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. 179
. 196
. 199

Summary

iv

2 0 3


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:Museum Helveticum.
vi

Mitteis

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Mon.Ane .Gr.
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vili

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idea at Rome.Cambridge 1960 ,.130,.3.
105.... ,2,7 tit.-.'' "'2,15 tit.:"nepi
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114. VIII,408,4 (:CIG 2767,4).0 "
KupejjHva " (.3-4) .
115.CIG 4412 a,6-8.
116.CIG 4380 e,10-1.
117 .F.Schindler,Die Inschriften von Bubon(Nordlykien),Wien 1972,.13,2-8
(:IGR 3,464). .BE 1973,457.
118.Syll3,880,28-9.
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Romanorum ... ,..,.52.

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123.43 ..
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, " o r d o "
, " l i b e r t i n i " ,
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45-6.
132.BA.A.Cameron,"Latin
52(1931)232 . .

ancient

economy,London

words i n t h e g r e e k i n s c r i p t i o n s

of A s i a

1973,do.

Minor",AJPh

133 . .L.Hahn,Rom und romanismus , L e i p z i g 1906 , .114 . . ' J .Kairnio ,The Ro

mans and t h e g r e e k l a n g u a g e , C o m m e n t . H u m . L i t t . 6 4 . H e l s i n k i
1979,.10
. . . J . M a s o n , " T h e roman government i n g r e e k s o u r c e s " , P h o e n i x 24(1970)
150 . .
134.

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1 9 8 2 , . 1 9 5 [ l 2 6 U.X.j-i ^.SEG 32( 1982) 1263) ' IG IV 2 . 1 , 8 1 , 2( S y l l 3 , 7 9 6 A , 7 8 [ , c . 3 4 / 5 . / j ' . , 5 9 , 9 , 5 . . IGR 3 , 8 3 3 A , 2 [ ,
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VII 10,1329b33
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s..""

152

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III 86
2.23.2
III 86
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III 86
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III 86
6.8.2
III 86
6.21.3
III 86
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III 134
10,2
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FGrHist 424 F 1'

III 6

-
23,17

III 61

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III 88

2,IC
7,2

..,20,20
20,24

II S8
III 134
III 80
III 80

.,33,17Maass
33,23
33,26
38.5
43,29
50,18
51.6
,. ,80,21..

III 105
III 108
III 108
III 108
III 108
III 108
III 108
Ill 82

8,6,5
8,8,4

III 107
III 82

6
FVS ,A 38,.2,.94,8 II 99
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FVS ,A 45,.2,0.95,24 99
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FVS ,A 86,.2,0.105,7 II 9
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FVS ,A 135,.2,0.117,12
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FVS ,A 135,.2,0.120,25
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82

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3,15
3,34
3,35
3,36
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8,66
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[13] ,34
14,35
15,18
15,32
15,33
18,2
18,10
18,13
18,37
18,56
18,63
18,64
18,108
18,138
18,173
18,176
18,192
18,192

1,172-4Snell-Maehler
.22*1 104

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(T.16,0.533Khn)
III 106
1,3,95
(T.16,.709Khn)
III 106
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(T.19,0.49Khn)
III 82
. ,3,5
(T.6,0.194Khn)
H I 106
..,6Diels
I H 107

FVS6.B 11,.2,0.292.13
II 107
FVS 6 ,B Ha,.2,0.301,24
II 9*19

.,71(51)
II 22

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III 84
248
III 84

Gloss.91
II 15
184

107
II 120
II 39
0.61*55*77
II 76
II 24
107*112
II 84
0.62
II 24*76
II 58
122
0.53*11 22
0.61*11 24
II 12
139
II 85
II 21
II 12
II 84
0.36
107
0.63*11 83
II 24
173
II 84
84

18,213
18,258
18,292
18,304
19,9
19,29
19,259
19,295
19,296
20,81
20,108
20,158
21,110
21,120
21,131
21,133
21,164
21,166
21,209
22,67
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23,146
23,209
23,210
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I I I 35
I I I 60
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I I I 101
I I I 101
I I I 73

