Hydraulic Proppant Fracturing

Klaas van Gijtenbeek

Sr Tech Professional Leader
Halliburton

Technical Advisory Team Presentation

Introduction

Will T Louviere quote:

To effectively and economically drain
a reservoir in 5 years time the propped
frac length needs to cover 50 to 70% of
the drainage radius
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20 Rules for Gas Fracturing by Steve Holditch

Rule#9. The optimum fracture length will be

a function of the (optimum) drainage area
(xe). The following can be used to estimate
the optimum fracture length as a function of
gas permeability.

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20 Rules for Gas Fracturing by Steve

Holditch
Rule#16. The pad volume of a treatment should be
In most reservoirs 25 30%
In tight reservoirs 10 20%
In high permeability reservoirs 50 70%
If the pad volume is too small, the treatment may
screen out. If the pad volume is too large, you will
waste money, the propped fracture length will be
shorter, and the fracture will not close as rapidly
as it would with a smaller pad volume.
2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.

20 Rules for Gas Fracturing by Steve Holditch

Rule#18. No well is straight and no well is vertical.

As such, the chances that multiple fractures will
occur increase with the length of the perforated
interval. A perforation interval of 20 ft. or less,
located in the most porous and permeable zone,
should be sufficient for most cases. A properly
packed fracture will connect the entire pay interval
to the well bore assuming the treatment is pumped
correctly and is not over flushed.

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FC vs Prop Concentration

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Prop Concentration

2000 lb/ per 1000 sq ft or 2 lb/ft^2 what does

it mean?
w

Bulk volume of sand is

100 lbs/ft^3 so 2lb/ft^2
gives 0.02 ft width or w
= 0.24 in.

1 ft

How many proppant

layers is that?
1 ft

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Prop Concentration

Properties for Various Size Proppants

Proppants Size
Mesh
4/8
6/12**
8/12
8/16**
10/20
10/30
12/20*
16/20**
16/30**
18/20**
18/35
20/40*
20/50
30/50**
30/60
40/60
40/70*
70/140**(100 mesh)

Maximum Diameter - Maximum Diameter - Average Proppant Diameter - Average Proppant Diameter in.
mm
in.
mm
0.187
4.75
0.173
4.39
0.132
3.35
0.099
2.51
0.093
2.36
0.087
2.21
0.093
2.36
0.082
2.08
0.079
2.01
0.061
1.55
0.079
2.01
0.056
1.42
0.067
1.70
0.054
1.37
0.047
1.19
0.041
1.04
0.047
1.19
0.039
0.99
0.039
0.99
0.036
0.91
0.039
0.99
0.032
0.81
0.0336
0.85
0.0272
0.69
0.0336
0.85
0.0218
0.55
0.0237
0.60
0.0185
0.47
0.0237
0.60
0.018
0.46
0.0168
0.43
0.014
0.36
0.0168
0.43
0.013
0.33
0.0099
0.25
0.0084
0.21

*Recognized by API as a primary proppant size

**Recognized by API as an alternate proppant

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Prop Concentration
Bulk volume of sand is
100 lbs/ft^3 so 2lb/ft^2
gives 0.02 ft width or w
= 0.24 in.

2 lb/ft^2 what does it

mean?
w

How many proppant

layers is that?
0.24 / 0.0272 = 8.8 !
1 ft

1 ft

2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.

That is equivalent to
1.712.802
proppant grains, or 1.88
million grains in a
kilo.....so next time that
you go to the beach.....
9

FC vs Prop Concentration

0.5 partial mono layer

8.8 layer

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10

Perforation Diameter based on Max

Proppant Diameter (6:1 ratio)

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11

Perforation Diameter based on Max

Proppant Diameter (6:1 ratio)

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12

Frac Geometry Example

2 lb/ft^2

S = 80 acres

50 ft

500 ft
Area = 2 wings * 50 * 500 = 50,000 ft^2

500 ft

Proppant Amount Required: 50,000 ft^2 * 2 lb/ft^2 = 100,000 lbs

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13

Well Spacing and Drainage Radius

Square
Well Spacing (S) in Acres Drainage Length (Re) in ft
40
80
160
320
640

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Circular
Drainage Radius (Re) in ft

Re = 104.4*S^0.5

Re = 117.8*S^0.5

660
933
1,320
1,867
2,641

745
1,053
1,490
2,107
2,980

14

Frac Schedule
100,000 lbs of proppant required
Assume 4 lbs/gal average concentration
25,000 gal fluid required for proppant
Pad volume: 10,000 gal
S-shape proppant addition curve (to reduce NWB and avoid proppant convection)
10,000 gal w/ 1 ppg-10,000 lbs stage
2,000 gal w/ 2 pgg-4,000 lbs stage
1,500 gal w/ 3 ppg-4,500 lbs stage
1,000 gal w/ 4 ppg-4,000 lbs stage
1,000 gal w/ 5 ppg-5,000 lbs stage
2,000 gal w/ 6 ppg-12,000 lbs stage
3,000 gal w/ 7 ppg-21,000 lbs stage
5,000 gal w/ 8 ppg-40,000 lbs stage

