Operating Deflection Shapes Analysis

DETERMINATION OF VIBRATION PATTERNS UNDER OPERATING CONDITIONS

Presenter:
Niels-Jørgen Jacobsen
Product Manager – Structural Dynamics Solutions
October 26th, 2022

Host: Heather Wilkins (Session 1)

Bernadette Humm (Session 2)
 Agenda
1. Introduction to Operating Deflection Shapes (ODS) Analysis
2. The different types of ODS Analysis
• Spectral ODS, Non-stationary ODS and Time ODS

3. Differences and similarities between operating deflection shapes

and mode shapes

4. Instrumentation for ODS measurements and analysis

5. Additional information

6. Q&A

2
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 ODS analysis – Overview
Determination and visualization of the vibration pattern of structures
under operating conditions
Operating conditions
– Speed, Load, Temp., Pressure, Flow, ...

Vibration signals
– Stationary
– Quasi-stationary
» Slightly varying speed or excitation level
» Run-up/down tests
– Transient

Results
– Geometry animated in different DOFs
– Table of Shapes for different
frequencies/orders ODS analysis answers the questions:
– Acceleration, Velocity and Displacement How does the structure actually vibrate?
for each shape What is the actual absolute motion of one DOF vs. another?

3
– Table of deflection pattern at different time instances
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 ODS analysis – Signal analysis
• Determination of forced vibration – System forces and input forces are not observed
• Signal analysis - Not System analysis

Observed response signals

F() H() Xi() at different DOFs

• No assumption of a linear model

• No assumptions about the types of input forces
• Actual operating forces
• True boundary conditions

Visualisation of deflection shape => Better understanding => Solution

NB: No Model obtained => No prediction of vibration responses at other conditions

4
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Application examples
 Design validation
• Ensure structural resonances are not being excited
• Ensure critical speeds do not occur

 Trouble-shooting
• Reduce excessive noise and vibration
• Relate noise radiation to structural vibration
• Separate rotational and structural N&V phenomena

 Machine health monitoring

• Investigation of machine wear resulting in e.g. unbalance, shaft misalignment and rattling

 Target setting
• Compare measured noise and vibration values to reference values

 FE Model Prediction
• Validate predictions from Finite Element models using Forced Response Simulation (FRS)
5
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Super tanker example
Problem: Significant vibration levels

3. Optimal
modification by
rod connection
of engine tops

1. First modification
proposal: 10 tons of
transverse girders for
deck stiffening

2. Operating
Deflection Shape
at 2nd harmonic
frequency
6
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Agenda
1. Introduction to Operating Deflection Shapes (ODS) Analysis
2. The different types of ODS Analysis
• Spectral ODS, Non-stationary ODS and Time ODS

3. Differences and similarities between operating deflection shapes

and mode shapes

4. Instrumentation for ODS measurements and analysis

5. Additional information

6. Q&A

7
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Spectral ODS – ODS at specific frequencies or orders
 Frequency spectra
• Stationary signals (Frequency ODS)

 Order spectra
• Slightly varying speed (Order-tracked ODS)

 DOFs can be measured simultaneously

or sequentially
 Conversion between acceleration,
velocity and displacement in the
frequency domain
(integration/differentiation) using jω- Analysis of machines running at fixed
weighting or slightly varying speeds due to
• Velocity = 1/jω * Acceleration changed operating conditions
• Displacement = 1/jω * Velocity

 Scaling: RMS, peak, peak-peak

8
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Transmissibility
Xref

 The Transmissibility Function (TF) is the

Frequency Response Function (FRF) between responses:

TF = {Xi}

 Absolute Scaled ODS via Reference :

 Reference signal must have energy at all frequencies/orders of interest

• If not possible, use more reference signals (DOFs)
• A tacho signal might be used

 Requires amplitude stationarity for sequential measurements

 Order tracking should be used, if frequency varies during a sequence of measurements

due to rotational speed variations, to avoid frequency smearing
9
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Phase-assigned Spectrum
Xref

 The Phased-assigned Spectrum (PAS) is the Autospectrum

at signal Xi assigned with the phase between the signal Xi
and the reference Xref (phase of Cross-spectrum):
{Xi}
G X ref X i
PAS =  GX i X i
G X ref X i

 Absolute scaled ODS per definition

 Reference signal must have energy at all frequencies/orders of interest

• If not possible, use more reference signals (DOFs)
• A tacho signal might be used

 Requires amplitude stationarity for sequential measurements

 Order tracking should be used, if frequency varies during a sequence of measurements

due to rotational speed variations, to avoid frequency smearing
10
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Ratio-based Phase-assigned Spectrum
Xref

 Phase-assigned spectrum where the Reference Autospectrum

is averaged over a selected number of measurements:

G X ref X i GX i X i 1 M {Xi}
Ratio-based PAS = 
G X ref X i G X ref X ref

M
G
m =1
X ref X ref

M selected measurements

 Absolute scaled ODS by definition

 Improved amplitude estimates, if vibration amplitude varies during a sequence of measurements

 Reference signal must have energy at all frequencies/orders of interest

• If not possible, use more reference signals (DOFs)
• A tacho signal might be used

 Order tracking should be used, if frequency varies during sequence of measurements

due to rotational speed variations, to avoid frequency smearing
11
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Example – Spectral ODS (Frequency ODS) of a Car Frame
 Sports car frame excited
by finger tapping etc.

