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ADV05000 08/04
1.0 Bricks
1.1 Brick Properties
1.101 Brick Dimensions
1.105 Efflorescence
1.104 Durability
1.231 P
oints to Consider When Designing
Walls for Acoustic Performance
1.214 M
asonry Design for Structural Adequacy
FRL
1.232 Doors
1.233 Appliances
1.313 Blending
1.305 Weepholes
2.0 Pavers
2.1 Paver Properties
2.101 Paver Dimensions
2.104 Efflorescence
2.103 Durability
2.203 D
escription of Layers & Basic
Engineering Design Requirements
2.209 Drainage
2.203 Subgrade
2.213 Crossfalls
2.305 Blending
2.302 B
ase course Preparation for Flexible
Pavements
2.311 Compaction
2.312 Cleaning
Homestyle Brochures
ADV05004 (2/2) 10/08
1. Bricks
Bricks
1.101
Section 1.1 relates to the properties of bricks made to meet the requirements of Australian Standard AS4455
Part 1 Masonry Units. This information is provided as a guide only to the properties of interest to a masonry
designer or builder.
Brick Dimensions
The work size of a standard brick is: 76 mm high x 230 mm long x 110 mm wide.
Some bricks are made with different work sizes. For example brick heights of 119 mm and 162 mm to match 1.5
and 2 standard size brick heights, including mortar joint, respectively. 50 mm and 90 mm high bricks, 90 mm wide
bricks and 290 mm long bricks are made for different structural and aesthetic effect. Larger bricks are often used
for more economical laying and as a design feature either on their own or combined with smaller bricks.
In cyclonic areas larger (140 mm wide x 90 mm high x 290 mm long) hollow bricks are used to allow for
reinforcement and grouting in the wall. Wider (150 mm wide) bricks can also be used in walls requiring lower
sound transmission, higher fire resistance levels and higher load bearing capacity depending on the specific brick
properties.
Clay brick sizes may vary after they are fired but size variation between units averages out when blended
properly during laying. Brick dimensions are measured by dry stacking 20 units, measuring the total length, width
and height and comparing that measurement to 20 times the work size.
Bricks are classified according to how much 20 bricks together deviate from 20 times the work size.
For standard bricks, Dimensional Category DW1 means the height and width will differ by less than plus or
minus 50 mm from 20 times the work size, and the length will differ less than plus or minus 90 mm.
For standard bricks, Dimensional Category DW2 means the height and width will differ by less than plus or
minus 40 mm from 20 times the work size, and the length will differ less than plus or minus 60 mm.
Dimensional Category, DW0 means there are no requirements. This is usually reserved for non-standard
shaped bricks and bricks that have been rumbled or otherwise distorted during the manufacturing process
for aesthetic reasons.
ADV03743
1.102
Brick Strength
Brick strength is defined as resistance to load per unit area and is expressed in mega Pascals (MPa).
ADV03744
1.103
Water Absorption
Cold Water Absorption
The amount of water that a brick can absorb is measured by the cold water absorption test. There is no distinct
relationship between water absorption and the water-tightness of walls. The results of water absorption tests
are used by the brick manufacturer for quality assurance.
ADV03745
1.104
Durability
Salt attack is the most common durability problem affecting bricks. In the form of a solution, salt can be
absorbed into masonry. As the water evaporates, the salt is drawn towards the outside face. The evaporating
water leaves the solution super-saturated so salt crystals begin to form. The salt crystals grow in the pores just
below the surface and depending on the texture of the brick, the amount of salt, the rate of drying and the
temperature, the salt may fill the pores, exerting very high pressures on the matrix. The energy in the constrained
salt crystal increases and if sufficient pops a piece of the outer surface off and salt attack has begun.
Bricks are assessed and classed into three grades according to AS/NZS4456.10 Resistance to Salt Attack. In
summary the three grades of brick that can be used are as follows:
Suitable for use in elements above the damp-proof course in non-marine exterior environments. Elements
above the damp-proof course in all exterior environments, with a waterproof coating, properly flashed
junctions with other building elements and a top covering (roof or coping) protecting the masonry.
Suitable for use in an external wall, excluding walls in severe marine environments or in contact with
aggressive soils and environments (see AS3700 Appendix E). General purpose grade bricks can also be used
in PRO applications.
Suitable for use in external walls exposed to severe marine environments, i.e. up to one kilometre from a
surf coast or up to 100 metres from a non-surf coast or in contact with aggressive soils and environments.
The distances are specified from mean high water mark. Exposure grade bricks can also be used in PRO and
GP applications.
ADV03746
1.105
Moisture Expansion
Clay products expand over time as they absorb water into their structure. This is well known and documented
and must be consider when designing brickwork. The expansion is not uniform (it is logarithmic) over time. In
the first six months one quarter of the expansion occurs, one half in the first two years and three quarters in the
first 5 years. The Characteristic Expansion is estimated from an accelerated test and expressed as a coefficient
of expansion (em) that for Boral bricks is usually between 0.8 and 1.2 mm/m/15 years.
Efflorescence
Bricks may contain soluble salts that come to the surface when the brick dries. The source of these soluble salts
is the raw materials used in the brick production process.
Brick efflorescence should not be confused with the efflorescence that is seen on masonry walls after
construction. This form of efflorescence is caused mainly from the raw materials and water used in the wall
construction process (eg. Mortar).
Brick efflorescence is usually white but there is a special form of efflorescence (known as vanadium staining)
that is coloured yellow, green or reddish-brown and is therefore particularly visible on light coloured bricks.
Allefflorescence is more or less visible depending on the colour and surface texture of the brick.
Boral bricks have a nil to slight efflorescence.
ADV03747
1.201
The following design information is based on Australian Standard AS3700: 2001 Masonry Structures. Reference
to Clauses and Formulae are those used in AS3700. This information is provided as a guide only to the
processes involved in designing masonry. All masonry should be designed by a suitably qualified structural
engineer.
Robustness
AS3700, Clause 4.6.1 requires walls to have an adequate degree of Robustness. Robustness is a minimum
design requirement, and may be overridden by fire, wind, snow, earthquake or live and dead load requirements.
In robustness calculations (AS3700 Clause 4.6.2), there are height, length, and panel action formulae. By reworking
the standard formulae and inserting known data, it is possible to determine whether a chosen design and Boral brick
will provide adequate robustness, as in the tables below and the charts on pages 1.202 to 1.204.
Table 1. Maximum Height of Isolated Piers
230 x 230
3.105
350 x 350
4.725
90
0.54
2.43
3.24
110
0.66
2.97
3.96
150
0.90
4.05
5.40
230
1.38
6.21
8.28
Table 3. Maximum Wall Length where One or Both Ends are Laterally Restrained
90
1.08
3.24
110
1.32
3.96
150
1.80
5.40
230
2.76
8.28
In the situation depicted in Table 3 above, height is not limited although length is. This typically applies to lift
shafts and stairwells. Control joints and openings greater than one fifth of the wall height are treated as free
ends unless specific measures are taken to provide adequate lateral support.
Where wall lengths exceed those in Table 3 above, AS 3700 Equation 4.6.2 (4) must be used to determine the maximum
height for a wall of the required length. Should the initial choice of product not provide a suitable solution, then a thicker
Boral brick or increased masonry width or extra restraints should be evaluated. t
ADV03749
1.202
Robustness (continued)
How to Use the Boral Robustness Graphs
These charts determine the minimum brick thickness for a known wall height, length and restraint criteria.
HEIGHT
(m)
WALL
230mm
6
5
150mm
110x110mm
90x90mm
110mm
90mm
4
3
2
1
0
WAL L
L ENGTH
(m)
ADV03750
1.203
Robustness Limits
110x110mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
(m)
H E IG H T
90x90mm
WA LL
WA LL
H E IG H T
(m)
150mm
6
WAL L
L ENGTH
Laterally supported
both ends and
top unsupported
90x90mm
110mm
90mm
5
4
150mm
110x110mm
90x90mm
110mm
90mm
2
1
WAL L
L ENGTH
6
(m)
H E IGH T
(m)
LENGTH
(m)
F
R
Laterally supported
one end and
top unsupported
F
R
WALL
WAL L
(m)
H E IGH T
WAL L
(m)
110x110mm
1
0
5
4
3
230mm
150mm
110x110mm
90x90mm
110mm
90mm
2
1
0
WALL
LENGTH
(m)
ADV03751
1.204
Robustness Limits
(m)
150mm
110x110mm
90x90mm
110mm
90mm
4
3
2
1
H E IG H T
WA LL
(m)
H E IG H T
230mm
WA LL
150mm
110x110mm
90x90mm
110mm
90mm
3
2
1
WAL L
L ENGTH
6
(m)
WALL
LENGTH
(m)
ADV03752
1.205
Masonry Strength
Masonry Strength is defined as resistance to load per unit area. It must be remembered that thicker masonry
will support more load than thinner masonry of the same strength.
ADV03753
1.206
Durability of Masonry
AS3700 requires masonry to be designed to continue functioning satisfactorily throughout its design life without
undue maintenance. That is, all masonry materials, including bricks, mortar and all built-in components, must be
sufficiently durable for the exposure classification of the site (see AS3700 Appendix E). Masonry designed to
meet the requirements of AS3700 Section 5, is deemed to comply with the durability requirements and Table 5.1
defines the durability requirements for bricks, built-in components and mortar in different environments.
Salt attack is the most common durability problem. In the form of a solution, salt can be absorbed into masonry.
As the water evaporates, the salt is drawn towards the outside face. The evaporating water leaves the solution
super-saturated so salt crystals begin to form. The salt crystals grow in the pores just below the surface and
depending on the texture of the brick, the amount of salt, the rate of drying and the temperature, the salt may
fill the pores, exerting very high pressures on the matrix. The energy in the constrained salt crystal increases and
if sufficient pops a piece of the outer surface off and salt attack has begun.
Boral bricks graded General Purpose (GP) are suitable for use in all walls, excluding external walls in severe
marine environments or in all walls in contact with aggressive soils and environments.
Boral bricks graded Exposure Grade (EXP) are suitable for use in all walls including external walls exposed to
severe marine environments, i.e. up to 1 km from a surf coast or up to 100 m from a non surf coast or walls in
contact with aggressive soils and environments. The distances are specified from mean high water mark.
Walls below damp proof course often require greater durability, even if they are well away from the coast, as
they may be subjected to saline, acidic or alkaline soils. If unsure of the corrosive nature of the site, an
inexpensive total soluble salt content test for soil is available in most areas. Remember it is the designers
responsibility to specify the appropriate durability grade of bricks, mortar and built-in components and it is the
builders responsibility to order bricks, etc. of appropriate durability grade specified by the designer. Brick
manufacturers cannot take any responsibility in this decision as they are not aware of the design requirements
of each site. t
ADV03754
1.207
ADV03755
1.208
Brick Ties
In brick veneer construction, ties are used to pass all the lateral out-of-plane loads and forces (such as from
wind) to the structural backing. In cavity brick construction ties either pass the lateral out-of-plane loads and
forces to the stronger leaf or share them between the leaves.
The design of ties in masonry for structural purposes must comply with AS3700 Clause 7.7 for veneer or Clause
7.8 for cavity construction. For small buildings the tie requirements are covered in AS3700 Clause 12.3.4 for brick
veneer construction and Clause 12.3.3.2 for cavity brick construction.
Type A ties are those that have no specific seismic design characteristics. It is difficult to find brick ties other
than Type A in Australia. Ties are available in heavy, medium and light duty in galvanised steel, stainless steel
and plastic. Plastic ties are usually reserved for acoustic applications. Stainless steel ties are used in situations
requiring exposure grade materials or very long life. Galvanised steel ties are those most commonly used.
The Newcastle (NSW) earthquake which occurred in 1989 showed masonry survived well except where the ties
were deficient. Problems found included:
galvanised ties rusted through;
ties only built into one leaf during construction;
loose ties;
absent ties; and,
incorrect duty ties used.
Ties are required to meet the durability requirement of the site for the design life of the building. Should the
design life of the building be exceeded and the ties begin to fail, they can be replaced with remedial ties but
this is a very expensive process and as ties are hidden it is unlikely they will be seen until a catastrophic failure
occurs. As sustainability considerations become more important, the life of buildings is likely to be extended.
Properly maintained, brick buildings may last for centuries. It should be remembered that stainless steel brick
ties offer a longer service life and, although more expensive as a proportion of the overall building cost, the
difference is trivial.
ADV03756
1.209
Expansion Joints
Expansion and contraction must be allowed for in masonry design by inserting control joints at spacings
designed to suit the magnitude of the movement.
Clay products expand permanently over time. This is the opposite of cement-based products, which permanently
shrink. For this reason it is unwise to use clay and concrete units in the same band in a wall. If clay bricks are
used in concrete framed buildings, control joint spacing and workmanship are critical, as the bricks will expand
as the concrete frame shrinks.
The magnitude of thermal changes varies from brick to brick depending on the many factors, however, allowing
0.008 mm/m/C is usually recommended. Expansion and contraction from wetting and drying of clay bricks is
less than for concrete and calcium silicate products and usually can be ignored in brick masonry design.
AS3700, Clause 4.8 requires expansion joints to be spaced to limit panel movement so that movement from both
sides closes joints by less than 15 mm and joints are at least 5 mm wide when closed. This means the gap, when
constructed, should be 20-25 mm. However, in most buildings articulation joints are used and these are closer
than required for expansion making separate expansion joints unnecessary.
Articulation Joints
Articulation joints are vertical gaps that allow for minor footing movements, to prevent distress or significant
wall cracking. Articulation joints provide the flexibility needed when building on reactive clay soils and usually
are not required for masonry on stable sites (classified according to AS2870). Spacing of articulation joints
depends on the site classification and the slab or footing design, but where used must be placed no closer than
0.5 metres and no further than 3 metres from all corners. The width of articulation joints depends on the height
of the masonry: 10 mm for masonry up to 3 metres and 15 mm for masonry up to 6 metres high. t
ADV03757
1.210
principles
of
control
joint
Articulation
joint
ADV03758
1.211a
Thermal Properties
The initial aims of the Building Code of Australia (BCA) were to safeguard people from illness and injury and to
safeguard adjacent property from building failures. Legislators subsequently determined to use the BCA for other
purposes and have now added requirements for energy efficiency performance of buildings. Energy efficiency
consists of three main aspects, thermal performance, hot and cold water provision and lighting. Thermal
performance is the only aspect impacting on brick masonry construction.
Australia is divided into 8 climatic zones. (Eastern Sydney and Perth are in Zone 5, Adelaide, Melbourne and
Western Sydney are in Zone 6, Brisbane is in Zone 2 and Canberra is in Zone 7). The zones and Local Government
boundaries are detailed on a map, which is available from the Australian Building Codes Board (www.abcb.gov.
au) but the Local Council is able to provide the information where there is any doubt. In most cases the
boundaries between zones are those between council areas.
BCA Volume 1 divides buildings into three groups with different minimum energy efficiency requirements:
1. Each sole occupancy unit of a Class 2 building or Class 4 part of a building must achieve not less than 3 stars
and the average for all of the sole occupancies in the building must be at least 3.5 stars for Zones 1-3 and
4 stars for Zones 4-8. Energy efficiency of buildings expressed as a Star Rating is determined using thermal
calculation software that complies with the ABCB Protocol for House Energy Rating Software.
2. Class 3 and Class 5 buildings, Class 6 shops, shopping centres, restaurants and cafes, Class 8 laboratories,
Class 9a clinic, day surgery or procedure unit or ward area in a health care building, Class 9b theatres,
cinemas or schools and Class 9c aged care facilities must have a calculated annual energy consumption less
than or equal to that calculated for a reference building.
3. Certain buildings which are designed to not have conditioned (heated or cooled) spaces such as unenclosed
car parks or ambient temperature warehouses are excluded from the requirements.
BCA Volume 2 requires a minimum energy efficiency for Class 1 buildings and the whole of Class 1 and attached
enclosed Class 10a parts of buildings. The energy efficiency requirement is met by achieving a rating of 5 stars
or by showing that heating and/or cooling loads are equal to or less than those of a reference building in the
same zone. A Star Rating is determined using thermal calculation software complying with the ABCB Protocol
for House Energy Rating Software.
While the BCA sets these minimum requirements, State Governments may adopt these minimums or may opt for
different requirements. Local authorities may adopt higher star ratings but may not opt for lower ratings than
the State adopts. t
ADV1211A
1.211b
ADV1211B
1.212a
Volumes 1&2:
Achieve a surface density of not less than 220 kg per square meter
Two leaves of 90 mm or thicker bricks or a single leaf of 150 mm wide clay bricks or 140 mm wide clay bricks
with vertical cores filled with grout at minimum 1000 mm centres with render or plasterboard and a grouted
horizontal bond beam.
Incorporate a cavity of 20 to 35 mm
BCA Volume 1 has no deemed to satisfy provisions related to the cavity width for weatherproofing masonry.
