.
Nhn chung, nn kinh t cng thng nghip nc ta thi L s pht
trin thm mt bc ng k so vi trc. Quaii h hng ha - tin t cOng
nh dng tin tc ig vo x hi, vo h thng quan ti, tng bc gy
nn s i thay trong ch chnh tr v s n nh ca t nc.

IIL VN H A - X HI
. Tnh hnh x hi
Nhng s kin ln v chnh tr, kinh t ca th k XV ln thay i
It nhiu cu to giai cp trong x hi Hai giai cp chnh; a ch phong
kin v nng dn, ngy cng xc lp. Giai cp a ch phoTg kin c chia
thnh hai t n g lp chnh: qu tc, quan chc trung cao cp v a ch
thng. B phn qu tc dng h vua, tuy c ban cp nhiu rung t
t h nghip vn khxg cu th n h mt lc lng c in tran g v th lc

chnh tr a phng, Mt s n cng th n khai quc c ban h vua

(quc tnh) song khng hnh thnh mt lp qu tc. S a n g thi T hnh Tng,
h dn dn tr li vi h gc ca mnh. Cc quan i trung, cao cp do c
ban nhiu rung lc m tr thnh a ch, song khng cch bit vi cc a
ch thng hoc nhn dn v phn ln x u t thn khoa c. Trong lc >
t n g lp a ch thng hu nh ri ra c c lng, x, dn dn tr thnh
nhng ngi ch v m mt.
Giai cp nng dn chim tuyt i a s c dn, sng ch yu cc lng
x, bao gm nng dn t hu, t in v mt t nng n. P h n ln nng
drt c ch ia rung cng, cy cy sinh sng, lm nghl v cho nh nc
v t nhiu c hoc hnh.

328

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

By gi rung thng ng np thu cho nh nc 6 0 th n g thc>c vti G

tin/mu
Rung trung ng np thu cho nh nc 4 0 th an g thc v 4 tin mu
Rung h ng np thu cho nh nc 2 0 th n g thc v 3 tin/m u
(1 thn g = 1.2 - 1.4 kg)
T hu nhn inh: 8 tin - 1 quan 2 tin /n ni
c s cho php cua nh nc, n h n g nng dn ngho, khng rng
t c th hp nhau i khai hoang x y dng l n g xm, ng rung mi.
t a khai ph c, h chia nhau l m rung t (by gi n h nc cha
nh thu rung t), dnh mt phn lm rung c n g np thu.
T n g lp th th cng v thng n h n ngy cn g ng hn, n h n g cha
tr thnh mt lc lng ln m nh. H b x em l nhng k "b gc\ theo
ngn, ngoi tr dn cc lng th c n g chuyn nghip hoc d n phng
T h ng Long. T ron g Thp gii c hn quc ng vn ca L T h n h T n g t'c5
cu ni v thng nhn:

La d o l xem no c khc
Ngi ta li bn c ngi ta.
N t
l ngi

vn cn

l mt tn g lp n g

Hoa hoc cc dn tc

k tro n g x hi. S n g trong h

t ngi.

P h p lu t nh L hn c h nghim

ngt vic bn minh lm n hoc bc dn inh t do lm n t.

Diu 168 ca "L triu hnh lu t quy nh: "vng cng, th
gia t tin thch ch vo dn inh lni gia n (s u n g cng, thu
danh lch cng vy) mt ngi

thi x biin 3 t, nu l quan

nh t, nh phm tr ln th p h t tin 100 qu an, c 3 ngi tng

1 bc, Li chi n bim 5 t, ph t tin 5 0 0 quan".
Cuc u tr a n h ca n t (b tr n ) v c c nh cm b t, m u a b n ngi
thiu s im n lm gim dn s l n g n t v cui c n g xta b n.
Nh s n lc ca nhn dn v nh nc, nn kinh t nhanh ch ng c
phc hi ri pht trin. Dn s ngy c n g tng, nh nc cho php cc
lng

c trn 5 0 0 h cd th tch ra, th n h

lp th m i n g mi. T t nhin,

gi bo, hn hn, m t ma i km l nh n g tai ha t nhn khng trnh

khi, nhng theo ghi chp ca s c, s lng khng nhiu. C uc sng c\
nhn dn ni chung n nh> th a n h bnh. Nn c lp v th n g nht ca
nc i Vit c cng c v co th n i, by gi i Vit l nc cng
thnh nht ca c khu vc nam T r u n g Quc.

V1K'1 NAM .T TIII NGYN THY DKN 188>

329

2. T n h h n h v n h a
a (h o dic. kh oa c
Ngay l nm 14 28 , ln ngi llong' , L Li h lnh dng li Quc
t ^m knh , m ti n g cc l, biin chiu cu hin". Gio dc c
m rng c h o con eni mi t n g lp nhn dn. Cc gio quan c chn la
cn (hn. N m 143 5, di triu

'rhi Tng, cc gio quan kinh v cc

l c t p hp v kinh kho hch, ai yu km th b sa thi.

Tin Ih em m t bc, nm 146 7, T hnh Tng t chc bc s y 5 kinh,
mi ngi nghin cu mt kinh ging dy. Hng nm, nh nc cho in
v jan cho c c tr n g ph c c sch Ng kinh, T h, Dng kh o a luc,

NgiK (ng n piani. Vn kin th?ig kho, Vn tuyn

V .V ..

T h n h Tng

cng cho xy dng li Vn nu, m rng Thi hc vin, m thm T Lni

cc v S n g vAn qun bi dng con em qu tc, quan li cao cp... Ni
ciung hc tp c quy nh v . r rng, cc hc quan c tuyn chn
cn (hn.
X am 14 29 , Thi T m khoa thi minh kinh kinh , cho php ^i ngi
c hoe u c tham d, Thi T n g cho cc quan bn nh th i thi c, d
ki^n n nm 1438 m khoa thi Hng a phng, nm sau ni khoa
thi ii kinh . T c 3 nAiii m mt k thi, ai thi Hi u c phong
l Tin s xUclt thn,

nh r ni dung ca 4 k thi. Tuy nhin, phi n

nAm 1442, nh nc mi m c khoa thi Hi u tin, iy 33 ngi (trong

d Nguyn T r c T r n g nguvn. Nguyn Nh Bng nhn, Lng Nh
Ht* 'rh m hoa). Bn canh cc ki thi ^i khoa ny, nh L cng m cc
khoa thi Li vin vi cc mn lon v vit ch
Nm 1 4 6 2 , T h n h T n g t l "Bo kt thi lng", quy nh r th tc
giy t c a n h ng ngi ng th. Sau , CI 3 nm, nh nc m 1 k thi.
Li k trn bia tin si ghi: "Vic chnh tr ln ca vng
khng g c n b n g nhn ti" Li d ca vua Hin Tng c on:
"N hn ti l nguyn kh c a nh nc, nguyn kh mnh Ih tr
o mi th n h . K h o a nnc l ng th n g ca quan trng,
ng th n g m thi chn nho mi c".
Nh L c n g khuyn khch vic he tp thi c bng cch t l xng
danh tr e o bng, ban m o, phm tc, dng bia tin sl v l vinh quy bi
t N hng bin php ndi trn gp phn quan trng pht trin gio dc
trong nc Tho s c, khoa thi Hi nm 1463 c 1.400 th sinh, nm 1514,
s ng th ln cn 5 7 0 0 ngi

330

I CNG LCH S V I T NAM

Tnh ring trong 3 8 nm di triu vua L T h n h T ng, n h nc a

m 12khoa thi iy ly 501 tin

sl, trong c 9 tr n g nguyn.

C t h xem thi L s, c bit l triu vua L T h n h T n g l thi pht

trin cc thnh ca gio dc Ihi c phong kin.
Nh s hc Phan Huy Ch nhn xt: "khoa c cc i, thnh nht
l i Hng c (1470 - 1497). Cch ly rng ri, cch

chon

ngi cng bng, i sau cng khng th theo kp... T rong nic
khng st nhn ti, triu nh khng dng !m ngi km
Ni dung gio dc ch yu l Nho gio qua c c s c h T th, Ng kinh,

Bc s, Th ph... nhng qua cc k thi V n sch hay thi inh, ngi hc

trnh by c nng lc chnh tr v s hiu bit th c tin c a minh. T
gio dc, khoa c xut hin nhiu nh nho, n h chnh tr, ngoi giao,
nh s hc ni ting lm rng danh t nc mt thi.

b) Tn gio, tin ngng

T cui thi T r n , Nho gio ln t P h t gio, thi L s, Nho gio
chim a v c tn. S pht trin ca gio dc gp phn qu an t r n g vo
vic ph cp Nho gio. Thm vo d, nh nc thng xuyn b an hnh cc
iu lnh v l gio trong nhn dn (nh v hn nhn* quan h v chng,
tang l...) buc cc quan chc a phng phi gin g gii v th eo di vic
thc hin. Gio l nh nho cQng c a vo c c h u n iu (2 4 hu n iu
ca L Thnh Tng) v cc x trng ct nhim v h n g n m c v ging
cho x dn. Nhiu quy nh kht khe ca Nho gio cng dc a vo lut
Hng Dc.
Tuy nhin, nhn n khng d ng chp nhn cc gio iu phong kin
Nho gio. Nm 1485, Thnh Tng vn d cc quan: "T r m t khi ln ngi n
gi, phm nhng php dy dn nn phong tc tt... khng ci g l khng ni
ra trong li hun d.., th m... tc dn vn cha c

T r o n g hng ng

quan li, nho sl, nhng truyn thng o l tt p c a dn tc vn chi phi

cuc sng tinh thn ca nhiu ngi, in hnh l Nguyn Tri.
Tr c y, bn phong kin nh Mnh trong thi gian h nc ta
li dng P h t gio v o gio m hoc n h n dn. C h n g tru y n b cc
hnh thc m tn, t thut, ph php, o to h n g lot th u t s, o sl,
tng nhn chuyn sng bng ngh m a chay, bi ton. C c c h a ch in mt
dn ngha tran g nghim, rung t nh ch a cng t n m t, h oan g ha.
(1 ) Lch tricu hin ch>hf h i ch. T lll. Nxb s h>c, 1961. I r .l2 .
(2 ) Di Vii s k ton ih, T I U , ktl. ir.292

VIKT NAM (T THI NGI YN T l l Y DKX 88)

331

Lii ngi h ong , L Loi iit l thi t n g nhn, buc cc nh s phi trn
50 tui, th n g hiu kinh pht v qua mt ki khiio hch m c n h nc
cng nhn, ngoi ra u phi hon tc
l, T h n h T ng, hn c h Pht gio v Dao gio cht ch hn. Nm 1461,
nha nc cm quan li, nhn dn khng c xy thm cha qun mi, t
tin c chun g, t tng

Hot ng ca bn thy cng, thy bi. o s

b rigAn c m . C c nh s ung ru, n iht u b bt hon tc, phm ti

dm thi b lu v. Nlm 1471. Thnh 'rng t ti T n g lc v Do lc
chuy(n tr c h P h t gio v Do gio Mt s cha qun c tu b.
Nm 1 4 4 9 . nh L bat u lp n th D i thnh hong kinh s
rng n -h th n

niy. ma. .sm d hng nAm cng t. Nm , Nhn

Tn^f c n g cho t chc ngv hi chin thng, ban yn cho cc qan, lm

khc n h ac B in h Ng ph trn " va tuu va ma "cng thn c ngi cm

xv n pht khc". Ngy hi c tip tc trong nhiu nm sau.

Din L a m Sn c xy dng v hng nm, cc vua L ng v C!ng t
t ticn. L a m K inh c n g l ni dng lng ca cc vua thi L s T ro n g nhn
dn, tuc th cng c c anh hng c cng vi nc c ph cp. Nhng ngi
cd cng tr o n g khi ngha Lam Sn u c nhn dan th phng. T c th
l tin ph bin khp n; Cc dng h c cng vi lng, vi nc u xy
n th, ghi ch*p gia phA, c n g l hng nm,
ri Vn hoc, s hoc
Vvn hc ch H n tip tuc chim u th, xut hin hng lot tp vn th
ni ting. Tp "'Qun trung ninh "gm trn 50 bc th o Nguyn Tri
thay li L Li vit gi bon quan ing nh Minh vi ni dung Su tranh
ngoi giao quan trng, BAn Di co binh Ng l mt ng anh hng ca tng
kt mt cch ti tnh cuc khng chin v i ca dn tc, ng thi tot
ln nin l ho dn tc cao qu, ch ngha yu nc sng ngi vi tinh
thn n h n nghia ly ch nhn thay cng bo, em i ngha th n g hung
tn" ca cu c khi ngha I^ani Sn.
Bn c n h h ng lot th viX nh c Trai thi tp, Quc m thi tp,

Lari son thc lc ca Nguyn Tri, Ph Xng Giang ca L T T n , Ph

,am Sn ca V Mng Nguvn v.v. . Qiivnh uyn cu ca ca hi T ao Dn
(Tao Dn nh thp b t t do L Thnh T n g thnh lp v lm nguyn soi),

Hng dc quc m thi tp, Thp gi c hn quc ng vn, Xun vn th

tp ca L T h n h Tng, Tr ii p ca Ngyn Trc, L dng di tp
ca T hi T h u n , Cu di lp ca Nguyn Hc v.v,,. Mt th loi mi c

332

I CNG LCH s V I T NAM

nhiu ngi bin son l cc su tp th vn nh Qun hin pu tp ca

Hong Sn Phu, Thi g ia tinh tuyn ca Dng c Nhan v Lng Nh
Hc. T rick dim thi tp ca Hong c Lng, Quc triu chng biu ca
T r n Vn M v.v...
Nh vy, bn h th vn ch Hn t nhiu ni tip tinh thn dn tc
ca thi L - Trn, vn hc ch Nm gi mt v tr quan trng, khng
ch cc nho s, quan li sng tc th Nm m nh vua cng xem ch Nm
m t phng tin quan trng th hin t tng v tnh cni c a mnh.
Tin h thn dn tc d cng biu hii c trong vic su tp th vn xa,
mt mong mun khng nh "Duy ng Di Vit chi quc, thc v vn hin
chi bang".
V s hc, t stn nh s hc Phan Phu Tin son i Vt s k tc

bin gm 10 quyn, ni tip i Vit s k ca L Vn Hu, m u vi s

thnh lp nh T r n v kt thc vi vic qun Minh rt v nc (.1427).
Hin nay b s ny nit.
Trn c s cc b s c, "tham kho thm Bc s, d s, cc bn truyn,
ch cng ahng iu c nghe truyn, t r a xt, so snh", nm 1479 s quan
Ng S Lin son i Vit $ ki ton th gm 15 tp, chia thnh 2 phn:
Ngoi ki chp t h Hng Bng n 12 s qun (5 tp), Bn ki chp t nh
inh n li Li ln ngi hong {10 quyn). Cng vi hai b s chnh thng
ny, c b Lam Sn thc lc"' ca Nguyn Tri ghi !i ton b qu trnh chin
u gii phng T quc ca ngha qun Lam Sn, Vit gim ihng kho ca
V Qunh, Vit gim thng kho tng lun ca L Tung Di Vit lci di $

kV' v tp th Vii g i m vnh s ca Dng Minh Khim.

Ngoi cc cng trnh vn hc, s hc cn c nhiu cng Irinh khoa hc
khc rt c gi. tr nh: Thin nam d h tp (1 0 0 quyn) ghi ii ton b
ch , lut l, vn th, in l ca nh L (nay ch cn 4 - 5 quyn), Hong

triu quan ch, D d a ch, mt tp sch a l lch s do Nguyn T r i son,

An nam hnh thng d ca m Vn L vit v a l i Vit, Hng Dc
bn d. V y hc cd Bn tho thc vt ton yu ca P han Phu T in nghin
cu v thuc nam v cch phng bnh, B o anh lng phng ca Nguyn
T r c, dy cch gi gn sc khe cho tr em.
V ton hc c i thnh ton php ca Lng T h Vinh v L p tknh

ton php ca V Hu.

Mt cng trnh lch s ngh thut sn khu ng qu l H phng ph

lc c a Lng T h Vinh cng c lu truyn.

VIKT NAiM (T THI \GY\ THY DN 188)

//

333

N gh thu t

'rhi L sct, m nhc tng i pht t r i n

Nm 1437, tviu nh c

Nguvf*n Tri v Lng Dang ch nh nh nhc dng trong cc nghi l ca

nh ncK Nhng do bci ng kin, Nguyn Tri xin t. Lng Dng da

hm nhc xa v nhc nc ngoi, chia nh nhc thnh 8 loi (nhc t,

nhac l, nhc yn tic, nhc trong cung...) vi cc nhc c nh: trng, khnh,
chung, n, sinh, tiu, qun, thc v.v... Thi Thnh Tng, Thn Nhn
Trung, Nhun, Lng T h Vinh c giao vic nghin cu nhc nc
ngoi ch nh li l nhc trong triu gm 2 b ng vn, chuyn v

uyn tp nhc kh v b Nh nhc chuyn v ca ht. m nhc dn gian b

a ra ngoi triu, gi l tc nhc, do ti Gio phng trng coi. Bv gi ni
ln bn nhc "Bnh Ng ph trn"j c tu v;\ ma vo nhng ngy hi
mng chin thng.
'IVong nhn dn, cc iu ma thi xa vn tip tc pht trin. Bn cnh
. n^h thut tung, cho ngy cng ph bin, thng c t chc vo

cc ngv hi, l, vui u nm v,v... Tuy nhin, giai cp thng tr xem thng
ngh h t xng, cho h thuc loi "xng c a v loi", khuyn rn mi ngi
"khng nn t p ngh ht xng, hi n phong tc" " m nhc, ca ma
khng c iu kin c kt, pht trin .

S gh thut kin trc v iu khc thi L s khng pht trin. Cc

cng trinh P h t gio nh chi hin, chung tng b tn ph nhiu nhng
nim cui T r n v h Minh, khng c u kin phc hi do s hn ch
oa nh nc. Cc va L khng ch trng xy dng thm nhiu cng
trinh mi. Kinh thnh c xy dng !i ng hong hn, Vn miu c

m rng. Cung in r\h VUQ v dinh th cc c quan c sa cha, xy

dnR ihm nhng du vt hin nay khng cn. Tiu biu cho ngh thut
kin trc v iu khc ng thi l nhng i tch ca in Lam Kinh.
Hn nay chi cn li mt vi bc tng, nn ct, bc thm
v mt s con vt bng . Cung in c xy dng trn mt
khu t hnh ch nht di 3 1 4 m , rng 254m , c tng thnh
bao bc dy m . Trong cc bia ni ln bia v in h L n g (v L
Li) cao 2m 79, rng ln i9 2 ng trn ing mt con ra di
3 m 4 6 , rng ln )94. Hnh rng chy 2 bn bia theo mtip hoa vn
rng giun.
Di6u khc cc cng trnh cui th ki X V - u th k XVI chuyn dn
sa n g phong cch mi, hnh khi s, k th u t iu luyn.
Cng vi t tng c tn Nho gio ca giai cp thng tr, nn vn ha
Dai Vit ng thi cng gim bt tnh dn gian

334

DI CNG LCII S VIKT s m

n th u

Loi

Nuyn Tri

Chng X

I VIT TRONG CC TH K B CHA CT

(TH K XVI - GIA XVIII)

I.
S SUY SP CA NH L
V TNH TRNG CHIA CT T Nc
u th k X V I, nht l sau kh L Hin Tng mt, x hi i V it m t
dn cn h th n h tr, kinh t sa st, nhn dn sng cc kh, cc t h lc phong
kin tr a n h chp ln nhau m u cho mt giai on mi ca c h phong
kin V it N am .

. Cuc khng hong chnh tr

Nm 1 5 0 4 , Hin Tng "v ham n sc qu nhiu" ch t sm, L Uy Mc
( 1 5 0 5 - 1 5 0 9 ) sao nhng vic triu chnh, "tn cng cung nhn ung ru
v fi, a i say thl git", li git cc cng th n , tn th t c khng ng h
mnh, tn h tnh hung hn n ni mt vin s th n T ru n g Quc phi gi
y l "vua qu"^*\ Ngi trong hong tc hp qun git Uy Mc, lp vua
mi l T n g Dc. L Tng Dc n ngi cng t ra sa a khng km,

"hoang dm v , thng bt ph n ci trung cho thuyn cho minh i

chi trn H T y. S thn T ru n g Quc nhn x t "nh vua tnh hiu m
nh t ng ln, lon vong khng cn lu na". Ti>g Dc b t dn p thnh
rng my nghln trng, theo mu ca ngi th V Nh To lm i in
hn 100 nc, x y thm Cu trng i cao cht vtt... cng vic xy dng
"ph i lm li nhiu ln" qun dn va kh s v lao ng va bnh t t
cht r t nhiu, nc nh "ht kit tin c a '.

( I ) Dt i'i s k ton ihu, T .IV , Sd, Ir. 45.

33 6

DI CNG LCH s VIT N.^\M

Bn qu tc ngoi thch da th nh vua, kt thnh b' cnh n m hl

quyen hnh "phm sc vt, hoa mu ca dn gian u cp c, nh dn ai
c d l, vt qu thi nh du

gL h cng thn, tn th t.

Li ng tnh hnh Ba a ca chnh quyn trung ng, bn quan li

a phng mc sc tung honh, nhng nhiu, n tii ph x, ch ba,
h thy bdng quan thi dn vi ng ca, v tm ng n trn. T r o n g bi
hch ca Lng Dc Bng (thay mt nhm Nguyn Vn Lang khi ni binh
git Uy Mc) c on t co bn quan li: "tc ht m lm thng
khng ht, dn cng m m thu khng cng^ ph thu thu n t tc
m dng ca nh bin t", n g cng khuyn vua mi nn Mui b k t
nnh, "cng bng tuyn b quan li", "cm hi l b thi tham

nhin Tng Dc cng nh Chiu T n g sau ny khng theo.

Trong lc chnh quyn trung ng sa a th th lc phong kin ngy
cng mnh ln. S tranh chp trong triu l iu kin Ihun li cho h
vng y. NhAn nhng t nn do y Mc gy ra, nm 1509 nhm Nguyn
Vn Lang v tn th t nh L Thanh Ha ni qun, nh ra T h n g
Long, git Uy Mc, a L Oanh ln ngi (Tng Dc). Khng lu sau d.
nhom hon quan Nguyn Khc Hi lm lon, nht vua vo cung uy hip
triu nh. Nhng nm tip theo, nhn c c cuc ni dy ca nhn dn cc
a phng, nhng vin tng c cng n p, tim cch lng on (|uyn
hnh, tranh chp ln nhau. Nm 1516, qun cng Trnh Duy Sn c n g bn
L Qung , phao tin gic n git Tng Dc v mt s quan lai. An
ha hu Nguyn Hong D c tin, ko qun t Gia Lm v t ph kinh
Ihnh. T rn h Duy Sn chi, Hong D li mu thun vi Trnh T uy, hai
bn tng qun kinh thnh chng i nhau. T rn h Tuy thua b ch y vo
T h anh Ha. T rn Chn em qun nh Nguyn Hong D v ui ng ta
vo T han h Hta. L Chiu Tng sai Nguyn Cng D v Mc n g Dung
em qun thy b vo Thanh Hda nh Hong D; trong lc , tay chn
nh vua la git T r n Chn. Phi T rn Chn c tin , hp qun nh
vo kinh thnh, ChLu Tng phi b chy sang Gia Lm, "kinh s thnh ra
ni nh c v sn bn. Trih Tuy ko qun ra, mu vic ph lp vua
ny, vua khc. Chin tranh tip tc cho n nm 1522 mi tm yn. Nhng
{!) yi Vit x t t ki
(2 ) i Vii

(Jn

thu, T .IV , Sd, r. 48

\ ton ih, T .IV , Sdd, tr. 61. D c B n g hy gi lm T ihi lang hO

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

337

by gi mi quyn hnh a thuc v tay Mc Dng Dung. Cuc khng hong

chinh tr chng t s suy nhc ca dng h L v chnh quyn ca n<5.

2. Cuc du tranh ca nng dn

Bi "Tr binh bo phm" ca Lng c

B n g vit: "T thi oan

Khnh (nin hiu ca Uy Mc) ni triu c a n chnh, ngoi thch chuyn

quyn, php lnh phin h, kl cng ri lon, nng tan g th t nghip, phong
tc suy i, bn quan li, a ch xm chim rung t ca dn, cp ot
ti sn ca dn". Rung t cng ngy c n g b thu hp, chnh sch qun
in m t dn tc dng tch cc. Nm 1 5 1 0 , Tng Dc cho php cng thn
c tm kim nhng rung t "n lu" bo ln triu nh cp lm rung
tu, ch d d khc gi ni gio cho gic. Quan li cp chim rung t ca
dn, gy nn phn ng mnh m trong thn

xtm.

NAm 1512, "i hn, trong nc i to"

Nm 1517, "trong nc di to, nhn dn cht i nm gi ln nhau", "ch
no tri qua binh la li cn g i hn".
Nm 1519 hn hn, "la hng, go t"
Nng dn ni dy nhiu ni: Nm 1511, T hn Duy Nhc, Ng Vn
Tng dy qun ni ln Kinh Bc. C u i.n m , T r n T u n ni qun
Sn Ty, kinh thnh ri lon. Ngha qun tin st T Lim (ngoi tbnh
H Ni) nh bi qun tru inh. V sau, chng may Tun b git, ngha
qun b nh tan.
Nm 1512, Nguyn Nghim ni dy S n Ty, Hng Hta; L Hy, Trnh
Hng, L Minh T r i t ni qun Ngh An. T riu nh phi khd khn lm
mi dp yn.
Nm 1515, Phng Chng ni dy vng Tam o; Dng H n, ng
Ngt ni dy Ngc Sn (Thanh Ha)
Nm 1516, T rn Cng Ninh dy qun ni dy vng Y n L n g (Vnh
Phc). Khng lu sau, vng huyn Thy ng (Hi Phng) T r n Co
ni qun cng nhdra Phan t (ngi Chm), nh Ngn, inh Ngh, Cng
Un.

cha Qunh Lm (ng Triu). N gha qun nh bi qun triu

nh, lm ch hai huyn Thy Dng v Dng Triu. T h n g 5 nm y, t

Hi Dng, ngha qun nh v T h n g Long. Vua ti nh L chng khng
ni, b chy vo T hanh Ha. Kinh thnh no ng. Ngha qun tin vo
T h n g Long.
22-CLSVN T tp

338

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

T r n Co t lp lm vua, t nin hiu l Thin n g , phong chc tc

cho c c tng si. Khng lu sau, qun triu inh chia lm 3 o, t T h a n h
Ha ko r a nh. T r n Co phi rt qun, vt sng Dung ln vng L ng
Nguyn (L ng Sn) ri quay v Hi Dng. Tng nh L tin qun n
p nhng b ngha quAn bt git. V sau, b thua to B D (Gia L m ),
T rn Co r t qun ri giao quyn li cho con i Cung m gt tc i tu.
Nm 1521 cuc khi ngha ca T r n Co, T r n Cung b p tt.
Cng thi gian hot ng ca ngha qun T r n Co, nhiu cuc bo ng
l t ca nng dn cc nOi khc v ca nhn dn min ni bng n,
song cho n cc nm 1520 - 1522, phong tro u tranh tm lng xung.
Cc cuc u tran h ca nng dn v cc tc ngi thiu s

ni ln

tnh trn g khng hong ca x hi ng thi, gp thm phn vo cuc

khng hong chnh tr ang lm lung lay nn thng tr ca nh L

3. Nh Mc
T 15 2 2 , th lc ca nh L ngy c n g tn t. Da vo cng lao ca
minh tro n g vic n p cc cuc khi ngha ca nng dn v nh bi cc
th lc chng i, da vo s ng h ca mt s quan tng, thi phd Nhn
quc cng Mc D ng Dung t quyn ph vua Chiu Tng, lp L Xun (Cung
Hong) ln lm vua, sau d, nm 1527, nhn thy s bt lc ca nh L
v "thn dn trong nc theo minh", ng bc vua L phi nhng ngi,

lp ra n h Mc.
M c D n g D u n g ngi l n g C T r a i {N g h i D n g - H i
P hng), l c nh lm ngh nh c, h c sc khe v v gii
m thi lc s, Ntn 1 5 0 8 c c lm ch huy s v
T h n v. Sau , ng c phong V Xuyn b, gi chc tr n
th Sn Nam. Li dng m&n thun v tra n h chp gia c c i
th n ca nh L, Mc n g Dung em qun n h bi dn cc
t h lc phong kin m nh,

c vua L tn nhim th n g ln

chc T h i phd, tc quc

cng. T ip , vi tc An H ng

vng, M c ng Dung p h b n h L.
Sau khi n nh c triu chnh, u 110111 1530, Mc ng Dung nhng
ngi cho con l Mc Dng Doanh, cn m nh th xng l Thng hong v
sng d C Trai (Dng Kinh).
Tn ti trong mt bi cnh lun lun b s chng i ca cc cu thn

nh L, nh Mc ch c gng cng c m hlnh t chc chnh quyn t trung

ng n

a phng vn kh hon chnh t cui th k XV.

VIT NAM (T THI NGYN THY DN 1858)

339

D nhanh chdng to ra mt lp ngi cd hc thc trung thnh vi nh

nc mi, nm 1 52 9 Mc Dng Dung m khoa thi Hi, ly 27 ngi . T
u n c 3 nm, nh Mc t chc thi, m rng vic hc tp, dng bia
tin s v.v... T ron g hng ng quan i nh M c khng phi khng c nhng
ngi gii, yu niic thng dn nh Nguyn Bnh Khim, Gip Hi (Trng),
Li Mn, n g V Cnh, Mc n Nhng, Mc Ngc Liin

V . V ..

Nm 1528, Mc Dng Dung cng c li binh ch, tng cng s qun

bo v kinh th nh v nh vua. Cc vua tip sau c gng u i qun s,
hinh thnh m t ch rung inh, theo c c x c rung cng hay rung
cha u phi trch ra mt phn cp cho lnh theo ch t 4 - 5 mu/ngi.
S rung cn li "theo nhn s trong x m chia u".
Nhm gi vng an ninh trong nc, Mc ng Dung ra lnh "nhn dan
cc x khng c mang gm gio, dao nhn.,

khi i ng" ; nh d,

"trm cp bit tm, ngi i bun bn chi i tay khng... My nm lin

c ma, nhn dn 4 trn u c yn
V i ngoi, nh Mc t ra lng tng. Nhn tnh hnh ri lon nc
ta, bn phong kin nh Minh c 2 tn Cu Loan v Mao B n em mt
o qun xung, phao tin i xm chim nc ta v buc nh Mc phi u
hng. Trc tnh hnh t, Mc ng Dung run s, cng 40 vin quan,
nm 1540, ln tn ca Nam Quan np s sch v c t t 5 ng ng
bc vn c sp nhp vo i Vit u thi L s, tr li cho nh Minh.
Nhn vic ny, nh Minh phong Mc ng Dung lm An Nam thng s.
Mong mun yn m t B c tp trung lc lng i ph vi c c lc ng
cu thn nh L mn Nam, Mc ng Dung lm nhn dn v nhiu
quan li chn nn, phn n. Nh Mc dn dn ri vo th c lp. T ro n g
lc , t n n tham nhng, hch sch nhn dn ngy c n g an rng v gia
tng trong hng ng quan li.

II. T NC B CHIA CT
1. Chin tranh Nam - Bc triu
T khi M c ng Dung cp ngi nh L, nhu quan li c phn
ng kch lit. Nm 1530, Thanh Ha, L cng nhiu b tung ni dy
(1 )

O u D n, Di Vit thng s, H Ni 1978, lr.276.

340

DI CNG LCH

s VIT

NAM

chng li nh Mc. Qun hai bn n h nhau d di, m ai n u n m sau,

L mi b bt git. Tip t, mt cu th n khc l L Cng Uyn m qun
ni y Thanh Ha k tc s nghip c a L ... u n m 153 2, An T h n h
hu Nguyn Kim da vo s gip c a vua Ai Lao, m qu n luyn tp v
tn mt ngi con ca Chiu Tng t n l N inh ln lm vua. N hiu cu th n
nh L c tin trn theo. Mt tri u nh mi ca n h L h nh th n h
Thanh Hta, s gi l Nam T riu phn b i t vi B c triu c a n h M c.
Nm 1 5 3 9 - 1540 qun Nam triu nh v t r n l T h a n h Hda, N gh An v
nm 1 5 4 6 th hon ton lm ch v ng t t T h a n h Hta vo N am . C ng
thi gian ny, Thi s Hng quc cn g Nguyn K im b hn g tng n h M c
u c git cht. Vua L bn phong con r ca Nguyn K im l T r n h K i m
lm Thi s L n g quc cng, nm gi ton b binh quyn. Cuc ch in tr a n h
gia Nam triu v B c triu tip din N m 1551 nhn cuc lon c a P h m
T Nghi B c triu, Trnh K im sai qun nh ra s t T h n g Long, sau
rt v. Lin tip t cho n nm 1 5 6 9 , qun N am triu nhiu l n nh
ra Bc, nhng khng lm thay i c tnh th. N m 1 5 7 0 , T r n h K i m
cht, anh em T rnh Ci, Trnh T n g nh git nhau, vua L cng m mu
ginh i thc quyn. Nh Mc nh n d m lin tip n hiu cuc ti n cn g
vo t Thanh, Ngh. Su t hn 10 n m t 1 5 7 0 - 1 5 8 3 , n h Mc em qun
nh vo 13 ln, bin vng b bin t T h a n h Ha n T h u n H a th n h
chin trng, khin c lc y g i tr bng b nhau c h y ta n t c , ku
khc y ng, cht i rt nhiu.
Cui nm 1583, sau khi cng c c lc lng, ti t c h T r n g quc
cng T rnh T ng quyt nh em q u n nh ra B c. T r n nh ln n h t
xy ra vo nm 1592. Qun Mc th u a to, T r n h T n g em qun vo ch im
T h n g Long. Cuc chin tranh kt th c. Nh M c ,
Cuc chin tranh khng ch gy ra bao c n h au thng, c h t
chtc, y hng chc vn t r a i tr n g vo c n h ch m git ln nhau
m cn tn ph ma m ng, gy nn hn g lot tr n i 1 5 5 7 ,
1559, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1 5 7 7

V.V..

2. S phn lit Dng Ngoi -D n g Trong -ch in tranh Trnh -Nguyn

Tnh trn g Nam triu - B c triu ch m dt cha c bao lu th xy
ra s phn chia ng T rong - n g Ngoi. M t cuc chin tr a n h mi li
bng n.
Mm mng ca s phn lit bt ngun t tr o n g cuc chin tr a n h N a m Bc triu. Nm 1545, sau khi Nguyn K im b mu s t, T rn h K i m c

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y DN 1858)

341

vua L a ln thay th, chi huy mi vic D gi vng quyn hnh ca

mnh, T r n h K im tlm cch loi tr phe cnh ca Nguyn Kim m trc
ht l cc con trai ca ng. Ngi con u l Nguyn n g b m hi. Ngi
con th l Nguyn H ong lo lng, tm cch th ot khi iti e da . c
s gi c a tr n g nguyn Nguyn Bnh Khim , Nguyn H ong nh ch
(v ca T r n h K i m ) xin cho vo tr n t T h u n Ha. Nhn thy Thun
Hda an g gp nhiu kh khn, T rn h K im chp thun.
Nm 1 5 5 8 , Nguyn H ong em theo nhiu anh em, b con ngi Tng
Sn (T h a n h Hta - qu ca ng) cng cc quan li c ca Nguyn K im ; cc
"ngha d n g T h a n h , Ngh vo tr n th T hun Ha. Nm 1570, Nguyn
Hong c giao cai qun lun t Q ung Nam. Sau khi n nh tinh hinh
y, n m 1593, Nguyn H on g em qu n ra T h n g Long gip T rn h Tng
trn p c c t n qutt ca nh M c v sau , nm 1600, vt bin tr v
T hun Ha.
Nm 1 6 1 3 , trc khi ch t, Nguyn Hong n li con l Nguyn Phc
Nguyn c gng bo v dng h ca m nh:
"D t T h u n Q u ng pha b c c Honh Son v Linh Giang, pha
nam c ni H i Vn v T h c h Bi, a th him c, th t l mt
ni cho ngi an h hng dng v. Nu bit dy bo nhn dn,
luyn tp binh 3 kh n g c li h T rn h th gy dng c c
nghip mun
Ln ni nghip cha, Nguyn Ph c Nguyn t chc li chnh quyn, tch
khi s ph thuc h T rn h , ch np ph th u theo !. Nm 1620, h Trnh
em qun vo, P h c Nguyn khng chu np th u na. Nm 1627, ly c
d, h T r n h em qu n vo n h T h u n H<5a. Cuc chin tranh T rn h Nguyn b t u
T ron g gn na t h k, hai bn nh nhau 7 ln vo cc nm 1627, 1630,
i 6 4 3 , 1 6 4 S , 1 6 5 5 - 1 6 6 0 , 1661 v 1 6 7 2 ; trong t c mt ln, qun Nguyn
vt sng G ianh tin nh qu n T rn h , chim vng t d phla nam sng
L am (N gh An) m y nm ri r t v. T nam Ngh An n bc Q ung Bnh
(a phn sn g G ian h v sn g N h t L) tr thnh chin trng. V sau 7
ln nh nhau d di m khng c kt qu, qun s hao tn, chn nn,
nhn dn kh cc, hai h T rn h , Nguyn nh phi ngng chin, ly sng
G ianh lm gii hn ch ia c t n g Ngoi, ng Trong,
(1) /)<?( Nam thc lc, Tin hin, T .I. trang 44

342

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

Nhn vo tng quan lc lng, h Trnh tuy mnh hn, ct lc iu ng

n 18 vn qun vo cuc chin, nhng phi i nh xa, hnh qun v vn
chuyn khd khn. Hn na, cng vo th gian ny, h Trnh phi dng qun
nh ln Cao Bng xda b hon ton triu Mc. Trong lc , h Nguyn
yu hdn, c lc huy ng c 16 vn qun, nhng nh chin u trn t
mnh nn ct nhiu thun li. H Nguyn khng nhng tn dng a hnh t
nhin xy hng lot ly t ngn gic: ly Trng Dc <di 10 km), ly
Nht L (ly Thy), ly Trng Sa, ly T r n Ninh, ly S a Ph, tng thm kh
nng phng th, m cn bit vn ng nhn dn ra sc chin u bo v vng
t do lao ng ca mnh to nn.
S pht trin ca c h s hu rung t phong kin trong hon cnh
mt quc gia nng nghip, phng tin giao thng vn ti khng pht trin ,
to iu kin thun li cho s hnh thnh cc th lc phong kin a
phng v t dn n s suy yu ca chnh quyn trung ng. S tra n h
chp gia cc th lc phong kin din ra, pht trin thnh Nam triu
v B c triu ri tip , ng T ron g v ng Ngoi. Chin tranh gia cc
th lc t tr thnh khng trn h khi, song n<5 khng th gii quyt c
xu th phn lit a hnh thnh

III. TNH HNH CHNH TR HAI MIN

1. Chnh quyn L - Trnh d Dng Ngoi
u th n g 5 nm 1593, T rn h T ng cho ngi v Thanh Ha rc vua
L ra T h n g Long, L T h T n g ng chnh in, i x cho thin h, ban
thng cho nhng ngi c cng. Tuy nhin, quyn hnh ca vua L ngy
cn g sa Bt.
Ngay t nm 1556, khi L T ra n g Tng cht, khng c con k
v, Thi s Trnh K im cho ngi thm d cc tng t, nho
s nh b nh L. N hog cuc chin tranh T rn h - Mc, s tn
ti ca th lc h Nguyn, buc ng ta phi t b tng
, a L Duy B a n g ln lm vua. T ron g thc t, mi quyn
hnh u nm trong tay h Trnh.
Nm 1 5 9 9 sau khi dp xong v c bn s phn khng ca cc tn d
nh Mc, Trnh Tng p vua phi phong mnh lm nguyn soi Tng

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

343

quc chnh Thng ph Bnh An vng. T rn h Tng cng t l chn t h

t ni nghip ngang vi nh vua. T d v sau, con chu Trnh T n g
ln nm quyn chnh u theo l xng vng. Nm 1600, Trnh Tng t
thm cc chc Tham tng v Bi tng cng minh bn nh vic nc;
bn cnh c cc chc Chng ph s v Th ph s ph trch vic qun.
Hinh thnh vng ph (ph cha) bn cnh triu inh (do vua L ng u).
T ro n g bi cnh ca i Vit ng thi, h T rnh mun nm ton b
quyn hnh, khng th c cch lm no khc. Nhm hn ch hn na uy
quyn ca vua L; mt mt Trnh Tng v cc cha tip theo, tc ht thc
quyn c a vua L quy nh cht ch ch bng lc ca nh vua (ch c
cp 1 0 0 0 x lm lc thng tin, 5 0 0 lnh tc v, 7 tht voi, 2 0 thuyn
rng), m t khc thnh lp mt s c quan gip vic gm 3 phin: Binh, H
v Thy s vo u th k X V III, chuyn 3 phin thnh 6 phin; Li, H,
L, Binh, Hlnh, Cng chu trch nhim chnh v cc hot ng ca nh
nc Cng vi Vng ph hay Ng ph - Ph liu trung ng cc phin
tn ti cho n cui th k X V III, a phng, c c o th a tuyn c
i gi ! t r n , c trn th hay c tr n ng u, ph tr ch c tr n ti
{thay cho D ti). Gip vic c Hin t v T h a t nh c. Cha T rn h li
phn ch ia 1 0 tr n thuc B c b nay th n h 4 ni tr n (Hi Dng, Sn
Nam, Sn T y , K inh B c ) v 6 ngoi tr n (Cao B n g , L n g Sn, H ng
Ha, An Q ung, Tuyn Quang, T hi Ng-uyn). Mi tr n t thm m t
chc c ng ph trch vic kin tng, phng trm cp. H ai tr n T h an h
Ha, N gh An vn gi nh c.
Hinh thnh ch gi l "Vua L ' Cha T rn h m thc quyi nm
trong tay ph cha.
Quan li c tuyn chn ch yu bng khoa c, nhng khng cht ch
nh th ki XV. Ngoi ra, hnh thc bo c c cha T rnh nhiu ln s
dng. Thm vo d, cha T rn h cng thc hin vic cho dn np thdc hay
tin c b dng tri ph hay tri huyn. S c c lc a nhn nh :
"By g quan chc nhng lm, phc tp, lt lc c t nhc b
dng n hn 1000 ngi, lm quan cu may, vin chc tha
thi, khng cn phn bit g c".
Quyn li ca quan li thay i. Ch lc in b bi b. Cc chc quan
cao cp c cp mt s sut "dn ty h nh , m t s x hu lc thu tin,
go Quan i s, quan v hu cng c cp x dn lc nh vy. Tuy nhin,

344

I CONG LCH s VIT NAM

i vi cc cng th n trong chn tranh dit Mc v chin tranh vi n g

Trong, nh nc L - Trnh phong thng mt s rung t khng nh.
Nhng quan chc cao cp v hu cng c<5 khi c ban vi chc mu rung.
N m 1720, chun b cho vic nh th u rung t, cha Trnh t c h
cp rung cho cc quan t Lc phm tr ln, vi s rung t 1 0 - 3 0 mu.
B my nh nc thi L - T rn h ng Ngoi cha ng nhiu mu thun
ni b gia hai dng h cng nh gia quan i v nhn dn.
- V lut php, mt m t cha Trnh gi nguyn b lut Hng c, b sung
thm mt 8 iu v kin tng, xt x, m t khc ban hnh nhiu chiu lnh
nhm gii quyt nhng vn mi do thc t ng Ngoi t ra.
- T chc qun i:
Nhng cuc chin tranh phong kin ng thi dn dn lm m t tc
dng ca chnh sch "ng binh nng". Nh Mc trc y cng nh nh
L - Trnh by gi, cn mt lc lng qun s thng trc, trung thnh
vi chnh quyn ca minh.
Bui u triu i mi, qun i c chia thnh hai b phn chnh;
Qun T c v bao gm nhng binh s theo h T rn h chng M c t trc
v nhng ngi mi m, ch yu t 3 ph Thanh Hda (Thiu Thin, H
Trung, Tinh Gia) v 12 huyn Ngh An. Dy l lc lng ch yu chuyn

bo v kinh thnh, ph cha, cng l lc lng qun s chnh trong cuc

chin tranh vi cha Nguyn. Binh thng s qun Tc v ln n 6 vn,
nhng lc cn ct th nhiu hn. Cha T rnh t ch cp rung t cho
h r t hu ( 6 - 7 mu/ngi), gim thu cho hai tr n Thanh - Ngh .. do

, nhn d&n ft gi h l qun Tam ph hay u binh.

