Appl. Math. Mech. -Engl. Ed.

, 36(1), 6980 (2015)

DOI 10.1007/s10483-015-1896-9
c
Shanghai
University and Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg 2015

Applied Mathematics
and Mechanics
(English Edition)

Flow of Oldroyd-B fluid with nanoparticles and thermal radiation

T. HAYAT1,2 , T. HUSSAIN3 , S. A. SHEHZAD4 , A. ALSAEDI2
(1. Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
2. Nonlinear Analysis and Applied Mathematics (NAAM) Research Group, Faculty of Science,
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
3. Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Computing, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University,
Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
4. Department of Mathematics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,
Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan)
Abstract The two-dimensional boundary layer flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid in the presence of nanoparticles is investigated. Convective heat and mass conditions are considered
in the presence of thermal radiation and heat generation. The Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects are retained. The nonlinear partial differential equations are reduced
into the ordinary differential equation (ODE) systems. The resulting ODE systems are
solved for the series solutions. The results are analyzed for various physical parameters of
interest. Numerical values of the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are also computed
and analyzed.
Key words

nanoparticle, Oldroyd-B fluid, heat generation, convective condition

Chinese Library Classification O373

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification

76A05

Introduction

A working fluid is involved in many engineering and industrial processes which is used to
transfer energy/heat from one position to another position. The enhancement in energy transfer
has been a serious issue for a long time. Nanofluid is a better candidate in this regard. Advancement in nanoparticles is acting as a new heat transfer medium which introduced new and
high potentials. The common working fluids involved in industry and engineering processes
have less thermal conductivity in comparison to metal and metal oxides. An enhancement
in heat transfer performance can be obtained by adding high conductivity materials in base
fluids[12] . The betterment in the performance of thermal conductivity without causing a pressure drop is the major advantage of nanofluids. As a consequence, the performance of various
heat transfer devices is increased, which leads to the larger capacity of operating systems. Such
fluids are looking to be very interesting in transportation, nuclear reactors, solar collectors,
car radiators, chillers, micro-electro mechanical systems, cooling of electronic devices, and in
cooling/heating of energy conversion. Having such in view, Oztop and Abu-Nada[3] discussed
the buoyancy driven flow of nanofluid filled in an enclosure. A numerical solution was presented. Turkyilmazoglu[4] presented a study to analyze the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow
Received Jan. 12, 2014 / Revised Jun. 18, 2014
Project supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia (No. 37-130-35-HiCi)
Corresponding author S. A. SHEHZAD, Professor, Ph. D., E-mail: ali qau70@yahoo.com