BCA Volume 2 requires masonry to have a cavity (a void between two leaves of masonry) between 35 and
65 mm for weatherproofing. Insulation in the cavity of brick masonry must provide a minimum cavity of 35
mm in Class 1 and attached Class 10a parts of buildings and 20 mm in other classes of building and
prevention of moisture penetration must be maintained.
Masonry that has a thermal conductivity of less than 0.8
BCA Volume 1, Specification J1.2 Materials Properties, Table 2a Thermal Conductivity of Typical Wall,
Roof/Ceiling and Floor Materials, lists the thermal conductivity of 110 mm wide bricks weighing less than
3.75 kg as less than 0.78 W/m.K. All bricks manufactured by Boral, other than solid bricks, meet the
requirements for the thermal conductivity to be less than 0.78 W/m.K. t
ADV1212A
1.212b
ADV1212B
1.213
Structural Adequacy
This governs the walls height, length, thickness and restraints. Brick suppliers do not control the wall height,
length or restraints so therefore do not control Structural Adequacy.
Integrity
This is the resistance to the passage of flame or gas. To provide integrity, walls must be structurally adequate
and they must maintain insulation. Extensive fire testing of masonry has shown integrity to be closely related to
structural adequacy or insulation. AS 3700 therefore allows Integrity to be equal to the lesser of the Structural
Adequacy or the Insulation periods.
Insulation
This is resistance to the passage of heat through the wall. Insulation is a function of the thickness of the brick
as shown in Table 5, page 1.222 of this manual.
ADV03761
1.214
ADV03762
1.215
Laterally supported
on all sides
example).
15
14
HEIGHT
BETWEEN
SUPPORTS
(m)
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
230mm
5
4
150mm
110mm
90mm
1
0
LENGTH
BETWEEN
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
(m)
ADV03763
1.216
Laterally supported
on all sides
14
13
13
(m)
14
12
10
9
8
7
230mm
6
5
150mm
110mm
90mm
3
2
BE T WE E N
S U P PO RT S
11
1
0
BETWEEN
10
9
8
7
230mm
6
5
150mm
110mm
90mm
3
2
13
(m )
14
13
12
S UP P ORTS
11
10
9
B ET W EE N
8
7
6
5
4
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
1
1
LENGTH
BETWEEN
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
(m)
BETWEEN
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
(m)
F
S
15
14
Laterally supported
one end and bottom,
one end and top unsupported
LENGTH
H E IG HT
(m )
S UP P ORTS
11
(m)
15
B ET W EE N
12
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
Laterally supported
on three sides,
top unsupported
H E IG HT
LENGTH
15
HEIGHT
HEIGHT
BE T WE E N
S U P PO RT S
(m)
15
Laterally supported
on three sides,
one end unsupported
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
2
1
0
LENGTH
BETWEEN
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
(m)
ADV03764
1.217
Laterally supported
on all sides
14
13
13
(m)
14
12
10
9
8
7
230mm
6
5
150mm
110mm
90mm
3
2
BE T WE E N
S U P PO RT S
11
1
0
BETWEEN
10
9
8
7
230mm
6
5
4
150mm
110mm
90mm
13
(m )
14
13
12
S UP P ORTS
11
10
9
B ET W EE N
8
7
6
5
4
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
1
1
LENGTH
BETWEEN
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
(m)
BETWEEN
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
(m)
F
S
15
14
Laterally supported
one end and bottom,
one end and top unsupported
LENGTH
H E IG HT
(m )
S UP P ORTS
11
(m)
15
B ET W EE N
12
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
Laterally supported
on three sides,
top unsupported
H E IG HT
LENGTH
15
HEIGHT
HEIGHT
BE T WE E N
S U P PO RT S
(m)
15
Laterally supported
on three sides,
one end unsupported
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
2
1
0
LENGTH
BETWEEN
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
(m)
ADV03765
1.218
Laterally supported
on all sides
14
13
13
(m)
14
12
10
9
8
7
230mm
6
5
4
150mm
110mm
90mm
BE T WE E N
S U P PO RT S
11
1
0
BETWEEN
10
9
8
7
230mm
6
5
4
150mm
110mm
90mm
13
(m )
14
13
12
S UP P ORTS
11
10
9
B ET W EE N
8
7
6
5
4
3
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
1
LENGTH
BETWEEN
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
(m)
BETWEEN
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
(m)
F
S
15
14
Laterally supported
one end and bottom,
one end and top unsupported
LENGTH
H E IG HT
(m )
S UP P ORTS
11
(m)
15
B ET W EE N
12
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
Laterally supported
on three sides,
top unsupported
H E IG HT
LENGTH
15
HEIGHT
HEIGHT
BE T WE E N
S U P PO RT S
(m)
15
Laterally supported
on three sides,
one end unsupported
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
2
1
0
LENGTH
BETWEEN
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
(m)
ADV03766
1.219
Laterally supported
on all sides
14
13
13
(m)
14
12
10
9
8
7
6
230mm
5
4
150mm
110mm
90mm
BE T WE E N
S U P PO RT S
11
1
0
BETWEEN
10
9
8
7
6
230mm
5
4
150mm
110mm
90mm
13
(m )
14
13
12
S UP P ORTS
11
10
9
B ET W EE N
8
7
6
5
4
3
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
1
LENGTH
BETWEEN
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
(m)
BETWEEN
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
(m)
F
S
15
14
Laterally supported
one end and bottom,
one end and top unsupported
LENGTH
H E IG HT
(m )
S UP P ORTS
11
(m)
15
B ET W EE N
12
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
Laterally supported
on three sides,
top unsupported
H E IG HT
LENGTH
15
HEIGHT
HEIGHT
BE T WE E N
S U P PO RT S
(m)
15
Laterally supported
on three sides,
one end unsupported
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
2
1
0
LENGTH
BETWEEN
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
(m)
ADV03767
1.220
Laterally supported
on all sides
14
13
13
(m)
14
12
10
9
8
7
6
230mm
5
4
150mm
110mm
90mm
BE T WE E N
S U P PO RT S
11
1
0
BETWEEN
10
9
8
7
6
230mm
5
4
150mm
110mm
90mm
13
( m )
14
13
12
SUPPORT S
11
10
9
B E TW E EN
8
7
6
5
4
3
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
1
LENGTH
BETWEEN
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
(m)
BETWEEN
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
(m)
F
S
15
14
Laterally supported
one end and bottom,
one end and top unsupported
LENGTH
H EI GH T
( m )
SUPPORT S
11
(m)
15
B E TW E EN
12
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
Laterally supported
on three sides,
top unsupported
H EI GH T
LENGTH
15
HEIGHT
HEIGHT
BE T WE E N
S U P PO RT S
(m)
15
Laterally supported
on three sides,
one end unsupported
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
1
0
LENGTH
BETWEEN
10 11 12
SUPPORTS
(m)
ADV03768
1.221
This figure shows the situation where there is support top and bottom but none on the sides. This applies
where there are control joints, large openings, long walls, etc. To use this graph select the desired FRL in
minutes and the height of the wall. The line above the intersection shows the brick thickness required.
Maximum Wall Heights for Structural Adequacy for any Wall Length
S
MAXIMUM
WALL
HEIGHT
(m)
6
230mm
4
150mm
3
110mm
90mm
60
FRL
F OR
90
120
STRUC TURAL
(minut e s)
180
240
ADEQUAC Y
ADV03769
1.222
60
90
120
180
240
240
220
(110/110 cavity)
240
ADV03770
1.223
ADV03771
1.224
ADV03772
1.225
Acoustic Design
Acoustic Performance Rating
The BCA requirements are met by:
1. Testing a sample of constructed walls to verify that they meet the Weighted Standardised Level Difference
(Dnt,w explained further in Acoustic Performance On-Site on page 1.231 of this manual) requirements;
or
2. Constructing walls using the same materials and techniques as walls that have been constructed and tested
in a laboratory and shown to meet the Weighted Sound Reduction Index (Rw) requirements; or,
3. Constructing walls using the materials and techniques in the Acceptable Construction Practice section of
the BCA; and,
4. Where impact sound reduction is required, it is to be achieved by discontinuous construction, except for
Class 9c buildings where there is a test; and,
5. Except where the requirements are verified by on-site testing, chasing of services into masonry walls is not
allowed and electrical outlets on either side of the wall must be offset by no less than 100 mm.
The BCA acoustic performance requirements in Class 1, 2, 3 and 9c buildings are shown below in the tables.
Table 6. BCA Volume 2 Requirements for walls separating (Class 1) sole occupancy units
Wall separating
Wall Rating
Rw+Ctr 50
Rw+Ctr 50
and
discontinuous construction
Northern Territory and Queensland have different requirements for acoustic performance of walls separating
Class 1 buildings. The differences are; in the table above, in Row 1 the wall rating required is Rw 45 and in
bottom row the rating required is Rw 50 with impact sound resistance, which may be determined by a tapping
test comparing to a deemed-to-satisfy wall. t
ADV1225
1.226
Sole occupancy unit- bathroom, sanitary Sole occupancy unit- habitable room
compartment, laundry or kitchen
except a kitchen
Sole occupancy unit- all areas
Wall Rating
Rw+Ctr 50
Rw+Ctr 50
and
discontinuous construction
Rw 50
and
discontinuous construction
Rw 50
Northern Territory and Queensland have different requirements for Class 2 and 3 buildings. The requirements
simply stated are that all separating walls shown in Table 7 have a rating of Rw 45, except those in row 2
where the walls must have a rating of Rw 50 and discontinuous construction or test to be no less resistant to
impact noise than a deemed-to-satisfy wall (by a tapping test).
Table 8. BCA Volume 1 Requirements for walls separating sole occupancy units and other parts of the
building in Class 9c Buildings (aged care facilities).
Wall separating
Sole occupancy unit- all areas except
those below
Laundry, kitchen
Wall Rating
Rw 45
Rw 45
and
discontinuous construction
or
No less resistant to impact noise than
a deemed-to-satisfy wall
Rw 45
Adjacent room
Sole occupancy unit habitable room
other than a kitchen.
Sole occupancy unit kitchen or non
habitable room
Barrier rating
Rw+Ctr 40
Rw+Ctr 25
*In Class 1 buildings the requirements apply to those services that pass through more than one Dwelling. In Class 2, 3 & 9c
requirements apply to all stormwater pipes and other services that pass through more than one sole occupancy unit.
Northern Territory and Queensland have different requirements for separation of services in the table above; the
requirements are respectively Rw 45 and Rw 30, which for masonry construction are roughly equivalent to the
figures in the table.
ADV1226
1.227
BCADeemed-to-Satisfy Walls
BCA Volume 1 Amendment 14 Specification F5.2 Table 2 gives deemed-to-satisfy walls for sound insulation for
walls separating sole occupancy units.
BCA Volume 2 Amendment 14 Table 3.8.6.2 gives deemed-to-satisfy walls for sound insulation for walls
separating two or more Class 1 Buildings. These walls are the same as those in Volume 1 except only walls
achieving Rw+Ctr 50 are allowed.
Deemed-to-satisfy clay brick walls are detailed on the following pages. t
ADV03775
1.228
Rating
Rw+Ctr50
Rw+Ctr50
Rw+Ctr50
Rw+Ctr50
ADV03776
1.229
Rating
Rw50
Rw50
Rw45
ADV03777
1.230
ADV03778
1.231
ADV03779
1.232
Doors
Hollow, cored and even solid doors generally provide unsatisfactory sound insulation. Doors can provide direct
air leaks between rooms lowering the overall Rw of the wall in which they are inserted. Where sound insulation
is important, specialised heavyweight doors or, preferably, two doors separated by an absorbent lined airspace
or lobby should be used.
ADV03780
1.233
Appliances
Noise producing fixtures or appliances such as water closets, cisterns, water storage tanks, sluices, dishwashers,
washing machines and pumps should be isolated from the structure with resilient mountings and flexible service
leads and connections.
ADV03781
1.301
The following information relates to the construction of brick walls to meet AS3700, the design and aesthetic
requirements.
Mortar
AS3700: 2001, Table 10.1 gives the options for mortar mixes classified as M1 to M4. M1 mortars are for
restoration applications. M2 mortars are for use in interior walls above dampcourse or in exterior walls above
dampcourse if more than one km from a body of salt water and 10 km from a surf coast and the wall has protection
from water ingress above. M3 and M4 mortars are those most commonly used in construction. Table 11 gives the
proportions of the most commonly used mortars. Other deemed-to-satisfy compositions are given in AS3700.
Special mortars that are tested and shown to meet requirements are allowed with verification on site.
Note: Proportions are by volume and should be measured with a bucket or gauge box, NOT A SHOVEL.
Table 11. Typical Mortar Mixes
Mortar
Durability
Type
Class
Water
Thickener*
M1
PRO
No
M2
PRO
No
M3
GP
No
M3
GP
Yes
M4
EXP
412
No
M4
EXP
Yes
Refer to page 1.104 for description of Durability Class. *Methylcellulose type, not air entrainers such as detergent.
Where masonry strength is crucial, trial walls should be constructed with the bricks and mortar to be used on
the job, then tested before construction commences. Masonry bond strength is related to the suction of the
bricks, the particle size distribution of the sand, cement content, additive contents, etc. For many jobs these
panels can also be used as physical samples of the required quality of the bricklaying and cleaning.
Note: AS 3700 allows the use of:
Cements complying with AS 3972 or AS 1316
Lime complying with AS 1672.1
Sand that is free of any deleterious materials
Water that is free from deleterious materials and
Admixtures including plasticisers, air entraining agents and set retarders complying with AS1478.1,
cellulose-type water thickeners, colouring pigments complying with BS EN 12878 and bonding polymers.
t
ADV03783
1.302
Mortar (continued)
No other material may be used until tests on masonry constructed with the mortar, made with the material or
admixture shows the masonry complies with the standards requirements for compressive strength, flexural
strength and durability.
Deleterious materials are those reducing the strength or durability of the masonry and including anything that
attacks the built-in components. This means the use of fire clay, detergent, sugar, soft drink, etc., are banned.
Most of these materials severely reduce mortar strength and durability. Water thickener must be used only
according to the manufacturers directions because overuse severely reduces mortar strength.
Mortar Estimator
Table 12. Estimated Material Requirements to Lay 1,000 Standard Bricks
Mix
Composition
(C:L:S)
40 kg bags
of cement
25 kg bags
of lime
Cubic metres
of sand
Tonnes of
damp sand
M3
1 : 1 : 6
2.4
0.64
1.2
M3
1 : 0 : 5
0.64
1.2
M4
1 : 0 : 4
6.5
0.64
1.2
M4
1 : 12 : 412
5.3
1.6
0.64
1.2
This table assumes partial filling of cores and typical site wastage.
Only make sufficient mortar for immediate use. If mortar starts to set, it may be re-tempered once only.
Where bricklaying is interrupted, the mortar should be covered to prevent evaporation and mixed with the trowel
before continuing. t
ADV03784
1.303
Mortar (continued)
Mortar Colour
The mortar colour can dramatically affect the overall look. The colour of mortar is influenced by the colour of the
cement and the aggregates (sand). Many pigments are also available ranging in colour through red, yellow,
brown, green, blue and black (mainly oxides but carbon black can be used to give black mortar). The cheapest
way of colouring mortar is to use coloured sand. White and yellow sands are commonly available but red and
brown sands are also available. Sands are normally natural materials which vary considerably even in the one
deposit. To ensure colour consistency, sufficient sand from the one batch should be set aside for the whole job.
Where colour is crucial to the look of the masonry, before accepting the sand, a trial wall should be built (4 bricks
x 10 courses). After the mortar dries assess the colour. Where oxides or carbon black are used as colours never
use more than 10% by weight of the cement content.
Colours are additive in their effect and it is possible to get different shades and tones of mortar using different
combinations of cement, sands and oxides.
Table 13:Typical Coloured Mortar Components
Mortar Colour
Cement
Sand
Oxide
Red
Grey
Red
Yellow
Off-white or Grey
Yellow
Cream
Off-white
Yellow
None
Tan
Grey
White or Yellow
Brown
Black
Grey
Yellow
Black
Note: The colour of mortar can be severely degraded by incorrect or poor brick cleaning.
ADV03785
1.304
Joint Types
The type of joint can dramatically affect the overall look of brick masonry. Joints can be used to create a casual,
rustic or formal look to brickwork. There are many different joints; the most common ones used in Australia are
shown below.
Flush Joint
Raked Joint
Ironed Joint
Struck Joint
Weathered Joint
Terminology and joint preference differs in different countries and within Australia. Where there is any
confusion, always use a drawing or physical sample to avoid misunderstandings.
Shallow ironed joints are recommended in areas requiring exposure grade bricks and mortar. Tooling the joint to
produce ironed and struck joints is equivalent to steel trowelling concrete and produces a dense smooth surface
which sheds water and dirt better than other types of joint. Ironed and struck joints should always be used for
bricks with straight sharp edges such as Smooth Face and Velour bricks.