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2,62,3
4,22,4
4,71,3
5,2,2
5,32,1
6,30,3
6,49,2
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7,16,1
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11,28,4
11,59,2
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637

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I I I 63
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0.87
0.86
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I I I 30
I I I 43
I I I 58
0.93
0.101

III 67
III 67

642
643

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56,20,5
59,8,6
59,9,5
59,11,2
60,7,3
61,9,11
62,15,4
65,11,5
68,14,2
69,19,1
73,5,1
74,5,5
78,22,4
79,24,1

III 67
III 67

PCG,3,14(.5,0.36)

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tp
PCG,23,4(T.5,.62)

III

113

III 46
2,9,4(. ,7,8,6)
III 107
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III 83
37,19,2
III 143
37,51,1
38,8,1
III 142
38,39,4
III 85
38,45,4
III 85
38,46,3
III 103
III 82
38,47,2
39,24,1
III 110
40,22,2
III 46
III 85
40,23,1
III 85
40,35,2
III 85
40,60,3
0.87
41,7,1
III 85
41,35,1
III 85
41,58,1
43,21,7
III 45
III 45
43,25,2
III 85
43,38,2
43,48,4
III 43
0.87
43,51,3
III 46
46,22,3
46,45,4
III 32
47,17,1
III 93
III 85
47,43,2
III 35
48,20,2
III 135
48,45,8
III 85
49,30,3
49,38,4
III 85
III 85
50,31,5
52,42,5
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III 35
53,1,5
III 32
53,17,10
III 82
54,15,6
III 142
55,2,3
III 142
55,13,6

3,75
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22,2
26,6
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29,ltit.
31,81
32,58
32,77
33,48
34,11
36,30
38,35
40,35
50,10
56,3
56,8
77/8,38
79,1-3

III 108
III 108
III 85
III 107
III 82
III 82
III 108
III 107
III 108
III 108
III 108
III 94
III 108
III 107
III 108
.Ill 85
III 85
III 108
III 30

FGrHist 458 F 2

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0
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20,1

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II 27

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186

III 135
III 85
III 82
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III 35*135
III 45
III 135
III 40
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III 85
III 120
III 32
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III 82
III 58

III 76
III 68

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III 76

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III 99
1,29,39
III 99
3,1 ,19
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III 103
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III 99
30, 1
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CGF(Kaibel),172,3(.1,.123)
146

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0.34 165
P C G , 3 8 4 , 5 ( T . 5 ,,0.509) 79

664
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698
II 21
765
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130
261,1
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327,1-5
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327,6-8
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FVS,B 29,.1,0.157,7-9
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614

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1,56
1,65
1,82
1,101
1,107
1,133
2,16
2,88
2,103
2,143
2,148
3,18
3,26
3,67
3.80
3.81
3,158
4,45

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m
107 '

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III 84

FGrHist 63 F 3 .92'III 60

II 80
II 21
118
II 21
II 21
II 18
II 19
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83
141
87
104
104
II 19
130
76
85
62
II 21
II 22
II 21
187

III 107
95
152
II 79
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141
0.19 78
0.35
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63
162
63
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130
0.53
162

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5 ,14
5 ,30
5 ,66
5 ,68
5 ,69
5 ,75
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7 ,86
7 ,99
7 ,104
7 ,134
7 ,212
7 ,219
7 ,220
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9,,27
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9,,31
9, 42
9, 45
9, 47
9, 48
9, 53
9, 57
9, 58
9, 59
9, 71
9, 72
9, 74
9, 93
9, 106

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1, 6,3
2, 3,2
2, 7,3

III 119
I 162
II 19
0.19
I 62
I 162
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0.53
II 19
II 27
II 21
0.19
II 18*28
II 22
II 22
II 22
II 27
I 97
II 27
II 21"22
II 22
II 20*21
II 21
II 26
II 18
II 27
II 21
II 21
II 21
II 27
II 22
II 21 .
II 19
II 22
II 21
II 21
0.19
I 63*152

III
III
III
III

32
31
32
41
188

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7,7,5

III 41
III 139
III 139
0.103'IH 129
III 139

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276
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394
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41..
53. .
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157-8
158
193
335
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933