70

T. HAYAT, T. HUSSAIN, S. A. SHEHZAD, and A. ALSAEDI

of nanofluid with heat and mass transfer in the presence of thermal slip boundary condition.
Both exact and analytical solutions were given. The boundary flow of nanofluid over a vertical plate with convective thermal condition was examined by Rashidi et al.[5] . They used the
differential transform method to obtain the results of the velocity, the temperature, and the volumetric fraction of nanoparticles. The effect of double-stratification was numerically analyzed
on the boundary layer flow of nanofluid over a vertical flat plate by Ibrahim and Makinde[6] .
Moradi et al.[7] studied the Jeffery-Hamel flow of nanofluid with viscous dissipation. Hatami
and Ganji[8] carried out an analysis to examine the sodium alginate (SA) TiO2 non-Newtonian
nanofluid passing through a porous medium between two coaxial cylinders. Sheikholeslami et
al.[9] investigated the flow of nanofluid in a semi-porous channel. They computed the solution
expressions using the least square and Galerkin methods. The effects of the buoyancy force,
convective heating, the Brownian motion, and thermophoresis in the MHD stagnation point
flow of nanofluid were examined by Makinde et al.[10] . They obtained the numerical solution
by the Runge-Kutta fourth-order scheme.
The boundary layer flow of non-Newtonian fluid over a surface has attained considerable
attention from the recent investigators due to its broad applications in the industrial and engineering processes. More specifically, the flow and heat transfer of non-Newtonian fluids have key
importance in power engineering, petroleum production, polymer solutions, paper production,
etc. The fluid model under consideration is an Oldroyd-B fluid, which falls into the category
of rate type non-Newtonian fluid. It exhibits the characteristics of the relaxation time and the
retardation time. Very little has been said yet about the boundary layer flow of the Oldroyd-B
fluid. Sajid et al.[11] initiated the boundary layer stagnation point flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid
towards a stretching surface. They presented the results numerically. Hayat et al.[12] extended
this analysis for the three-dimensional flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid with a convective boundary
condition. The three-dimensional flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid with variable thermal conductivity and heat generation/absorption was recently addressed by Shehzad et al.[13] . Moreover, the
importance of thermal radiation is prevalent in the industrial and space technological processes
at very high temperature. Examples of such processes are glass production and furnace design,
comical flight aerodynamic rocket, space craft re-entry, plasma physics, propulsion systems, etc.
Further, the heat generation/absorption plays a vital role in disassociating fluids in packed-bed
reactors, storage of food stuffs, and heat removal from nuclear fuel debris, underground disposal
of radioactive waste material, and many others[1418] .
The present investigation deals with the two-dimensional boundary layer flow of an OldroydB fluid with nanoparticles. Mathematical formulation consists of convective heat and mass conditions. Besides these, the contributions due to thermal radiation and heat generation/absorption are also taken into account. The governing nonlinear problems are computed for the series solutions through the homotopy analysis method (HAM)[1925] . Discussion reflecting the
interpretation of sundry parameters is made. Important conclusions are presented.

Mathematical formulation

An incompressible flow of an Oldroyd-B nanofluid over a stretching sheet is considered. The

fluid is assumed to be incompressible. We assume that the surface heated by a hot fluid has the
temperature Tf and the concentration Cf . The heat and mass transfer coefficients are denoted
by h1 and h2 , respectively. The effects of the Brownian motion and thermophoresis are presented. We also consider heat and mass transfer in the presence of thermal radiation and heat generation. The governing boundary layer equations for the present problem are given as follows:
u v
+
= 0,
x y
 2u
u
u
2u
2u 
u +v +1 u2 2 +v 2 2 +2uv
x
y
x
y
xy

(1)

Flow of Oldroyd-B fluid with nanoparticles and thermal radiation

71

 2u

 3u
3 u u 2 u u 2 u 
+

u
+v

,
2
y 2
xy 2
y 3
x y 2
y y 2

T
T
2T
C T
DT  T 2 
1 qr
Q
+v
= 2 + DB
+

+
(T T ),
u
x
y
y
y y
T y
(c)f y
(c)f

C
C
2C
DT 2 T
+v
= DB 2 +
.
x
y
y
T y 2

(2)
(3)
(4)

The boundary conditions for the considered flow analysis are

u = uw (x) = cx,
u 0,

v = 0,

T T ,

C C

T
= h1 (Tf T ),
y
as y ,

DB

C
= h2 (Cf C)
y

at y = 0,

(5)
(6)

where u and v are the velocity components in the x- and y-directions, is the kinematic viscosity,
1 and 2 are the relaxation time and the retardation time, respectively, f is the density of
(c)
fluid, is the thermal diffusivity, (= (c)pf ) is the ratio of the nanoparticle heat capacity and
the base fluid heat capacity, qr is the radiative heat flux, Q is the heat source/sink parameter,
DB is the Brownian diffusion coefficient, DT is the thermophoretic diffusion coefficient, k is the
thermal conductivity, uw is the stretching velocity at the wall, and T and C are the ambient
temperature and the concentration, respectively.
The radiative heat flux qr using Rosselands approximation gives
qr =