Raked joints may be used with any type of brick but they tend to retain dirt and may lead to streaks down the
masonry in dirty environments. Raking must not come closer than 5 mm to any core. This usually limits raking to
less than 10 mm, however it is best to check the bricks that are being used before raking. AS3700 specifies that
joints in walls in marine, severe marine or aggressive environments or on aggressive soils must be tooled to a
dense smooth surface. This precludes raking and in practice ironed joints are the only ones that consistently
meet the requirement.
Flush joints may be used with any type of brick. However, flush joints are particularly effective with rumbled
bricks as flush joints make the joints look to be of variable thickness that gives a pleasing rustic look.
ADV03786
1.305
Joint Sizes
Mortar bed joints are required to be less than 10 mm unless the design specifies another thickness. A different
thickness may only be specified after the designer considers the effect on compressive and flexural strength of
the masonry. During construction mortar bed joints are allowed to deviate by 3mm. Because of poor practice
or lack of proper direction some slabs and footings are finished at the wrong height. Mortar joints up to 50 mm
thick have been used to get the correct coursing, however, this is not allowed under AS3700.
Perpends are to have a minimum design thickness of 5 mm. In structural brickwork perpends may be up to 10
mm thicker than the specified thickness but no thinner. In face brickwork perpends may deviate by 5 mm from
the average width but in any one wall the maximum difference allowable between any two perpends is 8 mm.
The preceding tolerances do not apply in the case of thin bed mortars and perpend tolerances do not apply where
perpends are not filled with mortar.
Weepholes
Weepholes are to allow moisture that collects in the cavity to escape. Weepholes should be spaced at less than
1200 mm centres wherever flashing is built into the masonry to shed water from the cavity. Weepholes are
usually empty perpends (10 mm wide) but proprietary products are available to prevent the entry of insects. In
high wind areas it has been known for water to be blown up the cavity onto the inner wall and as this is very
undesirable, more, narrower weepholes are usually built into the wall. It is essential that weepholes remain
open and render and other applied coatings, where used, must be raked out of the joint.
ADV03787
1.306
Brick Estimator
Brickwork is based on the 600 mm unit, (seven courses high and two and a half bricks long). This unit fits in with
doors, windows and other building materials. The number of bricks required for a wall can be determined from
the Brick Coursing Height and Brick Gauge tables on pages 1.310-1.312 of this manual. Select the height of the
wall and from the following page for the brick height chosen determine the number of courses. From the next
page for 230 mm long bricks or the one after for 290 mm bricks, determine the number of bricks for the length
of your wall. A half brick should be calculated as 1 whole brick, due to site wastage. Multiply the number of
bricks by the number of courses to give the number of bricks for the wall. Saw cutting bricks may mean getting
two halves from a brick but this is not usual practice because of the cost of cutting.
ADV03788
1.307
ADV03789
1.308
ADV03790
1.309
Flemish Bond
Stack Bond
ADV03791
1.310
36
24
18
35
34
33
2700
22
30
17
27
21
16
25
24
22
21
15
19
18
17
1500
18
39
14
1200
15
37
13
16
12
15
12
900
14
600
11
13
10
12
9
4
3
2
32
30
29
10
27
26
24
23
11
22
8
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
7
5
13
12
11
5
4
300
33
25
8
7
35
28
11
10
36
31
14
13
38
34
17
16
41
40
20
19
44
42
20
23
1800
46
43
26
2100
47
45
29
28
49
48
32
31
2400
23
50
9
8
7
6
3
2
10
5
2
4
3
2
3000mm
30
29
28
2700mm
27
26
25
2400mm
24
23
22
2100mm
21
20
19
1800mm
18
17
16
1500mm
15
14
13
1200mm
12
11
10
900mm
9
8
7
600mm
6
5
4
300mm
3
2
76mm
119mm
162mm
50mm
90mm
ADV03792
1.311
Brick Gauge
230 mm Long Bricks
No. of Length Opening
Bricks (mm)
(mm)
No. of Length
Bricks (mm)
230
250
1312
3230
3250
1 2
350
370
470
490
212
590
26
6230
6250
3812
9230
9350
27
3350
3370
26 2
6350
6370
14 2
3470
3490
6470
6490
610
15
3590
3610
2712
6590
710
730
1512
3710
3730
3 2
830
850
950
970
412
1070
14
39 2
9470
6610
40
9590
6710
6730
4012
9710
9830
29
28
3830
3850
28 2
6830
6850
16 2
3950
3970
6950
6970
1090
17
4070
4090
2912
7070
1190
1210
1712
4190
4210
5 2
1310
1330
4310
4330
1430
1450
1812
4430
612
1550
1570
1670
1690
7 2
1790
16
39
41
1
41 2
9950
7090
42
10070
7190
7210
4212
10190
30 2
7310
7330
10310
4450
31
7430
7450
4312
10430
4550
4570
3112
7550
7570
10550
1912
4670
4690
7670
7690
4412
10670
1810
4790
4810
32 2
7790
7810
10790
1910
1930
2012
4910
4930
33
7910
7930
4512
10910
812
2030
2050
5030
5050
3312
8030
8050
11030
2150
2170
21 2
5150
5170
9 2
2270
2290
22
5270
5290
2390
2410
2212
5390
1012
2510
2530
9
1
10
18
19
20
21
44
45
46
8150
8170
46 2
11150
34 2
8270
8290
11270
5410
35
8390
8410
4712
11390
5510
5530
3512
8510
8530
11510
24
23
2630
2650
23 2
5630
5650
11 2
2750
2770
5750
5770
12
2870
2890
2412
5870
1212
2990
3010
3110
3130
25 2
13
32
43
11
30
25
1
34
47
48
8630
8650
48 2
11630
36 2
8750
8770
11750
5890
37
8870
8890
4912
11870
5990
6010
3712
8990
9010
50
11990
6110
6130
9110
9130
100
23990
36
38
49
ADV03793
1.312
Brick Gauge
290 mm Long Bricks
No. of Length Opening
Bricks (mm)
(mm)
No. of Length
Bricks (mm)
No. of Length
Bricks (mm)
290
310
1323
4090
4110
2613
7890
113
390
410
4190
4210
2623
7990
3913
11790
123
490
510
1413
4290
4310
8090
3923
11890
590
610
14 3
4390
4410
27 3
8190
11990
2 3
690
710
15
4490
4510
27 3
8290
40 3
12090
223
790
810
1513
4590
4610
28
8390
4023
12190
890
910
1523
4690
4710
2813
8490
12290
3 3
990
1010
4790
4810
28 3
8590
41 3
12390
3 3
1090
1110
16 3
4890
4910
29
8690
41 3
12490
1190
1210
1623
4990
5010
2913
8790
42
12590
413
1290
1310
5090
5110
2923
8890
4213
12690
4 3
1390
1410
17 3
5190
5210
8990
42 3
12790
43
12890
18
14
16
1
17
1
27
1
30
39
40
1
41
1
11690
1490
1510
17 3
5290
5310
30 3
9090
513
1590
1610
5390
5410
3023
9190
4313
12990
523
1690
1710
1813
5490
5510
9290
4323
13090
1790
1810
18 3
5590
5610
31 3
9390
13190
6 3
1890
1910
19
5690
5710
31 3
9490
44 3
13290
623
1990
2010
1913
5790
5810
32
9590
4423
13390
2090
2110
1923
5890
5910
3213
9690
45
13490
7 3
2190
2210
5990
6010
32 3
9790
45 3
13590
7 3
2290
2310
20 3
6090
6110
33
9890
45 3
13690
2390
2410
2023
6190
6210
3313
9990
46
13790
813
2490
2510
6290
6310
3323
10090
4613
13890
8 3
2590
2610
21 3
6390
6410
10190
46 3
13990
47
14090
22
20
1
21
1
31
1
34
44
1
2690
2710
21 3
6490
6510
34 3
10290
913
2790
2810
6590
6610
3423
10390
4713
14190
923
2890
2910
2213
6690
6710
10490
4723
14290
10
2990
3010
22 3
6790
6810
35 3
10590
14390
23
36
35
1
48
10 3
3090
3110
6890
6910
35 3
10690
48 3
14490
1023
3190
3210
2313
6990
7010
10790
4823
14590
3290
3310
2323
7090
7110
3613
10890
14690
11 3
3390
3410
7190
7210
36 3
10990
49 3
14790
11 3
3490
3510
24 3
7290
7310
37
11090
49 3
14890
12
3590
3610
2423
7390
7410
3713
11190
50
14990
1213
3690
3710
7490
7510
3723
11290
100
29990
12 3
3790
3810
25 3
7590
7610
11390
13
3890
3910
25 3
7690
7710
38 3
11490
3990
4010
26
7790
7810
3823
11590
11
1
1313
24
1
25
1
38
1
49
1
ADV03794
1.313
Blending
Raw materials for brick making are from natural sources and these vary in colour within any one deposit. Brick
makers blend materials to moderate the colour variation but it still occurs. Colour variation may be caused by
different conditions across the kiln. No matter how well made, bricks delivered to site will have some degree of
colour variation.
Poorly blended bricks may show unwanted patches, streaks and bands of colour in the finished masonry.
To avoid this:
All bricks required for the project, or as many packs as will fit, should be delivered at one time and stored
on site; and,
Bricks should be drawn from at least four packs simultaneously, working down from the corners of each
pack.
Brick Storage
Bricks stored on site should be covered and kept off the ground. Bricks may absorb ground water containing salts
or coloured minerals creating subsequent problems with staining. Bricks when laid saturated usually produce
excessive efflorescence as the masonry dries. Saturated bricks may also adversely affect the mortar bond
strength.
Moving bricks around the site may cause chipping and excessive movement of packs should be avoided.
ADV03795
1.314
Laying Practices
The following practices are recommended:
Mortar, extruded from tapping the brick down to the string line, should be cut off with an upward stroke of
the trowel. In this manner, a clean cut is made, without smearing the face of the brick.
Joints should be tooled progressively as the bricks are laid, when the mortar is firm to thumb pressure. High
suction bricks require joints to be tooled more frequently than low suction bricks. Tooling too late produces
a burned joint, where the surface may not be smooth and dense.
After allowing the mortar to undergo initial set, within a day, dry brush mortar smears, to remove any dags,
and then wet brush any remaining mortar stains. Mortar that is allowed to set on the masonry face may
require high-pressure water jet cleaning or more costly, risky methods of cleaning.
Cavities should be kept as clear as possible from mortar droppings. Flushing out the cavity removes
inadvertently dropped mortar and ensures ties are clean and flashing and damp proof courses are not
bridged. It is poor practice and usually ineffective to flush large quantities of dropped mortar from cavities.
Usual practice is for the bricklayer to leave out one or more bricks at the base of the wall above a flashing
or the damp proof course for the washings to come out. Washings can cause serious staining where they
run down over lower brickwork and should be rinsed off thoroughly each day.
Scaffolding should be kept at least 150 mm from the face of the brickwork to prevent a build up of mortar
droppings against the masonry.
When bricklaying is interrupted by rain or rain is expected overnight, masonry should be protected by
covering it. Saturated masonry will produce excessive efflorescence and may lead to staining with some
bricks.
Face bricks are supplied with one face and one header suitable for exposing (i.e. to be seen after laying).
Face bricks with unwanted marks, chips or cracks on a header should be laid with that header inside a
mortared joint. Face bricks with unwanted marks, chips or cracks on the face should be set aside by the
bricklayer (or labourer) for use as commons. Boral will not be responsible for replacing bricks with unwanted
marks, chips or cracks that have been laid.
ADV03796
1.315
Control Joints
Control joints must not be bridged by mortar or render. After laying the bricks or rendering, the joint must be
cleaned. Lumps of mortar or render can transfer forces across the closing joint and will cause the bricks to crack
(or spall). Control joints are usually constructed with a highly compressible material (in the form of a sheet or
rod) inserted to keep dirt and moisture from penetrating to the cavity. For aesthetic reasons a compressible
caulking material, matched to the mortar colour, is usually applied on the outside. As the joint closes,
compressible caulking compounds may be extruded from the joint but incompressible ones may damage the
bricks. If extruded caulking compound is considered unsightly, it can be cut out and replaced or the compound
can be recessed during construction. Care must be taken when choosing a caulking compound to ensure it is a
highly compressible type that will survive for the design life of the building and not discolour significantly. There
are numerous suitable materials available and manufacturers recommendations should be sought.
Where a control joint has flexible masonry ties built in, a piece of the compressible material must be removed
to accommodate the tie.
ADV03797
1.316
Test Areas
Testing in one or more small areas is the safest way to determine the correct technique and chemical solution
to remove mortar residues. This must occur well before final cleaning, as it will usually not be possible to assess
the effectiveness of the test clean until the masonry dries.
ADV03798
1.317
ADV03799
1.318
ADV03800
1.319
ADV03801
1.320
ADV03802
>5.4
>5.8
<1.1
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
340
925
1150x770x684
Pearl Grey
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>15
>5.4
>5.8
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
340
925
1150x770x684
>6.6
>7.0
<1.1
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
90
400
1200
1150x920x775
Melbourne
Red
230x110x76
DW1
<30
3.4
49
210
>22
>8.5
>9.0
<1.4
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
272
950
865x710x935
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>22
Red
>5.4
>5.8
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
340
925
1150x770x684
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>15
Cinnamon
>5.4
>5.8
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
340
925
1150x770x684
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>15
Salmon Pink
>6.6
>7.0
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
90
400
1200
1150x920x775
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>22
Cream
>6.6
>7.0
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
90
400
1200
1150x920x775
230x110x76
DW1
<30
3
49
190
>22
Taupe
>5.4
>5.8
<1.1
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
340
925
1150x770x684
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>15
Flame Red
>6.6
>7.0
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
90
400
1200
1150x920x775
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>22
Terracotta
>6.6
>7.0
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
400
1200
1150x920x775
230x110x76
DW1
<30
3
49
190
>22
Hemp
>8.5
>9.0
<1.4
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
272
950
865x710x935
230x110x76
DW1
<30
3.4
49
210
>22
Victorian
Pink
>5.4
>5.8
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
340
1020
1150x770x684
230x110x76
DW1
<30
3
49
190
>15
Jute
>5.4
>5.8
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
340
925
1150x770x684
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>15
Nevada
Cream
All testing is carried out in accordance with Australian Standards AS/NZS4456 test methods where applicable. Testing is carried out in NATA registered laboratories.
Durability classification based on product knowledge under local climate conditions.
This technical information represents average properties obtained from production lots and should not be used for specification purposes.
For more detailed specification contact Boral Bricks. Unit weight quoted is an approximate weight and can vary. This information is subject to change without notice.
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>15
Choc Tan
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>22
Brown
1.401
ADV03803
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>22
>6.6
>7.0
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
90
400
1200
1150x920x775
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>22
>6.6
>7.0
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
90
400
1200
1150x920x775
Cream
>6.6
>7.0
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
90
510
1100
1150x920x690
>6.6
>7.0
<1.1
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
90
510
1100
1150x920x690
Brown
230x110x50
DW1
30
2
70
200
>22
Cream
230x110x50
DW1
30
2
70
200
>22
Brown
>5.4
>5.8
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
340
925
1150x770x684
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>15
Flame Red
>6.6
>7.0
<1.1
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
90
510
1100
1150x920x690
230x110x50
DW1
30
2
70
200
>22
Red
>5.4
>5.8
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
340
925
1150x770x684
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>15
Nevada
Cream
>5.4
>5.8
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
340
925
1150x770x684
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>15
Pearl Grey
>6.6
>7.0
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
90
400
1200
1150x920x775
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>22
Red
>5.4
>5.8
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
340
925
1150x770x684
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>15
Salmon Pink
>6.6
>7.0
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
90
400
1200
1150x920x775
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>22
Taupe
>6.6
>7.0
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
90
400
1200
1150x920x775
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>22
Terracotta
All testing is carried out in accordance with Australian Standards AS/NZS4456 test methods where applicable. Testing is carried out in NATA registered laboratories.
Durability classification based on product knowledge under local climate conditions.
This technical information represents average properties obtained from production lots and should not be used for specification purposes.
For more detailed specification contact Boral Bricks. Unit weight quoted is an approximate weight and can vary. This information is subject to change without notice.
Escura Velour
1.402
ADV03804
Red Rum
Black
Beauty
230x110x76
DW1
Frog
4.0
49
240
>15
Silver
Shadow
230x110x76
DW1
Frog
4.0
49
240
>15
Tinto
Cream
Typical data for all other Boral face bricks can be found
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
<0.7
<0.7
<0.7
<0.7
EXP
GP
EXP
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
90
90
90
90
500
500
500
500
1850
1850
1850
1850
1150x900x1000 1150x900x1000 1150x900x1000 1150x900x1000
230x110x76
DW1
Frog
4.0
49
240
>15
>6.6
>7.0
<1.4
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
272
1200
890x725x940
>6.6
>7.0
<1.4
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
272
1200
890x725x940
230x110x76
DW1
Frog
4.0
49
240
>15
230x110x76
DW1
Frog
4.1
49
240
>22
Red
230x110x76
DW1
Frog
4.1
49
240
>22
Cream
All testing is carried out in accordance with Australian Standards AS/NZS4456 test methods where applicable. Testing is carried out in NATA registered laboratories.
