Matrices and Determinants

Matrices

Science
applications in
Matrix
Engineering
Economics
Probability Theory
Statistics

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 Matrices and Determinants

Matrices

1850 – Sylvester introduced the term ‘matrix’ for the first time
1858 – Cayley outlined a matrix algebra defining addition,
multiplication, scalar
multiplication and inverses.

Matrices provide a kind of mathematical shortcut to help the

study of problems
represented by its entries.

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 Matrices and Determinants

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 Matrices and Determinants

Matrix - Definition
Matrix - a rectangular array of entries

The entries may be real, complex or functions.

 2 2 1
 
The horizontal arrangements are called rows.  1 1 3
 
The vertical arrangements are called columns.

The entries are also called the elements of the matrix.

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 Matrices and Determinants

Matrix - Definition

The rectangular array of entries is enclosed in an ordinary

bracket or in a square
bracket.

Matrices are denoted by capital letters. (A, B, C etc.)

 2 2 1
 
 1 1 3
Example: is a matrix with 2 rows and 3 columns.

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 Matrices and Determinants

Order of a matrix
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m x n.
Such a matrix has mn elements. In general, an (m x n) matrix is of the
form:
 a11 a12 a13 ... a1 j ... a1n 
a a a ... a ... a 
 21 22 23 2 j 2 n 
 a31 a32 a33 ... a3 j ... a3n 
 
 ... ... ... ... ... 
 ai1 ai 2 ai 3 ... aij ... ain 
 
 ... ... ... ... ... 
a 
 m1 am 2 am3 ... amj ... amn 
where aij represents the element in the ith row, jth column.
 
The above matrix may be denoted as A = [aij ]mxn .

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Matrices and Determinants