4 T 4
,
3k y

(7)

in which is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and k is the mean absorption coefficient. The
temperature difference within the flow is assumed in such a manner that T 4 can be written in
the linear combination of temperature. By expanding T 4 about T in terms of Taylors series
and neglecting higher order terms, we have
4T 3 T 3T 4
(8)
T4 =

and
3
qr
16T
2T
=
.
y
3k y 2

(9)

Now, Eq. (3) reduces to

u


3
T
T
2T
C T DT  T 2 
1 16T
2T
Q
+v
= 2 + DB
+
+
+
(T T ). (10)
x
y
y
y y T y
(c)f 3k y 2 (c)f

Use the following transformations:

u = cxf (),

v = cf (),

=y

c
,

() =

Then, Eqs. (2), (4)(6), and (10) become

T T
,
Tf T

() =

C C
.
Cf C

(11)

f + f f f 2 + 1 (f 2 f 2f f f ) + 2 (f f f 2 ) = 0,

(12)


4 
1 + Tr + P rf + P rNb + P rNt 2 + P rS = 0,
3

(13)

+ Scf + (Nt /Nb ) = 0,

f = 0,
f 0,

f = 1,
0,

= Bi1 (1 (0)),
0

as

= Bi2 (1 (0))

(14)
at

= 0,

(15)
(16)

72

T. HAYAT, T. HUSSAIN, S. A. SHEHZAD, and A. ALSAEDI

where 1 = 1 c is the Deborah number with respect to the relaxation time, 2 = 2 c is the
Deborah number with respect to the retardation time, P r = / is the Prandtl number, Tr =
3
4T
/(kk ) is the radiation parameter, Sc = /DB is the Schmidt number, Nb = (c)p DB (Cf
C )/((c)f ) is the Brownian motion parameter,
f T ) is the
p
p Nt = (c)p DT (Tf T )/((c)
thermophoresis parameter, and Bi1 (= (h1 /k) /a) and Bi2 (= (h2 /DB ) /a) are the Biot
numbers. The local Nusselt number and the local Sherwood number are given by
Nux =

xqw
,
k(Tf T )

Shx =

xqm
,
DB (Cf C )

(17)

where qw is the surface heat flux, and qm is the surface mass flux. The local Nusselt and local
Sherwood numbers in dimensionless forms are given below:

4 
Tr (0), Shx /Re1/2
= (0),
(18)
Nux /Re1/2
=

1
+
x
x
3
where Rex = uw (x)x/ is the local Reynolds number.

Homotopy analysis solutions

By choosing a set of base functions[19]
{ k exp(n), k > 0, n > 0},

(19)

the functions f, , and can be expressed as follows:

fm () =

akm,n k exp(n),

(20)

bkm,n k exp(n),

(21)

ckm,n k exp(n),

(22)

n=0 k=0

m () =

n=0 k=0

m () =

n=0 k=0

in which akm,n , bkm,n , and ckm,n are the coefficients. The initial guesses and auxiliary linear
operators are selected in the following forms:
f0 () = 1 exp(),
L(f ) = f f ,

0 () =

Bi1 exp()
,
1 + Bi1

L() = ,

0 () =

L() =

Bi2 exp()
,
1 + Bi2

(23)
(24)

subject to the properties

L(f )(C1 + C2 e + C3 e ) = 0,

L()(C4 e + C5 e ) = 0,

L()(C6 e + C7 e ) = 0, (25)

where Ci (i = 1, 2, , 7) are the arbitrary constants. The zeroth order problems are defined
as follows[2025] :




(1 q) L(f ) f(; q) f0 () = q~f Nf f(; q) ,
(26)




q) 0 () = q~ N f(; q), (,
q), (,

(1 q) L() (;
q) ,
(27)




q) 0 () = q~ N f(; q), (,
q), (,

(1 q) L() (;
q) ,
(28)