Durability classification based on product knowledge under local climate conditions.
This technical information represents average properties obtained from production lots and should not be used for specification purposes.
For more detailed specification contact Boral Bricks. Unit weight quoted is an approximate weight and can vary. This information is subject to change without notice.
Escura Pressed
1.403
ADV03805
Brick Name
Adobe
Alabaster
Alloy
Alpine
Amber Blaze
Amber Blaze
Amber Blaze 50mm
Amethyst
Antique Cream
Antique Grey
Antique Natural
Antique Pink
Argyle
Arnhem Sands
Ascot
Bamboo
Bantry Cove
Beach
Beach Double Height
Beaumonde
Bentley
Bentley Double Height
Berwick Rustic
Bianca
Bisque
Bisque Double Height
Blackheath
Blue Rio
Boulder
Brown Terrain
Brushwood
Cameo
Cascade
Chestnut
Chino
Classic Limestone Hue
Cleveland
Cleveland 50mm
Coco
Range Name
NUVO
HORIZON NSW
NUVO
OASIS
HORIZON VIC
ELAN NSW
ELAN
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON NSW
OASIS
NUVO
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
HORIZON VIC
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON VIC
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
HORIZON NSW
NUVO
NUVO
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
OASIS
WOODSTOCK
NUVO
NUVO
OASIS
ELAN
ELAN
NUVO
K
J
K
K
C
C
E
J
J
J
J
J
C
M
K
K
J
K
L
C
K
L
C
K
K
L
H
K
G
A
C
J
M
K
G
J
C
E
G
Code
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON VIC
OASIS
HORIZON NSW
OASIS
WOODSTOCK
REVIVE
REVIVE
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON NSW
OASIS
NUVO
WOODSTOCK
ELAN
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
NUVO
NUVO
WOODSTOCK
ELAN
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON QLD
HORIZON NSW
ELAN
ELAN
HORIZON VIC
OASIS
OASIS
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON VIC
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON VIC
NUVO
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
WOODSTOCK
Range Name
Colonial
Colony Rose
Coral Mist
Coral Sands
Coralstone
Country Rose
Cream Rockface
Cream Texture
Crestwood
Delta Sands
Desert Sage
Domino
Drysdale
Duchess
Dusk
Eldorado
Ember Glow
Espresso
Eucalypt
Eureka
Florentine Limestone
Fresco
Girraween
Graphite
Grey Nuance
Grey Nuance 50mm
Gypsy Rose
Haze
Hendra
Heritage
Hillview
Historic Red
Honeycombe
Ironbark
Ivory
Jarosite
Jarrah
Kimberley
Kingsley
Brick Name
Code
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON VIC
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
HORIZON VIC
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON NSW
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
OASIS
HORIZON NSW
OASIS
HORIZON QLD
NUVO
HORIZON NSW
NUVO
NUVO
HORIZON VIC
ELAN
NUVO
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON NSW
OASIS
HORIZON VIC
ELAN
OASIS
HORIZON VIC
NUVO
HORIZON NSW
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
ELAN
ELAN
HORIZON NSW
Range Name
Brick Name
L
A
C
E
C
E
A
K
L
I
K
L
J
J
M
K
G
H
D
G
A
E
G
K
L
H
J
C
N
J
A
K
M
G
K
L
C
C
H
Code
REVIVE
REVIVE
ELAN
OASIS
WOODSTOCK
OASIS
WOODSTOCK
ELAN
HORIZON NSW
OASIS
HORIZON VIC
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON VIC
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON VIC
OASIS
NUVO
NUVO
OASIS
HORIZON QLD
OASIS
OASIS
NUVO
HORIZON VIC
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON VIC
OASIS
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
HORIZON QLD
HORIZON VIC
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
Range Name
Brick Name
M
M
C
K
K
J
L
A
J
J
B
M
K
L
H
C
G
C
J
K
G
K
K
K
L
G
G
G
C
J
G
D
F
K
C
K
L
Code
1.404
ADV03806
Brick Name
Alabaster
Amethyst
Antique Cream
Antique Grey
Antique Natural
Antique Pink
Arnhem Sands
Blackheath
Coral Sands
Delta Sands
Graphite
Jarosite
Leura
Lindeman
Megalong
Murray River
Pewter Sands
Red Cove
Rubellite
Sandy Bay
Range Name
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
HORIZON NSW
J
J
J
J
J
J
M
H
M
M
J
J
I
J
H
H
M
H
J
H
C
E
C
E
C
N
C
E
C
E
C
E
E
N
C
C
C
A
Code
Girraween
Longreach
St George
Windorah
Amber Blaze
Argyle
Beaumonde
Berwick Rustic
Brown Terrain
Brushwood
Colony Rose
Eldorado
Ember Glow
Gypsy Rose
Historic Red
Ironbark
Jarrah
Kimberley
Kurrajong
Lachlan
Mocha
Old Woodville
Orient
Sandalwood
Sandy Beach
Sienna
Sunburst
Tanami
Windsor
Adobe
Alloy
Bamboo
Blue Rio
Boulder
Chestnut
Chino
Coco
Domino
Espresso
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
Brick Name
HORIZON QLD
HORIZON QLD
HORIZON QLD
HORIZON QLD
Range Name
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
OASIS
Brick Name
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
Range Name
K
K
J
K
L
K
K
L
J
J
J
K
J
J
K
J
M
J
J
K
J
J
J
K
K
L
J
K
K
G
D
G
G
K
K
G
G
G
D
F
Code
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
REVIVE
REVIVE
REVIVE
REVIVE
Range Name
Bentley
Bentley Double Height
Cascade
Colonial
Country Rose
Crestwood
Drysdale
Dusk
Eureka
Fresco
Heritage
Hillview
Honeycombe
Kingsley
Kingsley Double Height
Latrobe
Latrobe Double Height
Lexington
Lexington Double Height
Mowbray
Mowbray Double Height
Port Phillip
Potters Gold
Potters Gold Double Height
Rose
Rose Double Height
Sandhurst
Sandstone Gold
Sandstone Gold Double Height
Settler
Sydney Town
Winter Gold
Winter Gold Double Height
Cream Rockface
Cream Texture
Red Texture No Arris
Red Texture Smooth Arris
Brick Name
K
L
M
G
M
M
M
M
G
M
G
M
M
K
L
K
L
K
L
K
L
G
K
L
K
L
M
K
L
G
G
K
L
G
G
M
M
Code
K
K
K
K
G
K
G
G
D
D
C
C
C
C
A
C
G
G
C
C
G
A
A
C
A
A
A
C
A
B
C
C
G
C
C
K
K
K
K
Code
1.405
ADV03807
>6.6
>7.0
<1.1
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
90
400
1200
1150x770x685
>6.6
>7.0
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
90
400
1200
1150x920x775
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>22
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>22
>6.6
>7.0
<1.4
GP
Nil
Nil
90
460
1472
1150 x 912 x 880
>6.6
>7.0
<1.4
EXP
Nil
Nil
90
460
1518
1150 x 912 x 880
B
230x110x76
DW1
<30
3.1
49
200
>22
230x110x76
DW1
<30
3.2
49
205
>22
>6.6
>7.0
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil to moderate
90
288
836
920x920x880
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>22
>8.5
>9.0
<1.4
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
272
950
865x710x935
230x110x76
DW1
<30
3.3
49
210
>22
>4.4
>4.7
<1.0
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil to moderate
90
380
1080
1000x860x930
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
185
>10
>6.6
>7.0
<1.4
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
272
950
865x710x935
230x110x76
DW1
<30
3.2
49
210
>22
>5.5
>5.9
<1.0
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil to moderate
90
172
1050
1000x820x930
230x110x162
DW1
<30
5.8
24.5
190
>10
>5.1
>5.4
<1.4
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
424
1000
865x730x935
230x110x50
DW1
<30
2.3
70
210
>22
>5.9
>6.4
<1.0
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
90
400
1200
1150x912x770
230x110x76
DW1
<30
3.0
49
190
>18
>6.6
>7.0
<1.4
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
424
925
865x710x935
230x110x50
DW1
<30
2.2
70
200
>23
>5.4
>5.8
<0.8
GP
Slight
Nil
60
132
713
980x770x870
290x90x162
DW1
<30
5.4
19.5
160
>10
>5.4
>5.8
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil
90
340
925
1150x770x684
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>15
For the product & range name relating to the reference codes shown below refer to the following alphabetical legend
All testing is carried out in accordance with Australian Standards AS/NZS4456 test methods where applicable. Testing is carried out in NATA registered laboratories.
Durability classification based on product knowledge under local climate conditions.
This technical information represents average properties obtained from production lots and should not be used for specification purposes.
For more detailed specification contact Boral Bricks. Unit weight quoted is an approximate weight and can vary. This information is subject to change without notice.
Legend
1.406
ADV03808
1.407
Blend Name
Brighton Sands
Capes Lagoon
Carrington
Castlemaine
Chalcedony
Copeland
Echo Point
Galena
Georges Basin
Hawkesbury
Hunter
Manning
Outback
Patterson
Reef
Barclay
Bendemeer
Grange
Raffia
Sandstone Blush
Tambo
Apsley
Bakehouse Gold
Barweave
Boyd
Brunswick
Carbrook
Clarence
Daintree
Diggers Gold
Dustwood
Glenayr
Hastings
Highland
Homestead Gold
Macleay
Mt Cotton
Rywood
Stockmans
Wickham
Wilson
Woodland
Blend Mix
1Coral Sands/1Delta Sands
2Sandy Bay/1Murray River
2Pink/1Cream/1Natural
1Pink/1Cream/1Natural/1Grey
2Rubellite/1Jarosite/1Graphite
2Cream/1Grey
1Sandy Bay/1Red Cove/1Murray River
2Jarosite/1Graphite
1Sandy Bay/1Red Cove
1Pink/1Cream
2Pink/1Cream/1Grey
3Pink/1Natural
5Windorah/1St George
3Cream/1Natural
1Coral Sands/1Pewter Sands/1Delta
1Sorrell/1Alpine/1Riverclay
1Linden/1Albion
1Hendra/1Ascot
5Sorrell/1Alpine
5Cameo/2Limestone Hue
5Alpine/1Sorrell
1Sandhurst/1Drysdale/1Hillview/1Crestwood
1Lexington /1Potters Gold/1Sandstone Gold
1Lexington /2 Mowbray
1Country Rose/1Cascade
5Mowbray/1Kingsley
4Bentley/1Kingsley
1Honeycombe/1Dusk
1Sandhurst/1Crestwood
1Potters Gold/1Sandstone Gold/1Winter Gold
5Lexington/1Potters Gold
1Sandhurst/1Drysdale
1Honeycombe/1Dusk/1Cascade
5Sandstone Gold/1Winter Gold
1Potters Gold/1Sandstone Gold
1Honeycombe/1Cascade
2Bentley/2Mowbray/1Kingsley
5Winter Gold/1Sandstone Gold
1Sandhurst/1Crestwood/2Hillview
1Bentley/1Mowbray
1Dusk/1Country Rose/1Cascade
1Sandhurst/1Drysdale/1Crestwood
Ratio
50% / 50%
66% / 33%
50% / 25% / 25%
25% / 25% 25% / 25%
50% / 25% / 25%
66% / 33%
33% / 33% / 33%
66% / 33%
50% / 50%
50% / 50%
50% / 25% / 25%
75% / 25%
83% / 17%
75% / 25%
33% / 33% / 33%
33% / 33% / 33%
50% / 50%
50% / 50%
85% / 15%
70% / 30%
85% / 15%
25% / 25% 25% / 25%
33% / 33% / 33%
33% / 66%
50% / 50%
85% / 15%
80% / 20%
50% / 50%
50% / 50%
33% / 33% / 33%
85% / 15%
50% / 50%
33% / 33% / 33%
85% / 15%
50% / 50%
50% / 50%
40% / 40% / 20%
85% / 15%
25% / 25% / 50%
50% / 50%
33% / 33% / 33%
33% / 33% / 33%
ADV03809
2. Pavers
Pavers
2.101
Section 2.1 relates to the properties of pavers made to meet the requirements of Australian Standard AS4455 Part
2 Pavers and Flags. This information is provided as a guide only to the properties of interest to a pavement designer
or layer and does not constitute a recommendation for any type of pavement or any technique for paving. Typical
properties for individual pavers can be found on the data sheets.
Paver Dimensions
Pavers can be made in any shape that tessellates but for manufacturing reasons they are usually restricted to
rectangles or squares. Rectangular pavers are usually made so that two laid together with a 2-5 mm gap in
between, form a square. AS4455.2 differentiates between pavers and flags in that a paver has a plan area less
than 0.08 m2 (i.e. less than 280 mm x 280 mm square). Pavers being smaller than flags allow changing of levels more
easily. Pavers are also easier to cut than flags to fit complex geometries such as tight re-entrant angles or curves.
Pavers can be any size; however, the common work size has plan dimensions of 230 mm long x 115 wide. This size
was chosen for the practical reason that pavers tend to be made in the same plants as bricks and the manufacturing
machinery is designed for this size. Commonly pavers are made in 40 mm, 50 mm and 65 mm heights and because
flexible pavements rely on pavers interlocking and sharing forces, a minimum thickness is required for different
applications. Manufacturers specify the work size of the pavers they sell.
Clay paver sizes vary when they are fired but over and undersized units average each other out when blended
properly during laying. Paver dimensions are measured by dry stacking 20 units, measuring the total length and
comparing that measurement to twenty times the work size.
Pavers are classified according to how much they deviate from twenty times the work size.
Dimensional Category, DPA1 means, for typical pavers, the height and width will differ by less than 50 mm
from twenty times the work size and the length will differ less than 60 mm.
Dimensional Category, DPA2 means, for typical pavers, the height and width will differ by less than 40 mm
from twenty times the work size and the length will differ less than 50 mm.
Dimensional Category, DP0 means there are no requirements. This is usually reserved for non-standard pavers
that have been rumbled or otherwise distorted in manufacture for aesthetic reasons.
DPO pavers are reserved for residential pathways. DPA1 and DPA2 pavers are specified in applications requiring
tighter tolerances to share loads more effectively. This is specifically those areas where there is a higher volume of
traffic or heavier loads.
ADV2101
2.102
Paving Strength
Minimum Breaking Load
The most important strength for pavers is their resistance to breaking under a bending load. This is because pavers
are mainly supported from below and they are loaded from above. Bend strength is measured according to
AS4456.5, where a load is applied across the middle of a paver, supported across its width 25 mm in from both
ends. The test imitates the extreme case of the possible field loading, where there is no support from the sides and
the bedding course has failed.
Pavers in any one batch have a range of strengths that would usually follow a normal distribution. Normal practice
has been to use the Minimum Breaking Load in pavement design. This is the lowest breaking load found when
measuring 10 samples.
ADV2102
2.103
Durability
Salt attack is the most common durability problem. Salt can be absorbed into pavers in the form of a solution. As
the water evaporates, the salt is drawn towards the outside face. The evaporating water leaves the solution supersaturated so salt crystals begin to form. The salt crystals grow in the pores just below the surface and depending
on the texture of the paver, the amount of salt, the rate of drying and the temperature, the salt may fill the pores,
exerting very high pressures on the matrix. The energy in the constrained salt crystal is large, and when a sufficient
number of constrained salt crystals of large enough size are present, the energy is converted to new surface energy
and movement, i.e. it pops a piece of the outer surface off, and salt attack has begun.
Pavers are assessed according to AS/NZS4456.10 Resistance to Salt Attack and classed into grades. In summary
the grades of paver can be used as follows:
Slip Resistance
The slip resistance of a pavement is obviously important. AS/NZS 4586:1999 Appendix A. Slip Resistance
Classification of New Pedestrian Surface Materials: Wet Pendulum Test Method is used to determine paver slip/
skid resistance. The test simulates a rubber soled shoe on a wet pavement. A classification of W (low contribution
of the paver to the risk of slipping when wet) is the minimum requirement for pavers, the only other acceptable
classification is V (very low contribution of the paver to the risk of slipping when wet).
ADV2103
2.104
Abrasion Resistance
The abrasion resistance gives an indication of the pavers ability to withstand wear. AS/NZS 4456.9:1997
Determining Abrasion Resistance is used for testing the abrasion resistance of clay pavers. The test consists of
fixing pavers over holes in the side of a rotating box filled with ball bearings. The test was designed to simulate the
action of high-heeled (stiletto) shoes on pavers, which is known to be highly aggressive because of the high point
loads. Abrasion resistance is only required for public area pavements and the Mean Abrasion Resistance required
depends on the volume of traffic.