FGrHist 115 F 25

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65
73
79
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0.13*1 57
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83
76
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118

II 80

III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III

80
.75
75
75
75
75
75
75
79
80
79

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1,9
1,10
1 ,24
2,37
2,39
2,65
2,79
2,84
3,62
3,65
3,74
3,82
3,87
4,4
4,28
4,72
4,93
4,94
4,125
4,126
4,128
5,4
5,11
5,66
5,67
5,68
5,70
5,81
5,82
5,84
6,16
6,34
6,39
6,42
6,54
6,88
6,89
6,98
7,5
7,8
7,17
7,28

III 75
III 75
III 75

0.27
0.19*1 84
I 63
I 86
0.29'125"195
0.35
I 125
II 27
II 19
I 122
I 79
I 122
I 122
II 27
II 27
I 129
0.52
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II 19
II 19
0.27*11 19
II 19
I 86
II 20
II 19
II 21
II 19
II 19
I 122
I 122
I 122
I 63
II 19
I 94*196
II 20
I 141
I 63
I 129*139
II 27
II 19
I 129
II 20
0.20*1 85
189

7,30
7,58
7,78
8,14
8,38
8,47
8,48
8,53
8,69
8,72
8,75
8,86
8,97

..,2,59,1

II 18
0.35
II 19
I 122
I 122
I 94
I 96
I 122
II 19
II 79
I 141
I 130
0.28

III 28

FGrHist 421 F 1(74)
0.81*111 19

3,20
4,18
7,9
11,38

3,47
4,105
4,150
5,1.03
6,2
6,93
7,23
8,19
8,93
8,143
10,53
11,27
12,32
12,148
12,241
12,260
12,263
15,33
15,164
16,31

I 111
II 97
I 107
I 107

0.63
I 122
I 130
I 107
II 85
0.61*11 75
I 111
I 107
II 24
II 22
II 20
II 85
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I 94
I 122
0.63
I 130
II 76
I 111
I 79


FGrHist

334 F 8

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FVS^.A 14,.2,.75,16 II 99
FVS6,A 14,.2,0.75,26 II 99
FVS5,A 32,.2,.79,16 II 99

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2,151
2,250
200
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6,251
7,7
10,51
10,186
18,2
18,266
19,2
20,183
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2,164
2,308
2,518
2,543
2,548
3,93
4,528
5,86
5,88
5,312
6,19

III 83
III 95
III 94
III 88
III 101
III 41
III 101
III 35
III 94
III 35
III 139
III 32
III 32
III 101
0.103'IH 139
III 139
III 139
III 85
III '85
III 85
III 85
III 85
III 85
III 85
III 85
III 85

1.17W

0 . 2 2 * 1 102

17,23-6PPwell
17,35

0.78
0.79 3

FGrHist

342 F 12

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2,56
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13,82
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190

III 101
III 82
III 85
III 85
III 110
III 82
III 82
III 82
III 107
III 82
III 85
III 82
III 36
III 36
III 85
III 85
III 82
III 82
III 85

II 56*59
87
II 18*25
122
II 27
II 27
II 22
II 19
II 27
II 22
II 27
II 22
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84
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III 107


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2, 1 ,25
2, 3 ,21
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7, 1,,16
7, 1,,22
8, 1,,10
8, 7,,22
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8 ,6
8 ,11
8 ,17
8 ,23
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III 107
III 107
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FGrHist 106 F 2

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FGrHist 432 F 5b
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III 134
II 103
I 122
I 122
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I 109
III 134
III 134
II 27
II 27
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I 94
I 94
I 94
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II 26
II 19
II 27
II 28
II 26
II 19
II 18
II 25
II 25
II 19
II 22
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II 81

-
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1 ,5
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2 ,10
2 ,18
2 ,19
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8

80
102
176
489
188-98
239
248
362
445
469
[576]
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II 81
II 28
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II 28
II 81
III 134
II 21
II 19
II 21
II 26
II 27
II 117
94
II 13
III 134
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II 13
II 8
II 13

