Chapter 13

Analysis of Lumped Mass Systems

Contents
13.1

Elements for Mass-Spring-Damper Systems

13.2

:
Design of Spring/Damper in a Recoil Landing System

13.3

:
Example: Design of Damper in a Spring Scale

13.4

:
Example: Quenching of a Shaft

13.5

Elements Related to Lumped-Mass Systems

2/31

 13.1

Elements for Mass-Spring-Damper Systems

3/31

13.1.1 MASS21: Structural Mass

Element Name
Nodes
Degrees of Freedom

Real Constants

MASS21
I
UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ if KEYOPT(3) = 0
UX, UY, UZ if KEYOPT(3) = 2
UX, UY, ROTZ if KEYOPT(3) = 3
UX, UY if KEYOPT(3) = 4
MASSX, MASSY, MASSZ, IXX, IYY, IZZ if KEYOPT(3) = 0
MASS if KEYOPT(3) = 2
MASS, IZZ if KEYOPT(3) = 3
MASS if KEYOPT(3) = 4

Material Properties

None

Surface Loads

None

Body Loads

None

Special Features

Large deflection

KEYOPT(2)

Key for element coordinate system

KEYOPT(3)

0234-

3-D mass with rotary inertia

3-D mass without rotary inertia
2-D mass with rotary inertia
2-D mass without rotary inertia

4/31

13.1.2 COMBIN14: Spring/Damper

Element Name
Nodes
Degrees of
Freedom

Real Constants

COMBIN14
I, J
UX, UY, UZ if KEYOPT(3) = 0
ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ if KEYOPT(3) = 1
UX, UY if KEYOPT(3) = 2
etc.
K, CV1, CV2

Material Properties

None

Surface Loads

None

Body Loads

None

Special Features

Nonlinear (if CV2 is not zero), Stress stiffening, Large

deflection, etc.

KEYOPT(1)

01-

Linear Solution (default)

Nonlinear solution (required if CV2 is non-zero)

KEYOPT(3)

0 - 3-D longitudinal spring-damper

1 - 3-D torsional spring-damper
2 - 2-D longitudinal spring-damper (2-D elements must
lie in an X-Y plane)

5/31

13.1.3 Equivalent
Mass/Spring/Damper
Translational Systems

Rotational Systems

Kinetic Energy

KE

1
M eq y 2
2

KE

1
J eq 2
2

Potential Energy

PE

1
K eq y 2
2

PE

1
K eq 2
2

Dissipated Energy

dDE
Deq y 2
dt

dDE 1
Deq 2
dt
2

6/31

 13.2
:
Design of Spring/Damper in a Recoil Landing System

7/31

13.2.1 Problem Description

Vehicle mass M
Piston
Cylinder

Spring K
Damper D

Rod
Foot

8/31

13.2.2 Modeling
Considerations
M

y
K

My Dy Ky 0
y (0) 0, y (0) V0

9/31

13.2.3 Equivalent
Spring/Damper
1
2
PE 3 K y cos
2
L

K eq 3K cos

dDE
2
3 D y cos
dt
Deq 3D cos

10/31

13.2.4 ANSYS Procedure (1/2)

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

FINISH
/CLEAR
/TITLE, Recoil Landing System (SI)
/PREP7
K
M
D
V0

=
=
=
=

72000
2000
24000
5

! Critically damped
! 18 km/Hr

ET, 1, COMBIN14,,, 2
ET, 2, MASS21,,, 4
R, 1, K, D
R, 2, M
N, 1, 0 ! Ground
N, 2, 1 ! Vehicle
TYPE, 1 $ REAL, 1 $ E, 1, 2
TYPE, 2 $ REAL, 2 $ E, 2
FINISH

11/31

13.2.4 ANSYS Procedure (2/2)

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

/SOLU
ANTYPE, TRANS
TRNOPT, FULL
D, ALL, UY, 0
D, 1, UX, 0
IC, 2, UX, 0, -V0
DELTIM, 0.01
TIME, 2
OUTRES, NSOL, ALL
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST26
NSOL, 2, 2, U, X, DISP
/GRID, 1
/AXLAB, Y, DISPLACEMENT
PLVAR, 2