Moisture Expansion
Clay products expand over time as they absorb water into their structure. The expansion is not uniform and one
quarter of the expansion occurs in the first six months, one half in the first two years and three-quarters in the first
5 years. The Characteristic Expansion is estimated from an accelerated test and expressed as a coefficient of
expansion (em). For Boral pavers the characteristic expansion is usually between 0.8 and 1.2 mm/m. Moisture
expansion is taken up in the gaps between pavers in flexible pavements however, in rigid pavements (including
copers around pools) stresses are usually relieved by creep in the adhesive and it is essential the correct adhesive
is used. Reducing the residual moisture expansion by storing the pavers in ambient or moist atmosphere is known
as grassing the pavers. For pavers with a high moisture expansion this should be considered if using the pavers for
rigid pavements where there are opposite movements in concrete shrinkage and paver expansion.
Efflorescence
Pavers may contain soluble salts that come to the surface when the paver dries. The source of the soluble salts is
the raw materials used in the production process.
Paver efflorescence is usually white but there is a special form of efflorescence (known as vanadium staining) that
is coloured yellow, green or reddish-brown and is therefore particularly visible on light coloured pavers.
Boral pavers have little to no efflorescence and paver efflorescence should not be confused with the efflorescence
that is seen on pavements in some areas after laying. This form of efflorescence mainly comes from the subgrade
or the base course materials used in the construction process. Frequently efflorescence comes from poorly graded
bedding sand not acting as a capillary break, allowing salt laden water to be drawn up from below.
ADV2104
2.105
ADV2105
2.201
This section contains recommendations for typical pavement systems. Local experience may support departures
from these recommendations where satisfactory in-situ performance has been demonstrated over a period of time.
The recommendations are not applicable for pavements on poorly drained sites and sites classified as highly
reactive clay sites, extremely reactive clay sites or problem sites according to AS2870.1; engineering design is
required for such sites. While rigid pavements are described below and some minor recommendations are made,
both rigid pavements and water permeable pavements are beyond the scope of this manual.
Pavement Types
Pavers are used to make segmental pavements. Segmental pavements are divided into two major sub-groups,
flexible and rigid. A rigid pavement relies on having a rigid layer (usually a concrete slab) to distribute the imposed
loads to the subgrade, a flexible pavement does not. Pavements can be further sub-divided on their use.
1. Pedestrian traffic only
2. Pedestrian traffic and light vehicles (axle loads less than 3 tonnes)
3. Pedestrian traffic and commercial vehicles (axle loads greater than 3 tonnes)
4. Primarily vehicular traffic
Flexible Pavements are constructed in layers; subgrade, base course, bedding course and surface course. In
situations where heavy vehicular traffic is expected or the subgrade is of marginal strength, an additional layer, the
sub-base, may be inserted between the subgrade and the base course. On rare occasions, where the subgrade is
strong rock and it is sufficiently level, the bedding course may be laid directly on the subgrade.
Rigid Pavements are also constructed in layers; subgrade, rigid base course, bedding course and a surface course.
The bedding course is omitted in some situations where the pavers are adhered directly to the rigid course. Rigid
pavements become more common as loads increase and are usually not constructed to carry only pedestrian traffic.
In some parts of Australia a significant proportion of domestic driveways are rigid segmental pavements and this
trend is growing elsewhere. The decision to use a flexible or rigid pavement depends on specific site conditions and
a comparative cost analysis. Boral does not recommend rigid pavements over flexible pavements or one system of
rigid paving over another. Rigid pavements will not be discussed in detail in this manual. t
ADV2201
2.202
ADV2202
2.203
Base course
Subgrade
Subgrade
The subgrade is the natural ground or constructed soil which supports the loads transmitted by the overlying
pavement layers. The natural ground may be rock or soil that is sufficiently strong for the purpose. Where the
natural soil is not strong enough to bear the loads, the natural soil or imported fill may be compacted to produce the
desired strength. Compaction is the most cost effective measure for increasing the strength of soil.
Soil strength is assessed using the Californian Bearing Ratio (CBR) test (AS 1289.6.1. Parts 1, 2 or 3). The CBR test
measures the shear strength of the soil and the result is expressed as a percentage of the shear strength of a
sample composed of Californian marble (or limestone) chips. The most common CBR test is the remoulded
laboratory test where the sample may be tested immediately after compaction or it may be soaked to fill all pores
with water before testing. Soaking represents the worst case in the field i.e. a saturated subgrade. The decision to
use a soaked or un-soaked CBR in the design should reflect the expected in-service conditions.
For pavements carrying only pedestrian and occasional light vehicular traffic it is usual practice to estimate the CBR
from soil classification data or local knowledge. Measuring the CBR is usually restricted to situations where the
potential savings from using lower grade materials or thinner layers outweighs the cost of the test.
If the materials in the subgrade have a soaked CBR value less than 5% and are to carry vehicular traffic, stabilisation
with cement, lime, ground granulated blast-furnace slag or the use of geotextiles or lean mix concrete should be
considered.
The top of the finished subgrade is calculated from the top of the pavement (minus the thickness of the pavers,
bedding course and base course). The level of the top of the pavement is governed by aesthetics and practical
matters such as positioning of damp-proof courses and physical termite barriers in adjacent masonry, step heights,
and whether the pavement is to be flush with, above or below the surrounding landscape, etc.
ADV2203
2.204
Base Course
The base course is a constructed layer which transfers the loads from the surface course to the subgrade. The
thickness of the base course varies depending on the subgrade classification and the intended use. For pavements
carrying loads in excess of domestic driveways, the base course should be designed on sound engineering
principles. The thickness of the base course increases for lower CBR subgrades but thinner base courses may be
used where the base course materials are stabilised or where a geotextile is used appropriately.
The base course in a flexible pavement is made from granular material compacted in layers. Particularly for large
projects, where traffic volumes and loads are expected to be high, field density testing should be used to verify that
the required soil density has been achieved.
The material used in the base course should conform to local requirements for base course materials for asphalt
roads. Base course materials are natural or manufactured granular material which interlocks on compaction, usually
being a nominal 20 mm aggregate with less than 6% clay. The top surface of the base course should be close-knit
to prevent bedding course materials falling down leaving cavities under the pavers, but where such material is not
available or where subgrade movement is likely a geotextile should be used.
Table 1. Typical Grading for Base Course Materials
Sieve Size
26.5 mm
19.0 mm
13.2 mm
9.5 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
425 m
75 m
Percent Passing
100
95-100
78-92
63-83
44-64
30-50
14-22
4-12
Stabilisation of base course materials is recommended in areas of very high rainfall, as stabilised materials are less
susceptible to the effects of saturation.
When resurfacing existing pavements, if the pavement is stable, then no further preparation is required as the
existing pavement can usually be regarded as a suitable subgrade and base course.
In rigid pavements the base course is usually a nominal 20 MPa reinforced concrete slab designed to AS 3600
Concrete Structures requirements.
ADV2204
2.205
Bedding Course
The bedding course passes the loads from the pavers to the base course. It also acts as a capillary break to prevent
(possibly salt laden) moisture being drawn up to the pavers and in the laying process allows pavers to settle more
or less so that pavers of slightly different heights finish with the top surfaces aligned. Bedding course material
should be well-graded, coarse, sharp sand (typical of a concrete sand) with less than 3% clay. Bricklaying sands,
loams and fatty sands do not consolidate as do sharp sands and because of their fines content, do not provide a
capillary break and so should not be used. Manufactured sands with excessive fines, (eg crusher dust or quarry
fines), should not be used as they do not provide a capillary break and this results in efflorescence caused by saline
ground waters.
Table 2. Typical Grading for Bedding Course Materials
Sieve Size
9.5 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
600 m
300 m
150 m s
75 m
Percent Passing
100
90-100
75-100
55-90
35-59
8-30
0-10
0-5
The bedding course should be screeded to a nominal 25-30 mm thickness and the base course should be finished
accurately enough not to need to vary this thickness. However in the event of poor workmanship, the bedding
course may be varied but it must never be less than 20 mm thick and should not be more than 40 mm thick. It is
most important that the bedding course is of uniform thickness.
Geotextiles may be laid on top of the base course under the bedding sand. They act as a separation layer and are
particularly effective in preventing the loss of bedding sand due to cracking in the base course caused by movement
in subgrades. Should there be a loss of bedding sand, the pavers may subside and possibly chip or break. Geotextiles
may also be effective as a drainage layer.
Stabilisation of bedding course materials should be considered where the pavement is constructed on a steep
slope. Stabilisation reduces the likelihood of bedding course material being flushed out leaving cavities under the
pavement. In most other instances stabilisation of the base course is not recommended as it increases the cost for
no commensurate benefit and in some instances leads to increased efflorescence on the laid pavement.
ADV2205
2.206
Surface Course
The surface course comprises pavers. Paver thickness should be specified for all pavements. Paver durability grade
should be specified only where salt attack or freeze/thaw is an issue. Paver bend strength should be specified for
pavements carrying vehicles. Paver abrasion resistance should be specified for pavers in public area pavements (i.e.
those with high levels of pedestrian traffic). Paver slip resistance should be specified for pavers in public areas.
Table 3. Recommended Specifications for Clay Pavers
Application
Residential (domestic) pavements
Pedestrian traffic only
Driveway, light vehicles only
Driveway, including commercial
vehicles
Public area pavements
Pedestrian traffic only
Pedestrian traffic and light vehicles
(axle loads < 3 tonnes)
Pedestrian traffic and commercial
vehicles (axle loads > 3 tonnes)
Roads
General vehicular traffic on minor
or local roads
Minimum
thickness
(mm)
Minimum
characteristic
breaking load (kN)
40
40
2
3
DP0
DPA1
W
W
N/A
N/A
60
DPA1
N/A
40
DPA1
50
DPA2
60
DPA2
Low volume: 7
Medium volume: 5.5
High volume: 3.5
(See Note 1)
60
DPA2
Mean abrasion
resistance (cm2)
N/A
(See Note 2)
Note 1: Typical low volume pedestrian traffic is up to the level found in schools and public areas of residential
complexes. Typical medium volume pedestrian traffic is found in suburban shopping precincts or sports venues.
Typical high volume pedestrian traffic is found in inner city and major suburban malls and transport hubs (often over
30 000 passes per day).
Note 2: Minor and local roads are those carrying up to 1000 vehicles per day (i.e. excludes collector roads).
ADV2206
2.207
Edge Restraints
Edge restraints are existing structures or constructed features, which are sometimes seen as decorative features
but in reality are of great structural importance. Edge restraints as the name suggests constrain lateral movement
of pavers at the edge of the pavement. This combined with sand in the joints is critical in producing rotational and
horizontal interlock. Failure of the edge restraint will lead to failure of the pavement. As the design load and traffic
volume increase the edge restraint should be upgraded. For pavements carrying pedestrian traffic only, pavers on
edge, timber on edge or mortar haunching of the edges is usually sufficient. For a driveway carrying commercial
vehicles a reinforced concrete strip (beam or slab) forms a suitable edge restraint. (Such strips may be hidden by the
edge pavers being bonded to it or it may be left visible as part of the pavements aesthetic). Concrete restraints
should meet AS3600 requirements and should be constructed from ready mixed concrete with a minimum strength
of 20 MPa.
Figure 2. Typical edge restraint systems
Mortar haunch
ADV2207
2.208
Preformed concrete
150mm
Mortar Bed
Jointing sand
Clay pavers
Surface course
Bedding course
Base course
Subgrade
The edge paver is set on a mortar bed (shown as grey).
ADV2208
2.209
Drainage
The most common reason for the failure of pavements is inadequate sub-surface drainage. So where it is necessary,
during construction install sufficient stormwater and sub-soil drainage to prevent the accumulation of water in any
area excavated for the pavement. All trenches should be backfilled to ensure they perform similarly to the
undisturbed ground around them. However, even where this is done effectively, after completion of the paving,
water pooling on the surface may penetrate through the pavement and cause softening of the subgrade. Although
pavers do not allow large amounts of water to drain through them the joints do allow water to penetrate,
particularly in the early life of the pavement.
Water infiltration due to poor drainage may also cause the growth of moss, mould, fungus and lichen which looks
unsightly and may be slippery. Pavement design should ensure that surface water is directed to collection points
where it can be discharged safely.
Figure 4. Typical drainage systems in flexible pavement
Clay pavers
Surface course
Bedding course
Base course
PVC Pipe
Subgrade
Figure 4 shows a typical drainage arrangement in a sloping flexible pavement at a concrete, edge restraint or
transverse beam. A slotted PVC pipe with a filter sock, drains water from the base course to the side and out of the
pavement. A smaller PVC pipe with a filter cap drains water from the bedding course out of the pavement.
ADV2209
2.210
ADV2210
2.211
45 Herringbone
90 Herringbone
Basket weave 2 x 2
Basket weave 2 x 1
45 Basket weave
( Basket weave or Basket weave variant)
Stack
Stretcher or running
45 Stack
Zig Zag
Mixed stack and running
Tracery
Off-set stack
ADV2211
2.212
Percent Passing
100
75-95
50-80
20-45
5-15
0-5
Typical gradings for jointing sands overlap typical gradings for bedding sands and so one sand may be suitable for
both requirements. Bedding and jointing sands are frequently whatever is readily available in the local area and
may not meet the typical gradings above. Proprietary jointing sands containing various additives are available, but
their cost usually limits them to specialised uses.
ADV2212
2.213
Crossfalls
A 1:60 crossfall is normally satisfactory for drainage. Crossfalls should not be less than 1% (1:100) unless specific
measures have been taken to ensure water does not build up on the pavement e.g. covering it with a roof. The
general rule is that the broader the paved area the greater the crossfall. Crossfalls are sometimes restricted by the
sites landform and some pooling of water in heavy rain may be acceptable.
ADV2213
2.214
Steep Gradients
Even on the best constructed pavements, water running over or dripping or splashing onto steeply sloping
pavements may wash out the jointing sand, particularly early in the life of the pavement. Localised rutting (usually
from inadequate subgrade or base course preparation), loss of bedding sand (usually from poor sub-surface
drainage), and localised movement (usually at or near poor edge restraints) can also lead to loss of the jointing sand.
For pavements carrying wheeled traffic (such as driveways) this is a particular problem as it may result in the
pavers chipping or shunting (moving laterally). To avoid shunting and chipping pavers, maintaining the jointing sand
and using a restraint system are essential. Rigid pavement with the pavers adhered directly to a concrete slab and
the joints filled with mortar or grout has been used successfully as an alternative.
Maintaining the jointing sand is as simple as sweeping more sand over when needed. Proprietary jointing sands are
available containing cement, mineral and polymeric binders. The additives bond the sand together and this has
been shown to be beneficial on steeply sloping pavements because the sand does not wash out as easily, but
beware of potential staining problems. Use only as directed by the manufacturer and construct a small trial area to
test if there are any problems in use.
The principle of restraint systems is to subdivide the pavement into (typically 5 metre) sections restrained at the
periphery. Because the section length is short the potential for movement is reduced. A typical restraint system
uses a plain concrete transverse beam. Concrete beams should be designed to AS3600 requirements and be
constructed from ready mixed concrete with a minimum strength of 20 MPa.
Figure 5. Typical plain concrete transverse beam for a steep single residence driveway
PVC Pipe
Clay pavers
Surface course
Bedding course
Base course
Subgrade
The depth of the concrete beam depends on the soil type. Typically for a single residence driveway on clay, the
beam is 250 300 mm deep. The pavers are adhered to the beam typically with a 1:4 cement to sand mortar with
additives to enhance bonding or the pavers are pressed into wet low slump concrete. An exposed plain or exposed
aggregate concrete beam can be used instead of having pavers bonded to it.
ADV2214
2.301
Each job is different and the descriptions below may or may not be suitable in any particular instance. The steps in
the construction of the pavement may vary in their order. For example, edge restraints for a heavy duty driveway
will usually be constructed between the preparation of the subgrade and the base course but may be constructed
between the preparation of the base course and the bedding course. However, for light duty driveways edge
restraints may be put in after preparation of the base course and for domestic pathways professional paviours
almost always put in edge restraints after laying the surface course. For an amateur it is best to construct the edge
restraints early.
Paver Estimator
Pavers can be different sizes and shapes and pavements can be any size and shape. The more complex the
pavements shape usually the more cutting and therefore the more pavers required. For regular pavements,
determine the number of pavers for the length of the pavement and the number of rows for the width of the
pavement. Half pavers should be calculated as a whole paver, due to site wastage. Multiply the number of pavers
by the number of rows to give the number of pavers for the pavement. Saw cutting pavers is usual practice but that
does not mean two pieces will be obtained from any paver. For complex pavements, draw the pavement accurately
to scale on squared paper and work out the approximate area and multiply this area by the factor in the relevant
paver property table. Always allow some excess pavers for site wastage.