92
92'99
94
92
86
122
86
92
II 31
94*99

III 67

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20
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0.7
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0.10
162
3
154
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0
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852
409
433
489
253
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209
292
455
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327
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272
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315..
316
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279
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160
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21,6
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33,6
34,2

III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III

I 129
07'. ,502c
503e
a 58*11 111
504a
a .70*11 13
504b
0 .70
504c
II 107
506d
II 107
. ,982a
II 112
[ .] ,137b
I .109
. ,153e
II 101
. ,51b
II 23
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II 49
110c
0 .33
115c
II 9
II 18
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191c
II 18
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0 .61 "il 24*74
. ,632d
II 62
653e
II 110
0 .59*11 67
657b
II 110
664e
II 112
665a
I 130
670b
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68
673e
a
688a
II 56
720e
II 57
722b
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III 93
III 93

POxy
61,9

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55,9
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741,10-2
756,18
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III 140
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0. 100*111 117

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II 3
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III 81
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III 83
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III 101
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III 122
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III 82

.
Acrili,J.L : 101
Adam.J. : 23
Adkins.A.W.H. : 102
Anderson,J.. : 27'29
Andrewes.A. : 79
Archer-Hind,R.D. : 109
Audring.G. : 194
Balland,A. : 53'57'142
Balme.D.M. : 148
Barker,. : 96'186'204'213'
Berve,. : 173
II 54'89
Bartelli,L. : 5
Bean, G. . : . Fraser,P.M.
Benveniste.E. :I 62*128
Blmel.W. :II 3
Bckh.A. :II 37
Bolkestein,H. :I 82
Bonitz,H. :I 148
Bowra.C.M. :I 55'II 3
Broadhead.H.D. :II 16
Browning,R. :II 1
Bruce,I.A.F. : I 122
Buck, C D . : II 1
Burton,R.W.. :I 142
Bury,R.G. :II 120
Busolt.G. :I l'14l'II 27
Calhoun,G.M. :I 143
Cameron,A. :III 132
Cartledge.P. :I 135
Cerri,G.,1 43"55
Chambers,M. :. Day,J.
Chantraine ,P.. :II 1
Cohen,. : III 130
Collard.C. : I 175
Connolly,P. :II 29
Cope,.M. :II 53
Cornford.F.M. :II 109

Denniston,D. :I 83
Dtienne,M. :II 30
Develin.R. :I 43
Dindorf.G. :II 25
Dirlmeier.F. :II 84
Donlan,W. : .3'1 "33
Dover,K.J. :I 142
Droysen.J.G. :II 15
Ebeling.H. :I 63
Ehrenberg,V. :I 23*37*214*11 79
Elders,L. :II 112
Eliot,C.W.J. :I 143
Ellendt.F. :II 25
England,.. :II 55*57*62'108
Fabricius,E. :III 35
Farnell.L.R. :II 6
Fawcus.G.E. :II 27
Finley,M.I. : 0 .46*I 23'40'143'215'
II 72*111 131
Forsyth,P.Y. :II 9
Francotte.H. :I 143
Frnkel.H. : I 57
Frnkel,M. :. Fabricius.E.
Fraser,P.M. :III 81
Freeman,K. :I 62*64*11 54
Frisch,H. :I 98
Fritz,K. v. :I 64
FukS,A. :I 212*11 72*75*111 60
Ghrke.J. :I 48
Gelder,H. v. :III 81
Gerber,D.E. :I 103
Gernet,L. : II 92'. Humbert, J.
Gigante,M. : . Usener.H.
Gigon.O. :I 37*11 42 '43 '45'89'104 *
. Bonitz,H.
Gildrsleeve.B.L. :I 133
Giovannini,A. :I 151
Gomme,A.W. :I 96 ' 125 ' 195 ' 196'II 19'
27