Flow of Oldroyd-B fluid with nanoparticles and thermal radiation

f (0; q) = 0, f (0; q) = 1, (0, q) = Bi1 (1 (0, q)),

q)),
(0, q) = Bi2 (1 (0,

f (; q) = 0, (,
q) = 0, (,
q) = 0,

3 f(, q) 
2 f(, q)  f(, q) 2 
Nf [f(, q)] =
+
f
(,
q)

3
2



3
2

2 f(, q)

(, q) f (, q) f (, q)
+ 1 f(, q)

2
f
3

2

 2 f(, q) 2 
4

f
(,
q)
+ 2 f(, q)

,
4
2

 2

q), f(, q), (,

q)] = 1 + 4 Tr (, q) + P rNb (, q) (, q)
N [(,
2
3

 (,
q) 2
q),
+ P rS (,
+ P rNt

2
2

q)] = (, q) + Scf(, q) (, q) + Nt (, q) ,
N [(,
q), f(, q), (,
2

Nb
2

73

(29)

(30)

(31)

(32)

where ~f , ~ , and ~ are the non-zero auxiliary parameters, q [0, 1] is an embedding parameter, and Nf , N , and N are the nonlinear operators. Putting q = 0 and q = 1, one
has
(
0) = 0 (), (,
0) = 0 (),
f(; 0) = f0 (), (,
(33)

f (; 1) = f (), (, 1) = (), (, 1) = ().

If we increase the value of q from 0 to 1, then f (, q), (, q), and (, q) vary from f0 (), 0 (),
and 0 () to f (), (), and (). By adopting the Taylor series expansion, we have

f (, q) = f0 () +
(, q) = 0 () +

m=1

m=1

fm ()q m ,

(34)

m ()q m ,

(35)

m ()q m ,

(36)

(, q) = 0 () +

m=1

1 m f (; q) 

,
f
()
=
m

m!
m q=0

1 m (; q) 
m () =
,

m!
m q=0

1 (; q) 

.
m () =
m!
m q=0

(37)

The convergence of the above series highly depends upon the suitable values of ~f , ~ , and
~ . Considering that ~f , ~ , and ~ are selected properly such that Eqs. (34)(36) converge at

74

T. HAYAT, T. HUSSAIN, S. A. SHEHZAD, and A. ALSAEDI

q = 1, we have

f () = f0 () +
() = 0 () +

m=1

m=1

fm (),

(38)

m (),

(39)

m ().

(40)

() = 0 () +

m=1

The general solutions can be written as

fm () = fm
() + C1 + C2 e + C3 e ,

(41)

m () = m
() + C4 e + C5 e ,

(42)

m () = m () + C6 e + C7 e ,

(43)

where fm
, m
, and m () are the special solutions.

Convergence of homtopy solutions and discussion

The auxiliary parameters ~f , ~ , and ~ are important in controlling and adjusting the
convergence region of series solutions. We plot the ~-curves at the 22nd-order of HAM approximations in order to find the appropriate values. It is noted from Fig. 1 that the suitable values of
~f , ~ , and ~ are 1.45 6 ~f 6 0.10, 1.25 6 ~ 6 0.50, and 1.20 6 ~ 6 0.30, respectively. The series converge in the whole region of when ~f = ~ = ~ = 0.8 (see Table 1).

Fig. 1

Table 1

~-curves for functions f (0), (0), and (0) at 22nd-order of approximations when 1 = 2 =
0.3, S = 0.1, P r = 1.0, Sc = 0.8, Nt = 0.2, Nb = 0.3, Bi1 = Bi2 = 0.8, and Tr = 0.4
Convergence of homotopy solution for different orders of approximations when 1 = 2 =
0.2, S = 0.1, P r = 1.2, Sc = 1.0, Nt = Nb = 0.3, Bi1 = Bi2 = 0.5, Tr = 0.4, and ~f = ~ =
~ = 0.8