Subgrade Preparation
The subgrade should be prepared to the design profile. The prepared area should be wider than the pavement,
extending beyond the rear edge of the edge restraints or up to existing structures. Unsuitable material including the
topsoil, roots and other organic matter should be removed from the subgrade. Proof rolling may be used to identify
areas of unstable subgrade, which should be removed or compacted to achieve the desired strength. Observing a
loaded truck slowly crossing the area will generally show areas of unstable subgrade. The subgrade should be
excavated, compacted, trimmed or built up with compacted base course material as necessary to within +0mm, -25
mm of the design level.
The most common reason for the failure of pavements is inadequate subsurface drainage and so, where necessary,
install sufficient stormwater and subsoil drainage to prevent the accumulation of water in any area excavated for
the pavement. Water accumulating in this location could reduce the stability of the whole structure or bring
efflorescing salts to the pavement surface and detract from appearance or durability. All trenches should be
backfilled to ensure they perform similarly to the undisturbed ground around them.
ADV2301
2.302
ADV2302
2.303
ADV2303
2.304
Screed Bed
Trammel
Where the slope of the pavement changes direction, screed to an apex or v then flatten the apex with a trowel or
fill and smooth the depression so the directional change is over as many pavers as possible and the height
difference between neighbouring pavers is minimised.
ADV2304
2.305
Paver Storage
Pavers stored on site should be covered and kept off the ground. Saturated pavers may adversely affect the bond
strength in rigid pavements or where pavers are adhered to cross beams.
Store pavers away from where saw cutting of bricks and pavers is being conducted, and away from cement and
other materials which may stain them.
Moving pavers around the site may cause chipping, so excessive movement of packs should be avoided.
Blending
Some colour variation is inevitable in clay pavers. Colour variation when poorly handled may lead to unwanted
patches, streaks and bands of colour in the finished pavement. The raw materials for paver making are natural clays
and shales and these vary in colour within any one deposit. Paver makers blend materials to moderate the colour
variation and tightly control the conditions in the kiln but no matter how well made, pavers delivered to site will
have some degree of colour variation.
To minimise colour variation and the visible effects of it, the following is recommended:
All pavers of the one colour required to complete a pavement should be ordered at the one time;
All pavers required for the project, but in any case as many packs as will fit, should be delivered at one time
and stored on site;
Pavers should be drawn from as many packs as possible, simultaneously, working down from the corners of
each pack; and,
Edge pavers of the same colour as the bulk of the pavement should be selected at the same time as those in
the adjacent pavement. Those requiring cutting should then be marked up, cut and positioned. Selecting all
edge pavers separately for cutting may produce an undesirable effect.
Pavers are supplied with one face suitable for exposing (i.e. to be seen after laying). On some pavers both faces are
suitable for exposing but they may look different. The paviour should ensure where two sides are different the
pavers are laid to produce the aesthetic required. Two faced pavers that have unwanted marks, chips or cracks on
one face should be turned over, exposing the good face in the pavement. Single sided pavers that have unwanted
marks, chips or cracks on the face or any paver with significant edge damage should be set aside by the paviour (or
labourer) for cutting pieces. Boral will not be responsible for replacing pavers with unwanted marks, chips or cracks
that have been laid.
ADV2305
2.306
Laying Practices
Pavers being a regular form are usually laid in regular patterns containing straight lines. These lines are critical to
the look of the pavement and are marked out with stringlines which are used to set out the pavers. Judging the
line(s) to use requires an assessment of the pattern and the site. Where there is a strong central line in the
pavement this is usually critical and a stringline would be placed on that line and set out would be from that line.
Pavements abutting existing structures usually follow their lines and gauging should be done from them. Edges or
ends of pavers are usually aligned with the stringline but in the case of 45 herringbone corners are aligned to it.
While experienced paviours gauge by eye it is usual practice to place stringlines at regular intervals (10 rows in
pavements on sand bedding courses) to check the pattern is regular. If the line of the pavers has deviated from the
stringline it is usually necessary to remove a few rows of pavers and relay them making adjustments to the joint
width to return to the correct alignment. Depending on the magnitude of the misalignment, realigning may need the
removal and relaying of three or four rows.
Pavers are usually laid from one side or from the centreline. 90 herringbone is usually laid from a corner or
sometimes from the centre of one side advancing out in the shape of a triangle. Whole pavers are laid first followed
by part pavers.
ADV2306
2.307
To minimise cutting some paviours cut only one side of the paver or cut every second paver. If only one side of each
paver is cut, the joints do not point to a common centre so the curve has a skewed appearance. Curves formed of
alternating uncut and double-cut pavers also have an unusual appearance. It is a matter for each individual to
decide if they find the aesthetic acceptable, particularly around tight curves such as manhole covers or trees. t
ADV2307
2.308
Figure 8 shows a soldier course of double-cut, tapered pavers in a circle around a manhole cover, set in a 45
herringbone pavement. Note the small pieces of paver needed to maintain the pattern and fit the circular inclusion.
It is almost impossible to eliminate these smaller pieces but judicious use of half pavers will allow an increase in
the size of the smaller cuts giving the pavement greater stability in this area.
Unmitred 45 angle
Mitred 45 angle
ADV2308
2.309
In Figure 12, note on the left hand cover the use of two larger cut pavers in the top, bottom and left hand sides to
replace the one thin sliver in the soldier course as shown on the right hand side. Around both edge courses in the
body of the paving, note the use of half pavers (dark brown) to avoid the use of a small triangular piece at the edge
of the soldier or stretcher course. Small pieces of paver as shown on the right hand side of the right hand cover
should be avoided. This half paver technique should also be used adjacent to borders around any 45 pattern. t
ADV2309
2.310
For recessed covers, pavers should be cut and fitted to maintain the pattern. Small pieces inside the recess are not
a problem as they are restrained by the edge and the pieces are normally glued to the cover. To maintain the pattern
outside the cover it can be necessary to use small pieces of paver. It is usual to remove the bedding sand under
these pieces and replace it with mortar for stability.
Warnings:
1. Cutting pavers produces a very fine dust (becoming a mud when using a proper water cooled masonry saw).
Pavers contain crystalline silica and dust from dry cutting is hazardous to your health if breathed in.
2. The residue from cutting forms a hard, solid mud which in sufficient quantities will block drains. It is advisable
to have a container under the drain on a brick saw bench to act as a sediment trap. The sediment should be
removed periodically throughout the cutting and disposed of properly. Allowing this sediment to flow into
drains or water courses attracts a fine in most jurisdictions.
3. The residue from cutting and the spray from the saw can get into the pores of bricks, pavers and other
materials leaving a permanent stain. This should be prevented by careful placement of the saw but should this
happen the only technique known to have been successful in removing the stain from bricks and pavers is to
rub the stain with a firm cloth with a paste of sand blasting grit (glass fragments). This is very time-consuming,
physically hard work and not guaranteed to work. It may harm the bricks or pavers and should always be tried
on a small inconspicuous area first to test the effect.
ADV2310
2.311
Compaction
Compaction is necessary for all pavements laid on sand base courses and should follow laying and joint filling as
soon as possible but should not occur closer than one metre to the unrestrained working edge of the pavement
under construction. No area of paving should be left uncompacted at the completion of the days work, apart from
the edge strip of the laying face.
Compaction should be carried out using a vibrating plate compactor with a plan area of not less than 0.25 m2 or a
rubber-rolled mechanical vibrator. Vibrating plate compactors should be fitted with a glider attachment but where
not available the plate may be wrapped in carpet or a carpet square or a sheet of plywood can be laid over the
pavers to protect them from damage during compaction.
The area to be compacted should be swept clean of joint filling sand and then receive at least two passes of the
vibrating plate compactor. The joints should then be topped up by sweeping joint filling sand over the area prior to a
final compaction consisting of at least two more passes of the vibrating plate compactor. Compaction should
continue until the tops of all pavers are in the same plane. No paver should be more than 3 mm out of plane with its
neighbours.
The jointing sand will continue to settle over the ensuing weeks, and should be topped-up by brooming sand over
empty joints until they are filled. Vibration for this topping up is not required.
ADV2311
2.312
Cleaning
In most cases cleaning pavements after construction is as simple as picking up and sweeping off the sand, paver
pieces etc. In some instances there is mortar to clean up. Cleaning mortar off pavers is best done when fresh as it
is easier and less likely to create problems.
Hosing, vacuuming or blowing of any pavement with sand filled joints is not recommended for the first three months
of its life. Hand brooming is recommended in this time. If jointing sand is removed broom more on to top up the
joints. High pressure water or steam cleaning is not recommended for householders and should only be done by
trained professionals. High pressure water is the basis of a cutting technique, used for cutting stone, glass,
concrete, tiles, pavers, and some metals. Incorrect use of high pressure will damage the face of the pavers. Small,
cheap, high pressure cleaners, capable of exceeding 15 MPa (2200 PSI), are now commonly available and incorrectly
used they will damage pavements.
Clay pavers do not change colour in service. Changes in colour are usually related to the build-up of dirt, coloured
materials on the surface (red wine, tannins, grease, food, tyre marks, etc.), growths (lichen, moss and algae), salts
(efflorescence) or physical damage. Colour change in one area and not another is usually an indicator of the source
of the problem.
All pavements are subject to spillages and soiling and a build-up of dirt and grime. Frequent sweeping and washing
reduces the effect of dirt and grime and maintains the attractiveness of a pavement. Washing with detergents and
liquid household bleach (sodium hypochlorite) will not damage the pavers but remember incorrect use of these
chemicals has severe environmental consequences and in some areas there are penalties for putting them into the
stormwater system.
Where grease or oil (including greasy food) will be spilled on the pavement, such as around barbecues, outside
take-away food shops, around public eating places, driveways, etc., using dark coloured pavers makes the problem
less noticeable. Sealers can be used to prevent or minimise absorption into the pavers and make removal by
washing with detergent easier. Prevention is the only 100% cure but it should be remembered that weathering and
bacterial action will eventually remove the residue once the cause is removed. t
ADV2312
2.313
Cleaning (continued)
Efflorescence
This is a powdery deposit of salts (usually white or yellow), often found on the surface of clay pavers after rain. The
source of this stain could be the pavers but almost always it comes from the soil under the pavement, or from
cement (if the soil was stabilised), or both. Dry brushing to remove the efflorescence before washing is
recommended. If efflorescence is wetted, the salts go into solution and are drawn back into the pavers and will
reappear as the pavement dries. Efflorescence will eventually disappear through natural weathering.
White scum
Do not confuse white scum with efflorescence. White scum is a thin white film on the surface of pavers. This film is
invisible when the pavers are wet but shows up as the surface begins to dry. Scum often appears after an
attempted removal of mortar stains or after the sanding of the joints with sand that has a high clay content.
White scum is particularly difficult to remove. Water, detergents or hydrochloric acid often do not have any effect
on it. However scrubbing with a proprietary brick cleaner will often improve the appearance of pavements affected
by this stain.
Vanadium stains
Vanadium salts produce a green or yellow efflorescence which is mainly seen on cream and light coloured clay
pavers. Hydrochloric acid will make these stains much worse and may make them impossible to clean. Vanadium
stains will disappear in time but in most cases they are easy to clean. Mild vanadium stains may be treated with
sodium hypochlorite (household bleach). Spray or brush it on the dry pavers and leave until the stain disappears,
then rinse off. Proprietary mould cleaners containing sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide can be used as
above and have been found very effective. Proprietary brick cleaners may also be effective and should only be used
according to the manufacturers instructions. t
ADV2313
2.314
Cleaning (continued)
Fresh mortar stains
While the mortar is soft, lightly cover it with damp clean sand. Dune sand is best but it is very important that the
sand has no clay in it. Sweep the sand towards the edge of the pavement. Repeat if needed. Follow this with a light
covering of dry clean sand and sweep towards the edge. Any sticky wet mortar residues that escaped the wet
sanding will be removed by the dry sand. The next day after the pavement has dried, some mortar residue may still
be visible as a faint white film. Smooth pavers may be carefully wiped with a cloth to take off most of the remaining
film but the film will generally weather away if left untouched. Some efflorescence will appear as the pavement
dries but it is not damaging to the pavers. Follow the instructions above to deal with the efflorescence.
ADV2314
2.315
Cleaning (continued)
Hardened mortar stains
In mortar the cement binds the sand particles to each other and to other surfaces. Cleaning starts with breaking
down these bonds and in general this requires the use of hydrochloric acid.
Recommended acid strengths are based on application to a surface saturated paver. The recommended acid
strength for light coloured clay pavers is 1 part acid to 20 parts water and for other pavers is 1 part acid to 10 parts
water. Stronger acid solutions do not work more effectively and will cause staining.
Hydrochloric acid is a corrosive S6 poison and care must be taken when using it. To avoid personal injury:
Wear goggles, gloves and protective clothing.
Always pour acids into water this avoids splashes of highly concentrated acid onto the operator.
If splashed onto the body, wash with clean water and if possible, neutralise with a mixture of bicarbonate of
soda and water.
Before attempting to clean off mortar, make sure any efflorescence and particularly any vanadium stains are
removed, then using a piece of wood or paver, knock off any mortar lumps.
The next step is to fully saturate the pavers with water. This does not dilute the acid, rather it keeps it on the
surface where the mortar is. Failure to completely saturate the surface of the pavers allows cleaning solutions,
containing dissolved mortar and acids, to be drawn into the pavers, causing staining.
Note: Saturating pavers and using the correct strength of hydrochloric acid solution must be strictly adhered to for
pavers manufactured in Queensland. Their raw materials contain large amounts of iron oxide and failure to saturate
the surface or using strong acid solutions allows acid to react with the iron oxide and create severe iron oxide
staining. Failure to do this with pavers manufactured in other parts of Australia may lead to the acid reacting with
iron oxide but to a much lesser degree. This form of staining is known as acid burn and is particularly visible on light
coloured pavers. Acid absorption into bricks can also lead to vanadium and manganese staining.
Next apply the acid solution with a stiff bristled (not wire) brush and scrub vigorously. Acid takes time to dissolve
the cement and scrubbing may take 4-6 minutes (or longer). Work at an area no larger than one square metre at a
time and as soon as the pavers are clean wash down thoroughly. After washing, a solution of 15 g per litre of
washing soda or 24 g per litre of sodium bicarbonate should be sprayed on to neutralise any remaining acid.
(Continue spraying until no bubbling occurs). Excess hydrochloric acid will eventually evaporate; however, it is likely
to cause staining. Other acids such as sulfuric acid or nitric acid will not evaporate and are not used in cleaning.
High-pressure water jet cleaning is not recommended for pavements with sanded joints as it will remove the sand.
If a high-pressure water jet cleaner is used on pavers, with mortared or grouted joints, be careful not to damage the
pavers. Keep the pressure below 1200 psi (8000 kPa), use a wide fan jet nozzle, keeping it at least 500 mm from the
surface and work at an angle not vertically. t
ADV2315
2.316
Cleaning (continued)
Fungi, moulds, moss and lichens
These are common, particularly in shady or damp parts of the pavement. They sometimes appear as localised dark
stains or patches of green, giving a dirty and unsightly appearance.
Alternatively these growths may add to the appearance of the pavement. They will not damage the pavement but
may cause it to become slippery. To remove these growths, vigorously brush the effected area when it is dry. Highpressure water may also be used following the precautions above. Although the problem may appear to be gone,
the cause is still present and it is recommended that a poison be applied. Copper sulphate solution or sodium
hypochlorite (liquid household bleach) generally work well if used as directed on the container. Proprietary
herbicides and fungicides are available from plant nurseries, however, some of these may discolour the pavement.
Check their effect on a small part of the pavement before proceeding to clean the whole area. Follow the
manufacturers directions and avoid nearby garden plants or lawn, especially on the lower side of the paved area
being treated.
Chewing gum
In large areas, wire brushes free from rust should remove the majority of chewing gum. This may require several
attempts and the wire may leave traces of steel on the paver which in time will rust leaving a stain. Careful
application of high-pressure water jets can also be successful. For smaller areas freeze each piece of chewing gum
with a carbon dioxide aerosol or dry ice. The chewing gum can then be chipped off with a scraper.