Day.J. :I 62'201
Deiniger,J. :III 16
199

Goodwin,W.W. :II 84'35

Gow.A.S.F. :II 16
Grimaldi,W.M.A :II 53
Groenboon,?. :II 15
Groningen,B.A. v. :I 57
Grote.O. :I 43
Gschnitzer,F. :I 38
Guthrie,W.K.C. :.70*11 99*119
Habicht,C. :III 101
Hahn.L. :III 133
Harmatta.J. :I 128
Hasebroek.J. :I 65
Heer.C. de :I 11*78
Heinimann.F. :II 62*119
Helly.B. :II 3
Hermann,P. :III 27
Hoffman,0. :II 3
Holleaux.M. :III73'8081 * 89
Holt,J. :II 1
How,W.W. :I 95
Humbert,J. :II 93
Italie,G. :I 15
J a e g e r , W . : I 187
J a e r i s c h . P . : I I 94
Jeffery,L.H. :II 3
J o a c h i m , H . H . : I I 121
J o h a n s e n , H . F . : I 77
J o w e t t . B . : I I 89
Kahn.C.H. : II 102*104*112
Kaimio.J. :III 133
, . . :.41* 195*197'
Kalinka.E. : I 86*127
Kallris.J.N. :II 3
Kamerbeek.J.K. :I 105
Kstner,U. :I 38
,.. :II 39
King,J.R. :I 152
Kirk.G.S. :II 102*103*104*119
Kluwe.E. : I 70
Knoepfler.D. :II 3
Kostermann.E. :III 104
Kromayer.J. :II 27
,B.A. :II 100
Lammert.F. :III 88

200

Lana.L. :. Bartelli.L.
Laroche,E. :II 52'79
Latte,K. :I 143
Lauffer.S. :I 132
Lausberg,H. :II 12
Leaf,W. :I 35
Lejeune,M. :I 33
Lehmann,G.A. : III 16
Levi,M.A. :I 62*64
Lewis,D.M. :I 70*126
Lobeck.C.A. :I 105
Long,A.A. :II 1
Lotze.D. :I 136
,.. :I 195*196
Ludwich,A. :III 82
Macan.R.W. :II 21
MacKendrick.P. :I 145
Magie,D. :III 45'53*63 "90*91* 121'
143
Marends,D. :II 81
,.. :II 79
Martin,. :I 176
Martin,J. :II 12
Marzullo,B. :. Prendergast,L.
Mason,H.J. :III 90*91*133*136*137
Mazon.P. :II 15
Meder.A. :I 33
Meier,C. : II 79
Meridier.L. :II 24
Meyer,E. :I 65*11 27*71
Micheli,H. :I 135
Mitchell,S. :II 122*124*141
Mosse,C. :l 62*70*135
Mugler.C. :II 112
Mhll.P. v. der :II 3
Murakawa.K. :I 89
Myres.J.L. : II 79
Neil,R.A. :I 15*43*93*96*111
Nestle,W. :o.43'I 203*111 66
Newman,W.L. :o.57'I 179'184'H 43'
46*51*54
Nussbaum.M.C. :II 50
Oliva,P. :I 135
Oliver,J.H. :I 62*111 53*101*126'
139

Schulz,B.J. :0.3*I 1*5*75*95

Schwartz,. :II 19
Sealey,R. :I 62*70
Siewert,P. :I 143
Smyth,H.M. :II 15
Snell.B. :II 1
Spann,P. : I 142
Spoerri,W. :I 102*111 107
Stanford,W.B. :II 21
S_te. Croix,G.E.M. de :.41*44'
I 63*96*127*194
,.. :I 173' 84
Sturzius.F. :II 94
Strmberg,R. :II 101
Swoboda.H. :I 74*. Busolt,G.

Osborne,R. :I 12643
Ostwald.M. :II 62*79
Page,D.L. :I 75*175
Parke,H.W. :II 29
Petersen,G. :I 145
Petersen,W. : . Buck,CD.
Pohlenz,M. :I 37*131
Phlmann.R. v. :I 204*208*209
Poland,F. :III 86
Popper,K.R. : 0.43-4 204
Powell,E. :II 22
Preisigke.F. :III 82
Prendergast,L. :I 46
Pritchett-Kendrick,W.:II 18*9

