SEISMORESISTANT

BUILDING ARCHITECTURE

BY:
Ekta Tripathi -801222004
Divya Chopra-801222003
Priyanka kumari-801222012

INTRODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT STRUCTURES
Earthquake-resistant
structures are
safe
structures designed to withstand earthquake.
While no structure can be entirely immune to damage from
earthquakes, the goal of earthquake-resistant construction is
to erect structures that fair better during seismic activity than
their conventional counterparts.
Earthquake-resistant structures are intended to withstand the
largest earthquake of a certain probability that is likely to
occur at their location.
This means the loss of life should be minimized by preventing
collapse of the buildings for rare earthquakes while the loss of
functionality should be limited for more frequent ones.

SEISMORESISTANT BUILDING
ARCHITECTURE
Rational studies along with the knowledge regarding the performance of
building in earthquakes show that the building architecture design would create
maladjustment in building elements that would decrease the seismoresistant
capacity of building and also become the cause of collapse of building.
It is believed that structural analysis in itself is not sufficient to ensure the
seismoresistant stability of the buildings.
There is a need to design an integral seismoresistant system in which all
components of the building can positively interact during the seismic action.

Real compatibility between ARCHITECTURAL and

STRUCTURAL DESIGN avoids a stepping of seismo
resistant capacity of that building and also provides
positive , efficient and integral SEISMIC RESISTANT
SYSTEM

 Several studies and recommendations have been carried out to

avoid situations affecting negatively the buildings earthquake
resistant behavior.
These studies enable architects to develop a systematic study and a
methodology to be applied to the architectural design of building to
optimize earthquake resistant capacity . This study is called
SEISMO RESISTANT BUILDING ARCHITECTURE.
The SRAS deals with the interaction of each subsystem of the
building during seismic shaking , in order that the architectural
project does not originate structural maladjustment which would
decrease the seismoresistant capacity of the building.
MAIN OBJECTIVES OF SRAS
1. To prevent seismo resistance stepping
2. To optimize the seismo resistance

 QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION AND

MATERIAL
BASIC DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
BUILDING CONFIGURATION
SELECTION OF LOAD RESISTING SYSTEM

4.
3.
2.
1.

MAJOR ASPECTS INVOLVED IN

SEISMORESISTANT BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

LATERAL LOAD RESISTING

SYSTEMS
The load resisting system must be of CLOSED LOOPS so that it is
able to transfer all the forces acting vertically or horizontally to the
ground .
BIS has approved 3 major types of lateral load resisting system in
code IS 1893 (Part 1) :2002

LATERAL
LOAD
RESISTING
SYSTEMS

MOMENT RESISTING FRAME

BUILDING WITH SHEAR
WALL OR BEARING WALL
SYSTEM
BUILDING WITH DUAL
SYSTEM

1. MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES

Moment-resisting frames can be
constructed of steel, concrete, or
masonry.
Moment frames consist of beams
and columns in which bending of
these members provides the
resistance to lateral forces.
This system is generally preferred
by architects because they are
relatively unobtrusive compared
to shear walls or braced frames ,
but there may be poor economic
risk unless special damage
control measures are taken

BUILDING WITH SHEAR WALL OR

BEARING WALL SYSTEM
Bearing wall systems consist of
vertical load carrying walls
located along exterior wall lines
and at interior locations as
necessary.
Many of these bearing walls are
also used to resist lateral forces
and are then called shear walls
In general , bearing wall system
has comparable low R value
since
the
system
lacks
redundancy and has a poor
inelastic response capacity.
This system is not much
preferred by the architects.

BUILDING WITH DUAL

SYSTEM
This system consist of shear wall (or braced frame) and moment
resisting frame such that
(1) The two systems are designed to resist the total design force in
proportion to their lateral stiffness considering the interaction of the
dual system at floor levels.
(2) The moment resisting frames are designed to independently resist
at least 25% of design sesmic base shear.
() A dual system comparably has higher value of R.
() This system is somewhat less restrictive architecturally.

BUILDING CONFIGURATION
Second step in seismo resistant construction is configuration of load
resisting systems of buildings.
IS 1893 ( part 1):2002 has recommended building configuration system
in section 7 for the better performance of building during earthquake.
Most important feature in building configuration is its REGULARITY and
SYMMETRY in horizontal and vertical plane.
Seismic behavior of REGULAR PLANS and IRREGULAR SHAPED
PLANS differ
IRREGULAR SHAPED PLAN is subjected to their asymmetry and can
present local deformation due to presence of reentrant corners or
excessive openings. Both effects give origin to undesired stress
concentrations in some resisting members of buildings..

 REGULAR SHAPED PLAN i.e. ideal rectangular or square

plan , structurally symmetric, with enough in plan stiffness in
its diaphragm , presents an ideal behavior because it has
same displacement at every point in the slab.
Therefore building shaped like a box , such as rectangular ,
both in plan and elevation is inherently stronger than the one
that is L-shaped or U-shaped, that is building with wings.