12/31

 13.3
:
Design of Damper in a Spring Scale

13/31

13.3.1 Problem Description

Item placed on
platform mass m
Plateform mass Mp

Spring K mass
Mk

Calibrated dial Jc

Gear ratio n
Geared magnifier Jg
Rack mass Mr

Damper D
mass Md

14/31

13.3.2 Modeling
Considerations
Item
m

m M y Dy Ky mg
Scale
M

y (0) 0, y (0) 0

y
Spring
K

Mk Jg Jc n 2
M M p Mr Md

2
3 R2
R

Damper
D

15/31

13.3.3 Lumped Masses (1/4)

Lumped Mass for a Spring
Equivalent lumped
mass Meq

Vo
x

dm
V

V
1
KE V 2dm
L2

Vo x
L

1 Vo x

2 L

M eq

M k dx M kVo2

L
6

Mk

16/31

13.3.3 Lumped Masses (2/4)

Lumped Mass for a Gear-and-Rack Set
Vo

Mr
JG

Rolls without
slipping

1
1
1
1 V
KE M rVo2 JG 2 M rVo2 JG o
2
2
2
2 R

M eq

J 2
1
M r G2 Vo
2
R

JG
Mr 2
R
17/31

13.3.3 Lumped Masses (3/4)

Lumped Mass for a Geared Shafts Set
J1
J2
N1
Jeq

N2

Shafts

Gears

1
1
1
1 N g g
KE J gg21 J cc2 J gg2 J g
2
2
2
2 Nc

J eq

Ng 2
1
g
J g J c
2
N
c

Ng
J g J c
Nc

18/31

13.3.3 Lumped Masses (4/4)

Lumped Mass for the Spring Scale System

Gear set

M eq M r

Jg Jc n 2
R2

Mk Jg Jc n 2
M M p Mr Md
2 2
3 R
R

19/31

13.3.4 ANSYS Procedure (1/2)

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

FINISH
/CLEAR
/TITLE, Spring Scale (cgs)
/PREP7
m
Meq
K
D

=
=
=
=

1500
500
3.2E6
6.4E4

!
!
!
!

G
G
dyn/cm
dyn-s/cm

ET, 1, COMBIN14,,, 2
ET, 2, MASS21,,, 4
R, 1, K, D
R, 2, m+Meq
N, 1, 0
N, 2, 1
TYPE, 1 $ REAL, 1 $ E, 1, 2
TYPE, 2 $ REAL, 2 $ E, 2
FINISH

20/31

13.3.4 ANSYS Procedure (2/2)

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

/SOLU
ANTYPE, TRANS
TRNOPT, FULL
DELTIM, 0.02
TIME, 2
KBC, 1
D, ALL, UY, 0
D, 1, UX, 0
F, 2, FX, -m*981
OUTRES, NSOL, ALL
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST26
NSOL, 2, 2, U, X, DISP
/GRID, 1
PLVAR, 2

21/31

 13.4
:
Quenching of a Shaft

22/31

13.4.1 Problem Description

Shaft

T(0)
ms = 0.069 lb
Bath
Tb(0)

Before quenching

mb = 1 lb

T(t)
Tb(t)
After quenching

23/31

13.4.2 Modeling
Considerations

ms, Cs, Ts

h, A

mb, Cb, Tb

24/31

13.4.3 ANSYS Procedure (1/2)

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14

FINISH
/CLEAR
/TITLE, Unit: lb(mass)-ft-(Btu)-hr-F
/PREP7
16
17
PI = 4*ATAN(1)
18
ET, 1, MASS71
R, 1, PI*(1/4/12)**2/4*(5/12) 19
20
MP, DENS, 1, 486
21
MP, C, 1, 0.11
22
23
ET, 2, LINK34
24
R, 2, 0.028
25
MP, HF, 2, 300
26
27
28
29
30

ET, 3, MASS71,,, 1
R, 3, 1/62
MP, DENS, 3, 62
MP, C, 3, 1.0
N, 1, 0
N, 2, 1
TYPE, 1 $ REAL, 1 $ MAT, 1
E, 1
TYPE, 2 $ REAL, 2 $ MAT, 2
E, 1, 2
TYPE, 3 $ REAL, 3 $ MAT, 3
E, 2
FINISH

25/31

13.4.3 ANSYS Procedure (2/2)

32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51

/SOLU
ANTYPE, TRANS
TRNOPT, FULL
DELTIM, 0.0001
KBC, 1
TIME, 0.01
IC, 1, TEMP, 1300
IC, 2, TEMP, 75
OUTRES, NSOL, ALL
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST26
NSOL, 2, 1, TEMP,, SHAFT
NSOL, 3, 2, TEMP,, WATER
/GRID, 1
PLVAR, 2, 3

26/31

 13.5

Elements Related to Lumped-Mass Systems

27/31

13.5.1 Masses

28/31

13.5.2 Springs/Dampers

29/31

13.5.3 Thermal Links

30/31

13.5.4 Circuit Element

31/31