BASIC PRINCIPLES

Steve Skinner, Eaton Hydraulics, Havant, UK

Copyright  Eaton Hydraulics 2000
 QUESTION:

What is a hydraulic system ?

ANSWER:
A hydraulic system is a means of using a
pressurised fluid to transmit power between the
place where the power is generated and the point
where it is used
REQUIREMENT FOR POWER
SOURCES OF POWER

INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ELECTRIC MOTOR
ENGINE

GAS TURBINE ALTERNATIVE

CONNECTING THE SOURCE OF POWER

USE OF POWER

SOURCE OF
POWER

?
DIRECT DRIVE
MECHANICAL POWER TRANSMISSION
HYDRAULIC POWER TRANSMISSION
HYDRAULIC POWER TRANSMISSION

CONTROL
STOP DIRECTION

START POSITION

SPEED ACCELERATION
HYDRAULIC LIFT
HYDRAULIC LIFT

Distance time
HYDRAULIC LIFT

Distance
Acceleration
time
HYDRAULIC LIFT

Distance
Velocity

Acceleration
time
HYDRAULIC LIFT

Deceleration

Distance
Velocity

Acceleration
time
HYDRAULIC LIFT

Position
Deceleration

Distance
Velocity

Acceleration
time
NON-HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
HYDRAULIC OPERATION
HYDRAULIC OPERATION
HYDRAULIC OPERATION
HYDRAULIC OPERATION
HYDRAULIC OPERATION
HYDRAULIC OPERATION
HYDRAULIC PRINCIPLES
TRANSMITTING MOVEMENT
TRANSMITTING MOVEMENT
TRANSMITTING MOVEMENT
TRANSMITTING MOVEMENT
CREATING PRESSURE