Taylor,.E. :II 109

Thomsen,R. :I 65*71
Tod,M.N. :III 82
Raaflaub,K. :I 69
,.. :I 73'78'121'211'
Raven,J.E. : .Kirk G.S.
II 71*III*24'112
Reale,G. :I 202*11 99*112
Traill,J.S. :I 126
Reinach,T. :III 57
Tricot,J. :II 89
Reynolds,J. :III 102*140
Rhodes,P.J. :I 62 ' 63 ' 64'65'66'85'
Usener.H. :III 76
II 27*52*84
Ritchie,W. :II 22
Robert,L. :d.90*111 23*27*53*101* Valk.M. v. der :II 3
Veith,G. :. Kromayer,J.
113
Veligianni-Terzi.C. :I 89
Romilly.J. de :II 62*79
Vernant.J.P. :I 137
Rose,H.J. : II 16
Vlastos,G. :II 9
Ross,W.D. :II 112
Rssler.D. :I 90*161
Walbank.F.W. :III 67
Rostovtzeff,M. : III la'57
Wankel.H. :I 139*11 83*84*85
Ruppel.W. :II 47
Weil.H. :II 15
Roussel,D. :I 143
Welcker.F.T. :I 14*43*57
Roussel,L. :II 15*16
Wells,J. :B\.How,W.W.
Ryffel.H. :I 142
Welskopf,E.C. :I 33*128*151
Welwei.K.W.
:I 33*143
Sandys,J.E. :I 85' . Cope,
Werner,0. :II 15
.M.
Whibley.L. : I 91*93*122*142
Sartori,F. : I 143
Whitehead,D. :I 134
Sherk.R.K. :III 80
Whittle,E.W. :. Johansen,H.F.
Schidler.F. :III 117
Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, U. v. :
Schmid,W. : . Usener.H.
II 16
Schmidt,J.H.H. :II 7
Wilcken.U. :III 93
Schneider,I.G. :II 80
Wilhelm,A. :III 108
Schofield,M. :II 117
Schuchhardt,C. :. Fabricius.E. Will.E. :I 164
Quass.F. :III 80

201

Wirzubski,C. :III 104

Wolf.E. :II 13'19'58
Woodhouse,W.J. :I 64*67
Woods,M. :II 112

Wyttenbach,D. :III 140

Zimmermann,L. :3A.Gigon,0.

202

S U M M A R Y

The subject-matter
of the present thesis focuses on
the question
whether
in the political
terminology
of
ancient Greece there were terms which
had
a parallel
meaning to that of the modern notion of "social class"; in
ether words,it is concerned with the issue whether the idea
of dividing
the citizens in separate antagonistic groups
according
to their financial
and social
strength
was
already -fixed in the - ancient Greek nomenclature. The first
and main conclusion shows that no term was coined
in
ancient Greece to denote the modern
division
in
social
classes.lt is significant to notice that such a term is
totally absent, despite the existence of many characterisms
for the upper and
lower strata. Besides, the
continuous
civil strife
in the Greek states should have imposed the
formation of a notion referring to social classes ,but this
seems never to have happened.
The problem becomes more interesting and important in
the context of the political thought of ancient Greece,when
we study
the variety of characterisms referring
to the
social strata as well
as the absence of terms with
the
general meaning
of "social
class". This parallel study is
indispensable
for
methodological
reasons
and
thus
constitutes the main axis of the present treatise.
The
careful
examination
of
the
wellknown
qualifications for the social
strata -most of them
have
already
been
studied
thoroughly
in
the
existing
bibliographyleads
us to
the conclusion
that
the
distinction between
upper and lower strata is mainly based
on "moral" criteria.However,there is no doubt that
the
nobles' sovereignty
in Greek states was based simply on
wealth(maini y
land
posession).
Nobles
ars
called
"", "9 " and no-nobles "?" etc. and in
several cases the same terms -beyond their "moral" contentdenote also the distinction between upper and lower strata
according to the criterion
of descent. Of
course,terms
denoting
distinguished
professional
categories
are
usual,but
no
intention
to
divide the population
in
different "classes" could be admitted in such a case.
In the Homeric epos,tha absence of terms which could
have clearly
expressed the distinction between
upper and
iower strata
in respect to income -even if the use of
adjectives denoting
casually the posession of wealth
or
poverty is not rare.refered
to detached
persons and with
203