B n cnh l ngoi binh hay nht binh, tuyn t inh trn g ca hai
ph Trng Yn, T hin Quan (thuc Ninh Bnh) v 4 trn quanh kinh thnh
theo c h tinh nguyn. Loi qun ny cng c cp nhiu rung t
nhng theo c h "ng binh nng" thay phin nhau trc.
Nm 1722, theo li bn ca m t s i thn, Trnh Cng quyt nh
tuyn thm inh tr n g 4 tr n theo quy nh 5 ngi ly mt. Lc lng
n h t binh ny tr thnh qun thng trc.
Vo nhng nm 4 0 ca t h ki X V III, khi nng dn khi ngha nhiu
ni, cha T rnh cho t thm hng binh bo v c c chnh quyn a
phng. Qun i L Trnh vn gm 4 binh chng chnh: B binh, thy
binh, k binh v pho bnh. Tho gi d A. Ht (aang ta na u th

k X V II) :

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

345

"TTong mt cuc tp trn .. dn ra 200 chin thuyn ng rt tinh

xo... mi thuyn t 3 khu i bc, 1 ng trc, 2 ng sau"
V kh, ngoi gio mc, kim, cung, mc,ao, n lc d c sng bng g,
sng bc da, tn la, n la, ha m, i bc.
D o to nhng ngi ch huy qun i c nng lc, nh nc L Trnh m tr ng dy v. T 1721, cha T rn h t ch thi v: c 3 nm
1 ln thi S c trn v 1 ln thi Bc c kinh thnh. Ni dung thi bao
gm c cung, kim, u v ln lm vn sch v phng lc. Ngi B c
c uc gi l T o s, hc v ngang vi T in s bn vn.
- Tnh hn h i ngoi:
Nh L - T rn h duy tr chnh sch ha hp vi cc dn- tc t ngi, m
rng vic khai thc khong sn v giao m t b phn cho c c t trng a
phang. B y gi nh Minh suy ri . N h Thanh thng tr T ru n g Quc,
bt u tn g cng nh hng ra cc nc xung quanh. Bn quan li Hoa
Nam nhn d ln dn vng t bin gii. Nhiu chu ng T y B c b chng
chim, nh M c thua ng bng, chy ln t Cao B n g v nh vua
Thanh can thip chim

gi. By gi nh L

- T rn h cn yu,

li ang lo

vic nh nhau vi

Nguyn, khng dm

chng c. T riu

nh L -

cha

Trnh tip t c thn phc nh Thanh, gi quan h ha hiu. Nh Thanh li

phong vua L lm An Nam quc vdng.
Nm 1 6 6 7 , cha Trnh sai qun tng nh nh Mc, chim li Cao
Bng. Hai nm sau,

theo

li cu khn

ca h

Mc, nh Thanh

Trnh phi t r Cao

B n g

li cho Mc. Phi i n nm 1677, nhn cuc

ni lon ca Ng Tam Qu Trung Quc, nh L - Trnh mi dit c h

Mc Cao Bng, hon ton lm ch t ng Ngoi.
Du th k X V III, tnh hnh t nc n nh, cha T rn h t ra t ch
hn tron g quan h vi nh Thanh. Nm 1726, mt di t thuc hai chu
V Xuyn (Tuyn Quang) v Thy V (H ng H<5a) c nh T hanh tr li
cho i Vit. Sau , nm 1728, trc thi m m do nhng kin quyt
ca cc s th n i Vit v c c t trng a phng, nh T hanh buc phi
tr nt m t di t rng thuc V Xuyn, trong t ct m ng ln T Long.
- i vi Ai Lao Ty Nam, sau khi th i t lp li chnh quyn, nh L T rnh t li quan h. Vua L Thun Tng g con gi cho vua Lan X ang ,
tht ch t thm tinh thn gia hai nc. Nm vua L a n X a n g X ulinh a Vngxa
cht (1 6 9 1 ), chnh bin n ra Cha Trnh Cn em qun ym h n g
L v nc, da ln lm vua. Quan h Di Vit - Lan X a n g tr li tt p
v gi mi tinh thn t cho n cui th k X V III.

buc cha

346

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

2. Chinh quyn cha Nguyn ng Trong

Vi tch ng Trong ra khi s th n g tr ca n h L - T rn h ,
Nguyn H on g v nhng ngi ni n ghip nh N gu yn P h c N guyn,

Nguyn Phc Tn V.V.. mt mt cng c vic phng th t Thun Qung,

chng li cc cuc tn cng ca qu n T rn h , m t k h c tm c c h m rng
lnh th xung pha nam.
T nm 1611, Nguyn Hong c ch s Vn Phong, nhn s cp
ph bin gii ca qun Chmpa, nh vo, chim t, t th n h ph Ph
Yn. N m 1653, Nguyn Phc T n li c t n g em qu n chim vng t
t nam Ph Y n n b sng Phan Lang, t ra hai ph T h i K h a n g v
Din K hnh. Nm 1693, tng Nguyn Hu K in h c c em qun chim
nt vng t cn li ca Chmpa, vu 5 T r a n h b bt. Vn suy nhc t
cui t h ki XV, Chmpa khng cn c s v iu kin hi phc v n
y, hon ton ha nhp vo i Vit.
c c th kl XVI - X V III, Chn Lp ngy c n g suy yu, c dn tha
tht. Vng Thy Chn Lp (nay l Nam b) tuy xa kia l tr u n g tm ca
nc Ph Nam, vn cha c khai ph bao nhiu. T r o n g tn h th chin
tran h vi ng Ngoi, nhiu dn ngho bc T h u n H a tm cch chy
vo C hn Lp khai hoang lp lng sinh sng. N h n c hi t, cha Nguyn
Phc Nguyn, nam 1620 a t quan h th n thin vi vua C h n Lp l
Chychitta v yu cu cho php c dn Vit c vo T h y C h n Lp bun
bn v khai hoang lp lng. Vua Chn Lp ch p th u n . Nhiu lng Vit
ra i M Xoi, ng Nai. Ln sdng i dn Vit tip t c tr n vo trong
cc thp k sau.
Ga th ki XV II, nh Minh . T r n 5 0 0 0 qu an li v binh sl, c dn
T ru n g Quc khng chu theo nh T h a n h , a dong thuyn vo N am , cp bn
D Nig, xin cha Nguyn cho nhp c vng t ng P h (sau l Gia
nh). Cng vi di dn Vit, dn "Minh hng" m rng dn v n g t khai
hoang ra cc ni ph cn Si Gn lp nn nhiu l n g m c, ph x. Nm
1 688, pht tng nh Minh l H ong Tin ni lon M T h o, git ch l
Dng Ngn ch, p lu, dng thuyn ch in uy hip vua C h n Lp, chng
il ch a Nguyn. Nhn li yu cu ca vua C h n Lp, ch a Nguyn sai
tng em qun nh bi bn H ong T in v lm ch t ng Ph. Nm
1698, hai dinh T r n Bin (Bin Ha), P h in T r n (G ia nh ) c thnh
lp, s h nng dn ln n hn 4 vn.

Vo khong nam 1680, mt ngi nh Minh l Mc Cu cng h hng,

gia inh chy sang Phnm Pnh xin tr ng. Vua C h n L p phong Mc Cu

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

347

lm c nha t S i M t (ty Thy Chn Lp). Mc Cu in thm di dn

Vit n y k h a i ph t hoang, lp thnh lng mc ri x in thn phc
cha Nguyn. T r n H T i n c th n h lp. T n h hinh tip din cho n
nm 1757, c vng t Thy Chn Lp hon ton thuc quyn hnh ca
cha Nguyn.
- T chc ch n h quyn :
Cho n gia th k X V II, h Nguyn lm ch mt vng t rng ln
t nam di H onh Son cho n mi C Mau. Hnh thnh 12 n v hnh chnh
gi l dinh: T h u n - Qung c gm 6 dinh: B Chnh, Qung Bnh, Lu n,
Cu (hay Chnh Dinh c), Chnh Dinh, Qung Nam. Vng t mi chia thnh
6 dinh: Ph Y n , B n h Khang, Binh Thun, T rn Bin, Phin Trn, Long H
(Vnh Long). Ngoi ra c mt trn ph thuc; H Tin. Mi inh qun ht
mt ph, di ph c huyn, tng, x (hay phng, thuc). Ring dinh Qung
Nam qun 3 ph: T h n g Hoa, Qung Ngi, Quy Nhn.
Th ph b a n u dng x i T thuc Cu Dinh, nm 1 5 7 0 di vo
x T r B t (T r i u P h o n g - Qung T r), nm 16 26 i vo x Phc Yn,
sau di s a n g K im L o n g (u thuc Tha T hin ), cui cng vo khong
nm 1 6 8 7 di v Ph X u n (Hu). Thi Nguyn Phc K hot ( 1 7 3 9 - 1765)
Ph Xun c gi l th n h.
- Nm 1 6 1 4 , Nguyn P h c Nguyn ln ni nghip Nguyn Hong, quyt
nh thi hi c c q u a n li do n h L c, ci t li b m y chinh quyn. Cc
dinh u cd n h n g ti nh nhau:
Ti X S a i gi vic giy t, kin t n g do tri v k lc ng u.
Ti T ng th n ii coi vc thu thu v pht lng cho qun lnh cc dinh
ngoi Chnh D in h , do cai b ng u.
Ti Lnh s gi vic t t v pht lng cho qun lnh chnh dinh, do
Nha y ng u.
Tuy nhin, tr C hnh dinh c 3 ti, cc dinh khc chl c 1 hay 2 ti.
Ngoi ra, C h n h D inh c thm :
Ti N ln h s coi c c loi thu.
2

ti T , Hu lnh s ch ia nhau thu np tin sai d (th u th n ). Khng

nhng th, h N guyn cn t mt h thng "B n ng quan" ph trch

thu th u tr o n g c m in.
Bui u, m c du nhn dn quen gi nhng

Dgi

ng u ng h

thng tr l ch a, c c ch a Nguyn vn ch xng quc cng. N m 1692 cha

348

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

Phc Chu d nh tch ng T ro n g thnh mt nc ring, t xng Di Vit

quc vong, nhng vic khng thnh. Ni tip , nm J7 4 4 cha Phc
K h ot xng vng, th n h lp triu nh, di cc chc k tc, nha y, tri,
cai b lm Li b, L b, Hlnh b, H b v t thm 2 b Binh v Cng,
t H n lm vin.
Cc dinh, trn u c trn th, cai b, k ic cai qun
cc huyn c tri huyn, li, thng li, hun o, l sinh,
X vn l n v quan trng nht gm 2 loi chc dch: tng th n v
x trng. Ty theo mc ln, nh ca x m c s chc dch tng ng,
ch n g hn c c x ln c t 4 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 ngi th t 18 tng thn v x
trng. S ngi ny ph trch ch yu vic thu thu.
Do c trng ca ng Trong, na u th k X V II, quan li c b
nhim theo tin c, thn tc. Nm 1646, cha Phc Lan bt u m khoa
thi, 2 cp Chinh (cp cao) v Hoa vn (cp thp). V sau nhiu k thi

c m tip, song sang th ki X V III, c h mua quan bn tc bt u

pht trin . Nh nhn xt ca L Qu n "Mi ngi tra n h nhau np tin
lnh bng. n nay (cui th k X V III) mt x m c n 1 6 - 1 7 tng
th n , hn 2 0 x trng cng lm vic".
Quan ii khng c cp bng lc n h t nh m chi c ban m t s dn
phu hoc c php thu thm mt s tin go ngoi th u ca dn, Nh
nh n xt ca tun ph Qung Ngi l Nguyn C T rinh nm 1751: "T
tr c n nay, ph huyn chl trng vo s bt b tra hi m kim lc khin

ca dan cng hao, tc dan cng br"^'^

mt ,

Qu n vit:

"Quan liu ng T ron g nhng lm qu lm, ht thy bng lc u ly vo

ca dn, d&n khng chu ni".
-

Qun ca ch a Nguyn gii 3 loi: qun T c v hay T h n qun,

qun chnh quy d cc dinh v th binh hay tm binh. Cc loi qun u

chia thnh c, i, thuyn.
T t c dn inh t 18 n 5 0 u phi ghi tn vo s inh v trnh ln
ph, huyn x t duyt, ly lnh. Theo nh s Thch D i Sn vo ng
T r o n g cui th ki X V II ; "Vo qun i ri, mi ngi bt buc phi chuyn
hc mt ngh, k phn phi theo cc thuyn luyn tp, c chin tranh
th r a nh gic. Lc v s th vng ph lm xu, tui cha n 6 0 thl
(1 ) Difi Nam thc lc, T in bin, T .2 , H N i 1963, trang 213

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

349

khng c v ng cng cha m, v con on t, hng nm thn thch em

o qun vt dng n thm m
Cng nh ng Ngoi, qun i ng Trong gm b binh, thy binh,
tng binh v pho binh. Thy binh r t m nh, tng nh bt mt hm

thuyn H Lan trong mt trn. u th k XVII, ngi ng Trong hc

c cch c sng, cc thuyn ln u c 5 khu i bc. Mt c im
ca ng T ro n g l vng nam sng Gianh cd r t nhiu lu, trn lu c t
i bc. Cha Nguyn cng thng t chc cc cuc thi bn sng, hun
luyn thy qun.
Nh vy, t sau khi Nguyn Hong t b t Bc, tr ti Thun Qung,
h Nguyn dn dn xy dng vng t ng Trong thnh mt lnh a ring,

c chnh quyn c lp, mc du, cho n trc nm 1744 vn gi tc v

Quc cng, dng nin hiu ca vua L. Trong lc , nhn dn vn lun lun
xem vng t Thun Qung l Dng Trong ca nc i Vit xa.

( I ) i i ngi k s, ViCn Oi hc lli , 1963.

Chng XII

TNH HNH KINH T, v n h a

CC TH K XVI - XVIIl
S sp ca nh L v cuc chin tra n h gia cc th lc phong kin
lm thay i kh nhiu tnh hinh kinh t v i sng nhn dn.

A. TNH HNH NNG N G H IP V I SNG NNG DN

S pht trin ca ch t hu ln v rung t u th k XVI

dn n s ph sn ca chnh sch qun in, s thu hp rung t cng
lng x v s suy sp ca nng nghip. Cc vua L cui cng khng cn
quan tm n i sng nhn dn na v ngy cn g t ra bt lc, dn
n s sa st nghim trng ca nn kinh t. H ng lot cuc khi ngha
nng dn chng t iu . Nh M c thnh ip, c gng n nh lnh
hnh x hi v c lc t nc kh yn binh.
S c vit; "ngi bun bn v ngi i ung u di tay khng, ban
m khng cd trm cp, tru b th ch n khng phi em v, ch mi
th n g im sot mt ln.., T ro n g khong vi nm, ng s khng nht
ca ri, cng ngoi khng ng, thtng c ma to, trong ci tm yn'^*^
Nhng ri vi chnh sch rung lnh, rung ban thng, chin tranh lin
min, rung t li b b hoang ha, nng nghip b tn ph, nht cc
m in xy ra chin s.
N m 1592, nh L - Trnh chim c T h n g Long, C c th lc tn d
ca nh Mc ta ra m binh ni dy khp tnin Bc. Lon lc, chin tranh
li tip tc cho n u t h k XV II. T n h hnh tm yn thi, do cuc sng
qu gian kh, b tc, hng lot cuc khi ngha nng dn li bng ln cho
n nhng nm 20 ca t h k X V II x hi mi tm n nh trong th t
nc chia thnh D ng Ngoi - D ng Trong.

s t (on ihu, T .IV , Sd, ir 126. L Qu ) n irong Otii Vit tmg i c ng c cng nhn xt

()
nh vy.

352

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

trng hp "quan ch nng n, bc bch", x dn cd th c m bn rung

khu phn v chuc li. V th bc phn cp v tui c hng cho php
c theo l lng, tuy nhin nh nc cng cm cc quyn cai th dch
khng c "t tin o in v th". B n g php qun n, n h nc L -

Trnh c gng th hin quyn lc tp trung ca minh, nhng, nh nhn

nh ca nh s hc Phan Huy Ch th ki X IX , khng c ngha
ng k, v tr "trn Sn Nam c r t nhiu rung v t bi cng" cn cc
ni khc th "cc hng rung cng khng c my". Nm 174 0, khi phong
tro nng dn bt u rm r, nh nc L - Trnh d nh ban hnh php
qun in mi "san u giu, ngho, can bng ph dch" n h ng khng thc

hin c.
S thu hp ca rung t cng chng t rng, rung t t hu pht
trin cao . Vic mua bn rung t, kin tng v rung t lun lun i
chuyn rc ri lng x. N m 1668, cha T rn h Cn phi h lnh iTiin
thu cho loi rung "n lu", cm dn x khng c t co, q u an li khng
c khm xt, vl vy hlnh thnh nhiu loi a ch khc nhau; cun g nhLn,
hon quan, quan li, cng thn, ho ph lng x. Cc nn i km, dch
bnh, thin tai tr thnh nhng iu kin ca vic m rng din tch rung
t t. Cho n cui th k X V II - u th kl X V III, trn t n g Ngoi
& bnh thnh hng lot a ch c trn 100 mu rung, nhiu ngi trong
c trn 1000 mu, hnh thnh mt s tra n g tri ca cc nh quyn th,
ph ho chuyn "cha chp nhng k trn trn h, dng lm ngi ring
cy cy cho innh"^'^ Nm 171 1, cha T rnh theo li t u ca cc i
thn a ra lnh "cm quan li cd rung t, t tin lp lm tr a n g tri...
nu ai tng thit p tran g tri mt x no ri th cho php t mnh
c trit i, hn trong 3 thng phi xong. Nu ai chn ch... s lun ti
theo php lut"^^^ Hnh thc s hu rung t tp trung li b xda b.
Mt nt c sc trong tnh hnh rung t d ng Ngoi ng thi l
s pht trin ca c h s hu rung t lng x. Cuc s n g bp bnh
trong thi im lon lc, chin tranh , thin tai thng xuyn e da a to
iu kin cho s pht tri n ca tc cng rung cho cha hay cho lng. Hu
nh lng x no cng ct t nhiu rung "hu thn", "hu pht" ny. S lng
s hu trn 3 0 - 4 0 mu rung loi ny khg t. L ng dng n cp
cho x tr n g , tr n g t u n , l m " r u n g t h y " , " r u n g h c ", "ru n g
thng"

V . V ..

c n g nh dng nhng sn phm thu hoch c phc v vic

thanh ton th u kha cho nh nc nhng lc cp bch.

(1 ) ( 2 ) C ao Lng. U cA iu tp ki, T . I, H Ni I 975. Ir. 186. 187.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

353

S pht t r i n ca c h s hu t nhn v rung t n n s

thay i ch thu. Nm 1719, cha T rnh Cng nhn nh: "Triu
trc... t ra php binh l... n nay hn 50 nm, trong thi gian y,
s h khu ln xung m ngch th u vn thu nh c, nhn dn nhiu ni
phi chu qu nng, dn dn n ni cng tng, xiu git" v theo ngh
ca cc quan, b a n hnh ch th u rung t nhm lm cho k giu ngi
ngho n ln nhau". Theo l thu mi, t t c cc loi rung t t,
rung lng x u phi chu thu, D nhin cc quan li, theo phm hm
c min mt in tch nht nh.

2. Tnh hnh nng nghip v di sng nng dn

Sau kh n nh tnh hnh chnh tr, nh nc L - Trnh c gng chm
lo n tnh hlnh nng nghip, Tuy nhin, do hu qu ca chin tran h v s
pht trin ca c h t hu v rung t, s quan tm ca n h nc khng
cn

c nhng kt qu nh th ki XV. L t li, hn hn thng xuyn

e da. Theo ghi chp thiu st ca s c, t 15 80 - 1640 xy ra 14 ln

thin tai trong c 6 nn i ln, 6 ln lt li.
V d: nm 1 6 2 9 "ma h, i h n "i to". N m 1 6 3 0 "Thng
6, nc to", ph phng T h n g Long ngp nc, "nhiu ngi
c h t ui", Yn Duyn, Khuyn Lng v, nhn dn i km,
N m 1631, Hi Dng ma "ngi v vt b hi", "Thng 9,
gi to", "ma xung nhu trt", T h n g Long ngp lt.
Nm 1632, "Thng 6 ... ma xung nh trt", nc sng Nh ln to.

Nm 1G34, "ma h, i hn, a m kh ho, nhn dn i km...

Nm 1664, ch a T rn h ban lnh quy nh l khm x t iu, khi cng
sa p cho c c quan chc a phng. Nhng, bn quan li quen an ca
t, sch nhiu nhn dn, mc du nhiu tn ft b ging chc vn "lm
vic qua loa cu th, n ma nc ln, li v l, dn vng ven sng
lun lun b t a i ha". Tinh hlnh t 1 6 8 0 - 1740 li cn g khd khan hn; a
xy r a 24 ln th in tai, trong c 14 nn t ln, 7 ln thy tai.
duy tr v bo v cuc sng ca mnh, nhn dn phi ra sc ao
ng sng to. Cng cuc khn hoang cc vng ven bin thuc Sn Nam,
d cc vng tr u n g du thuc Cao Bng, T hi Nguyn, Tuyn Quang

V.V..

thc hin khn trng. Nhiu lng mi c th n h lp, din tch rung t
c md rng v ngy cng thu ht dn lu tn. khuyn khch vic khai
hoang, cha T r n h tm thi min thu cho loi rung ' n lu", cho php
23- C LSV N T.tp

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

351

I. NG NGOI
Cc x ng Ngoi, c bit

l\

vng ng bng, l ni chu ng nhiu

nht nhng tai ha do chin Iranh phong kin a li.

1. T in h h n h ru n g dt
T u th k X V I, rung cng lng x dn dn b bn cng ho a
phng lng on. Chin tranh, s bt lc ca nh nc cng nh hng
quan trng n cuc sng nng thn. 0 nhiu ni, rung th cc tru^ cc
cng thn triu i trc, rung cng thn nh L b chp chim v phn
tn Rung cng lng x ngy cng thu hp li. Tinh hnh buc n h L Trnh phi b c h lc n, thu bt rung ban thng cho cc cng thn
nh L c rung t phong thng cho c c tng c cng trong chin
tranh Trnh - Mc, Trnh - Nguyn, cp cho cc quan li c c i s,
cp cho quan chc v hu v.v... Mt b phn rung t cng c dung
cp cho qun sl. chng li nhng ch trng d, nhiu ni lng x tm
cch n giu rung t cng, khai gim din tch nng thn, hlnh thnh
mt lp cng ho nng thn m ph ch a thng gi l "quyn cai th
dch", "cng phin" c quyn chi phi rung t cng, nh nc khng
sc trn p. m bo thu nhp, tr cc loi rung cng thn, rung 3
thn, rung binh ]nh, nh L - Trnh b t t t c cc loi rung khc t
rung cp t rung th nghip, rung cng u phi np thu. N m 1664,
nh nc ban hnh php "Binh I\ giao cho cc a phng thng k 9

inh, s in cc x ri tnh ton tng tin thu phi np cho nh nc

ca tng x. S liu d c xc nh mt ln v hng nm nh nc theo
th m thu khng cn bit n s thay i v dn inh hay din tch rung
t chu thu. K t qu i cuc sng ca nhn dn cn g kh khn, rung
cng lng x c n g b lng on. Nm 1694, ph cha buc phi ra lnh cho
cc x thn trong nc phi lm li s rung t, ghi r bin gii, ni sng,
ao h, rung t gi chung ! "tu tri b", nhm ngn chn t chim cng
vi t". T rn c s , nm 1711, ph cha ban hnh ii php qun in.
Theo chnh sch qun in mi, nhng ngi c cp dn lc hay rung
lc, nhng ngi c rung t (ca v hay chng) mc u khng c
chia rung cng lng x, dn inh n 18 tui th c chia nhng qu 60
tui th phi tr li cho x, khu phn v cch chia theo quy c h c a nh
nc (cd thm bt trn c s quy ch thi L s). iu c bit l trong

354

I CNG LCH s V IT NAM

xem rung khai hoang l rung t, cm quan li khn g c khm x t, quy

nhiu, Nhn dn ra sc chm lo sn xut, nh n h n x t ca cc gio s Ty
phng vo nc ta truyn o, "t ai mu m v khng lc no ngh
sn xut... nhn dn rt hiu gi tr ca rung t nn khng bao gi b
hoang--, v nh vy, mi nm h thng lm c 2 n 3 v

(theo

gio 8 Marini). Nhiu li bun nc ngoi cng c c n g n h n xt. Li bun

am pi vit: " y c nhiu thc go... H n g Bm ngi t a cy g t hai v,
thu hoch c r t

Nh bc hc L Qu n t h ki X V III cho

chng ta bit: by gi ng Ngoi, ng nng dn gieo trn g c 8

ging la chni} 27 gng la ma, 2 9 gng la np; trin h th m canh
cao c nhiu ging la ngn ngy. H cng trng nhiu loi ng cc khc
nh ng, k, cao lng hoc cc ioi lng thc k h c nh khoai, sn, mn,
s v.v ng cn vit; "cc ph Tn Hng, Khoi Chu, L Nhn, Thin Trng,
Kin Xng, Thi Binh, Ngha Hng, cy la chim, t m n g mu m nghn
dm, ng bng mun khonh, mt nm cy c hai m a mi mu sn xut
tr gi hn 2 0 0 quan" (Vn i loi ng). Vic trng rau, trng cy n qu
cng rt ph bin, cd n 7 loi cam, 9 ging chui, nhiu loi vi, qut, nhn,
chanh

V .V ..

Nhiu kinh nghm trong sn xu t nng nghip c c kt v

truyn tng, tuy nhin do khoa hc k thut khng c quan tm, nn ngi
nng dn khng c iu kin cd c nhng ging la cao sn hay cch sn
xut nhm Tx^ng cao nng sut. Tinh trn g thiu i tr thnh khng trnh
khi nht trong nhng nm c thin tai, chin tranh hoc chu c h bc
lt, nhng nhiu ca a ch, quan li h khc.
Nhm vt qua cnh kh qu hng} ngi nng dn r lng i phu

tn, "tha phng cu thc". H dng ii nhng vng t hoang, khng

ch, hoc ca mt lng no hoc m t vng no , khai ph t ai,
gieo trng khoai, la. Hnh thnh m t lot gia inh nng dn c gi l
"ng cU" cc lng x c. T gia th k X V III, n h nc L - T rn h bt

u ch n tng lp nng dn ny v a h vo m t quy ch ring v

nghia v v quyn li. T ron g lc , vng ven b in , c c l n g m thnh
lp trn c s khai hoang, ngy cng gia t n g hoc m rng. Cuc sng ca
ngi Dng dn y sng tc v bnh n g hn so vi c c ng c. Ch
t thu cng d chu hn do thc ng vin ca n h nc.
C h t thu l mt phn gnh n n g trong i sn g ngi n n g dn
n g Ngoi. Theo quy nh nm 1625, nhng ngi c tn tro n g s inh
( ) H/ore nouvti/e et curieuse d a raumes u Tonkt et du L ao - Paris 166, trng 56
(2) Nhng chuyn i v nhng u khm ph -Lxmdon 1931 (bn dch)

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

355

u phi chu c c loi thu kha, su dch. Nm 1713, tng 8 dn inh

chu th u l 2 0 6 .3 1 1 sut (chia thnh nhiu loi; ni vi t, ch tc, to l
V .V .),

kh on g nam Long c (1732 - 1735) l 3 1 1 .6 7 0 sut; cui thi L, l

2 6 8 .9 9 0 su t. T h eo l th u nm 1664, dn inh cc x c np 1 quan 8 tin

thu nh n inh; dn cc trang tri mi: 1 quan; dn cc s n in :
1 quan 2. Ngoi ra h phi chung nhau np tin 7 . Nm 1722, cha Trnh
quy nh li: ngoi th u rung, dn inh ph np thu inh ;
Chnh inh v trng hng: 1 quan 2 tin v 4 bt go
S in h , lo hng, hong inh: 6 tin v 2 bt go^^ v thu
iu; th n g nht:
Np 2 kl/nm , mi k 6 tin/1 su t inh.
V th u rung, sau nhiu ln thay i, n nm 1722, cha Trnh quy
nh r:
R ung cng: 1 v hay 2 v u np 8 tin/mu (trong 1/3 2/3 l thc).
R ung t: 1 v hay 2 v u np 2 - 3

tin/mu.

N m 1 7 2 8 nh li:
R u ng cng, t u chia lm 3 h n g np thu:
Cng:

hn g 1: 1 quan/mu (trong d 2/3 l thc)

hn g 2; 8 tin/mu (trong t 1/2 l thc)
hn g 3; 6 tin/mu (trong 1/3 l thdc)

T:

hng 1: 3 tin/mu
hn g 2: 2 tin/mu
hng 3: 1 tin/mu

Ngoi ra c c loi rung ni, rung bi, rung ci, rung nh cha, rung
hu, t bi v.v... u phi np thu nhiu t khc nhau. Cc ca nh, gio
phng ... u phi chu thu.
Ngi nng dn t in cn phi chu nng hn: theo cc bia cn li, mc
t thng thng l Iqu an 5 tin - 3 quan, c khi !n n 6 hay 8 quan/mu.
T a c<5

t h hiu qua li iu tr n ca Bi S T im nm

1730;

"Ngi cy rung y (t, tm ch ia li cho nng dn khng t)

chiu s thdc thu c, ly ra 1/10 np thu, cn bao nhiu
c h ia i, m t na em np cho ngi ch
( 1 ) H ong inh : 1 7 - 1 9 lu i , chinh dinh : 2 0 - 3 0 tu i; trng hng : 3 0 - 5 0 (u i: lo hng : iitn 5 0 tui.
( 2 ) H u l>e th i -s k ic

356

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

Chnh v vy m, nm 1731 ph cha nhn xt: "Dn ngho ngy m t

xiu git dn, cng khn qu lm, th u thiu tch lu lu nm... chn h h
khn n khOng chi tr hi".
T h u khda, lao dch n ng n Thm vo t i cnh

"Lnh vua, lnh cha, ln h lng

Nh uua bt linh cho chng phi ra".
Cnh th am quan, 6 li, nhng nhiu nhn dn, tham tng Nguyn T h B
phi ku ln: "Vic kin tng thi no i hi, no dn ngi ng s
v nha hu xt, bn li dch tn h hnh trnh bt dn cung n, lm cho dn
phi ph tn nng n", hoc nh nhn nh ca Thng th b binh Nguyn
Qun Nho: bn h"chi tr n h vic nng, tm vic nh, n hip ngi ngho,
che ch ngi giu". Nm 1 7 1 8 cha T rn h buc phi ku: "kin co ri
beng, khng bao gi ht... ph tn ngy m t thm, on gin ngy cng nng".
ng l ci cnh :

Con i! m bo con ny
Cp dm l gic, cp ngy l quan.
Nhng, nh vy cng cha ht. S suy yu ca nh nc trung ng,
chin tran h phong kin a to iu kin cho bn a ch, cng ho a
phng th sc honh hnh, no l t trm thu thu ring, no l t tin
t chc x t kin, thu tin thu thc ca dn n chi tha thch.
T rong "Thng s c ca Ng s i nm 1 7 19 c on vit: Bn
ho cng gian hot trong lng mc, gio quyt ngdn, di tr
trm khoanh, chng ly th lc m x s, dng cch xiu chim
li mnh, bp nn k ngho nn, khinh r ngi ngu ti, hi
c ai tri thl ch n g vu n gi ha... ng ghl hn na, nbng
k bt ng gian gio cn hm hi dn lnh, nh thy xc ngi
bn ng a tr i nm thng khng r tung tch, thl nhn ngay
mnh l ngi th n .., em mt ngi ng thin ct ca m minh
ght b xa nay, vu co thnh n git ngi"^^).
Tt nhin, ngi nng dn vn phi t mnh tlm thy cuc sng than h
thn cho m nh; ngoi vic r a sc lao ng sn xut, t n g thu nhp, gip
nhau trong sinh hot, h cng to nn c mt tro lu vn hc, ngh th u t
phong ph v nhiu m t va lm p cuc sng lam l, ti tm, va
u tranh chng mi thdi h t t xu ca bn tham quan li.
Cui c n g "tc nc, v bd", h cm v kh ng dy u tra n b
bo v cuc sng ca mnh, i t do.
(1 ) Lch iu h iin chuangloi ch, T .I I I , S d . ir. 103 - 104.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

357

[I. NG TRONG
1 . Q u tr n h k h a i th c d t d ai, th n h lp l n g xm
- V ng Thun Qung : c sp nhp vo lnh th i V it t cc th
ki trc, n n m 1471, chnh thc hinh thnh hai o tha tuyn: Thun
Ha v Q ung Nam. Cng t nhng th k X II - X III c dn V it thuc
nhiu t n g lp khc nhau vo y khai ph t hoang, xy dng xdm
ing. S dn Vit tng ln nhanh chng t u th ki X V I v trong nhng
nm Nguyn H o n g trn th Thun Qung, tron g chin tra n h T rn h Nguyn. H l nng dn ngho phi t b qu hng x Bc, l nhng
gia nh thn thuc vi cha Nguyn, qun s c a vo y n tr,
l t binh, i nhng ngi b qun Nguyn bt a vo tron g ln nh ra
Ngh An

V.V..

Vo cui th k XVI, trn t Thun Qung tn ti 1226

x thn v n nm 1774, ring Thun H a c 8 8 2 x thn phng {Ph

bin tp lc)^^\ Q ung Nam c khai th c mun hn, nhng n gia th

ki X V III cng cd 16 huyn v nhiu thuc. C dn y ch yu l
ngi t T h anh Hda, Ngh An d cU vo. Theo s liu ng thi (gia th
ki X V III).
T h u n Ha c 1 2 6.8 57 dn inh c c loi
Q ung Nam c 95.731 dn inh cc
- V n g t pha nam Thun Qung; Qu trinh sp nhp lnh th ng
T ro n g c din r a sut t 1611 cho n gia t h k X V III, ng thi cng
l qu trinh di dn lp p ca c dn V it D ng Trong. B p bc bc lt
nng n, hng lot nng dn ngho mt t a r nhau i vo pha nam
khai hoang, thnh lp xm lng, Nhiu ngi n tn vng cc nam trn
t thy Chn Lp, thm ch sang c t T h i Lan, Bn cnh s ngi ny
cn c m t s binh s v gia nh, hoc ng n khn hoang hoc i lm
n in. nhanh chtng khai thc vng ng bng sng Cu Long, cc
cha Nguyn khuyn khch quan li, a ch giu c Thun Ha m
dn phiu tn t bc B Chnh tr vo n y "thit lp x, thn, phng,
chia c t gii phn, khai khn rung nng". Cc o nh C lao R a (Bin
Ha), o Cn Ln v.v. u c di dn n khai ph. Cha Nguyn cho php

H ) 'I tic o L Ou Dftn Iro n g Ph bifn lap lc Ihi Ih ki ir<'lc, Ih co s sch c a h Nguyn, lng s x
phng c a T h u n I a l hdn 1336. (S<l. iran e 134)
(2 ) l*h c o Pi hirt tp lc^ Sd.

358

I CONG LCH

VIT NAM

cc a ch giu c y nui n t; n h n bn li bun em con tra i,

con gi ngi Man u ngun bn cho dn y lm n t. Mt lc lng
lao ng khc gdp phn khai ph vng Gia nh, Long H, H T in l ngi
Hoa. H theo Dng Ngn Dch, Mc Cu vo t Thy Chn L p c n g di
dn Vit khai hoang lp lng ri sau chuyn dn sang bun bn v lm
ngh th cng. Cho n gia th kl X V III, hnh thnh 11 huyn v 1
chu vi hng trm x, thn, phng, nu v 6 9 .3 3 8 dn inh trn vng
t pha nam Thun Qung

2. Tnh hnh rung t

Vn vng t xa trung ng, cc triu i L, L# - T rn h khng quan
tm nhiu n vic o c v xc nh tnh c h t cng, t. Theo l thu
chung, h n g nm chnh quyn a phng c lnh sai ng&i i khm xt
"chiu s rung cy m thu thu", th m ch cd lc "nh trc mt s thu
no ". N m 1669, k lc V Ph Tha tu ln cha Nguyn: "T h n nghe
bnh v t i l chnh sch ln ca n h nc, kho t n g y thi c a dng ,
ca ng thl binh gip mnh. Nay dn gian nhiu ngi chim canh
rung lu m khng chu np thu, xin cho quan bao c nh n g rung t
tbc canh lm rung cng thu thu m cung cho quc dng..."^*^ cha
Nguyn chp thun, sai nhm vn thn H Quang i chia nhau i o c
nhng rung t ang c cy cy c c huyn, nh lm 3 bc thu
thc thu v xem l rung cng, giao cho x chia cho dn. Li quy nh: t
d v sau, ai khai khn c t hoang th nh rung, cho c x em l rung
t, gi l "bn bc t in", x dn khng c tran h chim. Do , rung
cng tn ti ch yu Thun Qung c. C l, rung cng ln g x c
phn chia theo l lng. Theo L Qu n, th k X V III, T h u n Hda mi
x dn c chia khong 5 - 6 so rung cng, cn binb lnh th c khu
phn gp 3.
Bn cnh rung cng lng x c loi rug gi l quan in tr a n g v
quan n n. D c ch "quan" ng u, loi rung ny khng phi l
rung nh nc m thc ch t l rung t ca cha. Theo L Qu n, "'cha
Nguyn ly lm ca t, cho dn cy cy hoc thu ngi cy cy, mi k sai
ngi coi gt, cho thuyn ch v sung vo kho c a cha, cp ng lc cho
ngi tron g h v b ti bn di". Vo n a sau th k X V III, T h u n H a
cd 6 .4 9 4 mu 3 so 12 thc 9 t c quan n n v 1524 mu 14 thc 4
tc quan in trang. S rung ny ri ra nhiu huyn, Qung Ngi, Gia
( I ) i Nam c c, Tin bin, (b n ch ca V i n s h c), i r l 12

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

359

Dnh, Phc Long cng c cc n in ca cha. Rung quan in trang

v quan n in c giao cho qun s hoc ngi b t ti cy cy, cng
c ni cha cho pht canh thu t (thc hoc tin ) hoc thu ngi cy (vi
gi khng qu 1 quan/mu).

Cha Nguyn t cp rung lc cho qu tc, quan li cao cp, theo L

Qu n;
M cha; 10 mu
Chng c: 5 mu, cai c: 4 m u
Cai i: 3 mu 5

so,

Ni i trng: 3 mu

V . V. .

Ngoi ra, cha cn ly mt b phn rung cng lm rung cp lng

min thu. B phn rung t pht trin khc nhau hai vng: vng

Thun Qung c, rung t di hnh thc "bn bc t in c m rng

chit yu t sau 1 66 9. Nm 1770, do s p h t trin nhanh chng ca rung
t y, cha Nguyn buc cc h phi lp s rung ring, o Thun
Ha ng thi c 51 tp. Qung Nam c l cha Nguyn khng thng
k ht c. Tuy nhin, cng nh ng Ngoi, t chim cng vi t ngy
cng pht trin , n mc vo gia th k X V III, mt vin quan c a cha
Trnh l P hm Nguyn Du nhn xt: "ngi ngho khng mnh t cm
i, hay trong hiu d ca cha T rnh: rung cng,., vi phi bi thng

thu thiu c chu ph cho bn on im ca t^ Ri rc y hnh

thnh mt s tra n g tri t nhn, s dng lc lng n tl canh tc.
T ron g lc T h u n Qung, vic khai ph t hoang chu s qun l ca
nh cha th m n nam, nhm nhanh ch n g a t ai vo vng qun
tr, cc cha Nguyn khuyn khch cc a ch v dn lu vong khai hoang,
bin thnh rung t t. Do d, trn t ng Nai, Gia nh "cc nh giu
hoc cd ch 40, 5 0 nh, hoc c ch 20, 30 nh; mi nh c n 50, 60 in

n, tru b c6 n 3 0 0 con, cy ba, trng cy, gt hi khng lc no ri.

H ng nm c n thng chp, thng mt, em thc gi thnh go, bn ly
tin chi dng vo T t thng chp..." R u n g t ngy cng m rng, theo
li ca L Qu n, t Gia Dnh t ca bin n u ngun i mt 6 - 7
ngy m ht thy u l ng rung, nhn bt ngt; rung phng nh th
y". Dng thi, cha Nguyn chi c iu kin o c mt s rung nht
nh, s cn li phi theo s tha m thu thu. Nu nh, cui th k X V III,
din tch rung t Thun Hta o c c l 2 6 5 .5 0 7 mu, th rung
t Qung N am vo nam, chnh quyn cha Nguyn ch tnh c 27 vn
mu rung ang cy cy v 3 2 .0 0 0 tha. Theo s liu cn li, khng phi

360

DI CNG LCH

s VIT

NAM

s tha ny thuc ch yu quyn s hu a ch, chng hn 3 tr i B

Canh, B Lai, B Kin B inh hn 4 0 0 0 m s rung cng ch hn 4 0 0 0
tha; chu Dnh Vin s inh hn 7000, s rung cng hn 7 0 0 0 tha

3. Tnh hnh nng nghip v di sng nng dfin

L vng t xa mi khai ph vic qun l ca nh nc lng lo, ngi
nng dn c iu kin pht huy ht sc lao ng, nng cao n n g su t sn
xut. T t h k XVI, sn xu t nng nghip Thun Qung d r t pht tr i n
Chng hn, vng bc B Chnh, rung ch ia thnh 2 loi chim ma, "th n g
t hng nm , la chn y ng, gt hi khng kp"; vng in B n "giu
ct vi lm thdc, dm la phi dng trau"^^^ Theo L Qu n, mi mu thu
hoch t 9 0 - 120 gnh la. u th ki X V II, gio s Bori vo y, nhn

xt; "Dt ai mu m v sinh li ... n ni hng nm h gt la 3 ln, thu

hoch c mt lng thdc phong ph n mc khng ai cn lao ng thm
kim sng... quanh nm h c nhiu hoa qu, nhng th l nh dua b,
a chut, da hu, mt, su ring, da, tru cau, bp ci, thuc l, m a...
Dng rung ca h y nhng g vt n h v g rng"^^^. Vo na u th
ki X V III, li bun P.PoavT cng nhn x t; "rung t ng T ro n g mu
m, nhn dn gii trng trt, h trng 6 loi la nc v hai loi a cn.
Ngoi ra h cn trng nhiu ng cc loi khc nh ng, k, u
T ron g lc , L Qu ii ghi: trn cc cnh ng ng Trong, nhti dn
cy n 26 ging la np v 2 3 ging a t. Nhiu loi a nh la ba
b, la vin va cy c rung nc ngt va cy c rung nc
m n... Theo ng; t Qung Nam mu m, rung tt nn ma m n g bi

thu, thc la sc vt c nhiu. Ngi ng thi ni: "rung cc huyn

Tn Binh, P h c Long, Quy An, Quy H da c cy d cy, cy mt hc thc
thl gt c 100 hc thdc; thuc T a m Lch, tr i B Canh chu Dnh Vin
th rung khng cy, pht cd ri cy, cy mt ho thc thl g t c 3 0 0
hc". Dt G ia nh cy la t np u hp "ht go tr n g m do". Ng^i
ta chia lm 3 oi rung:
-

Rung min i ni ng Bc, do dn khai th c theo kiu l m ry, kt

qu tuy khng tt lm nhng c m a lun.

(1 ) T h eo Ph bin tp tc - H N i, 9 7 7 .
(2 ) D ong V n A n , Chu cn lc
(3 )

c.

B o n i. T n g irinh v vung q u c D ng T ro n g , London, b n dch.

(4) Trich G. Tatculet, La gcate ranqaise en Indochine, T.l, Paris 1955, ir.l39.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

361

- R ung c (tho in) vng ng c v bn ly thuc T r n B i n v

Phin T r n , y c gieo l hc th thu hoch c 100 hc.
- R ung m tt nht, "hng nm c n cui h san g thu th tri m a
nhiu, rung ngp y nc. Ngi ta pht h t c v vun li thnh ng,

p b ri em m ra cy". Nng sut la r t cao "cy 1 hc thu hoch c

3 0 0 hc"< \
Rung nhiu a tt, nn nhn dn thng em thc bn ra c c dinh
Thun Q u n g ly tin mua cc hng t la, o qun tt p, do ngi
nng dn "khng st sng vi vic lm rung, thng chy ra cc th tr n
mt s v n g T hu n Ha lao ng chn tay kim tin. Rung t qu
nh em cho thu vi gi 3 - 4

quan tin/mu.

Trong n h n g th k u, do th u m nh, i sng c a ngi nng dn

kh cao. S c h chu cn lc tng ca ngi;

Dim Trng c ln, gi c thi si trng ngn

An Cu tic sang, bp tr nh p h a ngc nhy
hoc ;

Ngi sang k hn, d ia bt u v rng u phng

K hn ngi km, sng o ton mu , mu hng.
Nm 1 6 6 9 , sau khi o c rung t, ch a Nguyn chnh thc ban hnh
php thu thu. Rung cng, rung t u c chia lm 3 hng, nh th u
ngang nhau:
N ht ng

np 4 0 th n g thc

8 hp go

Nh ng

np 30 thng thdc

6 hp go

T am ng

np 2 0 thng thdc

4 hp go

Rung m a thu v t kh th khng c h ia hng, mi mu np 3 tin.

Ngoi ra, ngi nng dn cy rung cn g phi np cc loi: phin ct,
tin cung n, tin np thdc vo kho, tin bao my, tin trinh dn
Quan i n tr a n g v quan n in th c l th u rin g (khong 2 0 5
thng/mu)
Rung vng cc nam c thu theo th a hoc t 4 - 10 hc, hoc t
2 -4

hc (m i hc = 5 0 - 7 5 thng)

Ngoi t chnh, ngi nng dn cn phi np go u mu, tin ph trn h

din, tin c t tre (c OOO thng thc np 5 tm c t hay 2 tin).

( ! ) T h e o Ph hin lp lc. K H X il. M Ni 1977. T r l4 1 , 3 4 5 -3 4 6

362

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

Thu nhn inh gtn 4 loi: sai d, cc m, thng tn, tit liu vi
mc kh nng;
T r n g hng ;

3 quan 3 tin

Dn h n g :

1 quan 9 tin

Lo h n g :

2 quan 1 tin

B t c :

1 quan 5 tin 3 0 ng.

Cc chc sc, con chu quan vin u

phi np. nhiu ni, mc th u

cn ln n 4 - 5 quan.
Theo L Qu n, tng s th u cc loi ca Qung Nam - cc n a m l:
T h u rung: 6 .0 4 8 .5 2 6 th n g 8 cp/nm

Go l 6 1,040 thng 5 cp/nm

Go cnh 2 0 .3 5 7 bt 1 cp/nm
Cc loi thu khc: Go; 1 8 .3 9 0 bao 77 cn/nra
T: 3 6 3 tm/nm
La: 1 .0 1 7 tm 108 thc/nm
Vng: 5 6 ht 2 lng 6 ag cn/nm
T in ; 2 4 1 .9 9 5 quan 6 tin/nm
Chiu: 5 4 6 0 i/nm
Dng: 4 8 .3 2 0 cn 9 ln g /n m ../
Ngha v binh dch rt nng n. Ngoi ra, ngi dn cn b bt m phu

canh gc, qut dn cho cc quan. H thng quan Bn ng c php thu

thm mt s tin go lm ng lc; cai trng, cai li, c cng vy. Mt
c im ca ng Trong l c c quan chc a phng hng nm phi np
cho cha nhiu loi tin: lnh bng, n hn n, l mng sinh nht, gi tt...

c tn lm cc vic d, quan li phi ly thm ngi dn. Chnh v

vy m L Qu n phi ku ln "Quan liu ng T ro n g nhng l m qu
lm, h t thy bng lc u ly vo ca dn, dn chu sao ni!.
Tuy nhin, do nhng iu kin c bit ca ng Trong, nhn dn ngho
ti i lu vong c th tim n cc vng t hoang, khai khn, lp nghip v
sng mt cuc i t nhiu t o, mc du khng phi lc no cng thun li,
tt p. Mu thun x hi tm thi c gii quyt v l l do lm cho cuc
khng hong x hi ng Trong n mun hn so vi ng Ngoi.
( i ) T h eo Ph bin tp lc, H N i 1977, trang 140, 182 - 183.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

363

B. S PHT TRIN CA CNC; THONG NGHIP

c c th k X V - X V II, trong khi i Vit b chia c t th n h Nam Bc triu ri ng Ngoi - ng T rong th trn th gii c nhiu bin ng
mi. S pht tri n ca cng thng nghip T y u dn n s kin "pht
kin ln v a l", thng nhn u chu b t u m rng bun bn vi cc
nc phng ng. ng thi, thng nhn cc nc Dng nhu T rung
Quc, N h t B n , Innxia... cng hot ng rm r; v vy, hnh thnh s
giao lu bun bn quc t gia i Vit v cc nc xung quanh. Nhu cu
hng ha t n g ln. T c ng nhiu m t c a nng nghip cng to iu kin
thun li cho sn xut th cng v trao i bun bn. Nn kinh t cng
thng nghip i Vit chuyn sang m t giai on pht tri n mi.

I. HOT NG TH CNG NGHIP

1. Th cng nghip nh nc
K tc truyn thng ca cc triu i trc, nh L - Trnh v cha Nguyn
u thnh lp cc cng xng th cng phc v nhu cu ca nh nc.

o ng Ngoi, cha Trnh ip nhiu xng ln chuyn c sng, dng

thuyn cc loi, lm tran g sc, m o, giy dp cho vua cha, quan li.
B a n u, c c l c tin c t 2 phng N ht Chiu v Cu Gin
thuc kinh th n h ; v sau cha phi cho c c x lp xng c tin ring,
thm ch cho php ngi Hoa m xng c tin.
o ng T rong, cha Nguyn cng lp nhiu xng dng thuyn cc
noi, t N h chuyn ch to v kh, lm tra n g sc, g phc v
cha, t ti Ni pho tng ly dn hai x Phan X v Hong G iang lnh
ngh c s n g vo m (va c i bc va c sng tay), t h ki XV IIj
mt ngi B o Nha l Giaoa Crud b m thuyn, dt vo b c
dn Vit cu sng, gip cha Nguyn c sng ln theo kiu phng
T y ng thi.
C c xng th cng nh nc lm c nhiu sn phm c c h t lng
cao, nhiu loi v kh, thuyn ln nhng s dng ch cng tng, bt

364

DI CONG LCH s VIT NAM

th kho trong nhn dn lm cng tng sut i. Diu ny nh hng

khng nh n 8 pht trin sng to chung ca th th cng.