 Measurement made using

33 triaxial accelerometers

 Triax reference in left front corner

 Interpolation in 422 nodes

 Frequency range: 200Hz

Rigid Body Modes

Heave
Yaw

Sway
Surge
Pitch Roll
12
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Non-stationary ODS – ODS at discrete frequencies or orders vs.
Time or Rotational Speed (Run-Up/Down ODS)
 Signal divided into quasi-stationary parts
(different speed values)
 Frequency or order contour 3D plots
 Frequency or order 2D slices
• Pre-slices or Post-slices

 DOFs can be measured

• Simultaneously
• Sequentially if variations between runs
are sufficiently small

 Conversion between acceleration,

velocity and displacement in the
frequency domain (integration/differentiation)
using jω-weighting
• Velocity = 1/jω * Acceleration
• Displacement = 1/jω * Velocity
 Scaling: RMS, peak, peak-peak
13
Structural resonances (natural frequencies) are seen as vertical lines.
Orders (multipla of engine speed) are seen as oblique lines.
Analysis of the machinery’s noise and vibration behavior
related to its rotational and fixed parts
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Example – Run-Up ODS (frequency-based) of a Car Frame
 Sports car frame excited by a small engine
running from 0-6k RPM (0-100 Hz)
 Measurement made using 20 triaxial accels.
 Triax reference in left front corner
 Interpolation in 146 nodes
 Engine speed measured using a tacho probe
 Frequency range: 400 Hz
 One frequency/RPM combination animated
at a time

Rigid Body Modes

Heave
Yaw

Structural resonances (natural frequencies) are seen as vertical lines.

Orders (multipla of engine speed) are seen as oblique lines.
Sway
Surge
Pitch Roll
14
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Time ODS – ODS as a function of time for an analysed frequency range

 Gives an “overall” vibration pattern

 Continuous or transient signals

 Animated sample-by-sample or
using decimation factor

 Typically, all DOFs are measured

simultaneously as it can be very
difficult to repeat trigger conditions

 Conversion between acceleration,

velocity and displacement in the
time using integration/differentiation
• High-pass integration filter critical to Analysis of transient phenomena such as door slams, explosions,
avoid high DC levels launches & firing, earth quakes and crash & drop impacts

15
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Agenda
1. Introduction to Operating Deflection Shapes (ODS) Analysis
2. The different types of ODS Analysis
• Spectral ODS, Non-stationary ODS and Time ODS

3. Differences and similarities between operating deflection shapes

and mode shapes

4. Instrumentation for ODS measurements and analysis

5. Additional information

6. Q&A

16
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 ODS Analysis versus Modal Analysis
ODS Analysis
Objective:
 To obtain the vibration patterns of a
structure under operating conditions
Methods:
Signal analysis
 Phase-assigned spectra (PAS) between
references and response(s) (Spectral
ODS and Non-stationary ODS)
 Time data from responses (Time ODS)
17
 UNRESTRICT
ED
Modal Analysis
Objective:
 To obtain a mathematical model of the
inherent dynamic properties of a structure
Methods:
System analysis
 Time data from responses only
(Operational Modal Analysis)
 Frequency Response Functions (FRFs)
between excitations and responses
(Classical Modal Analysis)
 Differences – Mode Shapes (MS) and Operating Deflection Shapes (ODS)

 A MS is defined for a specific frequency – the natural frequency (resonant frequency)

 An ODS can be defined at any frequency

 A MS is only defined for linear, time-invariant structures

 An ODS can be defined for any structure

 A MS does not depend on forces or loads. It is given by the inherent properties of the structure
 An ODS depends on forces or loads. It will change if the forces or loads change

 A MS only changes if the material properties, boundary or environmental conditions change

 An ODS will change if either the modes or loads change

 A MS answers the question: “What is the relative motion of one DOF vs. another?”
 An ODS answers the question: “What is the actual motion of one DOF vs. another?”