pure descriptive
function- is not surprising. In the epos,
7
where the nobles world with its moral values looms, none
would expect the use ot terms declaring the existing social
distinctions according to explicit -financial criteria.
In Hesi od, al though he is writing -from a
completely
opposite point o-f view,general
terms which could refer
to
an analogous notion to that o-f the
"social
class" are
absent. Hesiod's
intention
to critisize the nobles is
obvious and the belie-f that their
power is connected not
with their moral qualities or descent but with their wealth
is clear. On the other hand, Hesi ad usually re-fers ta the
social tension
of his time and in his work the no-nobles'
way o-f life is depicted. Despite all these,Hesiod is -far
from -formulating
a distinction exclusively based on weal th
or even give this meaning to already existing terms. On the
contrary, we must note that posession o-f wealth is sometimes
positively regarded as expected reward -for labour.
The same can be also said for archaic age. During this
period there were no terms to express something analogous
to the modern
meaning
o-f "social
class",al though
the
conditions could
have permitted
their
invention. The
conviction that nobles depend
their political
and social
power on their material strength is not only widely spread
but also applied in institutions; -for example, this seems to
be the case at least in Salon's well-known
division o-f
citizens in -four categories according to their income. In
the description
o-f civil
"" survived
by
later
sources,the opposite parts appear
with terms denoting the
wealth
< " , "?" )
or
poverty < "::" ) .
Similarly,older terms which continued
to be used
were
undoubtfully connected
with the effort of upper strata to
justify its authority by emphasizing the ignorance of the
"-". However, nothing suggests that there was any
attempt to coin a term which
cum grano salis refers to
something like the modern notion of "social class". So,even
the specific categories of citizens in Salon's constitution
were later called "",i.e. a nomenclature with no hint
to the notion of "social class".
The absense of a term analogous to the modern nation
of "class" is not accidental,i.e.it can not be explained on
the basis of the fragmentary character of the evidence. On
the contrary, it can be explained
in relation to some
unifying
elements
which characterize
this age,as for
example the opposition to tyranny. Nowhere the opposition
to the tyranny of both the nobles and nonobles is as clear
as it appears in the use of the term ";" : this term in
the context
of civil
strife means the lower strata,but as
far as the opposition
to the tyranny
is concerned
it
signifies all citizens irrespectively from their income or
descent.
Another
unifying
element
is
the
common
participation
of
upper
and
lower
strata
in
the
colonirati on. Last but not least,the political instability
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of archaic:
age certainly prevented the -fixation of a social
division and therefore the creation o-f analogous terms.
The conditions o-f the archaic age were smoothed down
in the short period of the so-called "golden age" (480-430
B . C . ) . During these years no terms were also coined similar
to the modern notion
of
"social
class". Of course, the
distinction between
rich and poor remained vivid; the same
also happens with the aristocratic arguments which were now
used
by
the
oligarchs.
Indicative
are
some
new
terms,denoting
this
self-evident
distinction
( "", " " ) , as well
as the use o-f the
adjective
"". Nevertheless , terms which could clearly re-fer
to the
"social class" notion do not appear neither during
the fifth nor during
the fourth
century
B.C. We could
indeed suggest that it is the contrary which
took
took
pi ace,i.e.that
there
were terms
which
seem
to
be
incompatible with
the conception
of a "social class". An
illuminative example
could
be the opposition
between
"" and
""; although
"" coincides
with
"" and
"" with "",it strikes that the
financial
criterion
-elementary
starting
point
of
any
"class" division
is set aside in this case by the
numerical-quantitative criterion, which
doesn't imply
to a
class division.
Also important
is
the
fact
that
" " , ":" or """ ars called "",i.e. that
they are all "parts" of the city, no matter which is their
fortune or social status.even though testimonia for the use
of "" ars rather few, this characterise! is common
in
different sources as in tragedy or in political philosophy,
and thus we may conclude that it expresses a widely spread
idea in ancient Greek thought; we can easily understand the
origins of such an idea if we just remember
how the
citizens' "." was emphasized
and ""
(i.e. the
tightness within any social strata) was condemned according
to the principles of Athenian democracy.
In political
theory,this belief
is expressed
by the idea of
social
contiguity or the so-csdled "organic" conception,which gets
formed during the fifth century.
Therefore,it
is
not
strange
that
terms
like
"", "l9vo;:" or
"", which
could have denoted the
antagonistic
social
strata didn't bear such
content.
Between these terms, the term
":" could
have been the
most suitable' for two reasons: first,its main meaning and
use originates in military terminology,where
it
denotes
among others the separate group of men having common action
during the battle (we should also remark that in the frame
of the Athenian military ci assi f i cati on , " =:" contains
the hoplites of each
"">;second,the term
":" was
not loaded with the pack of implications which the other
terms were recalling and thus it was available for denoting
a group of persons with identical social status and income.
Nevertheless,as the present treatise has shown,the
term
":" never declared such a notion; like its other uses
205