2. T h c n g n g h ip n h n dn
Hon cn h mi ca t nc lm tn g nhu cu v hng th cng.
Khp cc ln g x, u u cig hlnh th nh nhng ngh th cng, nhng
th th cng chuyn cc ngh rn, mc, Ti, dt vi la, ko t, c chung,
t tng, ch m tr, lm , lm gm, lm tran g sc, dt chiu

V .V ..

Sau

y l mt vi ngh chnh:
- Lm gm: vn l mt ngh truyn thng hnh thnh v tn ti hng
nghln nm . Ngh lm gm, pht tr i n nhiu ni trong nc v ni ln
cc lng gm danh ting nh B t T rng, Th H, Hng Canh, Chu u
Vn nh, nh Trung, H m Rng, Ph Lng, M Thin, Ph Khang, Bin
Ha

V .V ..

Bn cnh cc oi ni, chum, vi gm th s, s lng v ch t

lng cc sn phm snh, B nh bt, a, gch trn g men, binh hoa, chn
n

V .V ..

t n g ln rt nhiu so vi trc. B t a s, gm trng men ca ngi

Vit tr thnh mt hng hda r t c thng nhn nc ngoi a chung,

thm ch dng lm mu cho ngh gm nc minh. Hnh nh trang tr trn
cc gm ngy cng tinh xo, p mt, men ct nhiu mu, nhiu loi.
- Ko t; dt la: Hu ht cc lng u c ngh ko t, dt vi, ia,

Gi th gi vic trong nh
Khi vo canh ci, khi ra thu tha
Nong t m , khung ci, con thoi, ci x a , ng sut l nhng vt quen
thuc vi phn ln ph n. Gio s A. Rt nhn xt : ''ng T ron g rt
nhiu t, nhn d&n dng c t n li nh c", li bun Bori cng
ng quan dm khi vit; ng Trong "c r t nhiu t la, n ni nhng
ngi la ng v h lu dng thng xuyn, hng ngy", ng Ngo,
ni ting c c lng La, "H Ty qu la', nh L Qu n nhn xt: "Huyn
T Lim v an Phng... c nhiu bi trn g du, nhn dn chm v vic
chn tm , dt ci. Cc x H Hi, Th in M, La, T ru n g Thy v i
Phng c ti dt la, trlu, llnhj l. T h n g Long v Ph Xu&n l hai tru n g
tm dt truyn thng v cc phng Y n T hi, Bi, Trch Si, Trc B ch ,
Nghi T m , T hn h Cng v.v,.. Sn in, Dng Xun, Vn X un... "Thng
Hoa, in B n bit dt vi, la, vc, on, lnh, l hoa, mu, kho p khng
km Q ung ng". Khi lng sn xut ln, ngay t u th k X V II, theo
Bori : "T c<5 mt s lng r t ln. n ni cung cp. c cho N ht B n , gi

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y N 1858)

365

sang c vng quc Lais (?.)^*^ hoc p. Poavr : "T ca h rt p, t nay

h cn cung cp c nhiu hn na, nu nh ngi ng Trong c th
trng tiu th. Nm 1637, ngi H Lan mua ca ng Ngoi nhiu
t ch i. Nm 1644, h mua tt c 645 t t, tip d nm 1645 mua 800
t t ch i N ht v 120 t ch sang chu u. Ngi B o Nha cng
hng nm t hng vn ing bc cho cha Trnh mua t...
Mt hng vi la gm nhiu oi nhu: la trng, a vng, the, linh, lt,
ia hoa, si, nhiu, on, vi nh, vi trng, vi hoa, vi th, vi si i,
vi si ba... k thu t dt, nh nhn nh ca L Qu n l "khng thua
km g Qung ng "hay theo nhn xt ca P.Poavr "my dt ca h na
n ging my ca ta, hi n gin hn.. Ti cd nti vi ngi th dt v
hng t dt ca Trung Quc v ca chng ta, va mm mi, va p, tt...
v hi ngi y c lm c khng. NgL y tr li; lm c".
V t chc sn xut, ch yu mang tnh cht gia inh L Qu n khi
vo Ph Xun c chng kin mt trng hp ng ch l c 3 p, "mi
p 10 nh, mi nh cd 15 th dt", ngha l mt hnh thc phng hp tc
mang tnh t nguyn ca th th cng.
Nhng hn ch ca nh nc v kh vi, c quyn thu mua t v bn
t cho thng nhn TUc ngoi, thu m, lao dch... a lm cho ngh dt
khng pht trin mnh ln chuyn sang mt phng thc sn xut mi.
-

Ngh lm ng; Vn l mt ngh th cng c truyn c ting t thi

B c thuc, ngh lm ng pht trin rng cc th k XV II - X V III. Ma

c trng nhiu ni, nhSn dn dng tru b ko my p v lm l nu
ng, nu mt lm ra mt hay ng phn Theo cc gio s nc ngoi,
ng Ngoi ng rt r "nhng ngi ta khng bit im cho nt trng
v tinh khit. ng Trong, vng Qung Nam, Qung Ngi, ngh lm
ng c bit pht trin. Hng nm, nh cha thu 15.922 cn ng
phn, 79 6 0 cn ng ct thu ca chu Xun i (Qung Nam) 24.438
cn ng phn ca x Dng Phin (Qung Nam)

V. V. .

Chung ton min

Nam, nh cha thu thu 4 8.320 cn 9 ing ng, 5 3 0 0 chnh m t ma.

Theo Bori, ng Vit Nam thuc ioi "p nht n ".
"ng trng v mn, ng phn tinh khit, trong sut, cht lng
tt - Theo P.Poavr : "trc kia h chl lm dng trong x, nhng
v cc li bun Trung Quc em li cho h nguD tiu th, nn h
tng l nu ng ln n mc ct th hng ch 80 thuyn..."

( l) C.Borri, Tng trinh v vng UC Ong Tmng, UmdOTi 1663.

366

DI CONG LCH s VIT N"AM

Trong ngh lm ng c s phn cng: ngi th trng ma, ngi th

mua ma p ly nc, ngi thl t l un nc ma p v tinh ch ng.
- Ngh rn st; ph bin khp cc lng x, ch to cc cng c cn
cho sn xut hay trong s dng ca cc gia inh. Cng c ch yu vn t
ci b, ci ba, ci e. Sn xut mang tnh cht gia nh Cc lng ni tin g
c L X, Cm ng (Cm Ging - Hi Dng) D S, Bch Sam (M Vn
- Hng Y n), a Hi (Dng Anh - H Ni), Vn Chng (Nam H), Nho
Lm (Ngh An) Trung Lng (H Tnh), Hin Lng, Ph Bi (Tha Thin)
V. V. .

Mt s th rn st pht trin ngh mih ln thnh ngh c sng

v c nh nc trng dng.
- Ngh lm giy; Pht trin rng khp cc th ki XV II - X V III. Cc
lng Ph nh, Yn Thi (H Ni), c S (Tha Thin). Chu Kh (Bc
Ninh) i Ph (Qung Binh) v.v. Ngi ta sn xut c cc loi giy khc
nhau: giy bi, giy lnh, giy trung, giy vng, giy lc l, giy thanh
dng, giy moi v.v.. Cha Trnh cho lp cc lm giy Qung c (H
Ni) sn xut giy i phng cho nh nc.
- Cc ngh th cng c truyn ph bin khc nh dt chiu, lm ndn,
nhum, c ng, khm trai, chm vng bc

V. V. .

cng tng cng hot

ng, sn xut ra hng lot mt hng khc nhau, phc v cuc sng.
- Bn cnh cc ngh c truyn, xut hin mt 3 ngh th cng mi,
ngh in bn g xut hin li vi v T s Lng Nh Hc th kl XV, c
bin thnh chuyn nghip vi dn lng Liu Trng, Hng Lc (T Lc Hi Dung). Ngi th Liu Trng khng ch lm vic nh, lng m
cn i khp cc ni khc bia, khc bn in cho nh nc

V.V. .

Hng lot sng

tc dn gian c iu kin ra i v ph bin.

Ngh lm ng h tuy khng ph bin v khng tn ti lu di, song l
mt ngh mi xut hin, T th k XV I - u X V III, cc gio sl Ty phng
dng ng h lm mtn qu qu dng Cc cha. Mt ngi x i Ho
huyn Dng Xng (Tha Thin) tn l Nguyn Vn T c sang H Lan
2 nm, hc c ngh lm ng h. n g tng ch to nhiu ng h ln

t i Thin Vn (ng Trong) quanh ph cha hay cc s tu v. Ci

gii ca Vn T l khng chi hc m bit ci tin. C gia nh ng t con
trai, em trai, con r u bit ngh ra ng h, song vn khng to ra c
mt phng chuyn cd th pht tri n hn na.
Nhn chung, th cng nghip nhn dn cc th k XV II - X V III va
m rng, va pht trin , p ng mt mc nht nh nhu cu ca

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y DN 1858)

367

nh.n n trong nc v nhu cu ca thng nhn nc ngoi, i su hn

vc nn kinh t th trng c tnh quc t. Tuy nhin, nh thng nhn
Ana ampi nhn xt; "nhng x y (Dng Ngoi - ND) ngho lm, n
ni cc thong nhn phi ch 3, 4 thng mi nhn c hng tr tin
trHc v khi c tu ngoi quc n thl ngi ta mi c cng vic cho nhng
ngti th ngho tng lm v vi s tin nhn c h mi ct kh nng
ln. vic"^'^ Bn cnh phi k n tnh trng ngho nn v tm l snh
ngci ca cu dn khng cho php cc ngnh ngh th cng pht trin ln
khi nhu cu bn ngoi gim xung.

3. Hot dng hm m
Vic khai thc kim loi pht trin nhanh chng cc th ki XV II - XVIII.
Dng Ngoi, hng lot m c khai thc :
- ng, T Long (Tuyn Quang), Tng Tinh, V Nng, Sng
Mc, Lim Tuyn (Thi Nguyn), Trnh Ln, Ngc Uyn (Lo
Cai), Hoi Vin (Lng Sn) v.v.
- B c: Nam Xng, Long Sinh (H Giang)
- Vng; Kim M, Tam Lng (Thi Nguyn)
- Km: Cn Minh (Thi Nguyn)
- Thic: V Nng (Thi Nguyn) v.v.
Kim loi thu c tr thnh mt ngun ii cho thng nhn, phc v
vic c tin, c sng n, lm trang sc v cc vt dng hng ngy
ca nhn dn. Thng nhn Dng Ngoi ln lt ch ng vo bn cho ng
Trong

V.V..

Phng thc khai thc c chia thnh 3 loi: Mt loi do nhn dn a

phng, c bit l ngi Nng Ha Vi, khai thc np thu. Phng thc
n gin, mang tnh cht hp tc, ly lao ng chn tay lm chnh. Mt
loi khc c giao cho ngi Trung Quc bao thu. Nhng ch ny s dng
ch yu lao ng ngi Trung Quc, c lc c ni "phu lm thu ln n
hng vn, phu m v tu h (ch thu) hp nhau thnh n, l... phn ln
l ngi Thiu Chu, Triu Chu. Theo ti liu Trung Quc, Hoa Nam,
cng nhn m c chia thnh i, hm, phn cng kh r rng. Tuy
nhin v sau, mt m t do phu m ngi Hoa "hay mang kh gii nh nhau,

{1) w. Dimpicr, Nhng chuyn i v nhng iu khm ph, Londoo 1931, (bn dch)

368

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

ngi no cht th nm xc xung khe", h li vn "rc ttc, m c q u n o

ngi Bc" nn cha Trnh phi ra lnh hn ch s ngi lm cc trng

m, t 100 - 3 0 0 ngi v b t phi n mc theo ngi Vit " phng s
t hp nhiu ngi d sinh ra lon". M t khc, do ngi Bc ly c bc
tc tc m ang v nc h c np th u cng ch n g l bao, nn cha T r n h
rt mun ui ht ngi Hoa v, nhng khng lm c. Loi th ba, o

mt s ngi ct chc quyn ng thu v thu th khai thc, s c cn ghi

ii 4 tr ng hp. Hun trung hu Nguyn nh Hun t xu t vn, xin thu
ngi khai m ng S n g Mc, An Hn, Lim Tuyn; H n trung hu Nguyn
Phng nh xin khai m ng T rin h L n ; lnh Nguyn D anh Th ng
xin khai m ng Hoi Vn; Lu th B i T h K hanh m ngi Hoa khai
thc lu c c m vng Kim M, T am Lng, m km Cn Minh, m th i c V
Nng, nhng nm 1761 b pht gic v cch chc.
D n g T ron g t m. nhng cng cuc khai qu ng cng gi m t v tr
quan trng, Ph B i (T h a T h in ) c m s t, dn khai m h n g nm
np th u s t v c min phu dch, B C hnh (Q u ng B n h ) c n g c
m s t, m t nm dn np th u 5 0 0 khi s t. V n g ri ra nhiu ni t
N am Ph h, Ph u (Ph V a n g - T h a T h in ) cho n c c th n K im ,
T ru n g Chl (B in h nh), S n g Ba, C nh Dong, Ph c Lc, T n Dn (Ph

Yn), Thu Bn (Qung Nam)

V.V.,

nhng khng thnh m. Nhn n

y lp th n h c c thuc (gi l K im h) vi s dn th c np hn 5 0 0 0
ngi chuyn o t, i vng, lao ng gin n. Vo na sau t h k
X V III, n h a n ci li ln ca cc ngun c vng, quc ph T r n g P h c

Loan ly ngun Thu Bn lm Dg lc, cho ngi nh trng thu hn

2 0 nm "c vng khng bit bao nhiu m k". Mt ngi a phng
l G ian g H uyn bn da vo , mua m t ngn ni "t khai t h c ly em

bn cc ni, n c Hi An bn cho khch bun, hng nm khng di

hn 1 0 00 ht, N hng ngi c c thn phng kim h u do h n sai k h in ,
np th u c n g ch n g qua 1 - 2 phn 10". K hi qun T r n h vo, m t ngi
l C T r u n g hu cng th th u Dgi khai vng N am P h h ; nh n g

th t bi.
Ttm li, c c t h k X V II - X V III, khai th c hm m tr th n h

mt b phQ quan trng ca th cng nghip. Do tnh cht ca cng vic,

y a hinh thnh mt phng thc sn xut tp trung, thu mn ct
tnh t nh&n.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y DN 1858)

369

II. S P H T T R I N C A T H O N G N G H I P
T h kl X V I - X V III chng kin mt thi k pht trin kh rm r ca
thng nghip. Mt mt, o nhu cu thot khi 3 g b ca nng nghip

cng nh do s pht trin t thn ca n (ch yu ng Trong), do iu

kin giao thng, i li thun ii hn trc, do nhu cu ca cuc sng hng
ngy t n g ln, nn s trao i hng ha ngy cn g cn thit.
Mt khc, s hnh thnh ca lung giao lu bun bn quc t tc ng
mnh m n cc vng lu nay xa cch, ng kn v lm cho nhu cu hng
ha c sn a phng tng ln khng ngng, bn cnh , c m t thi
nh T h a n h ng ca buc cc thng n hn T r u n g Quc cng nh nc
ngoi k h c phi dn sang Vit Nam... T t c nhng iu d va lm cho
vic bun b n vi nc ngoi pht tr i n va l m cho ii thng thm
nhn nhp.

1. Bun bn trong nc
Cc ch mc n khp cc ni, hu nh mi lng u c ch hoc c c
cm ing c h ia phin trong tun hp ch, ca dao vng Vnh Bo - H i
P hng t n g c cu:

Mt Ru hai Mt ba Ng
T Cu nm Tng su d li Ru
Mi huyn c<5 khong t 1 0 - 2 0 ch lng, ch cha, ch huyn. Cc lng

th cng chuyn nghip nh Vn Chng, Xun Cu, Th H

V.V. .

u e

ch ring. N hu ch ln ni ting trong vng nh ch Lim , ch Nnh, Chu

Cu, B n h Vng, Phng nh, "B Giang, L m X , T r o H, An Lm ... l
ni ngi v h n g hda t hp ng c", "ph K L a bun bn ng c,
ch G ia Hi, ch An Cu, ch i Lc, ch Din Sinh, ch T r Quang, ch
An T h i, ch Vnh T h, ch Ph Thnh, ch Y n Lng, ch ph T hin
T rng, ch Ci Sn, ch K B, ch Hi Xuyn, ch ng Am, ch H m
G iang, ch i Phc, ch Ph X , ch B a n, ch Nghn, ch Cy, ch
Vc, ch N i, ch Vnh, ch Lng, ch Sc, ch B o L n , ch Dng
X , ch C u Q uan, ch Sen, ch Du T r n g v.v... Cc trung tm chnh tr
ca X th n g cd ch ln nh V Hong Sn Nam, T in h Thanh Ha,
Nng Ni B i n Ha, Bn. Ngh Gia nh, th tr n H T in

V. V. .

s c, by gi ng Ngoi cd 8 ch ln phi np th u cho nh nc

24-CLSVN T.tp

Theo
V.V. .

370

I CNG LCH s V IT NAM

Ngoi vic bun bn bng xe nga, xe b, gng gnh, cc thng nhn

thng s dng thuyn ch hng i cc vng xa, Ngi m in xui
thng oh go, mui, hi sn , thuc lo, bt la m chn, vi vc t
la... ln b n cho dn min ni v m u a cc th lm sn ch v xui. C c
h n g hta b nh th u c ghi li bao gm mui, kim loi, g qu, qu,

nc tnm, than , than g, gm, hng iot thu t la, vi vtc, pho,
giy c c loi (1 5 loi), v t th cng V . V . . ng T ron g, dn bun th n g
ch go thtc t G ia nh ra bn cho dn T hu n Q ung v mua c c h n g
phng B c ch vo.
Cng vic bun bn thng nm tron g tay ph n. Tuy nhin vic bun
bn ln l i do nam gii m nhim . ng thi ct nhiu ph th n g
chuyn bun chuyn, c b it l bun bn thtc go. Nm 1 7 4 3 , cha
T rn h va h lnh min th u v th u tu n ti cho c ng N goi th
lp tc "nhng bn ho ph v k ti u dn li nhn c hi m phn nhiu
ua nhau lm ngh ngn, t k chuyn v ngh nng". Chnh ph cha
cng n h n thy: "Hin nay, sau cn binh la, ti lc ca dn thiu th n ,
chi cn tr n g vo cc nh giu bun bn chuyn vn t ch cd n ch
khng"^\ Do , l th u n h v on gin, nhng on ng giao lu
xui ngc hay gia ng b n g v liin b i n , Cha T rn h cho t c c s
tun ti "ch kim so t ngi l... ch khng nh th u ngi bun
bn". Mi ch thng c mc th u ch u n g ( ng Ngoi cng nh n g
T rong). N m 166 4 , do bn quan li ph tr ch cc tu n ti, bn "hch
sch tin go ca khch i ng qu lm", "ngi bun bn k h n g tin
i li", cha T rn h a h lnh tr i t b 13 s tu n ti v mt s bn .
Nm 1 7 2 3 , cha T rn h cho t r i t b th m 3 s cQ, t 4 8 mi, nh vy
D ng Ngoi cn t t c 14 s tu n ti v 6 bn ln phi chu thu. N m
17 4 3, cha T rn h lnh t r i t b mt ln na, chi gi li 2 tu n t Bin
Sn v K h Lu "l ng thng ra bin". Tuy nhin bun bn vn gp
nhiu tr ngi do bn cai tr n g t ti n t thm s ph, thu th u ngoi
ngch, s ch nhiu ngi bun bn

Mt hin tng ng lu ca s pht trin ni thng ng thi l

s hinh thnh ca c c "lng bun" nh a Ngu (Hng Y n), Bo p (Nam
nh), Ph Lu (B c Ninh), an Loan (Hi Dng)

V. V. .

y vn l nhng

lng nng nghip, nh v tr a l thun li m mt s ln c dn chuyn

sang bun bn tuy vn gi ci gc nh nng. Nh mt s nh ngbin cu

nhn nh, ban u bun bn i vi h l mt hin tng "git gu v vai",
v sau pht trin ln thnh chuyn.
(1 ) P han Huy C h ii.U c h Iriu hin chtJdng loi ch. T .III, s hc, 1961

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

371

2. B u n b n v i th n g n h n n c n g o i
cc th ki X V I - X V III, vic bun bn vi thng nhn nc ngoi
pht trin rm r. Bn cnh cc thng nhn T ru n g Quc, Giava, Xim
quen thuc v ngy cng ng o, xut hin cc thuyn bun N h t Bn,
v c bit l c c thuyn bun B o Nha, H Lan, Php, Anh,
-

B u n bn vi ngi T rung Quc: Ngi T rung Quc n bun b n vi

nc ta t rt x a xa. Hng ntn, thuyn bun ca h t Qung Chu dong

bum xung cc cn g Vn n, Vn Ninh {thuc Qung Ninh) ri vo Ph
Hin (Hng Yn) hay V o n g (Nam nh) hay vo cc cn g n g Trong
nh Hi An, Nc Mn, Bn Ngh. Vic bun bn ca h ngy c n g pht
trin , nht l t khi nh Thanh tm thi ng ca cc c n g khu Trung
Quc, ng T ro n g h n bun bn vdi T h an h H, Hi An, H Tin.
Theo p. Poavr, th k X V III, " Hi An c n 6 0 0 0 Hoa kiu m phn
ln l li bun giu c, va mua bn hng ha, va m mi gii cho khch
phung Ty, gi c c chc v trong cc tu ti",

D ng Ngoi, ngi Hoa

tp trung ch yu Ph Hin, Vn n, ng T ru , va bun bn va

lm thuc. Nm 1650, cha Trnh quy nh, ngi Hoa ln bun bn
T h ang Long ch c tr ng lng Khuyn Ldng, Thanh Tr. t lu sau,

cha li bt nhng Hoa kiu sng lu di trn t nc ta phi n mc,

ni nng theo phong tc Vit, khi s thn T ru n g Quc aang, h khng c
php gp g, trao i.
Hng ha do thng nhn T rung Quc ch n l: gm, vdc, on, giy
bt, cc loi ng, s, bc nn, ch, km trn g , dim sinh, kh gii.
Thng nhn T ru n g Quc thng nhp tin ng Tng, Minh vo ng
Trong, nm 1774, kh em qun vo y, h T rn h tch thu c 8 0 vn
quan tin loi ny. Khi r a i, thng nhn T ru n g Quc ch theo h tiu,
ng, g, c c loi hng liu, qu, yn sOj sng t, ng voi, vng, t,
ng, h tiu l nhng m t hng a thch ca h. Cc cha Nguyn cng
nhn t nm c quyn xu t khu h tiu. Theo nhn xt ca mt li bun
T ru n g Quc l T r n Duy th " Sn Nam khi vo chl m ua c mn c nu,
Thun Ha khi v ch mua c h tiu, cn x Qung Nam th trm
th ha vt, khng cd ni no snh kp

n hng trm chic thuyn ln

chuyn ch mt lc cng khng

L th u thuyn bun T ru n g Quc ca ng T ron g kh nng.
Tu Thng Hi n np 3 0 0 0 quan, i np 3 0 0 quan
(1) Thct) L Qu n, Ph bin lp lc, HN i977, Ir 254.

372

I CONG LCH s VIT NAM

Tu Qung ng n np 3 0 0 0 quan, i np 3 0 0 quan

Tu Phc Kin n np 2 0 0 0 quan, i np 2 0 0 quan
Tu Hi Nam n np 5 0 0 quan, i np 5 0 quan
Vo cui th k X V III, khi cc thng nhn ngoi quc khc rt i hu
ht th thng nhn T ru n g Quc hu nh im ch th trng Di Vit.
- Bun bn vi ngi Nht B n : T th ki XVI, ngi Nht ong thuyn
n vng b bin ng Trong bun bi r6i chuyn dn ra ng Ngoi,
Dng Trong, h tp trung bun bn vng Qung Nam, sau xin cha
Nguyn cho lp ph cng Hi An. ng Ngoi, ban u ngi Nht p
thuyn n bun bn v lp ph x Phc L (Ngh An), ri xin ra bun bn
Ph Hin. Theo ghi chp ca ngi ng thi, t nm 1604 ~ 1635, srt "chu
n thuyn" Nht Bn n ng Ngoi l 4 7 v n ng Trong l 73. L thu
ca cha Nguyn i vi thuyn Nht l "n np 4 00 0 quan, i np 4 0 0 qu an.
Cng nh cc li bun ngi Hoa, ngi N h t n Vit Nam ngoi vic bun
bn cn lm phin dch, mi li, phc dch cc tu ti, c bit t sau khi
chnh ph Nht ra lnh cm ngi Nht ra nc ngoi hoc ngoi quc
lu ngy th cm khng c v nc; ct nh nghin cu cho rng, by gi,
ngi N ht g vai tr ch cht trong bun bn Vit Nam.
Hng ha ngi Nht thng mua l t la, gm, ng, qu, hng
liu, Cc thc h em sang l v kh, o gip, bc, Cc cha T rn h ; cha

Nguyn cng c lc trao i th t vi chnh quyn Nht - thn g qua cc

li bun - t quan h buOn bn.
T gia th k X V II, do lnh cm ca chnh ph Nht, vic bun bn ca
ngi N ht hai ng tha dn, mc du hng t la Vit vn c ngui
Nht a chung (mua li ca thng nhn H Lan)

- Bun bn vi thng nhn B o N ha: T khi Vaxca Gama pht

kin ra con ng bin sang chu (cui th k X V ) v M agienlan cng
on thuyn i vng quanh th gii (u th ki X V I), c c gio s v thng
nlin B Do Nha ni gt nhau n chu . Nii 1536, ngi B o Nha
chim o Mn (Ma Cao) thnh lp cn c bun bn ln trn t T ru n g
Quc, cc thng nhn, gio 3 ca h a n i V it vi t cch nhng
ngi Ty phng u tin. Nh cc gio s lm mi li, h u thuyn
cng Hi An mua cc th hng nh t la, ng, k nam, tr m hng. H
khng xin php t thng im v ch dong thuyn qua li m ua bn vo
thn g chp, thn g ging hng nm. H ch n bn dim sinh, cnh kin,
ch, snh s, hp kim km - ng, ch

V. V. .

Theo cc li bun nc khc,

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y DN 1858)

373

h t nguyn chp nhn mi quy nh ca cha Nguyn, "qu phc tng

cc tuc l nc Nam", c lc tm cch thuyt phc cc cha "ght b", "rung

ry "thng nhn H Lan. S cng tng nhc n trng hp m t ngxi
B o Nha l Giaoa Crud dy cho ngi ng T ron g c s ng i
bc v cha cho thnh lp xng. Gia th ki XV II, h cp bn ng
Ngoi xin bun bn,
Gio s Baninti, ngi n ng k: "on chng ti va
n K Ch th c gio s Giuii Piani a vo ch u cha.
Cha tip i chng ti rt nim n, khon i chng ti mt
ba tic c nhiu mn n, [i ha vi chng ti l khi cn n,
cha s ht sc gip ... S d cha ban cho cc c n nh
vy hnh nh l vl cha mong cho ngi B Do Nha lun lun
qua li bun bn c nc v cha u c
L thu thuyn bun Ma Cao Dng T ro n g l n np 4 0 0 0 quan, i
np 4 0 0 quan, th k XV III, khi b ngi H Lan cnh tranh, thng nhn
B Do Nha qua i tha tht nhng tip tc cho n cui th ki,
-

B u n b n vi thng n hn H L an : Ngay t nm 1601, hm i H

Lan n vng bin Chmpa, sau b ln t ng T rong v b nhn

dn a phng nh lui.
Nm 1602, cng ti ng n H Lan th nh p th Am xtecam v
nm 1609 mt thng im H Lan c thnh lp Phiran (N h t Bn).
Nm 1613, gim c thng im y cho thuyn ch cc th ng voi,
len d, ch n ng Trong xin bun bn, nhng khng t kt qu. Cc
nm 1617 - 1618, cha Nguyn gi th cho cng ti Dng n H Lan mi
sang bun bn; nhng mai n nam 1633 vic bun bn ca ngi H Lan
y mi b t u c. T h n g 3 nm 1637, tu H Lan Grn n ng
Ngoi. Thuyn trng Hcxinh dng cha T rn h hai khu i bc, nhiu
n dc v xin bun bn. Cha Trnh cho php ngi H Lan t thng
im Ph Hin. Vic can thip vo chin tra n h T rn h - Nguyn th t bi,
cng ti H Lan nh chu np th u v t tin mua t ca cha.
Bng cch h n g nm mua 2 5 .0 0 0 ing bc t ca cha, 10.000 !ng bc
t ca th t v m t s khc cho cc vin quan to trong triu, ngi H
Lan m rng vic bun bn vi ng Ngoi. H ch n v kh, bc Nht,
dim sinh, lu hong, dim tiu, h phch, vi lanh, len d... v ch i cc
loi hng t la, snh s... Nm 1699, thy vic bun bn ngy cng t

li, thng nhn H Lan quyt nh ng ca thng im Ph Hin v

(1) rhcf> Maylx)a Les rruirchands curoiccas en ndixrhinc. R . I. 1916.

374

DI CONG LCH s V IT NAM

K Ch. S a n g th k X V III, thinh thong ngi H Lan dong thuy n n

ng T rong bun bn, thm ch cn nhn c h tin ng. Tuy nhin, do
s hch sch ca cha Nguyn v bn cai tu, h phi rt khi ng Trong.
- Bun bn vi ngi A nh: Nm 1 60 0 cng ti ng n Anh th n h lp,
m u vic bun bn vi cc nc phng ng. Cc nm 1 6 1 3 , 1 6 1 6 , phi
on ca Cng ti n D ng Trong v ng Ngoi d n g t n g phm v
xin bun bn, nhng do b cc thng nhn ngoi quc khc c h n p, phi
rt v. Mi n nm 1672, thng on Anh do Gippho dn u 'n Dng
Ngoi xin thng thng v nm sau , c php lp thng im Ph
Hin Nam 1683, h c cha Trnh cho php lp thng im K Ch,
em cc hng nh len d, xa x, sng... n bn v mua t l a em i.
Nhng bun bn ng Ngoi by gi khng cn thun ii na, "n c th
hu nh khng i c m bn quan li mua, th t khi tr ti n ngay", kt
qu l nm 1697, h dng ca thng im, v sau ch th n h th o n g cho
thuyn n mua hng ch i.
Cng thi gian ny, nm 1695, mt tu Anh n Hi An xin c m
thng im bun bn. Nhng cha c bao lu, v b ph hoi, h phi
rt i. N m 1702, cng ti ng n tr n g trn xm chim Cn Do, xy
dng pho i t 2 0 0 qun M Lai canh gi. Nm 1703, c lnh ca
cha, tng Trng Phc Phan t chc mt tr n nh, cng n hn dn a
phng vn ng ngi M Lai ni dy tiu dit qun A nh, c h im li
vng o.
B n g i mt thi gian, tu thuyn Anh mi tr li bun b n vi ng

Trong, v nm 1777 khi thuyn trng Anh l Spman n Ang Trong th

y, ngha qun Ty Sn ang lm ch. c Nguyn N h c cho php,
Spman bn v mua m t s hng r6i r t i,

- Bun bn ui ngi Php: Ngi Php n bun bn vi Di Vit kh

mun. Nm 1669, chic tu u tin ca cng ti ng n P h p n ng
Ngoi xin cha Trnh cho php lp thng im Ph H in. N h ng mi
n nm 168 1, thuyn trng Sapplanh mi c cha T r n h cho php
thnh lp thng im v bun bn P h Hin. H bn h n g v m u a to
ia, x hng ch v. Nm 1682, mt chic tu khc sa n g nh n g khng
c tn tip nim n nhu trc, nhn , cng ti ng n P h p t m inh
vic bun bn vi n g Ngoi, ch l cc gio s truyn o.
i vi ng Trong, mi n nm 1740, Php mi ch thng nh n kim
gio s Poavr n thm d. Nm 1744, Poavr gi v nc mt bn bo

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y N 1858)

37 5

co kh ti mi v cc mt chnh tr, knh t, vn hda ca Dng Trong ri

c b Hi qu n Php giao nhim v lin lc bun bn vi D ng Trong.
T nm 1 7 4 9 n 1757, Poavr nhiu ln ch hng sang bn D ng Trong,
xin lm m t s vic, xin thu ngi, mua n l v mua cc th t la, lm
sn ch i. Cuc chin tranh ginh git thuc a gia Anh v Php c t
t mi giao thng ny.

- N h n xt chung :
Nh vy, c c th ki X V II - X V III, vic bun bn vi thng nhn nc
ngoi p h t tri n v m rng hn hn nhng th k trc. B n cnh cc
thng n hn chu quen thuc, s xut hin ca cc thng nhn N h t
Bn v phng Ty^ m c du cha nhiu, cha u n v lin tc, nhng
nh du thi ki i Vit i vo lung giao lu bun bn quc t. Vic

bun bn ny t nhiu nh hng n s pht trin ca cng thng nghip

trong nc, m rng tm nhn v s hiu bit ca ngi dn Vit, t nhiu
nh hng n vn ha Vit. S khi sc ca nn kinh t hng ha lm
cho n kinh t Vit Nam bt i tnh ch t t tc t cp, nng nghip thun
ty v a phng ch ngha.

C nhiu nguyn nhn dn n s pht trin ca cng thng nghp

d ng thi, tro n g ch trng m ca ca cc chnh quyn ng T ron g
cng nh n g Ngoi c ngha rt quan trng cng nh nhn t pht
trin thng nghip t bn ch ngha ca phng Ty tr thnh m t
tc nhn ln. Tuy nhin, nn kinh t i Vit ng thi, do Tihu hn
ch, kh n g to c s cho s pht trin mnh m v lin tc ca cng
thong nghip, cha to c mt th ng t ch v ch ng trong giao
thng vi b n ngoi. d l l do ch yu dn n s suy tn ca n cui
th k X V III.
Vic bun b n vi ngi T y phng c nhiu t c dng tt i vi s
pht t r n kinh t i Vit ni chung, nhng, cc th k X V II - X V III cng
l c c t h k hinh thnh v pht trin ca ch ngha thc dn. Giao lu
bun bn vi phng ng khng phi chi l cng vic ca cc thng nhn
phng T y m cn l cng vic ca cc nh nc phng Ty ng th
ang m on g m un xm chim lnh th ca nc khc, cp ot v khai
thc ca ci, ti nguyn. Nhng hnh ng m an g tnh xm lc ca ngi
Anh, ngi P hp , ngi H Lan chng t iu . Ngoi ra, m t, tng

376

I CONG LCH s VIT NAM

thut v t nc v con ngi x s m minh n bun bn hay truyn

o l sd thch v nhim v ca cc thng nhn v gio s phng Ty.
Nu nh Poavr khen "Dng m a vi khi lng ln hp dn
cc li bun v bun loi ny sut li ln n 400% ... nhng
hng dt li cn thu ht hn..." ng vit:

" t

ng T ron g cn

ct mt ngun li na cho c c thuc a Php l ngui Q ung

Nam quc. T a c th chuyn ngi ng T ron g sa n g cc thuc
a ca ta lm th...". Sap m an cng nhn xt: V tr D ng
T ron g r t thun li cho vic bun bn" hoc gii phdng cho mt
dn tc ang rn xit di ch p bc cc k hung bo (ca qun
Ty Sn) s l mt vic xn g ng vi tnh nhn o ca dn
tc Anh"...
Chnh sch ca cc nh nc, s nhng nhiu, cp ot ty tin ca
bn quan li ph trch quan thu v tu v v tinh hnh

hi i Vit

cui th k X V III lm suy sp nn thng nghip.

III. MT VI CHUYN BIN LN

S pht tri n ca kinh t hng ha tro n g bi cnh x h i V it cc
th ki X V T- X V III a nh hng ln n ton b x hi.

1. S hng kh ca cc d th
Cng thng nghip pht trin lm hlnh thnh mt s t im bun
bn c tnh cht a phng nh ng ng, K La (L ng Sn), Vn Dn,
Vn Ninh, ng T riu (Qung Ninh), V Hong (Nam nh), Ph T hch,
Phc L (Ngh An); Ph X un (Tha T h in ) Nuc Mn (B n h nh), Bn
Ngh (Gia nh), Nng Ni (Bin Ha), H Tin v.v. v bn cnh l 3
th Ph Hin (Hng Y n), Thanh H (T h a Thin), Hi An (Qung N a m Nng). T h n g Long phn thnh ln vi tn K Ch.
-

K ch (cn gi l Kinh Kl) l t T h n g Long, Kinh ca ng

Ngoi, vn l mt th c ni ting t t h ki XI. T thi L 3, nh nc

a thu gn li thnh 3 6 ph phung thuc hai huyn Q ung Dc v Phng
Thin (sau i thnh Th Xng). Ngoi ra cn c mt s ch nh: Ca
ng, Ca Nam, inh Ngang, ng M c

V.V. .

Dn cc phng ch yu

t nng thn ra, hp nhau thnh phng cng hnh ngh, nh dn Cu

VIT NAiM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

377

Nm (B c Ninh) hp thnh phng H n g ng, dn lng g B t T rn g

lp ra phng H ng Bt, dn chm bc lng Chu Kh (Hi Dng) n
sinh phng Hng Bc, phng Nhc Cng l t cng xng nh
nc

V.V..

C th hnh dung K Ch theo m t ca cc gio s phong Ty

su dy :
Gio s Xanh Phanl m t: "Kinh ca n, ti xem c th ln
bng P a ri v dn s cng bng... N nm trn b xnt con sng
gi l sng Ci, s thuyn b nhiu n ni gh vo b r t khd
khnV Gio si Marini vt: "Cc nh K Ch u mt tng...
c 6 2 khu ph m mi khu rng b n g mt thnh ph nh ca
nc . Cc ph u y th th cng v thng nhn, trnh
nhm i mi u ph u c mt ci bng hay du hiu ghi r
ph bun bn ci gl..." (t liu cc nm 1658, 1666).
Vo c c nm 1685, 1688, thng nhn H Lan Brn m t:
T h n h ph Ca Cho (K Ch) cd th so snh vi nhiu thnh
ph chu A nhng ng dn hn. N ht l nhng ngy mng
mt v rm m lch, l nhng ngy phin ch... cc con ng
rng by gi u tr thnh c h t chi n ni chen qua m ng
ngi 100 bc trong khong na ting ng h l mt iu
sung sng. T t c hng hda trong thnh ph6 mi th bn
mt ph ring v cc ch cn chia ra lm mt hai hoc nhiu
khu l ni m nhng ngi tron g khu mi c m ca hng"^*^
Cn ampi th vit: "Cc ph chnh kinh rt rng, tuy cd mt vi ph
hp... V ma ma, cc ph rt bn... cng rnh y nhng bn en, hi thi".
th ki X V III, theo gio 9 Rsa "Nn thng mi c a T h n g Long t
ln". Nm 1736, s thn T ru n g Quc i Ngy T ip i chi K Ch hng
phn lAm nn 8 bi th vi nhng cu nh

N g y d i huyn ch xe d on g
B n bun l lt trp trn g chen u a.,, (dch)
By gi, mi huyn ca T hng Long c chia thnh 8 khu, mi khu u

cd hai chc trng ph trng coi. Cha Trnh cng bt xp 5 nh thnh

m t t, hai t l mt l, bn l l mt on u c cc chc qun gim,
qun kim trn g coi. Dn kinh thnh khng phi chu th u dung, th u iu,
c hng nm mi nh chu mt sut lao dch, K Ch l ni cd nhiu hng
ha t cc ni a v, nn thng nhn nc ngoi rt thch v u xin
(1) s. lirxin, M li vng

CUC

l)n Ngu^i. R . VI4-1915.

378

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

t thng im. Tuy nhin, cho n cui th k X V III, K Ch vn m ang

rt nhiu nt thn lng. Hu nh phng no cng c nh th thnh hong

lng gc (nh nh Ph n g , nh P ht Lc, nh Lng Ngc...), thm vo
l cc miu th dm thn, cc l rc bi v thnh hong v qu

V. V. .

- Ph H in (hay Hin Nam, Hin Doanh) l mt th mi hnh thn h

trn c s mt khu ch gn dinh Hin ti Sn Nam. Cui th ki X V I - u
th k X V II, ph Hin ni ting ng Ngoi, c nhn dn gi l Tiu
T r n g An v ct cu

"Th n h t K in h k, th nh P h Hin".
Thng nhn Nht B n , T ru n g Quc, H Lan, Anh, Php n y
bun bn, lp thng im. Nh nc L - Trnh bin ph Hin thnh
trm trung chuyn ca thuyn bun nc ngoi. Theo cc gio s phng
Ty, t h k X V II, Ph Hin cd trn 2 0 0 0 nc nh. Ngi T r u n g Quc
nh c y t r t sm, t n g thm rt nhiu vo c c th k X V II X V III. H xy dng y mt khu ph ln c tn l B c Ha (vi 3
phn Thng, Trung, H). Nhiu ph thng T ru n g Quc chuyn mua hng
ch i c c nc khc hoc bn ii cho cc thng nhn phng Ty. Cui
th k X V II hnh thnh khu nh ca ngi V it vi tn Nam Ha. Cc
thng im ca ngi H Lan, ngi Php, ngi Anh u khu ny.
Khng tu sau, y cng hnh thnh 2 0 phng, trong c 8 phng
th cng. Tuy nhin, vi t cch l trm trung chuyn, va l ni thu thu,
kim tra h ng hda ca nh nc, mc u hnh thnh ph phng theo
kiu K Ch, Ph Hin khQg o iu kin pht tri n ln tron g bi cnh
khu vc ca Sdn Nam ny. S i ng ca sng Hng vo gia t h k
X V III l m t trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh dn n s tn li ca
Ph Hin.
- T h an h H : nm t ngn sng Hng, gn ca T h u n , do ngi
T ru n g Quc thnh lp vo nm 1636 kh.i c php ca cha N guya. Cc
thng n h n T ru n g Quc y thng xuyn lin h vi Hi An, Ph Xun,
nhp ng, cc kim loi, v kh, len d, s bn v ch h t tiu,
cau, tr m hng, h phch, vng, yn so v T ru n g Quc, san g MaCao,
Nht B n . T hanh H c xem l khu bun bn c a Ph X un , c gi
l Di Minh khch ph". Thi T y Sn, y l m t n v hnh chnh c
lp vi tn "Minh hng x - T hanh H ph". Do cn ni sn g Hng,
tu thuyn khng cp bn c, ph T h a n h H tn n, thng nhn tn
i cc ch khc.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

379

Hi An : l thnh ph - cng ln nht n g Trong, nm trn t Qung

Nam T r t sm Hi An l ni n tip thuyn bun ngoi quc. Nm

1524 thng nhn B o Nha ! .Cenl n Hi An. Tip , nm
1535, A. P h a ria gh thuyn n y v thy "mt thnh ph ln ct tng
bao quanh hng vn nc nh , v vy, nhiu nh nghin cu cho rng,
Hi An " ni tin g v bun bn t th ki x v r . C l thng nhn Nht
Bn n lp nghip y t sm, sau l Hoa thng. Nm 1618, gio
81 Bori nhn x t: Hi cng p nht (D ng Trong), ni m thng nhn

ngoi quc thng lui ti bun bn l hi cng thuc tinh C acciam (tc
Qung Nam)... thnh ph (Hi An) ln lm, n ni ngi ta c t h ni
n c hai th tr n ; mt ca ngui T rung Quc, mt ca ngi N ht
Cha Nguyn t Tu ti y kim tra , nh th u thuyn bun ngoi
quc. Ngoi ngi Nht v ngi Hoa, thng nhn B o Nha, H Lan,
Anh, Php cn thng xuyn lui ti Hi An. H nhp v kh, hng m i ngh,
thc phm c h bin, km, bc v.v. v mua i th t la, lm sn
qu, yn so, nng sn... y, nh Hoa thng T r n Duy nhn x t: "Cc
ha vt t ph T h n g Hoa, in Bn, Quy Nhn, Qung Ngi, B in h Khang,
Nha Trang u theo ng thy, ng b tp trung v", "khch phng
Bc u t tp y mua v nc. Cui t h kl X V II, nh s Trung
Quc Thch i S n vit :
Hi An l mt m u ln, ni t hp ca khch hng c c nc...
Hai bn ng, hng ph lin nhau kht st,ch ph ht thy
u ! ngi Phc Kin., cui ng l cu Nht Bn tc Cm

Tuy nhin, nh nhn nh ca nh s hc Php H.Maybng "Hi An l

mt ci ch ln hn i mt thnh ph", hn na, vo cui th ki X V IIl,
vng bin Ca Di cn dn, thuyn bun khng vo uc. Hi An tn li.
Nhn chung, 3 hng khi ca cc th lm thay i b m t kinh t
Di Vit, rng s lng v cht lng c a th ng thi cha sc
to nn mt np sng, mt nn vn ha mi.

2. S pht trin ca quan h tin t

Kinh t hng hda pht trin nh hng to ln n sinh hot x hi.
Mt m t, ngi nng dn c th lm thm c c ngh th cng hay bun bn
(1) c

Borri, Tng trinh v vung qc Ong Tmng (hn dch), London 1633.

(2) 'Miicti Di Sn. Hi ngoi k s, Vin Di hc Hu. 1963.

380

DI CNG LCH s V IT NAM

nh kim tin mua lng thc, b vo nhng thiu ht tron g sn xut

nng nghip hay mua sm cc thc cn thit, cc hng ngoi a thch Chnh
quyn thng tr cng theo xu th chung, thay t h mt phn hay ton b
thu rung b ng tin, th u dung, th u iu cng vy. S pht tr i n ca
thng nghip khng chi m rng t m m t v s hiu bit ca giai cp
thng tr m cn gp phn m cc lng x lu nay tng kn. T u y nhin,
m t khc, quan h tin t cng do t, ngy cng chi phi con ngi

cui t h k X V , ng tin chui vo h n g ng quan li, lm h hng o

c. Gi y, tin cn g tc ng m nh hn. Nn tn g o c c b ph
va. T rong h ng ng thng tr, bn quan li ua nhau c khot nhn dn,
bt chp mi th on. Nh cha cng ly bun bn lm giu. ng tin
chui vo gio dc, th c. Quan tc tr thnh mt th hng ha. Nhn dn
c cu :

Trm quan th dc tc hu
Mi quan tc b ai no km ai
Vic kin tng i tin bin thnh gi tr ch yu ca cc chc quan ph,
huyn c nh nc em bn. nng thn, bn ho l t hp n ung,
chi bi, ri ch ia nhau bn ngi th, b n rung cng ly tin...
S suy thoi ca h t tng Nho gio v s sa a ca h ng ng quan
li, a ch cng ho t t nhin ko theo s cng khd ca ngi nng dn
Mu thun giai cp tr nn su sc v bng ln thnh nhng hnh thc u
tran h x hi, vn ha khc nhau vo na sau th k X V III,

3.