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15

Frac Schedule Pump Rate

Pump rate depends on:
1) Completion. Check minimum IDs in wellbore and try to keep
velocity below 44 ft/sec. This is based on yardtests. We are
using 20 ft/sec when pumping proppant on the outside of coil. In
general 35/ft/sec is ok.
2) Available equipment. Maximum rate through surface lines is
2*ID^2. So, 3 is 18 bpm, 4 is 32 bpm etc.
3) Pressure rating. WHTP = BHTP-Hydrostatic+Friction
Hydraulic Horsepower:
(Max WHTP*Design rate)/40.8 = 4411hhp for 10,000 psi and 18
bpm

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16

Frac Schedule Pump Rate

There are some velocity guidelines for Wellhead Isolation Tools/Tree
Savers.
To minimize the risk of excessive tubing wear, restrict velocity
through the tool to the rates listed below for each material.
Sand-laden fluids ................................... 125 ft/sec
Clean fluids ........................................... 200 ft/sec
High-strength proppant .......................... 100 ft/sec
Foamed fluid with sand ........................... 100 ft/sec
Foamed fluid with high-strength proppant ... 80 ft/sec
These values are for reference only if proppant concentration does
not exceed 8 lb/gal or 6 lb/gal with foam.

2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.

17

Frac Schedule Pump rate

V=(17.157* Q)/ID^2, where

V velocity (ft/sec)
Q pump rate (bbl/min)
ID internal diameter of inner mandrel (in.)
Sand Laden Fluid through 2.922 in tubing:
Q =(2.922^2 * 125)/17.157 = 62.2 bpm
With 35 ft/sec this would be: 17.4 bpm, so a design rate
of 17 to 18 bpm for 3.5 tubing is ok.

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18

Production Increase Curves

Flow capacity: 2800 md-ft

Ki =0.1 mD
Cr = 17.8 ->Y-axis: 4.2
Jfs/Ji = (4.2 * ln(1053/.375))/6.215 = 5.36
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19

Frac Schedule other Considerations

1) DFIT: Diagnostic Fluid Injection test
2) Minifrac using linear gel and Stepdown Rate test
3) Minifrac using gel for mainfrac and proppant slug

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20

Layout All Water in Tanks prior to job start

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21

Production Enhancement Equipment

Available out of Celle Base
Description

Quantity

2000 HHP Grizzly Pump Trailer

2000 HHP HQ Twin Pump Trailer
100 bpm ARC Blender
50 bpm ARC Blender
100 bpm ARC Pre Gel Blender
50 bpm ARC Pre Gel Blender
Technical Command Center with RTO & Field Lab
80 m Fluid Storage Tank
60 m Liquid KCL Storage Tank
60 m Proppant Silo
34 m Proppant Silo
1000 HHP Annulus Truck ( HT 400 )
600 HHP Annulus Truck ( HT 400 )
60 / 80 k Coiled Tubing Unit 1 3/4-2 3/8
38 k Coiled Tubing Unit
2000 scf/min N2 Unit
3000 scf/min N2 Unit
6000 scf/min N2 Unit
2500 kw Mobile Fluid Heating Unit

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22

10
2
1
1
1
1
2
12
2
2
2
2
2
3
1
2
1
2
1

2000 HHP Grizzly Pump Trailer

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23

Pumprate vs pressure, 4" FE, HQ-Pump

Gear

Minimum
bpm

Maximum
bpm

P
Rating
psi

Minimum
m/min

Maximum
m/min

P
Rating
bar

1
2
3
4
5

2,6
4,8
6,6
8,5
11,2

3,6
6,6
9
11,7
15,3

14200
7201
5294
4066
3086

0,41
0,76
1,05
1,35
1,78

0,57
1,05
1,43
1,86
2,43

979,3
496,6
365,1
280,4
212,8

Pumprate vs pressure, 4" FE, Grizzley-Pump

2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.

Gang

Minimum
bpm

Maximum
bpm

P
Rating
psi

Minimum
m/min

Maximum
m/min

P
Rating
bar

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

3,1
4,7
5,7
7
8
9,8
12,3

4,3
5,9
7,3
9,1
10,1
12,6
16

14200
14200
11917
9572
8403
6803
5476

0,48
0,75
0,9
1,11
1,27
1,55
1,95

0,68
0,94
1,15
1,44
1,6
2
2,54

979,3
979,3
821,9
660,1
579,5
469,2
377,7

24

100 bpm ARC Pre Gel Blender

Mixing system:
Two Gorman/Rupp 12 x 12 centrifugal pumps, hydraulically driven. The mixing system is capable of
mixing at rates up to 100 bbl/min (15.9 m3/min).
Engine:
CAT C11 diesel engine (420 HP at 2100 rpm) or equivalent driving four hydraulic pumps through a four-pump
drive gearbox
Dimensions:
Length:
13.39 mtr
Width:
2.44 mtr
Height:
4.11 mtr
Weight:
22 200 kg