in political and social context,its basic meaning is simply

that of
a category of people,which is determined according
to several
different
criteria
and
characterises
the
position that someone has inside the whole of the city.
This
content
doesn't
change
during
the
-fourth
century ? remar kabl e during this century
is the use o-f
" -:" in
various sources (in
rhetoric
or
political
philosophy) with
the meaning o-f "harmonious organisation".
We can
suggest
that this use reflects in a way
the
necessity to -face the civil cri si s, necessi ty often marked
o-f-f by
the intellectuals o-f that
age. Thus,we
could
conclude that the main meanings of ":" in political and
social
context
are those of
"category","position" or
" h armoni us organi sati on" . There-f ore the notion
o-f "social
class" is absent both during the -fifth and during
the
fourth century B.C.
The same holds for the Hellenistic
age,although the
social circumstances
could have favoured the creation of
such
terms.
The Hellenistic
age,especi al 1 y since the
beginning of the third century B.C.,is characterised by the
concentration of wealth to a limited
number of citizens.
Political and social tension did not fade away,al though
monarchs made serious efforts to diminish it; on the other
hand,rich citizens made even more intensive efforts with
various offers to the communi ti esinei ted by their interest
for the city or the expectation
of posthumous fame as
well). Anyway,as the inscriptions show, the public activity
of rich citizens is highly estimated or,in other words, is
officially and commonly recognised:dependence
of the city
is obvious and clearly attested. This dependence and the
mentality of rich citizens seem to have prevented
the
expression o-f the undoubtful 1 y existent distinction between
upper and
lower strata with terms analogous to that of
"class". Poor
and rich are of course distinguished
and
clearly named;nevertheless, there is no case in which the
first or the latter
of them are understood
as
distinct
"social classes".
The emphasis on the public activity of distinguished
citizens becomes even more intensive during
the
Roman
domi nati on,especi al 1 y during the imperial age. Aristocratic
social structure
-whose origins arise already
during the
Hellenistic
age- is now compieted;the phaenomenon
has
already been studied thoroughly and even the terms denoting
the
superior
status
of
the
upper
strata
( " " , "" ) have been -more or less- noticed.
Aristocratic social
structure was also influenced
by the
vertical
social
organisation
of
Roman
society,which
Octavian supported
and consolidated. Nevertheless,rich and
poor,distinguished
and insignificant
citizens were
not
discerned with
":" or any other
similar
term.
The
reasons of this phaenomenon
can be testified
by the
inscriptions,where the activity of distinguished citizens
is acclaimed.
Because of their interest
in the city,they
206

are characterised wiih adjectives as " ;" , " " or

11
( e:' :" -used also earlier- and "" , "" or ""
-used during
this age. This; way of -facing the nobles' role
seems to
have prevented
the -formation o-f a "class"
conception and the creation
o-f analogous terms. For
the
same reasons,Greek
terminology doesn't
seem to have been
influenced by the latin terms "orcio" or "classis". Imperial
age writers prefer to use well-known and general terms o-f
the classic
peri od, but none of them
nor even
":"
implied a content analogous to that of "social class".

207