Mt hin tng dng ch khc l s xut hin ca mt vi mm

mng ca phcmg thc sn xut mi

S pht tr i n ca kinh t hng ha di tc ng ca s giao lu vi
thng nhn nc ngoi lm ny sinh cc hin tng nh : thu tnn
nhn cng tro n g khai thc hm m, sn xut phc v th tr n g in, t
hng cho ngi sn xut bng vn tm ng

V.V. .

Ngoi ra, s hnh thnh

v hot ng nhn nhp ca cc th - d di hnh thc no - tc

ng quan trn g n tnh cht ca nn sn xu t c truyn nng nghip, t
tc t cp.
S pht tri n ca kinh t cng thng nghip trong cc th ki X V II - X V III
tuy cha rm r, t do lin tc v t n trnh t minh vn ln, vt qua
mi rng buc, song m ra mt thi k mi cho s pht trin ca ch
phong kin i Vit.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

381

c. TNH HNH VN HA

I. S CHUYN BIN V THC H

1. C c t n g i o c tr u y n : N h o, P h t , o
Ni tip tinh th n ca th ki XV, giai cp thng tr cc th k XVI XVIII D ng Ngoi cng nh ng Trong, tuy mc khc nhau, u
xeni Nho gio l nn tng t tng ca mi thit c h chnh tr, x hi.
cng c hn na a v ca Nho gio trong nhn dn, nm 1663, cha Trnh
m rng 24 iu gio hun ca L T h n h Tng thnh 4 7 iu, phn pht
cho c c lng x x trng hng niT c v ging gii cho nhn dn.
Tn ti tr t t tron g triu nh c chn chinh, cc sch kinh in c a Nho
gio vn l ni dung ch yu ca gio dc, thi c.
Tuy nhin, do s suy thoi ca ch qun ch chuyn ch, tru n g ng
tp quyn, s tra n h chp gia cc th lc, phe phi phong kin v do nh
hng ngy c n g tng ca quan h hng hda - tn t, thc h Nho gio
cng ngy cng suy i. Tn t tr t t x hi khng cn nh trc na. B
my quan li b ng tin chi phi ngy c n g su sc. T tng "chnh danh
nh phn" m t dn ngha v nhng ch cho quan nim

Cn bc cn tin cn t

Ht cm ht ru ht ng i (th Ngun B nh Khim)

Gio dc lu nay vn l con ng ch yu i vo hon l c n g nh l
phng tin ch yu ph cp Nho gio tron g nhn dn, tuy rt c nhn
dn tn trng v cao, nhng nay ang ngy cng xung cp. ng
Ngoi, nh Mc cng nh nh L - T rnh vn m u cc khoa th i, nhng
ch t lng ngy c n g sa st. Nh nc th cho cc quan chm thi trng
thi Hng son sn 4 - 5 thi, ra i ra li; nhng thy gii nhn
son sn bi em bn m quan trng thl c theo vn ly "trng kin
cng mc". K hng nhng th, c c b Ng k n h , T th cn c tdm tt,
ngi thi chi c n hc thuc lng chng y i . T r khng cn hc m
thy ch m thi khng cn bit tr c gii th t hay khng, y l cha k
n t gi gm, cy th gia nh ca con chu cc quan. K t qu l ngi
Hng cng (c nhn) m cha thng ngha l cu vn, va xong
ngp ngh chc lm quan v.v... nh vy th u cn "ct cch thanh tao

382

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

ngha kh" ca nh nho, u cn ci o c "nhn ngha", "i tr" ca ngi

c hc. S suy i ca Nho gio din ra ngay trong hng ng nhng ngxi
ly Nho hc lm nn cho tri
n

thc ca mnh, t t nhin nh hng su sc

ton x hi. Tn ti tr t t, i gio nho gia lp tc b nhn dn bin

thnh i tng u tranh, kch v khng cn l nhng quy t c "bt kh

xm phm" m an g tnh chun mc trong o l im ngi m giai cp phong
kin mong mun ph cp.
ng Trong, Nho gio khng c v tr nh ng Ngoi. T r o n g mt
thi gian di, nhn dn tp trung sc vo khai ph t ai, th n h lp xm
lng, ci thin cuc sng trn vng t mi. Chinh quyn cha Nguyn v
tn g lp thng tr c gng duy trl nhng l gio nho gia thu nhn c
t qu hng, cng c chnh quyn, qun i bo v t ai. Tuy nhin,
theo xu th chung, nm 1646, cha Nguyn cng nh php thi v ni dung
thi c.
C hai k thi chnh: Chnh chn ngi lm quan, phi thi
3 trng: T lc, Th ph v Vn sch. Hoa vn chn ngi
lm th li, cng 3 ngy v u thi vit. K hn; 9 nm m t ln,
nhng thc t thi ty iu kin. Chng hn nm 1647, khoa u
tin, ly 7 chnh , 24 hoa vn
1667 khoa 2: ly 5 chnh , 14 hoa vn...
T i liu hc tp ch yu l Ng k in h , T th

S pht tr i n hn ch

ca gio dc khng to iu kin ph cp Nho gio, tro n g lc s

ha hp t nhiu gia hai tc ngi Vit - Chm cng lm n h t i vai

tr ca Nho gio.
T h k X V I - X V II, Pht gio li phc hi. Vua cha, phi tn, quan li
ua nhau theo P h t, gp tin, cng rung cho cc cha, tham gia sa cha
xy dng cha. T thi Mc, cc cha Thin Hu, Bo Phc (H Ty)...
c sa cha, cc cha vin Gic, H ng Phc (Hi Dng) S n g Quang
(H Ni) c xy dng. Thi L - T rn h , Trnh T c cho trng tu cha Ty
Phng (H Ty), Trnh Cng bt dn 3 huyn sa li cha Ph c Long
(B c Ninh) sut 6 nm lin khng xong, phi b, cha Ty Thin (chn ni
T am o), cha ni c Tn (B c T h i).., T rn h G iang b t dn 3 huyn
Hi D ong sa li cc cha Qunh L m (ng Triu), Sng Nghim (Hi
Dng), ch a Hng Hi (Hi Dng), tc tng P h t t cha Qunh
Lm v.v... ng Trong, Nguyn H on g cho dng cha Thin M (nm
1601), cc cha sau nhiu ln trng tu v xy thm nhiu cha khc, cho

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

383

ngi sang T ru n g Quc xin kinh Di Tng. Nhn dn nhn cng cng
sc, tin bc vo tu sa, xy dng cha, theo pht. Nhng, nhn chung P ht
gio khng cn thnh t nh thi L - T r n , cc nh cha khng cn l
nhng tru n g tm va ging o va c mt nn kinh t phong ph.
o gio ha nhp vi tin ngng dn gian cng pht trin hn trc,
c vua quan sng m. X u t hin nhiu o qun cc n, nhiu v tu
tin" ni ting nh Phm Vin Ngh An, Nguyn Hon Thanh Ha v.v...
2. S th m n h p c a d o T h n C h a v s r a di c h Q u c n g
Hinh th n h t th ki I quc R m a c i, o T h in ch a ngy
cn g ph cp chu u v gi vai tr th n g tr tron g cuc sng t m linh
ca ngi u. V o cc t h k X V I " X V II, khi ngi phng T y p h t hin
ra con ng i vng quanh th gii, b t u trao i, bun bn v chnh
phc c c vng t thuc cc chu lc k h c thi T h in cha gio c n g tr
thn h m t phng tin thm nhp ht sc quan tr n g ca h. C c gio
s T h i n cha gio thuc nhiu dng tu khc nhau theo c c thuyn
bun th m nhp hu ht cc nc ngoi chu u. S cO ghi li s
kin, n m 153 3, m t ngi phong T y l In k h u (Ig n a tio) ln lt ln
truyn o x N in h Cng (N am T r c - Nam nh) x T r L (T hi
B n h ), x Qun Anh (Hi Hu - Nam nh). Sau <5, m t s gio s N ht
b ui khi N ht B n cng san g i V it truyn o. C c gio s Ita lia
nh M a teo R icc, B o N ha nh B. Ruyd... cng theo thuyn bun vo
i V it. Tuy nhin do khng bit tin g V it li thiu kinh nghim nn
hot

T g

khng cd kt qu.

S an g th k X V II, tinh hnh nc ta yi n hn, cc go s ca Hi

truyn gio B Do Nha, ca dng Tn (Jesu ites) ln lt thm nhp. Trong
khong 10 nm t 1 61 5 - 1625 cd 21 gio s vo Di Vit. N m 1627
mt gio s ngi Php l Alcxng Rt (Aiexandre e Rhdes) cng mt
gio s B o N ha Mack (Marquez) n ca B n g (T hanh H a). Nhn
gp T rn h T r n g i qua, h biu mt ng h v mt quyn sch ton
p. T rn h T r n g a h v T h n g L on g ging o. Nh , A. Rt
lm l ra ti c cho hng ngn ngi. Nm 1630, A. R t b trc
xu t khi ng Ngoi phi v dy hc o Mn (cn c ca B o Nha
T ru n g Quc). T heo B vn ng ca A. Rt, n y, cc gio s Php
tch khi s khng ch ca Hi truyn gio B o Nha v hot ng ngy
cn g c kt qu. Nm 1640, A. R t c c vo ng T ron g nhng sau
7 th n g hot ng th b chnh quyn Nguyn tr c xut. T cho n nm

384

DI CONG LCH s VIT NAM

1645, A. Rt nhiu ln qua li n g Ngoi, n g T ron g, sa u mi v

Php. Nm 1651, trn co s cc thnh tu c a G . a m a r a n , A. Bacbda...,
A. Rt hon thnh quyn T in Vit - B - L a t in h , nh du s ra i
ca ch Quc ng theo mu t Latinh.
Sau ny, ngi Php nh gi A. Rt l ngi " lm cho
nc Php c mt vai tr quan tr n g bc n h t trn bn o
D ng Dng" (B o n ia c y - "N h n g b c u c a o T h i n
Cha").
By gi, c c chnh quyn L - T rn h v Nguyn b t u c m o ro rit
nhng cc gio s vn tip tc hot ng. Hi truyn gio i ngoi P ari
thnh lp, nm 1660 c Lmbe san g Vin ng, ph tr c h ng Trong.
Nm 1662, Paluy c c sang ph trch n g Ngoi. Ch tr ong c a h
l phi kt hp gia truyn o v pht t r i n th n g m i. N h , c c gio
s vn ln lt hot ng uc. Nam 1665, yi c c r a ng Ngoi.
By gi theo bo co ca cc gio s, ng Ngoi c 3 5 . 0 0 0 gio dn,
2 0 0 ging ng, 75 nh th hay phng hp. Da vo s suy thoi ca Nho
gio, cuc sng khd cc ca nhn dn v ch in tra n h , di km, quan li
nhng nhiu, cc gio s phong T y tru y n b gio l v cha cu th,
v tnh thng v s an i, v s bnh ng c a mi ngi tr c cha, li
tm cch cu gip nhng k ngho kh. V vy, s gio dn ngy cng tn g
ln, mc du cc gio s lun lun vp phi s phn kh n g c a truyn thng
th cng t tin, tn sng cc thn linh cu nc v c<5 th c dn tc ,
T rong cng cuc truyn b ny, ch Quc ng gp m t p h n quan trng
Ch Quc ng tr thnh mt cng c truyn gio. C c gio s ging bng
ting Vit, vit nhiu sch gio l b n g Quc ng. G io dn khng hc ch
Nho m ch hc Quc ng. Cc cha T rn h, Nguyn ngh n mi nguy,
nhiu ln ra lnh 'c m t o Dat", "ph hy c c n h th o, kinh sch",
trc xut cc gio s, bt gio dn b o nh n g khng n h t qun v km
hiu qu

gio l Thin cha n su vo u tc gio dn.

Cui nam 1664, cha H in (Phc T n ) hi m t t n lnh theo o

Thin cha v thn phn, y p : "T h a ngi, ti trc ht l
thn dn v y t ca n g vua, c ch a c a tr i t, th hai
mi l ca cc h". Mt thanh nin theo m t gi o sl b b t
Hu, khi b hi : "Ai l cha?"

vo

p: "l cha, c h a s n g

Nm 16 70 , Gim mc khu u tin c th n h lp n g Ngoi. Cc

(1 ) p. U x iv ci, l-a Ccxrhinchinc rd ig io is e , p. 8 8 3 .

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THIY DN 1858)

385

giao si phng T y ni tip nhau hot ng, na u th ki X V III, c

cc nh nc cho t do, h hot ng cn g mnh, thnh lp chng vin,
trng dy th n hc K VTnh (Nam Dnh), a thanh nin i du hc
Bng Cc iT h i Lan). Np di dng nh bun, thy thuc, th cha ng
h v c c dng c ton hc, h i li nhiu ni.
Nhu vv l t t h ki X V II, ciK) 'rhin cha tr thnh mt tn gio mi
tn ti V it Nam, cho n u th k X IX , thao Senh (Chaigieau) B c
k c 3 0 0 .0 0 0 con chin, c c vng khc c 6 0 .0 0 0 con chin, Cng nh cc
tn gio khc, o Thi^n cha a vo cuc sng tm linh ca ngi Vit
m! quan nim mi v s ln th, v quan h ga con ngi v v tr, v
lng t th in, V* s cu kh V

V ..

Nhng li cd nhiu m tr i ngc vi

o l ca ngi Vit ng thi, c bit l Nho gio. Khng phi ngu

nhin m cc triu vua ng thi kch lit ph phn n v cm on
n. S ra ni oa ch Quc ng theo mu t Latinh qu thc l mt ng
gp qu an trn g cho s pht trin ca nn vn ha dn tc sau ny, song
bv gic5 v ngha cn g c truyn o ca n m b ty chay.
1\iv nhin, cng phi nhn thy rng, trn bc ng hnh thnh v
pht tr n ca ch ngha thc dn phng Ty, Thn cha gio hu nh
l ngi bn ng hnh. C c gio s B IO Nha, Ty Ban Nha, Php vo
Di V it u cd nhng hot ng t nhiu x c nhn iu Hi trn.

3. Tln ngng c truyn

S suy sp ca nh nc trung ng tp quyn, t nc b chia ct,
chin tra n h phong kin, thin tai... nh hng ln n cuc sng tm
lTh c a ngi dn cc xm lng. Ngi ta khng chi n cha cu Pht,
vo n h th xin cha m cn pht trin cc tc l tn ngng c truyn.
Cc ngi inh c sa cha, xy ng to p hn ko theo vic t chc
u n nhng ngy l Ih Thnh hong v thc hii cc tc "hm". S
tih th h t n g ln cng vi nhng ngy gi, tt nhm tng thm s ghi
nh c n g n c a T tin v c n g vi m> l nim tin v s ph h ca ngi
k h u t i vi t h h an g sng. Tn ngng phng th t tin c ton
dn tin theo nh hng ln n s truyn b ca o Thin cha, song
c n h hng t t n quan h gia tc, quan h gia ngi vi ngi.
T c th nhng ngi cd cng vi nc, vi lng cng pht trin hn trc.
Nh nc c m t s vin quan i v cc a phng bin son cc thn
tch, th n ph va x c nh cng lao ca nhng ngi khut va tha
25 CLSVN T (p

386

DI CNG LCH

s VIT

NAM

nhn tnh hp php ca 3 tn th. C l t y vic t chc nhng ngy

ki nim c c v thn ny cng tr nn phong ph hn, iong trng hn vi
ngha nhc nh mi ngi "ung nc nh ngun". Kt hp vi nhiu nhu
cu v l do khc, thc trng x hi cc th kl XVI - X V III tao iu kin
pht tr i n l mua hu thn, hu pht. c cng gi mi mi, tr o n g bt
k hon cnh no ca gia nh, nhng ngi c ca cng rung, cng
tin cho nh cha hay cho lng v c cha hay lng a tn vo bn th
gi hng nm.
S pht trin ca cc tn ngng c truyn c tnh a phng, t do
khng th khng ko theo s gia t n g tnh thn m tn, d| oan, th cng
ty tin m an g tnh cht "vn vt hu linh" nguyn thy. Nh vv bn cnh
s tha m n mt nhu cu ca tm inh, bn cnh mt s yu t tch c c t.
nhiu c<5 nghla cng ng, s pht tri n ca tn ngng dn gian c truyn
th hin 8 khng hong tinh thn ca nhn dn Di Vit ng thi.
S khng hong ny tng ln nhng thp nin ca chin tranh nng dn
vo na cui th ki XV III.

II. VN HC, NGH THUT

1. V a n h c
S suy thoi ca Nho gio v ca gio dc thi c a ko theo mt s
chuyn bin ca vn hc ch Hn. Th vn ca cc nh Nho khng cn th
hin c tinh thn yu nc, yu qu hng nh cc th k trc. Nhiu
nh nho gidi bt mn vi chnh quyn, b my quan li ng thi t
b con ng cng anh v vi nhn dn, tm hiu th s.
Tinh th n dn tc li tri dy h v h tm thy ting m ci kh
nng din t thun li hn nhng tin h cm mi ca h v c l cng t
y, h tip nhn c th th r t Vit v y sng to ca nhn dn. T h
k X V -X V II, bn cnh th ch Hn, xu t hin th Nm theo th loi mi:
lc b t v sau o' l song tht ]c bt.
Chnh tron g bi cnh , xut hin c c nh th ni ting nh Nguyn
Binh Khim , Phng K hc Khoan, o Duy T, nhng ngi li nhng
bi th hay c trit l su sc bng ch Hn v bng ch Nm.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DKN 1858)

387

Nguyn Bnh Khim l il nh Nho uyn thAm T r n g nguyn,

thng c gi l T r n g Trnh t va l nit nh th, mt nh trit hc ca
th ki XVI. Tp B ch vn am thi tp ea ng gm hng nghn bi th va
Hn va Nm, ni ln thi ca tc gi trc cnh i thay ca x hi,

ca con ngi mang t nhiu t tng ca Lo T.

Phng Khc Khoan l hc tr ca Nguyn Binh Khini, theo li thy
chv vo Thanh Ha phc v Nam triu, thi Hong gip, c ch ln, tnh
tinh cng trc, thng dng th i ln i tng ca minh, n g li
tp P h n g cn g th i tp.
o Duy T, hc gii nhng vi con nh phng cho nn khng c i
thi, ng bt binh i vo Nam phuc v cha Nguyn, n g tng l ngi thit
k hng lot thnh ly v nhiu chinh sch qun s,

thu kha.

Nm ni ting ca ng l N ga L on g cng v

d u n g un. n g cn l

Hai bi th

mt trong nhng t s ca ngh thut tung, cho ng Trong.

Mt th loi mi ca vn hc Hn thi nv l triiyn bng vn xui m
tiu biu i Truyn k m n lc ca Nguyn D. Mc du nhng truyn ngn
ca t c phm bt ngun t truyn dn gian m ang tnh lch s. tc gi
a vo nhng tinh cm, nhng tnh tit ca th ki XVI trong ni ln
thc c nhn, tinh yu i la, ni kh au ca ngi ph n trong x
hi ng thi. YU t c nhn phn nh s chuyn bin ca t tng con
ngi tro ng bc u pht tri n ca kinh t th trng, cng nh du m t

s phn ng ng ch ca p tr thc ng thi vi nhng quy nh

hp hi, khun so ca Nho gio. Mt iu mi khc na l s ra i ca

bn dch Nm ci T ruyn k m n lc, nhan nhiu nh vn, nh s cng

dng ch Nm son kinh Pht, din ca k in h D ch, kin h T hi v.v... vit
truyn k an p h u n h n v.v,,.
ng Trong, sau o Duy T, nhdm M c Thin T (con ca Mc Cu)

gm 2 5 ngi Hoa v 6 ngi Vit lp nn "Chiu anh cc" cng nhau

xng ha li 1 tp 3 2 0 bi th. Vo na sau th k X V III c thm
Nguyn C Trinh, Ng T h Ln l nhng n h th ch Hn ni ting.
Bn cnh dng th vn chnh thng ca cc nh Nho, th k X V I-X V III
chng kin c mt tro u rm r ca th ca dn gian. M u vi th ki
X V I, cc l cng vi thi Mc vn hc dn gian ngy cng pht tri n vi
rt tihiu th loi khc nhau; ca dao, tc ng, truyn ci, truyn {v sau
c gi l truyn NOni khuyt anh) Mt trong nhng iu kin r t quan
trng ca hin tng ny l s pht trin ca gio dc cc lng x. Trn

DI CONG LCH s V IT NAM

388

c s , s pht tri n ca kinh t' hng ha v phn no ca cc th

lm chuyn bin cuc sng g b, hn hp v lun lun b nn c a ngi
nng dn, c bit l ph n. gii th o t khi cuc sng , h phi t
to cho mnh mt cuc sng ring v tinh thn v iu trc h t c

th hin qua vn hc. H sng to ra th th ph hp vi ting ni ca

minh v dng n biu l tnh cm, tni t, nguyn vng ca m nh. Vn
hc dn gian khng chi u tranh cho cuc sng t do, ph phn s thi
nt ca b my quan li, s rng buc ca l gio Nho gia, s b t cn g ca
x hi phong kin, ndi ln nhng c n h kh ca ngi Tng dn m cn

cao kh nng ca ngi nng dn, i hi t do trong tinh yu nam n

v.v... Hng lot truyn nh Trinh TA, T r cc, P h m T i - N g c H oa,

P h m C ng - Cc H oa, Q uan m T h K n h , T ng T rn, H on g Tru, T h ch

S an h

V. V. .

c in ra v ph cp. Nm 1663, nh nc L - T rn h ban

hnh 47 iu gio ha, trong , iu 35 cm khc in bn "cc tru y n quc

m v th ca dm ng". Nhng, truyn Nm khuyt danh, su tp th ca
dn gian... vn c in bn. Nm 1718, mt ln na, ph cha ra lnh cti
tuyt vic sng tc v khc bn in loi vn hc ny. Chin tranh nng dn
bng n v ko di hng chc nn. Nam 1760, Trnh Doanh li cho din
nm iu 3 5 ca bn gio ha

"'Ting d m d kh in rtgi say

Ch ch o in bn, h i th ay thi thun''
S pht tri n ca vn hc dn gian trong nhiu th kl thc s l cuc

phn khng ln ca nhn dn trn mt trn vn chng, linh Ihn, chun

b t cho cuc u tranh bng v kh nhng thp nin tip sau. Mt
khc, n nng cao hn na thc n tc, t p thm i sng vn ha
ca ngi dn thng, trau chut v hnh thc v ni dung cho th ca ting
Vit; t d cc nh Nho tip nhn v hon thii trong cc t p th di
nh C ung o n n g m ca Nguyn Gia Thiu v C hin h p h n g m ca on
Th im...

2. Ngh thut
cc th k X V I - X V II, ngh thu t cng c bc pht tri n mi. Cc
hnh thc ngh thut sn khu ngy c n g i vo i sng ca nhn dn.
tr thnh nhng hnh thc snh hot tinh thn ca nhn dn. Nhiu a

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

389

phng ng Ngoi ni ln vi cc on cho, t nhiu c sc thi ring.

N hiu lng c gio phng chuyn phc v nhng ngy l hi cng cng,
Dng T rong, ngh thut tung p ht trin , thu ht c tng lp qu tc,
quan li. Di i vi ngh th ut Sin khu l s ra i v pht t r i n c a dn

ca, dn dn hinh thnh nhng in iu dn c a c sc m ang tnh a phong

nhu quan h x Bc, ht gim Ngh An, ca Hu, cc iu H min Nam

V.V..

Dn ca va l mt hnh thc sinh hot lm vui ti cuc sng va l hnh

thc trao i tnh cm gia nam v n trong nhng ngy h lin lng,
trong i:c l hi.
Ngh th u t kin trc pht trin vi cc cung in, dinh th ca vua cha
quan lai v cc inh cha. Hu nh lng no cng cd mt ngi nh tng
tr n g cho lng Khi c iu kin, dn lng c gng xy dng ngi nh lng

minh th t to p Ni ln cd cc ngi nh lng nh Bng, C T ra i, Th

Tang, Chu Quyn

V.V..

Cha Keo (Thn Quang) c sa cha li thm gc

chung ni ting cao l l m , 3 tng cd 4 ct ln, mi cong hi ha; cha Ty

Phung c tr n g tu, rng ri, trang ighim. T ron g lc nhiu ngi cha
c b tn i v th gian, phi s i sa i nhu ln thi nhiu cng trnh
ngh th u t iu khc cn c gi li nguyn vn vi k thut iu luyn
tinh t Nhiu bc tng cn l th hin mt phong cch phng khong
ca ngi ngh nhn nh bc tng P ht b quan m nghn mt nghn tay
cha B t Thp (B c Ninh) bc tng b Ngc Ch (Thi phi) cha Du
(Bc Ninh) bn kha thn, ta thin trn ta sen v.v. Ndi chung, ng
thi hinh th n h xu hng tc tng c nhn (vua, cha, qu tc) vi
phong cch ring bit.
Mt c im ca ngh thut iu khc thi ny l s pht tri n ca
iu khc dn gian. Trn cc vl ko, x nh ca cc inh ln nh T y ng,
Th T an g, Chu Quyn, Cam D v,v.. bng k thu t iu khc th

S ( j j E tg i

ngh nhn phn nh cc hot ng sn xu t, vui chi, quan h nam n...

ca nhn dn thng ngy nh; cy, bt c, i san, nh vt, nhy ma,
n a, ca ht

V.V..

y, chng ta cng b t gp c hnh nh ca ngi

phng T y i m pht, i ng, mi l

V.V..

Cng nh vn hc n gian,

n b ngn cm.
Ngh th u t c c th ki X V I - X V III khng tn li i m tri li pht
t r i n ln m t trnh mi, th hin thc v cuc sng tinh th n ring
ca nhn dn ng thi.

390

DI CONG LCH s VIT NAM

3. Khoa hc - K thut
Ni tip vic lm ca Hong Dc Lng, T r n Vn M, cc t h ki X V I -

X V ll nhiu nh Nho su tp th vn thi trc, son th n h sch nh

"Thng cn chu ngc tp* ca Nguyn Gin Thanh.
S hc pht trin vi nhu th loi v tc g khc nhau. Loi s chnh
thng c: T ru n g hng thc luCj i Vit s k ton th, i Vit s k tc

bin ... Loi c nhn c chu cn lc ca Dng Vn An, H oan ciu p h o n g

th k i, T hin n am m in h g i m ca mt tc gi h Trhj T hin n am ng
lc (khuyt anh), Vnh s thi tp ca Nhn

V.V..

V qun s co' "H trng khu c ca o Duy T; trit hc c th vn

Nguyn Bnh Khim. V kl thut, ngh c sng hon thin thm mt bc

ng Trong cng nh Dng Ngo, k thut qun s pht tr i n vi h
thng thnh ly ca Do Duy T, cc loi thuyn chin tra n g bi i bc ca
Dng Trong v.v.,.

Chng XIII

GIAI ON KHNG HONG

CA CH PHONG KIN I VIT

A. CUC KHNG HONG BT U

ng ngoi

I. KINH T SUY THOAI, I SNG

NHN DN NGY CNG cc KH
T sau khi chin tranh chm dt, x hi ng Ngoi tm thi tr li
yn bnh. Nhng tn tht do chin tranh gy ra dn dn c hn gn.
Nhn dn tr li lm n, thm canh nng nghip, m rng din tch rung
t nhng vng ven bn , trung du, pht trin c c ngnh ngh th cng.
Nh nc L T rn h cng to iu kin cng c s thng nht lnh th,
khng nh quyn lm ch t Cao Bng (trc y b nh Thanh buc phi
giao c h o tn d h Mc cai qun nh mt vng t ring), i li mt s
vng t bin gii b nh Thanh xm chim (nh vng m T Long), chn
chnh li khoa c, gio dc, vn ng nhn dn sa p iu, ci cch
ch thu kha nhm lm du bt mu thun tron g nhn dn v.v..,

Cuc sng tr li n nh trong mt thi gian. Nhung, chnh sch phong

thng v ban cp rung t cho cng th n , quan tng, qun i v theo
d l tnh trn g chp chim rung t c a giai cp a ch. cng ho; t
tham nhng ca quan li, s nh tr ca ngoi thng v chnh sch c
thng ca nh nc v.v... a dn t nc vo cuc khng hong.
L S c h i m o t r u n g t c a giai c p a c h
Chin tranh phong kin trong hn mt t h kl sau khi nh L to
iu kin cho cc lng x, cc a phng x a tru n g ng tch khi s qun

392

DI CONG LCH s VIT N.AM

l tr c tip ca nh nc, nn g cao tn h t tr. B t lc trc tnh hnh

, nm 1 6 6 4 , nh nc phi ban hnh php "Binh l" thu thu; hn
na hy gi nh nc ch nh thu rung cng. K t qu l "s h kh u
n xung khng thng m ph ch vn gi nguyn nh c, dn dn
a n ch J k ngho, khc5 cn g ng c, thnh th rung t ca
h phn nhiu lt vo nhng nh ho ph. Nhng k rung t lin b
thi a s l h ng ngui c min tr", B n cng ho a ch a phvng
khng nhng tm mi cch chim ot rung t ca dn m cn lng
on rung t cng vn b nh nc c t x n r t nhiu. T r o n g my
chc nm cui th k X V II - u t h ki X V III din ra 9 - 1 0 nn i
ln. Nhn , hnh th n h hng lot a ch ln c hng tr m mu ru ng,
thm ch c ngi c n 3 .0 0 0 mu rung ri ra nhiu huyn. T in h
hnh cn g th n g n mc, nm 1728, ch a T rn h Cng phi ku ln ;
"Rung t ri ht vo nh ho ph, cn dn ngho thl khng c m t
m ing t cm di", Ngay min thng du c n g vy; "bn qu yn t h
lm vn k h gi chim rung nn n mun cy cy m khng c t .
Nng dn ngho b lng i lu t n ngy c n g nhiu, cuc sng c a h
"ngy c n g khn kh tiu ty".
Rung t cng cn li khng nhiu v khng ng u cc x m ho
l a phng cng quan huyn, ph lm vic chia cp "s lc, khng c
cng bng", Nit 1711, cha Trnh lnh sa cha v b sung php qun
in cQ i Hng c, ban hnh i sau khi c ng i o c ii rung
t, lm s "tu tri" cc x. Theo chnh sch mi, lng x c c h ia li
rung cng theo tc l ring ca mnh nhng cc "quyn cai th dch khng
c t tn o in v th", phn chia theo ring minh; nhng ngi
cd rung t ri khng c hng rung khu phn. Tuy nhin, php
qun in mi khng cd tc dng ng k, vl nh nhn x t ca nh s hc
Phan Huy Ch: "Nc ta duy c trn Sn Nam h l rt nhiu rung v
t bai cng, php qun cp chi nn lm x y l phi, cn c c x khc
thi cc hng rung cng khng c my, d x no c na thl cng ch
cung cp binh lng v ng lc, khng th san chia cho cc hng. . ." (L c h

triu h in chng).
Cng nm t, cha Trnh cng h lnh cm "cc nh quyn qu, co' th
lc khng c nhn nhng x dn "v ngho i phi xiu g i t m mua
rung t ca h, chim lm ca ring, t tin lp thnh tra n g tri" v quy
nh "nu ai tng thit lp tran g tri mt x no ri th cho php t
minh c trit i, hn trong 3 thng l ht

VIT N.\M (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

393

Mt hin tng ng u l do hu qu tai hi ca cc cuc chin tranh

phong kin, nhiu ngi cng rung rt t ca mnh cho lng hay cho

ci: rha c th cng sau kh cht (loi rung ny c gi l rung

hu Lng x tr thnh ch mt s din tch rung t dng k. ng
tro linh hnh gia tng v chim u ih ca rung t t, nm 1722, cha
Trnh thc hin cuc ci cch ch t thu, bt u dnh thu rng t.
Tuy nhin khi thc hin chnh sch mi, nh nc li quy nh min thu
rung t cho quan li theo th bc
Nht, Nh phm c min thu 2 5 mu
T am , T phii c rain thu 2 0 mu
... Cu phm c min th u 5 mu
Rung t t ca a ch, quan li tip tc tn g thm. Cuc sng ca
nng dn vn kh cc. Tinh trn g i khng giai cp tr nn quyt lit,
nm 1740 Trnh Doanh d nh thc hin php Tinh in" xa ca nh
Chu nhm qun bnh giu ngho", "san u th u dch". B it rng iu
chi l o tng, triu thn khuyn cha khng nn v "trm cp cha
yn", vic "khm c rung t ch thm phin nhiu. S pht tri n ca
ch t hu a ch v rung t t n inh cao, nh hng to ln
n ci sng x hi.

2. T h u k h a n n g n, q u a n li th am n h n g
B my quan li thi L - Trnh u th k X V III khng cn nh trc
na. nm ht quyn hnh, ph cha thay 3 phin c bng 6 phin (Li,
H, L, Binh, Hlnh, Cng), mi phin 60 nhn vin, chu trch nhim chnh
hot ng ca cc b. S lng quan i t n g n, b my cng knh. B
b ch lc in c, nh L - Trnh t ra ch ban cp x dn lc cho
cc quan, trc tip gnh nng ph dch ln x dn. Khi t li ch
thu rung t, nh nc "no lm s dn inh, no nh ngch thu t,
khng cho mt h no c thot, khTig thc t no b ri, tm bt dn
iih trn trnh, tra xt rung n iu, khc nghit qu chng.., bn li in
nhn y lm gian".
Nhu cu chi tiu tng ln trong khi do i km lin min, nhn dn
khng np c thu, b lng i lu tn ngy c n g nhiu, nh nc t l
mua bn quan chc thu thc, tin. Nm 1721, nh nc mi lnh cho

dn dng thc ly quan tc" th nm 1736, 1742, 1748, 1760, ch

mua quan tr thnh l thng.

394

DI CNG LCH s VIT N . ^

V d nh :
Dng t 15 00
D ng t 50 0

2 5 0 0 quan c tri ph
12 0 0 quan c tri huyn.

Dng 500 quan c thng 1 bc (i vi chc

di 6 phm). V sau h mc tin dn.

Dng nh nhn xt ca P han Huy Ch "quan tc cho ba lm g m
ch n t nh thi Hn mt, T n suy".
Khng ch bn quan mua tc, ph cha cn t "tin thng kinh'\ ai
np 3 quan thi c min kho hch vo thi Hng. K t qu l "ngi
lm rung, ngi i bun, cho ch ngi hng tht, ngi bn vt cng np
tin xin thi c. Ngy vo th ng n ni giy xo ln nhau, c ngi cht
cng trng", hng sinh 3 quan dy c thin h". S suy i ca khoa
c t t nhin ra hng lot quan li th am nhng, dt nt. C hng hn nh
vic sa p p, nh nc thu tin ca dn giao cho cc vin quan
Trn ph trch, nhng bn ny "phn thi c khot th th u lm thu,
phn th mu toan ly s tin cn tha, thnh ra cng vic lm khng c
vng bn", s hon quan trong ph cha ngy cng tng ln, c lc len n
my trm ngi. Bn ny c cha u i nn th a h ing hnh, hch
sch, chim ot rung t ca nhn n. Di s ch huy ca H ong Cng
Ph, T h Giai, chng thao tng quyn hnh, xi gic cc cha lm nhng
vic sai tri, hi dn. T t nhin, bn cnh l tham quan li cng cd
nhng quan chc thc v s tn vong ca dng h thng tr, ca nh
nc, v cuc sng kh cc ca nhn dn nh Nguyn Cng Thi, Nguyn
Cng Hng, Bi S Tim, Nguyn Qu c, Nguyn Mi, Vn inh Nhm,
L Hu Kiu, Nh nh Ton, V Cng T v.v...
Trong x thn, t tham nhng ngy cng trm trng. Bn cng ho, a
ch mc sc h hip, c khot nhn dn khng ai ngn cn c. T thng
sc ca Ng s i nm 1719 vit: "Bn hng ng cng ho, gian xo nhiu
k, bin tr trm ng, ly v on lm k hay, ly thn tnh lm giu mnh,
nn ngi ngho kh, khinh mit k ngu hn... lm in o phi tri, thay
i trng en..." "li c l su mt", "kt ng, "t tin bn ngi th trong
lng v cm rung cng ly tin", xi gic kin tng hm hi dn lnh...
bng vu co n git ngi" v.v,.. Cha Trnh c lc cho php dn yt bng
"ca tng hoc ch bai" cc quan li a phng, nhng khng cd kt qu.
Trong tinh cnh chung ^ bn thn cc cha cng gdp thm phn lm
kh nhn dn bng xy dng.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

395

S c ghi : "Khi tui v gi, T rn h Cng i tun du khng

c tit ". Cc hon quan c nh chia nhau i sa dng cc
cha ni c Tn v Ty Thin (vng Thi Nguyn, Vnh Phc
ngy nay), xy dng ph C Bi (G ia Lm )... Nm 1729,

mc du sng Hng v, ma mng ngp lt, Trnh Cng

vn huy ng dn phu, qun lnh sa gp hnh cung C Bi.
Trnh Giang ln thay Trnh Cong, sai ph hnh cung C Bi
ly vt liu sa hai cha Qunh Lm v Sng Nghim, bt hng
vn nhn dn cc huyn m in ng lao ch cc kh. G iang li
cho dng cha H Thin (B c Ninh), Hng Hi {H i Dng),
to a Long {H Ty) v.v... Mi n nm 1740, Trnh Doanh mi
buc phi bi b. Trnh G iang li nghe theo l bn hon quan
Hong Cng Ph cch chc, git hi nhng i th n trung thnh
nh L Anh Tun, Nguyn Cng Hng, Trng Nhng..., t
ch bn quan chc, hoang dm v , mt hm b st nh
gn cht, bn hon quan khuyn nn o t lin nh di
trnh sm st. G iang bn dng cung Thng tr , khng
dm ra ngoi na. Bn hon quan nhn t do honh hnh.

3. i s n g n h n d n s a s t n g h im tr n g
Do bt lc trong vic qun l v bo v cc cng trnh thy li, nh nc
L Trnh nh phi b mc cho bn quan li a phng thu tin ca dn,
thu ngi lm. Bn ny nhn tha K nhng nhiu, hch sch nhn dn,
tham , v vt tin ca. Lt li, mt ma lin tip xy ra vo cc nm 1690,
1694, 1695, 1702, 1703, 1708, 1711, 1713, 1721, 1727, 1728, 1729... i
km lin min, mt u la nh gi n l tin, n gian phi n v cy,
rau c, l cy, thy cht i y ng, thn xm tiu iu". Nm 1730,
Mn Tr {H ng Y n ) v, nc sng Nh trn ngp, la m ca 8, 9 huyn
u b hi", 5 2 7 lng phiu tn . Nhng nm 1 7 4 0 - 1741 i to c c trn
ng bng, nn g nht l Hi Dng. S c chp.
Dn gian b c cy cy, c c th tch tr lng xm hu nh
ht sch... Dn phiu tn dt du nhau i kim n y ng.
Gi go cao vt, mt trm ng khng c mt ba no. Nhn
n phn nhiu phi n rau, n c, n ni n c tht rn, tht

396

DI CNG LCH S VT NAM

chut, cht ti chng cht ln nhau, s dn cn li 10 phn

khng c mt, lng no vn cd ting tr m t c n g chi cn li
5 - 3 h m
Nn i ko di trm trng. Ngay t nm 1722, Trnh Cng phi
sai ly t cng lp hai khu m a: mt khu rng hn 17 mu Dch Vng
(T Lin " H Ni) v mt khu rng hn 14 m x H ong Mai (H Ni)
chn nhng ngi cht i trn t knh thnh.
Nhng thin tai, sn xut nng nghip suy gim mi ch l mt tro n g
nhiu nguyn nhn ca di km. Ngoi ra chnh sch thu th sn ca nh
nc cn l mt nguyn nhn khc y nhn dn n cc kh. Nam 1724,
c tin gii quyt cc kht khn, ph cha cho "xt bin tron g dn gian
ai c ngh g cng u phi np thu*". K t qu l, "v s tr n g thu qu
mc, vt lc kit n ni ngi ta thnh r a bn cng v phi b ngh nghip.
Ct ng v th u sn sng m phi c h t cy sn, vi thu vi ia m phi
ph khung ci, cng c k v phi np g cy v b c ru ba, vi phi Tp
c tm m x li chi... v ph np bng ch m b hoang vn tc. L n g
xdm no

Nm 1732, nh nc phi lnh b cc loi thu vt d,

nhng tnh hinh hu nh khng cu vn ni.

T hng 11 nm 1741, cha Trnh sai quan i chiu tp dn phiu tn,
phc hda rung ng. H nhn bo \: s lng x phiu tn gn ht l
1730 lng, s ng x phiu tn va i 1 961 lng, ngha l hn 1/3 tn g s
lng x ng Ngoi.
Lng xm iu tn, kinh t suy ap, sc sn xut b tn ph. Ngi nng
dn lu t n hoc cht , cht bnh trn ng, tha phng cu thc, hoc
c gng dng sc lao ng cn l, hp qu n khai ph t hoang, rung b
hta ca c c lng U n cn, Cu cng, khi khng cn cch no t cu na,
'tc nc v b h nh ni dy cm gio mc, gy gc chng li nh nc
phong kin, giai cp a ch cng ho.

(1) Khm |nh v i^ s Ihftng gim ciing mc, T .x v in , X B a hc. HN 1960.

(2) Phan Huy Ch,Lch ir i J hin chng loi chi, T.II, x u a hc, UN 1%I.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TH Y DN 1858)

397

II. PHONG TRO NNG DN

BNG LN RM R
1, Nhng cuc khi ngha du tin
T cui th k X V II - u th ki X V III, nng dn nhiu ni ni dy
cp ph c c nh giu, nhng phong tro ch bng ln t cui nhng nm
30. do hu qu ca cc nn i lin tip.
Ma thu nm 1737, nh s Nguyn Dng Hng, t tp vi nghli nng
dn ngho, !u vong vng ni Tam o {Vnh Phc), xng "ngy hiu"
khi ngha, nh ph cc vng xung quanh. T riu nh c tin c c
ng Sn N am l Nguyn B Ln cng nhiu ngi khc c m qun, chia
ng i n p. Cuc khi nghia u tin b dp tt, nhng cuc u tranh
ca nng dn vn tip tc ngy cng mnh iit. Cha Trnh h lnh cho
cc' l Sn Ty, T hanh H(5aj phi t n ha hiu trn nh ni, bt dn
s ti ngy m canh gi, h cd nguy cp th t la bo.
Nhng nni tip theo, nh s c ghi "Trm cp ni in mi ngy mt
nhu, u gian no ng". Cng thi gai ny, kinh thnh, hong thn
L Duy M t mu cng mt s quan li ni V: nh lm mt cuc o
chinh lt cha Trnh nhng vic khng thnh, phi chy vo T han h Ha.
D chng li nng dn, triu nh lp php on kt, cho dn t sm y
v kh, t im canh hp sc nhau bo v xtm lng. Khng ng, ch
tr ng b nng dn li dng, gy thnh ci cnh "dn gian u u cng
c binh kh, k gian... t hp nhau i cp bc ngy cng qu".

2. Phong tro nng dn bng n rm r

T cui nm 1739, cc cuc khi ngha nng n n ra khp ng
Ngoi. "Ngi x An Lch l T gi chu Sn Dng (Tuyn Quang),
ngi x B n h Ng l Nho Bng gi huyn Phng Nhn (B c Giang) ngi
x Ngn Gi l B c gi huyn Nam Chn (N am nh), ngi x Dng Thy
l T Cao gi huyn Th T r (Thi B nh), ngi x Hong X l Gio Ly
gi huyn ng Quan (Thi Bnh). Nng n ngho di, lu vong ng
eo ba, ngi vc gy i theo, ch nhiu c n hn vn, ch t cung c
n hng trm , h quy ri lng xm, vy nh c c p thnh, triu nh
kh n g th no ngn cm c".

398

DI CONG LCH

V IT NAM

Hi Dng, anh em Nguyn Tuyn, Nguyn C phi hp vi V T r c

Onh v b ng vng T h t qun (7 huyn ng Hi Dng) ni d y
Ninh X (Ch Linh - Hi Dng). Nghla qun ging cao l c "Ninh dn",
t 2 i dn chnh Phao Sn (Ch Linh) v Lm (Gia Lc), ri tin
qun nh cc lng Thich L, My Th - qu hng h ngoi cha T r n h ,
nhn th ln !m cn, sch nhiu nhn dn qu ng thu ht tin ca,
thc go, vi vc "em phn pht ht cho dn ngho", Thanh t h' ngha qun
ln cao, lc lng cng hng mnh. Ngha qun nh sang huyn G ia Bnh
(B c Ninh) ri nh xung Thng Phc, Ph Xuyn (H Ty,). T h n g 6
ntn 1740, ngha qun nh ng An, t ph ph v nh th h T rn h ,
sau d nh xung Khoi Chu (Hng Yn).
Cng thi gian ny, Nguyn Hu Cu da vo th ca T n g T n g bt
u hot ng Thanh H {Hi Dng)
vng Sn Nam, ngha qun Hong Cng Cht vinhiu

chin thuyn,

hot ng hu khp vng h lu sng Hng, nhiu ln nh lui qun triu

nh. ng thi nhm V Dnh Dung, on Danh Chn, T Cao ni ln
Ngn Gi, tn cng vo Chn nh, nh bi qun triu nh git c h t nhiu
qun tng. Ngha qun chin u rt anh dng "gp quan qu n l vc dao
xng vo chm ba bi". vng Hng Hta, Sn Ty, ngha qun do T v
Bng chi huy "ni ting tinh qui, hung tn". Nm 1740, ngha qu n b qun
Triu nh nh bi, T v Bng u b bt. Mt tng ca T l Nguyn
Danh Phng bn em tn qun chim c ni Tam Do, dng th n h ly,
m thra txgi, quyt nh lu di vi qun triu inh, vng H oa Kh
(Vinh Phc) ngha qun nh bi qun triu nh, git cht nhiu vin quan
a phng.
u nam 1741, th t phin trn L n g Sn l T on C c n g ni dy,
em qun nh ph on Thnh, git tr n ph Ng nh T h c . T r o n g lc
, L Duy Mt, tr thnh mt th linh ngha qun, hot ng m n h
vng ty T h an h Ha ri nh ra Hng Ha, Sn

Ty.

ng trc phong tro nng dn r m r , triu nh L - T r n h ht

sc lng tng. Ph cha ua Trnh Doanh ln thay T rn h G ian g, a
Hin T n g ln thay Tng nhng thc t mi quyn hnh u nm tron g
tay h T rn h . Sau khi n nh tinh hlnh ni b triu nh, T rn h D oan h tp
trung mi sc lc chdng li phong tro nng dn. Cha h lnh x gim t
thu, trit b bt s s tun ti, sai cc i thn i kinh a phng ph

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN T H W DN 1858)

399

d nhn n tr v sn xut, cho quan lai i Sn Nam mua thc pht

chn cho cc vng i km, t chc khuyn nng li cc a phng
khuvn khch nng dn lm rung, lp 33 s n in cc vng ln g mc
phiu tn, ng binh lnh cy cy... Bn canh , cha Trnh huy ng ht
nhn ti ca triu nh ra ch huy quAn i n p ngha qun, m thm u
binh, cng c ki lut trong qun i. D' chng li phong tro nng dn, cha
Trnh ch trng nh mt nam trc sau chuyn hng sang ng: "Ninh
X cha th ph ngay c, by gi khng g bng phi nh tan c gic
Ngn Gi, cm ch qun i khng c "cp ca, git ngi.
Cui nm 1 7 4 0 , T rnh Doanh tp tru n g qun nh xung Sn Nam.
Ngha qun N gn Gi b n p.
N<m 1741, sau khi nh lui ngha qun Ninh X ang ko v B (Gia
Lm) T rn h Doanh chia Sn Nam thnh 2 l Thng, H, t chc chng
c cc trn quanh kinh thnh, ng vin cc a ch, ho l a phng
chng li ngha qun v tp trung sc nh ln Hi Dung. Hai i n
ca ngha qun l Phao Sn v Ninh X b ph, th linh Nguyn Tuyn
cht

Mt tng gii ca ngha qun l Knh, sau khi nh bi c qun

tri<'u nh

Cm Ging, Chi Linh, xin hng. Mt tng khc t Nguyn

Di-n hoat ng Sn Ty cng b thua phi b trn vo Ngh An. T h lnh

Nguyn C chy ln Lng Sn ri quay v Hi Dng, n Dng Triu th
b bt. Ngha qun Ninh X b n p.
Tuy n h in n m

1741 chi ch m d t g ia i on u c a p h on g t r o

nng dn.