PUMP ACTUATOR
CREATING PRESSURE

PUMP ACTUATOR
CREATING PRESSURE

PUMP ACTUATOR
CREATING PRESSURE

PUMP ACTUATOR
PRESSURE DEFINED

FORCE FORCE = PRESSURE x AREA

AREA

PRESSURE PRESSURE = FORCE ÷ AREA

PRESSURE DEFINED

1 kg

1 kg

LOW HIGH
PRESSURE PRESSURE
LIFTING A LOAD

F 1000
P = = = 100 kg/cm2
A 10 1000 kg

P 10 cm2

PUMP ACTUATOR
LIFTING A LOAD

? 1000 kg

100 kg/cm2 10 cm2

10 cm2

PUMP ACTUATOR
LIFTING A LOAD

1000 kg 1000 kg

100 kg/cm2 10 cm2

10 cm2

PUMP ACTUATOR
LIFTING A LOAD

F 1000
P = = = 10 kg/cm2
A 100 1000 kg

100 cm2
10 kg/cm2

10 cm2

PUMP ACTUATOR
FORCE MULTIPLICATION

F = P x A = 10 x 10 = 100 kg
1000 kg
100 kg

100 cm2
10 kg/cm2

10 cm2

PUMP ACTUATOR
FORCE MULTIPLICATION

1000 kg
100 kg F F
= P =
A A
100 cm2
10 kg/cm2

10 cm2

PUMP ACTUATOR
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

PUMP ACTUATOR
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

PUMP ACTUATOR
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

PUMP ACTUATOR
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

PUMP ACTUATOR
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

PUMP ACTUATOR
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
F

10 F
1
A
10
10 A

A x 10 = VOLUME = 10 A x 1
PUMP ACTUATOR
HYDRAULIC MACHINE

PUMP ACTUATOR
HYDRAULIC MACHINE

PUMP ACTUATOR
HYDRAULIC MACHINE

PUMP ACTUATOR
HYDRAULIC MACHINE

PUMP ACTUATOR
HYDRAULIC MACHINE

PUMP ACTUATOR
HYDRAULIC MACHINE

PUMP ACTUATOR
HYDRAULIC MACHINE

PUMP ACTUATOR
HYDRAULIC MACHINE

PUMP ACTUATOR
HYDRAULIC MACHINE

PUMP ACTUATOR
HYDRAULIC MACHINE

PUMP ACTUATOR
HYDRAULIC MACHINE

PUMP ACTUATOR
HYDRAULIC MACHINE

PUMP ACTUATOR
HYDRAULIC MACHINE

PUMP ACTUATOR
HYDRAULIC MACHINE

PUMP ACTUATOR
HYDRAULIC MACHINE

PUMP ACTUATOR
HYDRAULIC MACHINE

PUMP ACTUATOR
BRAMAH PRESS - 1795
FLOW

1 litre
FLOW

1 centimetre

1 litre
FLOW

3 strokes / minute

VELOCITY
3 centimetres / minute

FLOW
3 litres / minute
FLOW AND VELOCITY

FLOW
VELOCITY =
AREA

VELOCITY

AREA

FLOW
PRESSURE AND LOAD

LOAD
PRESSURE =
AREA
LOAD

PRESSURE AREA
 FLOW
VELOCITY =
AREA

LOAD
PRESSURE =
AREA
HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
MACHINE REQUIREMENT
CYLINDER
HAND PUMP
POWER DRIVEN PUMP
PUMP AND RESERVOIR
PUMP AND RESERVOIR
PUMP AND RESERVOIR
PUMP AND RESERVOIR
PUMP AND RESERVOIR
PUMP AND RESERVOIR
PUMP AND RESERVOIR
PUMP AND RESERVOIR
RELIEF VALVE
RELIEF VALVE
RELIEF VALVE
RELIEF VALVE
RELIEF VALVE
RELIEF VALVE
RELIEF VALVE
RELIEF VALVE
DIRECTIONAL VALVE
DIRECTIONAL VALVE
DIRECTIONAL VALVE
DIRECTIONAL VALVE
DIRECTIONAL VALVE
DIRECTIONAL VALVE
DIRECTIONAL VALVE
DIRECTIONAL VALVE
FLOW CONTROL VALVE
FILTER
MOBILE SYSTEM
MOBILE SYSTEM
MOBILE SYSTEM
MOBILE SYSTEM
MOBILE SYSTEM
MOBILE SYSTEM
MOBILE SYSTEM
MOBILE SYSTEM
MOBILE SYSTEM
MOBILE SYSTEM
MOBILE SYSTEM
MOBILE SYSTEM
MOBILE SYSTEM
MOBILE SYSTEM
MOBILE SYSTEM
MOBILE SYSTEM
MOBILE SYSTEM
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION

M
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION

M
FLOW AND PRESSURE
UNITS OF FLOW

Flow Rate = Litres/ Minute ( l/min)

1 litre = 1000 cubic centimetres ( cm3 )

MASS AND WEIGHT

MASS - KILOGRAMMES ( kg )

WEIGHT - NEWTONS ( N )
GRAVITY

1 kg
GRAVITY

0 sec - 0 m/sec
1 kg
1 sec - 9.81 m/sec
GRAVITY

0 sec - 0 m/sec

1 sec - 9.81 m/sec

1 kg
2 sec - 19.62 m/sec
GRAVITY

0 sec - 0 m/sec

1 sec - 9.81 m/sec

2 sec - 19.62 m/sec

GRAVITATIONAL
GRAVITATIONALACCELERATION
ACCELERATION
== 9.81 metres / sec 2
9.81 metres / sec2

1 kg
3 sec - 29.43 m/sec
( 0 - 60 mph in less than 3 sec )
NEWTON’S 2ND LAW

Newtons 2nd Law

Force = Mass x Acceleration

1 Newton = 1 kilogramme x 1 metre/sec2

9.81 N = 1 kg x 9.81 m/s2

A Mass of: 1 kg

Weighs: 9.81 N
UNITS OF PRESSURE

1 newton ( 1 N = 0.1 kg approx)

1 metre

re
et
m

1 metre2
1

1 newton per square metre = 1 pascal (Pa)

1 kilo pascal = 1 000 Pa

1 mega pascal = 1 000 000 Pa

1 bar = 100 000 Pa

1 bar = 1 kg / cm2 (approx)

PRESSURE CALCULATION

FORCE (N)
PRESSURE (Pa) =
AREA (m2)