Order of approximation
01
05
10
20
30
35
40
45

f (0)
0.960
0.959
0.959
0.959
0.959
0.959
0.959
0.959

000
758
754
754
754
754
754
754

(0)
0.258
0.209
0.195
0.188
0.187
0.186
0.186
0.186

07
21
39
59
02
77
77
77

(0)
0.259
0.226
0.219
0.217
0.217
0.217
0.217
0.217

26
10
72
96
85
85
85
85

Flow of Oldroyd-B fluid with nanoparticles and thermal radiation

75

We plot Figs. 29 to examine the behaviors of the Deborah numbers 1 and 2 , the Prandtl
number P r, the Biot number Bi1 , the thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters Nt
and Nb , the radiation parameter Tr , and the heat generation parameter S on the dimensionless
temperature (). The variations in the temperature () for different values of the Deborah
number 1 are seen in Fig. 2. Here, one can see that the temperature is lower for smaller values
of the Deborah number 1 and higher for larger values of the Deborah number. Since the
Deborah number 1 is directly proportional to the relaxation time, an increase in the value of
1 corresponds to an increase in the relaxation time. Higher relaxation time gives rise to the
temperature and the thermal boundary layer thickness. It is noted from Fig. 3 that the temperature and the thermal boundary layer thickness are reduced with an increase in the Deborah
number 2 . This is due to the fact that the Deborah number 2 is directly proportional to
the retardation time. An increase in the retardation time corresponds to lower temperature
and thinner thermal boundary layer. The comparison of Figs. 2 and 3 shows that the Deborah
numbers 1 and 2 have reverse effects on the temperature. Figure 4 depicts that both the
temperature and the thermal boundary layer thickness increase when the values of the Prandtl
number are smaller. The Prandtl number is the ratio of momentum to thermal diffusivities. A
reduction in the value of the Prandtl number implies higher thermal diffusivity and smaller momentum diffusivity. Higher thermal diffusivity and lower momentum diffusivity are responsible
for an increase in the temperature when the value of the Prandtl number decreases. Figure 5
illustrates that the temperature increases for larger Biot number Bi1 . It is seen that beyond
Bi1 = 0.8, the increase in the temperature slows down. An increase in the temperature corresponding to the Biot number Bi1 is due to the heat transfer coefficient h1 . The definition of
Bi1 involves the heat transfer coefficient h1 . The heat transfer coefficient increases when the
value of Bi1 increases. This increase in the heat transfer coefficient leads to an enhancement
in the temperature and the thermal boundary layer thickness. Variations in temperature vs.
for different values of the thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters are examined in
Figs. 6 and 7. These figures show that the temperature is enhanced for larger values of the
thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters. Also, we notice that the variations in the
temperature due to the thermophoresis parameter are much more than the variations due to
the Brownian motion parameter. An increase in the radiation parameter leads to an increase in
the temperature and the thermal boundary layer thickness (see Fig. 8). In fact, the increase in
the radiation parameter leads to an enhancement in the fluid temperature. Figure 9 illustrates
the variations in the temperature for various values of the heat generation parameter S. It is
found that the temperature and the thermal boundary layer thickness are increasing functions
of the heat generation parameter.

Fig. 2

Influence of 1 on temperature ()
vs. when 2 = 0.4, P r = Sc =
1.0, Bi1 = Bi2 = 0.8, Nt = Nb =
0.2, Tr = 0.5, and S = 0.2

Fig. 3

Influence of 2 on temperature () vs.

when 1 = 0.4, P r = Sc = 1.0, Bi1 =
Bi2 = 0.8, Nt = Nb = 0.2, Tr = 0.5, and
S = 0.2

76

T. HAYAT, T. HUSSAIN, S. A. SHEHZAD, and A. ALSAEDI

Fig. 4

Influence of P r on temperature ()
vs. when 1 = 2 = 0.4, Sc =
1.0, Bi1 = Bi2 = 0.8, Nt = Nb = 0.2,
Tr = 0.5, and S = 0.2

Fig. 5

Influence of Bi1 on temperature () vs.