ADV2316
230x114x50
DPA2
2.8
37
<1.0
>10
<2.0
V
GP
No
Slight
Nil
510
1428
1150x905x600
Almond
Autumn
Cream
228x113x40
DPA1
2.0
38
<0.9
>3.5
<4.5
W
GP
No
Nil to slight
Nil
550
1100
1150x680x790
230x114x50
DPA2
2.8
37
<1.0
>10
<2.0
V
GP
No
Slight
Nil
510
1428
1150x905x600
Ash
228x113x40
DPA1
2.0
38
<0.9
>4.5
<4.5
W
GP
No
Nil to slight
Nil
550
1100
1150x680x790
Birch
230x114x50
DPA2
2.8
37
<1.0
>6.5
<2.5
V
GP
No
Slight
Nil
510
1428
1150x905x600
Cream
228x113x40
DPA1
2.0
38
<0.9
>5.0
<4.5
W
GP
No
Nil to slight
Nil
550
1100
1150x680x790
Coffee
230x114x50
DPA2
2.8
37
<1.0
>10
<2.0
V
GP
No
Slight
Nil
510
1428
1150x905x600
Red
228x113x40
DPA1
2.0
38
<0.9
>5.5
<4.5
W
GP
No
Nil to slight
Nil
550
1100
1150x680x790
Morocco
230x113x50
DPA2
2.8
37
<1.0
>6.5
<2.0
V
GP
No
Nil to slight
Nil
510
1428
1150x905x600
Resort Cream
BRINGELLY
228x113x40
DPA1
2.0
38
<0.9
>4.5
<4.5
W
GP
No
Nil to slight
Nil
550
1100
1150x680x790
Merino
Resort Ironstone
230x113x50
DPA2
2.8
37
<1.0
>7.5
<2.0
V
GP
No
Nil to slight
Nil
510
1428
1150x905x600
228x113x40
DPA1
2.0
38
<0.9
>5.5
<4.5
W
GP
No
Nil to slight
Nil
550
1100
1150x680x790
Rumba
Resort Terracotta
230x113x50
DPA2
2.8
37
<1.0
>7.0
<2.0
V
GP
No
Nil to slight
Nil
510
1428
1150x905x600
228x113x40
DPA1
2.0
38
<0.9
>5.0
<4.5
W
GP
No
Nil to slight
Nil
550
1100
1150x680x790
Tan
230x114x50
DPA2
2.8
37
<1.0
>7.0
<2.5
V
GP
No
Slight
Nil
510
1428
1150x905x600
Tan Blend
228x113x40
DPA1
2.0
38
<0.9
>6.5
<7.0
W
GP
No
Nil to slight
Nil
550
1100
1150x680x790
Garnet
230x114x50
DPA2
2.8
37
<1.0
>9.0
<2.0
V
GP
No
Slight
Nil
510
1428
1150x905x600
Terracotta
228x113x40
DPA1
2.0
38
<0.9
>5.0
<6.0
W
GP
No
Nil to slight
Nil
550
1100
1150x680x790
Onyx
228x113x40
DPA1
2.0
38
<0.9
>4.0
<8.0
W
GP
No
Nil to slight
Nil
550
1100
1150x680x790
Opal
SUMMERSET
228x113x40
DPA1
2.0
38
<0.9
>3.5
<6.0
W
GP
No
Nil to slight
Nil
550
1100
1150x680x790
Zircon
All testing is carried out in accordance with Australian Standards AS/NZS4456 & 4586, ASTM C67 test methods where applicable. Testing is carried out in NATA registered laboratories.
Durability classification based on product knowledge under local climate conditions.
This technical information represents average properties obtained from production lots and should not be used for specification purposes.
For more detailed specification contact Boral Bricks. Unit weight quoted is an approximate weight and can vary. This information is subject to change without notice.
PAVESCAPE
2.401
ADV03810
4. E
ngineered Utility
Brick Range
Standard
Commercial
Common
NSW
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Dimensions Work Size (LxWxH mm)
Dimensional Category
Average Unit Weight (kg)
Approximate number per m2
Lime Pitting
No. per pack #
Pack Weight (kg) #
Pack Dimensions (LxWxH mm) #
Wall Surface Density (kg/m2)
Characteristic Unconfined Compressive Strength (fuc MPa)
Coefficient of Expansion (mm/m/15 years)
Salt Attack Resistance Category
Liability to Effloresce
Weighted Sound Reduction Index Rw (C,Ctr)
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Rendered (both sides)
Fire Resistance Level Insulation (minutes)
Unrendered
Rendered (both sides)
Unrendered (Structural Adequacy/Integrity/Insulation)^
BADGERYS CREEK
BRINGELLY
KEMPSEY
230x110x76
DW1
3.0
49
Nil to Slight
320
928
920x920x880
400
1200
1150x770x912
182
>22
>18
<1.1
<0.9
GP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
50 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
# Pack size of 320 cannot be handled by a forklift with tines, however will be placed on pallets on request.
^ Assumes FRL for fully supported single skin wall up to 3.0m height.
All testing is carried out in accordance with Australian Standards AS/NZS4456 test methods where applicable. Testing is
carried out in NATA registered laboratories
Durability classification based on product knowledge under local climate conditions.
This technical information represents average properties obtained from production lots and should not be used for
specification purposes. For more detailed specification contact Boral Bricks. Unit weight quoted is an approximate weight
and can vary. This information is subject to change without notice.
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
FRL for Integrity is the lower of the FRLs
for Insulation or Structural Adequacy
110mm
110mm
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
All masonry walls should be designed by a qualified structural engineer. Variation in colour, texture and size is a natural characteristic of clay products.
Copyright Boral Bricks Pty Ltd all rights reserved 2008. Boral Bricks Pty Ltd ABN 66 082 448 342.
ADV03813NSW
Jumbo
Common
NSW
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Dimensions Work Size (LxWxH mm)
Dimensional Category
Average Unit Weight (kg)
Approximate number per m2
Lime Pitting
No. per pack
Pack Weight (kg)
Pack Dimensions (LxWxH mm)
Wall Surface Density (kg/m2)
Characteristic Unconfined Compressive Strength (fuc MPa)
Coefficient of Expansion (mm/m/15 years)
Salt Attack Resistance Category
Liability to Effloresce
Weighted Sound Reduction Index Rw (C,Ctr)
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Rendered (both sides)
Fire Resistance Level Insulation (minutes)
Unrendered
Rendered (both sides)
Unrendered (Structural Adequacy/Integrity/Insulation)^
BADGERYS CREEK
BRINGELLY
230x110x119
DW2
4.3
4.5
32.5
Nil to Slight
192
245
864
1152
920x920x880 1150x770x833
180
>22
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
50 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
^ Assumes FRL for fully supported single skin wall up to 3.0m height.
All testing is carried out in accordance with Australian Standards AS/NZS4456 test methods where applicable. Testing is
carried out in NATA registered laboratories
Durability classification based on product knowledge under local climate conditions.
This technical information represents average properties obtained from production lots and should not be used for
specification purposes. For more detailed specification contact Boral Bricks. Unit weight quoted is an approximate weight and
can vary. This information is subject to change without notice.
Jumbo Common
FIRE RESISTANCE & SOUND TRANSMISSION FOR TYPICAL WALL APPLICATIONS
Fire Resistance Levels (FRL)
The Building Code (BCA) Section C defines the type and class of buildings and designates three fire resistance levels.
These levels are structural adequacy, integrity and insulation, and are written in the form 60/60/60. Information on how to
calculate these is provided in the Clay Brick and Paver Institute (CBPI) publication, Manual 5: Fire Resistance Levels for
Clay Brick Walls available at www.thinkbrick.com.au The figures below provide typical wall examples.
Weighted Sound Reduction Index (Rw)
The Rw has two reduction figures to account for high range noise (C) and low range noise (Ctr).
The reduction figures are added to the Rw and are written Rw (C,Ctr).
Note: S = Supported. Indicating moment is passed to a transverse structure such as a concrete slab,
braced roofing trusses, a perpendicular wall, etc.
110mm
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
FRL for Integrity is the lower of the FRLs
for Insulation or Structural Adequacy
110mm
110mm
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
All masonry walls should be designed by a qualified structural engineer. Variation in colour, texture and size is a natural characteristic of clay products.
Copyright Boral Bricks Pty Ltd all rights reserved 2008. Boral Bricks Pty Ltd ABN 66 082 448 342.
ADV03815NSW
Double
Height
Common
NSW
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Dimensions Work Size (LxWxH mm)
Dimensional Category
Average Unit Weight (kg)
Approximate number per m2
Lime Pitting
No. per pack
Pack Weight (kg)
Pack Dimensions (LxWxH mm)
Wall Surface Density (kg/m2)
Characteristic Unconfined Compressive Strength (fuc MPa)
Coefficient of Expansion (mm/m/15 years)
Salt Attack Resistance Category
Liability to Effloresce
Weighted Sound Reduction Index Rw (C,Ctr)
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Rendered (both sides)
Fire Resistance Level Insulation (minutes)
Unrendered
Rendered (both sides)
Unrendered (Structural Adequacy/Integrity/Insulation)^
BADGERYS CREEK
BRINGELLY
KEMPSEY
230x110x162
DW1
5.7
6.0
24.5
Nil to Slight
160
172
992
1100
920x920x880 935x830x995
180
>22
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
200
1200
1150x972x770
>18
<0.9
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
50 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
^ Assumes FRL for fully supported single skin wall up to 3.0m height.
This technical information is subject to change without notice.
All testing is carried out in accordance with Australian Standards AS/NZS4456 test methods where applicable. Testing is
carried out in NATA registered laboratories
Durability classification based on product knowledge under local climate conditions.
This technical information represents average properties obtained from production lots and should not be used for
specification purposes. For more detailed specification contact Boral Bricks. Unit weight quoted is an approximate weight and
can vary. This information is subject to change without notice.
S
FRL for Insulation
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
FRL for Integrity is the lower of the FRLs
for Insulation or Structural Adequacy
110mm
110mm
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
All masonry walls should be designed by a qualified structural engineer. Variation in colour, texture and size is a natural characteristic of clay products.
Copyright Boral Bricks Pty Ltd all rights reserved 2008. Boral Bricks Pty Ltd ABN 66 082 448 342.
ADV03817NSW
Scratch Face
Common
NSW
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Dimensions Work Size (LxWxH mm)
Dimensional Category
Average Unit Weight (kg)
Approximate number per m2
Lime Pitting
No. per pack
Pack Weight (kg)
Pack Dimensions (LxWxH mm)
Wall Surface Density (kg/m2)
Characteristic Unconfined Compressive Strength (fuc MPa)
Coefficient of Expansion (mm/m/15 years)
Salt Attack Resistance Category
Liability to Effloresce
Weighted Sound Reduction Index Rw (C,Ctr)
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Rendered (both sides)
Fire Resistance Level Insulation (minutes)
Unrendered
Rendered (both sides)
Unrendered (Structural Adequacy/Integrity/Insulation)^
230x110x76
DW1
2.9
49
Nil to Slight
320
928
920x920x880
180
>22
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
50 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
^ Assumes FRL for fully supported single skin wall up to 3.0m height.
All testing is carried out in accordance with Australian Standards AS/NZS4456 test methods where applicable. Testing is
carried out in NATA registered laboratories
Durability classification based on product knowledge under local climate conditions.
This technical information represents average properties obtained from production lots and should not be used for
specification purposes. For more detailed specification contact Boral Bricks. Unit weight quoted is an approximate weight and
can vary. This information is subject to change without notice.
S
FRL for Insulation
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
FRL for Integrity is the lower of the FRLs
for Insulation or Structural Adequacy
110mm
110mm
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
All masonry walls should be designed by a qualified structural engineer. Variation in colour, texture and size is a natural characteristic of clay products.
Copyright Boral Bricks Pty Ltd all rights reserved 2008. Boral Bricks Pty Ltd ABN 66 082 448 342.
ADV05177NSW
PartyWall
Brick
NSW
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Dimensions Work Size (LxWxH mm)
Dimensional Category
Average Unit Weight (kg)
Approximate number per m2
Lime Pitting
No. per pack
Pack Weight (kg)
Pack Dimensions (LxWxH mm)
Wall Surface Density (kg/m2)
Characteristic Unconfined Compressive Strength (fuc MPa)
Coefficient of Expansion (mm/m/15 years)
Salt Attack Resistance Category
Liability to Effloresce
Weighted Sound Reduction Index Rw (C,Ctr)
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Rendered (both sides)
Fire Resistance Level Insulation (minutes)
Unrendered
Rendered (both sides)
Unrendered (Structural Adequacy/Integrity/Insulation)^
PW76
PW119
230x150x76
230x150x119
DW2
4.0
49
6.0
32.5
Nil to Slight
280
1120
1450x1080x810
180
1080
1150x750x952
240
>22
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
49 (-2, -5)
52 (-2, -5)
55 (-2, -5)
120
180
120/120/120
^ Assumes FRL for fully supported single skin wall up to 3.0m height.
All testing is carried out in accordance with Australian Standards AS/NZS4456 test methods where applicable. Testing is
carried out in NATA registered laboratories
Durability classification based on product knowledge under local climate conditions.
This technical information represents average properties obtained from production lots and should not be used for
specification purposes. For more detailed specification contact Boral Bricks. Unit weight quoted is an approximate weight and
can vary. This information is subject to change without notice.
PartyWall Brick
FIRE RESISTANCE & SOUND TRANSMISSION FOR TYPICAL WALL APPLICATIONS
Fire Resistance Levels (FRL)
The Building Code (BCA) Section C defines the type and class of buildings and designates three fire resistance levels.
These levels are structural adequacy, integrity and insulation, and are written in the form 60/60/60. Information on how to
calculate these is provided in the Clay Brick and Paver Institute (CBPI) publication, Manual 5: Fire Resistance Levels for
Clay Brick Walls available at www.thinkbrick.com.au The figures below provide typical wall examples.
Weighted Sound Reduction Index (Rw)
The Rw has two reduction figures to account for high range noise (C) and low range noise (Ctr).
The reduction figures are added to the Rw and are written Rw (C,Ctr).
Note: S = Supported. Indicating moment is passed to a transverse structure such as a concrete slab,
braced roofing trusses, a perpendicular wall, etc.
PartyWall PW76
150mm
120 minutes
120/120/120
120 minutes
120/120/120
PartyWall PW119
150mm
S
S
All masonry walls should be designed by a qualified structural engineer. Variation in colour, texture and size is a natural characteristic of clay products.
Copyright Boral Bricks Pty Ltd all rights reserved 2008. Boral Bricks Pty Ltd ABN 66 082 448 342.
ADV03819
Special
Paint Grade
Brick
NSW
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Dimensions Work Size (LxWxH mm)
Dimensional Category
Average Unit Weight (kg)
Approximate number per m2
Lime Pitting
No. per pack
Pack Weight (kg)
Pack Dimensions (LxWxH mm)
Wall Surface Density (kg/m2)
Characteristic Unconfined Compressive Strength (fuc MPa)
Coefficient of Expansion (mm/m/15 years)
Salt Attack Resistance Category
Liability to Effloresce
Weighted Sound Reduction Index Rw (C,Ctr)
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Rendered (both sides)
Fire Resistance Level Insulation (minutes)
Unrendered
Rendered (both sides)
Unrendered (Structural Adequacy/Integrity/Insulation)^
BRINGELLY
KEMPSEY
230x110x76
DW2
3
49
Nil to Slight
400
1240
1150x770x912
180
>22
<1.1
>18
<0.9
GP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
49 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
^ Assumes FRL for fully supported single skin wall up to 3.0m height.
All testing is carried out in accordance with Australian Standards AS/NZS4456 test methods where applicable. Testing is
carried out in NATA registered laboratories
Durability classification based on product knowledge under local climate conditions.
This technical information represents average properties obtained from production lots and should not be used for
specification purposes. For more detailed specification contact Boral Bricks. Unit weight quoted is an approximate weight and
can vary. This information is subject to change without notice.
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
FRL for Integrity is the lower of the FRLs
for Insulation or Structural Adequacy
110mm
110mm
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
All masonry walls should be designed by a qualified structural engineer. Variation in colour, texture and size is a natural characteristic of clay products.
Copyright Boral Bricks Pty Ltd all rights reserved 2008. Boral Bricks Pty Ltd ABN 66 082 448 342.
ADV03821NSW
Coastal
Common
NSW
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Dimensions Work Size (LxWxH mm)
Dimensional Category
Average Unit Weight (kg)
Approximate number per m2
Lime Pitting
No. per pack
Pack Weight (kg)
Pack Dimensions (LxWxH mm)
Wall Surface Density (kg/m2)
Characteristic Unconfined Compressive Strength (fuc MPa)
Coefficient of Expansion (mm/m/15 years)
Salt Attack Resistance Category
Liability to Effloresce
Weighted Sound Reduction Index Rw (C,Ctr)
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Rendered (both sides)
Fire Resistance Level Insulation (minutes)
Unrendered
Rendered (both sides)
Unrendered (Structural Adequacy/Integrity/Insulation)^
BRINGELLY
KEMPSEY
230x110x76
DW1
2.9
49
Nil to Slight
400
1200
1150x912x770
180
>22
<1.1
>18
<0.9
EXP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
49 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
^ Assumes FRL for fully supported single skin wall up to 3.0m height.
All testing is carried out in accordance with Australian Standards AS/NZS4456 test methods where applicable. Testing is
carried out in NATA registered laboratories
Durability classification based on product knowledge under local climate conditions.
This technical information represents average properties obtained from production lots and should not be used for
specification purposes. For more detailed specification contact Boral Bricks. Unit weight quoted is an approximate weight and
can vary. This information is subject to change without notice.