3. Nhng cu c khi ngha tiu biu

Cc cuc khi ngha Ngn Gi, Ninh X b dp tt. Phong tro nng dn
tip tc dng c ao v tp trung [i cc cuc khi ngha ln ca Nguyn
Danh Phng, Nguyn Hu Cu, Hong Cng C ht v cuc ni dy ca L
Duy Mt,
-

K h i n g h a c a N guyn D anh P h on g: (1 7 4 0 - 1751). Nguyn Danh

Phng qu x Tin Sn, huyn Yn Lc, trn Sn Ty (nay thuc Vnh

Phc) l mt tr thc nho hc, v cm ght chnh quyn h Trnh, nm 1740
tham gia cuc khi ngha ca D T, khi T v Bng b hi, Danh Phng
tp hp tn qun c vi vn ngi chim c Vit Tri v ni c Tn
(T am Dng) tip tc hot ng Thanh th ngha qun ngy cn g tng.

400

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

Nm 1744, nhn cha Trnh tp trung quAn n p cuc khi ngha ca

Nguyn Hu Cu, vi li do "Danh Phng chng qua chi l tn gic t gi
mt xo ni thi, cn nh vng ng N am i ni ra ca ci th u khda
ca quc gia", Danh Phng m rng hot ng, chim vng ni T am o,
t xng l T hu n Thin khi vn i nhn ly ni Ngc Bi (gia hai huyn
Tatn Dng v Bnh Xuyn - Vnh Phc) lm i n trung tm . y,
ng cho xy dng cung in t quai thuc, c qut, xe c nh mt triu
nh. Xung quanh trung tm, Danh Phng t thm nhiu n ly nh
T ru n g n Hng Canh (Vnh Phc), Ngoi n c K (B c T h i) v
nhu n ly nh khc ri ra cc huyn thuc T a m Do, Lm Thao,
Dng thuc tr n Sn Ty v cc huyn thuc Thi Nguyn, Tuyn Quang.
Ngha qun ng u u lm rung, cha thc . Ngoi ra, ngha
qun cn nm ly cc ngun li v ch, tre, sn, g, hm m phc v
vc xy dng, ch to v kh, qun nhu, chun b chin u iu di. T ro n g
nhiu nn, ngha qun hu nh lm ch c vng, nh bi mi cuc tn
cng l t ca qun triu nh.
u nm 1751, sau khi nh bi ngha qun Nguyn Hu Cu, T rn h
Doanh tp tru n g lc lng tn cng in vng t ca Danh Phng. Cc
tng Hong Ng Phc, Nguyn Nghim, Don Ch c c coi qun. Qun
triu nh Iheo ng Thi Nguyn nh trc vo n c K ri nh
sang n Hng Canh. Sau mt cuc chin u quyt lit, n Hng Canh
b ph, ngha qun phi rt v Ngc Bi. c Trnh Doanh giao ph, tng
Nguyn Phan h qun tn cng d i ln ni Ngc Bi. Ngha qun dng

sng bn xung, c th nhng khng ngn c qun triu nh. Danh

Phng phi b i n chy vo ni Dc Tn, sau chy v x Tnh
Luyn, huyn Lp T hch (Vinh Phc). n y, ng b bt, cuc khi nghia
b n p.

- K h i n g h a N guyn Hu Cu (1 7 4 1 -1 7 5 1 ). Nguyn Hu Cu qu x
Li Dng, huyn Thanh H (Hi Dng), thu nh nh ngho uc m cho
i hc, tng l bn ca Phm nh Trng. Nhng ng khng thch vn m
ham hc v, m a ao, phi nga, bi ln u gii (ngi ng thi g l
qun He). T sm bt binh vi cnh quan li tham nhng, Hu Cu b
theo ng cp a phng, tham gia cp ca cc thuyn bun cu
gip dn ngho. Nhng nm 1739 1740, ng tham gia ngha qun Nguyn
Tuyn, Nguyn C, rt c qu trng. Gp lc m t inia, di km, c bit
l vng Hi Dng chu nng hn c, Hu Cu t chc cp thuyn bun

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY D N 1858)

401

ly thc go phn pht cho di i. Nm 174 1 , Nguyn C b bt, Hu Cu

tip tc duy tri c lng ngha qun v pht trin th n h mt cuc khi
ngha ln.
Nm 1742, Hu Cu ly D Sdn v Vn Dn, T r C lm cn c chnh,
xv dng lc lng, dng thuyn, rcn vQ khi, luyn tp qun s. Qun triu
nh o Trnh Big chi huy k(4o ra n p, b ngha qun nh ta n Ct
B c (Hi Phng). Ngha qun cng ko sa n g nh tan qun ca D n g bng
hu vng sng Than (B c Ninh) cng nhiu lc ing khc. T d, thanh
th ngha qun thm lng lv, Hu Cu t xng l ng o tng quc bo
dn i tng qun, lm ch c vng ven b in ng Bc. Ngha qun thng
cp c a nh giu, cp thc go ca cc ch thuyn bun giu em chia
cho dn ngho i, nn i n u ngi theo n . T rc tnh th ,
T rn h Doanh ch trng tp trung c lng n p cuc khi ngha ca
Nguyn Hu Cu v "vng ng Nam ni ra th u kha ca ci ca
quc gia... Sau khi bnh nh c Hu Cu, Cng C ht ri, lc y s
quay c ko ln m t ty". Hai i th n l Hong Cng K v T r n Cnh
c c thng lnh i qun thy, b i nh. Sau nhiu trn quyt chin,
qun triu nh b nh bi. T r n Cnh b triu hi, bim 6 trt, t r chc.
Du nam 1743, H ong Ng Phc c c thng lnh k binh o H i Dng

cu vin - Qun triu nh b bao vy Thanh H hng tun l, Ng

Phc khng sao cu c. Sau khi uc gii thot, H ong Cng K b gi
v, chuyn lm tr n th Sn Nam. Phm nh Trng c lnh em qun
n b sung, nh gp. Hu Cu rt qun v Sn. Hong Ng Phc tin

qun nh 6 Sn, b thua to, tl tng Trnh B Khm b git. Nm 1744,

H ong Ng Phc cng Phm nh T rng hp sc tn cng Sn. Liu
th chng khng ni, Hu Cu rt qun khi D Sn, theo ng sng Bch
ng ko v Kinh Bc, chim vng sng T h Xng (khc sng Thng
thuc L n g G iang) p ly hai bn b chng gi. T r n th K in h B c l
T r n nh Cm em qun n nh, b Hu Cu nh bi T ra i T h phi
rt v Th Cu (trn l). Ngha qun tha thng, truy ui, Dinh Cm li
b th u a , b trn thnh m chy. Hu Cu tin qun vo trn th n h , tung
la t ht doanh tri. Tin bo v, c knh th n h no ng, Cha Trnh
phi huy ng ht v binh chia nhau ng cc x bao quanh phng b
v cho ngi a th qu trch Hong Ng Phc. Ng Phc em qun v
V G ing (B c Ninh) xin ht sc lp cng. T rnh Doanh c thm Cn qun
cng T r ng Khung ln phi hp chin u. Hu Cu r t khi T h Cu.
26-D C L SV N T.tp

402

I CONG LCH s VIT NAM

Vi quyt tni tiu dit ngha qun, cha T rn h tp trung t t c 5 o qun

vi 10 i tng, 64 lit hiu v hn 12 7 0 0 qun theo 5 hng tn cng.
Dng mu la ch, Hu Cu cho qun mai phc ch him yu, ra nh
tan qun ch lc do Trng Khung ch huy Y n Dng. C 4 o cn li
khng nh m tan. Trnh Doanh triu Khung v, c inh V n Giai n
thay. Thanh th ngha qun lng ly, hng lot th lnh ngha qun a
phng hp x Binh Ng (G ia Lng - B c Ninh) hng ng. Hu Cu
t mu, thc qun nh bi qun ca Vn Giai ri tin ln vy Th Cu.
Vn Giai b triu v, Hong Ng Phc c c thay th.
Nm 1745, Hong Ng Phc v P hm nh Trng (by gi c phong
Hip trn Hi Dng) em qun tin nh ngha qun Nguyn Hu Cu
thnh Xng Giang. Mt tng gii ca Hu Cu l T hn g b git. N gha
qun phi rt v Hi Dng. Nm 1746, thy tinh th kh khn, P h m
Dnh Trng lin tc em qun nh rit, Nguyn Hu Cu quyt nh c
ngi t It cho quyn thn D T h Giai, xin hng. Trnh Doanh chp
nhn, ban cho hiu Ninh ng tng qun, tc Hng ngha hu. Tuy
nhin, Phm nh T rn g khng chu, b t chp ch d ca cha, em qun
nh p qun doanh ca Hu Cu. Y i th m c cho qun lnh cp btc
nhng nhiu nhn dn a phdng. Hu Cu phi rt chy, tip tc hot
ng nhiu ni, c lc nh vo tn Duyn H (T h i Binh). Cui nm
1748, sau mt tht bi ln Cm G ing (Hi Dng), Hu Cu li dng
s s h ca qun triu nh, em qun nh g&p v B (Gia Lm ), d
nh vt sng nh vo kinh thnh. Nhng, khi ngha qun san g sng th

tri sng, quti triu nh kp thi xng ra chng c. Phm nh Trng

cng c tin, ko qun v chn nh Qun Hu Cu b tn th t ln, phi
rt v Sn Nam phi hp vi ngha qun Hong Cng Cht. N m 1749,
ngha qun chim nhiu huyn Sn Nam, qun triu nh do H ong Ng

Phc v Phm nh Trng n nh. Hai bn nh nhau nhiu trn cc

huyn Ng Thin, Ph Dc, Qunh Ci (thuc T h i Bnh). Sau khi b thua
y, Hu Cu li ko qun v H i Dng. Nm 1750, ngha qun b th t
bi lin tip, c lc Hu Cu mt mnh mt nga ph vng vy chy thot,
ri my hm sau li tp hp c hng ngn, hng vn ngha qun tip tc

chin u. Du nm 1751, b th t bi ln Bnh Lc, Vinh Li, Hu Cu

buc phi b chy vo Ngh An, da vo lc lng ca Nguyn Din, mt
bn chin u c. Nhng Phm nh T rn g li ko qun vo nh, Hu
Cu thy bt li, bn cng mt s b tng nh vt bin v li Hi Dong.

VIT NAM (T THI NGYKN THY DN 1858)

403

Chng may khi ra n bin thl gi bo ni ln, Hu Cu v b tng b

thuyn ln b, n trn vng ni Hong Mai (B c Ngh An - gip Thanh
Ha) v b thuc tng ca Phm Dinh T r n g l Phi Dinh S bt, ng
ci a v kinh .
Cuc khi ngh nng dn in hinh nht ca th k X V III d ng Ngoi
b n p.

Theo L k i tc in: Khi Cu b dem yt thi miu m t mi

vn un g dung rn ri T r nh D oa nh khng c nh git, nhTig

v Cu nh vt ngc nn b bt chm. V l Nguyn Th Qunh

t t trc m chng ' ton danh tit.
Tinh th n qu t khi, kin cng v cuc sng ca giai cp nng dn ca
ngi th lnh Nguyn Hu Cu v cu chuyn "Qun He" mi mi c
nhn dn knh trng v ghi nh.
-

K k i n g h a c a H on g Cng C ht (1739 - 769). T nm 1739, Hong

Cng Cht tp hp nng dn ngho ni dy hot ng vng S n Nani.

Ngha qun c s trng v thut nh du kch khi tan. khi hp". Nh
nhn xt ca qun cng Nguyn nh Hon : "Gic ng trong c c vng
c rm rp, quan qun n pha trc th chng ln ra pha sau, quan qun
chn pha t th chng chy sang pha hu*'.
Qun triu inh nhiu ln tin cng nhng u tht bi. Ngha qun lm
ch t Kho Chu (Hng Yn). Nm 17 46 , Hong Cng K c c lm
trn th Sn Nam, hng hi nh dp ngha qun, vi ch quan m b ngha
qun bt git. B y gi, triu nh L - T rnh ang tp tru n g sc n p
cuc khi ngha ca Nguyn Hu Cu nn Cng Cht c i4u kin m rng
hot ng ra c m in ng, t chc c tin dng ring trong vng. Sau
khi b thua B D nm 1748, Hu Cu thu qun chy vo Sn Nam phi
hp vi ngha qun ca Cng Cht nh ph cc huyn T h n Kh, Thanh
Quan (Thi Binh), bao vy i bn doanh ca Hong Ng Phc Ng Thin.
Qun triu nh n tip vin, ngha qun b thua to vng B n h Lc phi
phn tn mi ngi mt ng. Nm 1751, Hong Cng C ht chy vo Thanh
Ha, sau ko qun tn min Thng du Hng Ha, lin kt vi th lnh
ngha qun a phng l Thnh, chng li qun triu nh. Gia nm 1751,
T hnh b bt tron g mt cuc tn cng ca qun triu nh, H ong Cng
C ht li phi chy ln chu Ninh Bin (Lai Chu). Nh Hn kt cht ch
vi nhn dn cc tc ngi thiu s y, ngha qun lm ch c m t vng

404

DI CNG LCH

s VIT

NAM

rng ln Din Bin, Sn La, Ha Bnh... B y gi, c c cuc khi ngha min
xui b dp tt, tru nh L - Trnh cn lo vic phc hi kinh t, cng
c li chnh quyn. Hong Cng Cht vn ng nhn dn c n g ngha qun
xy dng thnh ly kin c Nong H t (in B i n ), t n g gia sn xut,
chng li c c cuc tn cng ca qun triu inh. T ro n g gn 2 0 nm, cuc
sng ca nhn dn vng ngha qun chim ng t n g i yn tnh.
Ngi Thi cn lu truyn nhng cu th : Cha th t l yu
dn, cha xy dng bn mng, mi ngi c yn n lm n...
Nghe chng ting ht ca Keo C h t tro n g ph, ngn vang khp
cnh ng Mng Thanh bao la...
N m 176 8, triu nh c H ong P h n g C, P h m Ng Cu, P h an L
P h in hp qun ln n p. B y gi Cng C h t c h t . Con l Cng T o n
ln thay, sai qun chng c mnh lit. u n m 1 7 6 9 , q u n triu inh
tp tru n g nh m nh vo vng T h m C. N g h a q u n b th u a , Cng Ton
phi b chy sa n g Vn Nam. T h n h ly b s a n phng, cu c khi ngha
c h m dt.
-

Cuc ni d y c a L Duy M t (7 3 8 - 1770): L e Duy M t l mt hong

thn, con ca D Tng. Nm 1738, ng c n g m t s qu an th n cn nh

lm mt cuc o chnh, ginh li ch quyn cho vua L, nhng tht bi
phi chy vo T hanh Ha. Da vo s bt bnh ca n hn dn, Duy Mt
tp hp lc lng, xy dng cn c vng th ng du T h a n h Hda chng li
ch a Trnh. Cuc khi ngha dn dn raang tnh c h t q u n chng v ha
chung vo ph.ong tro nng dn.
Ngha qun thng tin ra hot ng H ng Ha, Sn T y , Sn Nam.
T ron g nhng nm 1 74 9 - 1752, phi hp vi ngh a qun ca T h lnh Tng
S n Ty, qun ca Duy M t gy ch o qun triu nh nhiu thit hi.
Nm 1752, trong cc trn nh Ngc Lu (T h a n h H a) v Vinh ng (H
T y ), ngha qun b thua to, th lnh Tng b git, Duy M t r t v thng
du T hanh Ha. T cho n nm 1763, qun c a Duy M t lm ch min
thng u Thanh Hta, Ngh An, cng n hn dn t n g gia sn xut, o
knh, lp ch, dng l rn v kh. Nm 1 7 6 4 , Duy M t li x y cn c mi
T rin h Quang (T r n Ninh) ct ho ly kin c.

Nm 1769, sau khi dp xong cuc khi ngha c a H o n g Cng Cht,

T rn h Sm sai Bi T h D t, Nguyn P h a n , H on g inh Th' chl huy 3 o
qun Ngh An, Thanh Ha, Hng Ha t n c n g quyt lit vo T r n Ninh.

VIT NAM (T THI KGYN THY N 1858)

405

Cuc chin u din ra c lit Du nm 1770, qun triu inh nhiu ln

tn c6ng vo cAn c T rnh Quang nhng khng c, Tng Hong Ng
Phc om qun tip vin, dng ni ng (con r ca Duy Mt) m ca
thnh cho tjun triu nh nh vo. L Duy Mt. bit ih' khng gi c,

i:ng v con t thiu m cht.

- Nhn x t ch u n g :
D;y l ln u tin tro n g lch s Vit Nam bng ln mt phong tro
nng dn rng khp, rm r v ko di h n g chc nm Phong tro khng
chi li cun h n g chc vn nng dn ngho min xui cc tinh ng Ngoi
m cn li cun c hng vn nhn dn cc dn tc it ngi min ni. Khi
phong tro b n g ln mnh lit, tuy tp tru n g ch yu 4 cuc khi ngha
ln nhng khng phi ch c nh vy. Nng dn ngho ni dy khp
ni S c ghi :
"K h i C, T u y n b hi, n g cn sdt li u h ho nhau
t t p th n h t n g ton mt, to n ln vi nghn ngi, ton
nh c n g kh n g km nm , su tr m

ngi, n u cp bc

y . Do tn, Nguyn Hu C u c

nhng lc "ch mt th n

th o t n n , nh n g h gi tay h m t tin g thl chc l t li sum

hp nh rny"
Cc cuc khi ngha khng chl bao gm nng dn ngho m cn cd nhng
tr th c nho hc, quan li nh Mc tiu u tranh cha phi l i rung
t, i lt c h phong kin m mi chi i "Ninh dn", "ly ca nh
giu ch ia cho ngi ngho", "bo dii"... Ihin ch cd lc c tnh cht tr th
nh "treo ngi", " nc vo mi", "b h t thc vo m t ri khu li",
"giam vo n h cd rn , rt, a" v.v...
T riu nh, m ch yu l cha Trnh phi huy ng ton b lc lng
n

p v h da vo tnh phn tn ca phong tro "b a tng

chic",

cui cng a phong tro n th t bi.

R r n g l cuc chin u quyt lit ca nOng dn "c lm vua, thua

lm gic", "c i khn kh chua cay, c sao chi c mt ngy lm vua"
, tuy cha ginh c th n g li, nhng l hi chung bo ng cuc
khng hong c a c h phong kin ng Ngoi, l nhng biu hin ni
bt, ton din ca cuc khng hong , cng vi 8 v nghim trng

ca nh nc L - Trnh, n chun b mnh t thun li cho thng li to

n ca phong tro nng dn Ty Sn sau ny.

406

I CONG LCH s VIT NAM

B. PHONG TRO NNG DN TY SON

I. CUC KHNG HONG CA CH

PHONG KIN TRN PHM VI C NC
1. ng Ngoi,

GUC

khng hong tip tc

Vo u nhng nm 50, cuc u tranh ca nng dn tm thi n g

xung vng ng bng. Trc tnh trn g iu tn ca t nc, cha
Trnh ht sc lo lng, ban hnh nhiu chnh sch nhm khi phc nn
$n xut nng nghip, a nng dn luu tn v vi rung ng Binh lnh
ng cc a phng c lnh thnh lp s 6n in, chia thnh n v
i khai hoang, phc ha. Sau khi rung ng thnh thc tr li, dn lu
tn tr v, cha Trnh ban lnh bi b cc s n in, tr t cho dn.
Nh nc cng tng cng khuyn khch nhn dn phc hda rung t, x
no s nh hao ht... rung b hoang nhiu khng ai nhn cy thi cho php
chiu m ngi cy... i 3 nm thnh rung s ghi vo s th... Nu x
no nhiu rung qu, cy khng ht m c ngi tnh nguyn b vn ra
khai khn thl cng cho php". Theo ch trdng tiy, "cc chc sc trong
lng nu b vn ra m ngi khn hoang th c 100 mu thng tc
mt t, 50 mu tr ln c phong m t ngi nh lm phd s s, 2 0 mu
tr ln thl c min su dch cho m t ngi trong h" hoc "ngi tro n g
h ni, h ngoi c php nhn mi dinh 10 m u , lo Tihiu, c ph :
5 mu. S rung tha ra cho c ty tin chia nhau cy cy np thu hoc
cho nhng ngi x gn y v dn Tig c lnh canh, np th u cho nh
nc theo mc thu rung t hng 3 ( l tin/mu), khng c mua
Nh nhng chnh sch trn cng v s n lc ca nhn dn, nhu lng xm
nhanh chdng c hi phc. Nhn dn phn chia nhau rung t c
thnh thc, xy dng li nh ca, lm nh, dng bia ghi cng. Tuy nhn,
mt s lng c tinh hnh ngc li. Nh bo co ca Diu qun cng T r n
Cnh: "nguyn my nm binh la, dn 3 phiu lu, s rung, vn t th t
lc nn nhng k ho cng chim rung ca ngi bnh dn, kh x t im"
hoc theo bo co ca ng s Ng Thi sl: "xt t khi dn c yn n tr

( l) l^heo "L riu cu in*'

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

407

v lm n m vn b bn cng ho p bc, rung t b hoang va c

khi ph li b ngay bn quyn qu chim ot. Lnh khuyn nng ct
cho dn c yn nghip nhng cng khng ngan cn ni nn bao c h i m " / ^
Mt khc, nhm thng cng cho nhng ngi tham gia n p phong
tro nng dn, ph cha ban cp nhiu rung t, thi p. Nh nhn
xt ca nh s hc L Qu n: "T nm Bo T hi, Long c ( 1 7 2 0 - 1 7 3 5 )
n nay (thp nin 70) vic ban cho mi ngy mt nhiu, cn nh t s,
hu Lc, s lc, ng lc... u cp bng rung, c khi cp pht qu lm".
T hm ch nhn chnh sch ban thng ca cha Trnh "nhn dn nhiu
ngi mo nhn qun cng... ngi th t, ngi gi ri lon, khng phn
bit c". Rung t cng phc ha li ri dn vo tay bn cng ho,
nhng li, tham quan.
N.im 1773, ph cha ban lnh nghim cm "nh quyn qu khng c
c hi m by ru ng c a dn " t h nh ng hiu qu kh ng n g k v nh 3

hc Phan Huy Ch vn phi nhn xt: "Quy ch rung t cc i B c

h .. i khi l b mc cho n xm chim ln nhau"
Mt ma, i km li xy ra.
Nm 1759 "Thanh Ha, Ngh An b nn ti".
Nm 1766 "cc ht Kinh B c v , nh ca, rung nng b ngp lt".
Nm 1 7 68 "Ngh An v cc trn Kinh Bc, Sn Ty, Sn Nam, gi go
cao vt, nhn dn i kh, 10 0 ng tin khng mt ba an no".
Tinh tr n g i km cng thng xuyn hn thp nin 70, 80, c bt

l nm 1786, theo s c "Gi go cao vt, dn trong kinh k v 4 trn b

i to, thy cht nm iin nhau. Cha T rn h h lnh cho nhn dn, ai np
ca s trao cho quan chc nhng khng ai hng ng".(^^
cu vn phn no tinh trn g i kh ca nhn dn, mt mt cha
T rn h c i thn a dn ra vng ven bin khai hoang, m rng t ai
c y cy, m t khc cho m rng bun bn, b bt cc s tun ti nhm khuyn
khch dn bun. Tuy nhin, khd khn vn khng gim. Tnh trn g xtm lng
phiu tn li din ra. Theo Ng Thi S, trong s 9 6 6 8 lng x ng bng
B c b c n 182 x phiu tn hon ton, 4 4 3 x a phiu tn phn ln,
3 7 3 x phiu tn va hoc phi nhp vo x khc... T rn Thanh Hta c
( J ) Ng gia vn phi
(2 ) ^s /ftggm cungmc, T XX. H Ni, 1960, ir.l2.

408

DI CONG LCH s V IT NAM

1393 x thl 2 9 7 x phiu tn; trn Ngh An c 7 0 6 x th phiu tn m t

115 x...
Nng dn ngho ni dy u tranh l hin tng khng trnh khi. Nm
1778, nng dn ng bng ven bin Bc b do cc
Kim Phm, T r n Xun Trch cm

th lnh Thc Toi, Nguyn

u ni dy nh ph An Q ung ri ko

xung huyn Giao Thy (Nam nh). Trn th Sn Ty l Ng nh Honh

c lnh em qun n n p, b ngha qun nh tan.
Nm 1785, sau khi khi ngha ca T h c Toi b n p, m t cuc khi
ngha ln do Thim Lin cm u ii n ra An Qung. N gha q u n ct
hng trm chic thuyn, thng xuyn nh ph cc vng ven b i n , iin
kt vi ngha qun So n Nam chng i qun triu nh. Cuc khi ngha
ko di cho n lc qun Ty Sn ra bc.
Thi Bnh, cc vng thng du pha bc nhiu cuc khi ngha cng
n ra, gy cho qun triu nh nhiu th i t hi,
T ron g tnh hnh kh khn nti trn, ni b chnh quyn L -T r n h ngy
cng mu thun . Nm 1767, Trnh Doanh cht. Con l T rnh S m ln thay,
chuyn quyn v tn bo, khng xem trn g ng h vua L na. T h i t
Duy V b vu oan v b git. E m Trnh S m l T rnh L mu git an h
cp ngi; b bt b ngc, Trnh S m aay m ng Th Hu, b b vic
tru chnh, Y trut th t Trnh Khi (con trai trng !n) a con
ca Th Hu l T rn h Cn cn t tui ln thay. Phe phi ca D ng T h Hu
l nhm

qun cOng Hong Dinh Bo - ng Th Hu c dp n m ht

quyn hnh. Em trai ca D ng

Th Hu cng nhn cy t h lm cn,

khin kinh thnh no ng.

Nam 178 2, Trnh S a m cht

Phe T rn h Khi ni dy nh git nhdm

Hong nh B o - ng Th Hu, ph T rn h Cn. Qun T a m ph - ch da

chnh ca Trnh Khi, c th cy cng, th sc tung honh. Nh nhn
xt ca s c: "T y quyn bnh V tay qun 8, chng uy hip, p bc
bn quan li, ng mt t l da s ph nh, git cht. T h m ch n vic
thay i tng t vn ban, v ban cng u do m ing qun s ndi ra mi
xong c". Chng cn ko nhau i cp btc, ph phch cc ph phng,
khng ai c h ng ni. Nhn dn gi l "lon kiu binh".
Nm 1784, ly c kiu bnh nh tn ph nh L, h T r n h sai
vfly bt 7 ngi em chm. Lp tc kiu binh ko nhau n vy
nh 3 tn quan gip cha T rn h chng li chng. M t ngi
chy thot. Hai ngi ka trn vo ph cha. Kiu binh lin ko

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

409

san g ph cha, i cha giao hai vin quan ti chng ang Um.
T rn h Khi v Dng

Thi phi ly

xin chng, np cho chng

1 0 0 0 l n g bc v 3

vn qu an ti n ch n g th a m n g cho

2 ngi kia.
"Lon kiu binh" nh du s tan r c a th lc h Trnh, gy nn mt
s i lp ln gia nhn dn v qun s, nh nhn xt ca s c "qun v
dn coi nhau nh k th".

T t nhin, tin h th d ko theo hu qu l, mt mt bn quan li a

phng,

m phn ln l nh tin bc m cd chc quyn, tha h v vt c

khot nhn dn, m t khc, dng

h L tm cch nng cao uy th mong c

ngy khi phc a v ngy xa.

Mc du, t nm 1774, nhn cuc khi ngha Ty Sn bng n, cha
Trnh c qun vo chim t Thun Hda, s suy sp v chnh tr, kinh
t - x hi ca n g Ngoi vn ngy cn g trm trng.

2. C u c k h n g h o n g n g T r o n g
Nhng u th ca t Dng Trong gip cc cha Nguyn gi c
tnh tr n g n nh ca x h trong mt thi gian kh di. Nhng ri nhng
m thun c hu ca ch phong kin cng dn dn pht huy t c dng
v t gia th ki X V III, a ng T ron g vo cuc khng hong.
T 166 9, rung t vng Thun Q ung phn ln l rung cng,
nhng nh nhn x t ca L Qu n sau ny, do t thu phin phc, nng
n, nhn dn khng ng ni, nh cha buc phi '"chu ph" cho bn on
lm rung t hoc bn ho l t vit l rung t t em bn on ht "n
ni dn khng ct rung m lm n sinh sng". Vic chp chii rung t
cng thng xuyn xy ra. Cui cng n gia t h kl X V III thl xy ra tinh
trng, rung cng... hoc cd ngi em bn hoc cm c, b hoang, s cn
li b bn nh giu xm chim khin ngi ngho khng c mnh t cm
di, cho nn ngi giu cng giu, ngi ngho cng ngho, th u thiu, dn
!u

Nh vy, mc du ng thi rung t khng thiu (tnh bnh

qun mi inh 1 mu) nhng tnh tr n g i ngho vn xy ra. G i thu

rung c n g r t cao, vng L Thy, K h a n g Lc (Q ung B in h ), t 3 -4
quan/m u tn g ln 6 quan/mu, Minh Linh (Qung T r) thm ch t n g ln
n trn 12 quan/mu,
( I ) Pluim Nguyn Du.

hnh ki ic tp.

410

DI CONG LCH s VIT NAM

vng Gia nh (Nam b nay) t ai rng ln, tr ph, ngi t th

nhng phn ln rung t nm trong tay a ch; nng dn ngho vn phi
cy thu cuc mn hoc i khai hoang cc vng xa.
Ch t th u nng n v phin phc. Theo L Qu Dn, y "hng
nm c 100 th thu m tr ng thu thl phin phc, gian ln, nhn dn kh
vi ni mt c hai trng. "Nhng x b cp lm ng lc cho c c quan tuy
khng phi np thu, nhng li phi chu nhiu khon tp dch nng n.
T hu th 3n thl ct hng trm hng ngn th, Nh nc cn g th t
ra th th u y thu. Ngi bun bn th phi dng cc loi thu' u
ngun, thu tun ti, thu ch, thu . Nhn dn min ni th phi np
loi thu lm th sn nh ng voi, sng t, g, my, m t ong, tin. D n
min ni K h ang Lc chng hn, nm 1774 phi np t t c 9 9 4 quan tin
th u v cc l vt khc, tnh r a mi u ngi hng nm phi np t
15 quan n 6 0 quan tin.
Nm 1751, tun ph Qung Ngi l Nguyn C Trinh dng th cho
cha Nguyn ni: "ba vic sinh t cho dn l nui lnh, nui voi v np tin
n". "Ph huyn l chc tr dn m gn y khng giao trch nhim lm
vic, chl cho khm hi kin tng... T trc n nay, ph huyn ch trng
vo s bt b tr a hi v kim lc, khin ca dn cng hao, tc dn cng
bc". V "dn nn cho tnh, khng nn lm cho ng... Nay sai ngi i
sn bn ni rng, tlm g i nga, bn y khng theo c tt ca b
trn m quy ri dn a phng... mi ngi u than on"^'^. T h nhng

s6 ca C T rin h khng c cha Nguyn tr li.

Bn quan B n ng cng tlm mi cch hch sch nhn &Ti "mt ngi
trng thu thl c vi ba mi ngi c thc, t r a xt rt phin nhiu, li
cn xt hi hnh h, n lu, c tnh t n g gim, 3nh 9. Vi mong mun
gii thot cho dn khi ci cnh "10 con d m ct 9 k chn", Nguyn C

Trinh a xin cha b h thng Bn ng quan ny, nhng khng c.

Chnh sch thu khda ca cha Nguyn lm cho cuc sng ca ndng
dn ngy c n g kh cc.
Trong lc , thng nghip, th cng nghip cng st km dn so vi
trc. Ngoi thong thl st hn do s6 thuyn b nc ngoi n tha tht
m s hch sch ca cha v cc quan tun ti ngy cn g khng chu ni.
Cc th nh Hi An, Thanh H, Nc Mn sa st hn. Mt vi th t

(1) D( Nam ihc lc. Tin biCn, H Ni, 1963, lr.213

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

411

nhu Bn Ngh, N ng Ni hot ng bnh thng, vic bun bn ch yu

nin irong tay Hoa kiu.
-

V chnh tr, nh ni phn trc, t nm 1744, Nguyn Phc

Khot xng vng, xy ng Ph Xun th n h kinh , t chc li b my

nh nc. Cc gia nh qu tc, quan li cao cp cng nhn xy dng
inh th "la lit hai bn b thng lu sng Ph X un v con sng nh
Ph Cam". H ua nhau n chi xa x, nui cc i tung cho, ca k chuyn
phc v cc cuc yn tic, nhn dn truyn nhau cu :
Ai t n gm li m coi

B c vn g con ht, ti i th n g dn.

Nguyn Phc K hot cht, Nguyn P h c T h u n ln thay, mi 12 tui.

Quyn hnh thc t do Trng Phc Loan thu tm, t xng i Quc ph.
Mt mnh y chim ot 5 ca ngun, hng nm thu li 4 - 5 vn quan tin.
Y cn nm b H hch sch cc thng nhn nc ngoi n bun bn.
Theo s c, tro n g nh Loan "vng bc, chu bu, gm vc y ry; n bc,
tru nga khng bit bao nhiu m k". Mi khi qua ma ma, Loan em
vng bc ra phi n n g "sng chi c m t gc sn". Ni b chnh quyn phn
chia b cnh. N hng ngi chng Loan u b git hi, cch chc.
Ph huyn, lng x nm trong tay bn quan li cng ho tham nhng.
Mt x hi cd n 17 tng th n (quan thu thu) v 2 0 x trng. Chnh
tr thi nt.
Tnh hnh tr nn tr m trng hn v ci gi l nn "tin hoang". Nguyn
l ng T ron g phi mua ng ca ng Ngoi thng qua c c li bun ngoi
quc; khi chnh quyn ng Ngoi tm cch cm ngt vic d v thng
thuyn nc ngoi t i thl cha Nguyn buc phi dng km c tin. K t
qu, nh li bn ca D t s Ng T h Ln: "ly ng tin km chdng h m
thay ng tin ng bn chc, cho nn dn ua nhau cha thtc m khng
chu cha tin". D n Gia nh nhiu thc khng bn ly tin m thang
nhn cng khng mun i hng ha ly tin km, bun bn do d khng
thng, thdc go m in Nam khng ra c Thun, Qung, lm cho gi go
y cao vt ln khng phng cu vn. D<Ji km xy ra. Theo s c, Thun
Ha ct 2 6 5 .5 0 7 m u rung t cng t nhng, thc s cy cy ch c
1 5 3 .1 8 1 mu.
Nm 1752 mt nn i ln xy ra, dn b cht i r t nhiu. T nm
1769, trong khong 4 - 5 nm lin, i km din ra lin min. c bit l
nm 1774, Thun Hda b i ln, theo gio s L a B a c t t, "go t nh vng...

412

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

tinh trn g i kh by ra lm cnh thng tm kh t, xc ch t chng cht

ln nhau". Xc ng trc cnh tng au lng , dt s Ng T h LAn
vit ln my cu th

T han i ! L thay ch im ln ku
N m can h g o tht g i vi vu
T h i son n ghin g ng, ngy u m
Dt bn g sng ni m t m m y
H ng n hn ku bun ba tan tc
S i lan g n gan g dc g i a ng d.,. (C him ln ku)
Ngi nng dn ni dy. Nh s c ghi: "trm h c cn, trm
cp ni ln bn phng, trong ci t c nhiu vic''. Cuc khi ngha

ln nht c nhn dn truyn tng l cuc khi ngha ca "cKng La"

Quy Nhn (Bnh nh). Vn l mt nng dn ngho, tn l oan, anh phi
cho a ch, nui sn ch cm th. Anh li khe mnh, gi v, kh khi.
Nn i xy ra, anh trn vo rng, t tp dn ngho khi ngha ly Trung
My lm cn c. Ngha qun nh git bn cng ho ly ca ci phn
pht cho dn ngho. Nghia qun b n p, La cht nhng hnh nh ca
anh mi mi khc su vo lng nhn dn

Chiu cki n lin g T rung My

Cm thng c h L a b trong thnh.
Ch phong kin ng T rong bc vo giai on suy tn, chun b cho
mt cuc khi ngha nng dn v i lm rung chuyn c t nc.

II. PHONG T R O NNG DN T Y SON

. Cuc khi ngha bng ln t dt Ty SD
Cc th lin h v. th n h p k n th am g i a : Nm 1771, mt cuc khi nghla
bng n t T y S o n , o 3 an h em N guyn N h c, N guyn Hu,
Nguyn L lnh o. Ty Sn thuc huyn Ph Ly, ph Quy Nhn, dinh
Qung Nam vn gm hai vng: vng rng ni gi l Thng o (nay thuc
Gia Lai - Kontum ) v vng ng bng gi l H o (nay thuc Bnh nh)
by gi rng ni rm rp thun li cho vic xy dng cn c. Nguyn Nhc,
Nguyn Hu, Nguyn L sinh ra v ln ln p Kin Thnh thuc H o

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

413

Ty Sn. T tin ca 3 ngi v6n gc Ngh An, tn ! H Phi Khang b qun

cha Nguyn bt lm t binh vo nm 6 5 5 , a vo Ty Sn khai hoang lp
p. n i cha ca 3 ngi l H Phi Phc thi a tlinh mt gia inh trung
nig kh. Hi nh, 3 anh em c i hc thy gio Hin mt nho s bt
bnh vi quyn th n Trng Phc Loan, trn vo y dy hc, nh c
hiu bit v tnh hnh triu nh ca cha Nguyn. Bn thn Nguyn Nhc
cn l mt ngi bun tru hay qua li min thng, rt quen bit cc gi
lng ngii Bana; sau c gi chc bin li (nhn vin thu thu) tu n Vn
Dn. Nguyn Nhc li ly con gi ca mt t trng Bana, by gi c gi
l c Hu, cng nh rt quen vi ngi Chm vng thng o.
Khng chu ni cnh p bc, bdc lt v honh hnh ca bn quan li
cha Nguyn, khng yn lng trc cnh sng kh cc c a nhng ngi

nng dn cng p, huyn, t sm 3 anh em lin kt vi cc bn cng

ch hng cng nh c c t trng dn tc t ngi, luyn v, h b n chun
b khi ngha.
Nm 1771, nhn b tn c trng ng c hip, Nguyn Nhc cng hai
em dng c khi ngha p Ty Sn. N gha qun truyn i bi hch vi
nhng cu :
Gin Quc ph ra lng bi bn nn T y Sn Kxing ngha cn vng.
Trc l ngn ct gia dng ko ng gic t mu ngp ngh.
Sau l ti tna m khi hn, ko c n g dn ra chn lm than...
v ging cao khu hiu; "nh quyn thn Trng Phc Loan, ng h
hong tn Phc Dng (Phc Dng [ chu ch tn ca Nguyn Phc Khot,
b Phc Loan ph trut).
Nh sch ic khn kho , ngha qun thu ht c s ng h v

hng ng c a nhiu tng lp nhn n. ng thi vi khu hiu "ly ca

nh giu chia cho ngi ngho", ngha qun i n u, dn ngho tham
gia n . B t nhiu th ho trong vng nh Huyn Kh, Nguyn Thung
tham gia ngha qun, b tin ca ra chu cp. T ron g hng ng ca ngha
qun cn c mt lc lng ng k nhn dn cc dn tc t ngi, cc th
lnh ca h, thm ch c n cha Chm l Th Ha. Mt s thng nhn
H oa kiu ng u l Tp nh v L T cng i theo ngha qun, chin
u hng hi. B y gi, Thun Qung an g trong tnh trn g i km nn
cuc khi ngha ct iu kin, thu c th n g li m t cch nhanh chng. Nh
cc gio s T y phng nhn x t :
'"H tn cng v tc v kh vin quan do nh vua sai vo thu
thu, h thu ly t t c giy t c a vin quan ny v em t

414

DI CNG LCH

VIT NAM

ni cng cng... H git nhng x trng phn ng.., H i

ly ht nhng giy t cng v... em t". H mun thc hin
cng l trong x hi v gii phng nhn dn khi ch chuyn
ch ca vua, quan... ly ca ci ca bn quan li v bn nh
giu phn pht cho dn ngho..." "Ngi ta gi h l gic nhn
c i vi ngi ngho''^^^

2. nh d chnh quyn cha Nguyn v dnh tan qun can thip Xim
Ma thu nam 1773, ngha qun chim c phn ln ph Quy Nhn.
Thanh th ngha qun ln cao. Nguyn Nhc nhn dng mu k em
qun nh chitn ph l Quy Nhn ri tin ln chim nt Qung Ngi.
Triu nh Ph X un c tin d, ht hong c cc tng i ch n g c.
Hai bn gp nhau Bn Vn (gip ranh 2 tnh Qung Nam - Q ung Ngi),
Ngha qun rt v bn (T h n g Bnh) mai phc, nh tan qun ca cha
Nguyn. Cuc tn cng ln th hai ca qun Nguyn cng b nh lui. Cng
lc d, m t nam, ngha qun tin vo chim cc vng t t nam Bnh
nh cho n Binh Thun. Nm 1774, lu th Long H em qun t Gia
nh ra nh, chim li c vng t pha nam n tn Ph Yn. Ngha qun
gi vng Quy Nhn. Cng vo lc y, ng Ngoi, tha T rnh S m c
tin v cuc khi ngha Ty Sn ang lm lung lay chnh quvn Nguyn.
ng ta bn c Hong Ng Phc, Bi T h D t em qun tin vo nh cha
Nguyn vi danh ngha nh quyn thn Trng Phc Loan v dp lon
Ty Sn. T h n g 11 nm 1774, qun T rnh vt sng Gianh v chim dn
cc dinh pha bc Ph Xun. T rong tnh t h b o p c hai pha, cha Nguyn
bt T rng Phc Loan np v xin bi binh, nhng qun T rn h vn tip tc
tin vo. B i t khng chng li c, u nm 1775 Nguyn Ph c T hu n
cng gia quyn, thn binh vt bin vo Gia nh, qun T rn h chim Ph
Xun. T h n g 3 nm 1775, mt b phn qun T rnh vt o H i Vn nh
vo. Mt tr n nh ln din ra gia qun T y Sn v qun T r n h Cm
Sa (Qung N am ). Ngha qun b thua to phi rt v Bn Vn pha nam . B
Nguyn N hc nghi ng, T p nh vt b n

Qung ng v b quan nh

Thanh git. Trc tnh th b tn cng t hai pha, th n g 7 nm 1775,

Nguyn N hc quyt nh sai ngi em vng bc v th "xin hng" qun
Trnh, np t 3 ph Qung Ngi, Quy Nhn, Ph Y n v xin lm tng
tin phong i nh Nguyn. B i t Nguyn Nhc lm k hon binh, nhng v
mt mi, Hong Ng Phc nh chp nhn v phong N hc lm T r n g tit
(1) Gio sl D. Giuymila (Dicg de iumilla), Ihd ngy 15-2H774.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

415

tung qun T y S a n hiu trng.

Mt khc, Ngyyn Nhc cng vd lin kt. vi Tng Phc Hip (lu th
Long H) m t nam, xin lp hong tn Phc Dng ln lm vua. Hip tin
l tht, sao n h n g vic phng b.
Dng vo lc t, Nhc c Nguyn Hu em i qun nh p P h Yn
v giao cho L T i li gi. L Ti lm phn, chy theo cha Nguyn.
u nm 1776, Nguyn Nhc c Nguyn L em thy binh vo nh Gia
nh, chim th n h ri rt lui. Nhng qun Nguyn phi b cc dnh, ph
t Din K h n h n Bnh Thun.
Nm 1777, Nguyn N hc t xng Ty Sn vang, phong Nguyn Hu
lm ph chnh, xy li thnh Bn lm th ph.
Tip , Nguyn Nhc sai ngi ra B c xin cho mnh cai tr t Qung
Nam

T r n h S m phong N hc lm tr n th, Cung quc cng. N h c c

Nguyn Hu, Nguyn L em qun vo nh Gia nh. Qun Nguyn b

nh bi khp ni. Nguyn Phc Thun, Nguyn Phc Dng u b git.
Nguyn Hu v Nguyn L c ngi Ji gi Gia nh v r t qun v Quy
Nhtin Mt ngi chu ca Phc Khot l Nguyn nh, c s ng h ca
cc i a ch G ia nh, hp qun nh chim i Gia Dnh.
Nin 1778, Nguyn Nhc !n ngi hong , t nin hiu T h i c,

phong Nguyn Hu lm Long nhng tng qun, Nguyn L lm tit ch.

C c nm 1 7 8 2 , 1 7 8 3 , qun T y Sn hai ln nh vo Gia nh. Qun
Ngiiyn nh th t bj nng n, tm b Gia nh chy trn sang Xim .
-

Chnh quyn cha Nguyn b nh nhng Nguyn nh vn khng

chu t b m ong mun khi phc c c a dng h. S a n g Xim , nh xin

vua Xim em qun nh T y Sn, cu gip minh. Cui thn g 7 nm 1784,
hai ting Chiu T n g , Chiu . Sng c lnh em 2 vn thy qun, 3 0 0
chic thuyn v tng Chiu Thy Bin em 3 vn b binh cng Nguyn
nh, Chu V n T ip nh v Gia nh. Cho n cui nm , gn mt na
t Gia nh thuc v qun Xim - Nguyn nh. Tng T y Sn l
T r ng Vn a gi vng hai thnh Gia Dnh v M Tho.
Kiu c n g v th n g li nhanh chng ca mnh, qun Xim mc s c cp
ph, t nh ly ca, git ngi rt tn bo. Nhn dn Gia nh c h t cha
cm th, ngy ngy mong i qun Ty S n tin vo gii phng cho h.
T in bo v, Nguyn Hu c lnh cm qun tin vo ginh li t Gia
nh. u th n g 1 nm 1785, qun Ty S n vo ng li M Tho. By
gi qun X im - Nguyn nh ang ng S a c, chun b t n cng

4 16

DI CONG LCH

V IT NAM

M Tho. T r n quyt chin din ra trn khc sng M Tho t R ch G m

n Xoi Mt (v sau c gi l trn Rch Gm - Xoi M t) vo s n g
ngy 1 9 - 1 - 1 7 8 5 . Nguyn Hu nh qun ch vo trn a mai phc, v nh
cho chng tan tnh chl cn vi ngn qun chy b v nc. C hnh s nh
Nguyn sau ny cng phi tha nhn rng: "Ngi Xim sau tr n th u a nam
Gip Thn (1 7 8 5 ) ngoi ming tuy ni khoc nhng trong bng thi s qun
Ty Sn nh s cp".
Chin th n g Rch Gm - Xoi Mt th hin ti nng qun s kit xut
ca v c h soi Nguyn Hu v tinh th n chin u anh dng, qu yt lit
ca qun i T y Sn. Chin thng cng khng nh quyn lm ch xng
ng ca ngha qun Ty Sn i vi t ng T ron g ng thi.