when 1 = 2 = 0.4, P r = Sc =
1.0, Bi2 = 0.8, Nt = Nb = 0.2, Tr = 0.5,
and S = 0.2

Fig. 6

Influence of Nt on temperature ()
vs. when 1 = 2 = 0.4, P r = Sc =
1.0, Bi1 = Bi2 = 0.8, Nb = 0.2, Tr =
0.5, and S = 0.2

Fig. 7

Influence of Nb on temperature () vs.

when 1 = 2 = 0.4, P r = Sc =
1.0, Bi1 = Bi2 = 0.8, Nt = 0.2, Tr = 0.5,
and S = 0.2

Fig. 8

Influence of Tr on temperature ()
vs. when 1 = 2 = 0.4, P r = Sc =
1.0, Bi1 = Bi2 = 0.8, Nt = Nb = 0.2,
and S = 0.2

Fig. 9

Influence of S on temperature () vs.

when 1 = 2 = 0.4, P r = Sc =
1.0, Bi1 = Bi2 = 0.8, Nt = Nb = 0.2,
and Tr = 0.5

To see the variations in the concentration () for different values of the Deborah numbers
1 and 2 , the Schmidt number Sc, the Biot number Bi2 , the thermophoresis parameter Nt ,
and the Brownian motion parameter Nb , Figs. 1015 are presented. Figures 10 and 11 elucidate that the Deborah numbers 1 and 2 have reverse effects on the concentration ().
The concentration () increases for higher values of 1 , while it reduces for larger values of
2 . Also, it is analyzed that the influence of 1 and 2 on the temperature () and the con-

Flow of Oldroyd-B fluid with nanoparticles and thermal radiation

77

centration () is qualitatively similar. It is noticed from Fig. 12 that the concentration ()

and its related boundary layer thickness are lower for higher values of the Schmidt number.
The Schmidt number is dependent on the Brownian diffusion coefficient. An increase in the
Schmidt number implies a reduction in the Brownian diffusion coefficient. Such a decrease in
the Brownian diffusion coefficient causes a reduction in the concentration (). The change in
the concentration () for different values of the Biot number Bi2 is analyzed in Fig. 13. We
can see that the concentration () increases when the value of Bi2 increases. The change in
the concentration () is larger for smaller values of Bi2 , while this change is smaller when
we increase the value of Bi2 from 0.8 onward. Figure 13 is plotted to see the effects of the
thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters on the concentration (). We examine that
the thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters have opposite effects on the concentration (). The concentration () increases with an increase in the thermophoresis parameter,
but it decreases for higher values of the Brownian motion parameter. Also, we analyze that
the decrease in the concentration () is rapid for Nb = 0.1, 0.3, but it is very small when
Nb = 0.5, 0.7, 1.0.

Fig. 10

Influence of 1 on concentration
() vs. when 2 = 0.4, P r =
Sc = 1.0, Bi1 = Bi2 = 0.8, Nt =
Nb = 0.2, Tr = 0.5, and S = 0.2

Fig. 11

Influence of 2 on concentration ()
vs. when 1 = 0.4, P r = Sc =
1.0, Bi1 = Bi2 = 0.8, Nt = Nb = 0.2,
Tr = 0.5, and S = 0.2

Fig. 12

Influence of Sc on concentration
() vs. when 1 = 2 = 0.4, P r =
1.0, Bi1 = Bi2 = 0.8, Nt = Nb =
0.2, Tr = 0.5, and S = 0.2

Fig. 13

Influence of Bi2 on concentration ()

vs. when 1 = 2 = 0.4, P r = Sc =
1.0, Bi1 = 0.8, Nt = Nb = 0.2, Tr =
0.5, and S = 0.2

Table 1 is computed to see the convergent values of f (0), (0), and (0) at different
orders of HAM approximations. It is seen that the value of f (0) converges from the 10thorder of approximations, while it converges from 35th-order of deformations for (0) and
(0). It is concluded from the tabular values that 35th-order deformations are sufficient
for the convergent solutions. Table 2 is computed to examine the numerical values of the
local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers for various values of Nt , Nb , Tr , P r, Bi1 , and Bi2 when

78

T. HAYAT, T. HUSSAIN, S. A. SHEHZAD, and A. ALSAEDI

1 = 2 = S = 0.1. It is seen that the values of the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are
reduced when the value of Nt increases. The value of the local Sherwood number increases by
increasing the value of the Brownian motion parameter.