Coastal Common
FIRE RESISTANCE & SOUND TRANSMISSION FOR TYPICAL WALL APPLICATIONS
Fire Resistance Levels (FRL)
The Building Code (BCA) Section C defines the type and class of buildings and designates three fire resistance levels.
These levels are structural adequacy, integrity and insulation, and are written in the form 60/60/60. Information on how to
calculate these is provided in the Clay Brick and Paver Institute (CBPI) publication, Manual 5: Fire Resistance Levels for
Clay Brick Walls available at www.thinkbrick.com.au The figures below provide typical wall examples.
Weighted Sound Reduction Index (Rw)
The Rw has two reduction figures to account for high range noise (C) and low range noise (Ctr).
The reduction figures are added to the Rw and are written Rw (C,Ctr).
Note: S = Supported. Indicating moment is passed to a transverse structure such as a concrete slab,
braced roofing trusses, a perpendicular wall, etc.
110mm
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
FRL for Integrity is the lower of the FRLs
for Insulation or Structural Adequacy
110mm
110mm
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
All masonry walls should be designed by a qualified structural engineer. Variation in colour, texture and size is a natural characteristic of clay products.
Copyright Boral Bricks Pty Ltd all rights reserved 2008. Boral Bricks Pty Ltd ABN 66 082 448 342.
ADV03823NSW
Coastal
Jumbo
Common
NSW
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Dimensions Work Size (LxWxH mm)
Dimensional Category
Average Unit Weight (kg)
Approximate number per m2
Lime Pitting
No. per pack
Pack Weight (kg)
Pack Dimensions (LxWxH mm)
Wall Surface Density (kg/m2)
Characteristic Unconfined Compressive Strength (fuc MPa)
Coefficient of Expansion (mm/m/15 years)
Salt Attack Resistance Category
Liability to Effloresce
Weighted Sound Reduction Index Rw (C,Ctr)
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Rendered (both sides)
Fire Resistance Level Insulation (minutes)
Unrendered
Rendered (both sides)
Unrendered (Structural Adequacy/Integrity/Insulation)^
230x110x119
DW1
4.5
32.5
Nil to Slight
235
1100
1150x833x770
180
>18
<0.9
EXP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
49 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
^ Assumes FRL for fully supported single skin wall up to 3.0m height.
All testing is carried out in accordance with Australian Standards AS/NZS4456 test methods where applicable. Testing is
carried out in NATA registered laboratories
Durability classification based on product knowledge under local climate conditions.
This technical information represents average properties obtained from production lots and should not be used for
specification purposes. For more detailed specification contact Boral Bricks. Unit weight quoted is an approximate weight and
can vary. This information is subject to change without notice.
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
FRL for Integrity is the lower of the FRLs
for Insulation or Structural Adequacy
110mm
110mm
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
All masonry walls should be designed by a qualified structural engineer. Variation in colour, texture and size is a natural characteristic of clay products.
Copyright Boral Bricks Pty Ltd all rights reserved 2008. Boral Bricks Pty Ltd ABN 66 082 448 342.
ADV03825NSW
Coastal
Double Height
Common
NSW
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Dimensions Work Size (LxWxH mm)
Dimensional Category
Average Unit Weight (kg)
Approximate number per m2
Lime Pitting
No. per pack
Pack Weight (kg)
Pack Dimensions (LxWxH mm)
Wall Surface Density (kg/m2)
Characteristic Unconfined Compressive Strength (fuc MPa)
Coefficient of Expansion (mm/m/15 years)
Salt Attack Resistance Category
Liability to Effloresce
Weighted Sound Reduction Index Rw (C,Ctr)
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Rendered (both sides)
Fire Resistance Level Insulation (minutes)
Unrendered
Rendered (both sides)
Unrendered (Structural Adequacy/Integrity/Insulation)^
230x110x162
DW1
6.0
24.5
Nil to Slight
172
1200
1150x972x770
180
>18
<0.9
EXP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
49 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
^ Assumes FRL for fully supported single skin wall up to 3.0m height.
All testing is carried out in accordance with Australian Standards AS/NZS4456 test methods where applicable. Testing is
carried out in NATA registered laboratories
Durability classification based on product knowledge under local climate conditions.
This technical information represents average properties obtained from production lots and should not be used for
specification purposes. For more detailed specification contact Boral Bricks. Unit weight quoted is an approximate weight and
can vary. This information is subject to change without notice.
S
FRL for Insulation
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
FRL for Integrity is the lower of the FRLs
for Insulation or Structural Adequacy
110mm
110mm
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
All masonry walls should be designed by a qualified structural engineer. Variation in colour, texture and size is a natural characteristic of clay products.
Copyright Boral Bricks Pty Ltd all rights reserved 2008. Boral Bricks Pty Ltd ABN 66 082 448 342.
ADV03827NSW
Standard
Commercial
Common
VIC
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Dimensions Work Size (LxWxH mm)
Dimensional Category
Average Unit Weight (kg)
Approximate number per m2
Lime Pitting
No. per pack #
Wall Surface Density (kg/m2)
Characteristic Unconfined Compressive Strength (fuc MPa)
Coefficient of Expansion (mm/m/15 years)
Salt Attack Resistance Category
Liability to Effloresce
Weighted Sound Reduction Index Rw (C,Ctr)
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Rendered (both sides)
Fire Resistance Level Insulation (minutes)
Unrendered
Rendered (both sides)
Unrendered (Structural Adequacy/Integrity/Insulation)^
Albury
2.9
Nil to Slight
340
190
>15
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Scoresby
Thomastown
230x110x76
DW1
3.2
49
3.3
Nil
460
205
272
210
>22
<1.4
EXP
Nil
EXP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
50 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
^ Assumes FRL for fully supported single skin wall up to 3.0m height.
All testing is carried out in accordance with Australian Standards AS/NZS4456 test methods where applicable. Testing is
carried out in NATA registered laboratories
Durability classification based on product knowledge under local climate conditions.
This technical information represents average properties obtained from production lots and should not be used for
specification purposes. For more detailed specification contact Boral Bricks. Unit weight quoted is an approximate weight
and can vary. This information is subject to change without notice.
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
FRL for Integrity is the lower of the FRLs
for Insulation or Structural Adequacy
110mm
110mm
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
All masonry walls should be designed by a qualified structural engineer. Variation in colour, texture and size is a natural characteristic of clay products.
Copyright Boral Bricks Pty Ltd all rights reserved 2008. Boral Bricks Pty Ltd ABN 66 082 448 342.
ADV03812VIC
Jumbo
Common
VIC
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Dimensions Work Size (LxWxH mm)
Dimensional Category
Average Unit Weight (kg)
Approximate number per m2
Lime Pitting
No. per pack
Wall Surface Density (kg/m2)
Characteristic Unconfined Compressive Strength (fuc MPa)
Coefficient of Expansion (mm/m/15 years)
Salt Attack Resistance Category
Liability to Effloresce
Weighted Sound Reduction Index Rw (C,Ctr)
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Rendered (both sides)
Fire Resistance Level Insulation (minutes)
Unrendered
Rendered (both sides)
Unrendered (Structural Adequacy/Integrity/Insulation)^
Albury
Scoresby
230x110x119
DW2
4.5
32.5
Nil to Slight
230
305
180
>22
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
50 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
^ Assumes FRL for fully supported single skin wall up to 3.0m height.
All testing is carried out in accordance with Australian Standards AS/NZS4456 test methods where applicable. Testing is
carried out in NATA registered laboratories
Durability classification based on product knowledge under local climate conditions.
This technical information represents average properties obtained from production lots and should not be used for
specification purposes. For more detailed specification contact Boral Bricks. Unit weight quoted is an approximate weight and
can vary. This information is subject to change without notice.
Jumbo Common
FIRE RESISTANCE & SOUND TRANSMISSION FOR TYPICAL WALL APPLICATIONS
Fire Resistance Levels (FRL)
The Building Code (BCA) Section C defines the type and class of buildings and designates three fire resistance levels.
These levels are structural adequacy, integrity and insulation, and are written in the form 60/60/60. Information on how to
calculate these is provided in the Clay Brick and Paver Institute (CBPI) publication, Manual 5: Fire Resistance Levels for
Clay Brick Walls available at www.thinkbrick.com.au The figures below provide typical wall examples.
Weighted Sound Reduction Index (Rw)
The Rw has two reduction figures to account for high range noise (C) and low range noise (Ctr).
The reduction figures are added to the Rw and are written Rw (C,Ctr).
Note: S = Supported. Indicating moment is passed to a transverse structure such as a concrete slab,
braced roofing trusses, a perpendicular wall, etc.
110mm
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
FRL for Integrity is the lower of the FRLs
for Insulation or Structural Adequacy
110mm
110mm
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
All masonry walls should be designed by a qualified structural engineer. Variation in colour, texture and size is a natural characteristic of clay products.
Copyright Boral Bricks Pty Ltd all rights reserved 2008. Boral Bricks Pty Ltd ABN 66 082 448 342.
ADV03814VIC
Purpose
Made
Common
QLD
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Dimensions Work Size (LxWxH mm)
Dimensional Category
Average Unit Weight (kg)
Approximate number per m2
Lime Pitting
No. per pack
Pack Weight (kg)
Pack Dimensions (LxWxH mm)
Wall Surface Density (kg/m2)
Characteristic Unconfined Compressive Strength (f'uc MPa)
Coefficient of Expansion (mm/m/15 years)
Salt Attack Resistance Category
Liability to Effloresce
Weighted Sound Reduction Index Rw (C,Ctr)
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Rendered (both sides)
Fire Resistance Level Insulation (minutes)
Unrendered
Rendered (both sides)
Unrendered (Structural Adequacy/Integrity/Insulation)^
230x110x76
DW1
2.8
49
Nil to Slight
380
1100
930x840x1000
180
>10
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
49 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
^ Assumes FRL for fully supported single skin wall up to 3.0m height.
All testing is carried out in accordance with Australian Standards AS/NZS4456 test methods where applicable. Testing is
carried out in NATA registered laboratories.
Durability classification based on product knowledge under local climate conditions.
This technical information represents average properties obtained from production lots and should not be used for
specification purposes. For more detailed specification contact Boral Bricks. Unit weight quoted is an approximate weight and
can vary. This information is subject to change without notice.
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
FRL for Integrity is the lower of the FRLs
for Insulation or Structural Adequacy
110mm
110mm
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
All masonry walls should be designed by a qualified structural engineer. Variation in colour, texture and size is a natural characteristic of clay products.
Copyright Boral Bricks Pty Ltd all rights reserved 2008. Boral Bricks Pty Ltd ABN 66 082 448 342.
ADV03813QLD
Double Height
Common
QLD
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Dimensions Work Size (LxWxH mm)
Dimensional Category
Average Unit Weight (kg)
Approximate number per m2
Lime Pitting
No. per pack
Pack Weight (kg)
Pack Dimensions (LxWxH mm)
Wall Surface Density (kg/m2)
Characteristic Unconfined Compressive Strength (f'uc MPa)
Coefficient of Expansion (mm/m/15 years)
Salt Attack Resistance Category
Liability to Effloresce
Weighted Sound Reduction Index Rw (C,Ctr)
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Rendered (both sides)
Fire Resistance Level Insulation (minutes)
Unrendered
Rendered (both sides)
Unrendered (Structural Adequacy/Integrity/Insulation)^
230x110x162
DW1
5.8
24.5
Nil to Slight
172
1050
930x820x1000
180
>10
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
49 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
^ Assumes FRL for fully supported single skin wall up to 3.0m height.
All testing is carried out in accordance with Australian Standards AS/NZS4456 test methods where applicable. Testing is
carried out in NATA registered laboratories.
Durability classification based on product knowledge under local climate conditions.
This technical information represents average properties obtained from production lots and should not be used for
specification purposes. For more detailed specification contact Boral Bricks. Unit weight quoted is an approximate weight and
can vary. This information is subject to change without notice.
DoubleHeight Common
FIRE RESISTANCE & SOUND TRANSMISSION FOR TYPICAL WALL APPLICATIONS
Fire Resistance Levels (FRL)
The Building Code (BCA) Section C defines the type and class of buildings and designates three fire resistance levels.
These levels are structural adequacy, integrity and insulation, and are written in the form 60/60/60. Information on how to
calculate these is provided in the Clay Brick and Paver Institute (CBPI) publication, Manual 5: Fire Resistance Levels for
Clay Brick Walls available at www.thinkbrick.com.au The figures below provide typical wall examples.
Weighted Sound Reduction Index (Rw)
The Rw has two reduction figures to account for high range noise (C) and low range noise (Ctr).
The reduction figures are added to the Rw and are written Rw (C,Ctr).
Note: S = Supported. Indicating moment is passed to a transverse structure such as a concrete slab,
braced roofing trusses, a perpendicular wall, etc.
110mm
S
FRL for Insulation
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
FRL for Integrity is the lower of the FRLs
for Insulation or Structural Adequacy
110mm
110mm
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
All masonry walls should be designed by a qualified structural engineer. Variation in colour, texture and size is a natural characteristic of clay products.
Copyright Boral Bricks Pty Ltd all rights reserved 2008. Boral Bricks Pty Ltd ABN 66 082 448 342.
ADV03827QLD
Paver Range
5. Paver Range
Projects in View
6. Projects in View
Projects In View
Issue 14
July 08
Issue 13 March 08
er 07
mb
e 12
Issu
Nove
12:
PIV
TS
JEC
PRO
IEW
IN V
13:
PIV
PROJECTS IN VIEW
14:
PIV
PROJEC
TS IN
VIEW
Wall-to-wall
opportunities at
Interchange Park
rs
delive
ign
ll des galore
Wa
efits
ben
Bricks
and Maso
nry team
up at Oakle
igh Centr
e
Combining
with cultur kids
e
lk on
A wa
the
side
style
lity
h qua
Hig
, too
rdable
affo
thats
sing
hou
A Renaissance in retirement
A honey
ont
forefr ign
the
s at tion des
litie
qua ice Sta
Civic of Pol
th
twelv
to the turing
nry.
lcome PIV fea
Maso
We
and
n of
Bricks
editio
tan bricks
Clay
Green estate chooses choc
Boral
iration
adm
than
more
acts
e attr
Centr
living
of a projec
t
Rousing
interest
in Rouse
Discovering
Masonry
Hill
W
nt NS
Pyrmo
Contents
lex,
VIC
W
Comp
le VIC
NSW
ment
uy NS
enham Springva 01ulw
Contents
Shaula Apartments, Jamisontown,
Alton
, Pak
Apart
a Performing05
n,
Pem
VIC
Village,05 Tarneit,
nia Life ice Statio
Arts Centr Carpark, Port Willunga, SA
lage, 02 Beeke
01 Carlisle Homes Display
Cardi
e & Prima
epers Inn 06 Esplanade
nt Vil
le Pol NSW
06
Wilton,
ry SchooCreek, NSW
tireme
gva
& Information Centre,
03 Oakle
02 Bingara Gorge Sales
07 Interchange Park, Eastern l
igh Centr
Sprin
ve Re Bay, QLD
04 Rouse VIC
Gro
07
e for Intell
Moreton
Village,
ectuallyVillage Retirement Complex, Shepparton,Hill Town Centr
lsons
Victoria Point RetirementNe
08 Harmony
Disabled
W03 Renaissance
05 Disco
e
08
Citizens
Concord, NSW
very Hous
e NS
Precinct,
Health
Mental
Ryd
Hospital
e
04 Concord
06 Logis
North
tics Build
rsity,
ing, Caulfi
VIC
Unive
eld Medi
ont
e
ari
cal Centr
Verm
e
ion,
Macqu
W
ents
Cont llys Walkway, Pavilion Extens e, Minto NS
ntr
s
Wa
Sport
on Ce
01
tributi
rmont
VIC
e
Ve
Dis
urn
02
ouse
Cranbo
Wareh
tion,
03
Sta
Police
Welcome
to the
fourteenth
edition
of PIV
featuring
Boral Clay
Bricks
and Maso
nry.
Boral Timbe
r Woodhead
08 Lighte
Project,
ning the
Pernod Ricar
load on
09 Harris
d Head Office
energy and
on Schoo
water at
l
Kempsey
07
04
www.boral.com.au/piv
If you have a project that you would
like us to consider for inclusion in PIV
please call your Boral Clay Bricks &
Pavers sales representative, or phone
our contact centre on
13 30 35
ADV05003 10/08
Reference Material
7. Reference Material
Pavers
Pavers
10mm
10mm
115mm
76mm
115mm
Bricks
114mm
Pavers
10mm
40mm / 50mm
230mm
230mm
114mm
76mm
Bricks
Pavers
Phone 13 30 35
Fax 1300 36 30 35 Using fax order forms provided
Email bricks@boral.com.au
Web www.boral.com.au/bricks
ADV05001 10/08
Name
Project
1300 36 30 35
Detached home
Villa / townhouses
13 30 35
Company
bricks@boral.com.au
Address
Phone
Fax
Email
Special delivery instructions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Brochures required
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ADV05002 08/04