3. Lt chinh quyn L - Trnh

Trong khi ngha qun Ty Sn nh chnh quyn cha N guyn, nh
tan qun xm lc Xim cng nhu, t nhiu nm trc , Nguyn N hc
t xng hong , ly Bn lm kinh ... th tinh hnh ng Ngoi ngy
cng kh khn. Mt ma, i km lin tip xy ra. Nm 1 7 8 2 , T rn h Sm
cht, T rn h Khi lm o chinh, qun s nhn t gy nn "lon kiu b in h
Chnh quyn L - Trnh khng cn c iu kin quan tm n m t nam
na. T h u n Ha, tng Hong Ng Phc cht, Phm Ng Cu c c
trn th Ph Xun. Tuy bit t nhiu v hot ng ca qun T y Sn, P hm
NgO Cu, H ong Dnh T h vn khng ng tnh gi m qun lnh ca cha
T rnh thl m t mi vl cnh

Ba nm trn th Lu n
Ngy th canh dim, ti dn vic quan...
Trong bi cnh d, mt vin tng ca cha Trnh l Nguyn Hu Chnh,

trc y l ngi mang n, kim vo phong cho Nguyn Nhc, a b

hng ng T rn h theo v vi qun T y Sn.
Sau khi nh tan 5 vn qun Xim v b l Nguyn nh, v danh tng
Nguyn Hu cng c li chnh quyn T y Sn G ia nh ri r t v. T h n g
li to ln m ny 3inh tng chim li Ph X u n c c th lnh
Ty Sn. Dc Nguyn Hu Chnh gi v sn sn g gp sc, Nguyn Nhc
quyt nh c Nguyn Hu lm ti t c h qun thy b cng V V an Nhm,
Nguyn Hu Chnh tin ra Ph Xun. Dng mu li gin H ong nh T h
v Phm Ng Cu, ngha qun Ty Sn nhanh chng h thnh Ph Xun

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

417

ri nhn th n g li, tin ra chim nt c c dinh cn li nam sng Gianh.

t ng T ro n g hon ton thuc v qun Ty Sn.
Vi kh th ca mt o qun bch chin, bch thng, Nguyn
Hu d nh vt sng Gianh nh ra B c h nhng cha m
quyt nh. Nhn bit c , mt ln na, Nguyn Hu
Chinh li khuyn ngh nh tip. Theo s c, khi Nguyn Hu
hi, Nguyn Hu Chnh m nh dn ndi: vic binh ct thn
tc, tng qun mi nh mt tr n m ly c Thun Hda, uy
anh ru ng ng c Bc h. . Nay B c h, tng th nht, qun
th kiu, ta nn tha thng m nh ly". Nguyn Hu li hi:
"Mt nc dng c my tr m nm, nay nht m n nh,
ngi ta s cho qun mnh

l qun gi?". Chnh p : Nay B c

h c vua li c cha.,,

h T rn h ting l ph chnh nhng

k thc l hip ch vua L, ngi trong nc t lu chn

ght... Nay tng qun ly danh ngha ph L dit T rn h th
thin h ai l khng hng ng?" Nguyn Hu li hi: "nhng
lm tri mnh trn hay sao?', Chnh ni: "lm tri mnh l vic
nh, lp c cng l vic ln.,, hung chi, tng ngoi, mnh
vua c n g khng theo. Tng qun h l khng r iu hay

sao?"^*\
X c nh l l, Nguyn Hu Nguyn L li gi T hun Hta, sai
ngi v Quy N han bo co vi Nguyn Nhc, cn t mnh cng c c tng
kbc tin
chim

ra B c h theo hai ng thy b. Qun Ty Sn nhanh chdng

V H o n g <Nam nh) ri ko qun qua Ph Hin tin v T h n g

Long. Di l c "ph L dit Trnh", qun Ty Sn ku gi nhn dn Bc

h ng h v t tn cng T hn g Long. Qun T rn h do Hong P h n g C
ri tip T rn h K hi ch huy u b nh tan. T rn h Khi b chy ln Sn
Ty ri b bt.
Ngy 21 th n g 7 nm 1786, Nguyn Hu ko i qun vo T h n g Long.
Chnh quyn ca h Trnh b lt . Nguyn Hu trao l quyn hnh cho
vua L H i n T n g v c vua L phong tc Uy quc cng. Vua L cng
nhng cho Ty Sn t Ngh An gi l thng cng. Sau khi hon
th n h mi vic, Nguyn Hu rt qun v Nam.
-

Qun T y S n rt v, Bc h ri lon. Nn di honh hnh, nhn dn

cc kh, vua L Chiu Thng k v L H in T ng b t lc trong vic chng

chi vi th lc h Trnh do Trnh Bng ng u, ang c sc phc ng

(1) Hr^ ^ nh ihng chi. Nxb Vn hc, I-ii Ni, 194
2 7 - C L S V N T .t p

418

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

c c, D a vo s gip ca Nguyn Hu Chinh (sau khi qu n T y

Sn rt, a tr li B c h), Chiu Thng nh bi qun T r n h , t ph ph
cha. T ron g nhn dn truyn nhau cu i:

T h i n h m t chung cha, chu n g mt, d in h yn sa o dc

H o n g thng d t p h cha, p h d t r i th d i n c n g tro
Nguyn Hu Chinh nhn lng quyn, chng li T y Sn, cho ngi
vo i li Ngh An. Cui nm 1787, Nguyn Hu (Bc bnh vng, lm
ch vng t t Ph X un ra B c theo s phn chia ca Nguyn N hc) c
Ng Vn S, V Vn Nhm em qun r a dit Chinh. T r c sc tn cng
d di ca qun T y Sn, Nguyn Hu Chnh v L Chiu T h ng r nhau
chy ln pha bc. Gia ng, qun s b trn ht. Hu Chinh chy n
Yn T h (B c Giang) th b bt v b git. L Chiu T h n g trn th o t ri
vt biTi gii chy aang t Qung Ty. Nh L sp sau gn 4 t h k
tr v t nc. V Vn Nhm thu xp mi vic, lp m t ngi h L l L
Duy Cn lm gim quc b nhn. c thng bo v s lng quyn ca
Nhm, Nguyn Hu vi v ra Bc, b t git Nhm v c Ng Vn S ln
*

thay, ng thi thu nhn mt 8 quan li, 6 phu tin b B c h nh Ng

Thi Nhm, P han Huy ch, Nguyn T h Lch, V Huy T n v.v... giao quyn
hnh, chc v cho h, th hin ng thc trng dng ngi hin ti.
Nh vy l sau hn 15 nm khi ngha, nh nam, dp bc, qun T y
Son ngy c n g ln mnh hon thnh mt s nghip to ln: nh 3
tp on phong kin thng tr Nguyn, T rn h , L, lm ch c t nc. Tuy
nhin, cng cn thy rng vo nm 1 7 8 8 ny, th lc h L vn cn lay lt
v trong bc ng cng a c a cu n h Thanh, cn m t ham, nhi
cuc xung t, bt ha ca anh em Nguyn Nhc, Nguyn H u v nhn s
thoi hta ca Nguyn Nhc, s bt lc c a Nguyn L, t t X im , Nguyn
nh a tr v, m t ln na da vo bn i a ch y chim li Gia
nh. S nghip ca phong tro T y S o n vn cha trn vn.

III. CUC KHNG CHIN CHNG

XM Lc MN THANH
. Quftn Thanh vo Thng Long
Thot s a n g c Qung Tay, vua ti L Chiu T hn g vi n cu cu
tun ph Qung Tay l Tn Vnh T h an h v vit th cho T n g c Lng

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

419

Qung l T n SI Ngh. C hai, mc du c s qun Tfiy Sn "m t phen

ra tay nh c c triu nh 3 0 0 nm", vn t thi s n sng
gip vua L "phc tn" nhan t t th binh gi ly An N am , lm mt
vic m c .hai cng. Tn S Ngh dng s ln vua T h anh Cn Long
ni r nh . Sau khi kim tra cn thn, vua Cn Long ng , h
lnh iu ng binh ma 4 tinh Qung Dng, Q ung Ty, Vn Nam, Qu
Chu t t c 2 9 vn ngi {bao gm c dn phu), do Tn S Ngh lm tng
ch huy, chia lm 4 o tin sang nc ta :
Do th n h t i theo ng Lng Son, do T n S Ngh chi huy.
o th hai i theo ng Cao Bng, do tri ph S m Nghi ng chi huy.
o th ba i theo ng Tuyn Quang, do c i kinh ch huy.

o th t theo hng Qung Ninh, tin vo ng Hi Dng.

Ngoi ra, C n Long d nh c mt o thy qun vt bin vo Thun
Hta sn sn g phi hp vi b binh nh t pha bc xung. Tuy nhin, Cn
Long cng r t th n trng ch th cho Tn SI Ngh: 'vic qun phi t t",
nu thun th nh mnh, lp cng to, nu khng thun thl "lm n cho
c hai bn", "ta ng i binh kim ch... ri s x tr sau". Tn SI Ngh
cng nhn , b an b mt bn qun lut 8 iu, phng mi bin c bt
thng xy r a tron g chin u
Thng 11 nm 1788, qun Thanh t tin vo nc ta. Tng T y Sn
ng Lng Sn l Phan Khi c u hng. Tin bo v Thng Long. Ng
Vn S hi cc tng bn cch i ph. Mt s ngh nh ngay theo cch

ca L Li thi xa. Trn co 8 phn tch iong quan lc lng ca hai bn,
thi xa v thi nay, Ng Thi Nhm khng tn thnh ch trng ca Nguyn
Vn Dng v ngh: tm rt lui vo ng gi phng tuyn T am ip (Ba
Di - Ninh Bnh) - Bin Sn (Thanh Hta) cho qun Thanh vo T h n g Long
ri cho ngi cp bo vi Nguyn Hu em qun ra tiu dit chng, ta nh
"cho chng ng tr mt m ri li ui i". Ng Vn S a tn thnh ngh
, mt m t h lnh cho qun s b m t rt v Tam ip - Bin Sn, mt mt
c Nguyn V n Tuyt phi nga v Ph Xun co cp.
Dc s dn ng v ni ng ca tn qun L Chiu Thng, ngy 17
th n g 12 nm 1 7 6 8 , qun ch lc ca Tn SI Ngh ko vo chim ng
T h n g Long. D phng th T hng Long, T n SI Ngh cho o quan c a Sm
Nghi ng dng Khng Thng (ng a - H Ni), o qun ca
i Kinh dng Sn Ty, lp nhiu n ly lin tip T hanh QuyTt, Nht

420

DI CONG LCH s VIT NAM

To, H Hi, Ngc Hi, Vn in..., cn minh th ng i b n doanh

cung Ty Long (b sng Hng thuc H Ni).
Lm ch c T h n g Long v cc x pha bc, Tn S Ngh hng hch,
th cho qun s mc sc lm cn", 'cp bc nh giu c , "hm hip n
b, khng cn kng sd g c". By gi, theo s c "lun nm m t ma i
km, nht l nm y li cng qu lm , "triu nh c thc q u n lng,
cc chu huyn u khng cung ng. Nh vua sai cc quan chia nhau lm,
n ni dn chng c ngi phi khc lc m dng np", "bao nhiu lng
tin thu c ca dn u em cung n cho h ht s c h ^*^. T r c tinh
hnh , chnh b Thi hu cng phi ku ln "Thi! dit vong n ni ri!".
Trong lc t thl L Chiu Thng m t m t tr th, bo on r t ti tin,
mt m t hng ngy n chu chc bn doanh ca Tn S N gh rt nhc
nh v b chng khinh bl. Nhn dn T h n g Long than th: "Nc Nam ta
t khi ct , ct vng n nay, cha thy bao gi c ng vua lun c
hn nh th".
Mt s quan tng nh L st rut, xin Tn S Ngh xu t qun. Ngh
kiu ngo tr li: "gic cn gy, ta hy nui cho bo, chng t n dng
tht cho t a v t ngy 2 5 thng chp nm Mu T hn ( 2 0 - 1 - 1 7 8 9 ) th cho
qun s chi bi, quy ph n xun.

2. Quang Trung d ph qun xm lc

Nhn c tin cp bo, ngy 22 th n g 12 nm 1 7 8 8 (25 th n g 11 Mu
Thn) Nguyn Hu sai ngi lp n pha nam ni Ng B n h (Hu), t
co tri t, ln ngi hong , ly nin hiu l Quang Trung, ri lp tc
ra qun, Ngy 26, Quang T rung n Ngh An, ng qun li m t thi gian
m thm qun. Ch trong my ngy, thanh nin trai trn g a phng n
nc ko v, hng hi tng qun lm cho qun s tng ln n trn 10 vn.
Quang Trung cng cho mi La Sn phu t Nguyn Thip n hi kin. Phu
t a khng nh: "... Nu nh gp thi khng ngoi 10 ngy s ph tan c".
Ri tip t, Quang Trung ko qun ra Thanh Ha tuyn thm lnh mi. Ngy
20 thng chp Mu Thn (1 5 - 1 -1 7 8 9 ) i qun T y Sn tp kt phng tuyn
Tam ip - Bin Sn, Nghe bo co ca Ng Vn S, Quang T ru n g t tn
thnh ch trng ca Ng Thi Nhm v cng cc tng chun b cuc tng
tn cng. Ton qun c chia lm 5 o ;

(1) Ong mc. q. X X X B s h c .! l Ni 960, !r. 60.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

421

Dao th nht nh thng vo cc n ly pha nam T h n g Long v l

o qun ch lc, do Quang Trung trc tip ch huy
Do th hai do c Long (tc ng T in ng) ch

huy, nh vo n

Khong Thng ri qua ca Ty Nam thc su vo T h n g Long.

o th ba o i c Bo ch huy, tin vo i ng (Thng

Tn -

H Ty), chun b tham gia tiu dit n Ngc Hi.

Do th t do c Tuyt ch huy, vt bin ln ng Hi Dng uy
hip int ng ca qun gic.
o th 5 do i c Lc chi huy, vt bin vo

sng Lc Du sn

sn g tiu dit tn qun ca gic.

K hoch tc chin sn sng, Nhim v ca cc o qun c xc
nh. Quang T ru n g ngh n ngy T t c truyn ca dn tc v vo ngy
cui th n g chp nm Mu Thn, quyt nh m tic khao qun, gi l n
T t trc, ch "n ngy mng 7 thng ging vo T h ng Long s lm l h
nu, mng chin th n g . Ri sau , l "th s" c t chc tron g khng
kh h hi, quyt chin ca ton qun, gia m Giao tha thanh vng,
Quing T r u n g c va ng li hch :

nh ch o d d i tc
n h ch o d en rng
n h ch o n c h c h lun b t p h n
nh ch o n p h i g i p b t h on
n h ch o s tri N am qu c an h hng ch i hu ch
Nhu li m t ca tc gi L Qu K s : "Hu dt li, ch qun d ran
nh sm , rung ng c hang ni, tri t i mu. Ri ching trng ng
thi khua vang, qtin lnh gp rt ln ng ra Bc".
C c n tin tiu ca ch nh Gin Khu, Thanh Quyt, N ht T o in
t b h. Khng m t tn lnh ch no chy thot. Na m ngy mng 3
tt, qun Quang T ru n g bao vy 6n H FIi (Thng T n - H Ty, cch
tr u n g tm T h n g Long 20km ) ng vo lc qun Thanh ang say sa trong
gic ng. Theo ng k hoch nh, Quang T ru n g cho bc loa gi hng,
ht hong, bt ng khi nghe ting loa vang nh sm dy, l gic b tay xin
hng. n H H b dit gn.
Q uang T ru n g cho ng qun li, chun b trn quyt chin sp ti n
Ngc Hi (thuc Thng Tn, trn quc l 1, cch T h n g Long 14 km). Theo
phn b ca Tn S Ngh, n Ngc Hi gi v tr then cht m t nam
T h n g Long v uc giao cho ph tng Ha T h Hanh ch huy.

422

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

Ngy mng 4 Tt, ang vui v n ung thi T n S Ngh c tin "quan
qun n H Hi u b qun Ty Son nh p b t h t ri!". Q u n s nh
Thanh cng hong s ni vi nhau: "T h t l tng tr n trd i xung, qun

di t chui ln". n Ngc Hi lp t c c t n g vin. T n S Ngh dn

ht tm tr vo vic nh gi Ngc Hi.
Sau khi nghin cu k tinh hinh ch v n h n dc tin v hai o qun
ca c Long v i c Bo, Quang T r u n g t k h o ch t c chin
v cho qun chuQ b y v kh v qun tra n g , q u n dng. N gy m ng
5 Tt K Du ( 3 0 - 1 - 1 7 8 9 ) lc tri cn cha sn g , i t n g b in h ca Q uang
Trung bt th n tin nhanh v pha Ngc Hi. H a T h H a n h lp t c ra
lnh cho i k binh thin chin xng ra nghenh chin, n h n g va th y voi,
on nga ch a hong lon rt lui. Dch b n ra nh m a. on voi chin
chia thnh hai cnh t, hu m ng cho i x u n g kch tin ln. 6 0 0 chin
s cm t ch ia thnh 2 0 ton, c 1 0 ngi, dao ngn d t bn hng, cng
nhau khing m t tm mc ln, bn ngoi qun rm t xng ln pha trc,
pha sau c 2 0 chin 9 khc i theo, kt th n h nhng bc t n g di ng.
i bc, cung n, ha m ca ch b n r a ti t p "khdi ta m tri" nhng

khng ngn ni bc tin ca on qun cm t. Ap s t chn ly, cc chin

s xung kch b cc t m mc xung, r t dao v Cc oi v kh k h c xng
vo chin u d di. Cng lc , theo s chi huy ca Q u a n g T ru n g , h n g
vn qun t a o t xdng ln tip chin, i bc v ha h b n d di. T r c
sc t n cng nh v bo ca qun ta, ch chng khn g ni, quay u b
chy tn lon. "Qun Ty Son tha t h chm git lung tung, th y n m y
ng, mu ch y thnh sui". Ha T h H anh, T h n g duy T h n g c n g nhiu
tn tng khc t trn. n Ngc Hi b h.

Hng vn qun Thanh tho chy v pha T hng Long, b qun ta nghi
binh nn dn v ng Qunh , nh t y chy qu a c u v V n D i n r
ra T h n g Long. Theo ng k hoch, o qun c a i c B o a mai
phc sn m n bc Qunh , ra dn ch vo khu m M c v tiu dit.
Cng ng vo lc Quang T ru n g cho qun nh vo n N gc Hi, theo
ng k hoch nh, o qun c a c L on g (ng) t n c n g nh v
bo vo n Khng Thng - D ng Da. B t n cn g b t ng, qun gic
hong lon, chng yu t. H ng ngn qufin T h a n h t t r n . N h n dn 9
x ngoi th n h si ni dng rm r bn th n h hlnh rng, t ln xng vo
doanh tri gic tr chin. Tng ch huy gic l S m N ghi n g tu y t vng,
tht c cht ti s ch huy. H n g tr m th n bin h c a hn c n g t s t theo.
Tha thng, c Long h qun nh v tru n g t m T h n g Long.
Vo lc ca n h t sng ngy mng 5 T t, ting s n g nd lin hi m n tay
nam a lm Tn SI Ngh tinh gic. n Ngc Hi b t n cng. ang lo

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

423

CH DN

Qun Ty Sn tp kt
Sn Irn cng

i br> oanh ch
on ch b tiu dit

S (rn N gc H - Dng D

&TO

phao

424

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

lng hng v pha t i tin, Tn s Ngh bng thy la rc ch y pha

ng a v tin g qun ta h reo ngy cng gn, Y ht hong, khng cn
bit x tr ra sao na, nh nhy ln "ngva khng kp tng yn, ngi khng
kp mc o gip" cng mt s ty tng chy qua cu phao, vt sng Hng
ln mn bc. Qun s thy tng chy, bn ha nhau chy theo, chen
chc vt qua cu. Cu gy. H n g vn qun T h an h ri xung nc cht,
tri theo dng sng Nh, T n qun ca Tn SI Ngh chy n P h n g Nhn
th b o qun ca c Lc ra nh git, phi chui li th eo ng
rng chy v B c. Qun ca i kinh Sn T y c tin , c n g ko
nhau rt v nc, khi qua Tuyn Quang, chng cng b cc i dn binh
ngi Ty n nh ti bi, phi vt v lm mi v c Vn N am
T ra ngy m ng 5 T t K Du ( 3 1 - 1 - 1 7 8 9 ) vua Quang T ru n g ngi trn
lng voi, o bo xm en khi sng, i u i qun tin vo T h n g Long
gia cnh mng vui khn xit ca n hn dn

M y tnh m tan tri l i sng

thnk g i tr m t n h u hoa
C h un g vai st cnh cn g nhau ni

vn

thuc ni

ang

ta

(Ng N gc u)
Nh vy l, trong vng cha y 5 ngy m va hnh qun th n tc
va chin

quyt Ht, dng cm, c ng v y sng to, di s ch

o ca ng ch huy qun s thin ti Q uang Trung, qun ta p tan

hon ton mng tng xm chim nc ta ca qun Thanh cng nh mu
"rc voi giy m" ca b l L Chiu Thng, gi vng nn c lp dn
tc. Chin th n g oanh lit Ngc Hi - ng a cng nh tn tui ca ngi

anh hng o vi Quang Trung mi mi sng ngi trong lch s khng chin
chQg ngoi x&tn bo v T quc anh hng ca dn tc ta.
Sau ngy chin thng, lm ch T h n g Long, Q uang T ru n g pht ngay li
chiu ku gi gic r a hng, vi nhng cu : " i ! vic qun, y l ci c

trong thin h, gp ch thi git, vic v l thng, bt c m tha, xa

cha tng cd.
T rm ng tri thun ngi, nhn thi cch mnh, ly vic binh nhung
ch c thin h. K la nh vin tng c Tn S Ngh cc ngi... v6 c
gy nn binh hn, em qun sang ca quan, 2 9 vn tro non vt b... bt
l cc ngi l dn v ti phi mc vo hn n mi tn. .
Trm m t c ch huy, qut sch l kin... ch v th c hiu sinh ca
Thng , lng c bao dung, tha tnh mnh cho c c ngui, hp chiu ban
xung pht phi vo cc c i... cp cho lng thng l ngi khi ci
kh kp cm...

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

425

ng vng gi coi bn b nh mt nh, trm em bng mnh vo

bng ngui, cc ngi nn th tm lng nh th, ch nn ng s... bo
ci c ti sinh !
Ri , khi qun Thanh b trn ra u th ht, Quang T rung noi vi
Ng Thi Nhm : "Nay phm nhng qun tan nt m t a bt Cj nn u
cp cho lng n, tm ni an tr ri a tr sa n g ca quan".
(Theo Ty S on n g oi s)
T mt cuc khi ngha t Ty Sn pht tri n n thnh mt phong
tro nng dn rng ln* nh cc tp on phong kin ang thng tr
v n y, vi cuc khng chin chng xm lc Mn T h an h , phong tro
Ty Sn tr thnh mt phong tro dn tc vl i. Truyi thng yu nc
hu nh lng xung trong nhiu th k, gi y li bng ln rc r.

IV. TRIU I NGUYN - TY SON

1. S thnh lp c c vng triu Ty Sn
-

T ru n g ng hong Nguyn N hc: Sau nhng thng li bc u ca

cuc khi ngha T y Sn, c bit l i vi vng t pha nam, nm 1778,

Nguyn N hc t xng hong , t nin hiu T h i c, ly thnh Bn

(Bnh nh) lm kinh vi tn mi l thnh Hong . Nguyn Hu c

phong lm ph chnh, Nguyn L lm thiu phd. Nhiu tng lnh khc
cng c phong chc tc. Khi Nguyn Hu em qun ra nh B c h, lt
cha Trnh, Nguyn N hc s em lng quyn, vi v em mt s ty tng
i nhanh ra T h a n g Long, ri cng Nguyn Hu b m t r t qun v Quy
Nhn. Mu thun gia hai anh em ny sinh v t mu thun bng ln thnh
x u n g t gay gt. Sau 3 thng nh nhau, hai anh etn gii ha, ly Bn Vn
(Q u ng Nam) lm gii mc chia i t nc. Cuc xung t nh hng
to ln n ton b cc din ca phong tro T y Sn. T , Nguyn Nhc
chi cai qun vng t t Qung Ngi n Bnh Thun. Thoi ha, sm mong
mun tn hng nhng thnh qu ca phong tro, Nguyn N hc ch "ham
n h n vui, cu yn tm b", t ging mnh lm T y cha". T liu lch s
nhng nm cai qun ca Nguyn N hc trn t m in Nam T ru n g b khng
cn li g, chng t rng Nguyn Nhc chi bit thu thu, khng c ci cch
v cc m t. Cuc sng ca nhn dn n nh.
T nm 1790, qun ca Nguyn nh t Gia nh hng nm ko ra nh
B n h Thun, B n h Khang, Din Khnh v n nm 1 7 9 3 th tin ln vy
h m Quy Nhn. Khng chng ni k th, Nguyn N hc phi cho ngi ra
P h X un xin cu vin. By gi Quang T ru n g cht. Con l Quang Ton

426

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

ln thay, a sai tng vo gip, nh lui qun ca Nguyn nh, nhng ri

chim lun c thnh tri. Nguyn Nhc ut m cht. Quy Nhn b sp nhp
vo t ca Quang Ton.
-

ng nh vng Nguyn L; cui nm 1786, sau khi Thang Long v,

Nguyn Nhc phong Nguyn L tc ng nh vng, trn gi t Gia nh.

By gi Gia nh cn l mt vng t mi, rung t phn ln nm trong tay
cc i a ch lu nay vn tn ph cha Nguyn. Vn l mt ngi khng
gii, kh nng km, li cai qun mt vng t nh vy, Nguyn L thu hp
hot ng ca minh trong vic ng qun, thu thu cc ni, khng lm thm
^ trn p cc th lc i lp v li ko nng dn v vi mnh.
Nm 1787, nhn vic anh em Ty Sn bt ha, xung t nhau khng c
iu kin nhm ngd t Gia nh na, Nguyn nh vi mt lc lng t i
a t Xiii v nh Long Xuyn v tin v thnh Gia nh. Nguyn L
b thnh chy ra Bin Ha ri ra Quy Nhn, t Gia nh ln lt thuc
v Nguyn nh.

2. Triu di Quang Trung

Cui nam 1788, nhn tc B c binh vng do Nguyn Nhc phong,
Nguyn Hu tr thnh ngi cai qun thc s vng t t Qung Nam tr
ra Bc, mc du B c h cn tn ti chnh quyn ca vua L. Nm 1788,
kh qun Man Thanh vo Thng Long, Nguyn Hu lp n t co tri
t, ln ngi hong vi nin hiti Quang Tning. Cuc khng chin kt
thc vi thng li rc r ca dn tc, triu i Quang Trung ra i, hon
ton thay th cho Nh nc L - Trnh trc . Trong bi cnh ca x
hi i Vit cui th k XVIII, vic n ngi ca Nguyn Hu, xy dng
triu i mi l iu khng trnh khi. S kin ny cng nh du s kt
thc ca phong tro nng dn.
a.

T chc c h in h quyn : T nm 1788, sau khi tiu dit lc lng ca

Nguyn Hu Chnh, Bc bnh vng Nguyn Hu a c cc v tng ca

mnh cai qun cc trn Bc h. Ntn 1789, triu nh mi c t chc
quy c. Hong nm mi quyn hnh. Cng cha Ngc Hn (con vua L
Hin Tng) c phong lm Bc cung hong hu. Nguyn Quang Ton dc
lp lm thi t. Bn di hnh thnh mt lp quan cao cp, bao gm cc
chc Tam Thi, Tam Thiu, Tam T, Di tng qun, i ng l v.v... Cng
vic nh nc c phn cho 6 b do thng th ng u, vin Hn Lm,
Ng s i, vin Sng chnh v.v... Cc n v hnh chnh a phng vn
gi nh c. Trn do Trn th i v quan ng u, gip vic c Hip trn
l vn quan. Cc huyn u t 2 chc vn phn tri v v phn sut trng
coi. Tng c tng trng, xa c x trng.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

427

Quang Trung cng thc hin ch phn phong cc con trn tr cc khu
vc quan trng nh Quang Thy ph trch Bc thnh tit ch, Quang Bn
c trn Thanh Hoa.
Hng ng quan li bao gtn thn thuc ca nh vua (nh Bi c Tuyn)
cc v tng Ty Sn v cc cu thn nh L, t nguyn hp tc vi triu
Ty Sn (nh Ng Thi Nhm, Phan Huy ch, V Huy Tn, Nguyn Th
Lch, T rn B Lm, Nguyn B Ln, Nguyn Thip, Bi Dung Lch v.v...).
Quang Trung rt trn trng nhng nho sl ny v thng giao cho cc chc
v quan trng.
Chng hn, Quang Trung 3 !n vit th trc tip mi La Sn
phu t Nguyn Thip ra gip mnh. Trong th ln th 3 c on
vit: Qu c ( chi Quang Trung) hng ngh v m tng n,
tri 15 nm n gi, cha lc no dm qun. Khng ng nay
trng ln thnh Lc Nin c ngi ti ang d . y l tri
dnh phu t cho Qu c vy. Tuy phu t khng thm ti nhng
lng dn en trng ngng, phu t n ng lang c sao!",
Cc quan li u c bng lc theo ch hng t thu mt hay vi
x, mt s quan chc cao cp, cd cng th c cp thm rung t <nhu
Ng Thi Nhm, Phan Huy ch, Trn Quang Diu, V Vn Dang v.v...), tuy
khng nhiu <25-30 mu)
tin vic iu hnh, Quang Trung quyt nh chn dt thnh lp kinh
mi. Vic xy dng c xc tin ngay sau khi chn vng chn ni Dng
Quyt (gn Bn Thy - Ngh An) lm trung tm vi tn gi Phng Hong
trung .
Qun i c kin ton v cng c, bao gm thy binh, b binh, tng
binh, k binh v pho binh. Chin thuyn ct nhu loi, cd loi ln ch uc
voi chin, trang b 50, 60 i bc, ch c 5 0 0 - 7 0 0 qufln. V kh ct gio
mc, cung tn, sng trng, i bc, ha h. huy ng lc lng nhn
dn, Quang Trung tin hnh vic p li s h cc x.
Nhn inh c chia lm 3 hng: 9 -1 7 tui: vi cp cch
1 8 -5 5 tui: trng hng
5 6 - 6 0 tui; lo hng
Trn 60 tui: lo nhiu.
Tt c trai trng, khng phn bit sang hn, xut thn u phi ghi tn
vo s h. trnh tnh trng n lu, trn trnh, nh nc pht th tln
bi trn khc 4 ch "Thin h di tin" cho mi dn inh, i u u phi
mang theo v cd ghi h tn, qu qun v im chi.

428

DI CNG LCH s V IT NAM

V lut php, Quang Trung c d kin cho ngi son tho mt b

lut mi cho triu i mnh, song khng lm c. Thi Quang Ton, c<5
mt b H n h th mi, nhng nay khng cn na.
T rn c s b my nh nc mi, Quang Trung c gng cng c tr t t,
an ninh t nc. By gi, mc du phn ln nhn dn hng v tru
vua mi, khng t cu thn nh L, ho l a phdng vn cha chu t b
mu phc hi nh L v ch c. Mt s ngi c s dng, giao
nhiu trng trch a phng khng chu nhn nhn tnh tin b ca
triu vua mi, nn tm cch xuyn tc, ph hoi cc chnh sch ca nh
nc. Nm 1789, mt s th t vng Tuyn Quang, Cao Bng tn L
Duy Ch (em rut Chiu Thng) lm minh ch, m qun nh Cao Bng,
Tuyn Quang v mu ko xung nh p thnh Ngh An. c trn Ngh
An l Trn Quang Diu nh tan m mu t, truy ui chng v bt
sng L Duy Chi. Cc cuc bo ng Ngh An, Hi Dng, B c Giang
cng nhanh chtng b n p. Tnh hnh dn dn tm n nh.
b. P h c hi v p h i trin k in h t

Tnh hnh Bc h nhng nm 1788 - 1789 ht sc kh khn. S c vit;

"lun nm mt ma ti km, dn gian tri git lu li, cha con khng th nui
nhau, anh em khng th nng nhau"; Thanh Hda th "mt ht thc cng
khng c... sau cuc binh ha, dch tt thnh hnh, cht khng bit bao nhiu
m k", cn Ngh An thl theo Ngus^n Thip: "mt ma, dch t, k th cht
di, ngi th phiu bt" rung t bd hoang ha khp ni.
-

Nng nghip; Mt trong nhng vic lm u tin ca triu vua Quang

T rung l nhanh chng phc hi sn xut nng nghip Nm 1789, "Chiu

khuyn nng" c ban b: "Do lo cho dn khng g bng hi phc dn lu
tn, khai khn rung b ha..." "... t ic tri qua lon lc n nay, binh la
lin min bn rn, li thm di km, nhn khu lu tn, ng rung b hoang.
S inh in thc trng mi phn khng cn c 4 - 5..." v quy nh :
+ Dn u tn phi nhanh chng tr v qu c, x no cha chp ngi
trn trnh phi b trng pht. Lng x phi cung cp rung t cng cho
h cy cy, np thu.
+ Hn n thng 9 nm Kl Du (tc thng 10 -1789) x phi lm xong
s rung np ln.
+

Hn trong 3 nm, rung t trong x u phi c cy cy. "Rung

hoang x no n hn m khng c ngui nhn khai khn, nu l rung

cng th sc mc x y phi theo mc th m np gp i, nu l ruhg
t thl sung cng, np thu nh rung cng".

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

429

Mc du chnh quyn Quang Trung cha c nhng chnh sch nhm g

quyt vn rung t cui th ki XV III Dng Ngoi "Chiu khuyn
nng" vi tnh cng bc ca n c nhng hiu qu ng k. Theo s
c^ trong vng 3 - 4

nm sau ma mng tr li phong dng, nm phn

mi trong nc khi phc c cnh thi bnh\ Chnh bi ph T n g T y

h ca Nguyn Huy Lng cng T ln iu ny :
"Qua

Canh Tut (790) l i ti cn tki v, c cy u

g i c chim nhu".

Tuv nhin, vic gi nguyn tinh trng chim hu rung t c trong

hng chc nm tip theo khng phi khng hn ch dn nhng thnh qu
ca phong tro Ty Sn. Cuc sng ca ngi nng dn tr li vi trng
thi c, cui thi L - Trnh.
-

Cng thng nghip: Vi mong lun xy dng mt nn kinh t cng

thng nghip pht trin, chnh quyn Quang Trung ch trng khuyn
khch phc hi v m rng cc lng th cng cng nh vic trao i bun
bn trong nc v vi nc ngoi,
Bi ph Tung Ty h ct nhng cu : "L Thch Khi khi tun nghi
ngt'\ "T k o i oanh n gho h i ph n g dt gm , L a m nhen N m x gy
l "hoc ^'Chy Yn T h i nn trong sng chnh chong'' v.v... Nh th Phan

Huv Diu cng tha nhn vng Bt T rng "ch ph ng c, hng by

y p, mi cho i li ti tp". i vi thng nhn nc ngoi, Quang
Trung khuyn khch h ch hng ha n trao i, trnh vic ch v khl
vin tr cho nhm Nguyn nh. vng bin gii Vit - Trung, Quang
Trung cng gh nh Thanh cho thng nhn hai nc c qua li bun
bn vng Cao Bng, Lng Sn, Nam Ninh...
*

Ti chnh; chnh quyn Quang Trng cho c tin mi tiu dng.

Thu khda c nh l t thu rung t cc loi n thu thn, ph thu,

cc loi thu cng thng nghip...
Nhin chung, sau mt thi gia thc hin khn trng cc chnh sch
knh t, cuc sng ca nhn dn vng t ca triu i Quang Trung tr
l n nh vi mt s biu hin m rng v mt cng thng nghip.
c. Vn ha, g i o dc

Cng nh cc tru i phong kin trc, chnh quyn Quang Trung vn

tn sng Nho gio nhng t ra rt rng ri v cc tn gio khc. Mt s
cha c phc hi, tu b. Nhng nh s c o c, sng o u c
php tr trl cc cha, tip tc ging o hng nm, nhng k "trn vic

430

DI CNG LCH

s V I T

NAM

quan i cha", s h mang" u b bt hon tc. Cc gio s o Kit

c t do truyn o v c tn trng nu h ch lm vic tn gio ca minh.
Ch Nm c cao ln v tr ch vit chnh thc ca n tc. Theo quy
nh ca Quang Trung, mi chiu ch, mnh lnh, vn t, th t ca nh nc
u phi vit bng ch Nm. Nh , ch Nm ngy cng c s dng rng
ri trong gii tr thc, trong nhn dn. Nhiu nh th Nm ni ting xut
hin (nh Nguyn Huy Lng, L Ngc Hn, H Xun Hng...)
Quang Trung cng ch trng a cho Nm vo gio dc v khoa c,
Nam 1791, ng cho thnh lp vin Sng chnh, mi La Sn phu t Nguyn
Thip lm vin trng. Mt s nh nho gii cng c a vo y
chuyn ch cc sch thi, th ra ch Nm chun b lm ti liu gio dc
cho nhn dn c nc. Quang Trung cng ban "chiu lp hc" lnh cho cc
x& thnh lp nh x hc, chn ngi hay ch v cd c hnh lm thy gio.
Mt s cha cng c dng lm ch dy hc. Phng php hc tp ca
ngi hc cng c chn chnh theo ng tinh thn kt hp hc vi hnh
nh ngh ca Nguyn Thip theo iu hc bit m lm, ha may nhn
ti mi c th thnh tu, nh nc nh t m c vng yn". Nhng "sinh
3 quan" thi L - Trnh, sau khi thi li m khng t b thi v qu.
Nm 1789, ki thi Hng u tin c t chc Ngh An. T h sinh phi
thi tho ph bng ch Nm.
Chnh sch vn ha, gio dc cng nh thc trng tn gio, hc hnh
thi c thi Nguyn Quang Trung th hin r 8 bng ln ca thc dn
tc, ca mong mun vn ln tin tin ca ngi dn ng thi.
d. Q uan h n go i g ia o

Sau khi nh bi 29 vn qun Mn Thanh, gii phng Thng Long, mt

vn ln c t ra cho triu Quang Trung l nhanh chdng t c
mi quan h ha hiu vi nh Thanh.
T lc em qun i nh qun Thanh, Quang Trung ni vi
Ng Thi Nhm; "nay ta n y, t c vic qun, nh hay
gi a cd k c ri... Nhng nc Thanh ln hn nc ta n
10 ln, b thua chc phd tim cch ra hn. Nu c binh la
iD min, thc khng phi l phc ca nhn dn, lng ta sao
n. V vy, sau khi thng trn phi kho dng t lnh th mi
p tt c la binh".
V pha nh Thanh, sau tht b ca Tn SI Ngh, vua Cn Long rt lo
ngi mun thu xp vic ging ha nhng vn c Phc Khang An lm Tng

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

431

c Lng Qung, phao tin iu ng 50 vn qun sang tr th. Bit ca

Cn Long, Phc Khang An a c ngi sang ngh ha ho. Quang Trung
cho vit biu cu ha, sn sng triu cng. Ma thu nm 1789, Cn Long
sai s sang phong Quang Trung lm An Nam quc vng. S b ca ta
cng sang nh Thanh a th cu ha. Cn Long i Quang Trung phi
ch thn sang d l mng th 80 ca minh va th hin v tr b trn, va
xem mt ngi anh hng kit xut. Quang Trung khng nhn, nhng theo
ngh ca Phc Khang An v ca nhng ngi thn cn, ng phl cho
chu ngoi l Phm Cng Tr dng Quang Trung gi sang triu cn vua
Cn Long. S b ta c thm Ng Vn Sd, Phan Huy ch... c tn tip
long trng, Cn Long ban thng nhiu chu bu v sai th v chn dung
ca Quang Trung gi. Sau , Quang Trung xin c nh Thanh b l cng
ngi vng, m ca i cho hai bn bun bn. Quan h Vit - Trung ha
hu, tt p. Nm 1792, Quang Trung c mt s b do V Vn Dng ng
u sang Thanh xin cu hn mt cng cha thm d thi , nhng s
b va tn ng th Quang Trung mt, nn thi.
i vi cc nc pha ty nh Vn Tng (Lo), Min in (Mianma),
Qiang Trung u c quan h tt.
Triu i Quang Trung ang i dn vo th i nh vi xu th tin b,
cuc sng ca nhn dn cng ang hi phc, th, thng 9 nftm 7 9 2 , Quang
T run g mt t ngt (39 tui). HT 4 nm cm quyn trong bi cnh mt
t nc va thot ra khi cnh suy thoi, on lc^ chin tranh c lit,
ngi anh hng o vi" Quang Trung cha th m gi hn a x hi
phong kin Di Vit vt qua c cuc khng hong, vn mnh in cng
th gi tin tin.
e. S sp ca cc vng triu T y Sn

Nguyn nh chim li Gia nh: c tin anh em Ty Sn bt ha,

phn chia dt nc cai qun, Nguyn nh cng mt s ty tng t

Xim b mt rt v Long Xuyn, vi mt lc lng ngy cng ng, Nguyn
nh ln lt chm li cc vng t thuc Gia nh v lm ch ton rnn.
Mc du vy, Nguyn Anh vn cha tin vo sc minh c th ch li vi
c c vng triu Ty Sn, nht l vng triu Quang Trung. Mt mt nh
ra sc luyn qun, kn tng, lp binh n in sn xut tch ly lng
thc, xy dng n ly vng chc, mt khc tm cch lin h v nc ngoi,
nh gip . T sm, lc cc cha Nguyn chy vo Gia nh r b qun
T y Sn tiu dit, Nguyn nh chy thot v t ra quyt tm khi phc c
ca dng h, cc gio al v thong nhn phng Ty hot ng ng

432

I CONG LCH s VIT NAM

Trong nhn thy y l c hi ht sc thun li cho s xm nhp ca

nc h vo nc ta. H th hin nh gip Nguyn nh v ngi
m nh tin tng l gio s B a Lc (tc gim mc Arng).
T nm 1777, B a Lc gp v gip Nguyn nh chy thot
khi cuc truy ui ca qun Ty Si. Cui nm 1784, trong
khi cu cu qun Xim, nh vn giao th v hong t Cnh
cho B a Lc a sang Php nh gip. Thng 11-1787 c
s ng ca vua Php L u ^ XVI, B a Lc thay m t
Nguyn nh k hip c Vecxay v s tha thun gip ga
hai bn. Cch mng Php lm gin on s can thp ca
Php, nhng B Da Lc vi mu su xa ca minh t i
vn ng bn t bn, m ngi. Thng 9 "1 7 8 8 j chic tu Php
ch 1000 khu sng n o Cn L. Tip

tu Php li

ch sang nhiu sl quan, binh Hnh Php c n g i b c v.v .

Da vo s gip ca nc ngoi, Nguyn nh em qun nh ra
Bnh Thun, Quy Nhn. Du nm 1792, c bit nhng hot ng ca
Nguyn nh pha nam v s bt lc ca Nguyn Nhc, Quang Trung
quyt nh t chc mt cuc hnh qun ln nh ui chng. K hoch
lm cho qui Nguyn nh ht hong, cu cu li qun Xim. Nhng
cuc hnh qun mi bt u thl Quang Trung t nhin qua i. Quang
Ton v triu thn khng sc tip tc.
Nm 1793, Quang Ton chim Quy Nhn khin Nguyn Nhc ut m
cht. Mu thun n b triu nh Ty Sn ngy cng tng. Thi s Bi
c Tuyn lng quyn, bt b, git hi nhng ngi chng ii mnh. La Sn
phu t t chc tr v qu. Mt s ngi khc hoc xin co quan hoc b
chy theo Nguyn nh. Hai v tng gii nht l Trn Quang Diu v V
Vn Dng bt ha vi nhau. Vn Dng sau khi em qun bt git Bi c
Tuyn ko qun vo nh Quang Du, by g ang vAy cht qun
Nguyn nh do V Tnh chi huy Quy Nhn. Quang Ton phi cho ngi
vo ging ha.
Li dng s suy yu ca triu nh Ty Sn, Nguyn nh tng cng
cc cuc tn cng. Nh&n dn ao ng khng cn nhn Ty Sn nh nhng
i din ca mnh na. Lon lc, chin tranh qu nhiu, h qu cc
kh v chn nn, trong lc bn a ch, quan li c thl mong ch quti
Nguyn nh ko ra. Thng 6 nm 1801, li dng lc T rn Quang Diu v
Vu Vn Dng vy nh Quy Nhn, Nguyn nh tn cng Ph Xun. Qun
ca Quang Ton thua chy. Ph Xun ri vo tay Nguyn nh.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

433

D kh n g dnh quyn v ca minh, Nguyn Anh t nin hiu G ia Long

(t h n g G - 1 8 0 2 ) . Cuc tn cng ra B c c tip tc. Ngh An, T h a n h Ha
v c c tr n B c T h n h ln lt ri vo tay Nguyn Anh

Q u an g T o n , Bi

Th X u n v cc a n h em c a Q ua ng Ton n lt b bt. T r n Q u a n g Diu,

V Vn Dng, sau khi h thnh Quy Nhn, b qu n Nguyn Anh t n cng
lin l c

Dc tin Ph Xu n v nhiu th n h trn pha bc b An h chim,

hai ngi b t h n h theo ng ni chy ra B c , nh ng cui c ng u b bt.

Cui th n g 7 - 1 8 0 2 , Nguyn nh xa gi ra T h n g Long. Tri u i Ty
Sn b nh . D t nc hon ton thu c v lc lng ca Nguyn Anh.
B a mi nm khng phi l mt thi gia n di, nhng phong t r o nng
dn T y Sn v ngi anh hng o vi Nguyn Hu - Q u an g T r u n g lm
nn c mt s nghip n g t ho, ng thi c ng t ra nhiu vn phc
tp c n suv ng m cho c c th h mai sau.

G ng Da - H Ni

28-E C L SV N T.tp

Chng XIV

VIT NAM NA U THE K X IX : THI NGUYN

Nm 1802, sau khi nh bi triu Ty Sn, lm ch ton b lnh th
ng Trong v ng Ngoi c, Nguyn nh t t nin hiu l Gia Long,
lp ra nh Nguyn. Cc vua nh Nguyn t Gia Long ( 1 8 0 2 -1 8 1 9 ) , Minh
Mng (1 8 2 0 -1 8 4 0 ) n Thiu Tr ( 1 8 4 1 -1 8 4 7 ), T c ( 1 8 4 8 - 1 8 8 3 ) k tip
nhau xy dng v cng c nn thng tr, bo v ch phong kin trong
bi cnh khng hong, suy vong. Tuy nhin, trong hn na th k tn ti
di triu Nguyn, x hi Vit Nam hu nh khng pht trin ln c
theo chiu hng tin b ca thi i, mu thun x hi su sc lni bng
ln hng ot cuc khi ngha ln ca nng dn, ca cc dn tc t ngi
v cui cng tr th n h i tng xm lc c a ch n g h a thc dn
phng Ty.