18
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Similarities – Mode Shapes (MS) and Operating Deflection Shapes (ODS)

 Each ODS contain contributions from several modes

• The stronger the modes and the more they are excited, the more they contribute to the ODS

 The ODS at or near a resonance frequency is dominated by a single mode shape, if the
modes are well-separated (no repeated roots or closely-coupled modes)
• Consequently, ODS analysis can be used for simple modal analysis or as first investigations

 The contribution of the various modes in a given ODS – and the contribution of a given mode
in the various ODS’ – can be found using a CrossMAC plot/table

19
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Example – Spectral ODS of a Plate Structure
 Plate excited by a small engine
running at ~6k RPM (100Hz)

 Measurement made using

9 accelerometers equally
distributed over the plate

 Engine speed measured

using a tacho probe

 Frequency range: 1.6kHz

 One frequency animated at a time

Rigid Body Modes

Heave
Yaw

The plate’s well-defined mode shapes are excited by the running engine,
Sway
Surge when at the plate’s resonances (natural frequencies)
Pitch Roll
20
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Agenda
1. Introduction to Operating Deflection Shapes (ODS) Analysis
2. The different types of ODS Analysis
• Spectral ODS, Non-stationary ODS and Time ODS

3. Differences and similarities between operating deflection shapes

and mode shapes

4. Instrumentation for ODS measurements and analysis

5. Additional information

6. Q&A

21
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Instrumentation for ODS measurement and analysis
 ODS SW
• Supports all relevant types of ODS: Time, Spectral and Non-Stationary
• Supports order tracking to analyse quasi and non-stationary signals
• Powerful geometry creation tools and animation features

 Data Acquisition HW
• High dynamic range as response signals are often unknown
• Distributed hw for large structures
• Measurements down to DC

 Accelerometers
• Depending on test setup and structure, for example
˗ High dynamic range, low noise, high freq. range (DC), flat amplitude and phase response …
˗ Low weight to minimise mass loading
˗ Easy and fast 3D mounting possibilities incl. clear marking for orientation
˗ Plug & Play for use with high-channel count systems (TEDS)
˗ Specific requirements: High temperature range, hermetic sealing, robustness …

 Tacho probe, if quasi-stationary signals

• Slightly varying machine speed
• Run-up/down tests High-temperature Clip Swivel Base

 No modal shaker(s), shaker stands, power amplifiers, force

22 transducers etc. as when performing model testing using shaker excitation
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Agenda
1. Introduction to Operating Deflection Shapes (ODS) Analysis
2. The different types of ODS Analysis
• Spectral ODS, Non-stationary ODS and Time ODS

3. Differences and similarities between operating deflection shapes

and mode shapes

4. Instrumentation for ODS measurements and analysis

5. Additional information

6. Q&A

23
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Further Information - Brüel & Kjær
www.bksv.com
 Knowledge Centre (www.bksv.com/Knowledge-center)
• Case Studies, Application Notes, Technical Reviews, Conference Papers, Primers and Handbooks

 Training (www.bksv.com/Training)
• Courses, Webinars, Customized Training, Video Tutorials. Includes:
˗ Onsite training: 3-day course on Classical Modal Analysis and 2-day course on Operational Modal Analysis
˗ Online training: 4 days, 3 hours/day: An Introduction to Modal Testing and Analysis

 Structural Dynamics - Product and Application pages

• Operational Modal Analysis, Classical Modal Analysis, ODS Analysis, Structural Health Monitoring, Test-FEA Integration …
• Software, hardware, transducers, modal exciters, impact hammers …
• www.bksv.com/Applications/product-vibration/structural-dynamics
• www.bksv.com/products/Analysis-software/structural-dynamics-software
• www.bksv.com/products/data-acquisition-systems-and-hardware/LAN-XI-data-acquisition-hardware
• www.bksv.com/products/transducers/vibration
• www.bksv.com/products/shakers-and-exciters/modal-exciters
• www.bksv.com/products/transducers/vibration/impact-hammers

 YouTube videos on Structural Dynamics

• Applications & solutions: (https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJiMDKQQaTpCyd6kwp5j1XBd2GvftyPTc)
• Tutorials: (https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJiMDKQQaTpAxJ-Il200XRvV8RUmJHx3l)

 4-week free trial software for structural dynamics

24 • http://www.bksv.com/products/Analysis-software/structural-dynamics-software
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Previous and upcoming webinars on structural dynamics

October 19, 2022

 Introduction to Structural Dynamics – Measurement and Analysis
• Recording: https://www.bksv.com/en/Campaign/HQ/structural-dynamics-webinar-recordings

November 2, 2022
 Modal Analysis using Hammer or Shaker Excitation
• Sign up: Modal Analysis | Brüel & Kjær (bksv.com) - 11:00 CET
Modal Analysis | Brüel & Kjær (bksv.com) - 16:00 CET

November 9, 2022
 Operational Modal Analysis – Modal Parameter Identification under Operating Conditions (includes SHM)
• Sign up: OMA and SHM | Brüel & Kjær (bksv.com) - 11:00 CET
OMA and SHM | Brüel & Kjær (bksv.com) - 16:00 CET

25
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Questions?
 Today’s presentation will be emailed to all attendees

 Please type any questions you have into the WebEx Q&A dialog

26
 UNRESTRICT
ED
 Thank You
bernadette.humm@hbkworld.com

heather.wilkins@hbkworld.com

niels-jorgen.jacobsen@hbkworld.com

www.hbkworld.com | © HBK – Hottinger, Brüel & Kjær | All rights reserved

27