Fig. 14

Influence of Nt on concentration
() vs. when 1 = 2 = 0.4,
P r = Sc = 1.0, Bi1 = Bi2 = 0.8,
Nb = 0.2, Tr = 0.5, and S = 0.2

Table 2

Numerical values of local Nusselt number Nu/Rex and Sh/Rex

Nt , Nb , Tr , S, Bi1 , and Bi2 when 1 = 0.1 = 2 = S and Sc = 1.0

Nt

Nb

Tr

Pr

Bi1

Bi2

0.1

0.3

0.4

1.2

0.5

0.5

0.308 34

0.250 48

0.4

0.3

0.4

1.2

0.5

0.5

0.274 29

0.203 40

0.6

0.3

0.4

1.2

0.5

0.5

0.253 05

0.178 52

0.3

0.1

0.4

1.2

0.5

0.5

0.292 83

0.107 66

0.3

0.4

0.4

1.2

0.5

0.5

0.281 39

0.231 41

0.3

0.6

0.4

1.2

0.5

0.5

0.273 66

0.245 15

0.3

0.3

0.0

1.2

0.5

0.5

0.221 97

0.205 46

0.3

0.3

0.5

1.2

0.5

0.5

0.296 72

0.220 20

0.3

0.3

0.8

1.2

0.5

0.5

0.328 94

0.226 74

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.8

0.5

0.5

0.238 33

0.227 91

0.3

0.3

0.4

1.5

0.5

0.5

0.315 49

0.211 14

0.3

0.3

0.4

2.0

0.5

0.5

0.349 57

0.203 21

0.3

0.3

0.4

1.2

0.2

0.5

0.183 91

0.236 29

0.3

0.3

0.4

1.2

0.7

0.5

0.318 66

0.211 44

0.3

0.3

0.4

1.2

1.0

0.5

0.350 23

0.205 69

0.3

0.3

0.4

1.2

0.5

0.2

0.289 98

0.119 75

0.3

0.3

0.4

1.2

0.5

0.7

0.284 13

0.257 83

0.3

0.3

0.4

1.2

0.5

1.0

0.282 44

0.299 37

Conclusions

Fig. 15

Influence of Nb on concentration ()
vs. when 1 = 2 = 0.4, P r = Sc =
1.0, Bi1 = Bi2 = 0.8, Nt = 0.2, Tr = 0.5,
and S = 0.2

1/2

1/2

1/2

Nu/Rex

for different values of

1/2

Sh/Rex

We investigate the two-dimensional boundary layer flow of an Oldroyd-B nanofluid with

convective heat and mass conditions. The analysis is carried out with thermal radiation and
heat generation. This study has the following key observations:
(i) An increase in the value of 1 leads to an increase in the temperature () and the
concentration (), but a reverse behavior is noted for higher values of 2 .

Flow of Oldroyd-B fluid with nanoparticles and thermal radiation

79

(ii) The temperature () and the concentration () are increasing functions of the Biot
numbers Bi1 and Bi2 .
(iii) Larger values of the thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters give rise to the
temperature ().
(iv) The temperature () increases when we increase the value of the radiation parameter
Tr .
(v) The temperature () is an increasing function of the heat generation parameter S.
(vi) The concentration () is reduced for higher values of the Schmidt number Sc.
(vii) The influence of the thermophoresis and Brownian motion on the concentration ()
is quite reverse.
Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge with thanks to the Deanship of Scientific Research

(DSR) for technical and financial support.

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