I. TNH HNH CHNH TR

Thnh lp v thng tr trong th k X IX , nh Nguyn tha hng c
thnh qu to ln ca phong tro nng dn Ty Sn trong s nghip thng
nht t nc, lm ch mt lnh th tri di t i Nam Quan n mi C
Mau bao gm c ng Trong v ng Ngoi c. Do m c cm vi v tr ca
mnh, nm 8 0 3 , Gia Long c s b do L Quang nh ng u, sang nh
Thanh xin quc hiu v u nm 1804 chnh thc cng b tn nc l Vit
Nam. Do phn ng ca nhn dn, nm I S I S , Gia Long cho tr li tn Di
Vit. Nm 1838, Minh Mng bt binh a khng nh li quc hiu l Di
Nam v cm nhn dn "khng c ni li hai ch Di Vit". Kinh o'ng
Ph Xun (Hu).
Nh Nguyn ra i v tn ti khng nhng trong mt bi cnh c bit
ca t nc m cn trong tnh hnh th gii ct nhiu bin chuyn ln.
Thng li ca ch ngha t bn Ty u a ko theo s pht trin ca ch

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN' 1858)

435

ngha thc dn v ca s giao lu bun bn quc t. Hng lot nc chu

A ln lt ri vo ch h thc dn v Vit Nam cng khng trnh khi
mi c da .
1, T c h c c h n h q u y n
T sm, Nguyn nh t quan, phong tng cho nhng ngi ph t.
Sau khi ly c ton b Bc H, Nguyn nh xng vcng, kim i h
thng cc n v hnh chnh c, t quan chc cai qun. ng thi Gia
Long gi nguyn cch t chc c, Dng Ngoi vn l trn, ph, huyn,
x, ng Trong th trn, dinh, huyn, x. Sau t lu, nh Nguyn nng
tng thnh mt cp hnh chnh trung gian gia huyn v x. Ngoi ra, 11
trn B c T hnh (tng ng vi Bc B ngy nay) c hp thnh mt tng
trn, 5 trn cc Nam hp thnh 1 tng trn gi l Gia nh thnh. nht
th ha cc n v hnh chnh trong nc, nm 1831 - 1832, Minh Mng
b hai tng trn, chia c nc thnh 30 tnh v ph Tha Thin (trc thuc
trung ng). Di tinh c ph, huyn, chu ri n tng, x. Theo thng
k nm 1840, c nc cd 9 0 ph, 20 phn ph, 379 huyn, 1742 tng, 18265
x, thn, phng, p. Cch chia n v hnh chnh ny c gi nguyn cho
n oui thi Nguyn.
V chnh quyn trung ng, Gia Long, Minh Mng gi nguyn h thng c
quan c ca cc triu i trc. Vua nm mi quyn hnh mt cch c on.
Gip vua vic gii quyt giy t, vn th v ghi chp c Th th vin (thi Gia
Long), sang thi Minh Mng i gi l Vn th phng v nm 1829 th chuyn
thnh Ni cc. V vic qun quc trng s th c T tr i thn (4 v in
i hc s) sau chnh thc hda thnh vin C mt (1834). Ngoi ra, nh Nguyn
t thm Tng nhn ph ph trch cc vic ca Hong gia.
BCn ui l 6 B (Li, H, L, Binh, Hnh, Cng) chu trch nhim ch
o cc cng vic chung ca Nh nc v Ng qun thng ph ph trch
qun i. Bn cnh c st vin (tc Ngf s i bao gm c 6 khoa)
ph trch thanh tra quan li, Hn lm vin ph trch sc d, cng vn,
5 T ph trch mt s cng tc s v, ph Ni v ph trch kho tng, Quc
t gim ph trch gio dc, Thi y vin ph trch thuc thang, cha bnh..,
cng mt s ti, cc. ng ch i b phn trng coi Hong gia kh phc
tp, bao gm c dn s v qun s.
cao hn na uy quyn ca nh vua, Gia Long t l "T bt"
(nhng khng ghi thnh vn bn) tc l khng t t tng, khng lp
hong hu, khng ly trng nguyn trong thi c, khng phong tc vng

436

DI CONG LCH s V IT NAM

cho ngi ngoi h vua. Cc chc tam thi, tam thiu tr thnh vinh hm
gia phong cho cc i thn.
Mt kh khn ln v chnh tr ca nh Nguyn l xy dng chnh quyn
a phng. Nm 1802, khi lm ch c Bc H v quyt nh xem Ph
Xun l quc , Ga Long buc phi tm thi hp 11 trn pha bc thnh
mt tng trn vi tn c l Bc Thnh, do Tng trn ng u (ngi u
tin l Nguyn Vn Thnh), "ban cho sc, n, 11 nl, ngoi tr n u l
thuc. Phm vic ct bi quan li, x quyt kin tng u c ty tin m
lm ri sau mi tu... Gip vic c 3 to. H to kim chc ca Cng phng;
Binh to kim chc ca Li phng; Hnh to kim chc ca L phng. Nm
1808, 5 trn cc Nam cng c hp thnh tng trn vi tn Gia nh
thnh, quan chc tng t nh Bc Thnh. (Tng trn u tin ca Gia
nh thnh i Nguyn Vn Nhn). Bn di, ban u cc trn ng Ngoi
c, Gia Long t Trn th ng u, gip vic ct hai ti; T th a gm 3
phng Li, Binh, Hlnh v Hu tha gm 3 phng H, L, Cng. Nm 1804,
i vi cc dinh trn ng Trong c, Gia Long b cc ti X sai, Lnh s
theo ng h thng c quan nh cc trn ng Ngoi. Ngoi ra cn 3
o (cha c nng thnh trn) Long Xuyn, Kin Giang, Thanh Bnh
(Ninh Bnh ngy nay) u chi t mt ti li thuc gm c 6 phng.
Nh vy, bn cnh s nht th ha v t chc chnh quyn a phng
c s tn ti ca hai khu vc gn nh c lp bc v nam. m bo
s lnh o thng nht v m bo quyn lc nh vua, Gia Long cho sa
p h thng ng giao thng chnh t cc a phng v tru ng ng v
t mt h thng trm dch nhm chuyn vn th (thi Gia Long l 98,
thi Minh Mng l 147). Tuy nhin, t ch l mt gii php ct tnh cht
qu , "quyn nghi tm t" nh nhn nh ca Minh Mng, gy nhiu
kh kh&n cho s thng tr ca nh Nguyn.
Nm 1 8 3 1-1 83 2, Minh Mng tin hnh mt cuc ci cch hnh chnh
a phng, xa b cc tng trn, i cc dinh trn thnh tnh. By gi c
nc c 30 tnh v mt ph Tha Thin. Nm 1831, i cc tr n pha bc
thnh 18 tnh:
Qung Bnh, Qung Tr, H Tnh, Ngh An, Thanh Ha, Ninh Bnh, Nam
nh, H Ni, Hng Yn, Hi Dng, Qung Yn, Sn Ty, B c Ninh, Tuyn
Quang, Hng Ha, Thi Nguyn, Lng Sn, Cao Bng.
Nm 1832, i cc inh trn pha nam thnh 12 tinh:

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN TKY DN 1858)

437

Qung Nam, Qung Ngi, Bnh Dnh, Ph Yn, Khnh Ha, Bnh Thun,
Phin An, Bin Ha, An Giang, Vnh Long, nh Tng, H Tin.
Dng u tinh l cc chc Tng c (ph trch 2 3 tinh) v Tun ph
ph trch mt tnh, di quyn Tdng c). Gip vic c hai ti l B chnh
s li v n st s ti. V qun s c cc chc nh. binh. Quan chc a
phng ch yu do Trung ng b nhim v chu trch nhim trc hai
cp: Tng c - Tun ph v Trung ng H thng hnh chnh trung ng
v a phng c phn bit r rng, quyn hnh tp trung hn na vo
tay nh vua. iu ng ch l cc chc ng u tinh thng l v quan
cao cp.
Di tnh l ph, huyn, chu v tng, x. Chnh quyn tng - x c
t chc cht ch ihm m bo quyn lc nh nc v gii quyt cc kh
khn mt cch kp thi.
Di vi vng thng du, ch yu i 6 ngoi trn ca Bc Thnh, Minh
Mng ch trng nht th ha v mt hnh chnh cng vi min xui. Nm
1829, Nh nuc b l th tp cc th ti vng dn tc t ngi, cho quan
a phng chn c nhng "th ti, ho mc... thanh lim, ti nng cn cn
c dn tin phc "lm Th tri chu, Th tri huyn. Tip , nh Nguyn
cng phn chia li thnh chu, huyn ln nh theo din tch v inh s.
Sau khi t chc li chnh quyn a phng min xui, Minh Mng cho
t ch lu quan cc tnh Tuyn Quang, Thi Nguyn, Lng Sn, Cao
Bng, nhm trc tip khng ch cc th quan v tin hnh thu thu cc
loi nh min xu. Ch tu quan vn c thc hin th min ni
Ngh An, nay a ra B dng y. Do s bt mn ca cc lu quan, vo
nhng nm tr c khi thc dn Php xm lc, nh Nguyn b ch
ny.
Ban u, quan li ch yu bao gm nhng ngi c cng theo Nguyn
nh chng Ty Sn (bao gm c mt s ngi Php nh Senh (Chaigneau),
Vani (Vanier), mt s cu thn nh L hoc t thi L. V sau, thng
qua thi c, Nh Nguyn mi thm ngi b dng. Tuy tihn, nam 1807
m c khoa thi Hng u tin, nm 1822 mi m khoa thi Hi u tin.
Ngi i thi t nn quan chc khng th chi dng s ngi cd thi c t
cn thit.
Quan li hng lng theo phm hm, khng c rung lc m ch yu
nhn tin v go. Thi Gia Long, quan nht phm c cp hng nm 600

438

DI CNG LCH S V IT N.\M

quan tin v 6 0 0 phong go, cu phm c cp 16 quan tin v 16 phng

go. Thi Minh Mng, theo quy ch nm 1827;
Nht phm c cp 4 0 0 quan + 300 phng go, o qun 70 quan, tin
tut 400 quan
Tng nht phm c cp 300 quan + 2 0 0 phng go, o qun 6 0 quan,
tin tut 3 00 quan
... Tng cu phm c cp 18 quan +

16 phng go, go qun 4 quan,

tin tut 40 quan

Rung t thi hdng theo php qun in.
B my quan li thi Nguyn ni chung khng cng knh cng khng
ng o, song khng vl th m bt t tham nhng. Nm 1807, Senh
nhn xt: "Dn chng v cng di kh, vua quan bc lt thm t. Cng l
l mt mtn hng mua bn, k giu c th cng khai st hi ngi ngho
v tin chc rng vi th lc ng tin, l phi s v tay chng". Nm 1811,
Gia Long ra o d: "Nghim cm i dch v k gi kho khng c kim
c lm kh d dn yu sch, nu tai hi cho dn thl git khng th a .
Nm 1827, Minh Mng bc tc vi quan li "coi php lut nh h vn, xoay
x nhiu vnh, ch ct ly tin, khng c th buc ti". Nm 1850, T
Dc than vn: "Quan vui thl dn kh, ch ngi trn th tn k di... a
qu cp xin x !m ci thang bc ln quan trng, hoc bt tng gp
khc bc lm ca ci cho mnh tiu dng, nhng tinh t y khng k
xit". Cc quan ng s nhiu ln xin "tc thanh quan li", nhn dn th
xeiTi quan l!, nhat l quan li a phng, l trm cp

Con ai, m bo con ny

Cp m l gic, cp ngy l quan
V thc v s gia tng mu thun gia Nh nc v nhn dn , cc vua

Gia Long, Minh Mng a x rt nng hng lot vin quan to, trong co' t
nht l 11 Trn th v Hip trn tham nhng b cch chc hoc x t.
Mc d vy, t quan tham li hot vn khng ngn chn c. S bt
chnh ca quan trn a to iu kin thun li cho ho l tng, x honh
hnh. Theo li tu ca Doanh in s Nguyn Cng Tr nm 1828: "Bc
Thnh... nhng bn gian gio thy li qun ngha... t tp ng, da nt
dn lng, t trn th ly nh cng ho lm so huyt, tng l cng ly k
hung c lm chn tay" hoc: "ci hi quan li l mt, hai phn th ci hi
ho cng n tm, chn phn... n lm cho con ngi ta tr thnh m ci,

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

439

v ngi ta thnh ra gta ba, git c tinh mng ca ngi ta, xit c gia
ti ca ngi ta m vic khng l, cho nn c cng nhin khng s gi. Ch
no chng cng cng nhau anh ch, chuyn li lm giu, di ct quan li
tha lng ring". Nm 1855, T c vn cn tha nhn: "Bn tng l,
hng ho, nh no cng giu c, c k ti t hoc mt trm ngi, hoc
su by mi ngi, chiu tp cn , cha ngm binh kh. Ngi trong
mt tdng, mt lng h chng hi nhch mp, ht hm t phi theo..."
Hnh ng ng ph phn ca nh Nguyn l s tr th nh Ty Sn.
Nm 1802, trc khi hnh hnh Nguyn Quang Ton, Gia Long
bt ng phi xem qun lnh o m Nguyn Nhc, Nguyn
Hu cng v chnh, ly hi ct gi nh b vo mt ci b ln,
ri i vo..., xng u thi b vo ngc ti, giam lu di. n
lt minh, Quang Ton b voi x xc, cht m 5 khc, bu 5
ch. Cc em ca Quang Ton u b voi giy. Trn Quang Diu
b chm lm trm mnh, v l Bi Th Xun cng b voi giy
cng con gi. Bn lnh chia nhau n tim gan ca h. n
lt Minh Mng, nm 1831 cho lng bt ton b hn 100 con
chu nh Ty Sn a v x t hoc y lm n tl.
2. L u t php
budi u, Gia Long sai quan tham kho lut Hng c, son ra 15
u lut quan trng nht ban hnh. Nm 1811, Tng trn Bc Thnh
c lnh ch tr vic bin son b lut mi ca thi Nguyn. La theo
ca Gia liOng, nhm Nguyn Vn Thnh cho sao chp gn nh nguyn
vn b lut, nh Thanh ang c thi hnh. Nm 1815, b lut c ban
hnh vi tn "Hong triu lut l" (hay "Lut Gia Long").
Li ta ca b Lut vit: "M xem sch Hnh thu cc i nc
Vit ta, mi triu L, Trn, L ni ln, i no c ch ca i
y, m y vo i Hng c. ... Nn nay sai inh thn chun
theo l cc triu, tham kho iu lut Ji Hng c v triu
Thanh.,, bin tp thnh sch. Trm thn t hiu chnh, ri ban
hnh trong thin h"
Lut Gia Long gm 398 iu, chia thnh 7 chng, ngoi ra cn ct 30
iu "Tp tng". Mc du ni l tham kho c lut Hng c v lut nh
Thanh, nhng nh trn ni, n sao chp lut nh Thanh l chnh, trong
d chng H lut c 66 iu, chng Cng lut cd 10 iu cn chng

Hnh lut c n 166 iu. Cc iu lut phn nh thc tin nc ta trong

440

DI CNG LCH S VIT NAM

lut Hng Dc u khng cn, thay vo t l nhng iu lut rt h khc

v cc ti gi l "phn nghch", tuyn truyn "yu ngn, yu th". Hnh pht
y lm n t c t li. Tuy nhin, t tham nhng ca quan li cng
c xem l mt ni dung quan trng ca lut.
Cc tru vua sau, c bit l MiTih Mng, nhng hn c h ca lut Gia
Long c s a cha t nhiu, tuy vy n vn b lut chnh thng c
thc hin hu nh sut thi Nguyn

3. Qun di
Ngay t sm, trong cuc chin tranh chng Ty Sn, Nguyn nh c
gng xy dng mt ic lng qun s mnh. Tinh thn d c pht huy
trong na u th kl XIX, c bit trong nhng nm u tran h d di ca
nhn dn.
Qun i chia thnh 3 b phn: Thn binh (h v vua), Cm binh (phng
th hong thnh), Tinh binh hay Bin binh ( kinh v cc a phng).
Ngoi ra c mt s thuc binh (lnh l, h v cc quan). Theo nhn nh ca
hai ngi Php lni triu Gia Long l Baridi (Barisy) v Senh (Chaigneau),
by gi cd 115.000 b binh v 17.600 thy binh. Theo D i N a m th c l c th
tng s qun nm 1820 l hn 204 220 ngi; nra 1840 l hn 2 1 2 .29 0 ngi,
c tnh cc ioi l 4 vn b binh bo v triu nh trung ng, 15.000 thy
binh v 10 vn bin binh. Ngoi ra cn c mt o tng binh mnh (ring
kinh thnh ct 105 tht voi vi hn 500 qun. Binh |nh c 15 tht voi vi
119 qun, H Ni 13 tht voi vi 122 qun, Qung Nam c 2 5 tht voi vi
2 23 qun v.v...) v mt lc lng pho binh ln (cc thnh tnh u cd i
bc: H Ni 150 c, Nam nh, Hi Dng, Sn Ty, Bc Nnh: u 200 c
V .V ..

cc thnh ph, thnh huyn cng t i bc...) thm mt 8 qun dng

sng tay. V kh khng c iu kin i mi d s lng ln.

Ch binh dch nng n, hu nh 3-^ inh ly mt. Chng hn, th 0o

thng k, 8 inh nm 1820 l 620.240, nm 1840 l 9 7 0 .5 1 6 th nhng s
lnh li nhiu nh ta thy trn. gi vng lng trung thnh ca binh
lnh, nh Nguyn t ch rung lng rt hu (7 ao - 1 mu/ngi)
thm vo t l mc rung khu phn cao. Tuy vy, tinh th n v cht lng
qun ngy cng sa st.

4. N goi giao
-

Quan h vi cc nc lng ging: Sau kh nh bi c triu Ty Son,

Nguyn nh sai ngii sang hi tng c Lng Qung v cch bang giao.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

441

Tip c5 c s on do L Quang nh cm u sang nh Thanh xin cu

phong, quc n v quc hiu. u nm 1804 s on nh Thanh sang phong
vng, Gia Long cng mt s i thn ra Thig Long lm l n nhn sc

phong in Knh Thin (c). T (5, c 4 nm mt Jn, nh Nguyn c s

b sang np 2 ln l cng. L dn nhn sc phong rt tn km, nhng nh
Nguvn vn phi t chc H Ni; s gi nh Thanh khng chu nhn vo
Hu. v c Ih cho n nm 1849 h mi ng . Thi ca nh Nguyn
trong quan h vi nh Thanh l thn phc mt cch m qung,
T rong lc , nh Nguyn li dng lc lng qun s khng ch Cao
Min, t thnh Trn Ty, bt Lo thn phc. Quan h vi X i m cng tht
thng, lc thn thin, ha hon, lc tranh chp.
*

(^uan h vi cc nc phng Ty: T th k XVII, cc gio s v thng

nhn phng Ty n Vit Nam truyn o, bun bn. Quan h ny yu

i vo na sau th ki XVIII^ mc du cc gio s o Thin cha vn ln lt
tng cng hoat ng. Trong cuc chin tranh vi Ty Sn, Nguyn nh
nh gio s Arng (cn gi l B a Lc) a hong t Cnh sang Php xin
vin tr qun s, Mc du hip c gia hai bn khng c thc hin v s
ngn tr ca cch mng t sn Php, B a Lc vn c gng thc hin
ca mnh. Gia Long ln ngij chu n B a Lc, buc phi gi quan h tt
vi nc Php, nhng lnh nht dn vi Ty Ban Nha, Anh, M, vi trit l
"t ngn xa rn dy rng ng c vi nhQng ngi ni xa xi n". V
i, thc tin cc nc xung quanh cng lm cho ng lo ng. iu ny th
hin r c cui i, chn Minh Mng lm ngi k v (khng chn con ca
hong t Cnh - cht). Trong gi pht hp hi Gia Long cn tri li vi
Minh Mng: "Vic khng b tn ngng bao gi cng to c hi cho nhng
cuc bin 6ng v gy th on trong dn gan, li thng khi lm sp ngi
vua"- Hiu c cha, Minh Mng t ra dt khot trong vic khc t ngi
phng Ty, k c Php. Nm 1819, Senh xin v nc bo co tinh hinh
Vit Nam cho vua Php, sang li vo u thi Minh Mng, lp tc b lnh
nht. Nm 1824, Snh, Vani phi xin v Php. Nam 1825, Php xin t lnh
s Vit Nam nhng Minh Mng t ch. Nm 1830, Php t li vn mt
ln na vn khng t kt qu. Anh, M nhn c nhy vo nhng khng
c. Tinh thn "ng ca'', c tuyt quan h vi cc nc phng Ty c
duy tri cho n lc bng n cuc xm lc ca thc dn Php.
Trl hon c t nhiu cuc xm tc c th xy ra ca cc nc phng
Ty nhng nh Nguyn li khtig tn dng c thi gian, tng cng sc
t v ca t nc.

442

DI CNG LCH

Bn Vit Na/n lii Nguyn

s V IT

NAM

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

443

II. TNH HNH KINH T

I. Nng n g h ip
-

Tnh hnh rung t: na u th ki XIX, tnh hnh rung t - t

liu sn xut chnh ca nng nghip v l nn tng kinh t ch yu ca x

hi - t ra hng lot kh khn.
Chng hn, nm 1803 quan !i Bc Thnh tu: "Rung t... th
n cui thi L, bn cng ho kim tnh mi ngy mt qu.
Nay xin phm rung t cng t u dn c v s dn, ai c t
n th li 3 phn, cn 7 phn thi giao cho x dn qun cp.
Li trong s qun cp th li 2/10 ch cp cho dn mi v
sau" hc "t lon Ty Sn b ht lut c, dn gian nhiu ngi
i rung cng lm rung t, cng c k t s vic cng m cm
bn rung cng..."^'^
Hn na. do s sch mt mt, "cch ghi chp khng c thc\ "dn
xiu tn nhiu, rung t b lng bn chim ot" v.v... Nm 1803, Gia Long
cho tin hnh mt t o c rung t ln, lp "a b cc x. Tri qua
n hn ln lm i lm li, nm 1820, b H chnh thc bo co: Tng din

tch rung t ca c nc l 3.076.300 mu v 2 6 .7 50 khonh. Thi Minh

Mng, sau nhiu ln lp thm a b cc x cha lm v c bit sau t
o ac rung t Nam K nm 1836, b H cho con s (nm 1840): Tng
din tch rung t thc canh l 4 .063.892 mu, trong tng din tch
rung l 3.396.584 mu cng t, trong s rung ny c 2.816.221 mu rung
t v 580.363 mu rung cng (tc 17%). Khng chl Nam Ki c rt t
rung cng m Bc Kl, tri qua nhiu th k bin chuyn, nhiu x hoc
khng c hoc rt t rung cng. Tt nhin, gi y s a ch rt ln khng
cn na nhng hng lot nng dn khng cd rung t hoc phiu tn hoc
trng ch vo khu phn rung cng m rung cng nhiu x hoc khng
cn hoc cn ii qu t. Khng dm thc hin ngh ca quan li Bc
Thnh, nhng ii khng th xa b rung t cng lng x, Gia Long, Minh
Mng buc phi tim gii php trong ch qun in.
Nm 1804, Gia Long ban hnh php qun in, theo tt c mi ngi
u c chia rung cng x, tr cc qu tc vng tn c cp 18 phn,
quan li nht phm c cp 15 phn, c tun t h mc cho n dn

( 1 ) i Nam ihuc ic, lp III, H N i l % 3 , Ir. 121-122

444

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

ngho c 3 phn. Khng nhng th, theo l, rung t c chia trc

cho cc quan chc c phm hm, sau n lnh v cui cng mi n x dn.
Nm 1831, Minh Mng cho nhc li nguyn tc ni trn. Nhn thy
rung t cng qu t i, "cc quan vin khng c chc phm cao thp u
xin thi d cp", nm 1839 Minh Mng nh chp nhn ngh , h "gia
n chiu l chia cp rung t khu phn cho... cc vin hu tr. Tip
d, n nm 1840, mt ln na Minh Mng sa li php chia rung, cho
tt c mi ngi u c hng mt phn nh nhau, ring lo nhiu, tn
tt c 1/2 phn, long in ca lnh khng thay i
Vo cui i Minh Mng, ch qun in cng c a vo Nam Ki
nhng khng c bao nhiu.
Chnh sch qun in khng c tc dng ng k vi lng no lm theo
tc l lng y, dn ngho vn khng ct rung t. Dc bit l tnh hnh
Bnh nh. Theo bo co ca Tng c Bnh - Ph l V Xun Cn nm
1838, dy rung cng chi c trn 50 00 mu, rung t n 17000 mu, m
rung t th b bn ho ph chim c, ngi ngho khng nh cy g. S
thc theo Thng th b H H Duy Phin, y rung cng i 6 - 7 0 0 0
mu, rung t bn 70 000 rau, m "nh ho ph kim tnh n 1 -2 0 0 mu,
ngi ngho khng mt thc, mt tc n ni phi lm y t cho ngi".
Do , V Xun Cn a ngh "phm rung t, nh hn l 5 mu, ngoi
ra ly lm rung cng c, chia cp cho binh dn lm rung lng, rung
khu phn". Ban u Minh Mng khng chp nhn, sau o thc t yu cu,
phi ban lnh sung cng mt na 8 rung t t, em chia cho dn theo
php qun in. Kt qu, theo li tu ca Thng th b Hinh ng Van
Thim vi T c: "Lc trc nh l qun in, c 10 mu thl 5 mu lm
cng, 5 mu lm t. Nhng rung cng mu m thl cng ho cdng chim,
cn tha ch no th hng l bao chim, dn ch c phn xng xu m
thi". V khi T c hi H Duy Phn c nn tr li rung cho a ch
Binh nh khng, th Duy Phin cho rng "tng gm thm bt khng bao
nhiu m li sinh ra vic phin phc M i
Nh Nguyn a t ra bt lc trong vic gii quyt vn rung t
-

Tnh hlnh nng nghip; Mt trong nhng phng thc quen thuc nhm

m rng rung t ca nh Nguyn l lp n din khn hoang v khuyn

khch nhn dn khai hoang, phc ha. Vn cng tr nn cp bch hn
din tch rung t b hoang t&ng gim tht thng. Ngay t nhng nm

(1 ) Di Nam thc lc, T p

xxvu,

H Ni, 1973, tr. 3 3 6 .

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

445

1802, 1803, Gia Long nhiu ln h lnh cho quan li khuyn khch nhn
dn, qun al phc ha, th nhng nm 1806, theo bo co ca quan li Bc
Thnh, nhn dn tip tc phiu ln n hn 37 0 thn x; Dm 1826 theo
quan li Bc Thnh 13 huyn trong ht trn Hi Dng, nhn dn v t
phiu tn n 108 x thn, rung b hoang hn 12.700 mu... cho n cu6i
nhng nm 30 din tch rung t hoang ha ln n 1.314.927 mu
(theo "Quc triu iu i lc bin")
-

n in c thit lp nhiu noi, nht l Nam KI v cc tnh cc

nam Trung Ki. Lc lng n in bao gm nhiu loi; binh s, ngi bj

lu y, dn ngho Vit hay Hoa. Nhiu n in sau khi khai ph xong
th c chuyn thnh lng x, rung t o x qun v np thu. t xy
dng n in quy m nht l do Nguyn Tri Phng - by gi im Kinh
lc s Nam K " t chc vo cc nra 1853 - 1854. Kt qu p c 21
c vi 124 p phn phi c 6 nh. Tuy nhin, rung t khai ph c
cng khng nhiu.
Nm 1828, theo xut ca Tham tn qun v Bc Thnh l Nguyn Cng
Tr. mt hnh thc khai hoang mi ra i: hinh thc doanh in. y J mt
hinh thc kt hp ^ a nh nc v nhn dn trong khai hoang, theo di
s ch o ca mt quan chc nh nc v c s gp vn ban u ca nh
nc, nhn dn cng nhau khai hoang. Rung t sau khi kha hoang s c
phn phi cho nhng ngi c cng ty theo thi im cho php. c s ng
ca Minh Mng, Doanh in s Nguyn Cng Tr t chc nhu t khai
hoang lp lng ln, trong t ln nht l vic thnh p hai huyn mi: Tin
Hi (Thi Bnh) vi 18.970 mu v 2350 inh; Kim Sn (Ninh Bnh) v6i 14.620
mu v 1260 inh. ng thi y xut hin hai hlnh thc t in th nghip
v tu in qun cp. Hnh thc doanh in c m rng ra cc tnh pha
nam, din tch rung t tng thm ng k.
Ngoi ra, triu Nguyn cn khuyn khch nhn dn t ng t chc khai
hoang theo nhiu phng thc khc nhau, kt hp vi vic tch cc phc
ha. C l nh d m tng din tch rung t thc trng ngy cng tng
ln: nra 1847 l 4 .2 73 .0 13 mu().
Tr thy v thy li l nhng vic lm xuyn sut thi Nguyn. Mc
du min Trung cng ct nhiu ln nc l dng trn, cun tri nh ca,
nhng c l nm 1803, ln u tin Gia Long c chng kin mt nn lt
ln do v Bc Thnh gy ra. Thy r mi quan h gia cng tc thy li

(1 ) '1 'h a i con s ehinh Ihing ghi tr o r ^ i Nam Ihi- lc, T X X V i.

446

DI CONG LCH s VIT NAM

v nng nghip, Gia Long lp tc ban d hi v vn ; "Bn ngi,

ngi th sinh ni , ngi thl lm vic ni d, vy, p v b ,
cch no li, cch no hi, cho c by t kin, li ndi m c th thc
hnh s c nu thng". Cuc tho lun v Bc Thnh c pht
ng mc du nh nc vn tip tc sa , p mi. Ring trong thi
Gia Long, nh nc 11 ln cp kinh phi cho a phng lm vic ny,
mi ln t 7 - 9 vn quan tin. Hn 47 km c tu sa, nhng nn v
, lt li vn din ra. Nm 1833, Minh Mng li hiu d cc quan li kin
ngh v phong php tr thy, th no cho nc ln thun dng chy xui,
sng c bn vng mi mi. Trong thi gian tr v, Minh Mng cng
14 ln cp kinh ph (tin, go) cho vic sa p iu, o knh, sng.
Nm 1809, Gia Long cho t cc chc Tng l v Tham H chnh b vic
iu Bc Thnh; nm 1828 theo ngh ca cc quan, Minh Mng cho
thnh lp Nha chnh gm nhiu quan chc v th li, ph trch cng
tc thy li. Nm 1833, Minh Mng b Nha chnh, giao mi vic cho
tnh vi bn Diu l chng lt 4 im. Cng vi s hinh thnh ca cc c
quan, vin chc ph trch thy li, nh nc chia lm hai loi: cng
d cc sng ln do nh nc qun l, t cc sng nhnh do a phng
qun l. Lng x cng gp phn vo vic sa p iu, phng lt li.
Nhiu on sng c no vt, khi thng, nhiu cng p c xy dng...
Th nhng do thiu phi hp v quy hoch chung, o tc dng ca mi
trng, 3nh thi, lt i, v vn lin tip xy ra T 1802 - 1858 c nc
phi chu 38 ln ma bo lt li ln, trong d c 16 ln v . Cc nm
1803, 1804, 1606, 1819, 1828, 1833, 1840, 1842, 1844, 1847, 1856, 1857
hu nh c vng ng bng Bc Ki b ngp lt, theo d l mt ma, i km
Cng cuc tr thy v thy li c tip tc trong nhng nm sau, di
thi T c, nhng nti chung kt qu khng c g kh quan. Nh Nguyn
t ra bt lc.
-

b ii nhng m t mt o con ng hay tri t gy ra, ngi nng

dn Vit Nam ch cn bit tn dng nhng kinh nghim ca minh trong

sn xut. "Nht nc, nh phn, tam cn, t ging "tr thnh cu c kt
l lun ch o vic sn xut. Quy trinh sn xut c khng nh: gieo m,
cy ba, cy la, lm c, b phan, tt nc v.v... Vn nhn ging c
pht huy, ngi nng dn a c c 6 5 ging la t v 27 ging la np:
trong s ny c nhng ging la ngn ngy 3 - 4 thng (t cy n gt) hoc
t hn, ch 4 0 ngy (la cu). iu ng ch l trong khi tm ra c

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

447

nhiu ging la cho go thm, trng, do ngon th ngi nng dn li khng

to c iu kin tng nng sut la.
Tn dng kh nng ca t v thi tit, ngi nng dn trng thm
nhiu loi cy lng thc nh khoai cc loi, sn, ng, k, bo bo, u... Kinh
t vn pht trin, c bit l Nam K. Hng lot loi rau, c, bu b,
hoa qu c trng, trong d c mt s ging nhp khu nh nho, c ph,
h tiu, u H Lan, rau x lch v.v...
Cc loi cy cng nghip nh du, bng, ay, thuc l, ma cdi... c
trng rng khp.
Kinh t nng nghip thi Nguyn kh a dng, phong ph nhng vn
khng vt ra khi phng thc sn xut c truyn, gdp phn to nn tnh
trng n nh cho x bi. Trong lc d thin tai, mt ma, dch bnh xy
ra lin min nh hng to ln n cuc sng ca nhn dn.
2. C ng th n g nghip
-

V cng nghip: Cng nh cc triu i trc hay thi cha Nguyn,

b phn th cng nghip nh nc thi Nguyn gi mt v tr rt quan

trng

Nd chu trch nhim ch to mi th

cn dng cho b my vua

quan, hong gia, dng thuyn, c tin, c sng V.V.. Nm 1803, Gia Long
cho lp xng c tin Thng Long gi "Bc Thnh tin cc". T 1812,
th Nguvn cho c thm tin km, giao cho thng nhn Trung Quc qun
nh theo quy thc nh nc, c 130 quan tin m' c thi i ly 100 quan
tin ng trong kho.
Ti thuyn chnh chu trch nhim ng cc loi thuyn chin, thuyn
cng, gm t t c 235 s ri ra cc tinh. V kh ch to ty l mt c quan
qun th cng cc loi, gm 57 cc: m t, c, lm vng bc, v,
lm gch ngi, lm sng, lm pha l, khc ch, c sng, lm trc
xe, uyn ng
b c ha dc

V.V..

Ngoi ra cn c cc ti Doanh kin, ti Tu to, ti Thng

V . V. .

Th lm vic trong cc cng xng ch yu trng tp th gii cc tnh,

c t chc theo ch cng tng, tp trung theo ban (hoc 1 nm hoc
6 thng) hng lng theo cng vic nng, nh gm go v tin. Ch
tm vic nng n v chu s kim sot ngt ngho ca cc c cng, tuy
nhin do tnh cht tp trung trong lao ng v trnh tay ngh ca th,
sn phm lm ra u c cht lng cao. Nhn xt v vic ng thuyn ca

448

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

h, mt s quan M l Gin Hoait (J. White) n nc ta nm 1820

vit; "Ngi Vit Nam qu l nhng ngi ng tu thnh tho. H hon
thnh cng trnh ca h vi mt k thut ht sc chnh xc". Ngoi cc loi
thuyn g, h cn ng cc thuyn ln bc ng
Vic tip xc vi cng nghip c kh phng Ty kch thlch tinh thn
sng to ca ngi th th cng Vit Nam trong cc cng xng. Nm 1834,
c s ng ca Minh Mng, Nguyn Vit Ty ch to thnh cn g xe
"Thy ha k t", dng sc nc nghn thuc sng. Nhng nm 1 83 7 -1 8 3 8 ,
theo mu ca phng Ty, th cng xng lm c my ca vn g,
my x g bng sc nc, my ht nc ti rung v.v... Minh Mng
tng phn khi ni: "Vic dng nc trong cung phi khun vc rt phin.
Trm sai ch ra xe nc, t y bt c sc ngi. T rm li sai c h xe
cha chy, nu c ha hn th ng xe y, c th dng t sc ngi m
dp tt c la
Dc bit l nm 1839 sau mt n th t bi, cc c cng Hong Vn
Lch, V Huy Trinh cng th cng xdng ng xong chic thuyn my chy
bng hi nc" v Minh Mng n cu Ng H xem chy th "thy my
mc linh ng, th chy nhanh nh". Tip theo thnh cng , Minh Mng
li cho th theo mu tu chy bng my hi nc loi ln mi mua v

ng mt chic khc kiu mi hn v sa cha mt chic khc b hng, Nh

vy l vi 3 ra i ca cc tu my u tin, Vit Nam i vo ki nguyn
ca c kh. Tic rng thnh tu ng qu ny khng c cc triu vua sau
pht huy.
Mt b phn cng nghip quan trng o nh nc qun l l khai m.
Tri qua na th ki u, nh nc Nguyn a qun l 139 m, trong {5 c
39 m vng, 32 m st, 15 m bc, 9 m ng v.v...
Vic khai thc m c phn thnh 4 lc lng: loi m do nh nc
trc tip kinh doanh nh m vng Chin n (Qung Nam), Tin Kiu (H
Tuyn), m bc Tng Tinh, Ngn Sn (Bc Cn), m ch Qun Triu (Thi
Nguyn) v.v... S lng th rt Ong, chng hn, nm 18 33 m vng Tin
Kiu c 3 1 2 2 th, m vng Chin n c 1000 th... S th ny bao gm
binh Hnh, cng tng, dn phu lm vic theo ch lao dch vi tin cng
thp. Loi m th hai do thng nhn Hoa kiu ilnh trng, hng nm np
thu. Nhn cng y phn n i Hoa kiu, c trnh chuyn mn. Vic
khai thc m c t chc theo cng on, mang tnh cht t bn ch ngha.
Loi m th ba do th t thiu s lnh trng nh m ng T Long (Tuyn
Quang), quy m sn xut ln nhng phng thc khai thc lc hu. Loi

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

449

m th t do ngi Vit lnh trng, s ny khng nhiu, ni bt ct trng

hp ch m Chu Danh H (ngi Bc Ninh). Nm 1835, ng b vn xin
khai thc m km B n Sn (Thi Nguyn). Nhn cng lm thu t do c
tr cng kh cao theo cng vic kh d. Chng hn Dgi ph trch l nu
qung c t r mi thng 12 quan tin, trong c th nh nc cng loi
chi c tr 5 quan v 1 phng go. y l mt phng thc sn xut
mi, vn c t th ki XVIII, nhng cn hn hu v khng c iu kin
pht trin. Chnh sch thu ca nh nc kh nng. Theo quy nh nm

1823, cc th t hng nm phi np cho 10 vn cn ng . Thu st

c nm cng ln n 8 9 7 0 cn.
Cc ngh th cng nng thn v thnh th tip tc pht trin, s ngi
lm ngh th cng tn g ln. Cc ngh lm gm, snh s, dt vi, la,
lm vng bc, lm giy, lm ng pht trin khp ni. Nm 1802,
Gia Long t n vua Xim 100 lng vng, 1000 lng bc... v 1500 cn
ng ct; nm 1843, nh nc mua ca Qung Nam, Qung Ngi 180 vn
cn ng, nm 18 48 mua n 20 vn cn. Ngh lm pho cd t trc,
nay pht tri n thm vi nhiu loi pho ln, nh v ct cc lng chuyn
lm pho nh ng K (Bc Ninh), Binh D (H Ty). Trn c s pht
trin ca ngh in bn g, xut hin ngh m tranh dn gian ni ting vi
lng ng H (B c Ninh), Hng Trng (H Ni). Ngh lm nn pht trin
nhiu ni vi nhng c im khc nhau

V .V ..

Ngh lm ng h xut

hin cui t h ki X V III, nay khng cn na... Mc du th cng nghip

ni chung ph t tr i n ln nhng phng thc sn x u t hu nh khng thay
i. Cc lng th cng vn gn lin vi nng nghip nh xa, khng hnh
thnh cc phng hi vi quy ch ring nh Ty u trung i. Bn cnh
, chnh sch ca nh nc cng thiu tnh cht khuyn khlch. Nh nc
gi c quyn mua mt s sn phm nh sa, lt, la l, ngi th th
cn g va ph n g th u thn va phi np th u Bn phm, c bit l cc

sn phm th cng qu, v nh dn 2 lng Yn Thi, H khu (H Ni),

hng nm mi ngi phi np 5 00 0 t giy, ngi gi v ngi tn t t phi
np mt na; dn B t T rng (H Ni) phi np 300 vin gch ln; dn
lng La Kh (H Ty) mi ntn phi np chung cho nh nc 600 tm sa
cc mu, v tip d, u thi Thiu Tr lng b phin ch thnh "chc to
cc "ca Nh nc.
-

V thng nghip: T cui th k X V III, thng nghip suy dn.

Du th k X I X , t nc thng nht, yn bnh l iu kin rt thun Idi

cho vic bun bn trao i. Dng ci quan ni lin nam bc v cc tnh
29- e x ; l s v n t tp

DI CNG LCH s V I T NAM

450

c sa p, nhiu knh sng c khai o... cng to iu kin thun

li cho vic giao lu. Ngoi vic bun bn nh cc lng, huyn thng qua
cc ch, vic bun ln bng thuyn ngy cng pht trin. Go Gia nh
c a ra min Trung, mii Bc, hng th cng min Bc c ch vo
bn cc tinh pha nam. Cc thc c sn tng vng dn dn tr thnh
quen thuc v iu ny c<5 ngha quan trng v mt chnh tr. Tuy nhin,
chnh sch c thng ca nh nc & hn ch s pht trin ca thng
nghip. Chnh sch thu kha v th l kim sot nghim ngt v phc tp.
Go t Nam nh ch vo Ngh An phi np thu 9 ln Nh nc t l
trng dng thuyn bun t nhn, theo quy nh nm 1807 "phm thuyn
vn ti, c mt nm ch ca cng thl mt nm i bun". Nm 1816 quy
nh li; "thuyn di bun th phi chu thu, ch cho nh nc th c
min". C nm nh nm 1834, do s phong tro nng dn lan rng, Minh
Mng ra lnh cm nhn dn hp ch.
Vic trao i bun bn vi thng nhn nc ngoi suy gim. Nh
Nguyn ch trng "ng ca", khng bun bn vi cc nc phng Ty.
Tu thuyn Anh, M my ln n xin thng thng ch c cho cp bn
Nng hoc b khc t. Thi Minh Mng, vic bun bn vi Php

cng chm dt. Khch thng ch yu l ngi Hoa, Xim, M Lai. Cc

th c nh Hi An, Thanh H, Ph Hin khng ct iu kin hi phc,
Nng, Bn Ngh hot ng bnh thng. Thng Long - H Ni do tn
ti lu i nn vn tip tc l th ln nht Vit Nam. X u t hin mt
vi ca hng bun ca ngi Hoa. Mt a phng th cng n nh m t

hng nhng khng thay i nhiu.

K hc vi cc triu trc, nh Nguyn nm c quyn ngoi thdng
kh cht v trn c

, t chdc c c chuyn bun v cng cn nc

ngoi. T n&tn 24, Minh Mng a sa ngi i cng cn d H Chu

(Singapore) v Giang Lu B a (nnxa). Sau t, t cc nm 1831 1832 tr i, vic c thuyn i cng cn , bun bn ngy cng nhiu sang
H Chu, G iang Lu Ba, Qung ng, L Tng (Luy xng - Philippin),
Boocn, B n g Cc... Hng em bn l go, ng, lm th sn qu, hng
mua v l len, d, v kh, n dc. Nhn hot ng ny, mt s thng
nhn giu c cng ln lt ch go, lm th sn qu sang H Chu hay
Qung dng bun bn.
S pht trin hn ch ca cQg tbang ngbp na u th k XX
khng to nn c nhng iu kin cn thit cho s bin chuyn x hi.

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

451

III. TNH HNH X HI V CC c u c U TRANH

CA NHN DN
. Tnh hnh x hi v di sng c a nhn dan
- Cng nh cc triu i trc, di thi Nguyn, x hi Vit Nam
chia thnh hai giai cp ln; thng tr v b tr.
Giai cp thng tr bao gm vua, quan, th li trong h thng chnh quyn
v giai cp a ch, Vua v hong tc <vi cch gi chung l Tn tht) gi
y trd thnh mt lp ngui ng o, cd c quyn, nht l con chu
gn gi ca nh vua. H ct dinh th, rung vn rng ri v c mt h
thng c quan, ng u l ph Tn nhn, chm lo, bo v. Cc quan chc
xut thn t nhiu tng dp x hi khc nhau nhng do v th ca mnh,
tr thnh lp ngi i lp vi nhn dn, hch sch, bdc lt nhn dn. Tt
nhin, trong s h cng c nhng ngui thanh lim, trung thc, bit lo lng
cho cuc sng ca nhn dn, s n nh ca x hi. h, h t tng nho
gio c cng c. Giai cp a ch gi y tr thnh mt lc lng Dg
o, va cd th trong quan trng va c nhu uy quyn lng x. Xu th
pht trin ca ch 3 hu rung t Vit Nam khng to ra nhng a
ch ln c rung t tp trung bc cng nh nam. Do giai cp a
ch va l c s x hi ca nh nc Nguyn va lun lun phi da vo
lc lng ho l lng x v quyn lc chnh tr ca nh nc tn ti.
C th thm vo y h thng th t cc vng dn tc t ngi.
Giai cp b tr bao gm ton b nng dn, th th cng, thng nhn,
mt s dn ngho thnh th. Lp ngi b lu y, n t cng gia quyn
sng cc n in cng tng ln ng k.
- Di sng nhn dn; Tuyt i a s c dn l nng dn, dn bn mng,
ply vng dn tc t ngi. H c t nhiu rung t t cy cy, sinh
sng. Thm vo d l khu phn rung cng nh nhoi va xa, va xu.
Nhiu ngi phi chy vy bun bn cc ch lng, ch huyn hoc lm
th cng, gnh vc thu cho cc nh bun bn. H l lp ngi gnh chu
mi tai ha ca t nhin, mi thit thi, bt cng ca xa hi. Nh thy
trn, ch binh dch v cng tng ca nh Nguyn kh nng n mc
du c t nhiu u i v rung t. S dn cn li phi gnh chu mi
th thu m, su dch.
V thu rung, nh Nguyn phn khu vc nh thu (3, 4 hay 5 ty

I CNG LCH

452

s VIT

NAM

theo triu vua). Cc loi rung t u phi chu thu. T a ct bng thu
rung sau y (gin lc)
Rung t

Rung cng

Khu vc

Hng, Thng thtc

Qung T r - Khnh Ha

Hng, Thng thc

II

III

40

30

20

40

II

III

30

20

(I)
Ngh An - B c Ki

80

33

56

20

26

13

(II)
Bnh Thun - Nam Ki

26

23

26

23

(III)
(Khu vc III ch chia 2 loi ; Tho in (rung thp) v sn in (rung
vng cao) nh thu)
Ngoi ra mi mu phi np thm t 1 - 3 tin.
Nhng nm mt ma, nh nc thng min gim thu hoc cho n.
Trng hp th u thiu lu ngy, nh nc cho np thay bng tin (ch
i np)
T h u nhn inh cng c chia theo khu vc v hng ngi. Mc thu
t 3 - 4 tin n 1 quan 8 tin. Quy nh v thdc np thu rt ngt ngho:
phi tht kh, tt. Thc hi m u khng c nhn.
Theo quy nh, mi nam mt dn inh phi chu 6 0 ngy lao dch. Trong
thc t, nhn d&n phi lm kh nng trong nhng nm nh Nguyn x&y
ng li kinh thnh, cung in, dnh th. Nam 1807, kinh thnh Hu va
xy xong, Gia Long li iu ng hng ngn dn inh, qun lnh Thanh
Ha, Ngh An, Bc Thnh vo sa cha lin min hng chc nm. Minh
Mng ln ngi, sai ph d cung in vua L H Ni ly nguyn liu ch
v H u xy dinh th... Trong mt cuc tun du ra B c KI ca Thiu Tr
nm 1842, s qun lnh v ngi theo hu ln n 17.500 ngi vi 44 con
voi, 172 con nga. Nhn dn dc ng phi xy dng 44 hnh cung cho
vua nghi... Mt gio s Php l Ghra (Gurard) nhn nh "Gia Long btp
nn dn chng bng mi cch. S bt cng v lng hnh lm cho ngi
ta rn xit hn c thi Ty Sn: thu kha v lao dch th tng in gp
ba". Trong bi "T khut khc" ca dn Sn Nam H c cu :

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY ON 1858)

453

B in h ti hxii vic xong

L i cn c d ich th cng by gi

... M t nm ba bn cng trn h

H i rng mt s dn tn h bit bao..,

Mt bi v thi T c t co ch lao dch c cu :

B t dn o knh...
... o t m ngi
M sut in h h ai tic
B t do cho c
H n trong m i ngy
C a i p h tng, cai thy
K h t x in o mt thng
D n tn h ngao ngn
C th trn khng i

... V con thm nheo nhc

C h n g l i p h i p k u phen
M u n vch c tri ln
K u go cho h d...