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25

100 bpm ARC Blender

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26

Frac Van

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27

Fluid Storage
Description: Tank Trailer

Capabilities Manifold:

Capacity:
Volume:

80m

Mixline:
4
Size:
10 with 4 each outlets with 4 fig 206 weco unions
Jeager air connection: to connect multiple tanks in one common manifold

Dimensions:
Weight:
Height:
Width:
Length:

12,300 Kg
4,00 mtr
2,50 mtr
13,10 mtr

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28

Proppant Silo
Description:
34 m3 Sand Silo
60 m Sand Silo

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Dimensions:
34 m3
Weight:
Height:
Width:
Length:

6.500 Kg
9,00 mtr
2,44 mtr
2,80 mtr

29

60 m
7.500 Kg
13,12 mtr
2,50 mtr
2,56 mtr

Mounted Equipment
Description: 15,000 psi Manifold Trailer ( Connects 16 Pumps )

Capacity: 50,000 lb (22 676 kg) lift for positioning trailer for hookup and/or disconnect from tractor
Stroke: 36 in. (914 mm)

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30

60 100K Coiled Tubing Unit 1 1/4-2 3/8

Capacity:
Tubing OD Range:
Hydr. Pressure:
Max. Pull
Max. Push

1.25 2 3/8
5000 psi
60 000 lbs
30 000 lbs

Dimensions:
60k
Weight:
48,000 Kg
Height:
4,10 mtr
Width:
2,55 mtr
Length:
13,30 mtr

2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.

1.50 2 3/8
5000 psi
100,000 lbs
45,000 lbs

100k
48,000 Kg
4,10 mtr
2,55 mtr
13,30 mtr

31

Transverse CT Reel
2 3/8 CT
Total length 7200 mtr

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32

2500KW Heating Unit

Capable to heat 80m3 water from 5C to 50C in 1hour 15min
Diesel usage ca 200ltr/hour

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34

Multi Purpose Twin Pump Unit

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35

Skandi Fjord Stimulation Vessel

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36

Frac Schedule
100,000 lbs of proppant required
Assume 4 lbs/gal average concentration
25,000 gal fluid required for proppant
Pad volume: 10,000 gal
S-shape proppant addition curve (to reduce NWB and avoid proppant convection)
10,000 gal w/ 1 ppg-10,000 lbs stage
2,000 gal w/ 2 pgg-4,000 lbs stage
1,500 gal w/ 3 ppg-4,500 lbs stage
1,000 gal w/ 4 ppg-4,000 lbs stage
1,000 gal w/ 5 ppg-5,000 lbs stage
2,000 gal w/ 6 ppg-12,000 lbs stage
3,000 gal w/ 7 ppg-21,000 lbs stage
5,000 gal w/ 8 ppg-40,000 lbs stage

2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.

37

Model Input

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38

Model Output
Fracture Half-Length (ft)
Total Fracture Height (ft)
Depth to Fracture Top (ft)
Depth to Fracture Bottom (ft)
Equivalent Number of Multiple Fracs
Fracture Slurry Efficiency**

530
108
9551
9659
1.0
0.44

Propped Half-Length (ft)

Total Propped Height (ft)
Depth to Propped Fracture Top (ft)
Depth to Propped Fracture Bottom (ft)
Max. Fracture Width (in)
Avg. Fracture Width (in)
Avg. Proppant Concentration (lb/ft)

500
102
9557
9659
0.35
0.20
1.28

Model Net Pressure** (psi)

Observed Net Pressure** (psi)
Hydrostatic Head*** (psi)
Reservoir Pressure (psi)

2364
0
4144
4180

BH Fracture Closure Stress (psi)

Closure Stress Gradient (psi/ft)
Avg. Surface Pressure (psi)
Max. Surface Pressure (psi)

5961
0.620
6234
6775

Total Clean Fluid Pumped (bbls)

Total Slurry Pumped (bbls)
Pad Volume (bbls)
Pad Fraction (% of Slurry Vol)**
Pad Fraction (% of Clean Vol)**
Primary Fluid Type

954.5
1062.2
238.1
24.3
27.4
HYBOR H 30# WG-11

Secondary Fluid Type

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Total Proppant Pumped (klbs)

103.9
Total Proppant in Fracture (klbs)
102.8
Avg. Hydraulic Horsepower (hp)
2747
Max. Hydraulic Horsepower (hp)
2985
Avg Btm Slurry Rate (bpm)
18.1
Primary Proppant Type
CarboLite 16/20
Secondary Proppant Type

39

Frac Geometry

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40

Treatment Parameters

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41

 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.

42