FORCE (N) x 10
PRESSURE (bar) =
AREA (mm2)

FORCE (N)
PRESSURE (bar) =
AREA (cm2) x 10
ZERO FLOW RESISTANCE
PRESSURE CREATED BY LOAD
PRESSURE CREATED BY SPRING LOAD
PRESSURE CREATED BY COMPRESSING A GAS
PRESSURE CREATED BY COMPRESSING A GAS
PRESSURE CREATED BY A SPRING LOADED VALVE
PRESSURE CREATED BY FLOW RESTRICTION
PRESSURE CREATED BY FLOW RESTRICTION

P1 P2

Q Q
A
P1 - P2 =  P

 P  A x Q2

ie: to double the flow requires

four times the pressure difference
PRESSURE CREATED BY A HEAD OF FLUID

HEIGHT
WEIGHT
PRESSURE = WEIGHT ÷ AREA

VOLUME x DENSITY
PRESSURE

AREA x HEIGHT

AREA
PRESSURE = (AREA x HEIGHT) x DENSITY ÷ AREA

PRESSURE = HEIGHT x DENSITY

For mineral oil P = 0.1 bar / metre approx.

CAVITATION

-P

P=0

+P
CAVITATION

-P

P=0

+P
POWER
POWER

HYDRAULIC
POWER OUT

MECHANICAL
POWER IN
POWER

HYDRAULIC
POWER OUT

HYDRAULIC POWER = FLOW x PRESSURE

MECHANICAL
POWER IN

PRESSURE ( bar ) x FLOW ( l/min )

POWER ( kW ) =
600
POWER

P1 P2

Q Q
POWER IN = P1 x Q POWER OUT = P2 x Q

IF P2 < P1 THEN (POWER OUT) < (POWER IN)

POWER DIFFERENCE = HEAT

FOR MINERAL OIL - 1ºC PER 17.5 bar P Q1

RESERVOIRS, FLUIDS AND PRIME MOVERS
BASIC HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
NEGATIVE HEAD RESERVOIR
FLOODED SUCTION RESERVOIR
IMMERSED PUMP
POSITIVE HEAD RESERVOIR
FLUID RESERVOIR

SUCTION RETURN
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

HYDRAULIC
FLUID

WATER

WATER / OIL

MINERAL OIL

VEGETABLE OIL

SYNTHETIC
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

LUBRICATION
HYDRAULIC
FLUID

WATER

WATER / OIL

MINERAL OIL

VEGETABLE OIL

SYNTHETIC

HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

HYDRAULIC
FLUID
TEMPERATURE
RANGE

WATER

WATER / OIL

MINERAL OIL

VEGETABLE OIL

SYNTHETIC

HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

HYDRAULIC NON
FLUID
CORROSIVE

WATER
 
WATER / OIL

MINERAL OIL
 
VEGETABLE OIL
 
SYNTHETIC
 
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

HYDRAULIC
FLUID
FLAMMABILITY

WATER
  
WATER / OIL

MINERAL OIL
  
VEGETABLE OIL
 
SYNTHETIC
  
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

HYDRAULIC
FLUID

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY

WATER
   
WATER / OIL
 
MINERAL OIL
   
VEGETABLE OIL
  
SYNTHETIC
   
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

HYDRAULIC COST
FLUID

WATER
   
WATER / OIL
 
MINERAL OIL
   
VEGETABLE OIL
  
SYNTHETIC
   
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

Temp. Range

Flammability
HYDRAULIC

Lubrication

Ecological
Corrosion
FLUID

Cost
WATER
   
WATER / OIL
 
MINERAL OIL
   
VEGETABLE OIL
  
SYNTHETIC
   
BASIC HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
PRIME MOVERS

400V 3ph AC PETROL DIESEL

EUROPE:
1000 RPM 1200 2400 RPM
1500 RPM

USA:
1200 RPM
1800 RPM
SIZE COMPARISON

100 kilowatt components

DIESEL ELECTRIC HYDRAULIC

BASIC PRINCIPLES

Steve Skinner, Eaton Hydraulics, Havant, UK

Copyright  Eaton Hydraulics 2000