Nh thy trn, thin tai, it ma thng xuyn e da cuc sng

ca ngi dn ngho. Sau mi ln v , lt li ln, ma mng h hi, nhn
dn li b lng i phiu tn kim n. Nm 1833, theo li tu ca Nguyn
Cng Tr, dn di cc tnh n kim n Hi Dng hn 2 7 .0 0 0 ngi.
Trn bfto nam 1842 lm tnh Ngh An sp 40.753 ngi nh, ch t 52 40
ngi. Dch t ln gy tn hi hng vn sinh linh. Chng hn, nm 1820,
dch t pht ra t ma thu qua ma ng lm cht khong 54 0 0 0 ngi.
Nm 1840, dch t li pht sinh Bc K lm cht hn 6 7 .0 0 0 ngi, ring
Hi Dng cht 23.000 ngi, Bc Ninh cht 2 1 .0 0 0 ngi. Trong hai nm
1 8 49 -18 50 , dch t li honh hnh t Bc ch Nam, s ngi cht ln n
589.460 ngi. Nh li d ca T c nm 1854, "bnh dch mi yn, i
hn li tip, mt ma lin my nm, thc la khng thu c, dn i gy
mn...\ V i khng khip nm 1856 - i 8 5 7 sau cc trn lt ln lm
cht hng chc vn ngi Bc Ki v Bc Trung K, xut hin bi v
Cm th chng c
R a u cho cng khng...

... Q u hu vang bn p h a

454

I CONG LCH s VIT NAM

x& c d y n g h a a
T hy thi bn cu
T r i m m u su
C n h hoang tn i rt...

Nh nc Nguyn tlm mi cch cu i nh m cc kho thc pht chn,

cho vay, vn ng cc nh giu cho vay thdc khng ly li v.v...
Sau y l mt cnh pht chn : thi Minh Mng, Thanh Ha
ti to, L ng Doanh c vua sai n pht chn "n ni, dn
i n lnh chn ngy cng nhiu... c ngi cha n ni
cht, c ni tranh nhau sang cht ui n 600 ngi, c
ngi phi nng dm sng, ngi ch m cht" v.v.
Bit bao ngi tham gia vo cc cuc khn hoang ln ri to c
mt cuc sng n nh, sung tc. Nhng cn i bit bao ngi khng tm
ra li thot, cha cht cm th vua quan nh Nguyn v bn a ch tn
c; h ni dy.

2. P h o n g tr o du tran h c a nhn dftn

Nhng cuc ni dy chng triu Nguyn bng ln t r t sm. Nm
1803, mt s tng c ca Ty Sn o Nguyn Vn Tuyt cm u ni
qun vng Kinh Mn (Hi Dng). Nhn , ho mc nhiu noi cng ni
dy, khin ch ph Bc Thnh "lun lun tan v, kinh s". Phong tro bng
ln mnh hn vo cc nam 1 8 0 7 -1 8 0 8 khin triu Nguyn phi tin hnh
hn 3 0 cuc "tiu pht". Rm r hn c l cuc khi ngha ca V inh Lc
v Dng T r n Siu Sn Nam. Ngha qun lin kt vi lc lng ca Quch
T t Thc thng du Thanh Hda, lin tc hot ng cho n nm 1824.
Phong tro nng dn, cc dn tc t ngi min ni pha bc, Ty
Nam K, v.v. ngy cng lan rng v din ra lin tc sut na u th k
XIX. Theo tnh ton ca cc nh nghin cu, di thi Nguyn cd n gn
5 0 0 cuc khi ngha ln nh cc loi, ring thi Gia Long c khong 90
cuc, thi Minh Mng khong 250 cuc, thi Thiu Tr 5 0 cuc v.v... T t
nhin cng c mt thi gian, t sau khi cuc khi ngha ca Nng Vn Vn
b n p, phong tro lng xung ri tr li vi khi nghla ca Cao B Qut
sau gn 20 nm
-

Phong tro nng dn min xui ni tip cuc khi ngha ca V nh

Lc n ra khp cc vng ng bng Bc K v B c T ru n g K; Nguyn Dc

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

455

Khoa, Tng Thi, T Bch Kinh Bc, T rn L Quyn, H ong T h n

Sn Ty, Nguyn T h Chung Sn Nam, Nguyn Trn, L Hu To, Ninh
ng To, Phan B Ngh An ; c bit l Phan B Vnh Sn Nam, B a
Nhn v Tin Bt Sn Ty v Cao B Qut H Ni, Bc Ninh,
Phan B Vnh l ngi lng Minh Gim, huyn V Th (T h i Bnh), nh
ngho lm ngh nui v bn c ging, sm bt bnh vi giai cp thng tr,
hp qun ni dy t nm 1821, hot ng vng ven bin Giao Thy
(Nam nh). Nhng nm 1824 - 1825, nn i din ra Hi Dng, Sn
Nam. Nhn c sao chi, ngha qun Phan B Vnh nhanh chtng m rng
hot ng ra khp vng Nam Dnh, Thi Bnh, Hi Dng, An Qung, Kin
An. T r L (thuc Kin Xng - Thi Bnh) c ngha qun t lm cn
c chnh. Nhn dn c cu
T rn tr i c ng sao tua
l n g T r L c vua B a Vnh.

c s gip ca mt s tng c ca Ty Sn nh Nguyn Hnh,

V c Ct, mt s nhn vt c ting a phng nh T rn B Hu, Hai
ng, Chiu Lin, B a Hm v.v... ngha qun Phan B Vnh nh bi
nhiu cuc tn cng n p ca qun triu nh, git cht tr n th Sn
Nam L Mu Cc. Thanh T h ngha qun cng mnh. Tng trn. B c Thnh
cp bo v triu inh. Minh Mng c thng ch TrUng Phc ng em
qun ra gip. T h n g 3 nm 1826, ngha qun b nh thua Giao Thy,
qun s V c C t chy ra An Qung, sau b bt x Dng Ho. Ngha
qun tip tc hot ng Tin Minh, Nghi Dng (Hi Phng) Thi Binh,
nh nhau vi qun triu nh hng chc trn (nh C Trai, Ph Bo, Tam
Giang, Son, Liu Dng...). Minh Mng phi c thng ch Trung Vn
Minh, cc tham hip Nguyn Cng Tr, Nguyn Dc Nhun ra thay Trng
Phc ng v phi hp vi Trn th Hi Dng Nguyn Hu Thn nh
nhau vi ngha qun. Thanh th nghla qun vn tip tc tn g ln mc du
Minh Mng c thm hai qun c Thanh Ha v Ngh An em thu qun
ra chn ng bin vng Hi Dng. Ngha qun y mnh hot ng
ph Thin Trng v ph Kin Xng, Minh Mng li phi c pht tng
Ng Vn Vnh iu hai v qun Hu ra Bc, hp vi v Thn S ch Ngh
An vin tr. T h y tnh th kh khn, Phan B Vnh rt qun v xy dng
v cng c6 cn c T r L, o ho p ly chng c lu di. Du nm
1827, qun triu inh t cc ng theo v bao vy T r L. T ro n g lc tinh
th khn nguy, Vnh li b trng k m nhn nn tri hon vic chun b| i

456

DI CONG

l c h s v i t n a m

pht. Thng 3 nm y, qun triu inh tn cng d di. Cuc chin din ra
quyt lit, "qun Vnh thua cht qu na, s cn li chy v tri "nhng b
chn ht ng thot. Trong m, Vnh cho qun o mt con sng di
khong 800m, rng sng nh chy ra bin nhng b sng bn d, qun

cht nhiu, Vnh b thng v b bt. Trn ng i, B Vnh " cn li

t t", Minh Mng ra lnh "d ph ht nh ca, ly tre, cy ci ( T r L),
khng st mt th

7 -8 0 0 0 ngi b bt.

Cd th xem khi ngha Phan B Vnh l cuc khi ngha nng dn in

hinh nht ca na u th ki XX, di thi Nguyn.
- Khi ngha Ba Nhn, Tin Bt: bng ln vo nm 1833, di s chi
huy ca Nguyn Vn Nhn v L Vn Bt. Nhn xut thn t mt gia nh
nng dn ngho x Dn T, huyn Bch Hc (Ph Th), hp qun "ly
ca nh giu chia cho dn ngho", lin kt vi L Vn Bt (khng r xut
x) v nhiu ngi khc, ndi dy hot ng trn vng trung du tinh Sn
Ty (bao gm c Vnh Phc v Ph Th ngy nay), ly Rng Khm (chn
ni Tam Do) lm cn c. y, ngha qun xy nhiu thnh ly ,
dng ln tri, nh kho, hng ngy chia nhau i nh cc ni. Cc huyn l
B t Bt, Tam Dng, M Lng, ph thnh Qung Oai, Lm Thao... u
b tn cng. Ngha qun lin kt vi qun ca L Duy Lng Ninh Binh,
phi hp hot ng vi ngha qun ca inh Cng Tin vy nh tnh thnh
Hng Ho. Cuc bao vy ny ko di my tun l, qun triu nh sp
thua may m c vin qun ko n cu thot. Sau khi cuc khi ngha
ca L Duy Lng yu i thl Dghla qun Ba Nhn b Rng K h m v xy

cn c mi V Quang (thuc huyn Sng L - Ph Th). Sau vi ln

nh sang huyn ng Ph Ninh, thng 7 nm 1834, ngha qun bt
u phi hp chin u vi khi ngha Nng Vn Vn. Hai bn d kin
cng nhau nh chim n i ng (Chu Thu, Tuyn Q uang) nhng
khi qu&n Tin B t n ch hn th qun Nng Vn Vn khng thy n;
kt qu b qun triu nh vy nh, phi rt v. T h n g 10 nm y, ln
phi hp th hai li tht bi, tip cuc khi ngha Nng Vn Vn b n
p. Ngha qun Tin Bt suy dn, n nm 1843 th Nguyn Vn Nhn b
bt, L Van B t u th.
- Cui nm 1854, cuc khi ngha ca Cao B Qut bng ln tnh
H Ni. Nm , hu ht cc tnh ng bng Bc Ki, Lng Sn u b bo
it, gi go cao vt, i km. kinh thnh, hong t Hng Bo mu lon,
hng lot ngi b bt giam gi, x t. Cao B Qut vn l m t nh nho

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

457

gii, ni ting, nm 1831 c nhn. Nm 1847 ng c b vo Hn Lm

vin nhng v tnh cng trc nn b i ra Bc lm Gio th ph Quc
Oai Nhn thy bao cnh bt cng ca x hi v i kh ca nhn dn, bn
thn ng rt au bun, mun em ti Tng ra thi th gip i m khng
thc hin c, n g quyt nh t b chc v, ly c v nh nui m gi
lin lc vi mt s s phu Bc K, suy tn mt ng cht xa ca vua L
l L Duy C lm minh ch, ging cao l c "ph L", tp hp nng dn
ngho ni dy. Chng may mu b bi l, Tng c Bc Ninh l Nguyn
Quc Hoan bo v triu. Ngha qun cha chun b xong phi khi s,
nh chim ph thnh ng Ha ri chim lun huyn l Thanh Oai. u
nm 1855, Ngha qun do th linh Nguyn Vn Tun ch huy dn trn
Quc Oai nh nhau vi qun triu nh; mt cnh qun khc tin v pha
Nam nh, cnh qun th ba do Cao B Qut chi huy vt qua Chng M
(.H Ty) tin n vy ph thnh Quc Oai ln th hai. Do qun triu nh
ng v mnh hn, ngha qun b nh bi c 3 noi. Cao B Qut rt
qun v M Lng (Ha Bnh) phi hp vi dn Mng tn cng huyn l
Yn Sn, Trong cuc chin u c lit Cao B Qut trng n cht. Ngha
qun rt lui, sau nh vo huyn l Ph C (Hng Yn) ri suy yu dn
v tan r.
Cuc khi ngha ca Cao B Qut chm dt mt giai on khi ngha
ca nng dn min xui.
-

Phong tro u tranh ca cc dn tc t ngi pha bc cng n ra t

sm. Nm 1804, Ma Danh Cc (tc Dng nh Cc) cng cc tng c

ca Ty Sn, chiu tp ng Cao Lan ni dy Thi Nguyn. Tip d, cc
nm 1810, 1820, cc th linh dn tc t ngi Thi Nguyn li ni dy.
Nm 1822, th lnh chu Thy V l L Khai Hoa ni qun nh ph ph
H Giang. Trong lc (5, vng Thanh, Ngh, th lnh ngi Mng l
Quch T t Thc ni dy, lin kt vi nghia qun V inh Lc. Cui thi
Gia Long, b L Vn Duyt d d, Quch Tt Thc ra hng. Tnh hnh tm
yn cho n nhng nam 30 li bng ln vi cuc khi ngha ca L Duy
Lng, Quch T t Cng, Quch T t Ti v cuc khi ngha ca Nng
Vn Vn.
L Duy Lng l con chu nh L, c anh em th inh h Quch nui
nng t lc cn nh. Ngi Mng vng Sn m, Thch Bi (Ha Bnh)
vn trung thnh vi nh L, nn sm tm cch ni dy chng nh Nguyn,
Cuc khdi ngha bng n vo nm 1832, lc L Duy Lng 20 tui. Cc

458

DI CNG LCH s V IT NAM

lang o h Quch li ko c n binh Ninh Thin, tn Duy Lng lm

minh ch (Di L Hong Tn), pht binh nh chim n Chi N, xy dng
ho iy. c tin d, cc lang o h inh d Lc Th (Ha Bnh) cng ni
dy hng ng. Nm 1833, ngha qun nh chim cc n Vn B, Qunh
Lm ( Bc); Bt B t (H Ty), bao vy thnh trn Hng Ha, Triu nh
Minh Mng lo s iu qun t H Ni, Nam nh ln gii vy, li c Tng
c An Tnh l T Quang C, tham tn Hong ng Thn em qun nh
thng vo Sn m (cn c gc ca ngha qun) Xch Th, phi hp vi qun
Thanh Hc5a ca Nguyn ng Giai. Cuc chin u din ra c lit, Cn c
b ph, L Duy Lng b bt. Tuy nhin, cuc khi ngha ca nhn dn
Mng vn tip tc. Nam 1836, cc th lnh h Quch, h Dinh lin kt vi
cc lang o Mng Quan Hda, Cm Thy, Lang Chnh (Thanh Ha), tn
L Duy Hin lm minh ch, nh chim Hi Xun {chu l Quan Ha).
Ngha qun li nh sang Li Dng, Thy Nguyn (Thanh Hta), Qu Chu
(Ngh An) v nam Ninh Binh. Minh Mng sai Trng ng Qu ra lm
kinh lc s, iu qun t H Tnh ra theo, li sai Tng c mi ca An
Tnh l Phm Vn in ch huy qun Thanh Ha phi hp n p. B bao
vy bn mt, nm 1838, ngha qun chu tht bi, L Duy Hin b bt.
Bt bnh vi chnh sch dn tc ca nh Nguyn, t nm 1829, Nng
Vn Vn, th t Bo Lc (Cao Bng) ct nh ku gi nhn dn Ty,
Nng ni dy. Tuy nhin, n thng 8 nm 1833, cuc khi ngha mi thc
s bng n, khi triu nh Nguyn v c cch chc Tri chu ca Nng Vn
Vn v nh bt ng. Ly Vn Trung (th trn Bo Lc) v Ngc Mo (Dng
Mu) lm cn c chnh, Nng Vn Vn t xng l "Tit ch thng tng
qun" tp hp nhn dn a phng nh chim n Ninh Bin (thuc H
Giang). B chnh Phm Ph tht c t t. "Th ph Tuyn, Cao, Thi, Lng
lan trn, ch no cng c a hng trng m u ly gic Vn lm cb".
Sau khi chim Ninh Bin, ngha qu&n em qun vy hm thnh Tuyn
Quang, nh tan nhiu cuc tin qun n p ca Triu nh do L Vn
Dc, T Quang C chi huy. Cui nm 1834, qun triu inh do L Vn c,
Phm Vn in ch huy tn cng vo cc cn c chnh; ngha qun chin
u quyt lit nhng do khng sc ngn cn, phi "t ph nh ca, kho
tng rt vo rng. Cng lc , nhng cnh qun ca cc th ho khc,
theo k hoch chung hot ng mnh Bc Phn, Bng Thnh (thuc Thi
Nguyn), Tim Lnh, Lc Dng (Cao Bng). Nhiu quan chc nh Nguyn
phi t st khi b bt, khi ngha qun nh thnh Lng Sn, tun ph
Hong Vn Quyn em qun n cu, nhng v pho ln bn d qu", phi
lui v n Tht Tuyn th b bt. Trc tnh hnh , Minh Mng phi iu

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY DN 1858)

459

binh cc tinh H Tnh, Ngh An, Thanh Ha, Bc Ninh, Hi Dng theo cc
tng T Quang C, L Vn c, Nguyn Cng Tr n cu vin v quyt
tm n p cho c ngha qun. Cuc chin u din ra nhiu ni. Tnh
thnh Cao Bng b qun Triu inh chim li, th lnh B Cn b git. Nng
Vn Vn rt v Bo Lc, xy dng cn c mi Na Tinh. Qun triu inh tp
trung nh Na Tnh, ngha qun rt vo rng, Nng Vn Vn "b cht thiu".
Cuc khi ngha ca Nng Vn Vn khng ch th hin s bt bnh ca
nhn dn cc dn tc t ngi pha bc i vi nh Nguyn, m cn l ca
chung ca dn ngho ng thi.
Bi hch ca ngha qun c cu :
B a m ai tin h nhn d&n u on
T ing oan ho ku d y d t khng lng
(Theo "M in h s )
- Phong tro u tranh ca cc tc ngi thiu s pha Nam :

T bui u triu i Nguyn, nhn dn Vch (Qung Ngi) ni

dy chng i. Nm 1803, Gia Long phi sai tng L Vn Duyt em
qun n p; ngha qun rt vo rng, ri tip tc hot ng sut thi Gia
Long, Minh Mng, Thiu Tr. Nhiu binh tng triu inh b st hi. Cho
n trc cuc xm lc ca thc dn Php, nhng cuc nh ph ca ngi
D Vch vn tip tc, buc triu nh T c lun lun lo lng
Tuy nhin, nhng cuc khi nghla ca ngi Kh me Nam b trong nhng
ntn 4 0 gy cho triu Nguyn nhiu kh khn nht. t T r Vinh, Vnh
Long, An Giang, Kin Giang vn l vng t cn t uc khai ph di thi
Nguyn, y, dn s ti l ngi Kh me. V sau, di dn Vit n ngy
cng ng, cng n s ti m rng xm lng, ng rung, hnh thnh nn
b my thng tr ca nh Nguyn v mu thun x hi, tc ngi tr nn
su sc. T nm 1838 mt cuc khi ngha do y cm u n ra H
Tin. Ngha qun nh chim thnh Hi ng, sau b n p. N&m
1840, mt cuc khi ngha khc do Y la -v i t-t t cm u li n ra d huyn
H m (H Tin - An Giang), ng thi Kin Giang, sut i Chn Trit
cng hp qun ni dy. Ngi Vit, ngi Hoa d y tham gia ng o.
Ngha qun H m nh sang c H Dng, bao vy tnh thnh H Tin.
B qun triu nh nh mnh, ngha qun rt vo rng. Nm 1842, h li
ni dy, phi hp hot ng vi ngha qun Tht Sdn - Vnh T. Vi nhng
sng ln cp uc ca qun Triu nh, ngha qun hot ng cho n
nhng nm 1845-1846.

460

I CNG LCH s VIT NAM

Khong nm 1841, vng Lc Ha (Cu Long), ngha qu&n ca Lm

Sm bt u hot ng mnh. My thng sau, ngha qun lm ch c
huyn l T r Vinh. Cng thi gian ny, Ba Xuyn (Hu Giang) mt cuc
ni dy khc do Sn Tt cm u bng n. Phi hp vi Trn Lm (Srok
Lim?), tri ph Ba Xuyn, ngha qun tin nh huyn vinh nh (Cn Th).
Hot ng ca hai cuc khi ngha gy cho triu Nguyn nhiu kh khn,
tn tht; mi n nm 1842, sau tht bi can c Rum Dun, Lm Sm
v con b bt, cng nh trong mt trn nh gn Sc Trng, th lnh
Trn Lm b git,
Vo cui nm 1841, Tht Sn {An Giang) mt cuc khi ngha li bng
ln. Ngha qun m rng hot ng n sng o Vnh T v Tn Chu
(Tin Giang). Qun triu inh b thua nhiu trn, nht ! S Tn - C
T vo thng 6 - 1 8 4 2 . Tuy nhin, v sau cuc khi ngha cng b n p.
-

Cuc ni dy ca L Vn Kh: Mc du c u i binh lnh bin

h thnh mt lc lng trung thnh vi dng h thng tr, ch v s

lng binh lnh khng phi khng gy ra nhiu ni bt bnh. Nhng lc
nng dn ni dy, khng phi khng ct nhng binh lnh ng v pha h
nh trng hp i lnh Ninh Thin Ngh An nm 1832 hoc trng hp
qun lnh n Cn a (Gia Dnh)... c bit ni bt l cuc ni dy ca
binh lnh Phin An (Gia nh) do L Vn Khi chl huy. Khi vn thuc dng
h Nguyn mt dng h trn ln Cao Bng v i ra h B t nhng
th ki trc. Nm 1819, khi L Vn Duyt c c ra bnh nh Thanh Ha,
Ninh Binh, L Van Khi xin theo. Duyt nhn Khi lm con nui (do

h L) v a v Gia Dnh. Vn khng thch Minh Mng ngay l khi

Gia Long cn sng, L Vn Duyt p chng i khi lm Tng trn

Gia nh thnh. Khi Duyt cht, Minh Mng dng ln v n L Vn Duyt,
san bng m m, tch thu ti sn, bt ht v con. Le Vn Khi b giam vo
ngc. Lin h c vi binh lnh ngoi, vo mt m thng 6 nm 1833,
L Vn Khi cng 27 ngi ng mu vt ngc, git b chnh Bch Xun
Nguyn, Tng c Phin An l Nguyn Vn Qu, th bt ti phm, phn
pht v kh cho h, hp qun lnh pht hch khi ngha. Thnh Phin An
nm trong tay ngha qun. V y Thi Cng Triu c c em qun i
nh cc tnh Nam k, i n u quan li nh Nguyn b chy n y,
L Vn Khi lm ch c Nam k, chia cho Thi Cng Triu qun l mt
na. Minh Mng sai Tng Phc Lng, Phan Vn Thy, Trng Minh Ging
em qun vo n p. Thi Cng Triu u hng. Lc lng ngha qun

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

461

yu i, Khi theo li cc gio s phng Ty cho ngui sang cu vin qun

Xim. Li dng mi sai lm ca qun Khi, qun triu nh chim li cc tinh.
Khi rt qun c th trong thnh Phin An, tip tc cm c. u nm 1834,
Khi bi bnh cht trong thnh. Con ca Khi mi 8 tui c suy tn lm i
nguyn sy, nhng lc lng c uy dn, mc du chng tr rt quyt lit cuc
tn cng ca qun triu nh. Trong lc , qun Xim ko sang b qun triu
inh nh bi. Ngha qun ri vo tnh trng nguy ngp li thm bnh dch
t honh hnh. Thng 8 nm 1835 qun triu nh m cuc tn cng t vo
thnh. Ngha qun chng khng ndi. Cuc tn st xy ra. Tr 6 ngi cm

u b bt a v kinh x, s cn li, k c nhn n, u b chm cht, chn

vo mt ch, sau ny c gi l "ng m ngy".
Cng nh cc cuc khi ngha ca nng dn v cc dn tc t ngi, cuc
ni dy ca L Vn Khi phn nh s bt bnh cao ca nhn dn Gia
nh i vi triu Nguyn, iu m Mih Mng khng ng ti.
ng ni : "Ch ng cho dn Nam k... trc y ci thi trung
hu ti p l th, vy m mt chc c ci cc k ngu ti
nh kia !"
Tm li, phong tro u tranh ca nhn dn chng chnh quyn v giai
cp thng tr na u th ki X IX din ra sut t u thi Nguyn cho
n nhng nm 50 ch khng mang tnh giai on nh cc th k trc.
Phong tro li cun ton b nhng ngi b tr, t nng dn, th th
cng, nho s, quan li cp i... min xui n binh lnh, cc dn tc t
ngi, t t nhin nhng mc khc nhau vng ny hay vng khc.
Mc d, thnh thong cng cd nhng hnh ng lin kt (nh gia khi
ngha Ba Nhn, Tin Bt vi khi ngha L Duy Lng, Nng Vn Vn...),
ndi chung, cc cuc khi ngha u mang m tnh a phng, ring r.
C nhng khu hiu "ph L", "ph Ty Son" thm ch "ph Trnh", "chng
Minh Mng" v.v... v s thc cng c nhng con ngi i din cho
tng d, song, gi tr thu ht ca chng rt t. Triu nh Nguyn nm
trong tay mt lc lng qun s ln, li ng nhng sai lm, s h ca
cc cuc khi ngha n p. Tuy nhin, nhng chnh sch kinh t - x
hi ca nh Nguyn khng lm du bt nhng mu thun su sc trong x
hi k c na sau ca th k XIX. Nh vy, cho ti nm 1858 khi cuc
khng chin chng thc dn Php bng TI, x hi Vit Nam ang nm trong
tnh tr n g ri ren, phc tp v y ry kh khn.

I CONG LCH s V I T NAM

462

IV. TN H HNH VN H A N A S A U

TH K XVIII - NA U T H K XIX
1. Tn gio, tn ngng
Theo xu th ca cc th k trc, cc tn gio ln Nho, Pht, Thin cha
(Kit) tip tc tc ng vo sinh hot tinh thn, tm linh ca ngi dn
Vit. Nho gio khng cn ct tc dng chi phi hot ng ca nhn dn, c
bit l i vi lp tr. Trong hng ng quan li, nho s vo cui th k XVIII,
ct lc mt s nguyn l chnh ca Nho gio nh o trung qun c t
li nhng khng cn cng nhc na. Sang th k XIX, nh Nguyn c tm
mi cch cng c a v c tn ca Nho gio bng vic hn ch xy dng
cha chin, cm dn theo o Kit (Thin cha), lp nh th, theo gng
nh L ban "Mi iu hun d" (ban u bng ch Hn, sau c din m)
giao cho cc lng x ging gii cho dn, ni dung hc tp, thi c c cng
c. Nhng vic lm ca nh Nguyn ct tc dng nht nh tron g hng ng
quan li, nho s, t nhiu cng c li tr t t gia nh, gi tr, cng c mi
quan h vua-ti. Tuy nhin, chng cng vp phi phn ng c a nhn dn
nh trong bi ca ;
Vu xem ht
N h t xem bai
T ti xem hi
B i r i xem d m m a
B ca b n h m d i nghe g i n g "thp diu''.

Trong lc , nhn tinh hnh bin ng lin tc ca x hi, n h t l

Bc H, cc gio s Thin cha gio ra sc hot ng tru yn gio. Di

thi Ty Sn, d c lc cc gio s e t do i li, gitig , nhng

ri sau b cm on, hn ch. T khi phong tro cch m n g bng n
Ty u, m t S quan ch c th c dn tm cch da vo c c g io s
to iu kin nhy vo Vit Nam. Cc gio s Xanh P han (S^Phalles), B
a Lc, Pelranh (Pellerin) v.v... gip h. Nhiu gio dn b t binh vi
cc t nn x hi, vi ch nh Nguyn b h xi gic, t b cc tc
l c truyn dn tc, theo h mt cch cung tn. S gio dn t n g ln,
mu thun lng - gio ny sinh, c lc gy thnh xung t. V y cng
l mt nguyn nhn quan trng dn n chnh sch cm o ca cc
triu, c bit t sau khi thc dn Php n sng nh m 5 thuyn

VIT NAM (T THI NGUYN THY N 1858)

463

ng Nng nm 1847.
ao Pht pht trin bnh thng, trong lc cc tn ngung dn gian ngy
cng m rng. Tc th t tin tr thnh chung ca nhn dn Vit min
xui, nh hng n vng cc dn tc t ngi. Nhiu ni, cc gio sl o
Thin cha phi chp nhn iu ny tip tc pht trin. Tc th Thnh
hong ph bin cc lng x, i i vi n l tn ngng tn th cc anh hng
dn tc, cc v khai canh, nhng ngi c cng vi lng, vi nc, cng hng
lot v thn khc nhau. Nh nc ng ra lm thng k xc nh gi
tr tinh thn ca cc n th, nhn d phong thn cc cp. Theo con s nh
nc, cui nhng nm 60, c nc c n hn 7000 v thn. Hin tng mua
hu thn, hu pht vn pht trin v lan rng t bc xung nam.

2. Gio d c v vn hc
T gia th k XVIII, gio dc ngy cng sa st. ng Ngoi, nm
1750 theo ngh ca Th ph s T h Giai, cha Trnh cho cc th sinh
k thi Hng c np 3 quan, gi l tin thng kinh, min kho hch
K t qu l, nh nhn nh ca Phan Huy Ch*^gi lm rung, ngi
bun cho ch ngi hng tht, ngi bn vt u lm n np tin xin thi
Ngy vo thi ng n ni giy xo ln nhau, c ngi cht ca trng
Trong trng thi, no mang sch, no hi ch, no mn ngi thi thay.,
nhng ngi thc ti mi phn khng u mt". Xut hin ci anh hiu
"sinh 3 quan" v "trng thi thnh ra ch bun bn". Tuy nhin, cha
vn m u cc khoa thi v chi cn ly mi khoa 5 ngi, 8 ngi hay
c khoa ly 2 ngi... cht lng thp nhng cng xut hin nhng ngi
gii nh L Qu n, Ng Thi S, Bi Huy Bch, H S ng, Phan Huy
ch, Ng Thi Nhm v.v...
Bn cnh t, nm 1721, cha Trnh cho m trng v hc, dng cc
quan tng thng tho v ngh dy cho con chu cc quan. Nm 1724,
chun nh php thi v gm hai cp; S c (nh thi Hng) v Bc c (nh
thi Hi). Ngi ki Bc c c gi l To s, c ban m o, xng
danh ngang hng VI Tin sl bn vn.
Trong lc , Dng Trong, t khi Nguyn Phc Khot ln ngi vng,
s hu nh khng nhc n gio dc thi c.
S sa st ca gio dc, chin tranh dn n ch hc hnh, thi c nh
tr. Thi Ty Sn, vi tinh thn dn tc qut cng, Quang Trung ra "chiu
lp hc" chn chinh li vic hc tp, thi c, cho m trng cng cc x
con em nhn n c iu kin i hc. n g cng bt cc 'sinh 3 quan"
thi li thi hi nhng k dt nt, t chc nhng k thi Hng u tin.
Mt ch trng tin b ln ca Quang Trung l a ch Nm vo thi c,

464

DI CONG LCH

s VIT

NAM

trong trng th 3, s t phi lm th ph bng ch Nm, li lp Sng

chnh vin (do La Sn phu t Nguyn Thip ng u) ph trch gio dc,
dch cc sch kinh ra vn Nm, d nh a ch Nm lm vn t chnh
thng ca t nc. Tic rng, sau khi ng cht, Quang Ton v nhng
ngi gip vic khng ni tip c.
u th ki XIX, Gia Long ln ngi nh t chc li vic gio dc thi c
nhng khng lm c. NAm 1807 quy ch th hng mi c ban hnh
khoa thi Hng u tin c t chc, ch yu Bc Thnh (s rt t)
t sau <5, s trng thi Hng trong c nc rt xung cn 6, k hn thi
khng c nh- Nm 1822, nh Nguyn mi c iu kin m khoa thi Hi
u tin (ct 8 ngi tin s). Nm 1829, Minh Mng cho ly thm hc
v Ph bng (Tin s hng 3), kl hn thi cng khng c nh. Chng hn t
u n nm 1851 c 14 khoa thi Hi, ly 136 tin 8, 87 ph bng. Ti
liu hc tp, ni dung thi khng ct g thay i. Trng Quc t gim t
Hu, ly con em quan chc, cc th quan, ngi hc gii a phng
vo hc. Gio dc thi c thi Nguyn sa st v nhiu mt so vi cc triu
i trc. Mt im mi ng ch l

nm

1836, Minh Mng cho thnh

lp "T dch qun" dy ting nc ngoi (Php, Xim...)

-

Cng nh cc th kJ trc, vn hc ch Hn khng cn chim u

th na mc du vn ni ln cc nh th, nh vn li lc nh Le Qu n,
Ng Thi S, Ng Thi Nhm, Phan Huy ch, Bi Huy Bch, Don Nguyn
Thc, Nguyn Thip, Trnh Sm, Ng T h Ln, Nguyn C Trinh v.v... ca
th k XVIII v Cao B Qut, Nguyn Vn Siu, Minh Mng, T c, Tng
Thin vang, Tuy l vng v.v... ca th k XIX, Xut hin nhng b su
tp th nh T o n V i th i tp, H o n g V it vn h i ca L Qu n, L c h
triu th i sao ca Bi Huy Bch v.v... cng mt s tc phm thuc th k s

nh Thng k in h k s ca L Hu Trc, H o n g L n h t thng c h i ca

cc tc gi h Ng, V tru n g ty bt, T a n g thng ngu l c ca Phm inh
H, C ng d tip k ca V Phng v.v...
Vn hc dn gian tip tc pht trin di nhiu th loi khc nhau t
tc ng, phng ngn n ca dao, v, ht gim... Vi t tng xy dng
mt nn vn ha ring ca minh, ngi dn lao ng Vit Nam truyn
nhau hng lot th ca ni ln phong cnh, c sn a phng, kinh nghim
sn xut, cc ngnh ngh, 8nh hot x hi, quan h nam n v.v... v c
bit l nhng bi th di, dng s thi, ca ngi ngi anh hng ca minh
nh "V b Thiu ph", "V B Vnh* v.v... ng thi, nh nc L - Trnh

V l r NAM (T THI NGUYN THY i)N 1858^

46 5

cn^ nh Nguyn Citm nhn n khc in truvn dn gian ca minh, cho nn

vi sn^; te l i m th vAn truyn li n nay cng khng nhiu. Vn
hc tro phng cng pht trin (di dn g truyn ming) vi T r Cc, T r n g

Qi\'h, T r ig

A 7 n ,

T ruyn tiu m c c loi v.v... B n g ti n g ci chm

bin iia mai. nhAn dn A kch, ph phn nhng thi h, tt xu ca

x k hi phong kin. lt tr n b mt. gi di, th a m lam, dm , dt n t ca
bn vua quin, nho s, a ch, cng ho. Cuc u tr an h chng phong kin,
chng p bc. bc lt khng chi biu hin quvt lit bng v kh, bo lc

m cn r trn mt tr n vn hc
Cai* i h th Nm nh l u c - b t , s c n g t h t lc b t tr nn ph bin v
ngy c n g iu luyn qua th c a n g ia n nh h n g sAu s c i c c
thi Nho gia. X u t hin c c tp th t i n g V i t (N m) di va c ni
dung su s c va c hlnh th c hi ha nh C u n g o n n g n i k h c c a n

nh hliu Nguvn Gia Thiu, C h in h p h n g m ca Don Th Dim... v

t tin inh cao hon thin vi T ru y n K i u ca Nguyn Du. C ba tc
phm x u t s c va phn n h t m t c a ngi ng thi i vi th c
t i n x hi n h n g mc k h c n ha u , va ndi ln ni au c a ngi
ph n t r o n g Xl hi phong kin bui suv t n , c n g l phn n h th c
c nhAn t r o n g t nh c m la i. X u t t h n t m t gia nh q u a n ch c

cao cp ca nh \j - Trnh, Nguyn Du khng nhng c hc hnh tt

li c ti p xc vi nhiu lp ngi k h c nhau kinh t h n h T h n g Lo ng.
n g c n g t n g c c h n g kin c m t giai on tch s ho h n g ca
dn t c v tuy n g v phia i lp, hinh n h ngi a n h h n g Q u a n g
T r u n g vfi phong tr o T ^ y S n lun lunn ghi su vAo tr c ng

K h i nh

Nguyn t h n h lp, n g ra lm vic v t n m t c h n g kin n h n g i

th a y c a c c thp ki Su t h ki X I X . T r u y n K i u ra i t ci th c

rrng va phn nh tinh thn nhn o v t tng ha hp Nho,

Pht, Lo ca bn thn tc gi va l bn co trng ca x hi ng
thi

B n c n h T r u y n Ki'u (hay "Doi tr n g t n th a n h " ) N guy Du

cn cl li nh i u bi th ni ln tinh c m c a mi nh tr c n h n g i thay

ca x hi du thi Nguyn.
V th Nm, bn cnh cc t c gi tr n cn ni ln nh ng n thi s nh

cng cha Ngc lAn vi bi A i t vn, H Xun Hng vi hng lot bi

th m a n g m mu sc dn gian, ni n V thc i quyn bnh n g ca
ngi ph n

30-CLSVN T.tp

466

DI CONG LCM s V IT NAM

V (iy d i phn m tra i dc

T s a n h h n g h b y tihiii

v b huyn Thanh Quan vi nhng bi th Tng cht hoi c, lu luyn

mi qu kh p qua
N h nc d o u n q con cu c m c
T h n g n h m i n in g ci g gia.

v nhiu nh th khc
3. N gh th u t
Vo cui th ki X V II1 - na u* th k XIX, ngh thut sa st n hi u so
vi trc Khng cn nhng cng trinh xy dng ln, ngoi khu hong thnh
knh Hu bao gm cc in Thi Hg, Long An, Ng Mn, Hong cung
v.v. c t im t nhiu phong Ckvh phng T y v phong c c h n h T h a n h ;

mt s lang cc vua, cc thnh ly theo kiu V bng (Vauban - Php)

cc tinh l, ct c Ihnh H Ni v.v
Trong iu khc v tc tng, ni ln 18 tng la hn (hay P h t) cha
Ty Phng ( H Ty) mang phong cch dn tc, hin thc sinh ng. iu
khc dn gian khng cn na.
V hi ha, hin cn li mt s tranh v sn mu trn g cc n, cha
mt s tranh 4 ma, tranh v chn dung cc gia nh c danh ting. Tranh
dn gian va l mt ngh th cng mi ni ting va l mt biu hin khc
ca hi ha dn gian vi nhng li quen thuc hng ngy trong nhn
dn c in hnh ha mt cch c sc (t ngi n con ln, con g, con
mo, cn ohut. cy a V V .
Ngh thut sn khu (tung, cho^, xic pht trin rng ri. Nh Nguyn
cng xy nh ht c ch din, ch ng cho khn gi... kinh Trong nhn
dn, sn nh, sn cht tr thnh sn khu cho vo nhng ngy l hi.
Ngh thut ca ma nhc cng pht trin. Trong lc min xui ph
bin cc cu hL iu h thl min i pht trin cc iu nhy, iu ma
lm cho cuOc sng thm vui ti v tng tnh cng ng.
4. K h oa h c k th u t
Th ki XVU - na u XIX, s hc rt pht trin Hng lot b s ca
nh nc hay ca t nhn c bin son, n hnh, xut hin nhiu nh
s hc ni ting.
0 na sa u th k XV II I , bn cnh b i Vit s k i to n th c chinh

VJT NAM (T THI NGUYKN TMY ON 1858)

467

li, b sung v n hnh vo nm 1697, cha Trnh sai soan D i V i s k i

tuc bin, thi Tv Sn cho in b D ni Vit s k tin bin Ngoi cc b chnh

s c hng lot b s ca c nhn nh D a i Vit thng s, K in vn tiu

u c, ^h btn tap u c ca L iu Dn.

s tiu n ca Ng Thi S. Vit

s bi n i r a Nguyn Nghim, l o i g . n h t th n g ch cn ho Ng^ L

q u ki s, L s ton yu, L k i tuc bcn . Vit s h d i u.v,. C h a T r n h
c n g c h o b a n h n h b "Thc lc" iB i n h T y, Bn h Hng, Bin h Ninh, Biih
X a m ) gh chp cng lao n p Cc cuc khi ngha nng dn v cuc tSn
c ng vo Ph X u n nhng nAm 70 Da phng ch tr thnh mt loi sch
s - i c gii tr thc ng thi h a m Ihch bin son {nhi H i ng

c h i c, Cao B n g lc...), bn cnh l cc tp s thi cC {Dng kxoa tc,

L i t truyn n g k h o a k h o , K h o a b n g tiu k v.v. .1
S a n g th ki X I X , s hc c n g pht t r i n hn Nm 1820, Minh M ng cho
lp Quc s q u n vi nhim v thu t h p sch thi xa, in li Quc s
thi Le, bin son cc b s mi. X u t hin nh ng b s in nh K h m

d n ii Vit s /h n g g i m c n g m c, .i iVo/?z //c c - t n b ii v cin h

b i n , K h m d n k tu b lik l ng k p h i hu phtxg c, B n triu b n

n g h ic h i t trtyn V.V.. Cc nh s hc tip tc bin son nhicu b s c

g i tr x\hu L c h riu t p k ca Ng C a o Ln g, S h c bi k h o ca ng
X u n B n g , Q u e S d i bin ca P h a n Thc Trc\ H u L thi s k c,

T y sn t h u t lc, D s tp thuyt, L rnt ti n g h a uc, T a n g th ng

s"

V.V..

v'nht l L c h triu hin ch ng lo i c h i ca Phan Huy Ch.

M t loai c n g trnh c gi tr tro ng vic nghin cu cc thit c h chnh tri

c bin soan cng phu \h cc tp D a i N a m ii i n s l, s i hoan tu tri

uc, Quc tr'u diu l loc bin, V V . . . Vic bin on a phng ch tr

thnh phong tro. Nhiu tc phm c gi tr xut hin nh N gh A n h,
K i n h B c p h o n g t h k i, S o n T y c h , N iih B n h c h V V . . c c huyn ch,

thm ch x ch... Nh nc Nguyn cng lp kho lu tr cc sng tc c

t xa n y.
V Da l hc v Da li lch s, ngoi cc tc phm nh Ph bin tp c,
K i n vn tiu luCy L c h t r h i h i n c h n g lo i c/it, c c c tp A n N a m t
c h i d th , cc bn thi Minh Mng, c c c b ia l lch s ln nh

H o n g Vit n h t thng d d c i ca L Quang Dnh, B c ti n h d a d

c k i ( ? j , H o n g Vit d a d cii ca P h a n Huy Ch, P h n g Dini d a d cxi

ca Nguyn Vn Siu, i Vit c kim duyn cch d a c h kho, G ia n h

th n h thng c h ca Trnh Hoi c. N a m H p lu c v nht l b D i

468

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

N a n i n h t thng c h i do Quc s qun triu Nguyn bin son. B n cnh

nhjg cng trnh v a i Vit Nam o, xut hin mt s kin thc v

a li th gii trong Vn D i o ng ca L Qu n, hoc kin thc v
lch s th gii nh bn dch cch mng Php.
V y hc, thv thuc danh ting na sau th k X V III l L Hu T r c
vi bit hiu Hi thng ln ng, c kt nhng kinh nghim y hc, dc
hc ca phng Bc v ca nhn dn ta cha bnh cho rt nhiu ngi
t nhn dn n vua cha. Khng ch cao nhng bi thuc gia truyn
ca nhn dn, ng cn nu cao trch nhim v o c ca ngi thy
thuc, ch trng khng ly tin ca cc bnh nhn ngho thm ch cn
gip go tin cho h
ng thng ni: "Do lm thuc l nhn thut c nhim v gi
gn tnh mnh cho con ngi, phi lo ci lo ca ngi, vui ci
vui

ca ngi, ch ly vic gip ngi lm phn s m khng

cu li, k cng"
ng li cho i b H i T h n g V tng tm ln h (6 6 qu yn) tron g d

ghi [i 305 v thuc nam v 2854 phng thuc c truyn...

Nhng t tng trit ho, chnh tr hc c nh bc hc L Qu n
nghin cu, phn tch trong Q un th k k o bin, T h k in h d i n n gh ia,..
ng vit ; Gc ca nc vn dn, sinh mnh ca vua cng
dn. Lng dn mt khi lung lay th xut hin th t l", "ltn
nn ghip vng, nghip b trc ht phi bit ng ngi hin
ti", "vua bit dng ngi hin t i th hn t dCing mnh
hiu lm".
"Yu ght xung t nhau sinh ra tt xu, xa gn xen ln nhau
snh ra hi hn, tht gi xung t nhau sinh ra li hi" v.v...
-

Nhng nh hng ca phng Ty, d t i, cng gi ln thc ca

ngi Vit v k thut c kh. Nh ni phn cng nghip nh nc,

mt s th th cng hc tp cch ch to mt s my ti nc cho ng
rung, lc nc, ch nc s dng v c bit i ng c tu thy chy
bng my hi nc. Mc du vy, v nhiu hn ch, cho n gia th k
XIX, Vit Nam
Nm 1858,

vn nm trng thi nng nghip lc hu.

thc dn Php em qun xm c Vit Nam. Cuc khng

chin bo v T quc bng n, m u cho mt thi i mi ca lch s

dn tc.

V l r NAM (T TH I NGLIYN THY DN 185!

K h u Vn C c

y n b iri s tnm y n Miu

1G9

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

470

i i dng g i m k ii o th i hng N a m )in f

N g a i vng tron g din T h i H n

nh Lwa ngi hi th i d n l

'

l ^r

'

- f i. t

VIKI NAM (T THI NGUYKN THY nftN 18581

C h a Tiin Mu 'Hu

T h p Plu) Miiil ( S a m Di)

471

472

i)I CNG LCH s V IT N.\A1

Tng L a H n ch a T y Phng

H oa tit rng di L (n th Dnl Tin (fng)

473

VIKT NAM (T THI NGUYKN THY DN 1858)

'c-:

'rip C h m P o k io n g G a la i du th k X I V

Chin s di thv qiii M ak a ra (Vn a Chm)

474

DI CNG LCH s VIT NAM

n d i Q u a n g T ru n g

Cc hin v ca
Vn h a S a Hunh - ( k e o

V I 1-71 NAM ( T ' 1 ' H I NCILIYKN T I Y D N 1 8 5 8 )

i\ g M n

iu

P h C H i An

475