IRREGULAR SHAPED PLANS

ARCHITECTURAL
PROBLEMS

STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS

REMEDIAL MEASURES

1. Extreme
heights/depth
ratio

High overturning forces , large Revise proportion or

drift causing non structural
special structural
damages , foundation stability system

2. Extreme large
length/depth ratio

Built up large lateral forces in

perimeter , large difference in
resistance of two axes
Experience greater variations
in ground movement and soil
conditions

Sub divide building by

seismic joints

3.Re-entrant
corners

Torsion , stress concentration

at the notches

Separate walls , uniform

box , centre box ,
architectural relief ,
diagonal reinforcement

4. Soft story frame

Causes abrupt changes of

stiffness at piont of
discontinuity

Add bracings , add

columns braced

ARCHITECTURAL
PROBLEMS

STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS REMEDIAL MEASURES

5. Variation in
column stiffness

Causes abrupt changes in

stiffness , much higher
forces in stiffer columns.

Redesign structural
system to balance
stiffness

6. Discontinuous
shear wall

Results in discontinuities
in load path and stress
conc. For most heavily
loaded elements

Primary concern over

the strength of lower
level column and
connecting beams that
support the load of
discontinuous frame

7. Weak columnstrong beam

Column failure occures

before beam , short column
must try and accommodate
storey height displacement

Add full walls to reduce

column forces , use
light weight curtain
walls with frames

BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS
The seismic force exerted on a building are not externally
developed forces like wind instead they are the response of
cyclic motions at the base of building causing accelerations
and hence inertia force.
The response is therefore dynamic in nature.
The dynamic properties of the structure such as natural period
,damping and mode shape play a crucial role in determining
the response of buildings.
Other properties such as ductility, building foundation,
response of non-structural elements etc.

MODE SHAPES AND

FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD
The vibration of building consists of fundamental mode of
vibration and additional contribution of various modes
which vibrates at higher frequencies.
In low rise building less than 5 storey high the seismic
response depends primarily on the fundamental mode of
vibration accordingly the period of vibration of this mode
expressed in seconds is one of the most representative
characteristics of the dynamic response of a building.
On the basis of time period building may be classified as
T<.3 sec = rigid

.3 sec<T<1.0sec = semi-rigid

T>1.0 sec = flexible structure

 Building with higher natural frequencies and

short
natural period tend to suffer higher
acceleration but smaller displacement.
Building with lower natural frequencies and long
natural period tend to suffer lower acceleration
but larger displacement.

BUILDING FREQUENCY AND

GROUND PERIOD
Inertial force generated in the building depend upon the frequencies
of ground on which the building is standing and the building natural
frequency.
When these are near or equal to one another the buildings
response reaches a peak level.

This dynamic amplification effect can increase the building

acceleration to a certain value which may double or more than that
of ground acceleration at the base of building.

Past studies shows that predominant period at a firm ground site is

typically in the range .2-.4 sec while the period can reach 2 sec or
more on soft ground.

 It is concluded that if the foundation soil is firm,

rigid structure will have more unfavorable seismic
response than the flexible structures, whereas the
seismic response of flexible structure on soft
foundation site will less favorable than the rigid
structure.
A spectacular example was in Mexico city
during 1985 earthquake, which saw enormous
damage in medium height buildings of 10-20
storey's ,which have period matching the 2 sec
period of earthquake motions in the city centre,
while adjacent low rise buildings with much
shorter periods were proportionally far less
damaged.

DAMPING
Damping is the ability of the structural system to
dissipate the energy of the earthquake ground
shaking.
Since the earthquake ground shaking is inversely
proportional to damping. The more damping a
building possesses ,the sooner it will stop vibrating
which of course highly desirable from the standpoint
of earthquake performances.
Now-a-days some more advanced techniques of
earthquake resistant design and construction employ
added damping devices like shock absorbers increase
damping of the building and so improve its

DUCTILITY
It is defined as the capacity of the building
materials, systems or structures to absorb energy
by deforming its elastic range.
The primary task of an engineer designing a
building to be earthquake resistant is to ensure that
building will possess enough ductility.
It is possible to build ductile structures with RC if
care is taken during designing to provide the joints
with sufficient abutments that can adequately
confine the concrete thus permitting it to deform
plastically without breaking.
It is also important for this purpose to ensure that
the tension edges of the structure are adequately
reinforced and that there are sufficient stirrups to

FOUNDATION
Major recommendation on structural design must
be taken in mind.
Foundation should be preferably be designed as
continuous (mat or raft) in order to avoid relative
horizontal displacement.
In case of isolated footing ,they should be joined
to each other by means of foundation beams or
ties. These ties should be designed such that it
will bear tension and compression forces.
If different parts of the building are to be
structurally independent because of the shape of
their ground plan, their foundations should also
be independent.

QUALITY OF
CONSTRUCTION AND
MATERIALS

The industrially produced materials used in

construction such as cement , reinforcement ,
brick etc should satisfy minimum standards of
quality and resistance.
a) Quality of concreteGrade of concrete specified in design
documents may not be developed during
construction mainly due to
) Incorrect proportioning.
) Insufficient mixing which causes segregation.
) Aggregate with excessive impurities or improper
grading.
) Excessive high w/c ratio.

b)Construction jointA defective concrete joint, which contributed

significantly to causing of failure of many building
in past earthquake is due to
Poor
execution
of
the
construction
joint/discontinuity.
Not located at the points specified by designer
Accumulation of sawdust, dust and loose
materials at the surface of joint.
c) General detailing requirements Proper placing of reinforcement during casting.
Improper confinement and large tie spacing
especially in plastic hinge region.

 Insufficient confinement and anchorage length at

joint.
Insufficient concrete
cover to reinforcement
results resting in reinforcing bar and crack in
surface concrete.

THANK YOU